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Madan Bhaiya

2026-05-07T05:10:34Z

MoraThibeault4: put up the details w/ infobox!

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1959)}}
{{Original research|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madan Bhaiya
| birth_name =
| image = Potrait of Madan Bhaiya.jpg
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Vikram Singh Saini]]
| term_start = 2022
| constituency_AM =
| office1 =
| constituency1 = Khekada
| term_start1 = 2002
| predecessor1 = [[Roop Chaudhary]]
| term_end1 = 2012
| successor1 = Constituency abolished
| constituency2 = Khekada
| term_start2 = 1991
| predecessor2 = Richhpal Singh Baisla
| term_end2 = 1996
| successor2 = Roop Chaudhary
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|09|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = Jawli, [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation =
| alma_mater = Bachelor of Arts, [[CCS University]] (1979)
| profession = Politician
| website =
| spouse = Geeta Kasana
| education = MMH College [[Ghaziabad]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| other_party = [[National Democratic Alliance]] (2024–present)
| parents = Chaudhary Bhuleram Singh Kasana
| children = 3 (2 daughters and 1 son)
| constituency = [[Khatauli Assembly constituency|Khatauli]]
}}
[[File:CM Mulayam Singh Yadav visiting Madan Bhaiya at his residence in 1993.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] at Bhaiya's residence in 1993]]
[[File:Union Minister Shri Rajesh Pilot with Madan Bhaiya.jpg|thumb|[[Union Minister]] for Transport, Telecommunications, and Internal Security [[Rajesh Pilot]] with Bhaiya in 1995]]
'''Madan Lal''', popularly known as '''Madan Bhaiya''', is an Indian politician. Bhaiya is a fifth-term member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] (1991–1993, 1993–1996, 2002–2007, 2007–2012, 2022–present) and {{as of|2022|lc=y}} he represents the [[Khatauli Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = Ghaziabad: RLD, BSP candidates file nominations, Cong, BJP nominees delay theirs
| date = 21 January 2017
| publisher = Hindustan Times
| url=https://hindustantimes.com/noida/rld-bsp-candidates-file-nominations-cong-bjp-nominees-delay-theirs/story-ioT5hessDUwOR2yO7DdDsI_amp.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Madan Bhaiya (Criminal & Asset Declaration)
| publisher =
| url=http://www.myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=1760}}</ref> He has been linked to gang violence and has had multiple alleged murder charges.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Awasthi |first=Dilip |date=15 August 1993 |title=Uttar Pradesh politicians demand security guards for the status they confer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime/story/19930815-uttar-pradesh-politicians-demand-security-guards-for-status-they-confer-811409-1993-08-15 |magazine=India Today |access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 July 2005 |title=Madan Bhaiyya gang on comeback trail? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Madan-Bhaiyya-gang-on-comeback-trail/articleshow/1185117.cms |access-date=7 August 2018 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> He travels in a bulletproof car along with 2–3 pilot cars containing his security detail. Bhaiya previously served four terms as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for the [[Khekada]] Assembly constituency of [[Baghpat district]].

== Early life ==
Bhaiya was born to Bhuleram Lal, a lawyer and [[patwari]] by profession, and Hoseyari Devi on 11 September 1959, in Jawli, [[Ghaziabad]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="zee">{{cite web |title=Madan Bhaiya surrenders before court, granted bail |url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/madan-bhaiya-surrenders-before-court-granted-bail_97413.html |publisher=Zee News}}</ref> His village is amongst the biggest villages in [[Loni, Ghaziabad]]. The majority of the population in Jawli belongs to the [[Brahmin]] ethnic group.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=डीपी यादव से किनारा कर गुर्जरों को मनाने दादरी आए थे मुलायम |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-dp-yadav-and-mulayam-singh-yadav-12150534.html |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

He was born into an affluent family and is the only child of his parents. He was notorious among locals for being involved in fights in his youth and was very active in student politics when he entered college, He dropped out of the college after completing his first year as he was already suspended nine times in a single year either for fighting or openly threatening the college staffers and teachers. He fought for the rights of students in college and staff members too started calling him as “Bhaiya Ji“.<ref name="career-controversy">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=खेकड़ा का बाहुबली, डीपी यादव से टकराव... खतौली से चुनाव जीतने वाले मदन भैया की कहानी |url=https://www.aajtak.in/crime/police-and-intelligence/story/up-khatauli-assembly-by-election-elected-mla-madan-bhaiya-bahubali-leader-career-controversy-life-law-crime-lno-1591769-2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

In college, due to his "domineering nature", older students and teachers started to refer to him as {{lang|hi-Latn|Bhaiya}} or {{lang|hi-Latn|Bhaiya Ji}} ({{lit|brother}}) instead of his birth name.<ref name="career-controversy"/> This stuck, and during the [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] he contested as Madan Bhaiya for the first time, unsuccessfully running for the Khekada Assembly constituency of [[Baghpat]] while being lodged in jail.<ref name="navbharattimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |title=Madan Bhaiya: जेल से चुनाव जीतने वाले मदन भैया कौन हैं, जिन्हें SP-RLD ने खतौली से बनाया है प्रत्याशी? |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/baghpat/madan-singh-kasana-aka-madan-bhaiya-declared-sp-rld-candidate-for-khatauli-by-election-2022-profile-story/articleshow/95500267.cms |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> To register under the name, he had to furnish an affidavit of name change before filing his candidate nomination for the election.<ref name="career-controversy"/>

== Controversies ==
=== Bulletproof car acquisition ===
Due to safety concerns Bhaiya travels in a bulletproof car, with multiple security guard along and multiple cars and in 2008 sought permission for the same from the [[Election Commission of India]], which was granted as per the [[Model Code of Conduct]].<ref name="career-controversy"/> In 2010, a controversy erupted when he ordered a bulletproof [[Mitsubishi Pajero]] SUV for himself for a sum of {{Indian rupee|4,000,000|link=yes}} from a government-certified agency in [[Gurgaon]]. Bhaiya only sought permission from the Election Commission of India, not the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-27 |title=Ghaziabad MLA orders bulletproof car for self |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/ghaziabad-mla-orders-bulletproof-car-for-self_658007.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Conflict with D. P. Yadav ===
{{Confusing section|date=February 2024|reason=it is unclear which Yadav (D. P. or Mulayam) is being referred to}}

Bhaiya confronted [[D. P. Yadav]] and got into a physical scuffle with him, by slapping and abusing him in [[Vidhan Bhavan, Lucknow]] in the presence of hundreds of other legislators, after the latter was accused of murdering [[Dadri, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Dadri Assembly constituency]] MLA and Yadav's political guru [[Mahendra Singh Bhati]] in September 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahendra Singh Bhati Murder Case: DP Yadav Surrenders in CBI Court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mahendra-singh-bhati-murder-case-dp-yadav-surrenders-in-cbi-court-745289 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="career-controversy" /> The [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], personally became involved, as Yadav was associated with the newly formed [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP). After D.P. Yadav's name came up in Bhati's murder investigation, Gurjars of the entire state and specifically those in the western region got angry with Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav, who unsuccessfully tried to pacify them through SP State President Ramsharan Das.<ref name=":1" /> Eventually then CM Yadav had promoted Bhaiya, MLA of Khekra, and had openly distanced himself from D. P. Yadav.<ref name=":1" /> CM Yadav personally visited Bhaiya at his residence several times in Jawli, Ghaziabad. Since the incident, animosity has remained between Bhaiya and D. P. Yadav, which has been a topic of discussion in political circles. It is said that Bhaiya had done the work of cultivating the Gurjar community for the Samajwadi Party.<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life ==
Madan Bhaiya lives in a heavily guarded<ref name="navbharattimes.indiatimes.com"/> farmhouse in his native village of Sharfuddinpur, Jawli, Ghaziabad with his family.<ref name="career-controversy"/> He is married to Geeta Kasana and has a son and two daughters.<ref name="career-controversy"/>

[[File:CM of Uttar Pradesh Mulayam Singh Yadav at the Ghaziabad Residence of MLA Madan Bhaiya on his first Marriage Anniversary, 5th June, 1991.jpg|thumb|Uttar Pradesh CM Mulayam Singh Yadav at Bhaiya's residence in Ghaziabad on his first marriage anniversary, 5 June 1991]]

== Political career ==
Madan Bhaiya unsuccessfully contested the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] election from [[Khekada]] constituency for the first time in 1989, as an independent candidate while in jail. Despite being a newcomer and being unable to campaign for himself while in jail, he reached second place with 33,471 votes, losing by a margin of 2,477 votes to two-term [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Richhpal Singh Baisla, who had 35,948 votes.

[[File:Madan Bhaiya coming out of Jail after becoming MLA in 1993 02.jpg|thumb|Bhaiya leaving jail after becoming an MLA in 1991]]

He was first elected as an MLA from Khekada in [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]], while jailed in [[Sitapur]]. Afterwards, Bhaiya was escorted in a police bus along with a security convoy of 20 police vehicles and 103 Uttar Pradesh Police personnel from jail to [[Vidhan Bhawan, Lucknow]] for the legislative oathtaking ceremony. Around 2,000 to 3,000 of his supporters surrounded the police convoy when it was leaving the jail, which caused it to be stuck for more than half an hour, leading to a tense situation. Extra police personnel were preparing to disperse the crowds with a [[lathi charge]], but upon sensing the delicate situation, the jailer K. P. Singh Kairon asked Bhaiya to tell his supporters to disperse peacefully and let the convoy pass, which he did. Afterwards, Bhaiya travelled to [[Lucknow]] and was sworn in.

Four months after an unsuccessful bid to murder him at his farmhouse in September 2001, he again contested as an independent candidate from Khekada in the [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002 election]], winning by a large margin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khekra Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/khekra-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

Khekada was the largest constituency of Uttar Pradesh until 2008, when [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] led to boundary changes and the creation of the new constituencies of [[Sahibabad Assembly constituency|Sahibabad]] and [[Loni Assembly constituency|Loni]]. Both of these constituencies share their borders with [[Delhi]], and the remaining area of the Khekada constituency was merged with the [[Baghpat Assembly constituency|Baghpat]], [[Muradnagar Assembly constituency|Muradnagar]], and [[Baraut Assembly constituency|Baraut constituencies]].

[[File:MLA Madan Bhaiya attending a Rally with Chaudhary Ajit Singh in Khekada Constituency.jpg|thumb|Bhaiya with Union Agriculture Minister [[Chaudhary Ajit Singh]] (Uttar Pradesh CM Krishan Pal Malik standing at far left)]]

After delimitation, Bhaiya contested from the Loni constituency, but lost to the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate in the [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012 election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madan Bhaiya (Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD)): Constituency – Loni (Ghaziabad) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=1760|access-date=1 September 2020|website=myneta.info}}</ref> In the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 election]], he lost to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) candidate [[Nand Kishor Gurjar]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madan Bhaiya (Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD)): Constituency – Loni (Ghaziabad) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=175|access-date=1 September 2020|website=myneta.info}}</ref> and in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 election]] he garnered 118,734 votes but lost by a margin of 8,676 votes to Gurjar.

Bhaiya won for the fifth time as an MLA in the 2022 by-election of [[Khatauli Assembly constituency]], which was prompted by the incumbent [[Vikram Singh Saini]] being disqualified due to charges related to the [[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots]]. Bhaiya defeated BJP candidate Rajkumari Saini, Vikram's wife, with a margin of over 22,000 votes.

== Assassination attempts ==
There have been several failed attempts to murder Madan Bhaiya. In September 2001, a plot to murder him at his home was foiled by his personal security guards, as four assailants entered his farmhouse in Jawli and tried to murder him by shooting him in the public meeting area inside the farmhouse.<ref name="assailants">{{Cite news |date=2001-09-13 |title=Assailants of former SP MLA killed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/assailants-of-former-sp-mla-killed/articleshow/45826103.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> All four of them ran away after they saw Bhaiya was unhurt, and due to the presence of his armed security guards.<ref name="assailants" /> Later when villagers and people nearby heard the gunshots and saw the four men fleeing the spot, they chased them and killed all of them by beating them with their bare hands and sticks.<ref name="AajTak">{{Cite news |title=Introduction and Background of Madan Bhaiya |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |url=https://www.aajtak.in/crime/police-and-intelligence/story/up-khatauli-assembly-by-election-elected-mla-madan-bhaiya-bahubali-leader-career-controversy-life-law-crime-lno-1591769-2022-12-09}}</ref>

His supporters supposedly sliced the dead bodies of assailants into two parts with sharp objects. On that day none of the households in Jawli village lit their ''chulahs'', as a mark of respect towards Bhaiya.<ref name="AajTak" /> All the shops and marketplaces in the area were shut that day, as rumors had floated that he had been murdered and there could be riots in the area,<ref name="career-controversy"/> as Bhaiya's supporters started marching on the roads and shouting slogans like "{{lang|hi-Latn|Aag laga denge, laashen bichha denge, mehakama hila denge Bhaiya teree khaatir}}" ({{lit|We will set fire, spread dead bodies, shake the department for you, Bhaiya}}).{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} To de-escalate the situation, Uttar Pradesh CM [[Rajnath Singh]] telephoned Bhaiya and requested he make a public appearance, ask his supporters not to believe the rumors of his death, and for there to be peace.<ref name="career-controversy" /> The entire regional police department was tasked with Bhaiya's security, and the [[District magistrate|DM]] and [[Superintendent of police (India)|SSP]] of Ghaziabad were stationed at his home for 3 days with a team of 70 armed police personnel, along with 11 trained members of the Uttar Pradesh [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]].<ref name="career-controversy"/>

One of the assailants was identified as the son of his former ''gurga'' (aide), the late Siria Pehalwan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Assailants-of-former-SP-MLA-killed/articleshow/45826103.cms|title=Assailants of former SP MLA killed|date=13 September 2001|website=The Times of India|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref> a [[history-sheeter]] and resident of [[Gokal Pur]], Delhi who had been accused of involvement in the kidnapping of renowned industrialist Swatantra Rastogi from [[New Delhi]] for a ransom of ₹50,000,000 on 11 July 1999. Pehalwan was gunned down in an encounter with the [[Delhi Police]] related to the kidnapping on 24 July 1999, while he was trying to escape by car from the parking area of the [[Ashok Hotel]] in [[Chanakyapuri]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul25/nation.htm#6|title=4 aides of Madan Bhaiya held|date=24 July 1999|website=Tribune India|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref>

On the same day, Pehalwan's brother lodged a complaint at a police station in Gokal Pur, accusing Bhaiya and three others of kidnapping his nephew and the other three deceased persons from Gokal Pur and later murdering them in Jawli, [[Ghaziabad]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=The notorious 'mafia don' Madan Gujjar popularly known as Madan Bhaiya, visits AIIMS (All India Medical Science) with a toothache, under police escort |url=https://timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/news/489467/mafia-don-madan-gujjar-criminal-aii.html |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The case is still {{lang|la|[[sub judice]]}}.{{when|date=February 2024}} In 2003, a warrant for Bhaiya's arrest was issued after he failed to answer bail.<ref name="zee" />

== Other work ==
Madan Bhaiya ran an independent organisation named Azad Sena to represent and work for the people of the [[Gurjar]] and [[Jaat]] castes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Ayaskant |title=Law and order to drinking water, everything an issue in Loni |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/law-order-to-drinking-water-everything-an-issue-in-loni/articleshow/56962826.cms|access-date=1 September 2020|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Bhaiya also celebrates International Gurjar Day on 22 March with thousands of his supporters by organising a rally in his native area.<ref name="bhaskar">{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=MLA Madan Bhaiya said - RLD will contest the civic elections with strength |script-title=hi: मोदीनगर में रालोद की सभा: विधायक मदन भैया बोले-दमखम के साथ निकाय चुनाव लड़ेगी रालोद |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/ghaziabad/modinagar/news/mla-madan-bhaiya-said-rld-will-contest-the-civic-elections-with-strength-130755061.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=hi}}</ref>

Bhaiya belongs to the Gurjar community but is also known among the [[Jat]] community of Baghpat, [[Meerut]], [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Shamli]] and nearby districts. During the height of his involvement with organized crime, his gang had more Jat members than any other caste, as he trusted them with his life.<ref name="bhaskar" />

Bhaiya is also a follower of [[Maharishi Valmiki]], and every year during Valmiki's birth anniversary he organises several programs in his area to make people aware of Valmiki's contributions to [[Sanātana Dharma]] and to the eradication of [[untouchability]] from society.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaiya, Madan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1991–1993]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:People from Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]

Callawapore

2026-05-06T13:08:11Z

MoraThibeault4: Stub

{{Short description|Type of calico manufactured in Madras}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}

'''Callawapore''' (also spelled Calliapur or Calliapoor) was a type of [[calico]] produced in the early nineteenth century in the region surrounding [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), [[India]]. Contemporary commercial dictionaries describe it as a blue and white cotton cloth, woven as part of the broader category of Madras piece goods exported by the East India Company. <ref>{{Cite book|last=London.)|first=William Anderson (of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jntQAAAAYAAJ&dq=Callawapores&pg=PA119|title=The London Commercial Dictionary, and Sea-port Gazetteer, Exhibiting a Clear View of the Commerce and Manufactures of All Nations; and Their Several Products: With the Name of Each in Every European Language ... To which is Added an Appendix Containing Tables of ... Duties ...|date=1819|publisher=E. Wilson|pages=119|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mortimer|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTZgAAAAcAAJ&dq=Callawapore+cloth&pg=PA182|title=A General Commercial Dictionary. 2. Ed|date=1819|publisher=Longman & Hurst|pages=182|language=en}}</ref> [[Piece goods]] of various qualities and dimensions were produced in and around Madras. Callawapore was one of the materials exported to [[England]] in the nineteenth century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Milburn|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGIOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Callawapores&pg=PA241|title=Oriental Commerce, Or, The East India Trader's Complete Guide: Containing a Geographical and Nautical Description of the Maritime Parts of India, China, Japan, and Neighbouring Countries ... with an Account of Their Respective Commerce ...|date=1825|publisher=Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen|pages=241|language=en}}</ref> These textiles were manufactured in a variety of qualities and dimensions and were shipped to British markets through the port of Madras.

Madras was a major center of textile production during this period, supplying numerous varieties of printed and woven cottons to European buyers. Callawapore was listed among the standard export fabrics alongside other regional cottons such as salempores, guinea cloths, and pullicats. British commercial manuals noted that these goods were produced in significant quantities and formed part of the regular trade between southern India and England in the early nineteenth century.

Although Callawapore appears frequently in early nineteenth‑century trade dictionaries, the term fell out of use later in the century as textile terminology shifted and industrially produced British cottons displaced many traditional Indian export fabrics.

== See also ==

* [[Punjum]]
* [[Salampore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{weaving}}
{{fabric}}
{{Wiktionary|callawapore}}

[[Category:Woven fabrics]]
[[Category:Textile arts of India]]

{{Textile-stub}}

Naila Grrewal

2026-05-04T20:25:34Z

MoraThibeault4:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{infobox person
| name = Naila Grrewal
| image = Naila_Grewal_at_Grazia_Young_Fashion_Awards_2024.jpg
| caption = Naila in 2024
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|08|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|}}
| years_active = 2015–present
| spouse =
| known_for = Entertainment
| notable_works =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]]
}}

'''Naila Grrewal''' (born 24 August 1996) is an [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] and [[television]] actress. She is known for her work in [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] films and web and [[Television show|television series]]. Grrewal appeared in movies such as ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]] (2015)'', ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]] (2017)'', and ''[[Thappad]] (2020)'' and later played leading roles in web-series such as ''[[Maamla Legal Hai]]'' and movie ''[[Ishq Vishk Rebound]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Naila Grewal starts shooting for Ishq Vishk Rebound |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/Jun/15/naila-grewal-starts-shooting-for-ishq-vishk-rebound-2465600.html |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=15 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2024 |title=Maamla Legal Hai actor Naila Grrewal shoots for the remake of Ishq Vishk, calls Rohit Saraf’s talent “inspiring” |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/maamla-legal-hai-actor-naila-grrewal-shoots-for-the-remake-of-ishq-vishk-calls-rohit-saraf-s-talent-inspiring-101714476484095.html |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
{{no refs|section|date=February 2026}}
Grrewal was born on 24 August 1996 in [[Delhi]], [[India]]. She has Indian nationality and grew up in a [[Punjabis|Punjabi family]] in New Delhi. Grrewal attended The British School in New Delhi and later studied at [[Lady Shri Ram College|Lady Shri Ram College for Women]]. She also completed further studies at the [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]].

==Career==
Grrewal began her career in acting with a small role in the Bollywood film ''Tamasha (2015)'', directed by [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] and starring [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Deepika Padukone]]. This appearance helped her enter the film industry. After her debut, she appeared in other Hindi films including ''Bareilly Ki Barfi (2017)'' and ''Thappad (2020)''. Her roles in these films helped her gain recognition in supporting parts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=20 June 2026 |title=Naila Grrewal, Filmography, Movies, Naila Grrewal News, Videos, Songs, Images, Box Office, Trailers, Interviews - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/naila-grrewal/ |access-date=21 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

Later expanded her career into digital and television work. She starred in the ''Netflix'' courtroom comedy series ''Maamla Legal Hai'', where she played a lawyer and worked with actors such as [[Tanvi Azmi]] and [[Ravi Kishan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Sharmistha |date=31 May 2024 |title=Naila Grrewal on her impressive web debut in Maamla Legal Hai |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/May/31/naila-grrewal-on-her-impressive-web-debut-in-maamla-legal-hai |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> To prepare for her role, she observed real lawyers at the [[Bombay High Court]]. In 2022, Greewal was cast in the romantic comedy film [[Ishq Vishk Rebound]], a reboot of the 2003 movie [[Ishq Vishk]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2022 |title=Naila Grewal on ‘Ishq Vishk Rebound’: Grateful for the opportunity to recreate the magic that Shahid Kapoor brought for us- Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/naila-grewal-on-ishq-vishk-rebound-grateful-for-the-opportunity-to-recreate-the-magic-that-shahid-kapoor-brought-for-us-exclusive/articleshow/91964467.cms |access-date=21 January 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In this film, she appeared alongside actors [[Rohit Saraf]], Pashmina Roshan and [[Jibraan Khan]]. Grewal has spoken about the importance of this project as a milestone in her career.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Features |first1=C. E. |title=Actor Naila Grrewal opens up on working with Tanvi Azmi, Ravi Kishan in Maamla Legal Hai |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Apr/22/actor-naila-grrewal-opens-up-on-working-with-tanvi-azmi-ravi-kishan-in-maamla-legal-hai |work=Cinema Express |date=22 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Fresh And Unparalleled Perspective With Naila Grrewal |url=https://www.lutopiamagazine.com/cover-stories/a-fresh-and-unparalleled-perspective-with-naila-grrewal |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=L'utopia Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Actress===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
| supporting role
| rowspan="4" | Film
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2017
| ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]''
| Babli
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2020
| ''[[Thappad]]''
| Swati Sandhu
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 2024
| ''[[Ishq Vishk Rebound]]''
|Riya Mathur
|-
|''[[Maamla Legal Hai]]''
| [[Advocate|Adv.]] Ananya Shroff
|[[Netflix]] series
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm8949091}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grrewal, Naila}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1996 births]]

J K Bajaj

2026-04-22T05:09:28Z

MoraThibeault4: Put Up Post

{{Short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
'''Dr Jatinder Kumar Bajaj (J K Bajaj)''' (born 21 March 1952 in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India) is the founding director of the [[Center for Policy Studies]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Trustees |url=https://cpsindia.org/trustees/dr-j-k-bajaj/ |archive-url= |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=Centre for Policy Studies |publisher=Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai}}</ref> He currently serves as a Member of the Commission to Examine Sub-categorisation of Other Backward Classes set-up by the President of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Appoints Commission to Examine Sub Categorization of other Backward Classes under Article 340 of the Constitution |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=171331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622195738/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=171331 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> under Article 340 of the [[Constitution of India]] and also as the Chairman of the Indian Council of Social Science Research.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-03 |title=Centre appoints Prof JK Bajaj as new ICSSR chairperson |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/centre-icssr-chairperson-prof-jk-bajaj-7898292/#:~:text=Centre%20appoints%20Prof%20JK%20Bajaj,D. |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Bajaj was conferred the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest national award of India, on January 26, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1792640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218071026/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1792640 |archive-date=18 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==
Born on March 21, 1952 at [[Giddarbaha]] in [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Muktsar Sahib District]] of Punjab, Bajaj had his early education at Government High School, Giddarbaha and D.A.V. College Amritsar. He earned an M.Sc. (Honours) degree in 1973 and Ph.D. (Theoretical Physics) in 1978 from the Department of Physics, Punjab University, Chandigarh. During his research career in physics, he has worked at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur and Bombay and at the Department of Theoretical Physics, [[University of Madras]], Chennai.

== Early Career in Physics (1973-1981) ==
In his research career in Physics, Bajaj worked on extensive analysis of the phenomenology of non-leptonic decays of baryons in various conventional schemes of symmetry breaking in weak interactions<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bajaj |first1=Jatinder K. |last2=Khanna |first2=M. P. |last3=Prema |first3=K. |date=1981-03-01 |title=Symmetry breaking for the BBP-couplings |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02848185 |journal=Pramana |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=249–255 |doi=10.1007/BF02848185 |bibcode=1981Prama..16..249B |issn=0973-7111|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and on weak mixing in grand-unified gauge theories.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bajaj |first1=Jatinder K. |last2=Rajasekaran |first2=G. |date=1980-05-01 |title=The electroweak mixing angle in unified gauge theories—the renormalisation effects |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02847848 |journal=Pramana |language=en |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=411–422 |doi=10.1007/BF02847848 |bibcode=1980Prama..14..411B |issn=0973-7111|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Center for Policy Studies ==
In 1990, Bajaj along with a few colleagues founded the [[Centre for Policy Studies]] at Chennai with the objective to engage seriously with Indian ideas and institutions and to comprehending India from an Indian perspective.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bajaj |first=Jitendra and Srinivas |url=https://delhi.ichrlibrary.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=39849&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=48259 |title=Annam bahu kurvita: Recollecting the Indian Discipline of growing and sharing food in plenty |date=1996 |publisher=Centre for policy studies |isbn=978-81-86041-05-5 |location=Madras}}</ref>

== Books ==

=== Center for Policy Studies ===

# ''[https://cpsindia.org/publication/making-of-a-hindu-patriot/ Making of a Hindu Patriot: Background of Mahatma Gandhiji’s Hind Swaraj]'',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bajaj |first1=Jatinder K |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nFfzgEACAAJ |title=Making of a Hindu Patriot: Background of Gandhiji's Hind Swaraj |last2=Srinivas |first2=M. D. |date=2021 |publisher=Centre for Policy Studies |isbn=978-93-88409-88-9 |language=en}}</ref> Centre for Policy Studies and Har-Anand Publications, 2021.
# ''[https://cpsindia.org/publication/hind-swaraj/ Hind Swaraj]'', authentic editions of the text based on the original handwritten Gujarati of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], along with a verbatim Hindi translation, and the original English edition published from Phoenix along with detailed notes. Center for Policy Studies, 2012.
# ''[https://cpsindia.org/publication/scheduled-tribes-of-india/ Scheduled Tribes of India]'':<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bajaj |first=Jatinder K |title=Scheduled tribes of India: religious demography and representation |publisher=Centre for Policy Studies |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-86041-34-5 |location=Chennai}}</ref> Religious Demography and Representation, 2011.
# ''[https://cpsindia.org/publication/religious-demography-of-india/ Religious Demography of India]'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Ashok Purushottam |title=Religious demography of India |last2=Śrīnivāsa |first2=Maṇḍayam Doḍḍamane |last3=Bajaj |first3=Jitendra |date=2003 |publisher=Centre for Policy Studies |isbn=978-81-86041-15-4 |location=Chennai}}</ref> A. P. Joshi, M. D. Srinivas and J. K. Bajaj, Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai, 2003.
# ''[https://cpsindia.org/publication/timeless-india-resurgent-india/ Timeless India Resurgent India]''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bajaj |first1=Jatinder K |title=Timeless India, Resurgent India |last2=Maṇḍayam Doḍḍamane |first2=Srinivas |publisher=Center for Policy Studies |year=2004 |isbn=81-86041-17-6 |location=India |language=English}}</ref>'',''A Celebration of the Land and People of India, Jitendra Bajaj and M. D. Srinivas, Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai 2001; also published in Hindi, Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai 2001.
# [http://books.iias.org/home/jitendra-m-d-srinivas-bajaj/p-6246657-74852757299-cat.html ''Restoring Abundance: Regeneration of Indian Agriculture'']<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bajaj |first1=Jitendra |title=Restoring the abundance: regeneration of Indian agriculture to ensure food for all in plenty |last2=Śrīnivāsa |first2=Maṇḍayam Doḍḍamane |date=2001 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |others=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-85952-91-8 |series=Dissemination of knowledge series |location=Shimla}}</ref> to Ensure Food for All in Plenty, J. K. Bajaj and M. D. Srinivas, IIAS, Shimla, 2001.
# ''[https://cpsindia.org/publication/food-for-all/ Food for All]'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bajaj |first=Jatinder K |title=Food For all (ed) |publisher=Center for Policy Studies |year=2001 |isbn=81-86041-10-9}}</ref> ed. J. K. Bajaj, Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai 2001
# [https://cpsindia.org/publication/annam-bahu-kurvita/ ''Annam Bahu Kurvita: Recollecting the Indian Discipline of Growing and Sharing Food in Plenty''],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bajaj |first1=Jatinder K |title=Annam bahu kurvīta: recollecting the Indian discipline of growing and sharing food in plenty |last2=Srinivas |first2=M. D. |date=1996 |publisher=Centre for Policy Studies |others=Centre for Policy Studies (Chennai, India) |isbn=978-81-86041-05-5 |location=Madras}}</ref> Jatinder K Bajaj and M. D. Srinivas, Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai 1996; also published in Hindi 1996, and Tamil 1998.
# ''[https://cpsindia.org/publication/ayodhya-and-the-future-india/ Ayodhya and the Future India]'',<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ayodhya and the future India |date=1993 |publisher=Centre for Policy Studies |isbn=978-81-86041-03-1 |editor-last=Bajaj |editor-first=Jatinder K |location=Chennai}}</ref> ed. Jitendra Bajaj, CPS, Chennai 1993.
# ''[https://cpsindia.org/publication/bharatiya-chitta-manas-and-kala/ Bharatiya Chitta Manas and Kala]''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bharatiya Chitta Manas and Kala |publisher=Center for Policy Studies |year=1993 |isbn=81-86041-00-1 |editor-last=Bajaj |editor-first=Jatinder K |location=Chennai}}</ref>'','' by Sri Dharampal, tr. and ed. Jitendra Bajaj, Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai 1993.
# ''Indian Economy and Polity'', ed. J. K. Bajaj, Centre for Policy Studies (1995)
# ''[https://cpsindia.org/?post_type=publication&p=2835&preview=true Land, People and History of Ullavur: A Locality that Reaps the Bounty of Palar]'',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bajaj |first1=Jatinder K |title=Land, People and History of Ullavur: A Locality that Reaps the Bounty of Palar |last2=Srinivas |first2=Maṇḍayam Doḍḍamane |publisher=Centre for Policy Studies in association with Indira Gandhi National Centre of the Arts |year=2024 |isbn=978-81-19380-57-2 |location=Chennai |language=English}}</ref> Jatinder K Bajaj and M. D. Srinivas, Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai 2024
# [https://cpsindia.org/publication/the-land-people-and-history-of-kundratthur/ ''The Land, People and History of Kundratthur:'' ''The Abode of Murugan and the Birthplace of Sekkizhar''],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bajaj |first1=Jatinder K |title=Land, People and History of Kundratthur: The Abode of Murugan and the birthplace of Sekkizhar |last2=Srinivas |first2=Mandyam Doddamane |publisher=Centre for Policy Studies in association with Indira Gandhi National Centre of the Arts |year=2024 |isbn=978-81-19380-78-7 |location=Chennai |language=English}}</ref> Jatinder K Bajaj and M. D. Srinivas, Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai 2024

=== Resource Atlases of Madhya Pradesh ===

# [https://gsl.lbsnaa.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=80166&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=80166#shelfbrowser ''Resource Atlas of Madhya Pradesh'']<ref>{{Cite book |title=Resource Atlas of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=Center for Policy Studies and Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology |year=2007 |editor-last=Bajaj |editor-first=Jatinder K |location=Bhopal}}</ref> (English, 2007)
# ''[https://cpsindia.org/publication/resource-atlas-of-jhabua/ Resource Atlas of Jhabua]''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyIMR_7srsQC |title=Resource Atlas of Jhabua: A Celebration of the Land and People of Jhabua |date=2008 |publisher=Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology, Center for Policy Studies |isbn=978-81-86041-25-3 |editor-last=Bajaj |editor-first=Jatinder K |language=en}}</ref> (English, 2008)
# [https://cpsindia.org/publication/resource-atlas-of-sidhi-and-singrauli/ ''Resource Atlas of Sidhi And Singrauli'']<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/882729018 |title=Resource atlas of Sidhi and Singrauli: a celebration of the land and people |date=2010 |publisher=Published jointly by Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology and Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai |isbn=978-81-86041-28-4 |editor-last=Bajaj |editor-first=Jatinder K |location=Bhopal |oclc=882729018}}</ref> (English 2010)
# [https://cpsindia.org/publication/resource-atlas-of-tikamgarh/ Resource Atlas of Tikamgarh],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Resource atlas of Tikamgarh: a celebration of the land and people of Tikamgarh |date=2012 |publisher=Published jointly by Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology and Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai |isbn=978-81-86041-37-6 |editor-last=Bajaj |editor-first=Jatinder K |location=Bhopal}}</ref> (English 2012)
# ''[https://cpsindia.org/publication/resource-atlas-of-jhabua-and-alirajpur-hindi/ Resource Atlas of Jhabua and Alirajpur]''<ref>{{Cite book |title=District Atlas of Jhabua And Alirajpur |publisher=Published Jointly by the Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology and Center for Policy Studies, Chennai |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-86041-36-9 |editor-last=Bajaj |editor-first=Jatinder K |location=Bhopal |language=Hindi}}</ref>'','' (Hindi 2012)
# ''[https://cpsindia.org/publication/resource-atlas-of-datia/ Resource Atlas of Datia]'' <ref>{{Cite book |title=Resource atlas of Datia: a celebration of the land and people of Datia |date=2013 |publisher=Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology |isbn=978-81-86041-38-3 |editor-last=Bajaj |editor-first=Jitendra |location=Bhopal}}</ref>'','' (English 2013)
# ''[https://cpsindia.org/publication/resource-atlas-of-datia/ Resource Atlas of Datia]'' <ref>{{Cite book |title=Resource Atlas of Datia |publisher=Published by Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai and Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-86041-41-3 |editor-last=Bajaj |editor-first=Jatinder K |language=Hindi}}</ref>'','' (Hindi 2015)
# [https://cpsindia.org/publication/agricultural-atlas-of-madhya-pradesh/ Agricultural Atlas of Madhya Pradesh]<ref>{{Citation |title=Agricultural atlas of Madhya Pradesh (Madhyapradeśa kī kr̥shi mānacitrāvali) |year=2015 |editor-last=Bajaj |editor-first=Jatinder K |publisher=Published by Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai and Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology |isbn=978-81-86041-40-6}}</ref>
# [https://cpsindia.org/publication/resource-atlas-of-tikamgarh-hindi/ Resource Atlas of Tikamgarh]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Resource Atlas of Tikamgarh |publisher=Published by Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai and Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology, Bhopal |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-86041-44-4 |location=Bhopal |language=Hindi}}</ref> (Hindi 2015)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=FiRi-W4uM8g|Changing Religious Demographic Contours of India - Dr. J K Bajaj}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajaj, J K}}
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Indian demographers]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Mayurjhalia

2026-04-21T20:49:09Z

MoraThibeault4: put up the biography initial version

{{Short description|Village in Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mayurjhalia
| native_name = ମୟୁରଝଲିଆ
| native_name_lang = [[Oriya|ଓଡ଼ିଆ]]
| other_name = Borabarjhar
| nickname = MYJ
| settlement_type = [[Village]] In [[Odisha]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Late, Ramesh Chandra Panda, Foundation - Arjuna Rout Memorial College.jpg
| alt1 = Late, [[Ramesh Chandra Panda]], at the college '''Arjuna Rout Memorial College''' in a village Mayurjhalia [[Raj-Ranpur]], [[Nayagarh]], [[Odisha]]
| caption1 = Late, [[Ramesh Chandra Panda]], at the college '''Arjuna Rout Memorial College''' in a village Mayurjhalia [[Raj-Ranpur]], [[Nayagarh]], [[Odisha]]
| image2 = Ranpur palace, Ranpur, Raj-Ranpur, Odisha, India.JPG
| alt2 = Raj Mahal of Ranapur State
| caption2 = Raj Mahal of Ranapur State at the [[Raj-Ranpur]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| image3 = Mayurajhalia (Mayurjhalia), Nodal High School.jpg
| alt3 = Mayurajhalia High School is a government-managed, co-educational high school in the rural area of Mayurjhalia, Nayagarh, Odisha, India.
| caption3 = '''Mayurajhalia High School''', is a government-managed, co-educational high school in the rural area of '''Mayurjhalia''', [[Nayagarh]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].
}}
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20|0|46|N|85|25|10|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nayagarh district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = February 13, 1676
| founder = [[Ramesh Chandra Panda]]
| named_for = Mayurajhalia
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]] and [[Tahsildar]]
| governing_body = [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur Assembly Constituency]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = Village
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.50
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5064
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Oriya language|Oriya]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 752025
| registration_plate = OD-25
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name = Mayurajhalia}}
'''Mayurjhalia''', (also spelled as '''Mayurajhalia'''), is a prominent [[India|Indian]] [[village]] in [[Odisha]] and [[Gram Panchayat]] situated in the [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranpur tehsil]] of the [[Nayagarh district]] in [[Odisha]], are maintained under '''Mayurjhalia Mouza''' within the [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranpur tehsil administration]]. It operates under the jurisdiction of the [[Chandpur, Odisha| Chandpur Police Station]] and is governed by its own [[Gram Panchayat]] Office. It is sometimes referred to in abbreviations simply as '''MYJ''' or '''MJL''' and commonly known as '''Mayurjhalia''' or administrative records spelled as '''Mayurajhalia'''.

== Gram Panchayat ==
The [[Gram Panchayat]] includes sub-villages such as [[Borabarjhar]], '''Jokagadia''', '''Bokakhai''', and '''Jharapada'''.

== Geography ==
'''Mayurjhalia''' is located about 15 km away from the sub-district headquarter, [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranapur]], and approximately 45 km from the district headquarter, [[Nayagarh]].
The total geographical area of the village is about 318 hectares (3.18 km²).<ref name="Census2011">{{Cite web |title=Mayurjhalia Village Population - Nayagarh Orissa |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/406891-mayurjhalia-orissa.html |website=CensusIndia |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
Historical records about '''Mayurjhalia''' are limited, but it has been part of the traditional [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranapur]] region of [[Nayagarh]]. Local oral traditions suggest the village has existed for several centuries under small feudal estates before the integration of [[Nayagarh]] into the [[Odisha]] state after independence.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{Cite book |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Nayagarh |publisher=Government of Odisha |year=1982}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Census of India:
* Total population: 1,925 (1,016 males and 909 females)<ref name="Census2011"/>
* Number of households: 431<ref name="Census2011"/>
* Children aged 0-6: 210 (116 males, 94 females) → about 10.9% of total population.<ref name="Census2011"/>
* Sex ratio: 895 females per 1,000 males, lower than the Odisha state average.<ref name="Census2011"/>
* Literacy rate: about 85.42% overall; male literacy ~91.89%, female literacy ~78.28%.<ref name="Census2011"/>

== Administration ==
'''Mayurjhalia''', is a [[Gram Panchayat]] governed by a [[Sarpanch]], elected under the [[Panchayati Raj system]].<ref name="Census2011"/>
The village PIN code is 752025.<ref name="Census2011"/>

== Temples and landmarks ==
'''Mayurjhalia''' hosts several small temples dedicated to Hindu deities. Among them, the '''Jagannath temple''' and '''Shiva temple''' are places of local worship and cultural gathering.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

== Education ==
The village has educational institutions including the '''Arjuna Rout Memorial Higher Secondary School''', in '''Mayurjhalia'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjuna Rout Memorial Higher Secondary School Mayurjhalia, Nayagarh, Odisha |url=https://careerurl.com/schools/arjuna-rout-memorial-higher-secondary-school-mayurjhalia-mayurajhalia-nayagarh-odisha |website=CareerURL |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>

== Culture ==
Festivals such as Rath Yatra, Durga Puja, and Makar Sankranti are widely celebrated in the village. Local folk performances, including Odissi and Pala, are sometimes staged during festive seasons.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

== Infrastructure and connectivity ==
'''Mayurjhalia''' is connected by road, with both public and private bus services available. The nearest railway station is more than 10 km away.

== Nearby places ==
Nearby villages and towns include '''Gopalpur''', '''Narasinghpur''', and '''Ranapur'''.<ref name="Census2011"/>

== See also ==
* [[Borabarjhar]]
* [[Nayagarh]]
* [[Raj-Ranpur]]
* [[Itamati]]
* [[Chandpur (disambiguation)|Chandpur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/406891-mayurjhalia-orissa.html Census of India – Mayurjhalia]
{{authority control}}
{{Nayagarh district}}
{{Nayagarh-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Nayagarh district]]

Baba Lal Badshah

2026-04-20T02:39:05Z

MoraThibeault4: New Basic Article And Citations!

{{third-party|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| logo =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| map =
| predecessor =
| Successor =
| extinction =
| type = Non-profit organisation
| status = Active
| purpose = {{hlist|[[Humanitarianism]]|[[activism]]|[[environmentalism]]|[[drug rehabilitation]]|[[secularism]]}}
| coordinates = {{coord|31.130104| 75.473388}}
| language =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| name = Darbar Almast Lal Badshah
| image_size = 225px
| logo_size =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 =
| abbreviation = DLB
| established = 1947
| founder = Lal Badshah
| registration_id =
| membership =
| website = {{URL|http://almastbapulalbadshah.org/}}
}}

'''Almast Lal Badshah''' also known as '''Almast Bapu Lal Badshah''' is a [[Sufi]] saint. The dargah is a [[Sufism|Sufiyana]] [[Dargah|Darbar]] located in [[Nakodar]], [[Jalandhar District]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. The Darbar is a symbol of love and peace where people from all different castes and religions come and pay their respects at this Darbar.

==The Darbar==
This Darbar located in Nakodar holds the tombs of Lal Badshah and Lovly Shah. Baba died on 26 March 2000 at 11:15 p.m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://almastbapulalbadshah.org/history.php|title=Almast Bapu Lal Badshah - History|website=almastbapulalbadshah.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707173347/http://almastbapulalbadshah.org/history.php|archive-date=7 July 2018|access-date=2018-07-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Hans Raj Hans]] (also known as Hans Darvesh) is the head [[sewadar]] of this Darbar. He conducts all the religious ceremonies such as the chaddar [[rasm]], chirag rasm and mehndi rasm. He has also been a frequent visitor.

The yearly [[Mela]] is held on 18, 19 and 20 of July. During this mela many [[qawwal]] groups perform, as well as many big Punjabi singers. Hans Raj Hans also performs on the stage.

==History==
Lal Badshah came from the suburbs of western India which is now in Pakistan. The Sufi saint has been [[medication|medicating]] to the poor since 1947. At the Dera, people from all religions have been blessed by Baba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://almastbapulalbadshah.org/|title=Almast Bapu Lal Badshah|website=almastbapulalbadshah.org|access-date=2018-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706215200/http://almastbapulalbadshah.org/|archive-date=6 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sufi shrines in India]]
[[Category:Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Sufism in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Dargahs in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1947]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{Sufism-stub}}

Journal of the Henry Martyn Institute

2026-04-20T02:18:29Z

MoraThibeault4: Put Up New Stub

{{Infobox journal
| title = Journal of the Henry Martyn Institute<ref name="HMI">[https://hmiindia.org/journal/ ''Web site of Henry Martyn Institute - Journal'']</ref>
| cover = Cover of Journal of the Henry Martyn Institute.jpg
| caption =
| former_name = 
*''News and Notes'' (1911-1941)<ref name="JWS">David A. Kerr, ''Biographical note on James Windrow Sweetman'' in Gerald H. Anderson (Edited), ''Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions'', William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, 1998, p.653.[https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&dq=The+Bulletin+of+the+Henry+Martyn+Institute+of+Islamic+Studies&pg=PA653]</ref>
*''The Bulletin of Christian Institutes of Islamic Studies'' (1941-1960)<ref name="Kalimatullah">Binod Peter Senapati, ''Jesus the Kalimatullah: A Christian-Muslim Relation'', ISPCK, New Delhi, 1999, pp.23-24.[https://books.google.com/books?id=u8eqAVholrYC&dq=news+and+notes+missionaries+to+muslim+league&pg=PA25]</ref><ref name="Bulletin">''The Bulletin of Christian Institutes of Islamic Studies'', [[Hathitrust]]. [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007853804?type%5B%5D=title&lookfor%5B%5D=%22Bulletin%20of%20Christian%20institutes%20of%20Islamic%20studies%20%28Hyderabad%2C%20India%29%22&ft=]</ref>
*''Bulletin of the Henry Martyn Institute of Islamic Studies'' (1960-1972)<ref name="Kalimatullah"/> and 1978-1998)<ref name="WC">''[[WorldCat]] search on "Henry Martyn Institute''.[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/977584313]</ref><ref name="Vol17">''The Bulletin of the Henry Martyn Institute of Islamic Studies'', Volume 17, Issue 1, 1998, pp.5-6.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1JTAAAAYAAJ&q=HMI+journal+henry+martin+institute]</ref><ref name="Dharma">[https://books.google.com/books?id=pQUoAAAAYAAJ&q=HMI+journal+henry+martin+institute ''Journal of Dharma'', Volume 27, 2002, p.124]</ref>
*''Al-Basheer: A Bulletin of Christian Institutes of Islamic Studies'' (1972-1976)<ref name="Kalimatullah"/><ref name="Basheer">[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007853802?type%5B%5D=title&lookfor%5B%5D=%22Basheer%22&ft= ''Al-Basheer: A Bulletin of Christian Institutes of Islamic Studies'', Hathitrust]</ref>
| abbreviation = J. Henry Martyn Inst.
| discipline = [[Religious studies]]
| language =
| editors = Packiam T. Samuel
| publisher = Henry Martyn Institute<ref name="HMI"/>
| country = India
| history = 1911–''present''<ref name="Bloomsbury">Clinton Bennett (Edited), ''The Bloomsbury Companion–Islamic Studies'', Bloomsbury, London, 2013, p.317.[https://books.google.com/books?id=pHweBQAAQBAJ&dq=The+Bulletin+of+the+Henry+Martyn+Institute+of+Islamic+Studies&pg=PA317]</ref>
| frequency = [[Biannual]]<ref name="HMI"/>
| openaccess =
| license =
| impact =
| impact-year =
| ISSN = 0970-6445
| eISSN =
| CODEN =
| JSTOR =
| LCCN = 88659516
| OCLC = 977584313
| website = https://hmiindia.org/journal/
| link1 =
| link1-name =
| link2 =
| link2-name =

}}
'''Journal of the Henry Martyn Institute''' is a [[biannual]] scholarly<ref>[[Siga Arles]], ''The State of Mission Studies in India: An Overview and Assessment of Publications and Publishing'', [[International Bulletin of Mission Research|International Bulletin of Missionary Research]], Volume 34, Number 3, July 2010, pp.156-164.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150421010215/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2010-03/2010-03-156-arles.pdf]}}</ref> journal published by Henry Martyn Institute, [[Hyderabad, India]] on disciplines encompassing religion, culture and interfaith relations and could be found in nearly 100<ref name="WC"/> libraries worldwide. It promotes inter-religious understanding with a special focus on the study of Islam.<ref name="Vol17"/>

==History==
The ''Journal of the Henry Martyn Institute'' traces its beginnings to the year 1911,<ref name="Bloomsbury"/> when it appeared as ''News and Notes''.<ref name="Bloomsbury"/> Subsequently, in the year 1941,<ref name="JWS"/> it became known as ''The Bulletin of Christian Institutes of Islamic Studies'' and by 1960,<ref name="Kalimatullah"/> the title was once again changed to ''Bulletin of the Henry Martyn Institute of Islamic Studies''. Then in the year 1972, it was changed to ''Al-Basheer: A Bulletin of Christian Institutes of Islamic Studies'', which retained the title until 1976.<ref name="Kalimatullah"/> Again from the year 1978<ref name="Kalimatullah"/><ref name="WC"/> onwards, it reverted its title to ''Bulletin of the Henry Martyn Institute of Islamic Studies''.<ref name="Dharma"/><ref name="HMI Bulletin">''The Bulletin of the Henry Martyn Institute of Islamic Studies'', Hathitrust.[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Bulletin%20of%20the%20Henry%20Martyn%20Institute%20of%20Islamic%20Studies%20(Hyderabad,%20India)%22&type=title&inst=]</ref> Finally, since 1998,<ref name="Vol17"/> it took the name as ''Journal of the Henry Martyn Institute'', which stands good till date. During mid-nineties, the publishers provided a trail of the journal under various names.<ref>''The Bulletin of the Henry Martyn Institute of Islamic Studies'', Volume 14, Numbers 1 and 2, January–June 1995, p.5.[https://books.google.com/books?id=xVFTAAAAYAAJ&q=al-Basheer]</ref> Similarly, an external researcher, Binod Peter Senapati provided a brief note on constant name changes of the journal.<ref name="Kalimatullah"/>

==Abstracting and indexing==
The journal is indexed by [[Atla Religion Database]], [[Ulrich's International Periodical Directory]], Periodica Islamica, and Guide to Indian Periodical Literature.<ref name="JHMI">''Journal of the Henry Martyn Institute'', Volume 38, Number 2, July–December 2019.</ref> In the year 1998, the publisher made some attempts to list out articles that appeared in its journal from 1942 through 1986.<ref>''The Bulletin of the Henry Martyn Institute of Islamic Studies'', Volume 17, Issue 2, 1998, pp.89-90.[https://books.google.com/books?id=i0cqAQAAMAAJ&q=comprehensive]</ref>

==Editorial team==
A four-member editorial team of learned Scholars edits the journal,<ref name="JHMI"/>
* Prof. [[Akhtarul Wasey]], [[Master of Arts|M. A.]] ([[Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh]]),<ref name="HT">[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000713280 HathiTrust]</ref> Consulting Editor,
* Dr. S. S. Waheedulla Hussaini Multani, [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph. D.]] ([[Osmania University|Osmania]]), associate editor,
* Dr. M. M. Abraham, Ph. D. (JMI), editor,
* Dr. Packiam T. Samuel, Ph. D. ([[Oxford Brookes University|Oxford Brookes]]), editor-in-chief

==See also==
*''[[Bangalore Theological Forum]]'',
*''[[Indian Journal of Theology]]'',
*''[[National Council of Churches Review]]'',
*''[[People's Reporter]]'',
*''[[Sowing Circle]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Journal of the Henry Martyn Institute}}
[[Category:Academic journals established in 1911]]
[[Category:Religious studies journals]]
[[Category:Biannual journals]]
[[Category:English-language journals]]

Lekang Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:43Z

MoraThibeault4: put up first data and citations!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lekang
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 48
| district = [[Namsai district|Namsai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
| established = 1990
| reservation = ST
| map_image = Lekang Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = Likha Soni
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party }}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 20,864
}}
'''Lekang''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[Namsai district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Elections: Lekang - only constituency in Arunachal where non-tribals hold the key">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Elections: Lekang - only constituency in Arunachal where non-tribals hold the key |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/lekang-only-constituency-in-arunachal-where-non-tribals-hold-the-key/article68057166.ece |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531063803/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/lekang-only-constituency-in-arunachal-where-non-tribals-hold-the-key/article68057166.ece |archive-date=31 May 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Omem Moyong Deori || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=5 | [[Chowna Mein]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173615/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>|| Jummum Ete Deori<ref name="All four women candidates of BJP win in Arunachal polls">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=All four women candidates of BJP win in Arunachal polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/all-four-women-candidates-of-bjp-win-in-arunachal-polls/article68243388.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525153815/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/all-four-women-candidates-of-bjp-win-in-arunachal-polls/article68243388.ece |archive-date=25 May 2025 |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Likha Soni]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Lekang<ref name="Lekang (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Lekang (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/lekang |accessdate=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531063650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/lekang |archivedate=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Lekang">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Lekang |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0248.htm |accessdate=31 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531063709/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0248.htm |archivedate=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lekang Assembly Election Result 2024: NCP's Likha Soni wins from Lekang in Arunachal assembly elections">{{cite news |title=Lekang Assembly Election Result 2024: NCP's Likha Soni wins from Lekang in Arunachal assembly elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/lekang-assembly-election-results-2024-lekang-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110639365.cms |accessdate=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531063803/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/lekang-assembly-election-results-2024-lekang-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110639365.cms |archivedate=31 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Likha Soni]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,804 |percentage=45.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Sujana Namchoom |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,150 |percentage=41.49% |change={{decrease}}14.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tana Tamar Tara |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,122 |percentage=6.51% |change={{decrease}}15.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haren Tali |party=Arunachal Democratic Party |votes=690 |percentage=4.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=289 |percentage=1.68% |change={{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moneswar Danggen |party=Independent politician |votes=180 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=654 |percentage=3.79% |change= {{decrease}}30.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,235 |percentage=82.61% |change= {{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,864 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Lekang<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jummum Ete Deori |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,980 |percentage=56.21% |change={{increase}}46.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Takam Sanjoy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,487 |percentage=21.83% |change={{decrease}}25.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bida Taku |party=Independent politician |votes=988 |percentage=6.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nikh Khopi |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=845 |percentage=5.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padmeswari Jamoh |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=575 |percentage=3.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Takam Paleng |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=428 |percentage=2.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nabam Tekhi |party=Independent politician |votes=420 |percentage=2.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=253 |percentage=1.58% |change={{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,493 |percentage=34.38% |change= {{increase}}25.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,976 |percentage=86.25% |change= {{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,522 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Lekang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chowna Mein]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,337 |percentage=47.46% |change={{decrease}}9.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bida Taku |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=5,158 |percentage=38.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tape Bagra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,292 |percentage=9.68% |change={{increase}}3.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pike Pulu |party=Naga People's Front |votes=236 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anita Payeng |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=138 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,179 |percentage=8.83% |change= {{decrease}}15.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,351 |percentage=88.36% |change= {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,109 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Lekang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chowna Mein]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,896 |percentage=56.97% |change={{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=James Techi Tara |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,950 |percentage=32.63% |change={{increase}}29.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sotai Kri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=705 |percentage=5.82% |change={{decrease}}9.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Koruna Morang |party=Independent politician |votes=305 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Larbin Nasi |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=248 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,946 |percentage=24.34% |change= {{decrease}}6.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,104 |percentage=84.11% |change= {{increase}}11.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,391 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Lekang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chowna Mein]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,091 |percentage=52.10% |change={{decrease}}1.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Naching Loongchot |party=Independent politician |votes=2,073 |percentage=21.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sotai Kri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,457 |percentage=14.91% |change={{decrease}}31.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Mithila Maunglang |party=Independent politician |votes=877 |percentage=8.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chau Pinkkham Munglang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=274 |percentage=2.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,018 |percentage=30.88% |change= {{increase}}23.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,772 |percentage=72.36% |change= {{decrease}}7.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,500 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Lekang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chowna Mein]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,482 |percentage=53.68% |change={{increase}}13.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sotai Kri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,730 |percentage=46.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=752 |percentage=7.36% |change= {{decrease}}12.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,212 |percentage=82.40% |change= {{decrease}}9.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,742 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Lekang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chowna Mein]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=5,913 |percentage=60.12% |change={{increase}}11.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Omem Moyong Deori |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,923 |percentage=39.88% |change={{decrease}}11.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,990 |percentage=20.23% |change= {{increase}}18.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,836 |percentage=91.88% |change= {{increase}}4.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,943 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Lekang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Omem Moyong Deori |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,176 |percentage=51.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chowna Mein]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,996 |percentage=48.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=180 |percentage=2.20% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,172 |percentage=87.39% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,519 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Namsai district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.65|95.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Namsai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Latin Catholics of Malabar

2026-04-16T18:19:04Z

MoraThibeault4: put up basic entry added tags

{{Short description|Group of Catholics in southern India}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=July 2021}}
{{Page numbers needed|date=December 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Latin Catholics of Malabar
| native_name = {{lang|ml|മലബാർ റോമൻ ലത്തീൻ കത്തോലിക്കർ}}
| native_name_lang = ml
| caption = Our Lady of Purification Church, Kollam. The surrounding region became the centre of the Diocese of Quilon, established in 1329 as India’s first Catholic diocese.
| image = Kollamportchurch1.jpg
| pop = Approx. 1,000,000
| popplace = India (predominantly in [[Kerala]], significant migrant populations also found in [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]] and other major cities); UAE ([[Dubai]]); [[Oman]]; [[Kuwait]]; USA ([[New York metropolitan area]], [[Chicago]], [[Houston]], [[Dallas]], [[Tampa]], [[Detroit]], [[Atlanta]], [[Philadelphia]], [[New Jersey]], [[Los Angeles]], [[San Francisco Bay Area]]); [[Europe]] – UK ([[London]], [[Birmingham]]) The Netherlands ([[Amsterdam]]) Canada ([[Toronto]], [[Edmonton]], [[Whitehorse]]
| langs = Vernacular: [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Cochin Portuguese Creole]]
Liturgical: [[Latin language|Latin]], [[French language|French]], [[Malayalam]]
| religions = primarily [[Catholic Church]] ([[Latin Church]])
| related = [[Malayali]]s, [[Ezhava]]rs, [[Nadar (caste)]], [[Dheevara (caste)|Dheevara]]s, [[Saint Thomas Christians]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Luso-Indian]]
}}

The '''Latin Catholics of Malabar Coast''', also known as '''Malabar Latin Catholics''' or '''Latin Christians of Kerala''' ({{ langx|ml|മലബാർ ലത്തീൻ കത്തോലിക്കർ}} or {{ lang|ml|മലബാർ ലത്തീൻ ക്രിസ്ത്യാനികൾ}}) are a [[multi-ethnic]] religious group in [[Kerala]] adhering to the [[Roman Rite]] liturgical practices of the [[Latin Church]], on the [[Malabar Coast]], the southwestern coast of [[India]]. Ecclesiastically, they constitute the [[ecclesiastical province]]s of [[Archdiocese of Calicut|Calicut]], [[Archdiocese of Verapoly|Verapoly]] and [[Archdiocese of Trivandrum|Trivandrum]].{{sfnp|Thayil|2003}}

They are predominantly [[Malayali]] people and speak the [[Malayalam]] language, though a subgroup of [[Luso-Indians]] speaks the [[Cochin Portuguese Creole]]. They trace their origins to the evangelization of Malabar Coast by the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]], [[Franciscans|Franciscan]], [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] and [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] missionaries, mainly French and Portuguese.<ref name="ReferenceA">Britannica CD 97, S.V "Gama, Vasco da "</ref><ref name="lib.umich.edu">[http://www.lib.umich.edu/area/sasia/dagama.htm '''Vasco da Gama collection''' on University of Michigan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016043044/http://www.lib.umich.edu/area/sasia/dagama.htm |date=16 October 2007 }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Statue of Staint Francis Xavier.JPG|thumb|Francis Xavier, the patron saint of the Latin Catholics of Kerala.|left]]

=== Early missions ===
[[Catholic Church in India|Latin Catholicism in India]] traces its early origins to the Fransciscan missions sent to Asia under the leadership of [[John of Monte Corvino]]. Friar [[Odoric of Pordenone]] arrived in India in 1321. He visited Malabar, touching at [[Koyilandy|Pandarani]] (Koyilandy) (20 m. north of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]), at [[Kodungallur|Cranganore]], and at [[Kollam|Quilon]] (Kollam) proceeding thence, apparently, to [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] and to the shrine of Apostle [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]] at [[Mylapur]] near [[Chennai|Madras]]. He writes he had found the place where Saint Thomas was buried.{{sfnp|Menon|1964|p=185}}

Father [[Jordan Catala|Jordanus Catalani]], a French [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] missionary, followed in 1321–22. He reported to Rome, apparently from somewhere on the [[Coromandel Coast|west coast of India]], that he had given Christian burial to four martyred monks. Jordanus is known for his 1329 ''Mirabilia'' describing the marvels of the East. He furnished the best account of Indian regions and the Christians, the products, climate, manners, customs, fauna and flora given by any European in the Middle Ages which was considered superior even to [[Marco Polo]]'s.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|Diocese of Quilon]] headquartered at [[Kollam]] is the first Latin diocese in [[South Asia]] and the [[Far East]], having been first erected on 9 August 1329 and re-erected on 1 September 1886. In 1329 Pope John XXII (in captivity at Avignon) erected [[Quilon]] as the first Diocese in the whole Indies as suffragan to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Soltania|Archdiocese of Sultany]] in [[Iran|Persia]]. Its territorial jurisdiction extended throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[East Indies]], and the Far East.<ref>"Romanus Pontifix" dated 9 th August 1329 Pope John XXII</ref> By a separate Bull "''Venerabili Fratri Jordano''", the same Pope, on 21 August 1329 appointed the French Dominican friar Jordanus Catalani de Severac as the first Bishop of Quilon.
In 1347, [[Giovanni de Marignolli]] visited the shrine of Saint Thomas near the modern Madras, and then proceeded to what he calls the ''kingdom of Saba'', and identifies with the [[Sheba]] of Scripture, but which seems from various particulars to have been [[Java]]. Taking ship again for Malabar on his way to Europe, he encountered great storms.

=== Arrival of the Portuguese ===
In 1453, the [[fall of Constantinople]], a bastion of Christianity in [[Asia Minor]] to Islamic [[Ottoman Empire]], marked the end of the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire]], and severed European trade links by land with Asia. This massive blow to [[Christendom]] spurred the [[Age of Discovery]] as Europeans were seeking alternative routes east by sea along with the goal of forging alliances with pre-existing Christian nations.<ref name="GT-DEX-1453-09">{{cite web|title=Byzantine-Ottoman Wars: Fall of Constantinople and spurring "age of discovery"|url=http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-Ottoman-Wars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm|access-date=18 August 2012|archive-date=4 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604120350/http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-Ottoman-Wars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GT-DEX-1453-10">{{cite web|title=Overview of Age of Exploration |url=http://www.learnerator.com/ap-european-history/study-center/summaries/age-of-exploration/overview |access-date=18 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709074111/http://www.learnerator.com/ap-european-history/study-center/summaries/age-of-exploration/overview |archive-date=9 July 2012 }}</ref> Along with pioneer [[Portugal|Portuguese]] long-distance maritime travellers, that reached the [[Malabar Coast]] in the late 15th century, came Portuguese missionaries who introduced the Latin Catholic church in India. They made contact with the [[Saint Thomas Christians|St Thomas Christians]] in Kerala, which at that time were following [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]] practices and still follow Syrian liturgy and were under the jurisdiction of [[Church of the East]].

The history of Portuguese missionaries in India starts with the neo-apostles who reached [[Kappad]] near Kozhikode on 20 May 1498 along with the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] who was seeking to form anti-Islamic alliances with pre-existing Christian nations.<ref name="BBC">[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4243727.stm Factfile: Catholics around the world] on BBC news.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA" /> The lucrative spice trade was further temptation for the Portuguese crown.<ref name="lib.umich.edu" /> When he and the Portuguese missionaries arrived they found no Christians in the country, except in Malabar known as St. Thomas Christians who represented less than 2% of the total population<ref name="Global">Megan Galbraith [http://www.globalhealth.org/reports/text.php3?id=232 Catholic Church of India Responds with Leadership] Field note on Glocal Health Council website. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303082751/http://www.globalhealth.org/reports/text.php3?id=232 |date=3 March 2008 }}</ref> and the then-largest Christian church within India.<ref name="BBC" /> The Christians were friendly to Portuguese missionaries at first; there was an exchange of gifts between them, and these groups were delighted at their common faith.<ref>Mathias Mundadan, (1967), "The Arrival of Portuguese in India and Saint Thomas Christians under Mar Jacob"</ref>

During the second expedition, the Portuguese fleet comprising 13 ships and 18 priests, under Captain [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], anchored at Cochin on 26 November 1500. Cabral soon won the goodwill of the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Raja of Cochin]]. He allowed four priests to do apostolic work among the early Christian communities scattered in and around Cochin. Thus Portuguese missionaries established Portuguese Mission in 1500. Dom [[Francisco de Almeida]], the first Portuguese Viceroy, got permission from the Kochi Raja to build two church edifices – namely [[Santa Cruz Basilica]] (founded 1505) and [[St. Francis Church, Kochi|St. Francis Church]] (founded 1506) using stones and mortar which was unheard of at that time as the local prejudices were against such a structure for any purpose other than a royal palace or a temple.

Historically the Latin Catholics of Kerala were protected by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]], [[Dutch India|Dutch]], [[French India|French]] and the [[British Raj|British]]. The Latin Catholics were referred to as "''Our Christians''" while the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Syrian Christians]] were oppressed by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese in their rule]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Varghese|first=Alexander P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&dq=Ezhunoottikkar&pg=PA396|title=India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World|date=2008|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0903-2|language=en}}</ref>

==Subgroups==
The Latin Catholics of [[Kerala]] form a multi-ethnic religious community with members of different castes and origins. Majority of the Latin Catholics were converts by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Padroado|Padroado missionaries]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Koilparampil|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXnaAAAAMAAJ&q=Latin+Catholics+lower+caste|title=Caste in the Catholic Community in Kerala: A Study of Caste Elements in the Inter Rite Relationships of Syrians and Latins|date=1982|publisher=Department of Sociology, St. Teresa's College|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Visvanathan|first=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oN2IAAAAMAAJ&q=Latin+Catholics+lower+caste|title=The Christians of Kerala: History, Belief, and Ritual Among the Yakoba|date=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563189-0|language=en}}</ref> Many backward Hindus especially [[Ezhava]]rs, [[Nadar (caste)|Nadars]], Viswakarmas, Vellala/[[Vilakkithala Nair|Vilakkithala]] [[Nairs]], along with the various fishing community castes like [[Mukkuvar (India)|Mukkuvars]], [[Malayarayan|Arayans]], [[Valan]]s and [[Dheevara (caste)|Dheevars]] were converted to Christianity after the 15th century by [[Padroado|Portuguese missionaries]] in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC&q=Latin+Catholics+lower+caste|title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900|date=2004-04-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89103-5|language=en}}</ref> Many [[Saint Thomas Christian|Saint Thomas Syrian Christian]] families also joined the [[Latin Church]], especially in [[Kochi|Cochin]] and [[Kollam|Quilon]].

The Roman Catholics of Latin rite, also called Latinites (Latinkar), are to be distinguished from the Syro-Malabar Catholics, viz. the Eastern Catholics of Syrian rite. The Latin Catholics consists of several subgroups which trace different origins. According to their traditional division, attested from the 18th century onwards, the Anjoottikkar (the 'Five hundred'), Ezhunnoottikkar (the 'Seven hundred') and Munnoottikkar (the 'Three hundred') are significant among these groups. Each of the groups claim superior origins and social status over the others. Bitter divisions and mutual animosity between these groups have often led to creation of overlapping boundaries of dioceses which tend to be dominated by one group or the other.{{sfnp|Thayil|2003|p=25}}

The Anjuttikkar/Anjoottikkar consists of the various fishing communities like [[Mukkuvar (India)|Mukkuvars]], [[Dheevara (caste)|Dheevars]], [[Paravars]], [[Valan]]s and [[Malayarayan|Arayans]], who were differentiated from the other groups. The ''Anjuttikkar'' (fishing community) forms 45% of the Latin Catholic community of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-16 |title=Why Kerala's Latin Catholic church is backing fishermen's protest against Vizhinjam port |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-kerala-s-latin-catholic-church-is-backing-fishermen-s-protest-against-vizhinjam-port-1988693-2022-08-16 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargava |first=Gopal Ed |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463706 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Art And Culture In India Vol. 3 - Kerala |date=2003}}</ref> Mainly focused in the coastal regions of [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] and [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] districts. The Anjuttikkar who reside in the [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] district are known as Kochikkar and those who reside in the districts of [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] are known as Kollamkar.<ref name="pdfkul.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Topasses of Cochin |url=https://keralamuseum.org/article/topasses-of-cochin/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=The Kerala Museum |language=en-US}}</ref>

The second, main, subgroup known as Ezhunoottikkar/Ezhunuttikkar hailed from the various castes like [[Ezhava]]s, [[Thiyyar history|Thiyyas]], [[Vishwakarma (caste)|Vishwakarmas]] and a few lower subcastes of the [[Nairs]]. The lower strata of the ''Ezhunoottikkar'' consists of the untouchable castes like [[Pulayar]] and [[Paraiyar|Parayar]].<ref name="pdfkul.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Topasses of Cochin |url=https://keralamuseum.org/article/topasses-of-cochin/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=The Kerala Museum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Innes|first=C. A.|url=http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.75585|title=Madras District Gazetteers Malabar. Vol. 1|date=1951|publisher=Government Press, Madras|others=Kerala State Library}}</ref> According to legend, the ''Ezhunoottikkar'' are descendants of seven hundred Latinized soldiers of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] who were converted by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] for leading a battle against the [[Zamorin|Zamorin of Calicut]] (''Samoothiri'').<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AnthropologyOfTheSyrianChristiansEbook|title=Anthropology Of The Syrian Christians / L K Anantakrishna Ayyar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/AnthropologyOfTheSyrianChristiansEbook |title=Anthropology Of The Syrian Christians / L K Anantakrishna Ayyar |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Evans|first=F.B.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941|title=Madras District Gazetteers Malabar, vol. i|date=1933|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Innes C. A.|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.17053|title=Malabar and Anjengo|last2=Evans F. B.|date=1908|publisher=Government Press, Madras}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Innes|first=C. A.|url=http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.75585|title=Madras District Gazetteers Malabar. Vol. 1|date=1951|publisher=Government Press, Madras|others=Kerala State Library}}</ref>

The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] soldiers, merchants and enfranchised slaves, had intermarried within the natives, and their descendants came to be known as the Munnuttikkar/Munnoottikkar ([[Luso-Indian]]s/[[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo Indians]]) who form an endogamous subgroup among the Keralite Latin Catholics. They were also called as Topasses or Toppessis/Tupasis as they wore hats and used other western descended clothing.<ref name="pdfkul.com">{{Cite web|title=HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA (CORRECTED).pdf ...|url=https://pdfkul.com/history-of-christianity-in-india-correctedpdf-_5b0251118ead0e397d8b4582.html|access-date=2021-06-19|website=pdfkul.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web|title=Neyyatinkara: The fertile ground of sub-castes|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/may/31/neyyatinkara-the-fertile-ground-of-sub-castes-373376.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The New Indian Express|date=2 June 2012 }}</ref> Many Topasses served as soldiers in the Dutch, French and English colonial armies. Their strong European roots, for instance through their use of the Portuguese language, made them feeling different from the indigenous converts, and they remained most of the time directly dependent on the colonial authorities. In this respect, the Dutch established a clear distinction between them, viz. 'the ones dressed in hats (and trousers)', and the whole of the other, indigenous, Latin Catholic converts, collectively designated by the name Mundikars, viz. 'the ones wearing the white cloth (and puggery)'. The ''Munnuttikkar'' divide themselves into two sects: the White Munnuttikkar and the Black Munnuttikkar. The division is not based on skin colour instead by their caste origins. The White Munnuttikkar are descendants of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] men and [[Nair]]/[[Nambudiri|Nambudiri Brahmin]] women while the Black Munnuttikkar are descendants of Portuguese and women of lower castes. The Munnuttikkar are found mostly in the coastal towns of Kerala like [[Kannur|Cananore]], [[Thalassery|Tellichery]], [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[Kochi|Cochin]], [[Alappuzha|Alleppey]] and [[Kollam|Quilon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Topasses of Cochin |url=https://keralamuseum.org/article/topasses-of-cochin/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=The Kerala Museum |language=en-US}}</ref>

A fourth traditional division consists of the Aruvathinalukkar/Aravatnalukar (the 'Sixty-four'), an endogamous subsect among the Latin Catholics who are believed to be descended from several [[Savarna (Hinduism)|Savarna]] [[Forward caste|upper castes]] like [[Nambudiri|Nambudiri Brahmin]], [[Nair]], [[Pushpaka Brahmin]] and the [[Ambalavasi]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/AnthropologyOfTheSyrianChristiansEbook |title=Anthropology Of The Syrian Christians / L K Anantakrishna Ayyar |language=English}}</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2024}}

The Nadar Latin Catholics form a significant part of the Malabarese Latin Catholics. The Latin Nadars prefer maritial alliances with Hindu Nadars instead of other Latin subgroups. They are concentrated in the southern and eastern regions of the [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Trivandrum district]] like [[Parassala]], [[Neyyattinkara|Neyyantinkara]], [[Vellarada]], [[Kattakada|Kattakkada]], [[Kovalam]] and [[Malayinkeezhu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neyyatinkara: The fertile ground of sub-castes|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/may/31/neyyatinkara-the-fertile-ground-of-sub-castes-373376.html|access-date=2021-07-01|website=The New Indian Express|date=2 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-02-23 |title=Kerala govt decides to include Christian Nadar community, except SIUC, in OBC list |url=https://theprint.in/india/kerala-govt-decides-to-include-christian-nadar-community-except-siuc-in-obc-list/844675/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala includes Nadar Christian community in Socially and Educationally Backward category |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/06/16/nadar-christian-sebc.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> In the 19th century [[Travancore]], women belonging to castes below the [[Nairs]] were prohibited from covering their upper body. The [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] Latin Catholic women of [[Southern Division (Travancore)|Southern Travancore]] ([[Thiruvananthapuram district|Trivandrum]] and [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]) rebelled against the enforcement of upper body exposure ([[Channar revolt|Channar Revolt]]) from 1813 to 1859.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kent |first=Eliza F. |title=Converting women: gender and protestant christianity in colonial South India |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516507-4 |location=Oxford}}</ref> Eventually in 1859 the King of Travancore proclaimed the right for all women in Travancore to cover themselves.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohn |first=Bernard S. |title=Colonialism and its forms of knowledge: the British in India |date=1996 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-03293-1 |series=Princeton studies in culture/power/history |location=Princeton, N.J}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruane |first=C. |date=2010-09-01 |title=Clothing: A Global History. By Robert Ross (Cambridge, U.K., Polity: 2008. viii plus 221 pp.) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2010.0038 |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=268–269 |doi=10.1353/jsh.2010.0038 |issn=0022-4529|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In northern Kerala, mainly in [[Kassergode (Kasaragod)]], [[Cannanore (Kannur)]], [[Tellicherry (Thalassery)]] and [[Cochin (Kochi)]] a small population of [[Konkani people|Konkani]] Latin Catholic Christians are found.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Machado |first=Alan |title=Sarasvati's children: a history of the Mangalorean Christians |date=1999 |publisher=I.J.A. Publications |isbn=978-81-86778-25-8 |edition=1st |location=Bangalore}}</ref><ref name="knk0687">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=156}}</ref> They are descendants of the [[Mangalorean Catholics|Konkani Manglorean Catholics]] who migrated from the [[Kanara|Canara]] region (coastal Karnataka) to Kerala in the 1780's to escape the [[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam|persecution by Tippu Sultan]]. The [[Mangalorean Catholics|Konkani Manglorean Catholics]] had [[Christianisation in Goa|accepted Christianity in Goa]] and migrated to Kanara in 16th and 17th centuries. These Konkani Catholics have many subgroups like [[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bammons]] ([[Konkani Brahmin]] sub-castes like [[Saraswat Brahmins]], [[Padye|Padyes]], [[Daivadnya|Daivadnyas]]), [[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Chardos]](Kshatriya) and Gaudos(Vaishya).<ref>{{Cite book |title=History, Religion and Culture of India |date=2004 |publisher=Isha books |isbn=978-81-8205-059-4 |editor-last=Gajrani |editor-first=Shiv |location=Delhi}}</ref>

The Roman or Latin Catholics of Kerala are grouped under [[Other Backward Class]]es by [[Affirmative action|positive discrimination]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sudhi|first=K. s|date=2021-03-25|title=Kerala has 164 forward caste communities|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-has-164-forward-caste-communities/article34161509.ece|access-date=2021-06-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress.com"/>

The Latin Catholics of Kerala are a highly [[Exogamy|exogamous]] community and tend to intermarry with other [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[caste]]s, unlike the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Syrian Christians]] who practice strict [[endogamy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=For Latin Catholic Church, community matters more than issues|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/apr/01/for-latin-catholic-church-community-matters-more-than-issues-2284140.html|access-date=2021-06-11|website=The New Indian Express|date=April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Christo-Racist Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Rhetoric Are Gaining Ground in Kerala|url=https://thewire.in/religion/kerala-syrian-christians-caste-anti-muslim-rhetoric|access-date=2021-06-11|website=thewire.in|language=en}}</ref>

==Socio-cultural and religious identity==

===Arts===
[[File:NjanaSundari Chavittunadakam - Navarathna Kala Samskarika Vedi.jpg|thumb|Chavittunadakam]]
The Artforms of the Latin Catholics of Kerala were hugely influenced by the Portuguese and the native Keralite culture.

The '''''[[Chavittu Nadakam|Chavittunadakam]]''''', loaned from the [[Opera|European Opera]] in is one among the most popular artforms performed by the Latin Catholics of [[Kerala]]. It originated in the 16th century in [[Fort Kochi]] and is prevalent among the Keralite Latin Catholic community of the districts of [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] and [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chavittu nadakam artists struggle to make ends meet|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/jul/17/chavittu-nadakam-artists-struggle-to-make-ends-meet-2170771.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The New Indian Express|date=17 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=In Memory of Chinnathambi Annavi|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/dec/27/In-Memory-of-Chinnathambi-Annavi-556152.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Deepika Jayaram|date=Jan 17, 2019|title=St Joseph's College: Campus: Who said students are not interested in culture? {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/campus-who-said-students-are-not-interested-in-culture/articleshow/67568164.cms|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

'''''Devastha Vili''''' is a ritual artform traditionally performed as part of the 50 days long [[Lent]] by the Latin Catholics of Kerala. It consists of a [[Latin]] chant which is chanted as a prayer by a small group. The leader holds a huge wooden cross and ceremonially chants the prayer. The ''Devastha Vili'' has its origin in the 15th century when [[Francis Xavier]] evangelized natives in [[Cochin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Devastha Vili - a Christian Artform {{!}} Artforms in Kerala {{!}} Christianity {{!}} Kerala Tourism|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/devastha-vili/38|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Christianity|language=en}}</ref>

===Attire===
The Attire of the Latin Catholics differed from various classes among them.{{sfnp|Thayil|2003}} The [[Luso-Indian]]s had hugely differentiable [[Culture of Portugal|Portuguese attire]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Koilparampil|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXnaAAAAMAAJ&q=Latin+Catholic+kerala|title=Caste in the Catholic Community in Kerala: A Study of Caste Elements in the Inter Rite Relationships of Syrians and Latins|date=1982|publisher=Department of Sociology, St. Teresa's College|language=en}}</ref> The [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Syrian Christians]] who adopted Latin Christianity continued to wear the traditional [[Chattayum Mundum]] and the [[Mundu]] which they used to wear before.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Deepa|first=J.|date=2013-04-07|title=Ciao to the chatta?|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/ciao-to-the-chatta/article4588281.ece|access-date=2021-06-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Religion and Ritual===
The Latin Catholics of Kerala follow the [[Roman Rite|Roman]], [[Carmelite Rite|Carmelite]], [[Franciscan]] and [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Friars Minor Capuchin Rites]] for worship and the Roman Rite being the most used. Some parts of the [[Mass in the Catholic Church|Mass]] are sung in [[Latin]]. The Holy Mass is often referred as "[[Holy Qurbana]]", the name which the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] use for their [[East Syriac Rite]] Eucharistic liturgy.{{sfnp|Thayil|2003}}

Several customs of the Malabar Latin Catholics such as in engagement, marriage and funeral rituals are similar to [[Syrian Catholics of Malabar]] community and several Hindu castes of Kerala.<ref name="koilparampil1982">{{Cite book|last=Koilparampil|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXnaAAAAMAAJ&q=Latin+Catholic+Kerala|title=Caste in the Catholic Community in Kerala: A Study of Caste Elements in the Inter Rite Relationships of Syrians and Latins|date=1982|publisher=Department of Sociology, St. Teresa's College|language=en}}</ref><ref name="google1">{{Cite book|last1=Bauman|first1=Chad M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3s9BAAAQBAJ&q=Latin+Catholic+Kerala|title=Constructing Indian Christianities: Culture, Conversion and Caste|last2=Young|first2=Richard Fox|date=2014-08-07|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-56027-2|language=en}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
[[File:Vindalho.jpg|thumb|200px|Vindhaloo (Portuguese curry)]]
The cuisine of the Latin Catholics of Kerala is majorly [[seafood]] and [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese]] influenced diet. Dishes like [[Vindaloo|Vindhaloo]] (meat dish based on [[carne de vinha d'alhos]]), Chicken Stew, [[Fish moolie|Fish Molee]] (Indo-Portuguese fish curry), Pigadosi (Desert made with milk and bananas) and various seafood items are the most popular.

[[Pork]], [[Beef]], [[Vinegar]], [[Garlic]], [[Paprika]], [[Mentha|Mint]], [[Black Pepper]], [[Thyme]] and [[Rosemary]] are all important aspects of the Keralite Latin Catholic cuisine.

Spices like [[Chili pepper|Red Chilli]], [[Turmeric]] and [[Coriander]] lack in the Latin Catholic cuisine and are replaced by [[Black Pepper]] due to the Portuguese influence. Consumption of bread and other baked goods are also high in the Latin cuisine.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abraham|first=Tanya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKHzDwAAQBAJ&q=Latin+Catholic+cuisine+Kerala|title=Eating With History: Ancient Trade-Influenced Cuisines of Kerala|date=2020|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=978-93-89136-26-5|language=en}}</ref>

== Church architecture ==
[[File:Vallarpadom_Church.jpg|250px|thumb|Vallarapadam St Mary's Basilica is one of the most important pilgrimage churches of the Latin Catholics.]]The Latin Catholics churches in the initial stages were built in the [[Portuguese colonial architecture|Portuguese colonial]] Style with [[Renaissance architecture in Portugal|Renaissance facades]] and long naves and [[Italian Baroque interior design|Italian Baroque]] decoration. They were initially built from laterite blocks veneered with lime plaster (chunam). Later after the Dutch and British conquest, today they resemble [[Church architecture in England|modern Anglican architecture]] due to influence of the [[British Empire|British]] in India. Some churches were also built the way [[Syrian churches of Kerala|Syrian Churches in Kerala]] were built.

Some notable Latin Catholic churches are:

* [[Church of Our Lady of Hope]] (''Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Esperança''), (Est. 1605), [[Vypin|Vypeen]]
* [[Santa Cruz Basilica]], (Estd.1505), [[Fort Kochi]]
* [[National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom, Vallarpadam|National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom]], (''Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Resgate''), [[Vallarpadam]]
* [[Varapuzha Basilica|Basilica of Our lady of Mount Carmel & St Joseph]], [[Varappuzha]]
* St. Sebastian's Church, (Est. 1833), [[Thoppumpady]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/st-sebastian-church/91 | title=St. Sebastian Church | Churches in Kerala | Kerala Archaeology }}</ref>
* Basilica of Our Lady of Snows, Pallippuram<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220309203235/https://manjumathabasilica.org/ Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Snow]</ref>
* Holy Cross Church, Mattachery<ref>{{cite web | url=http://coonancross.bizhat.com/histroy.html | title=History | Holy Cross Church mattanchery }}</ref>
* [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Trivandrum|St. Joseph's Metropolitan Cathedral Palayam]], Thiruvananthapuram

== Prominent Malabar Latin Catholics ==

* [[K J Yesudas]] - National Award winning playback singer
* [[Lal (actor)]] - Malayalam film director, producer and actor
*[[Balu Varghese]]- Malayalam actor
* [[Hibi Eden]] - [[Indian National Congress|INC]] politician and present MP of [[Ernakulam]] Lok Sabha constituency.
* [[Sebastian Paul]] - Indian politician, former Member of Parliament.
* [[Sanju Samson]] - Indian International cricketer.
* [[P.J. Antony]] - First Malayalam actor to win the [[National Award for Best Actor]].

== Demographics ==
The Latin Catholics of [[Kerala]] form 13.2% of the [[Christianity in Kerala|Christians]] in the state. They form 2.37% of the total population of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Population">{{cite web |author=K.C. Zachariah |date=April 2016 |title=Religious Denominations of Kerala |publisher=Center for Development Studies |url=http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/WP468.pdf |access-date=8 July 2018 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417114220/http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/WP468.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The community is concentrated in the coastal regions of [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] and [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] districts. Forming 65% of the Christians in the [[Thiruvananthapuram district]], 36% of the Christians in the [[Kollam district]], 24% of the Christians in the [[Ernakulam district]] and 23% of the Christians in the [[Alappuzha district]], they have significant populations in [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], [[Alappuzha|Alleppey]], [[Neyyattinkara|Neyyantinkara]], [[Parassala]], [[Punalur]], [[Kollam|Quilon]], [[Varappuzha|Verapoly]], [[Vypin|Vypeen]], [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[Kannur|Cannanore]] and [[Kochi|Cochin]].

==See also==
*[[Bombay East Indian]] Catholics
* [[Reddy Catholics]]
* [[Goan Catholics]]
* [[Mangalorean Catholics]]
* [[Syrian Catholics of Malabar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|first=Gordon Thomson |last=MacKenzie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVQoAAAAYAAJ|year=1901|title=Christianity in Travancore}}
*{{Cite book|first=V. |last=Nagam Aiya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHsoAAAAYAAJ|year=1906|title=The Travancore State Manual| volume=2}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ayyar|first=L. K. Anantakrishna|url=https://archive.org/details/AnthropologyOfTheSyrianChristians/page/n359/mode/2up|title=Anthropology of Syrian Christians|date=1926|publisher=Ernakulam:Government Press|language=en}} - see chapter 6: "The Roman Catholics of the Latin rite", pp. 253-266
*{{Cite book|first=A Sreedhara |last=Menon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DBuAAAAMAAJ|year=1964|title=Quilon District Gazetteer}}
*{{Cite book|last=Koilparambil|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXnaAAAAMAAJ|title=Caste in the Catholic Community in Kerala|date=1982|publisher=Cochin: St. Theresa's College|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Prabhu|first=Alan Machado|year=1999|title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians|publisher=I.J.A. Publications|location=Bangalore|isbn=978-81-86778-25-8}}
*{{Cite book|last=Thayil|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixTZAAAAMAAJ|title=The Latin Christians of Kerala: A Study on Their Origins|date=2003|publisher=Kristu Jyoti Publications|isbn=978-81-87370-18-5|language=en}}

[[Category:Malabar Coast]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in India]]
[[Category:Christian communities of India]]
[[Category:Christianity in India]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]

Sundari painting

2026-04-07T19:34:15Z

MoraThibeault4:

{{Short description|19th-century erotic art depicting Bengali women}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
[[File:Promoda Sundari.jpg|thumb|Promoda Sundari, [[chromolithograph]], Chorebagan Art Studio, late 19th century]]
'''Sundari paintings''' or '''Sundari images''' are a type of [[pin-up]] or [[erotic art]] that were popular in 19th-century [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], in the province of [[Bengal]] in [[British India]].<ref name=":0">''The Babu & the Bazaar: Art from the 19th & Early 20th–Century Bengal.'' Aditi Nath Sharkar, with Shatadeep Maitra. DAG Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2022. {{ISBN|978-93-81217-90-0}}.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Babu and the Bazaar |url=https://dagworld.com/the%20babu%20and%20the%20bazaar.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=dagworld.com |language=en}}</ref> Mostly sold as [[popular print|prints]], the images depict women, particularly the new class of [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] [[widow]]s who took up [[Prostitution in India|sex work]] to survive, and are valuable references to understand the position of women in a society that was undergoing drastic shifts.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=Rama |date=2023-05-29 |title=Between the brothel and Brindavan—Bengal art shows twin faces of Hindu widows after sati ban |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/between-the-brothel-and-brindavan-bengal-art-shows-twin-faces-of-hindu-widows-after-sati-ban/1599982/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Each Sundari, literally meaning 'beautiful woman', had a peculiar characteristic, such as playing the [[tabla]], preparing [[Betel nut chewing|paan]], tuning the [[violin]], or posing enticingly with [[rose]]s.<ref name=":2" /> Sundari images depict 19th-century Bengali Hindu woman who had to occupy the conflicted identity position of the widow and the [[courtesan]], owing to the series of socio-political disruptions happening during the period.<ref name=":2" /> The paintings provide a commentary on the larger social phenomenon of widowhood, that forced women into [[prostitution]], which became prevalent during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Bengal post the abolition of ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Form and style ==
Sundari paintings were usually sold as [[chromolithograph]] prints, or [[Watercolor painting|watercolour]] ''pats'', and even [[oil painting]]s. They were produced by popular art studios set up during the 1890s, such as the Chorebagan Art Studio, the Kansaripara Art Studio, etc.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The art studios inherited the style of [[Kalighat painting]] that portrayed a wide variety of subjects, including modern day scandals, the ''[[Babu (title)|babus]]'' and ''bibis'', etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalighat Paintings: Babu, Bibi and Scandal |url=https://www.thevoiceoffashion.com/intersections/culture/kalighat-paintings-babu-bibi-and-scandal-5540 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=www.thevoiceoffashion.com |language=en}}</ref> These paintings were in direct contrast with the religious oil paintings and prints that were being produced around the same time. The religious paintings were placed in temple rooms, mansions and respectable homes, while erotica paintings of Sundaris decorated the private quarters, dancing room of the ''babus'', or the dancing parlours.<ref name=":1" /> In most of these paintings, the Sundaris were depicted draped in the widow's garment, the typical white saree. These women were akin to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] courtesans or [[Tawaif|''tawaifs'']]. The paintings served as [[Pin-up model|pin-ups]] for the gentry class. However, they have a dark history.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-08 |title=The Babu And The Bazaar: A Journey Through 19th And 20th Century Calcutta |url=https://www.oneworldnews.com/travel-and-leisure/the-babu-and-the-bazaar-a-journey-through-19th-and-20th-century-calcutta/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Reformers like [[Ram Mohan Roy]] and [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] championed the cause of women's rights in Bengal, heralding some of the most transformative changes at the turn of the century. ''[[Sati (practice)|Sati]]'' was [[Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829|abolished]], [[Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856|widow remarriage was legalised]], and [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]] was [[Age of Consent Act, 1891|restrained]] in an attempt to end [[polygamy]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Chakraborty |first=Rachana |title=Women's Education and Empowerment in Colonial Bengal |date=2009 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mt0s.9 |work=Responding to the West |pages=87–102 |editor-last=Hägerdal |editor-first=Hans |access-date=2023-06-14 |series=Essays on Colonial Domination and Asian Agency |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |jstor=j.ctt46mt0s.9 |isbn=978-90-8964-093-2}}</ref> However, orthodox and upper-caste families refused to accept these changes. After the abolition of ''sati'', the [[Kulin Brahmin|Kulin]] (upper-class [[Brahmin]]) families, unable to accept the widows, abandoned them as liabilities, forcing them to work as prostitutes, or migrate to [[Vrindavan|Brindavan]], the refuge for widows. Since the widows were rejected by their families, prostitution became a way of survival.<ref name=":2" />

Sumanta Banerjee highlights how the "first generation of prostitutes on the colonial world of market economy of 19th-century Bengal" included most significantly the widows from Kulin, besides women who were raped, abducted, struck by [[Famine in India|famine]], or abject poverty."<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1993-11-06 |title=The Beshya and the Babu-Prostitute and Her Clientele in 19th Century Bengal |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1993/45/special-articles/beshya-and-babu-prostitute-and-her-clientele-19th-century-bengal |language=en |volume=28 |issue=45}}</ref> This is corroborated by [[Alexander Mackenzie (civil servant)|Alexander Mackenzie's]] account. A British civil servant, Mackenzie informed in a letter to H. L. Dampier, the Official [[Secretary to the Government of India]] in 1892, that “In Bengal, the prostitute class seems to be chiefly recruited from the ranks of Hindu widows.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Ratnabali |date=1993 |title=Prostitution in Nineteenth Century Bengal: Construction of Class and Gender |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520431 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=21 |issue=9/11 |pages=159–172 |doi=10.2307/3520431 |jstor=3520431 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Usha Chakraborty, in her book ''Condition of Bengali Women around the 2nd Half of the 19th Century'' cites a survey report of 1850s. According to the report, out of 12,000 women working as sex workers in Kolkata during the time, 10,000 were Hindu widows. Most of them hailed from Kulin Brahmin families.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakraborty |first=Usha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxMqAAAAYAAJ |title=Condition of Bengali Women Around the 2nd Half of the 19th Century |date=1963 |publisher=Usha Chakraborty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prostitution in Colonial India - Mainstream Weekly |url=https://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article2142.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=www.mainstreamweekly.net}}</ref>

While the legal prohibitions against ''sati'', and child marriage, saved the women from death, social dignity was still a long way to come{{Dash}}in this sense, the women were caught between conflicted positions of identity, and disjunct worlds of the past, present and future.<ref name=":2" /> The women remain stranded as tradition and modernity clashed. [[Tapati Guha-Thakurta|Tapati Guha Thakurta]] noted how this resulted in a “a sharp edge in all cultural expressions” of that period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thakurta |first=Tapati Guha |date=1991 |title=Women as 'Calendar Art' Icons: Emergence of Pictorial Stereotype in Colonial India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4398221 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=26 |issue=43 |pages=WS91–WS99 |jstor=4398221 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

According to Shatadeep Maitra, art produced during the 19th century in Calcutta outlined the several changes that were happening due to the colonial influence.<ref name=":2" /> Gods and Monsters wearing Oxford shoes,{{clarify|date=August 2023|reason=is this literal, or an oblique reference to something?}} women wearing blouses, changes in the official language policy as [[Indian English|English]] replaced [[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|Persian]], etc., were documented on the canvas. Similarly, Maitra states how “the end of ''sati pratha'' and its social consequences became mixed with popular imagery. Having limited or no education, many women whose husbands had died had to rely on sex work for survival.”<ref name=":2" /> The Sundari paintings were produced as a result.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title='The Babu and The Bazaar' at DAG celebrates art of 19th-Century Bengal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/the-babu-and-the-bazaar-at-dag-celebrates-art-of-19th-century-bengal-8653535/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The images served as pin-ups, but also involved voyeuristic dynamics as the women were shown wearing translucent saris. The paintings provided an entry point into the "sanctum sanctorum of a woman's home".<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=An exhibition that spotlights the female figure in early Bengal art |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/art-culture/exhibition-female-figure-early-bengal-art-dag-111686025301891.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref>

Noting the problem of ''sati'', in his 1916 [[Columbia University]] thesis, [[B. R. Ambedkar]] wrote: "Sati, enforced widowhood, and girl marriage are customs that were primarily intended to solve the problem of the surplus man and surplus woman in a caste and to maintain its endogamy ... Burning the widow eliminates all the three evils that a surplus woman is fraught with. Being dead and gone, she creates no problem of remarriage either inside or outside the caste."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis, and Development, by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/txt_ambedkar_castes.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref>

== Types ==

=== Pramoda Sundari ===

Pramoda Sundari images depict a woman sitting with several grooming products, brushing her hair while holding a mirror before her face. The paintings show an objectified representation of women engaged in self-care.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Anuragini ===

This is an example of a later Sundari iconography. The images depicting Anuragini, which means 'piety' in Bengali, show mature iconography. Her red saree connotes fertility, typically a power reserved for gods. In the backdrop, often other images are included hinting at mixed connotations. For instance, in a version produced by the Kansaripara Studio, there is a sculpture showing a goose being choked by an angel, in the background. This is a conventional Greco-Egyptian metaphor of the victory of good over evil. The same painting also subtly indicates that it is midnight on the cuckoo-clock, alluding to sexual meanings.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Bibi ===

The Bibi, (a term usually referred to a married [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] woman), in this context formed another category of popular erotic art. Bibi was usually posed like the woman in the Pramoda Sundari prints, and her marital status was clearly indicated by the mark of vermillion on her forehead. The woman depicted is clearly objectified as a flirtatious lady desirable to all men around her.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
=== Golap and Paan Sundari ===

In Golap Sundari paintings,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golap Sundari, c.1900 by Nibaran Chandra Ghosh - art print from King & McGaw |url=https://www.kingandmcgaw.com/prints/nibaran-chandra-ghosh/golap-sundari-c-1900-437453 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=King & McGaw |language=en}}</ref> a woman was depicted holding a ''golap'', or rose in Bengali, and posing licentiously, attracting her lover. Paan Sundari paintings was of a subtler idiom, but also had with sexual connotations. The latter depicted a woman preparing a [[Betel nut chewing|betel-leaf]], or ''paan'', often known for its [[aphrodisiac]] quality.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-20 |title=History of paan: a well-loved Indian treat wrapped in a betel leaf |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/3110313/history-paan-indian-treat-made-betel-leaf-thats-recommended |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> The Paan Sundari image was also refined later by the Kansaripara Art Studio in what was called the Kumada Sundari paintings showing a bejewelled woman preparing a paan, probably for herself, or perhaps for her client. In a variant of a Golap Sundari painting, two women are portrayed sharing a rose{{Dash}}the flower here stands clearly as a metaphor for the lover. The ''sarees'' of the two women are painted in a way so as to present an illusion of them sharing a single piece of clothing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Manada Sundari ===

Manada Sundari prints were produced by the Kamarpara Art Studio. Similar to other Sundaris represented with musical instruments, the Manada figure sketch initially was drawn with an oval face that was gradually refined in later stages. The instruments such as the violin are shown proportionally bigger in size. The background too features prominently in these prints: ranging from carpeted flooring, to textured patterns, and marbled skirting. The prints were based on illustrations made by different artists of the Studio.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Nalini Sundari ===
A Nalini Sundari, usually shown wearing expensive jewellery and ''[[ghungroo]]'' on her right foot, is depicted playing a ''bayan tabla'', a percussion instrument. She is categorised as one of the Sundaris associated with musical instruments. The objectification of her image is closely comparable to the Mughal ''tawaifs'' or courtesans. Her translucent white saree with a black border corroborates the fact, merging in her identity both traces of a widow and a courtesan.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Whores, a painted history |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-telegraph-on-the-earliest-images-of-bengals-sex-workers-and-what-they-reveal-about-contemporary-society/cid/1938493 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Bibi (Sundari Painting).jpg|Bibi, [[chromolithograph]] on paper, late 19th or early 20th century
File:Golaap Sundari.jpg|Golap Sundari, oil on canvas, late 19th century
File:Nalini Sundari.jpg|Nalini Sundari, Kansaripara Art Studio, late 19th century
File:Paan Sundari.jpg|Paan Sundari, oil on canvas, late 19th century
File:Sundaris Sharing A Rose.jpg|Sundaris sharing a rose, oil on canvas, late 19th century
File:Manada Sundari.jpg|Manada Sundari, [[chromolithograph]] by Kansaripara Art Studio, late 19th century
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian painting]]
[[Category:Paintings of women]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Works about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Erotic art]]
[[Category:Printmaking]]
[[Category:19th-century paintings]]

D. Krishnakumar

2026-04-05T01:04:35Z

MoraThibeault4: Adding

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice
| name = Deivasigamani Krishnakumar
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|05|22|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| occupation =
| known_for =
| net_worth =
| title =
| boards =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| office = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Manipur High Court]]
| term_end = 21 May 2025
| nominator = [[Sanjiv Khanna]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator1 =
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start2 = 7 April 2016
| term_end2 = 21 November 2024 {{small|Acting CJ: 18 July 2024 – 26 September 2024}}
| nominator2 = [[Tirath Singh Thakur]]
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| term_start = 22 November 2024
| predecessor = [[Siddharth Mridul]]
| successor = [[K. Somashekar]]
}}
'''Deivasigamani Krishnakumar''' (born 22 May 1963) is an Indian judge. He was the Chief Justice of [[Manipur High Court]]. He is a former [[Judge]] of [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Madras High Court {{!}} Profile of Judges|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/tssj.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=TNSJA {{!}} Board {{!}} Profiles|url=http://www.tnsja.tn.gov.in/aboutus_profile.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.tnsja.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnakumar, D.}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

P. J. Thomas (civil servant)

2026-04-04T21:50:41Z

MoraThibeault4: Created New Details

{{short description|Indian civil administrator}}
{{For|other people named P. J. Thomas|P. J. Thomas (disambiguation){{!}}P. J. Thomas}}
{{Indian patronymic|Thomas or P. J. Thomas|Polayil Joseph}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. J. Thomas
| alt =
| caption =
| order = 14th
| office = Central Vigilance Commission{{!}}Central Vigilance Commissioner
| term_start = 7 September 2010
| term_end = 4 March 2011
| deputy =
| taoiseach =
| succeeding = 
| predecessor = [[Pratyush Sinha]]
| successor = [[Pradeep Kumar (IAS)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|01|13}}
| party =
}}

'''Polayil Joseph Thomas''' (born 13 January 1951) is a 1973 batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] [[Civil Services of India|officer]] from [[Kerala]] cadre. He was appointed as the 14th [[Central Vigilance Commission|Chief Vigilance Commissioner of India]], in an appointment that came under [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court's]] review and later to be annulled by court as "non-est" in law. The appointment and the subsequent quashing led to several public debates with regard to the eligibility criteria for CVC's appointment,<ref>{{cite news|author=R. K. Raghavan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article1509995.ece |title=Lessons from the Thomas verdict |newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 March 2011 |access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> [[judicial activism]],<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/article1506914.ece A severe indictment]</ref> as well as the role played by mainstream media to hide several key facts that could establish his otherwise unblemished record in the civil services.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/thomas-moves-court-for-probe-into-distorted-telecast/article2007282.ece Thomas moves court for probe into ‘distorted telecast']</ref><ref name="Boloji:CVC">http://cms.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=10755 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723001217/http://cms.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=10755 |date=23 July 2011 }} PJ Thomas: Saga of a Man Wronged</ref>

==Early life and career==
Thomas hails from a middle-class family from [[Alappuzha]] district. A brilliant student right from his school days, Thomas is a post-graduate in [[Physics]] and later took his Masters in Economics.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120418231619/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-03-03/news/28650985_1_palmolein-case-p-j-thomas-central-vigilance-commissioner/2 PJ Thomas first CVC whose appointment quashed by SC]</ref> Thomas joined the Indian Administrative Service as one of the toppers in the [[Civil Services Examination]] in the year 1973. His elder brother, [[Johny Joseph (civil servant)|Johny Joseph]], is also an IAS officer. As an IAS officer, Thomas has held important assignments in Kerala as the Chief Electoral Officer of the state, and as Secretary in Finance, Industry, Agriculture, Law and Justice and Human Resource Development Departments. As the chief electoral officer, Thomas was instrumental in introducing [[electronic voting machine]] in all stages of election. He was the founder director of the [[Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode]].<ref>{{cite news|author=J. Balaji |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article619455.ece |title=P. J. Thomas sworn in as CVC |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 September 2010 |access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> He became the Kerala [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] in 2007 and moved to the central government as Secretary in the [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]] in January 2009. Later he went on to become the Telecom Secretary.

The [[3G Spectrum auction India|3G Spectrum auction]] happened when Thomas was the Telecom Secretary and helped the government earn a revenue two times than what analysts predicted. The 3G and broadband spectrums jointly fetched 1060 billion Indian rupees for the government against its estimates of 350 billion. The success of 3G Spectrum was a big boost to the government, when it was bearing the brunt from [[2G spectrum case]], the auction for which happened before Thomas assumed the office of Telecom Secretary. While in Telecom, Thomas opposition to Devas deal was decisive for the government. Thomas had stressed that the spectrum planned by the [[Department of Space]] is crucial to meeting the strategic requirements of nation and hence it should not be frittered away by giving it to private parties and that too not without following the process of auction to maximise the government revenue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-tech-p-j-thomas-as-dot-secretary-had-opposed-isro-devas-spectrum-deal/20110211.htm |title=P J Thomas as DoT secretary had opposed ISRO-Devas spectrum deal! |publisher=Rediff.com |access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> In September 2010, Mr. Thomas succeeded Pratyush Sinha, a 1969-batch IAS officer of [[Bihar]] cadre, as the CVC.

==Allegations==

===Palmolein Oil Import Scam===
The alleged scam of [[palm oil|palmolein oil]] import happened in 1992, when [[K.Karunakaran]] was the [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]. In 1991, the state government had decided to import palm oil from Power and Energy Limited, a company based in Singapore. The price fixed for the import was 405 USD per [[tonne]].<ref name="Daily Bhaskar: PJ Thomas">{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-IDP-palmolein-oil-import-scam-the-case-against-pj-thomas-1902746.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515093101/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-IDP-palmolein-oil-import-scam-the-case-against-pj-thomas-1902746.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2011|title=Palmolein oil import scam: The case against PJ Thomas|publisher=Daily Bhaskar.|access-date=19 March 2011}}</ref> The oil was imported in 1992, but the opposition, [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]], raised a stink in the deal, alleging a loss of more than 20 million to the exchequer, by comparing the import price with the international price of palm oil which was at 392.25 USD per tonne. The role of Thomas, who was then the Secretary of Food and Civil Supplies, was to translate a cabinet decision into a government order and communicating the order to the Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation.<ref name="Boloji:CVC"/>

In 1996, the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] government came to power, and resurrected the matter by causing an FIR to be filed against Karunakaran and six others under various sections of the [[Prevention of Corruption Act]]. Thomas was not named in the FIR, as he was not involved in the decision making or the fixing of price. Almost a year later, on 8 February 1998, Thomas' name was added to the FIR as accused no. 8. The state government then approached the [[Government of India]] in November 1999 for sanction to prosecute Thomas for offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act alleged against him. The Chief Vigilance Commissioner, however, did not grant the sanction, as the material on record did not disclose any criminal offence by Thomas. The trial court was unable to proceed with the trial of the case for the lack of sanction for the prosecution of Karunakaran, who was then a member of parliament, and other government servants. Following this, the state government filed an appeal to [[High Court of Kerala|High Court]], and High Court allowed the trial without the mandatory sanction for the prosecution of the accused. However, [[K. Karunakaran|Karunakaran]] challenged the High Court's decision in Supreme Court, and in 2003, the Supreme Court of India upheld stay in the proceedings of the case. The case was then pending with the Supreme Court for more than a decade until the stay was lifted after Karunakaran's death in 2010.<ref name="Asianet:Palmolein">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianetindia.com/news/supreme-court-lifts-stay-palmolein-case_230459.html|title=Supreme Court lifts stay on Palmolein case|publisher=Asianet|access-date=11 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114015142/http://www.asianetindia.com/news/supreme-court-lifts-stay-palmolein-case_230459.html|archive-date=14 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The long stay in this case eventually became detrimental to Thomas, as his appointment to the post of CVC was mired with controversies on whether the pending charge-sheet was discussed by the High Powered Committee. However, a section of the media observed that Thomas is not guilty of any wrongdoing, because the LDF government in 2006 would not have otherwise appointed him to the highest post in the state civil service, Chief Secretary to the Government of Kerala.<ref name="Boloji:CVC"/>

==Appointment as Chief Vigilance Commissioner==

P.J. Thomas was appointed as the Chief Vigilance Commissioner in September 2010, by the President of India, on the recommendation of a High Powered Committee (HPC) headed by the [[Prime Minister of India]]. The selection of the new CVC was marked by controversies, after Sushma Swaraj, who was part of three-member selection committee, objected to the choice of Thomas, citing the pending charge-sheet in his name. A public interest litigation was filed by the [[Centre for Public Interest Litigation]], and the HPC recommendation came under [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court's]] review.

On 3 March 2011, the Supreme Court quashed the appointment of Thomas as the Chief Vigilance Commissioner, noting that the HPC did not consider the relevant materials on the pending charge-sheet.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/supreme-court-strikes-down-p-j-thomas-as-vigilance-chief/757204/ Supreme Court strikes down P J Thomas as vigilance chief]</ref> Though Thomas resigned after the Court's observation, he asked the [[President of India]] to seek a [[review petition]] against the court's judgement on various grounds, including the constitutionality of the judgment. The basis for the request for the review petition, according to Thomas's lawyer, Wills Mathews, was that the three judges' judgement on the CVC is not legally valid because Article 145 (3) says that the minimum number of judges required for interpretation of Constitution is five, which in effect makes the Supreme Court judgement null and void.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1543772.ece Thomas appeals to President]</ref> Mathews also questioned whether the court had exercised jurisdiction on an issue in which it was not having the jurisdiction. He claimed that the Supreme Court has the power to initiate the proceeding for the removal of the CVC, only on a reference made by the President, and as such there was no reference of the President of India in the present matter. Thomas submitted that quashing the appointment resulted in miscarriage of justice not only for Thomas but to all civil servants of the country 'because the mere lodging of an [[First Information Report|FIR]] is sufficient to stop an honest officer from taking charge of the coveted post and shall spoil his career prospects'.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1531844.ece Thomas questions Supreme Court’s right to quash his appointment]</ref> The President of India however refused to consider Thomas's request for the review petition and Pradeep Kumar was appointed as the new CVC.

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Polayil Joseph}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Daivadnya

2026-03-27T16:26:04Z

MoraThibeault4: improve content

{{Short description|Hindu caste}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{infobox ethnic group
|group = Daivadnya
|image= Shetgentleman.jpg
|caption = [[Shett|Shet]] gentlemen from Goa, from late 18th to early 19th century (Courtesy: Gomant Kalika, Nutan Samvatsar Visheshank, April 2002)
|popplace = [[Goa]], Coastal and west [[Maharashtra]], Coastal [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]].
| langs = [[Konkani Language|Konkani]] (majority), [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tulu Language|Tulu]] and [[Kannada language|Kannada]].
|rels = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]]
|related=
}}

The '''Daivadnya''', (also known as '''Sonar''' or '''Panchal''' or '''Vishwa Brahmin'''), is a community from Goa and Karnataka, who claim to have descended from [[Vishwakarma]]. Although they claim themselves to be Brahmin, but these claims are not accepted by Brahmins.<ref name="KACZMAREK-SUBRAMANIAN">{{cite journal| journal = Etnografia Polska LXIV, 2020, Z. 1–2 | year =2020|doi = 10.23858/EP64.2020.009|title = Caste and ethnicity in South India: A case study of the Konkani people in Kochi| author= ALINA KACZMAREK-SUBRAMANIAN| volume =64|quote= Nowadays when members of the caste group define themselves as a part of a particular caste, it also indicates their place in the hierarchical idealized order of varna. Thus, Goud Saraswat Brahmins and Sonar (Daivadnya Brahmins) would call themselves Brahmins, although not everybody would consider them as such|page = 177|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="K. S. Singh 1998 738">{{cite book|title=India's Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ|page=738|author=K. S. Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=9780195633542|quote=DAIVADNYA BRAHMAN: A community located in Goa and Karnataka, they claim that they are the descendants of Vishwakarma, the Hindu architect god. They are also referred to by terms like Vishwa Brahman, Panchal and Sonar.}}</ref><ref name="Singh 1996 p. 1218">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=K.S. | title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles | department=Anthropological Survey of India | series=National series | publisher = Oxford University Press| year=1996 | isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1218 | access-date=2024-04-07 | page=1218|quote= DAIVADNYA BRAHMAN Synonyms : Sonar, Viswa Brahmin [ Karnataka ]}}</ref><ref name="dobbins72"/> They are native to the [[Konkan]] and are mainly found in the states of [[Goa]] and [[Daman district, India|Damaon]], [[Kanara|Canara]] (coastal [[Karnataka]]), coastal [[Maharashtra]], and [[Kerala]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Daivadnyas in the state of Karnataka are classified by [[National Commission for Backward Classes]] as an [[Other Backward Class]].<ref name="ncbc.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsThxqt53NPf0ggPwu7BzPqq3bdU2%2bMS4jCYieqRNO1XcIozUEJpyYh|title=Central List of OBCs - State : Karnataka|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

Daivadnya Sonars in Maharashtra claim to be [[Brahmin]]s and call themselves as Daivadnya Brahmins<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra, Land and Its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bl90u5lmwRAC|page=99|publisher=Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra|year=2009}}</ref> however this is not accepted by
[[Marathi Brahmin|Brahmin communities]] of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Society: An Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZktAAAAMAAJ|page=46|author=Irawati Karmarkar Karve|publisher=Deshmukh Prakashan|year=1968|quote=Daivadnya Sonar in Maharashtra, belonging to the caste - cluster Sonar (gold-smith), has claimed to belong to the Brahmin varna by claiming to be Brahmins. This claim has not been accepted by the Brahmin castes.}}</ref> The Poona government of the Peshwa era did not accept the claim either but the Bombay Sonars continued with the claim.<ref name="dobbins72">{{cite book|title=Urban Leadership in Western India: Politics and Communities in Bombay City, 1840-1885|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eYhAAAAMAAJ|page=226|author=Christine E. Dobbin|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1972|quote=Among group which was seeking to advance itself both materially and in the caste hierarchy was the Sonar or gold Smith community. Their occupation attracted groups of various very varied social status, and for a long period recent recruits were not accorded the same status in the caste as older families. Those with the highest status in the caste were the Devangas, and, under the Peshwas, they had claimed to be Daivadnya Brahmins, because of their intimate association with temple worship. Though this claim was not recognized by the Poona Government in the eighteenth century, the Bombay Sonars persisted with it, and were encouraged by the prestige of their leader, Jagannath Shankarshet.|isbn=9780198218418}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1YKAQAAMAAJ|page=325|author=Deepak Sarma|publisher=Wiley|date=14 January 2008|quote=Not only has the Hindu made no effort for the humanitarian cause of civilizing the savages, but the higher-caste Hindus have deliberately prevented the lower castes who are within the pale of Hinduism from rising to the cultural level of the higher castes. I will give two instances, one of the Sonars and the other of the Pathare Prabhus. Both are communities quite well-known in Maharashtra. Like the rest of the communities desiring to raise their status, these two communities were at one time endeavouring to adopt some of the ways and habits of the Brahmins. The Sonars were styling themselves Daivadnya Brahmins and were wearing their "dhotis" with folds in them, and using the word namaskar for salutation. Both the folded way of wearing the "dhoti" and the namaskar were special to the Brahmins. The Brahmins did not like this imitation and this attempt by Sonars to pass off as Brahmins. Under the authority of the Peshwas, the Brahmins successfully put down this attempt on the part of the Sonars to adopt the ways of the Brahmins. They even got the President of the Councils of the East India Company's settlement in Bombay to issue a prohibitory order against the Sonars residing in Bombay.|isbn=9781405149891}}</ref> However, Oliver Godsmark, a researcher on late colonial and early postcolonial South Asia, considers them a subcaste of the Brahmins that were originally from the coastal regions of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Goa.<ref name="Godsmark2018">{{cite book | author = Oliver Godsmark | date = 29 January 2018 | title = Citizenship, Community and Democracy in India: From Bombay to Maharashtra, c. 1930 - 1960 | publisher = Routledge | pages = | isbn = 978-1-351-18821-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CCpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT203|quote=daivadnya: brahman sub-caste originally from coastal Maharashtra, Karnataka and Goa}}</ref> They are popularly known in [[Goa]] as ''[[Shett|Shet]]s''. This word is derived from the word ''Shrestha'' or ''Shresthin''<ref name="gom">"Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti", Part-1, p. 224, B. D. Satoskar, Shubhada Publication</ref><ref name="san">{{Citation|url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdf|format=PDF|title=Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries |last=Williams |first=Monier|work=Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary|language=Sanskrit, English|accessdate=29 July 2009}}</ref>

==Names==
Their name has many alternative spellings, including ''Daivajna'', ''Daivajnya'', ''Daiwadnya'', and ''Daivadnea''.<ref name="gune">{{Citation|last=Gune|first=Vithal Trimbak|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu|publisher=Gazetteer Dept|year=1979|volume=1|page=222}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}

Daivadnyas are commonly known as ''Shet''. This appellation comes from their guild organisations, during the medieval ages. European documents mentions them as "Chatim" or "Xette", which is corruption of Konkani Shett, or Shetty.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coastal Western India: Studies from the Portuguese Records|last=Pearson|first=Michael Naylor|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1981|isbn=9788170221609|pages=102}}</ref> The guild or members of the guilds of traders, merchants, and their employees who were mainly artisans, craftsmen, and husband-men in ancient Goa like elsewhere in ancient India, were called [[Shreni]], and the head of the guilds were called Shrestha or Shresthi, which meant ''His Excellency''.<ref name="set">{{Citation|title=Census of India, 1961 |publisher=India. Office of the Registrar General|year=1962|volume= v. 11, pt. 6, no. 14 |page=14}}</ref><ref name="r1" /> Of all the trade guilds, the Daivadnya guild, was highly esteemed in Goa. These guilds enjoyed such a reputation for trustworthiness that people deposited money with these guilds, which served as local banks and also made huge donations to the temples.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Society in Goa: Some Aspects of Tradition and Modern Trends|last=Phal|first=Shantaram Raghunath|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|year=1982|pages=21}}</ref>'' Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti'', a comprehensive work on Goan culture also suggests that they called themselves ''Sreshtha'' to distinguish themselves from other groups who were assigned status of ''Sankra jati'' or ''mixed origin'' in the ''Shastras''.<ref name="satos">"Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti", Part-1, p. 221 by B. D. Satoskar, published by Shubhada Publication.</ref><ref>The Hindu Castes Their Religion and Customs
Author: Arthur Steele
Publisher Mittal Publications,1986
(page 91-93)460 pages</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}

Old Portuguese documents mention them as ''Arie Brahmavranda Daivadnea class (Orgon Somudai)''.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Goa: Hindu Temples and Deities", pp. 121–122. By Rui Pereira Gomes</ref>

==Traditional history==
Though their history is obscure, Daivadnyas claim to have descended from Davidnya or Vishvadnya the younger son of [[Vishwakarma]], the Hindu architect god.<ref name="K. S. Singh 1998 738"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Scheduled Castes, Volume 21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBOAQAAMAAJ|page=64|author=K. S. Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|isbn = 978-0-19-563742-7|quote=The Daivadnyas in Goa claim that they are the descendants of the youngest son of Vishwakarma, Vishvadnya or Daivadnya.}}</ref> Shets or Daivadnyas also claim Brahmin varna status, however, this is not accepted by local Brahmins and other communities of the region.<ref>''Maharashtriya Jnanakosha'', Part-1, pp. 198–226</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Maharashtriya Dnyanakosh:Prachin Maharashtra|last=Ketkar|first=Shridhar|publisher=MAharashtriya Dnyanakosh Mandal|year=1935|location=Mumbai|pages=195–206}}</ref> There is also a claim that Daivdnyas are descent from the Vedic [[Rathakara]] as mentioned in [[Taittiriya Shakha|Taittiriya Brahmana]] of [[Yajurveda]], and [[Smriti]]s, however Daivadnya community deny this.<ref>{{Citation|last=Israel|first=Milton|author2=Narendra K. Wagle|title=Religion and society in Maharashtra |year=1987}}</ref> Hindu doctrines ''Hiraṇyakeśisutra'', ''Bṛhajjātiviveka'', ''Jātiviveka'', ''Saṅkha smṛti'', and ''Añjabila'' mention different types of Rathakaras. Most of them can be called Saṅkara Jāti or mixed caste, and their social status varies from those with high social status, who are ritually pure and have the right to perform "strata-smarta" rituals and to those considered fallen or degraded.<ref>{{Citation| title=विश्वब्रह्मकुलोत्साह;Viśvabrahmakulotsaha| author=Nārāyaṇaśastri Kṣirasāgara}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818-1918|last=Gokhale|first=Sandhya|publisher=Shubhi Publications|year=2008|isbn=9788182901322|pages=207}}</ref><ref name="wag3">{{Citation|last=Israel|first=Milton|author2=Narendra K. Wagle|title=Religion and society in Maharashtra |year=1987|page=159}}</ref> Daivadnyas (during the conflicts that arose in the 19th century) refuted this claim, which called them Rathakaras of impure descent, on the basis of ''Shastra''{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}{{Needs independent confirmation|reason= sounds very suspect. Shankaracharya, Kashi councils and Paithan councils were the highest authorities on such disputes. Even Peshwas would have had to obey their verdict. We need to verify this from the academic source such as ''Images of Maharashtra''|date=April 2022}}

===Medieval and modern history===
====Migrations====
Author Vithal Raghavendra Mitragotri says, The [[Bhojas of Goa|Bhojas]] are well-known sculptures and have migrated to various regions of India. Therefore, the Sthapatis who themselves claim to be Brahmins may have been descendants of Bhojas. The gold-smiths claim themselves to be Daivadnya Brahmins.<ref name="dai" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cultural History of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.|last=Sinai Dhume|first=Anant Ramkrishna|year=1986|pages=170}}</ref> According to Viṭhṭhala Mitragotrī, the migration to Goa dates back to the early 4th to 6th century CE, with the Bhoja dynasty.<ref name="dai" /> Bā. Da. Sātoskār in his encyclopedic work on Goan culture, suggests that they are a part of the tribe and reached Goa around 700 BC. From 1352 to 1366 AD Goa was ruled by ''Khiljī''.In 1472, the ''Bahāmanī'' Muslims attacked, demolished many temples, and forced the Hindus to convert to Islam. To avoid this religious persecution, several Śeṭ families fled to the neighbourhood kingdom of Sondā.<ref>"Karnataka State Gazetteer" By Karnataka (India), K. Abhishankar, Sūryanātha Kāmat, Published by Printed by the Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Govt. Press, 1990, p. 251</ref><ref name="Census of India, 1961">{{Citation|title=Census of India, 1961|publisher=Office of the Registrar General |year=1962|page= 13|volume= v. 11 |chapter=pt. 6, no. 6}}</ref> Several families from western India had settled down in [[Varanasi|Kashi]] since the late 13th century.<ref name=shetti>{{cite book|last=Pra. Pā Śiroḍakara|title=Honorable Jagannath Shankarshet Volume 1 of Hon. Jagannath Shankarshet: Prophet of India's Resurgence and Maker of Modern Bombay, Pra. Pā Śiroḍakara|year=2005|publisher=Pradnya-Darshan Prakashan|pages=3159 pages (see page 69)}}</ref>

In 1510 the Portuguese invaded Goa. King [[John III of Portugal]] issued a decree threatening expulsion or execution of non-believers in Christianity in 1559 AD; the Daivadnyas refused conversion and had to decamp. Thousands of Daivadnya families fled to the interior of Maharashtra and coastal Karnataka.<ref name="kamat">"Karnataka State Gazetteer" By Karnataka (India), K. Abhishankar, Sūryanātha Kāmat, Published by Printed by the Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Govt. Press, 1990, p. 254</ref> About 12,000 families from the Sāsaṣṭī region of Goa (from [[Raia (village)|Raia]], [[Cuncolim]], [[Loutolim]], [[Verna, Goa|Verṇa]] and other places), mostly of the Śeṇavīs and the Shetṭs, including [[Vaishya Vani]], [[Kudumbi]], and others, departed by ship to the southern ports of Honnāvara to Kozhikode.<ref name="kamat" /><ref>"Journal of Kerala studies" By University of Kerala Published by University of Kerala., 1977, p. 76</ref> A considerable number of the Sheṭts from Goa settled in [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]] and the [[Thane]] district of Maharashtra, especially the [[Tansa River]] valley, after the Portuguese conquest of Goa.<ref name="Gazetter of Thane region">{{Citation|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_early.html#2 |title=Gazetter of Thane region |publisher=Gazetter Dept |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610053644/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_early.html |archive-date=10 June 2008 }}</ref>

====Portuguese period====

===== Daivajnas and Christianity =====

The Portuguese imposed heavy restrictions on all Goan Hindus, but the Shetṭs were granted exemption from certain obligations or liabilities. It is rare to find a Christian Goan Shetṭ, while all the other castes find some representation in the convert society;<ref name="shet">{{Citation|title=The Indian historical review|publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research |year=2004|volume=30|page=38}}</ref> this is because the economic power the Śeṭs wielded in the sixteenth century enabled them to live and work in Goa on their own terms or emigrate with their religion intact.<ref name="shet" /> Their commercial knowledge and skills were held in high esteem by the Portuguese;<ref name="shet" /> because of the protection the Portuguese gave them, they had a little religious freedom.<ref name="r1" /> For example, they were permitted to wear the horizontal [[Vibhuti#Sacred ash|Vibhutī]] caste-mark on the forehead, and were even exempted from punishment when they committed crimes.<ref name="r1">''Hidden Hands: Master Builders of Goa'' By [[Heta Pandit]], Farah Vakil, Homi Bhabha Fellowships Council Published by Heritage Network, 2003, p. 19</ref> The very few who converted were assigned the caste of ''[[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonn]]'' among the [[Goan Catholics]].{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} According to the gazetteer of Goa state they are called Catholic Śeṭs,<ref>{{Citation|last=Gune|first=Vithal Trimbak |title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu |publisher=Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept |year=1979|volume=1|page=238}}</ref> but no such distinction is found amongst [[Goan Catholics]]. A detailed study of ''[[Comunidade]]s''{{Ref label|h|h|none}} shows that Whether Hindu or Catholic, the community always enjoyed their social status, and were permitted to remain in Christianised parts of Goa, provided they kept a low profile, observed certain disciplines, and paid a tax of three ''xeraphims'' of (gold [[mohor]]) annually to the Portuguese.<ref name="xera">{{Cite book|last= Malgonkar|first=Manohar|title=Inside Goa|year= 2004 |publisher=Architecture Autonomous |isbn=978-81-901830-0-0 |page=40}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=Author was a prolific writer but had a degree in English and later joined the army. Is he [[BP:HISTRS]]? |date=June 2022}}

A few Daivadnya families who converted to Catholicism migrated to [[Mangalore]] due to attacks by the [[Maratha]]s in Goa during the late 17th and early 18th century.<ref name="dm">{{Citation|url=http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/history.asp|title= Christianity in Mangalore|access-date=30 July 2008|publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]] |url-status=usurped|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080622155343/http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/history.asp |archive-date = 22 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="pin5">{{citation |surname=Pinto |given=Pius |author-link=Pius Fidelis Pinto |year=1999 |title=History of Christians in coastal Karnataka, 1500-1763 A.D |publisher=Samanvaya Prakashan |place=Mangalore |page=124}}</ref>

=====Relationships with other communities=====
The trade in Goa was mainly in the hands of three communities classes, being the Gaud Saraswat Brahmins, the Vanis and the Sets.<ref name=vanis>{{cite book|last=D'Souza|first=Bento Graciano|title=Goan society in transition|year=1975|page=37}}</ref>

Conflict between Daivadnyas and Vaishyas, in 1348 in ''Khaṇḍepar'' or ''Khaṭegrama'', is mentioned in Khaṇḍepar copperplate. This issue was solved in ''Gaṇanātha '' temple in Khāṇḍepār, its antecedents are not known.<ref name="bhoj" /><ref>"Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti" by B. D. Satoskar, published by Shubhada Publication</ref>{{full citation needed|date=October 2017}}
Another conflict in the 17th century, between Shenvi Brahmins and Shets of Goa, these over social status was evidenced in arguments about use of traditional emblems like ''Suryapan'', parasol etc. during religious rituals, functions and festivals. The hatred was so severe until the 19th century that only fear of the police kept the peace. Later, the Portuguese banned the use of Hindu symbols and wedding festival processions.<ref name="satri">"Gomantakatil sūryapan Chatri vād" written by Dr. P. P. Shirodkar, in "Gomant Kalika"(monthly), published by Kalika Prakashan Vishwast Mandal</ref>{{full citation needed|date=October 2017}}<ref name="goa">"Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti", Part-1, p. 225 by B. D. Satoskar</ref><ref name="mah" />

====Diaspora====

Documents mention a ''[[Gramanya]]''{{Ref label|j|j|none}} that lasted from 1822 to 1825, between the Daivadnyas and the Brahmins of Pune or the ''Puna Joshis''. This dispute started because the Puna Joshis were against Daivadnyas employing their own priests and not employing the ''Vyavahare Joshis'' for their religious functions.<ref name="wag">{{Citation|last=Israel|first=Milton|author2=Narendra K. Wagle|title=Religion and society in Maharashtra |year=1987|page=147}}</ref> These Daivadnya families had migrated from [[Ratnagiri]], to Pune during the reign of [[Baji Rao I]], who always upheld their claims against the ''Vyavahare Brahmans'' or the ''Puna Joshis''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Poona, a socio-economic survey.|last=Gadgil, D. R. (Dhananjaya Ramchandra), 1901-1971, Auteur.|date=1952|publisher=[publisher not identified]|oclc=492843865}}</ref> The opponent Brahmins were against the Daivadnyas administering ''Vedokta Karmas'' or Vedic rituals, studying and teaching Vedas, wearing dhoti, folding hands in [[Namaskar]]. They urged the Peshwas, and later, the British to impose legal sanctions, such as heavy fines to implement non-observance of Vedokta Karmas, though the later had been always observing the Vedic rites.<ref name="wag1">{{Citation|last=Israel|first=Milton|author2=Narendra K. Wagle|title=Religion and society in Maharashtra |year=1987|page=148}}</ref> The Joshis denied their Brahmin claim, allegedly argued that they are not even entitled to Upabrāhmaṇa status which are mentioned in the ''Śaivāgama''.<ref name="wag2">{{Citation|last=Israel|first=Milton|author2=Narendra K. Wagle|title=Religion and society in Maharashtra |year=1987|page=130}}</ref> Thus they claimed that latter were not entitled to Vedokta Karmas and should follow only ''Puraṇokta'' rites<ref name="wag"/> and they were also against the Brahmins who performed Vedic rituals for the Daivadnyas,<ref name="wag1"/> they incriminated that Daivadnyas have an impurity of descent and have a mixed-caste status or Saṅkara Jāti.<ref name="dw">{{Citation|last=Wagle|first=Narendra K. |title=Images of Maharashtra |year=1980|page=146}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Prabhodhankar Thakre samagra vangmay, Volume 4: Gramanyacha Sadyant itihas|last=Thackey|first=K.S|publisher=Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya V Sanskruti Mandal, Govt of Maharashtra|year=2007|location=Mumbai|pages=151–160}}</ref> The British also issued orders to the Daivadnyas by which the Vedas not be applied for an improper purpose, the purity of the ''Brahmin'' caste be preserved<ref name="dw3"/> and did not impose any restrictions on the Daivadnyas.<ref name="dw"/> This dispute almost took a pro-Daivadnya stance in ''Bombay'' in 1834,<ref>{{Citation|last=V. Gupchup|first=Vijaya|title=Bombay: social change, 1813–1857 |year=1983|page=172}}</ref> and were ordered to appoint the priests of only their own ''[[Jāti]]'' and not priests of any other caste as per the tradition.<ref name="dw3">{{Citation|last=Wagle|first=Narendra K. |title=Images of Maharashtra |year=1980|page=135}}</ref> It is during these disputes Daivadnya Pundits came up with extensive literature like versions of [[Sahyadrikhanda]] of Skandapurana, to clear their maligned image by the Pune Brahmins.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Honorable Jagannath Shankarshet Volume 1 of Hon. Jagannath Shankarshet: Prophet of India's Resurgence and Maker of Modern Bombay|last=Śiroḍakara|first=Pra. Pā|publisher=Pradnya-Darshan Prakashan|year=2005|isbn=9788175256033|pages=70}}</ref>

In 1849, the king of [[Kolhapur]], [[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu Maharaj]], provided land grants to the Daivadnyas who had migrated to [[princely state]]s of Kolhapur and [[Satara State|Satara]] and helped them build their hostels for the students pursuing education.<ref name="shahu">{{Citation|year=1973|title=Journal By Shivaji University|publisher=Shivaji University|volume=6|page=93}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Many families like the Murkuṭes, the Paṭaṇkars, the Seṭs of Karvara and Bhaṭkala kept their tradition alive and excelled in trade, playing a major role in socio-cultural development of the major metropolis of India such as [[Bombay]].<ref name = "mah">{{Citation|title=Maharashtra State gazetteers |publisher=Maharashtra (India), Bombay (President).|year=1960|volume=v. 24, pt. 3 |pages=248, 257, 259}}</ref>

The Daivadnya priests who officiated at the Gokarṇa Mahabaleswara temple were prosecuted in 1927 by the [[Havyaka]]s of Gokarṇa, who thought they would take over the [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] authority at the temple. The case reached the Bombay High Court, which ruled in favour of the Seṭs.<ref>"Mahan Daivadnya Sant ani Vibhuti", p. 74, by P. P. Shirodkar, published by Kalika Prakashan Vishwast Mandal</ref>

====Modern period====
Some Goan Daivadnya families migrated to [[Pune]] and overseas. The Akhīla Bharatiya Daivajña Samajonnati Pariṣat has existed since 1908 for their betterment.<ref name = "mah" />

Similarly, about 3500 Sheṭts migrated to [[Bangalore]] city after 1905 from [[South Canara]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Karnataka State gazetteer |publisher=Gazetteer Dept|year=1965|volume=19|page=174}}</ref> Many families have migrated to Mumbai and have founded organisations such as the Kanara Daivajna Association,<ref name="kalika">{{Citation|title=Gomant Kalika|publisher=Kalika prakashan vishwast mandal|location=Magao, Goa|issue= April 2003|language=Marathi}}</ref> and Daivajna Shikṣṇa Maṇḍala.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.daivajnashikshanmandal.org/|title=Daivajña Śikṣṇa Maṇḍala|access-date=6 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822181430/http://www.daivajnashikshanmandal.org/|archive-date=22 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Shimoga]], [[Chikkamagaluru district|Chikkamagaluru]], [[Coorg|Koḍagu]], [[Davangere]], and [[Hubli]]-[[Dharwad]] districts of Karnataka now have a considerable Daivadnya population.<ref name="kamat"/>

Shetṭs have also migrated abroad. They are found in the Arab countries<ref name="mig">{{Citation|last=Gracias|first=Fatima da Silva|title=Lusophonies asiatiques, Asiatiques en lusophonies |publisher=Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France), Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses|page=428|chapter=Goans away from Goa:Migrations to the middle east|language=English, Portuguese}}</ref> and have been migrating overseas in pursuit of higher education and employment for number of years, notably to the US and UK.<ref name="kalika" /> A small number have Portuguese<ref name="mig" /> or Kenyan citizenship,<ref>{{Citation|last= Whiteley|first=Wilfred Howell|title=Language in Kenya|publisher=Survey of Language Use and Language Teaching in Eastern Africa|location=Nairobi}}</ref> and a few live in Karachi, Lahore<ref>{{Citation|last=Pastner|first=Stephen|author2=Louis Flam|title=Anthropology in Pakistan |year=1985|pages=103–107|chapter=Goans in Lahore:A study in enthnic identity}}</ref> Pakistan, but most of them have settled as refugees in [[Ulhasnagar]] after partition.<ref name="kalika" />

==Religion==
Their earliest religious beliefs could have been based on a mixture of [[Brahmanism]], [[Bhagavata|Bhagavata religion]], sun worship and [[Shaivism]], though it cannot be ascertained to a particular period of time or geographical region. Different schools of Shaivism have existed in Goa and Konkan since ancient times. Similarly, Shaivism was very popular amongst Goans of all walks of life, and was very widely practiced. Their religious and cultural beliefs were constantly influenced by other religions such as [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]] and later the [[Nath]] sect when the ruling dynasties patronised them. Up to 1476 there was no proper [[Vaishnavism]] in Goa, but later under influence of [[Madhvacharya]] many of them embraced [[Dvaita|Madhwa philosophy]].<ref name=dhume2>{{cite book|last=Sinai Dhume|first=Ananta Ramakrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 BC to 1352 AD|year=2009|publisher=Broadway book centre|location=Panaji|isbn=9788190571678|pages=Chapter 7(pages 291–297)}}</ref>

===Deities===
Daivadnyas are followers of [[Madhvacharya]] and [[Adi Shankara]]. The followers of Adi Shankara worship deities as prescribed by him as ''[[Panchayatana puja]]'' – a concept of worshipping God in any of the five forms, namely [[Shiva]], Devi, [[Ganesha]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Surya]], that was propagated by [[Adi Shankara]] (8th century) is observed by Daivadnyas today. Daivadnyas worship the Pancayatana deities with Devi or Shiva as the principle deity. A possible Pancayatana set may be: [[Shantadurga]], Shiva, [[Lakshminarayan]] (Vishnu with his consort [[Lakshmi]]), Ganesha and Surya. Pancayatana may also include guardian deities like [[Vetala]], [[Ravalnath]], Bhutanath, Kala-[[Bhairava]], Kshetrapala and deities like Gramapurusha.<ref name="devi">"Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti", Part-1, p. 223, B. D. Satoskar, Shubhada Publication</ref>

Daivadnyas who follow the [[Vaishnavism]] of [[Madhvacharya]] worship Vishnu and Lakshmi as their prime deities and have established many temples of Vishnu in the form of Lakshminarayan, [[Krishna]], [[Venkatesha]], [[Narasimha]] and [[Vithoba]]. They were converted into Madhva fold by [[Vadiraja Tirtha]] and they are followers of Sodhe Matha, one of [[Ashta Mathas of Udupi]].<ref>''shree Vadiraja Charitre authored by Gururajacharya''</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ|author=K. S. Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=738|isbn = 9780195633542|quote=The Daivadnya accepted Vaishnavism during the twelfth century under the spiritual influence of Madawacharya, a great Vaishnava saint, but as they were looked down upon by other communities, they began to migrate to Maharashtra and, later, to Goa... ... They have two sects, i.e. Smartha and Vaishnava. Those living in Karnataka and Kerala are mostly Vaishnava.}}</ref>

====Kuladevatas====
Their tutelary deities are primarily in the form of the Mother Goddess, though they revere all Vedic, Puranic and folk deities equally.<ref name="gom">"Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti", Part-1, p. 224, B. D. Satoskar, Shubhada Publication</ref>

====Ishtadevata====
[[Iṣṭa-deva(tā)|Ishta-devata]] is a term denoting a worshipper's favourite deity.<ref>V. S. Apte, ''A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary'', p. 250.</ref> Ganesha is ishta-devata of all the Śeṭs. [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] or ''Siddhivināyaka Vrata'' is a major festival of the Daivadnyas.

[[Mahamaya Kalika Devasthan Kasarpal|Kalika]], [[Kansarpal]], Goa – is worshipped as Ishta-devata by Gomantaka Daivajñas. This temple is more than 800 years old and is located at a distance of around 14 kilometres from [[Mapusa]]. It was built by [[Kadambas]] and was renovated by a Daivadnya minister who was serving Sawant [[Bhonsle (clan)|Bhonsale]] – kings of [[Sawantwadi]], Maharashtra. It is one of the most important temples in the northern part of Goa. The main festivals celebrated in this temple are Śiśirotsava, [[Navratri|Navrātrī]], Rathasaptamī, Āvalībhojana and Vasantapujā.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>[http://kalikadevikasarpal.com/homepage.html Official website of Shree Mahamaya Kalika temple ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002171004/http://www.kalikadevikasarpal.com/homepage.html |date=2 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>"Shree Devi Kalika", Pages-21,60–68, By Shreepadrao P. Madkaikar</ref>

Other Ishta-devata of Daivadnyas include [[Rama]], [[Dattatreya]]<ref name="gom" /> [[Hanuman]],<ref name="gom" /> Vithoba of [[Pandharpur]], [[Hayagriva]] of [[Udupi]], Mahalakshmi, Krishna, [[Gayatri]], [[Durga|Durgā Parameśvarī]], Lakshmi-narayan, Mañjunātha of [[Dharmasthala]] and [[Gokarna, India|Gokarṇa Mahābaleśvara]]. Daivadnyas maintain several temples in Goa, and about 38 temples in North Canara district of Kanarataka,<ref>{{Citation|last=Kamat|first=Suryakant|title=Karnataka State gazetteer|publisher=Gazetter Dept|year=1990|volume=16|page=229}}</ref> and many temples in other parts of Karantaka, Maharashtra and few in the state of Kerala.

Daivajñas also honour various saints like [[Sathya Sai Baba]], Dada Maharaj of Patgaon, [[Raghavendra Swami]], [[Narasimha Saraswati]], [[Swami Samarth Maharaj]], [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]], [[Shreedhar Swami]], [[Mata Amritanandamayi]] and Maṅkipura Svāmī.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

===Maṭha tradition and Saṃpradāyas===

====Shankara or Smarta sect====
*Shets of Goa,<ref name="ReferenceB">"People of India: Goa" By Kumar Suresh Singh, Prakashchandra P. Shirodkar, Pra. Pā Śiroḍakara, Anthropological Survey of India, H. K. Mandal, p. 64</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=I0xuAAAAMAAJ&q=smarta "Goa" By Kumar Suresh Singh, Pra. Pā Śiroḍakara, H. K. Mandal, Anthropological Survey of India, p. 64]</ref> Maharashtra and some parts of Karnataka follow the religious rules of the [[Smriti]]s and are thus called Smarta,{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} i.e. the followers of the Smṛitis. They were followers of [[Sringeri Sharada Peetha]]<ref name="gune" /><ref name="gom" /><ref>"Mahan Daivadnya Sant ani Vibhuti" by P. P. Shirodkar, p. 73, published by Kalika Prakashan VishwastMandal</ref><ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref name="ReferenceC">"A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara" By Vithal Raghavendra Mitragotri Published by Institute Menezes Braganza, 1999, Original from the University of Michigan, Pages:108.</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Mitragotri |first=Vithal Raghavendra |title=A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara |publisher=Goa University|year=1999|page=108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGBuAAAAMAAJ&q=shaivite}}</ref>
*Due to some unavoidable conflicts between the two sects in the community a new maṭha was established in Sri Kshetra Karki, Honnāvara, in North Canara district. The maṭha is called Jnaneshwari Peeth.<ref>{{Citation|last=Kamat|first=Suryakant|title=Karnataka State gazetteer|publisher=Gazetter Dept|year=1984|volume=3|page=106}}</ref>

====Vaishnava or Madhva sect====
*The Daivadnya diaspora in [[North Canara]], [[Udupi]], [[South Canara]] and [[Kerala]], who had migrated from Goa due to Arab and Portuguese invasions, were influenced by [[Vadiraja]]<ref name="vadi">{{Citation|title=History of the DVAITA SCHOOL OF VEDANTA and its Literature |page=542}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=October 2017}} and adopted Vaishnavism.<ref name="gom" /><ref name="ReferenceC" /><ref>"Mahan Daivadnya Sant ani Vibhuti", p. 73 by P. P. Shirodkar, published by Kalika Prakashan Vishwast Mandal</ref> History says that a Daivajña named Gopalashetṭi was sculpting a Gaṇesha idol, but it took form of a horse or Hayagriva. He offered it to Vadiraja, the pontiff of Sode maṭha, who later expanded his sphere of influence by taking all the Daivadnyas of north Canara into the fold of his Vaishnavism by extending to them ''dikṣa'' and ''mudra''.<ref name="gom" /><ref name="vadi" /><ref>"Saint Vādirāja Tīrtha's Śrī Rukmiṇīśa Vijaya" By Vādirāja, D. R. Vasudeva Rau</ref>

==Classification==

===Subdivisions===
Śeṭs were divided according to the place from where they hailed, the maṭha they followed and other criteria.

====The Subdivisions of Gomantaka Daivajñas====
Until the early 19th century, Goan Śeṭs were divided into three sub-divisions based on their geographical location, but these divisions no longer exist:
*''Vāḍkār'' (from ''[[pernem|Peḍṇe]], [[sattari|Sattarī]], [[bicholim|Divcal]]'')
*''Goyṃkār'' (from ''[[salcete|Sāsaṣṭi]], [[Mormugao|Mūrgānv]], [[tiswadi|Tisvāḍī]], [[bardez|Bārdes]]'')
*''Sauṃdekār'' (from ''[[Ponda taluk|Phoṇḍā]], [[Canacona|Kāṇkoṇ]], [[sanguem|Sāṅge]], [[quepem|Kepe]]'')<ref name="sd">"Bharatiya Samajvighatak Jati Varna Vyavastha" p. 141 by P. P. Shirodkar, published by Kalika Prakashan Vishwast Mandal</ref>

These sub-divisions never intermarried nor did they accept food from their counterparts.<ref name="sd" />

====Diaspora in Maharashtra====
There are no prominent distinctions found in Maharashtra, but there are mentions of groups of Śeṭs of Goa, especially from ''[[Salcete|Sāsaṣṭī]]'', ''[[Bardez|Bārdes]]'', ''[[Tiswadi|Tīsvāḍī]]'', landing in places like Ṭhāṇe,<ref name="Gazetter of Thane region" /> ''Sāvantvāḍī'', ''Ratnagiri'', ''Khārepāṭaṇ'', ''[[Malwan|Mālvaṇ]]'', ''[[kudal|Kudāl]]'' etc.<ref name="pat">{{Citation|title=आम्ही खारेपाटणचे पाटणकर;Amhi Kharepatanche Patankar:History of Daivajña Raikars settled in Kharepatan|language=Marathi}}</ref> Daivajñas from Koṅkaṇa later migrated elsewhere in Maharashtra,<ref>Irāvati Karve, ''Maharashtra, land and its people''</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2018}} and hence they were also known as ''Koṅkaṇe'' or ''Konkane Devajnas'' as mentioned in old documents.<ref name="wag1"/>

Previously, Daivajñas from Goa refrained from having matrimonial alliances outside Goa. Today they arrange them with the Daivajñas of Karnataka and Maharashtra.<ref name="kumar1">{{Citation|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|author2=Pra. Pā Śiroḍakara, H. K. Mandal|title=Goa |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |year=1993|volume=21|page=68}}</ref>

====Shetṭs of Kerala====
The emigration of Goan Shetṭs to Kerala dates from the early 13th century,<ref>{{Citation|last1= Menon|first1=K. P. Padmanabha|first2=Jacobus Canter |last2=Visscher |first3=T. K. Krishna |last3=Menon|title=History of Kerala |year=1983|volume=3|pages=633, 634}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=October 2017}} when most of them settled in the port of [[Cochin]].{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} Some Shets migrated from Goa during the later half of the 16th century due to the religious persecution of the Portuguese. These people settled in places such as [[Quilon]], [[Trichur]], [[Kozhikode]], and [[Kasaragod Town|Kasaragod]], along the coast of Kerala.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

The Keralite Shets have a temple dedicated to Gopalakrishna, which is perhaps the oldest temple in Fort Cochin.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Civic affairs, Volume 14|year=1966|publisher=P. C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press. |page=15}}</ref>

==Society and culture==
===Language===
{{See also|Malvani dialect}}
Daivadnyas speak Koṅkaṇi and its dialects.<ref name="ethno_92010">{{Citation|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=knn|title=Ethnologue report for Konkani(ISO 639: kok)|publisher=[[Ethnologue]]}}</ref> Gomantaka Daivadnyas speak a dialect of Koṅkaṇi known as Goan Koṅkaṇi which the ''[[Ethnologue]] ''recognises as the ''Gomāntakī'' dialect, further divided into sub-dialects such as the ''Bārdescī Bhās'' or north Goan, ''Pramāṇa'' or standard Koṅkaṇī and ''Sāśṭicī Bhās'' or south Goan.<ref name="people"/><ref name="gomk">{{Citation |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gom |title=Ethnologue report for Konkani, Goan (ISO 639-3: gom) |publisher=[[Ethnologue]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009164936/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gom |archive-date=9 October 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> Their Konkani [[sociolect]] is different from others and is more closer to the ''Saraswat'' dialect.

Daivadnyas in Maharashtra, i.e. Mumbai, Ṭhane, Pune, Kolhapura, Satara, contemporarily speak [[Marathi language|Maraṭhi]]. In the Koṅkaṇa region of Maharashtra they speak dialects of Koṅkaṇi such as ''[[Malvani dialect|Malvani]]'', ''Kudali'' and others. Daivadnyas in [[Kanara]] speak different dialects of Koṅkaṇi, such as ''Karvari'' in the [[Uttara Kannada]] district and ''Maṅgluri'' in the [[South Canara]] district.<ref name="gomk" />

Almost all of them are bilingual, Goan seṭs can speak Maraṭhi fluently,<ref name="kumar1"/> Canara Seṭs speak Kannaḍa and [[Tulu language|Tulu]] outside home,<ref>{{Citation|last=Padmanabha |first=P.|title=Census of India, 1971 |publisher=India. Office of the Registrar General|year=1973|pages=107, 111, 112, 323}}</ref> likewise a very small fraction of Keralites can speak [[Malayalam language|Malayalaṃ]] with an accent, most of them can speak English fluently.<ref name="kumar1"/> Many of them have accepted Maraṭhi/Kannaḍa as their cultural language but noticeably, this has not led to an assimilation of these languages with Koṅkaṇi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Abbi|first=Anvita|author2=R. S. Gupta, [[Ayesha Kidwai]]|others=Mahadev K. Verma|title=Linguistic structure and language dynamics in South Asia |date= 4–6 January 1997|page=18}}</ref> Similarly Daivadnyas settled in various parts of Gujarat use the local Gujarati language.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.daiwgnamitra.co.in/contacts.html |title=Gujarati being used by the migrant Daivajnas |language=English, Gujarati, Marathi |access-date=9 October 2009 |location=Gujarat |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506054106/http://www.daiwgnamitra.co.in/contacts.html |archive-date=6 May 2011 }}</ref> [[Portuguese language]] is known by many members of older generation of Goans who had done their formal education during the Portuguese rule.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

Historians say that the period of migration of Daivajñas and the ''[[Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahman|Kudāldeskār]]s'', from the northern part of India is same, and they settled in Goa in the same period, for this reason members of both the communities speak the same dialect of Koṅkaṇī in Goa.<ref name="goa" /><ref>Article written by Devakinanadan Daivadnya, daily "Rashtramat" published from Goa, 17 August 1974, p. 2</ref>

Historically, many scripts have been used writing either Koṅkaṇī or Marāṭhī. An extinct script called as [[Goykanadi]]{{Ref label|i|i|none}} was used by the traders in the early 16th century. The earliest document written in this script is a petition addressed by Ravala Śeṭī to the king of Portugal.<ref name="goy">{{Citation|last=Ghantkar|first=Gajanana|title=History of Goa through Gõykanadi script |year=1993|pages=Page x|language=English, Konkani, Marathi, Kannada}}</ref> Other scripts used include Devanāgarī, ''[[Modi script|Moḍī]]'',<ref name="goy" /> ''[[halekannada|Halekannaḍa]]'' and Roman script.<ref name="goy" />

====Kali Bhasha secret lexicon====
Daivajña traders had developed a unique slang called ''Kalī Bhās'', which was used to keep the secrecy of the trade by the traders. Remnants of this jargon are still found in the language used by the Daivajña traders.<ref name="ga">"Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti", Part-1, p. 226, by B. D. Satoskar, Shubhada Publication</ref><ref>"Gomant Kalika"(monthly), April 2004, published by Kalika Prakashan Vishwast Mandal</ref><ref>"Mahan Daivadnya Sant ani Vibhuti", p. 50, By P. P Shirodkar, Kalika Prakashan</ref>

===Diet===
The Daivadnyas are generally [[non-vegetarian]]s and eat [[fish]], [[mutton]] and [[chicken]], but abstain from eating [[beef]], [[pork]] and [[Water buffalo|buffalo]] [[meat]]. [[Rice]] with [[Malabar Matthi Curry|fish curry]] is their main food.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Scheduled Castes, Volume 21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBOAQAAMAAJ|author=K. S. Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=65|isbn=9780195637427|quote=The Daivadnya now are generally non - vegetarian and eat fish, mutton and chicken, but abstain from eating beef, pork and buffalo meat. Rice with fish curry is their main food.}}</ref>

===Ceremonies and rituals===
[[File:Housewarming.jpg|thumb|250px| A couple performing religious rituals]]

[[Konkani people]] in general though speak [[Indo-Aryan language]]s follow [[Dravidian kinship]] practices (see Karve, 1965: 25 endnote 3).<ref name=dvrkin>{{cite book|last=Agnihotri|first=Satish Balram|title=Sex ratio patterns in the Indian population: a fresh exploration|url=https://archive.org/details/sexratiopatterns0000agni|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-9392-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sexratiopatterns0000agni/page/379 379]}}</ref> One's father's brother's children as well as mother's sister's children are considered as brothers and sisters, whereas mother's brother's children
and father's sisters children are considered as cousins and potential mates. Cross-cousin marriages are allowed and practised. Like [[dravidian people]], they refer to their father's sister as ''mother-in-law'' or ''atte'', and their mother's brother as ''father-in-law'' – ''mama'', and one's husband's mother is generally referred to as ''mother''-''maay''.<ref name=kin>{{cite book|last=Parkin, Stone|first=Robert, Linda|title=Kinship and family: an anthropological reader Blackwell anthologies in social and cultural anthropology|year=2004|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-631-22999-5 |pages=176–188}}</ref>

Daivadnya people are not so orthodox but they strictly adhere to all the ''[[Saṃskāra|Ṣoḍaśa Saṃskāra]]'' or the 16 sacraments, and other Brahminical rituals according to the Rig Veda.<ref name="devi" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|author2=Pra. Pā Śiroḍakara, H. K. Mandal|title=Goa |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |year=1993|volume=21|pages=66, 67, 68}}</ref>
The Saṃskāras begin to be observed right from the day of conception, but the prenatal sacraments like ''Garbhadhāna'', ''Puṃsavana'', are usually performed as a part of the wedding ceremony nowadays, unlike some 30 years ago these sacraments were held separately after the wedding ceremony at the right time.<ref>{{Citation|last=Śiroḍkara|first= Paṇduraṅga Puruṣottama |title=Āṭhvaṇī mājhyā kārāvāsācyā – Kālyā nīlyā pāṇācyā|page=46|language=Marathi}}</ref>

Usually the birth of the first child is supposed to take place in woman's mother's home.<ref name="san">{{Citation|url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdf|format=PDF|title=Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries |last=Williams |first=Monier|work=Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary|language=Sanskrit, English|accessdate=29 July 2009}}</ref> After the child is born, ten days of birth pollution or ''Suyer'' is observed, by keeping an oil lamp lit for ten days.<ref name="devi" /> On the sixth day following childbirth, the goddess ''Śaṣṭī'' is worshipped. On the 11th day, a purification ''[[Homa (ritual)|Homa]]'' is performed. The ''Nāmakaraṇa'' or the ''Bārso'', a naming ceremony, is performed on the 12th day.<ref name="san"/> It is sometimes held one month following the child birth if the stars are not favourable. The ''Karṇavedha'' or ''Kān topap'' ceremony is held on the 12th day in case of a male child, or for a female child, it is held a month after the birth. For ''Uśṭāvaṇ'', ''Annaprasana'' or the ''first feeding'' ceremony child's maternal uncle feeds the baby with cooked soft rice mixed with milk and sugar. Another similar ritual, ''Dāntolyo'' is also performed by the maternal uncle when the baby gets new teeth, on the first birthday of the child. Ceremonies like the first outing or ''Niṣkrāmaṇa'', ''Jāval'' or ''cūdākarṃa'' i.e. cutting child's hair for first time, ''Vidyāraṃbha'' or commencement of studies, are performed as per caste rules.<ref name="devi" />

When the boys grow up, and before they attain the age of 12, ''Munj'' or ''Upanayana'' is performed with great fanfare.<ref name="devi" /> All other sacraments related to it, like ''Keśānta'' or the first shave, ''Vedarambha'' or, ''Samāvartana'' or ''Soḍ Munj'' are performed as a part of thread ceremony nowadays. In case of girls(who were always married before attaining puberty some 75–100 years ago), a ceremony associated with a girl's first [[menstruation]] was observed in olden days.<ref>{{Citation|last= Gracias|first=Fatima da Silva|title=Kaleidoscope of Women in Goa, 1510–1961 |pages=49–50}}</ref>

The most important sacrament for them is ''Vivāha'', ''Lagna'' or the wedding. Various ceremonies held before the actual wedding ceremony are ''Sākarpuḍo'' or the betrothal, ''Devkāre'' or ''Devkārya'' that includes ''Puṇyāhvācana'', ''Nāndi'', ''Halad'', ''Tel'', ''Uḍid muhurtaSome of their customs are different from any others castes.<ref name="goa"/> '' etc. The actual wedding ceremony is performed as per Ṛgveda.<ref name="devi" />''{{IAST|Sīmāntapujā, Kanyādāna, Kaṅkaṇa-bandhana, Maṅgalasutra-bandhana, Saptapadi, Lājahoma, Aṣmārohaṇa, Vāyanadāna}}'' form the actual parts of the wedding ceremony. Ceremonies like ''Gṛhapraveśa'', changing the maiden name of the bride, and the puja are followed by some games to be played by the newly wed couple, and the visit to the family deity temple.''Pancpartavaṇ'' or a feast is organised five days after marriage.<ref name="goa"/> They strictly observe Gotra exogamy.<ref>{{Citation|title=Census of India, 1961 |publisher=India. Office of the Registrar General |year=1962|volume=11|page=13}}</ref> The custom of [[Dowry: Legislation and status in India|dowry]] in its strict form does not exist any more, but ''Sālaṅkṛta'' ''[[Kanyadan|Kanyādāna]]'' with ''Varadakṣiṇā'' is followed as a custom. Intercaste marriages are not common in Daivajñas<ref>"Gomant Kalika", articles published in the April 2008 issue by several writers</ref>{{full citation needed|date=October 2017}}

A widower is and was allowed to remarry but traditionally this was not the case for widows. In more recent times, post-[[independence of India]], social reforms have allowed widows to remarry but the practice is still frowned upon by the society. The age for girls for marriage is from 18 to 25 and that for boys is from 25 to 30. Child marriage is absent though girls were married off before attaining puberty, this custom was prevalent till the 19th century.<ref name="people">"People of India: Goa" By Kumar Suresh Singh, Prakashchandra P. Shirodkar, Pra. Pā Śiroḍakara, Anthropological Survey of India, H. K. Mandal, p. 65</ref>

Their dead are cremated according to the vedic rights, and various ''[[Śrāddha|Śhrāddhas श्राद्ध]]'' and other ''Kriyās'', ''Tarpaṇas'' are performed by the son or any other paternal relative, or in some cases by the son-in-law of the deceased.<ref name="devi" /> As per the Vedas, dead infants without teeth must not be cremated,<ref>{{Citation|last=Dvivedi|first=Bhojaraja|title=Antyeṣṭi Karma Paddhati |pages=33–34|language=Hindi}}</ref> and are supposed to be buried.<ref name="devi" /> The body is generally carried to the cremation ground by the son of the deceased and his/her close relatives. Death pollution or ''Sutaka'' usually lasts for twelve days.<ref name="devi" /> They usually own their own cremation grounds.<ref name="devi" /> Women are not allowed in the crematorium.<ref>{{Citation|title=Census of India, 1961|publisher=By India. Office of the Registrar General|year=1961|volume=11|page=26|chapter=Part 6, Issue 14 }}</ref> If the deceased was male, his widow was tonsured and strict restrictions were imposed on widows.<ref>{{Citation|last= Gracias|first=Fatima da Silva|title=Kaleidoscope of women in Goa, 1510–1961 |pages=76–77}}</ref> There was no custom of widow remarriage in the past<ref name="mar">{{Citation|title= Karnataka State gazetteer By Karnataka (India) |publisher=Karnataka (India) |year=1965|volume=15|page=254}}</ref> neither is it very common nowadays<ref>"Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti", Part-1, p. 223 by B. D. Satoskar</ref> nor was there any custom of divorce.<ref name="mar" />

Their priests are usually from their own caste otherwise, particularly [[Karhade]] priests officiate their ceremonies whom they show much reverence.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Caste and Race in India Popular library of Indian sociology and social thought|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1969|isbn=9788171542055|pages=449}}</ref><ref name="mar" />

===Festivals===
Daivajñas observe all the Hindu festivals but [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Nag Panchami]] and [[Diwali]] are the most important annual festivals.<ref name="kumar1"/> Other festivals and Vratas observed by them are {{mdash}} [[Gudi Padwa|Saṃvatsarāraṃbha, Saṃvatsar Pāḍvo or Yugādi]], [[Vat Pournima|Vaṭa Paurṇimā, Vadāpunav]], [[Upakarma|Ṛk Śrāvaṇi, Sūtāpunav]], [[Gokulashtami]], Āditya pujan, Āytārā puja, [[Gowri Habba|Haritālikā Tṛtiyā, Tay or Tayī]], [[Navratri]], Lalita Panchami, [[Vijayadashami|Dasaro, Āvatāñcī pujā]], [[Bhaubeej]], [[Tulsi Vivah|Tulaśī Lagna]], [[Ekadashi]]s like [[Shayani Ekadashi|Āṣādhī]], Kārtikī, Mālinī Paurṇimā or Mānnī Punav, [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Shigmo]], [[Holi]], [[Mahashivratri]], Veṅkaṭapatī Samarādhanā'<ref name="Article published in Gomant Kalila about, Vajekar Raikar family">{{Citation|title=Gomant Kalika|publisher=Kalika Prakashan Vishwast Mandal|location=Margao, Goa|language=Marathi}}</ref>

===Dressing style===
[[File:Shetcouple.jpg|thumb|A Daivajna couple from Goa, late 18th century]]
Daivajña men traditionally wear ''[[dhotis|Dhotīs]]'' called ''Puḍve'' or ''Aṅgavastra'', which cover them from waist to foot. These are made of cotton and sometimes silk on special occasions and wore ''Judi'' or ''Sadro'' to cover upper part of their bodies, and a piece of cloth called ''Uparṇe'' over the shoulders. They wore turbans and ''Pagdi''s, ''Muṇḍāso'', a red velvet cap or ''[[Dhaka topi|Topī]]'' was used by the traders and merchants so that they would not be troubled by the Portuguese.<ref>{{Citation|last=Gune|first= Vithal Trimbak|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu |publisher=Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept |year=1979|volume=1|page=254}}</ref><ref name="att">"Gomantak Pranruti and Sanskruti", Part-1, p. 381 by B. D. Satoskar</ref> Men had their ears pierced and wore ''Bhikbālī'', sported ''[[Sikha|Śendī]]'' and wore ''[[Vibhuti|Vibhutī]]'' or Sandalwood or ''Gopīcandana'' paste on their foreheads. Men were fond of gold jewellery, too.<ref name="att" />

Traditional Daivajña woman wear a nine-yard [[saree]],{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} also known as ''Kāppad'' or ''Cīre'' in such a way that the back was fully covered.<ref name="att" /> The fashion of wearing a blouse became popular in the 18th century. ''Ghāgro'' and a five yards saree was worn by unmarried girls. Women wore gold ornaments on different parts of their bodies (e.g. ''Ghonṭ, Pāṭlī, Todo, Bājunband, Galesarī, Valesar, Kudī''<ref name="att" />), and wore silver ornaments to decorate their feet (e.g.;''Paijaṇ, Salle, Māsolī, Vāle''<ref name="att" />).

===Arts and music===

They do not have their own repertoire of folk songs, but many of them are skilled in singing bhajans, in folk and classical traditions. Until recently every family had a tradition of evening bhajan and prayers with the family members in front of the family gods; a few families have still kept this tradition alive. Children recited ''[[Shloka]]''s, ''Shubhankaroti'', ''Parvacha'', as the womenfolk lit the lamp in front of the deity, tulasi and ancestors. Womenfolk were not allowed to sing or dance which was considered demeaning, they do not have any folk songs other than ''ovis'' which they hummed while doing household work, some pujas, and other ceremonies such as the naming ceremony, the wedding and the thread ceremony.<ref name="arts">{{Citation|last=Shirodkar|first=Dr Prakashchandra|author2= H. K. Mandal, Anthropological Survey of India|title=Goa Volume 21 of People of India, Kumar Suresh Singh Volume 21 of States series|editor=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1993|pages=63, 64|isbn=978-81-7154-760-9}}</ref>

Even though they do not have a tradition of folk songs, they have played a significant role in field of [[Hindustani classical music]], drama, arts and literature.<ref name="arts"/>

===Socio-economic background===
The traditional occupation of Daivajña people is the jewellery trade. Why this became their occupation is not known. There are no mentions of the Śeṭs practising this occupation in the early history, although they used to make gold and silver images for the temples, which old texts suggest they have inherited this art from the Bhojaks<ref name="dai">"A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara" By Vithal Raghavendra Mitragotri Published by Institute Menezes Braganza, 1999, Original from the University of Michigan, Pages: 54, 55</ref> who made idols of the Sun god, hence were also called as Murtikāras. They were well versed in Śilpaśāstra and in [[Sanskrit]] hence received royal patronage.<ref name="bhoj">"A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagar", by Vithal Raghavendra Mitragotri, Published by Institute Menezes Braganza, 1999, Chapter I, Page 55</ref> Dhume mentions that the Śeṭs also studied medicine, astrology, astronomy<ref name="dhume">{{Citation|last=Sinai Dhume |first=Anant Ramkrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D. |year=1986|page=257}}</ref> in ancient university of ''Brahmapuri'' in Goa.<ref name="sdhume">{{Citation|last=Sinai Dhume |first=Anant Ramkrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D. |year=1986|page=281}}</ref>

They were renowned for their skills even in the western world and were the first to introduce exquisite jewellery designs to Europe,{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} and were extensively involved in gold, silver, perfumes, black pepper export{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} and even silk, cotton textiles, tobacco<ref name="chatim">{{Citation|last= Veen|first=Ernst van|author2=Leonard Blussé|title=Rivalry and conflict |year=2005|page=119}}</ref> and import of horses during Portuguese and pre-Portuguese era.<ref name="Xavier 269 - 295">{{Citation|last=Xavier|first=Ângela Barreto|title=Disquiet on the island: Conversion, conflicts and conformity in sixteenth-century Goa|date=September 2007|series=Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=44|pages=269–295}}</ref> Texts maintain names of many wealthy traders e.g. ''Virūpa Śeṭī'' of ''Coḍaṇe'',<ref name="Xavier 269 - 295" />''Āditya Śeṭī'' of ''Śivāpura'' or ''Śirodā''<ref>{{Citation|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R. |title=Goa Through the Ages: An economic history|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&dq=goa+bhoja&pg=PA8 | isbn=978-81-7022-259-0 | year=1990 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}</ref> ''Viṭhṭhala Śeṭī'', ''Dama Śeṭī'', who was appointed as an administrator of the ''[[Bhatkal|Bhatkaṭa]]'' port by the Portuguese,<ref>{{Citation|last= Shastry|first=Bhagamandala Seetharama|author2=Charles J. Borges|title=Goa-Kanara Portuguese relations, 1498–1763 By |year=2000|pages=19, 20}}</ref> and others. ''Ravala Śeṭī'' from ''Caraim'' who was summoned to [[Lisbon]] by the king of Portugal,<ref>{{Citation|last=dos Santos|first=R.|title=A India Portugueasa e as artes em Portugal |location=Lisbon|year=1954|page=9|language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>"The Portuguese empire, 1415–1808" By A. J. R. Russell-Wood, Page 105</ref> was a collaborator with ''[[Afonso de Albuquerque]]'' and retained a high office in Goa. Since days of yore their business has been flourishing on the banks of river ''[[Mandovi]]'', historical records mention them as prosperous and wealthy traders and business class. These traders, merchants with their fellow artisans, craftsmen had organised themselves into Śreṇīs or guilds,<ref name="guild">{{Citation|title=Purabhilekh-puratatva By Goa, Daman and Diu (India). |publisher=Directorate of Archives, Archaeology, and Museum|year=1987|volume=5|pages=11, 12, 13, 17}}</ref> Śreṣṭhīs or the head of the guilds were very wealthy, and made huge donations to the temples, and their guilds also served as local banks and treasuries.<ref name="r1" />

Few of them also worked as interpreters in king's court and were called ''[[Dubash]]'', ''Gaṇa Śeṭī'' from ''[[Loutolim]]'' village was in [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba ''rajas'']] court.<ref>"Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti", Part-2, p. 562, by B. D. Satoskar, published by Shubhada Publication</ref> From the old documents it can be also seen that few of them were involved in politics,<ref>{{Citation|last=Dikshit|first=Giri S|author2= A. V. Narasimha Murthy, K. V. Ramesh|title=Giridharaśrī By |year=1987|page=199}}</ref> and were employed by the kings for their service. Some of them were even associated with salvage operation of the vessels, and sometimes even provided the Portuguese with troops, ships and crew.<ref name="REF2">{{Citation|title=The Indian historical review |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research|year=2004|volume=30|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhRDAAAAYAAJ&q=shets+GSbs+troops}}</ref>

They assisted the kings in minting and designing the coins;<ref name="bhoj" /> during [[Maratha]] rule some Daivadnya families were given a title of ''Potdar'', which literally means treasurer in ''[[Persian language|Persian]]'', who were in charge of testing the genuineness of the minted coins and their prescribed weight,<ref>{{Citation|title=The Journal of the administrative sciences|publisher=Patna University. Institute of Public Administration, Patna University |year=1979|volume=v. 24–25|page=96}}</ref> and played an important role in the revenue system of the Marāṭhas.<ref>{{Citation|last= Joshi|first=P. M.|author2=A. Rā Kulakarṇī, M. A. Nayeem, Teotonio R. De Souza |title=Mediaeval Deccan history |page=303}}</ref>

The tradition of studying Vedas amongst the Goan Śeṭs does not exist any more,<ref name="ReferenceB" /> but Daivadnyas from Gokarṇa, Honnavara and many other places in coastal Karnataka and Koṅkaṇa division of Maharashtra have kept this tradition alive. Many of them are priests who offer religious services to the community, very few of them are astrologers and temple priests.<ref name="gom" />

Along with educationally advanced communities in the 1850s – the [[CKP]]S, [[Pathare Prabhu]]s, [[Saraswat]]s, [[Parsi]]s;Daivadnyas were one of the communities in the [[Bombay Presidency]] that allowed female education.<ref>{{cite book|title=Urban leadership in western India|url=https://archive.org/details/urbanleadershipi0000dobb_6|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/urbanleadershipi0000dobb_6/page/57 57–58]|author=Christine Dobbin|publisher=Oxford University Press| year=1972|isbn=978-0-19-821841-8}}</ref>

Daivadnyas in the state of Karnataka are classified by [[National Commission for Backward Classes]] as an [[Other Backward Class]].<ref name="ncbc.nic.in"/>

==Notable people==

{{expand section|date=June 2020}}
* [[Jagannath Shankarseth]] - philanthropist and educationalist.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-dna-mumbai-anniversary-special-a-look-at-legacy-of-city-s-father-jugonnath-sunkersett-2642439 | title=DNA Mumbai Anniversary special: A look at legacy of city's father Jugonnath Sunkersett| date=2018-07-27}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{note label|g|g|none}} ... Śrī Mulapuruṣāne Gauḍadeśāhūna devilā āṇūna ticī sthāpanā chudāmaṇī betāvarīl, Kārai hyā jāgī, Gomatī nadīcyā tīrāvar kelī ... (Translation:Mulapuruṣa brought the images of the goddess from the Gauḍadeśa, and installed them in a place called as Kārai on the Chudamani island on the banks of river Gomatī.) Source:Smaranika:published by Śrī Gajantalakṣmī Ravalnatha Devasthana Mārsel Goa, May 2004
*{{note label|h|h|none}}A study of Comunidade de Caraim was done by Śrī Gajantalakṣmī Ravalnatha Devasthana. This temple used to exist in Caraim until 1510, and was later shifted to Mahem and then to Mārsel, as mentioned in the documents preserved by the temple and the Comunidade de Caraim documents, all the Gauncars of this comunidade were of ''Daivadnea bramane Casta'', and were divided in three vangors. Most of the Gauncars fled in other places to avoid conversions, no Hindu Gauncars are found in Caraim any more, but only two families of Gauncars of the Comunidade de Caraim are found in Caraim now and they belong to the Roman Catholic Brahmin or Bamonn category. Same is the case with Comunidade de Sangolda, and Comunidade de Aldona. Sources:Smaranika:published by Śrī Gajantalakṣmī Ravalnatha Devasthana Mārsel Goa, May 2004 Ad. Paṇduraṅga Puruṣottama Śiroḍkara (Bharatiya samajavighaṭaka jātivarṇa vyavasthā) Goa: Hindu temples and deities, By Rui Gomes Pereira, Antonio Victor Couto Published by Pereira, 1978, p. 41
*{{note label|i|i|none}} ... The earliest instance of this script we have in a petition addressed by a certain Ravala Śeṭī, most probably a Gaunkar of Caraim in the islands of Goa, to the king of Portugal ... This signature of Ravala Śeṭī in Koṅkaṇī written in Goykānaḍī: ''Ravala Śeṭī baraha'', which means writing of Ravala Śeṭī This petition also includes signature of Ravala Śeṭī in Roman script. Source:History of Goa through Gõykanadi
*{{note label|j|j|none}} Grāmaṇya is a crystallisation of conflicts between two castes of individuals belonging to the same caste, and the same group, about observance of certain religious practices vis-a-vis other members of the society or of the particular caste group. There are two types of Grāmaṇyas inter-caste, and intra-caste. (Source:The Satara raj, 1818–1848: a study in history, administration, and culture By Sumitra Kulkarni, Pages: 187,188.)
*{{note label|l|l|none}} Sanskrit ''Suvarṇakāra'', is corrupted to ''[[prakrit|Prākṛta]]'' ''Soṇṇāro'' from which Koṅkaṇī and Marāṭhī word ''Sonār'' is derived. (Source: The Koṅkaṇî language and literature By Joseph Gerson Cunha, p. 18.)
{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book
| title =Goa:Hindu Temples and deities
| year = 1978
| last1 = Gomes | first1 = Rui Pereira
| last2 = Couto | first2 = Antonio Victor }}
*{{cite book
| title = Goa
| year = 1981
| last1 = Gomes | first1 = Rui Pereira
| last2 = Couto | first2 = Antonio Victor }}
*{{cite book|last=Ranganathan|first=Murali |author2=Gyan Prakash |title=Govind Narayan's Mumbai |year=2009|page=407|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIuhSLzc6B4C | isbn=978-1-84331-305-2 | publisher=Anthem Press}}
* {{cite book
| title = Origin and growth of Konkani or Goan communities and language
| author=Saldanha, Jerome A.
}}
* {{cite book
| title = The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D
| author=Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna Sinai
}}
*{{cite book
| title = Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetter
| year = 1979
| author=Goa
}}
*{{cite book|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|title=Caste and race in India|year=1993|edition=5|page=493}}
*{{cite book|last=Karve|first=Irawati|title=Hindu society|year=1961|edition=2|page=171}}
*{{cite book
| title = The Village Communities. A Historical and legal Perspective
| last1 = De | first1 = Souza
| last2 = Carmo:borges | first2 = Charles }}
*{{cite book|author1=Charles J. Borges |author2=Helmut Feldmann |title=Goa and Portugal |year=1997|page=319}}
*{{cite book|last=Thākare|first=Keśava Sitārāma|title=Grāmaṇyācā sādyanta itihāsa arthāta nokarśāhīce banḍa|location=Mumbai|year=1919|language=Marathi}}
*{{cite book
| last = Joshi | first = Mahadevshastri | author-link = Mahadevshastri Joshi
| title = Bharatiya Sanskriti Kosh ({{langx|mr|भारतीय संस्कृती कोश}})
| publisher=Bharatiya Sanskriti Kosh Mandal
| year = 1979
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Dias
|first=Giselle
|url=http://www.goatoronto.com/images/stories/stock/catholic-goan-research-paper.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121204702/http://www.goatoronto.com/images/stories/stock/catholic-goan-research-paper.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2008-11-21
|title=A search for an identity Catholic Goans – How they fit in a predominantly Hindu India
|date=May 2007
|publisher=Goan Association of [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], Canada (Based on various books)
|access-date=23 December 2008
|format=PDF, 66 [[Kilobyte|KB]]
|ref=dias
}}
*"Genetics of Castes and Tribes of India:Indian Population Milieu" by M. K. Bhasin, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India{{cite book|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/IJHG/IJHG-06-0-000-000-2006-Web/IJHG-06-3-177-280-2006-Abst-PDF/IJHG-06-3-233-274-2006-000-Bhasin-M-K/IJHG-06-3-233-274-2006-000-Bhasin-M-K-Text.PDF|title=Genetics of Castes and Tribes of India:Indian Population Milieu}}
*{{cite book|date=8 August 2003|url=http://www.commsp.ee.ic.ac.uk/~pancham/Articles/The%20Sixteen%20Samskaras.pdf|title=The Sixteen Samskaras Part-I|access-date=27 August 2008}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Daivajna}}
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090822181430/http://www.daivajnashikshanmandal.org/ Daivajña Shikshan Mandal]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120623142424/http://www.daiwgnamitra.co.in/ Daivajña Samaj in Gujarat]}}

{{Daivadnya}}
{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and Konkan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daivadnya}}
[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Mangalorean society]]

Murarmau

2026-03-26T15:57:31Z

MoraThibeault4: put up basic article w/ refs!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Murarmau
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Murārmau
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Sareni block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Murarmau (#654) in Sareni CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.166187|N|80.793369|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.361
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2999
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Murarmau''' is a village in [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook – Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=262–87 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> It is located 21 km from [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]], the [[tehsil]] headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981" /> Murarmau historically served as the seat of the largest [[taluqdar]] estate in the district, held by the most senior branch of the Tilokchandi [[Bais (Rajput clan)|Bais]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=69–71, 198 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35020 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, it has a population of 2,999 people, in 523 households.<ref name="Census 2011" /> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011" /> Murarmau serves as the headquarters of a [[nyaya panchayat]] which also includes 9 other villages.<ref name="Census 1991" />

Murarmau hosts the Thakur Dwara cattle fair annually on [[Chaitra]] Badi 9.<ref name="Census 1961" /> It also hosts a regular market twice per week, on Wednesdays and Saturdays; vegetables and cloth are the main items traded.<ref name="Census 1961" />

== History ==
The Rajas of Murarmau were the most senior branch of the Tilokchandi [[Bais (Rajput clan)|Bais]], who were descended from the powerful Raja Tilok Chand.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> He had two sons; the older one, Pirthi Chand, established himself at the ancestral fort of [[Sangrampur, Unnao|Sangrampur]], and the Rajas of Murarmau were among his descendants.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The estate was split several generations later, when either his grandson Deo Rai or his great-grandson Bhairon Das established the [[Daundia Khera]] line, while the elder branch ruled from Murarmau.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

At the time of [[Aurangzeb]], Amar Singh of Murarmau was constantly at war with Rao Purandar Singh of Daundia Khera.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Amar Singh was usually defeated in these conflicts.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> After his death, the Murarmau estate declined precipitously: his infant son Raja Debi Singh was left in the guardianship of his uncle Gopal Singh, who acquired most of the lands for himself.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The Rajkumar branch that Gopal Singh founded would control almost the entire estate until the mid-19th century.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> As an adult, Debi Singh successfully petitioned the Mughal emperor for support in recovering his estate, but the [[firman]] he obtained was essentially useless at establishing authority over his Rajkumar relatives.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

Drigbijai Singh, the 6th-generation descendant of Amar Singh, managed to recover several villages before the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], but his prosperity reached its peak afterward, when the British rewarded him for his allegiance during the conflict.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> He had sheltered British fugitives from the [[Siege of Cawnpore]] at his residence in Murarmau, and in turn he was granted the confiscated Daundia Khera estate that had belonged to the rebel-aligned [[Ram Bakhsh Singh]], as well as part of the taluqa of Shankarpur.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> However, the Murarmau dynasty fell on hard times again, and most of the estate was mortgaged to the Rana of [[Khajurgaon]] by around 1900.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Only 3 villages remained under the Raja's direct control: Murarmau itself, Tiwaripur, and [[Hullapur]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

At the turn of the 20th century, Murarmau was described as a small village that was mostly significant for being the headquarters of the estate.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The raja's residence was in the dismantled fort built by Siddha Rai.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Its population in 1901 was 460 people, mostly [[Brahmin]]s.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Murarmau (as "Murar Mau") as comprising 8 hamlets, with a total population of 1,214 people (627 male and 587 female), in 236 households and 208 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 – Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=114–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 832 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951" /> 43 residents were literate, 38 male and 5 female.<ref name="Census 1951" /> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]] and the [[thana]] of Sareni.<ref name="Census 1951" />

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Murarmau as comprising 8 hamlets, with a total population of 1,324 people (663 male and 661 female), in 248 households and 219 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 – Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=168–9, 174, lxviii-lxix of section "Rae Bareli Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 832 [[acre]]s and it had a medical practitioner and a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961" /> Average attendance of the Thakur Dwara fair was about 3,000 people, while attendance of the regular market was about 100.<ref name="Census 1961" />

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Murarmau as having a population of 1,691 people, in 329 households, and having an area of 335.89 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=138–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981" />

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Murarmau (as "Murar Mau") as having a total population of 2,096 people (1,096 male and 1,000 female), in 386 households and 383 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 162–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 336 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991" /> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 421, or 20% of the total; this group was 49% male (205) and 51% female (216).<ref name="Census 1991" /> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 19% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991" /> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 30% (541 men and 96 women).<ref name="Census 1991" /> 551 people were classified as main workers (541 men and 10 women), while 124 people were classified as marginal workers (1 man and 123 women); the remaining 1,421 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991" /> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 261 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 153 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 1 worker in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 15 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 1 [[construction worker]]; 23 employed in trade and commerce; 3 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 94 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

NDTV

2026-03-25T11:46:59Z

MoraThibeault4: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian news network}}
{{About|the company|the news channels owned by the company|NDTV India|and|NDTV 24x7|the television network affiliated with [[Record (TV network)|Record]] in the Brazilian state of [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]|NDTV (Brazilian television network)}}
{{Protection padlock|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]] despite multiple previous protections. Enough.|small=yes}}
{{Peacock|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = NDTV
| logo = NDTV logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1984}}
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|532529}} {{NSE|NDTV}}
| location = [[New Delhi, India]]
| industry = [[Mass media]]
| products = [[Broadcasting]] [[Web portal]]s
| key_people = [[Rahul Kanwal]] ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| revenue = {{down}} {{INRConvert|392|c|lk=r}} (2024)<ref name="10K">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/fd1c74b7-172b-4e42-b846-f3538fe01109.pdf|title=NDTV Q4 results: Adani-owned firm posts loss of Rs 8.7 cr|date=26 April 2024|website=Business Today}}</ref>
| net_income = {{loss}} {{INRConvert|-21|c|lk=r}} (2024)<ref name="10K" />
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Adani Group]] (64.71%)
| founders = [[Prannoy Roy]] [[Radhika Roy]]
| footnotes =
| homepage = {{URL|www.ndtv.com/}}
}}

'''New Delhi Television Ltd''' ('''NDTV''') is an Indian [[news media]] company focusing on broadcast and digital news publication. It was founded in 1984 by economist [[Prannoy Roy]] and journalist [[Radhika Roy]].

NDTV began as a [[production house]] for news segments, contracted by the public broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] and international satellite channels when [[television broadcasting]] was a [[state monopoly]], and transitioned into India's first independent news network. The company launched the first 24x7 news channel in partnership with [[Star India]] in 1998. In 2003, it became an independent broadcasting network with the simultaneous launch of the Hindi and English language news channels NDTV India and NDTV 24x7.

In 2022, the [[Adani Group]], noted for its close ties with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], acquired a majority stake in the company. Adani's takeover led many prominent members of the channel to resign, including [[Ravish Kumar]].<ref name="economist12">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2023/02/09/the-humbling-of-gautam-adani-is-a-test-for-indian-capitalism |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=9 February 2023 |title=The humbling of Gautam Adani is a test for Indian capitalism|access-date=2024-09-19}}</ref>

== History ==
=== 1984–1998: Doordarshan era ===
In 1984, the journalist Radhika Roy and her husband, economist Prannoy Roy, founded New Delhi Television.<ref name="Rodrigues-IndianNewsMedia71_">{{Cite book|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Usha M.|title=Indian News Media: From Observer to Participant|last2=Ranganathan|first2=Maya|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|year=2014|isbn=978-93-5150-464-1|page=71|language=en|ref=Indian News Media 2014}}</ref> The company began as a production house of news segments for the [[public broadcaster]] Doordarshan and international satellite news channels.<ref name="Shrivastava2010-p36_">{{Cite book|last=Shrivastava|first=K M|title=Broadcast Journalism in the 21st Century|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing]]|year=2010|isbn=978-81-207-3597-2|pages=36–37|language=en}}</ref> It was converted into a commercial news network in 1988,<ref name="Rodrigues-IndianNewsMedia71_"/> and became India's first independent television news network.<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_">{{Cite news|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=15 December 2015|title=The Tempest|language=en|page=2|website=[[The Caravan]]|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/the-tempest-prannoy-radhika-roy-ndtv|access-date=10 December 2020}}</ref> Doordarshan gave the network a weekly broadcast, ''The World This Week'', an international [[news magazine]] programme commissioned by the director general of the public broadcaster, [[Bhaskar Ghose]].<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> The weekly news bulletin was described as an instant hit among its Indian viewers.<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_">{{Cite book|last1=Kaushik|first1=Kshama|title=India Means Business: How the elephant earned its stripes|last2=Dutta|first2=Kaushik|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-908851-5|pages=277–281|language=en|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072614.001.0001|via=[[Oxford Scholarship Online]]}}</ref>

Doordarshan then contracted the network by to produce coverage of the Indian general elections and budget session specials, which also became widely popular.<ref name="Rodrigues-IndianNewsMedia71_"/> The first election result telecast NDTV produced was that of the [[1989 Indian general election]], which was also the first televised live coverage of an election result in India.<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/><ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> It employed hotlines across the country and featured visual graphics, discussions and debates. The format NDTV developed contrasted with the simple official announcements Doordarshan publicised in previous elections and was adopted as a template by news broadcasters over the following decades.<ref name="Rodrigues-IndianNewsMedia71_"/><ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> The terms of agreement between Doordarshan and NDTV were modified in the same year and the company began paying a fee for its weekly slot instead of being a contractor under the public broadcaster.<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> During the initial years, there was a delay of 10 minutes between telecast and production of live news due to government regulations, which later shifted to five minutes.<ref name="ChannelingCultures160_">{{Cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Biswarup|title=Channeling Cultures: Television Studies from India|last2=Roy|first2=Abhijit|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-809205-6|pages=160–165|language=en|via=[[Oxford Scholarship Online]]}}</ref>

''The World This Week'' aired till 1995<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> on Fridays at 10:00 pm,<ref name="IndiasInnovationBlueprint72_">{{Cite book|last=Eby Mathew|first=George|title=India's Innovation Blueprint: How the Largest Democracy is Becoming an innovation Super Power|publisher=[[Chandos Publishing]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-78063-224-7|pages=72|language=en}}</ref> and was described as "the only India-based programme which looked out at the rest of the world".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Malik|first=Amita|author-link=Amita Malik|date=20 September 2003|title=Window on the world|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030920/windows/sight.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210101809/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030920/windows/sight.htm|archive-date=10 December 2020|website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref> In 1993, [[CNN]] began collaborating with NDTV to produce select coverage for the weekly news bulletin.<ref name="Batabya-MakingNewsInIndia_">{{Cite book|last=Batabyal|first=Somnath|title=Making News in India: Star News and Star Ananda|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-80972-2|pages=44|language=en}}</ref> The weekly was the first privately produced news bulletin in India,<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> and became one of Doordarshan's top-rated programmes.<ref name="Batabya-MakingNewsInIndia_"/> Prannoy Roy said it was not difficult to appear good in comparison to Doordarshan, which he described as more radio than television, and said it helped that the time period was the "newsiest" in television history.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2013|editor-last=Painter|editor-first=James|title=India's Media Boom: The Good News and the Bad|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-12/India%E2%80%99s%20Media%20Boom%20the%20good%20news%20and%20the%20bad.pdf|journal=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]|pages=1–19}}</ref> The news bulletin covered several major events, such as the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]], the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]], the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and [[breakup of Yugoslavia]],<ref name="IndiasInnovationBlueprint72_"/><ref name="Forbes08Sep06_">{{Cite news|last=Karmali|first=Naazneen|date=8 September 2006|title=News Delhi TV|language=en|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2006/0918/034.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211071033if_/https://www.forbes.com/global/2006/0918/034.html?sh=4e73284a44d0|archive-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> some of which NDTV covered live from their respective countries.<ref name="IndiasInnovationBlueprint72_"/>

In 1995, NDTV presented a proposal to Doordarshan to move its production to a daily half-hour news bulletin on the second Doordarshan channel, [[DD Metro]].<ref name="ChannelingCultures160_"/> The proposal was accepted and the bulletin, ''News Tonight'', launched''.''<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/><ref name="ChannelingCultures160_"/> The Roys approached five major Indian business houses for investments and secured agreements with all five,<ref name="ChannelingCultures160_"/> including the [[Tata Group]].<ref name="Forbes08Sep06_"/> The bulletin was India's first daily domestic news broadcast<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Magazine of the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association|publisher=[[Commonwealth Broadcasting Association]]|edition=June 1997|pages=20|language=en|via=[[University of Minnesota]]}}</ref> The company also began producing shows such as ''The News Hour'' and ''Good Morning India'' for Doordarshan.<ref name="MakingOfStarIndia31_">{{Cite book|last=Kohli-Khandekar|first=Vanita|title=The Making of Star India: The Amazing Story of Rupert Murdoch's India Adventure|date=25 July 2019|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|isbn=978-93-5305-598-1|pages=31–32|language=en}}</ref> Prannoy Roy anchored the NDTV news bulletins,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bajpai|first=Shailaja|date=24 July 2016|title=The World Came Home: The history of television in India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-world-came-home-2932048/|access-date=10 December 2020|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> in the process acquiring a reputation for reliable, authentic and sophisticated news reporting. The news bulletins gained credibility and were competing with entertainment channels for viewers, which made the network sought after for partnerships by international news networks such as [[BBC]] and [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s [[Star India|Star Network]] at a time when restrictions on private participation in [[television broadcasting]] were being lifted and Doordarshan's monopoly broken by satellite television.<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/>

In 1997, Doordarshan director general Rathikant Basu left the public broadcaster and joined its multinational rival, the Star Network. His resignation led to a call to scrutinise his activities during his tenure as director general.<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> A parliamentary committee was assigned to examine Doordarshan's finances. It alleged "irregularities" in its dealings with NDTV.<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> On 20 January 1998, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) filed several cases against Basu, five other officials of the public broadcaster, and Prannoy Roy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 January 1998|title=CBI case against Prannoy Roy|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980120/02051164.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416181338/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980120/02051164.html|archive-date=16 April 2010|access-date=10 December 2020|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> The cases went on for several years in the form of a protracted dispute,<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> until CBI filed a closure report in 2013 and the [[Delhi High Court]] quashed the charges,<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> ruling that there was no evidence of wrongdoing.<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/>

=== 1998–2003: Rupert Murdoch and Star News ===
In 1998, NDTV entered into five-year contract with Rupert Murdoch's Star Network. Under the terms of the agreement, NDTV would produce all news content for the network,<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> while News Television India (subsidiary of Murdoch's [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]]) would finance the endeavor''.''<ref name="MakingOfStarIndia48_">{{Cite book|last=Kohli-Khandekar|first=Vanita|title=The Making of Star India: The Amazing Story of Rupert Murdoch's India Adventure|date=25 July 2019|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|isbn=978-93-5305-598-1|pages=48–50|language=en}}</ref> The CEO of Star India had stated that NDTV was an obvious choice for a partnership due its recognition and infrastructure.<ref name="Forbes08Sep06_"/> [[STAR News|Star News]] was launched in February 1998 and was the first independent 24x7 news channel in India.<ref name="MakingOfStarIndia48_"/> It was a bilingual channel and aired both [[Hindi]] and [[English language]] programs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mehta|first=Nalin|date=1 September 2007|title=The great Indian Willow Trick: Cricket, nationalism and India's TV news revolution, 1998–2005|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360701448331|journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=24|issue=9|pages=1187–1199|doi=10.1080/09523360701448331|issn=0952-3367|s2cid=144646131|url-access=subscription}}</ref> NDTV productions were also slotted on two 9:00 pm news bulletins in the channels of [[Star Plus]] and [[Star World (Indian TV channel)|Star World]].<ref name="OutlookIndia17Jul00_">{{Cite news|last1=Joshi|first1=Namrata|last2=Kapadia|first2=Payal|last3=Guha Ray|first3=Shantanu|date=17 July 2000|title=The Master And The Prodigal|work=[[Outlook India]]|url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/the-master-and-the-prodigal/209725|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009161513/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-master-and-the-prodigal/209725|archive-date=2021-10-09}}</ref> In 1999, NDTV launched its own news website called ndtv.com which streamed live webcasts of its productions and generated 55,000 daily views within a month of its launch. Over the following years, it also made its first foray into regional markets and began a [[Tamil language]] news bulletin on [[Vijay TV]], a channel owned by the Star Network.<ref name="Shrivastava2010-p36_"/>

Star News was an immediate success, its revenue made the channel [[Break-even (economics)|break-even]] at the onset.<ref name="MakingOfStarIndia77_">{{Cite book|last=Kohli-Khandekar|first=Vanita|title=The Making of Star India: The Amazing Story of Rupert Murdoch's India Adventure|date=25 July 2019|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|isbn=978-93-5305-598-1|pages=77–81|language=en}}</ref> Star India was also able to capitalise on the experience gained in NDTV's earlier collaboration with CNN,<ref name="Batabya-MakingNewsInIndia_"/> one of its multinational competitors.<ref name="MakingJournalists138_">{{Cite book|last=de Burgh|first=Hugo|title=Making Journalists: Diverse Models, Global Issues|date=2005|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-31501-2|pages=138–139|language=en|author-link=Hugo de Burgh}}</ref> The financial support provided by the multinational gave the channel an advantage over its emerging competitors such as {{lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Tak]]}}, the Hindi language channel founded by [[Living Media]].<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> Prannoy Roy remained as the face of the network while Radhika Roy,<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> who was known for being low profile,<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 December 2007|title=Power Women|language=en|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/power-women/255634/}}</ref> operated the editorial process and reportedly demanded high standards for credibility, impartiality and independence.<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> The channel developed sophisticated production values and a reputation for journalistic integrity.<ref name="Paterson2004-114_">{{Cite book|last1=Paterson|first1=Chris A.|title=International News in the 21st Century|last2=Sreberny|first2=Annabelle|date=2004|publisher=[[University of Luton Press]]|isbn=978-1-86020-596-5|pages=114–117|language=en}}</ref> In a study conducted with Indian journalists, Star News was found to be perceived as the most professionally produced among Indian networks and was regularly viewed by a majority of journalists alongside Doordarshan and [[BBC World]].<ref name="MakingJournalists138_"/>

In the partnership, NDTV was given editorial independence,<ref name="Paterson2004-114_"/> and produced the entire editorial content including in its packaging and presentation.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bromley|first1=Michael|title=Journalism and Democracy in Asia|last2=Romano|first2=Angela|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2012|isbn=978-1-134-25414-9|pages=58|language=en}}</ref> It was noted that the channel occasionally used its own branded equipment such as microphones with NDTV imprints, without any dispute. Under the agreement, the profits belonged to Star News and NDTV was paid a fee which began with US$10 million under an [[escalation clause]] and reserved intellectual property rights over its productions. This arrangement reportedly became an issue of contention between the sales team of Star India which were under pressure to generate revenues and NDTV which intended to maintain in its editorial independence.<ref name="MakingOfStarIndia77_"/> In 2000, the NDTV news bulletin on Star Plus was removed, which was speculated to have been a signifier of the closeted conflict.<ref name="OutlookIndia17Jul00_"/>

In an anecdotal testimony, [[Peter Mukerjea]] who was CEO of Star India between 1999 and 2007, states that an advertiser with the network who was the chairman of a major textile company had complained to him about a news report about [[environmental issues]] in a town which operated one of their plants and held Star India responsible for the reporters not taking into account the views of the company.<ref name="MakingOfStarIndia77_"/> Star News covered the [[2002 Gujarat riots]] with investigative reports, in-depth analyses and live reporting of events.<ref name="ChannelingCultures160_"/> The channel's coverage resulted in it being blacked out for a day by the [[Gujarat Government]] under [[Narendra Modi]]. The censorship came a day after the [[Minister of Law and Justice|Minister of Law]], [[Arun Jaitley]] had accused "some networks" of conspiracy against the government on a live telecast of [[Zee News]],<ref name="ChannelingCultures160_"/> a network that had assured him that they were not such networks on the same telecast.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chattarji|first=Subarno|date=October 2010|title=The politics of television in the 2002 Gujarat riots|url=http://asu.thehoot.org/research/books/the-politics-of-television-in-the-2002-gujarat-riots-4892|access-date=11 December 2020|website=[[Sevanti Ninan|The Hoot]]}}</ref>

In 2002, Star was willing to continue the contract but without complete editorial control being granted to NDTV which was unacceptable to the Roys.<ref name="Forbes08Sep06_"/> In the end, the negotiations between NDTV and Star India fell apart and the contract was not renewed. NDTV kept producing news segments for Star News till 31 March 2003.<ref name="Paterson2004-114_"/> The company's unwillingness to succumb to government pressure or pro right wing editorial intervention from Rupert Murdoch, cemented his decision to exit the partnership as well.<ref name="SouthAsianMediaCultures123_">{{Cite book|last=Banaji|first=Shakuntala|title=South Asian Media Cultures: Audiences, Representations, Contexts|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-85728-409-9|pages=123–124|language=en}}</ref> Murdoch went on secure a partnership with the [[ABP Group|Anandabazar Patrika Group]] for Star News, which was converted into a Hindi language news channel,<ref name="Paterson2004-114_"/><ref name="ChannelingCultures132_">{{Cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Biswarup|title=Channeling Cultures: Television Studies from India|last2=Roy|first2=Abhijit|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-809205-6|pages=132–133|language=en|via=[[Oxford Scholarship Online]]}}</ref> and was noted to have become far less critical in its news coverage following the transition.<ref name="SouthAsianMediaCultures123_"/>

=== 2003–2007: Independent broadcasting network ===
Following the end of the partnership with Star India, NDTV began its venture as an independent broadcaster. The company had acquired equity capital from investment banks including [[Morgan Stanley]] and [[Goldman Sachs]].<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> [[Standard Chartered]] invested US$12 million and acquired a share of 12% in the company. Media commentators at the time had speculated that Star News would remain the market leader and decimate NDTV.<ref name="Guardian22Sep04_">{{Cite news|last1=Ramesh|first1=Rajdeep|last2=Jha|first2=Sandeep|date=22 September 2004|title=NDTV makes Murdoch's Star wane in India|language=en|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/sep/22/business.rupertmurdoch|access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> Before the launch of the network's independent channels under its own brand, it had invested US$25 million into advertising.<ref name="Paterson2004-114_"/> For distribution, it entered into a tie up with the network of One Alliance, a joint venture between [[Sony]] and [[Discovery, Inc.]]<ref name="Shrivastava2010-p36_"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 February 2003|title=NDTV News Channels Ready To Roll With SET Alliance|language=en|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/ndtv-news-channels-ready-to-roll-with-set-alliance/70318/}}</ref>

NDTV launched two channels NDTV India and NDTV 24x7 in 2003. NDTV India was a Hindi language news channel and NDTV 24x7 was an English language news channel.<ref name="ChannelingCultures132_"/> Soon after its launch NDTV 24x7 became the frontrunner in the English news segment,<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> while NDTV India had the second-highest viewership following Aaj Tak in the Hindi language segment, which pushed Star News to the place of fourth highest viewership in the process.<ref name="Guardian22Sep04_"/> The channels introduced the concept of "break away" broadcasting in India with [[Integrated receiver/decoder|integrated receiver decoder]] (IRD) which could provide segmented region or city-specific news and with optional local language [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbings]] to viewers of the same channel.<ref name="Shrivastava2010-p36_"/> In 2004, NDTV became a publicly traded company and the board members reportedly included [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]], the founder of [[Infosys]] and [[Tarun Das]], the chief mentor of the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] as [[independent director]]s.<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> In December 2004, it stood as the media company with the highest market capitalisation, at a valuation of {{INRConvert|1433|c|year=2004}}.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Shirsat|first1=B. G.|last2=Krishnakumar|first2=Aparna|date=13 August 2005|title=Media industry valuations hit the roof|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/media-industry-valuations-hit-the-roof-105081301005_1.html|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref>

The network was successful in pursuing a strategy of promoting anchors as TV stars in an attempt to both consolidate its brand name and as an incentive for drawing and retaining a talent pool of journalists. Some of their journalists eventually started branching out to begin their own ventures,<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> and a number of top executive employees left the network, including both the managing editor [[Rajdeep Sardesai]] and the chief financial officer Sameer Manchanda who left the network to join hands with the entrepreneur [[Raghav Bahl]], who went on to launch [[CNN IBN]]. The resignations reportedly caused a number of problems for the network, the morale in the newsroom dipped and the network began finding it difficult to remain on top with an emergence of a crowded market with high competition as newer channels had more room for experimentation. Manchanda's resignation made the company's advertisers, the primary source of revenue to become vulnerable as the network which was solely in news broadcasting did not have extensive connections unlike others in the industry.<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/>

[[File:NDTV_Profit's_Screen_at_BSE.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[NDTV Profit]]'s screen at [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]]]

Due to the founder of CNN IBN being from NDTV, among other examples,<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/><ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> the network is widely credited for having created a category of media professionals with high credibility in the Indian broadcasting industry.<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> In an effort to check further loss of employees, the company began offering extensive salary raises and stock options to its employees after the departure of Sardesai.<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> It was noted in 2012 that the company had a high distribution of its wealth, with stock options worth {{INRConvert|10|m|lk=|year=2012}} being available to over 200 employees (15% of the workforce).<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> In 2005, the network had also launched a business news channel called NDTV Profit.<ref name="GlobalizationAndTelevision144_" /> The channel would become a competitor of the leading business news channel [[CNBC TV18]] over the next 5 years.<ref name="Forbes08Sep06_"/>

Despite the increase in competition NDTV had continued to grow and by the end of the 2005, the network had 19 offices and studios across the country.<ref name="Shrivastava2010-p36_"/> In 2006, the company founded 'NDTV Convergence', the subsidiary overlooking its digital media operations.<ref name=":5" /> In June, NDTV partnered with the [[Southeast Asian]] media company [[Astro (television)|Astro]] to launch a [[Bahasa Melayu]] infotainment channel Astro Awani while taking a stake of 20% in the joint venture.<ref name="Forbes08Sep06_"/> Under the terms of agreement, NDTV instituted the infrastructure for the channel and Astro undertook the production. The channel was the first one to be launched by Astro and the first one to be launched by NDTV outside India.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Palit|first1=Amitendu|title=South Asia in the New Decade: Challenges and Prospects|last2=Spittel|first2=Gloria|publisher=[[World Scientific]]|year=2013|isbn=978-981-4401-06-7|pages=159|language=en}}</ref> It had also made a number of agreements for overseas distribution of its Indian channels and had a growing audience among the [[Indian diaspora]] in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, South Africa and the Middle East.<ref name="Forbes08Sep06_"/>

=== 2007–2015: Expansion attempts, financial crisis and digital growth ===
In 2007, NDTV began diversifying into the general entertainment and lifestyle broadcasting industry.<ref name="GlobalizationAndTelevision144_">{{Cite book|last=Sen Narayan|first=Sunetra|title=Globalization and Television: A Study of the Indian Experience, 1990-2010|date=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-908271-1|pages=144–145|language=en|via=[[Oxford Scholarship Online]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen Narayan|first=Sunetra|title=Globalization and Television: A Study of the Indian Experience, 1990-2010|date=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-908271-1|pages=183|language=en|via=[[Oxford Scholarship Online]]}}</ref> The company founded the subsidiary of NDTV Lifestyle and launched the first lifestyle channel in India called [[NDTV Good Times]] on 7 September 2007.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Guha Thakurta|first1=Paranjoy|last2=Chaturvedi|first2=Subi|date=2012|title=Corporatisation of the Media: Implications of the RIL-Network18-Eenadu Deal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41419787|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=47|issue=7|pages=10–13|issn=0012-9976|jstor=41419787}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=31 August 2007|title=NDTV launches India's first lifestyle channel NDTV Good Times|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/ndtv-launches-india-s-first-lifestyle-channel-ndtv-good-times-107083101022_1.html#:~:text=A%20free-to-air%20channel,and%20Dr.}}</ref> Following the launch, Smeeta Chakraborty, who was appointed as the CEO of NDTV Lifestyle announced that the company would be looking into expanding in other language markets and intended to launch three to five new channels within the next 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Doval|first1=Pankaj|last2=Ghosh|first2=Shauvik|date=10 September 2007|title=NDTV Good Times walks into life & style|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/ndtv-good-times-walks-into-life-style/215381/|access-date=14 December 2020|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 September 2007|title=NDTV Lifestyle plans more channels|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/C6qcI16oCULgwRRMYD4DCP/NDTV-Lifestyle-plans-more-channels.html|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref> NDTV Lifestyle also entered into an agreement with the [[United Breweries Group]] for a branding tie-up between the [[Kingfisher (beer)|Kingfisher]] [[lager]] and NDTV Good Times.<ref name="BusinessStandard25Sep07_">{{Cite news|date=25 September 2007|title=NDTV to launch more int'l, domestic channels|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ndtv-to-launch-more-int-l-domestic-channels-107092500036_1.html}}</ref>

In January 2008, NDTV entered into a strategic partnership with the American mass media conglomerate [[NBCUniversal]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 May 2008|title=NDTV, NBC conclude strategic partnership|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ndtv-nbc-conclude-strategic-partnership-108052600006_1.html}}</ref><ref name="FinancialExpress29Jan08_">{{Cite news|date=29 January 2008|title=NBC Universal and NDTV Ltd. Execute Memorandum of Agreement to Form Long-Term Strategic Partnership in India|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/nbc-universal-and-ndtv-ltd-execute-memorandum-of-agreement-to-form-long-term-strategic-partnership-in-india/266629/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|language=en}}</ref> in an attempt to expand into the general entertainment industry in India.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Arora|first=Chanpreet|date=August 2019|title=The Evolving Indian Media Market: Succeeding Through Localisation|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-09/Chanpreet_Arora_Journalist_Fellow_paper.pdf|journal=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]|publisher=[[University of Oxford]]}}</ref> NBCUniversal bought 26% of the stake with a net valuation of US$600 million for the company and NDTV was expected to receive television formats used by the NBC in the United States.<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> In an attempt to replicating the model of networks using general entertainment channels to subsidise newsgathering expenses,<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> the network launched its first general entertainment channel [[NDTV Imagine]] on 21 January 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|last=K.K|first=Sruthijith|date=5 February 2008|title=Ramayan puts NDTV Imagine ahead of peers in TRP race|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/IRYGyWsxbzq07WeDdOSafI/Ramayan-puts-NDTV-Imagine-ahead-of-peers-in-TRP-race.html|access-date=14 December 2020|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref> The channel's launch was also aided by [[Sameer Nair]], the CEO of [[Applause Entertainment]], who was in a partnership with NDTV.<ref name="LiveMint21Mar15_">{{Cite web|last=Dugal|first=Ira|date=21 March 2015|title=Sameer Nair: The creative strategist|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3cduJwWSAIZw9dTNwPqIvM/Sameer-Nair-The-creative-strategist.html|access-date=15 December 2020|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref> The operating company NDTV Imagine Ltd held a production studio NDTV Imagine Picture and entered into two partnerships to launch the music and entertainment channel [[NDTV Imagine Showbiz]] and the multilingual world movies channel [[NDTV Lumiere]].<ref name="HollywoodReporter17Dec09_">{{Cite news|last=Szalai|first=Georg|date=17 December 2009|title=Time Warner takes 92% stake in NDTV|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/time-warner-takes-92-stake-92467|access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref>

The company conceptualised a genre of channels which would focus on localised news and founded NDTV MetroNation, which was projected to launch a series of channels catering to metropolitan cities such as [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> The first and only channel to be launched under this branding was NDTV MetroNation Delhi.<ref name="BusinessStandard25Sep07_"/> NDTV entered into a partnership with the national daily newspaper ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref name="ChannelingCultures142_">{{Cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Biswarup|title=Channeling Cultures: Television Studies from India|last2=Roy|first2=Abhijit|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-809205-6|pages=142–144|language=en|via=[[Oxford Scholarship Online]]}}</ref> under the joint venture MetroNation Chennai to launch the Chennai-centric English language news channel which was named [[NDTV Hindu]].<ref name="VCCircle07Oct11_">{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Anil|date=7 October 2011|title=NDTV, Hindu Group Sell Metronation Chennai TV To Dina Thanthi Group|url=https://www.vccircle.com/ndtv-hindu-group-sell-metronation-chennai-tv-dina-thanthi-group|access-date=13 December 2020|website=[[VCCircle]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="FinancialExpress08Oct11_">{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay C.|date=8 October 2011|title=Dina Thanthi group buys NDTV Hindu|language=en|work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/dina-thanthi-group-buys-ndtv-hindu/857333/|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref> Later in 2010, the company also entered in a partnership with the [[Dhaka]] based conglomerate [[BEXIMCO]] to launch the Independent Television, a 24x7 news channel in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lall|first=Pavan|date=5 September 2011|title=Bangladesh's first family of business|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/bangladeshs-first-family-of-business/100992|access-date=21 December 2020|website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|others=Newswire18|date=12 January 2010|title=NDTV, Beximco Group to launch news channel in Bangladesh|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ndtv-beximco-group-to-launch-news-channel-in-bangladesh-110011200086_1.html}}</ref>

The expansion attempts coincided with the [[Great Recession]] and the funds raised for the expansion, through partnerships and bonds were exhausted within a short period of time. NDTV had an ongoing open offer for buyback of shares and the stock prices at the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) nosedived from around ₹400 to ₹100 which added a large shortfall. This caused the promoters of the company to go through a chain of borrowings from various multinationals.<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> NDTV also made a series of divestments of its assets through a number of sales in the following period.<ref name="VCCircle07Oct11_"/> In August 2009, the chain borrowings had eventually led the promoters debt being transferred to a shell company which was owned by a subsidiary of [[Reliance Industries]],<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> and in October 2009, NBCUniversal decided to pull out of the partnership and sold off its share back to NDTV.<ref name="LiveMint21Mar15_" /> Following which, [[Time Warner]] bought out a 92% majority stake of the general entertainment subsidiary NDTV Imagine Ltd for US$124.5 million in December.<ref name="HollywoodReporter17Dec09_"/><ref name="VCCircle07Oct11_"/> The company had also launched a [[Dubai]] based English and Hindi language news channel called [[NDTV Arabia]], targeting Indian expatriates in 2007,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cheriyan|first=Vijaya|date=31 October 2007|title=NDTV to push boundaries with Arab channel|work=[[Arabian Business]]|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/ndtv-push-boundaries-with-arab-channel-123285.html|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> which was closed down in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Baxter|first=Elsa|date=17 June 2009|title=NDTV Arabia forced to pull plug|work=[[Arabian Business]]|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/ndtv-arabia-forced-pull-plug-17099.html|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Arya|first=Vigyan|date=17 June 2009|title=Crisis-hit NDTV Arabia likely to switch off in a day or two|url=https://www.emirates247.com/eb247/companies-markets/media/crisis-hit-ndtv-arabia-likely-to-switch-off-in-a-day-or-two-2009-06-17-1.33865|access-date=16 December 2020|website=[[Emirates 24/7]]|language=en}}</ref>

The editorial credibility of the network suffered damage as well when recordings made by the [[Income Tax Department]] of communication by the Reliance Industries lobbyist [[Niira Radia]] were leaked and a series of transcripts called the [[Radia tapes]] published by the [[Open (Indian magazine)|''Open'']] and [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']] magazines. The tapes prominently featured journalist [[Barkha Dutt]] who appeared to be violating norms of journalistic integrity.<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> NDTV was one of the few news broadcasting companies which had a codified code of conduct for its journalistic output.<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_"/> The tapes came under the backdrop of the loan granted to NDTV by Reliance and included suggestions from Radia to the journalist MK Venu on how Roy needs to be supported. ''[[The Sunday Guardian]],'' a newspaper owned by politicians [[M. J. Akbar]] and [[Ram Jethmalani]] also published a 2010 article which alleged that NDTV had colluded with [[ICICI Bank]] and indulged in financial misdemeanours. NDTV sued for {{INRConvert|25|c|lk=}} and in February 2011, the Delhi High Court restrained any further circulation of the article.<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/>

The company's finances had taken a downturn since the [[Great Recession]] and its expansion ventures had failed,<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/> it also marked the beginning of a consistent streak of net annual losses.<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_"/><ref name="TheHoot09Mar16_">{{Cite web|last=Malik|first=Aman|date=9 March 2016|title=Will diversification bail out NDTV?|url=http://asu.thehoot.org/media-watch/media-business/will-diversification-bail-out-ndtv-9227|access-date=14 December 2020|website=[[Sevanti Ninan|The Hoot]]}}</ref> In March 2011, NDTV Lifestyle (subsidiary operating NDTV Good Times) was converted into a joint venture with the sale of 49% of the company's stake to Astro.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=3 March 2011|title=NDTV concludes stake sale in lifestyle arm to Astro Asia|work=[[Business Line]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/ndtv-concludes-stake-sale-in-lifestyle-arm-to-astro-asia/article23050863.ece}}</ref> The stake sale of NDTV Lifestyle resulted in the net valuation of the subsidiary to be US$80 million.<ref name="VCCircle07Oct11_"/> And in October, the joint venture MetroNation Chennai which operated the channel NDTV Hindu was bought out by the Tamil-language daily newspaper, ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' for a sum of {{INRConvert|15|c|lk=|year=2011}}.<ref name="VCCircle07Oct11_"/><ref name="FinancialExpress08Oct11_"/> The joint venture had incurred a net loss of {{INRConvert|20|c|lk=|year=2011}} in two years of its operation.<ref name="FinancialExpress08Oct11_"/> In 2015, the business news channel NDTV Profit became a hybrid channel featuring both business news programs during day and entertainment programs under the name NDTV Prime on weekends and after 6pm.<ref name="BusinessStandard02Jun17_">{{Cite news|last=Malvania|first=Urvi|date=2 June 2017|title=NDTV to bring down curtains on NDTV Profit|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ndtv-to-bring-down-curtains-on-ndtv-profit-117060101597_1.html|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref>

[[File:NDTV_conducting_an_interview_in_Bangalore_in_2011.jpg|left|thumb|320x320px|NDTV team conducting an interview in [[Bangalore]] in 2011]]

In contrast, the [[digital media]] arm of the company, NDTV Convergence had entered a phase of exponential growth. Between March 2011 and March 2015, it grew four-folds in terms of revenue and ten-folds in terms of profits and as a result increased its share of the total consolidated income from 4.6% to 18%.<ref name="TheHoot09Mar16_"/> NDTV Convergence had synchronised the network's newsgathering with its internet and mobile presence.<ref name="GlobalizationAndTelevision144_" /> The digital media arm was credited for reducing the losses of the company by 50% between the financial years 2013–14 and 2014–15.<ref name="TheHoot09Mar16_"/>

{{anchor|Gadgets360}}In addition, the subsidiary launched a number of online verticals namely the automobile portal CarAndBike.com, the electronics portal Gadgets360, the food and drinks portal SmartCooky and the wedding preparation website BandBaajaa.com which catered to consumer interest specific news.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Kohli-Khandekar|first=Vanita|date=5 October 2016|title=Can NDTV tell a different story?|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/can-ndtv-tell-a-different-story-116100400738_1.html|access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="VVCircle04Apr17_" /> NDTV also launched the [[e-commerce]] venture Indianroots through its subsidiary NDTV Ethnic Retail in 2013. The venture was a fashion store selling Indian ethnic clothes and jewelries,<ref name="LiveMint14May15_">{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Shrutika|date=14 May 2015|title=NDTV venture Indianroots raises $5 million|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/1puLn5fFIsjq7ajM5uX6KM/NDTV-venture-Indianroots-raises-5-million.html|access-date=15 December 2020|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="LiveMint19May17_">{{Cite web|last=Choudhary|first=Vidhi|date=19 May 2017|title=NDTV to sell indianroots.com, divests stake in NDTV Goodtimes|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/xUaSwShilwcKSPd3a9bYXJ/NDTV-to-sell-indianrootscom-divests-stake-in-NDTV-Goodtime.html|access-date=15 December 2020|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref> which expanded its consumer base across India and the United States, recording a twelve-fold jump of its gross merchandise value in 2014–15, and featured over 700 brands and 100 designers with a valuation of US$85 million in May 2015.<ref name="LiveMint14May15_"/> Gadgets360 also entered the e-commerce industry and began selling electronic devices from 2015 onwards.<ref name="VVCircle04Apr17_">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Disha|date=4 April 2017|title=When Times Internet took a leaf out of NDTV's book to re-enter e-commerce biz|url=https://www.vccircle.com/when-times-internet-took-a-leaf-out-of-ndtvs-book-to-re-enter-e-commerce-biz|access-date=15 December 2020|website=[[VCCircle]]|language=en-US}}</ref> CarAndBike.com and BandBaajaa.com entered the industry as well and began selling products.<ref name="Business-Standard22Sep17_">{{Cite news|last=Malvania|first=Urvi|date=22 September 2017|title=NDTV sells stake in auto e-commerce subsidiary|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ndtv-sells-stake-in-auto-e-commerce-subsidiary-117092101287_1.html|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Choudhary|first=Vidhi|date=7 December 2015|title=With Special Occasion, NDTV enters the online weddings market|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/wivFe1kctRXtFYBBjk94NP/With-Special-Occasion-NDTV-enters-the-online-weddings-marke.html|access-date=19 December 2020|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref>

On 25 July 2012, NDTV moved a lawsuit for over US$1,000 million against the [[TAM Media Research]] for manipulation of data at the [[New York Supreme Court]].<ref name="TheHindu01Aug12_">{{Cite news|last=Jebaraj|first=Priscilla|date=1 August 2012|title=NDTV says TV ratings manipulated|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ndtv-says-tv-ratings-manipulated/article3708627.ece|access-date=17 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> TAM had instituted a television rating system called TRP,<ref name="Forbes21Feb14_">{{Cite news|last=Dharmakumar|first=Rohini|date=21 February 2014|title=Fixing Indian TV's Audience Measurement Problems|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/resolution/fixing-indian-tvs-audience-measurement-problems/33570/1|access-date=17 December 2020|work=[[Forbes]]|language=en}}</ref> used to determine viewership of channel and fix advertising rates between broadcasters and advertisers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 October 2020|title=Explained: What are TRPs and How Are they Calculated?|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/tv-trps-calculation-barc-intam-television-rating-points-peoples-meters|website=[[The Quint]]|language=en}}</ref> While the TAM data had been previously alleged by broadcasters to have been manipulated, NDTV's lawsuit was considered a landmark event which implicated over 30 companies and individuals of deliberately manipulating data and which eventually led to a number of broadcasters raising similar complaints.<ref name="TheHindu01Aug12_" /><ref name="Forbes21Feb14_" /> According to NDTV, the manipulated data had caused damages of at least US$810 million due to fraud and damages worth at least US$580 million for the network over a period of eight years.<ref name="TheHindu01Aug12_" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gardner|first=Eriq|date=30 July 2012|title=Nielsen Sued for Billions Over Allegedly Manipulated TV Ratings|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/nielsen-sued-billions-manipulated-ratings-355829|access-date=17 December 2020|website=[[Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> The lawsuit itself was dismissed while the ruling stated that even though TAM was registered in the United States, the damages were outside its jurisdiction,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jha|first=Prashant|date=7 March 2013|title=U.S. court asks NDTV to fight legal battle in India|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/us-court-asks-ndtv-to-fight-legal-battle-in-india/article4482597.ece|access-date=17 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and in 2015, [[Broadcast Audience Research Council]] (BARC) launched its own rating system. In the following year, TAM was merged into BARC, although it was noted that the shareholders of the new entity had remained the same and the rating system continued to be vulnerable to manipulation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Archna|date=7 October 2016|title=BARC, TAM Media merger is nothing but old wine in a new bottle|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/barc-tam-media-merger-nothing-but-old-wine-in-a-new-bottle/|access-date=17 December 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2015–2022: Government pressure and litigations ===
With the ascendancy of [[Narendra Modi]] to the premiership of India, advertisers with NDTV began to be pressurised to disassociate with the company and an array of litigations were initiated against the company.<ref name="NewYorkTimes02Apr20_">{{Cite news|last1=Goel|first1=Vindu|last2=Gettleman|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Khandelwal|first3=Saumya|date=2 April 2020|title=Under Modi, India's Press Is Not So Free Anymore|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/world/asia/modi-india-press-media.html|access-date=16 December 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The government pressure against the news broadcaster was seen as part of a wider pattern of attacks on [[media freedom]] in the country.<ref name="NewYorkTimes02Apr20_"/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Prabhu|first=Maya|date=3 August 2017|title=Is free speech under threat in Modi's India?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/3/is-free-speech-under-threat-in-modis-india|access-date=17 December 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="DeutscheWelle07Nov16_">{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Murali|date=7 November 2016|title='Ridiculous and arbitrary' – Indian journalists slam NDTV ban|url=https://www.dw.com/en/ridiculous-and-arbitrary-indian-journalists-slam-ndtv-ban/a-36293627|access-date=17 December 2020|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) served a notice on alleged violation of the [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pandey|first=Devesh K.|date=20 November 2015|title=ED serves notice on NDTV for FEMA violations|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ed-serves-rs-2030-crore-notice-on-ndtv-for-fema-violations/article7900384.ece|access-date=18 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2016, the Hindi language news channel NDTV India was banned by the government on allegations that the channel had threatened national security. The company subsequently appealed against the ban at the [[Supreme Court of India]]. The ban was withdrawn the following day, after popular outcry, protests from journalists and widespread criticism including from the Editor's Guild of India.<ref name="DeutscheWelle07Nov16_" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 November 2016|title=Ban on NDTV India on hold|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Ban-on-NDTV-India-on-hold/article16439328.ece|access-date=18 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the same year, the Income Tax Department (ITD) served a tax reassessment notice which alleged that the company had committed tax evasion in the financial year 2009–10.<ref name="Scroll06Jun16_">{{Cite news|date=6 June 2017|title=NDTV co-founder Prannoy Roy's home raided by CBI|url=https://scroll.in/latest/839691/ndtv-co-founder-prannoy-roys-home-raided-by-cbi|work=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The Delhi bench of the [[Income Tax Appellate Tribunal]] which functioned under the [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law]] upheld the findings of the department held the company liable for reassessment of taxation with penalty.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 January 2018|title=NDTV case: assessing officer was right in adding ₹642 crore, says ITAT|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/ndtv-case-assessing-officer-was-right-in-adding-642-crore-says-itat/article9785332.ece|access-date=18 December 2020|website=[[Business Line]]|language=en}}</ref> According to the findings, the company had allegedly colluded with NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of [[General Electric]] in a complex money laundering scheme for evading taxation of what was noted to be relatively small amount of funds relative to the size of the companies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Sunny|date=19 July 2017|title=Clear case of organisation form or legal form abuse, without reasonable business purpose|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/clear-case-of-organisation-form-or-legal-form-abuse-without-reasonable-business-purpose-4757015/|access-date=18 December 2020|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2017|title=NDTV: A legal mountain to climb|url=http://asu.thehoot.org/media-watch/media-business/ndtv-a-legal-mountain-to-climb-10224|website=[[Sevanti Ninan|The Hoot]]}}</ref>

In 2017, NDTV instituted a [[Turnaround management|turnaround plan]] and announced that the company would undergo a restructuring process, intending to concentrate on core assets of news broadcasting and its digital teams operating its apps and websites, while cutting down on ancillary assets including its e-commerce business.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2017|title=NDTV to cut workforce by up to 25%|work=[[Business Line]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ndtv-to-cut-workforce-by-up-to-25/article9996254.ece}}</ref> The restructuring also involved layoffs of a number of staff and a shift towards mobile and digital oriented journalism. It was noted that while the debt had decreased considerable between 2012 and 2016, the valuation of the company had deteriorated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Cherry|date=27 July 2017|title=Is MoJo the real reason behind layoffs at NDTV?|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/07/27/is-mojo-the-real-reason-behind-layoffs-at-ndtv|access-date=22 December 2020|website=[[Newslaundry]]}}</ref>

The company sold NDTV Ethnic Retail which operated Indianroots and divested 2% of the stake in NDTV Lifestyle in favor of the luxury company Nameh Hotels & Resorts.<ref name="LiveMint19May17_" /> Fifth Gear Ventures operated the automobile portal CarAndBike.com and was held by NDTV Convergence, which diluted its stake from 79% to 43%, granting a controlling stake to the company Autobyte Private.<ref name="Business-Standard22Sep17_" /> NDTV Profit was pulled off air on 5 June 2017, and converted into an infotainment channel solely under the designation of NDTV Prime.<ref name="BusinessStandard02Jun17_" /><ref name="LiveMint02Jun17_">{{Cite web|last=Ahluwalia|first=Harveen|date=2 June 2017|title=NDTV to shut NDTV Profit, to shift business programmes to 24x7|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/56dsQNeuq9K7K7pZMqQNTN/NDTV-to-shut-NDTV-Profit-to-shift-business-programmes-to-24.html|access-date=17 December 2020|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref> The business news segment of NDTV Profit was moved to the English language news channel NDTV 24x7.<ref name="LiveMint02Jun17_" /> In 2018, NDTV Convergence also completed a sale with Wedding Junction Private Ltd and sold off Special Occasion Ltd,<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 November 2018|title=NDTV completes sale of Special Occasion to Wedding Junction|work=[[Business Standard]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ndtv-completes-sale-of-special-occasion-to-wedding-junction-118111501481_1.html|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> which operated the wedding arrangements portal BandBaajaa.com.<ref>{{Cite web|last=J|first=Anand|date=14 March 2018|title=Self-arranged marriage startup Wedeterna gets angel funding|url=https://www.vccircle.com/exclusive-self-arranged-marriage-startup-wedeterna-gets-angel-funding|access-date=19 December 2020|website=[[VCCircle]]|language=en}}</ref> In January 2020, Fifth Gear Ventures was acquired by a subsidiary of [[Mahindra & Mahindra]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mohile|first=Shally Seth|date=10 December 2020|title=Mahindra Mobility Services eyes four-fold increase in m-cap in 5 years|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mahindra-mobility-services-eyes-four-fold-increase-in-m-cap-in-5-years-120121000940_1.html|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref>

In the meantime in 2017, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) lodged a case against the company on allegations that it had defrauded ICICI Bank,<ref name="Scroll06Jun16_" /> and the offices of the company and residence of the founders, the Roys were raided by the bureau.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|title=Business and Politics in India|last2=Kohli|first2=Atul|last3=Murali|first3=Kanta|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2019|isbn=978-0-19-091246-8|pages=186|language=en|via=[[Oxford Scholarship Online]]}}</ref> The raid had come a day after an NDTV presenter had engaged in an argument with a spokesperson of the ruling party.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 June 2017|title=Falling in line: India's raucous democracy is becoming more subdued|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/06/24/indias-raucous-democracy-is-becoming-more-subdued|access-date=16 December 2020|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> The case was lodged on the basis of a complaint by a stockbroker Sanjay Dutt supported by the retracted ''Sunday Guardian'' article. It was noted that ICICI Bank itself considered the company to have returned the loan within a year and had not received any details of the case.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 2017|title=What We Know and What We Don't About the NDTV-ICICI Bank Case|url=https://thewire.in/business/ndtv-raid-prannoy-roy-icici-cbi|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> The raids received condemnation and the CBI was accused of being under pressure from the government to act against the news broadcaster.<ref name="DeutscheWelle07Nov16_" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Venu|first=M. K.|date=8 November 2016|title=The Creeping Erosion of Free Expression|url=https://thewire.in/politics/creeping-erosion-free-expression|access-date=18 December 2020|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 2017|title=Full text: CBI issues statement on NDTV raids, denies allegations of 'acting under pressure'|url=https://scroll.in/latest/839853/full-text-cbi-issues-statement-on-ndtv-raids-denies-allegations-of-acting-under-pressure|website=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, after the Adani Group takeover, the CBI investigation found that there was no wrongdoing in the ICICI bank sanctioning a loan of Rs 375 crores and closed its corruption and fraud case against NDTV founders Prannoy and Radhika Roy.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2024-10-01 |title=After 7-year probe, CBI files closure report in cheating case against former NDTV promoters Prannoy Roy, Radhika Roy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/after-7-year-probe-cbi-files-closure-report-in-ndtv-promoters-cheating-case/article68706144.ece |access-date=2024-11-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 1, 2024 |title=CBI closes 2017 probe against NDTV founders Prannoy Roy and Radhika Roy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cbi-closes-2017-probe-against-ndtv-founders-prannoy-roy-and-radhika-roy-101727789755864.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Normal Business Transaction, No Criminality in Closure of Loan: CBI Clean Chit to NDTV Founders |url=https://thewire.in/government/normal-business-transaction-no-criminality-in-closure-of-loan-cbi-clean-chit-to-ndtv-founders |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, the CBI lodged a new case against NDTV on allegations that it had laundered money and violated FDI norms. According to NDTV, government agencies were lodging different cases and then deliberately stalling investigations as no evidence were found.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pandey|first=Devesh K.|date=21 August 2019|title=CBI books fresh case against NDTV, Roys for allegedly violating FDI rules|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fresh-case-against-ndtv-roys-for-fdi-rules-violation/article29201891.ece|access-date=18 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In same year, the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) barred the Roys from accessing the securities market and from holding any managerial or board positions in the company for two years on allegations that the promoters had failed to disclose agreements to minority stakeholders of the company.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 June 2019|title=SEBI bars Prannoy, Radhika Roy from NDTV board|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/sebi-bars-prannoy-radhika-roy-from-ndtv-board/article27943165.ece|access-date=17 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2020, the Supreme Court of India quashed the ITD notice against the company on the grounds that its allegation contradicted the statements presented by the Revenue Department.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 April 2020|title=Income Tax dept's notice against NDTV quashed by Supreme Court|work=[[ThePrint]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=https://theprint.in/india/income-tax-depts-notice-against-ndtv-quashed-by-supreme-court/394923/}}</ref>

In 2020, an independent technology startup Prashnam conducted a survey which calculated that NDTV India was the news channel with the highest viewership in the Hindi speaking states of [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Rajasthan]], and the second highest viewership in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], ranging around 23–24% of the population in the respective states.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 October 2020|title=23% People in Bihar, MP, Rajasthan, Jharkhand Watch NDTV: Survey|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/prashnam-survey-channels-watched-madhya-pradesh-bihar-rajasthan-jharkhand|website=[[The Quint]]|language=en}}</ref> In 2022, NDTV pulled out of the ratings agency BARC as it was not satisfied with the changes introduced in the calculation of TV rating after the [[TRP scam]] expose.<ref name="BARC">{{cite news |title=NDTV pulls out of BARC ahead of news rating resumption |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/ndtv-pulls-out-of-barc-ahead-of-news-rating-resumption-118853.html |access-date=5 March 2022 |work=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |date=5 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2022 onwards: Acquisition by Adani Group ===
In August 2022, [[Adani Group]], a [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]], acquired a 100 per cent stake in Vishvapradhan Commercial Private Limited (VCPL), who owned convertible debentures (in the form of warrants) in Radhika Roy Prannoy Roy (RRPR) Holding Pvt Ltd, which in turn owned 29.18 per cent stake in NDTV. With the VCPL purchase, the Adani Group indirectly acquired these warrants which would give it a 29.18 per cent stake in NDTV on conversion. VCPL notified RRPR Holding of its intention to convert these warrants (issued in 2009) into equity shares, giving the firm 99.5 per cent control. With these shares of RRPL Holding, VCPL was entitled to 29.18 per cent stake in NDTV.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/what-is-adani-s-open-offer-route-to-acquire-ndtv-how-does-it-work-122112600890_1.html | title=Adani Group's takeover of NDTV: Understanding the mechanics and the math | date=29 November 2022 }}</ref>

In November 2022, the Adani Group launched an open offer to acquire an additional stake in NDTV, resulting in acquisition of 8% additional stake, increasing its total shareholding to above 37% in the media company.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/adani-bags-8-in-ndtv-open-offer-total-hits-37/articleshow/96016290.cms | title=Adani bags 8% in NDTV open offer, total hits 37% | newspaper=The Times of India | date=6 December 2022 }}</ref>

In December 2022, Radhika and Prannoy Roy sold 27.26 per cent out of their 32.26 per cent shareholding in the news network to Adani Group, making the conglomerate, the single largest shareholder with over 64.71 per cent stake.<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/ndtv-constructive-deal-with-gautam-adani-for-roys/cid/1905575 | title=NDTV: 'Constructive' deal with Gautam Adani for Roys }}</ref>

Acquisition of NDTV by the Adani group led by billionaire [[Gautam Adani]], who allegedly has close ties to the Prime Minister Narendra Modi, raised widespread negative reactions and criticism from prominent Western media outlets like ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]], among others.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |title=Fears for independent media in India as tycoon eyes major news channel |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/24/india-ndtv-adani-media-takover/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=Media freedom fears in India after Modi ally Adani buys 29% stake in NDTV |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/24/media-freedom-fears-in-india-after-modi-ally-adani-buys-29-stake-in-ndtv |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=2022-08-25 |title=Adani Bid Fought by NDTV Amid Concerns Over Indian Press Freedom |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-25/ndtv-says-adani-needs-indian-regulator-s-nod-after-hostile-bid |access-date=2022-08-28}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{cite news |title=Why is One of the World's Richest Men Doing a 'Hostile Takeover' of This News Network? |language=en |work=vice.com |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/billionaire-adani-hostile-takeover-ndtv-india-press-freedom/ |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref> [[The Economist]] stated that before the acquisition by the Adani group, the news channel was "critical of the government but is now supine."<ref name="economist12"/> The hostile takeover of NDTV by the [[Adani Group]] has raised concerns about the future of independent journalism in India. The Adani Group has a close relationship with the Indian government, and there are fears that it may use NDTV to promote its own interests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Adani's NDTV move stokes fears for media freedom in India |url=https://qz.com/adanis-ndtv-buy-fuels-fears-for-media-freedom-in-india-1849455263 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2022-12-01 |title=India's Richest Man Buys One of the Country's Biggest TV Channels |url=https://time.com/6238075/india-ndtv-gautam-adani-narendramodi/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=2022-12-01 |title=Billionaire Modi ally on verge of taking over independent Indian news channel |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/01/indian-billionaire-gautam-adani-ties-to-narendra-modi-to-control-independent-news-group-ndtv |access-date=2023-11-06 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Alasdair |last2=Ahmed |first2=Aftab |last3=Pal |first3=Alasdair |date=2022-08-26 |title=Takeover of NDTV by India's richest man worries journalists |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/takeover-ndtv-by-indias-richest-man-worries-journalists-2022-08-25/ |access-date=2023-11-06}}</ref> The takeover attempt was also described to resemble the takeover of the largest news broadcaster [[Network18]], that had occurred earlier under [[Mukesh Ambani]], another billionaire with close ties to Narendra Modi.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Niharika |date=25 August 2022 |title=Adani's attempt to take over an Indian news channel sparks a media-freedom debate |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/adanis-attempt-over-indian-news-075500041.html |website=[[Yahoo News]] |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826190255/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/adanis-attempt-over-indian-news-075500041.html|archive-date=2022-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philipose |first=Pamela |author-link=Pamela Philipose |date=2022-08-27 |title=Backstory: What Does the Growing Adani Footprint on India's Media Landscape Mean for Us? |url=https://thewire.in/rights/backstory-what-does-the-growing-adani-footprint-on-indias-media-landscape-mean-for-us |access-date= |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> The Delhi Union of Journalists released a statement raising concerns that two "[[Business oligarch|oligarchs]]" were taking over independent news broadcasters and stifling critical journalism at the behest of the ruling establishment.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=2022-08-24 |title=Adani stake in NDTV {{!}} Two oligarchs taking over entire media, says Delhi Union of Journalists |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/adani-stake-in-ndtv-two-oligarchs-taking-over-entire-media-says-delhi-union-of-journalists/article65806315.ece |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Presenter [[Ravish Kumar]] resigned from the channel in protest over what he called the new owner's lack of independence from the government.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Shalu |date=2023-04-03 |title=With raids, arrests and hostile takeovers, India press freedom continues to decline |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/04/03/1167041720/india-press-freedom-journalists-modi-bbc-documentary |access-date=2025-07-29 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref>

The takeover by Adani led to resignations by many prominent members of the channel. The list included journalists [[Ravish Kumar]], [[Sreenivasan Jain]], [[Nidhi Razdan]] and Sarah Jacob, channel's group president [[Suparna Singh]], Chief Strategy Officer Arijit Chatterjee, Chief Technology and Product Officer Kawaljit Singh Bedi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=NL |title=Nidhi Razdan quits NDTV, 3 days after Sreenivasan Jain's exit |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/01/31/nidhi-razdan-quits-ndtv-3-days-after-sreenivasan-jains-exit |access-date=2023-05-25 |work=[[Newslaundry]] |date=2023-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Senior journalist and Ramon Magsaysay awardee Ravish Kumar resigns from NDTV |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/senior-journalist-and-ramon-magsaysay-awardee-ravish-kumar-resigns-from-ndtv/article66206556.ece |access-date=2023-05-25 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2022-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=NL |title=Sarah Jacob quits NDTV, the latest in a spate of resignations |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/05/23/sarah-jacob-quits-ndtv-the-latest-in-a-spate-of-resignations |access-date=2023-05-25 |work=[[Newslaundry]] |date=2023-05-23}}</ref>

== Subsidiaries ==
NDTV operates three broadcast channels which includes two news channels and one infotainment channel.<ref name="BusinessStandard02Jun17_" /> The company has a stake three more channels which are managed through joint ventures.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=6 August 2013|title=NDTV tumbles after reporting net loss in Q1|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/ndtv-tumbles-after-reporting-net-loss-in-q1-113080600543_1.html|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref>

In addition, it has auxiliary services subsidiaries such as NDTV Labs, a [[research and development]] company set up exclusively to augment production process within the group,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saeed|first=Saima|title=Screening the Public Sphere: Media and Democracy in India|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-81244-3|pages=129|language=en}}</ref> and NDTV Emerging Markets, a [[consultancy firm]] set up to assist in the launch of NDTV news channels outside India.<ref name="FinancialExpress29Jan08_" />

=== Broadcast ===
The [[English language]] news channel NDTV 24x7 is considered to be the first 24x7 news channel in India,<ref name=":122">{{Cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Biswarup|title=Channeling Cultures: Television Studies from India|last2=Roy|first2=Abhijit|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-809205-6|pages=176|language=en|via=[[Oxford Scholarship Online]]}}</ref> being a successor to [[STAR News]] which was founded by NDTV and Star India.<ref name="SouthAsianMediaCultures123_" /> It is available internationally,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Thussu|first=Daya Kishan|title=News as Entertainment: The Rise of Global Infotainment|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84787-506-8|pages=96–98|language=en}}</ref> through various distribution partnerships including one with [[Time Warner Cable]] and [[DirecTV]] in the United States.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Jeremy A.|title=Pop Culture in Asia and Oceania|last2=Nadeau|first2=Kathleen M.|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4408-3991-7|pages=206–207|language=en}}</ref> The channel operates under the designation of ATN NDTV 24x7 in Canada as it broadcasts its programming through the [[Asian Television Network]].<ref name=":2" />

The [[Hindi language]] news channel NDTV India is a national news channel and has widespread viewership in India.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Rodrigues-IndianNewsMedia161_">{{Cite book|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Usha M.|title=Indian News Media: From Observer to Participant|last2=Ranganathan|first2=Maya|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|year=2014|isbn=978-93-5150-464-1|page=161|language=en|ref=Indian News Media 2014}}</ref>

The infotainment channel NDTV Prime was known as an innovation for being part of a two in one hybrid channel with NDTV Profit,<ref name=":2" /> with the same channel providing business news in daytime during weekdays under the designation of Profit and [[Infotainment|information and entertainment]] at other times under the designation of Prime. The channel was later converted into a full time infotainment channel and the business news programs shifted to NDTV 24x7.<ref name="BusinessStandard02Jun17_" />

The subsidiary NDTV Lifestyle which launched the first lifestyle channel in India called NDTV Good Times,<ref name=":3" /> continues to operate the channel in a joint venture with the [[Southeast Asian]] media company Astro.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="BusinessStandard02Jun17_" /> NDTV also has two joint ventures where it manages the broadcast infrastructure of the infotainment channel Astro Awani in Southeast Asia and manages the news channel Independent Television with BEXIMCO in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=":4" />

=== Digital ===
The subsidiary NDTV Convergence was set up as the digital branch of the company, and manages all its digital properties including its websites, apps and social media assets.<ref name=":5" /> The company has an exclusive partnership for advertisements on and content recommendations for NDTV's digital assets with the Israeli advertising company [[Taboola]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 October 2015|title=NDTV Convergence inks pact with Taboola|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ndtv-convergence-inks-pact-with-taboola-115100100018_1.html|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=21 December 2018|title=NDTV freezes at 10% upper circuit on signing 5-year deal with Taboola|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/ndtv-frozen-at-10-upper-circuit-on-signing-5-year-deal-with-taboola-118122100189_1.html|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref>

NDTV Convergence is considered as an international news channel of the company with its output available to audiences outside India.<ref name=":2" /> The flagship website of the company ndtv.com, is among the most widely used news sites and has widespread audience reach in India.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Aneez|first1=Zeenab|last2=Neyazi|first2=Taberez Ahmed|last3=Kalogeropoulos|first3=Antonis|last4=Kleis Nielsen|first4=Rasmus|author-link4=Rasmus Kleis Nielsen|date=March 2019|title=Indian Digital News Report|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-03/India_DNR_FINAL.pdf|journal=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]|publisher=[[University of Oxford]]}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> The company operates a number of separate web portals including one that is managed through a subsidiary called SmartyCooky,<ref name=":5" /> which operates the food portal under the designation of NDTV Food.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sahay|first=Priyanka|date=11 August 2015|title=NDTV to spin off gadgets section into e-commerce website|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/XkPRFovLG91KZBUUtLXL9J/NDTV-to-spin-off-gadgets-section-into-ecommerce-sites.html|access-date=22 December 2020|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref> The site also features [[podcasts]] of which competes with international brands such as [[TED (conference)|TED]] and [[Oprah Winfrey Network|Oprah]] among the Indian audience.<ref name=":7" /> The [[.in|.in domain]] for ndtv was noted to have been heavily contested and was acquired at extreme value by the company.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goyal|first=Ravi|date=1 February 2017|title=A brief analysis of the .IN Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy|journal=Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=99–104|doi=10.1093/jiplp/jpw200|issn=1747-1532|via=[[Oxford Journals]]}}</ref>

In addition, NDTV provides news services through the NDTV [[mobile app]] which has subscription offers of {{INRConvert|550||lk=|year=2019}} per annum for an advertisement-free experience.<ref name=":7" /> The app is one of the most used news apps in India competing with the mobile app of the national newspaper ''[[The Hindu]]'', apps of [[Bennett, Coleman & Co]] publications and the apps of [[news aggregator]]s such as [[Google News]] and [[Flipboard]].<ref name=":6" />

It has a centralised social media control with assigned teams, the social media editors are composed of staff who have volunteered for handling digital media operations and work in collaboration with their website and television channels for their news output and are noted for prioritising monitoring of news agencies, international bodies and persons of interest on social media as part of their newsgathering operations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aneez|first1=Zeenab|last2=Chattapadhyay|first2=Sumandro|last3=Parthasarath|first3=Vibodh|last4=Kleis Nielsen|first4=Rasmus|author-link4=Rasmus Kleis Nielsen|date=December 2017|title=Indian news media and the production of news in the age of social discovery|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-12/Indian%20news%20media%20and%20the%20production%20of%20news%20in%20the%20age%20of%20social%20discovery_0.pdf|journal=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]|publisher=[[University of Oxford]]}}</ref> In a [[social network analysis]] of news outlets on [[Twitter]], it was found that NDTV was one of the most prominent nodes alongside ''[[The Indian Express]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Majó-Vázquez|first1=Silvia|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Subhayan|last3=Neyazi|first3=Taberez Ahmed|last4=Kleis Nielsen|first4=Rasmus|author-link4=Rasmus Kleis Nielsen|date=June 2019|title=The Role of Legacy and Digital-Born Outlets in India and the Distribution of Their Online Audiences|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-06/Maj%C3%B3-V%C3%A1zquez_Social_media_and_news_in_the_Indian_election_FINAL.pdf|journal=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]|publisher=[[University of Oxford]]}}</ref>

==Channels==

=== Current channels ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:gold" | Name
! style="background-color:gold" | Category
! style="background-color:gold" |Language
! style="background-color:gold" | SD/HD Availability
! style="background-color:gold" | Launching Year
! style="background-color:gold" | Notes
|-
|[[NDTV 24x7]]
| rowspan="2" |News
|[[English language|English]]
| rowspan="8" |SD
| rowspan="2" |2003
|
|-
|[[NDTV India]]
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|[[NDTV BQ Prime|NDTV Profit]]
|Business News
| rowspan="2" |English
|2005
|
|-
|NDTV World
|International News
|2024
|
|-
|[[Good Times (TV channel)|Good Times]]
|Lifestyle
|English, Hindi
|2007
|Formerly ''NDTV GoodTimes''
|-
|NDTV Madhya Pradesh/Chhattisgarh
| rowspan="3" |Regional News
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
| rowspan="2" |2023
|
|-
|NDTV Rajasthan
|
|-
|NDTV Marathi
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|2024
|
|}

=== Former channels ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:gold" | Name
! style="background-color:gold" | Category
! style="background-color:gold" | Language
! style="background-color:gold" | SD/HD Availability
! style="background-color:gold" | Launching Date
! style="background-color:gold" | Dissolving Date
! style="background-color:gold" | Notes
|-
|[[Imagine TV|NDTV Imagine]]
|General entertainment
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
| rowspan="6" |SD
|2008
|2012
|
|-
|[[Imagine Showbiz|NDTV Imagine Showbiz]]
|Bollywood News
|2008
|2011
|Replaced by ''[[Big Magic]]''
|-
|[[Lumiere Movies|NDTV Lumière]]
|Movies
| rowspan="4" |[[English language|English]]
|2009
|2012
|
|-
|[[NDTV Hindu]]
|News
|2009
|2012
|Rebranded as ''[[Thanthi TV]]''
|-
|[[NDTV Prime]]
|Infotainment
|2017
|2020
|Rebranded as ''[[NDTV Profit]]''
|-
|[[NDTV Arabia]]
|News
|2004
|2009
|
|}

== Corporate affairs ==

=== Ownership ===
Till August 2022, the co-founders, journalist Radhika Roy and economist Prannoy Roy, the promoters of the company and had a controlling stake of 61.45%;<ref>{{Cite news |last1=R |first1=Sethuraman N. |last2=Thomas |first2=Chris |date=2022-08-23 |title=Indian billionaire Adani seeks to control NDTV; media group says move without consent |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/indias-adani-buy-292-stake-ndtv-launch-open-offer-2022-08-23/}}</ref> individually holding 16.32% and 15.95% of the shares respectively, and jointly holding an additional 29.18% through a holding company called RRPR.<ref name="TheRoyFamily2019_">{{Cite web|year=2019|title=The Roy Family|url=https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/owner/owner/show/the-roy-family/|website=Media Ownership Monitor|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref>

Among other shareholders are the [[Mauritius]] based LTS Investment Fund and Vikasa India EIF I Fund which hold 9.75% and 4.42% respectively.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=Krishn |date=23 August 2022 |title=How Adani is taking over NDTV without consulting the Roys |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/08/23/how-adani-is-taking-over-ndtv-without-consulting-the-roys |access-date= |website=[[Newslaundry]]}}</ref> Both the companies have links to the Adani Group,<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Shroff |first=Kaushal |date=2022-08-25 |title=Gautam Adani Knocks on the Doors of NDTV. How Does the Hostile Takeover Play Out? |url=https://thewire.in/business/gautam-adani-ndtv-takeover |access-date= |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> LTS Investment Fund in particular has investments worth {{INRConvert|19328|c|lk=}} in 13 Indian companies of which 4 belong to the Adani Group and the investments in these 4 constitute around 98% of their total investments, worth {{INRConvert|18916.7|c|lk=}}.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":9" />

NDTV is noted for its stock options available to its employees and a consequent high distribution of wealth among its employees,<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_" /> with around 24.4% of the shares are owned through individual shareholdings of 1% or less in 2019.<ref name="MediaOwnershipMonitor2019_" /> In 2022, the small shareholding comprised 23.85% were divided among 29,691 individuals and 947 entities.<ref name=":9" /> Four of these entities were Drolia Agencies, GRD Securities, Adesh Broking and Confirm Rebuild, which had interlinked directors and collectively held 7.11%.<ref name=":15" />

In December 2022, Prannoy and Radhika Roy sold 27.26 per cent out of their 32.26 per cent shareholding in the news network to the [[Adani Group]], which till then had over a 37% stake in the media company, making the conglomerate, the single largest shareholder with over 64.71 per cent stake.<ref name="telegraphindia.com"/>

=== Corporate governance and culture ===
The two founders are designated as the executive co-chairpersons of the company,<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 June 2020|title=NDTV Q4 net profit down 30 pc to Rs 9.20 cr|work=[[Outlook India]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ndtv-q4-net-profit-down-30-pc-to-rs-920-cr/1874195}}</ref> and a number of vice co-chairpersons have been appointed as the [[chief executive officer]] (CEO) from time to time. [[K. V. L. Narayan Rao]] was the CEO of the company between 2007 and 2013, followed by [[Vikram Chandra (journalist)|Vikram Chandra]] whose tenure ended in 2016 and Rao was re-appointed until his death in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2016|title=Vikram Chandra steps down as group CEO of NDTV|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vikram-chandra-steps-down-group-ceo-ndtv-52045|website=[[The News Minute]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahluwalia|first=Harveen|date=21 November 2017|title=NDTV group CEO Narayan Rao dies at 63|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/knEe9qihrmxypvV2YBNieK/NDTV-group-CEO-Narayan-Rao-passes-away.html|access-date=19 December 2020|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Suparna Singh]] was appointed as an interim CEO and resigned in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 August 2019|title=NDTV interim CEO Suparna Singh resigns|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ndtv-interim-ceo-suparna-singh-resigns/article29221349.ece|access-date=19 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 27 March 2023, Adani appointed former SEBI chairman [[U. K. Sinha]] and Welspun India CEO Dipali Goenka as independent directors for a two-year term. Sinha was also designated as Non-Executive Chairman of the Board.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-27 |title=NDTV appoints former SEBI chairman U.K. Sinha, Welspun India CEO Dipali Goenka as independent directors |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ndtv-appoints-former-sebi-chairman-uk-sinha-welspun-india-ceo-dipali-goenka-as-independent-directors/article66669245.ece |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

NDTV was one of the first companies in India to make an independent foray in the media industry.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|title=Business and Politics in India|last2=Kohli|first2=Atul|last3=Murali|first3=Kanta|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2019|isbn=978-0-19-091246-8|pages=191|language=en|via=[[Oxford Scholarship Online]]}}</ref> The company was founded at a time when a few private operators were permitted on the official broadcast channels,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Irfan|title=The Algebra of Warfare-Welfare: A Long View of India's 2014 Election|last2=Kanungo|first2=Pralay|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-909753-1|pages=275|language=en|via=[[Oxford Scholarship Online]]}}</ref> and initially recruited journalists with bureaucratic connections.<ref name="MediaOwnershipMonitor2019_">{{Cite web|year=2019|title=NDTV|url=https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/ndtv/|website=Media Ownership Monitor|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref> It eventually developed collegial newsrooms,<ref name="Forbes08Sep06_" /> and began offering greater benefits in an attempt to recruit and retain a pool of talented journalists.<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_" /><ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_" /> For a period, the newsrooms had acquired the moniker of "Roys boys" at a time when Prannoy Roy used to be the anchor and would refer to his colleagues as a "family" which is described by some of his former staff to have been broken when the editor-in-chief Rajdeep Sardesai resigned after the company went public.<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_" /> The newsrooms themselves were stewarded by Radhika Roy since the inception, who is described to have been incessant on maintaining a high standard for its editorial output, in the process instituting a code of conduct for journalistic ethics.<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Joseph|first=Ammu|title=India: What You See Is Not What You Get|date=2013|work=The Palgrave International Handbook of Women and Journalism|pages=384–403|editor-last=Byerly|editor-first=Carolyn M.|place=London|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781137273246_28|isbn=978-1-137-27324-6}}</ref>

Since the inception of the Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards, the journalists of the company's news channels have been the recipient one or more award every single year with the exception of 2013 and 2018, collectively winning 32 individual awards across various categories.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|url=https://rngfoundation.com/awards/pastawards/|access-date=18 December 2020|website=RNG Foundation}}</ref> It also has a high employee retention rate, with 28% of the workforce having been employed in it for over 10 years, considered to be unprecedented in the electronic media industry, which has an average service period of less than four years.<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_" /> Due to a number of notable broadcast journalists and media executives of various other companies emerging from employment under NDTV,<ref name="Kaushik-TheTempest_" /><ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_" /> the company has acquired a reputation of being a "training ground" for television broadcasting in India.<ref name="Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mathew|first=George Eby|title=India's Innovation Blueprint: How the Largest Democracy is Becoming an innovation Super Power|date=7 October 2010|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|isbn=978-1-78063-224-7|pages=72|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=http://www.ndtv.com/blog/ndtv-youre-first-my-interview-with-donald-trump-1474792}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Adani Group}}
{{New Delhi Television Limited}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NDTV}}
[[Category:Adani Group]]
[[Category:NDTV Group| ]]
[[Category:Television networks in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Delhi]]
[[Category:Television stations in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Television broadcasting companies of India]]
[[Category:Mass media companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1988]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Indian news websites]]

Afnan Ullah Khan

2026-03-15T23:25:12Z

MoraThibeault4: add content and added references

{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Senator]]
| name = Afnan Ullah Khan
| native_name = {{lang|ur|{{nq|افنان اللہ خان}}}}
| office1 = [[Senate of Pakistan]]
| term_start1 = 3 March 2021
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Sindh]]
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (2018-present)
| father = [[Mushahid Ullah Khan]]
| relatives = [[Rida Khan]] (sister)
}}

'''Afnan Ullah Khan''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|افنان اللہ خان}}}}) is a Pakistani politician who is currently serving as a member of the [[Senate of Pakistan]], elected on a general seat from [[Sindh]], since March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=961&catid=261&subcatid=2&cattitle=Members+Senate|title=Senate of Pakistan|website=senate.gov.pk}}</ref> He belongs to [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]]. He is the son of a former federal minister and senator [[Mushahid Ullah Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.urdupoint.com/daily/livenews/2021-02-18/news-2732626.html|title=مشاہداللہ خان کی وفات کے بعدبیٹے افنان اللہ خان کے کاغذات نامزدگی منظور افنان اللہ خان جنرل نشست پر سینیٹ الیکشن میں حصہ لیں گے، افنان اللہ خان اپنے والد مشاہداللہ خان کے کورنگ امیدوار تھے|website=UrduPoint}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He contested the [[2018 Pakistani general election]] as a candidate of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] from [[NA-247 (Karachi South-II)|NA-247 Karachi South-II]], but was unsuccessful. He revived 18,158 votes and lost to [[Arif Alvi]], a candidate of the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=NA-247 Results - Election 2018 Results - - Candidates List - Constituency Details - Geo.tv |url=https://www.geo.tv/election/NA-247 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref>

He was elected to the [[Senate of Pakistan]] in the [[2021 Pakistani Senate election]] as a candidate of the PML(N). He was elected unopposed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmood |first=Amjad |date=2021-02-26 |title=All Senate candidates from Punjab elected unopposed |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1609472 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2021, he publicly opposed Pakistan's reported plans to procure the Chinese [[J-10C]] fighter jets. In a statement on social media, he questioned the rationale behind acquiring the aircraft, arguing that Pakistan already operated F-16s in a similar class and that the J-10C was inferior to the Indian Air Force's [[Rafale]]. He suggested that the funds would be better spent on developing indigenous capabilities, such as the [[JF-17]] program and [[Project Azm]], aimed at building a fifth-generation stealth fighter.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Not as good as Rafale': Pakistani senator opposes buying new Chinese fighters |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/12/19/not-as-good-as-rafale-pakistani-senator-opposes-buying-new-chinese-fighters.html |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2024, he criticized the election of independent candidates to the Senate, including Naqvi, describing it as a continuation of the hybrid system. He stated that although most of the PML-N opposed supporting independent candidates like Naqvi, the decision was made by [[Nawaz Sharif]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guramani |first1=Nadir |title=PML-N Senator Afnan Ullah says induction of ‘independent’ senators, including Naqvi, continuation of hybrid regime |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1831418/pml-n-senator-afnan-ullah-says-induction-of-independent-senators-including-naqvi-continuation-of-hybrid-regime |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=4 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In October 2023, after the beginning of the Israeli military offensive in Gaza, he shared a post on his X account where he claimed the world now knows why Hitler committed the Holocaust. <ref>https://m.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-770661</ref>

== Books ==

* ''Pakistan — The Way Forward'', Jumhoori Publications, 2014, 259 p.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Afnan Ullah}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Pakistani senators 2021–2027]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]

Joypur, Bankura (community development block)

2026-03-14T00:21:06Z

MoraThibeault4: improve section also

{{For|other places with the same name|Jaipur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Joypur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = De para Nabaratna Temple, Joypur, Bankura, West Bengal 01.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Depara Navaratna temple at Joypur
| image_map = Joypur in Bankura (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0474|N|87.4467|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 262.74
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 74
| population_total = 156,920
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722138 (Joypur) 722154 (Gelia)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03244
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-67, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-68
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 74.57%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Katulpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katulpur]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Joypur''' (also spelled Jaypur, Jaipur) is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] (CD block) that forms an administrative division in the [[Bishnupur subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==

===From Bishnupur kingdom to the British Raj===
{{Main|History of Bankura district}}

From around the 7th century AD till around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]. The Bishnupur Rajas, who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the [[Bardhaman Raj|Maharaja of Burdwan]] seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the [[Bargi|Maratha]] invasions laid waste their country.<ref name=omalley>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/gezetter.htm |title = Bengal District Gazetteers: Bankura |last = O’Malley |first= L.S.S. | publisher= Bankura District Authorities | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] to form a separate administrative unit. In 1793 it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate. In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district.<ref name=omalley/>

==Geography==
[[File:Bakura District.svg|500px|thumb|left|Map of Bankura District showing CD blocks and municipalities. The only CD block not marked on the map is Joypur]]
Joypur is located at {{coord|23.0474|N|87.4467|E|format=dms|}}.

Joypur CD block is located in the eastern part of the district and belongs to the fertile low lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plains, similar to the predominating rice lands in the adjacent districts of West Bengal. Here, the eye constantly rests on wide expanses of rice fields, green in the rains but parched and dry in summer.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016}}</ref><ref name= omalley1>O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', Bengal District Gazetteers, pp. 1-20, first published 1908, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref>

Joypur CD block is bounded by [[Patrasayer (community development block)|Patrasayer]] CD block on the north, [[Indas (community development block)|Indas]] and [[Kotulpur (community development block)|Kotulpur]] CD blocks on the east, [[Garhbeta I]] CD block in Paschim Medinipur district, on the south and [[Bishnupur, Bankura (community development block)|Bishnupur]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map on fifth page| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/paschim-mednipur.html | title = Paschim Medinipur CD block/ Tehsil Map | publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Joypur CD block has an area of 263.82 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 9 [[gram panchayat]]s, 116 gram sansads (village councils), 139 [[mouza]]s and 137 inhabited villages. [[Jaypur, Bankura#Police station|Jaypur]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at Joypur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Bankura | work= Map of Bankura with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

In Bankura district 148,177 hectares or 21.5% of total geographical area of the district is forested. The forests contain the best quality sal (Shorea robusta) trees. Large forest areas exist in Sonamukhi, Joypur, Bishnupur, Khatra and Ranibandh areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/natural.htm |title = Official Website of Bankura district | work= Natural Resources - Forestry |publisher= Bankura District Administration | access-date = 21 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/BANKURA.pdf | title = Brief Industrial Profile of Bankura District, West Bengal | work = Forests | publisher = MSME Development Institute, Kolkata | access-date = 29 August 2016 | archive-date = 18 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170118083932/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/bankura.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Joypur block/ panchayat samiti are: Gelia, Hetia, Jagannathpur, Kuchiakole, [[Maynapur]], Routhkhanda, Salda, Shyamnagar and Uttarbar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bankura - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 August 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Joypur CD block had a total population of 156,920, all of which were rural. There were 80,138 (51%) males and 76,782 (49%) females. Population in the age range of 0 to 6 years was 17,516. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 61,005 (38.88%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 3,210 (2.05%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Joypur block had a total population of 141,483, out of which 72,339 were males and 69,144 were females. Joypur block registered a population growth of 15.89 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 15.15 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Bankura District | access-date = 18 August 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204920/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm |archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Joypur CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Salda (4,851), Kuchiakol (4,246), [[Maynapur]] (5,256) and [[Baital, Bankura|Dakshinbar]] (4,031).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Joypur CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Joypur, Bankura|Jaypur]] (3,136), Gelia (1,655), Hetia (2,757), Rauthkhanda (3,697), Shyamnagar (1,134) and [[Gokulnagar, Bankura|Gokulnagar]] (650).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Joypur CD block was 103,951 (74.57% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 59,088 (83.04% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 44,863 (65.74%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 17.30%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bankura district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Joypur CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.60}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|14.93}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.47}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 132,747 and formed 84.60% of the population in Jaipur CD block. Muslims numbered 23,431 and formed 14.93% of the population. Others numbered 742 and formed 0.47% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 August 2016}}</ref> and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 85.83% and Muslims 13.94% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Joypur CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 98.43 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 1.52 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.05 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 98.43% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.52% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
In Joypur CD Block 34.37% families were living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2007.<ref name=humandev2 >{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page 27, Pages 237-244 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 28.87% of the total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in the Bankura district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 10 April 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Joypur CD block'''
|value1 = 25.45
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 44.93
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 5.81
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 23.82
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Joypur CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 16,314 and formed 25.45%, agricultural labourers numbered 28,805 and formed 44.93%, household industry workers numbered 3,723 and formed 5.81% and other workers numbered 15,272 and formed 23.82%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 64,114 and formed 40.86% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 92,806 and formed 59.14% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 27 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 137 inhabited villages in the Joypur CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Bankura, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 100% villages have drinking water supply. 25 villages (18.25%) have post offices. 114 villages (83.21%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 48 villages (35.04%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 77 villages (56.20%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 16 villages (11.68%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (5.11%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 83, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
There were 123 fertiliser depots, 13 seed stores and 40 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Joypur CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Joypur CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 19.10%, patta (document) holders 14.41%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.88%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 15.43% and agricultural labourers 46.17%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net area sown Joypur CD block was 14,039 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 9,650 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 58 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Joypur CD block was 19,907 hectares, out of which 14,474 hectares was by canal water, 2,021 hectares by tank water, 560 hectares by river lift irrigation, 524 hectares by deep tube well, 2,178 hectares by shallow tubewell and 150 hectares by open dug wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Joypur CD block produced 29,897 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 10,990 hectares, 7,016 tonnes of Aus paddy from 2,699 hectares, 14,751 tonnes of Boro paddy from 5,569 hectares, 1,046 tonnes of wheat from 450 hectares and 21,585,000 tonnes of potatoes from 2,384 hectares. It also produced pulses and mustard.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Handloom and pottery industries===
The handloom industry engages the largest number of persons in the non farm sector and hence is important in Bankura district. The handloom industry is well established in all the CD Blocks of the district and includes the famous Baluchari saris. In 2004-05 Joypur CD block had 575 looms in operation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 85 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Bankura district is famous for the artistic excellence of its pottery products that include the famous [[Bankura horse]]. The range of pottery products is categorised as follows: domestic utilities, terracota and other decorative items and roofing tiles and other heavy pottery items. Around 3,200 families were involved in pottery making in the district in 2002. 160 families were involved in Joypur CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Pages: 83-84 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Joypur CD block had offices of 5 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Bankura district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
In 2013–14, Joypur CD block had 2 ferry services and 6 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)]] running from Bankura to Malancha (in North 24 Parganas district) passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Joypur CD block had 161 primary schools with 12,226 students, 18 middle schools with 2,705 students, 9 high schools with 4,158 students and 13 higher secondary schools with 12,059 students. Joypur CD block had 1 general college with 1,112 students and 260 institutions for special and non-formal education with 8,119 students.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 4.4 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Joypur CD block, among the 137 inhabited villages, 10 villages did not have a school, 54 villages had two or more primary schools, 43 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 24 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1293, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

Joypur B.Ed. College at [[Jaypur, Bankura|Jaypur]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.buruniv.ac.in/colleges/joypur-bed-college | title = Joypur B.Ed. College | publisher = University of Burdwan | access-date = 14 December 2016 | archive-date = 20 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220120035/http://www.buruniv.ac.in/colleges/joypur-bed-college | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Culture==
There are several heritage temples in the Joypur CD block:
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Gokulchand Temple Gokulnagar Bankura.jpg|'''[[Gokulnagar, Bankura|Gokulnagar]]''': '''[[Gokulchand Temple]]''' - '''[[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal|Monument of National Importance]]''' ''[[Bengal temple architecture#Ratna temple|Pancha ratna]]'', [[laterite]] built in the 17th century, with [[stucco]] figures.
File:Hakanda temple of Moynapur in Bankura district 03.jpg|'''[[Maynapur]]''', Hakanda temple, plain, [[laterite]] built in 18th century.
File:Shyamchand temple at Boital in Bankura district 05.jpg|'''[[Baital, Bankura|Baital]]''': ''Pancha ratna'' Shyama Chandi temple, plain laterite structure built in 1660.
File:Navaratna temple of De para in Joypur in Bishnupur subdivision of Bankura district (89).jpg|'''[[Joypur, Bankura|Joypur]]''': De para ''nava ratna'' temple (in picture), Dutta para ''nava ratna'' temple and ''deul'' and ''atchala'' temples, all with rich terracotta decoration. There is an inscription on the wall of that nava ratna temple of De para, which indicates the establishment year of that temple‌, which was 16thJanuary in the year of 1844, In this temple, the Janardhana as well as lord Krishna is worshipped by de family till now,*.
</gallery>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Joypur CD block had 1 block primary health centre and 4 primary health centres with total 52 beds and 5 doctors. It had 25 family welfare sub centres and 1 family welfare centre. 2,636 patients were treated indoor and 10,043 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Joypur Block Primary Health Centre, with 15 beds at [[Joypur, Bankura|Joypur]], is the major government medical facility in the Joypur CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Hijaldiha (with 10 beds), Uttarbar (Magura) (with 10 beds), Hetia (panchayat management) (with 6 beds) and Jagannathpur (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal|access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

* *বরাট শ্যামাশঙ্কর, বাঁকুড়াজেলার জয়পুর সলদার মূর্তি মন্দির পুরাকীর্তী,২৩৮,শারদ রাঢ় নবচেতনা,১৪৩০,অতনু চট্টোপাধ্যায় সম্পাদিত
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Bankura topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Bankura district]]

Kis Kis Ki Kismat

2026-03-13T07:27:59Z

MoraThibeault4: reworked section additionally and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kis Kis Ki Kismat
| image = Kis Kis Ki Kismat.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = Govind Menon
| producer = Vivek Nayak
| writer = Govind Menon
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Mallika Sherawat]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = Uday Devare
| editing = [[Ashmith Kunder]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2004|10|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Kis Kis Ki Kismat '''''is a 2004 Indian [[black comedy]] film directed by Govind Menon Presented by Akbar Arabiyan (Mojdeh and Mojtaba Movies), starring [[Dharmendra]] and [[Mallika Sherawat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/08/kis_kiski_kismat_preview.shtml |title=BBC - Shropshire - Bollywood - Kis Kiski Kismat |website=www.bbc.co.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811165952/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/08/kis_kiski_kismat_preview.shtml |archive-date=2004-08-11}}</ref> Supporting roles were played by [[Satish Shah]], [[Tinnu Anand]], [[Jagdeep]], [[Viju Khote]], [[Dinesh Hingoo]] and [[Shivaji Satam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/oct/22malik.htm|title = Men, this way please!}}</ref> Tamil composer [[D. Imman]] composed the music, making his Bollywood debut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatarget.com/cgi-bin/slide_shows.cgi?61:1 |title=Music Review: Kis Kis Ki Kismat - Slide Show |website=www.indiatarget.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112111130/http://www.indiatarget.com/cgi-bin/slide_shows.cgi?61:1 |archive-date=2004-11-12}}</ref> The film received negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201879|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001130123/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201879|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2015|title = Kis Kiski Kismat Review 1/5 | Kis Kiski Kismat Movie Review | Kis Kiski Kismat 2004 Public Review | Film Review| website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kis-kis-ki-kismat-news--review-kkfvFGcafci.html |title=Kis Kis Ki Kismat |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104033105/http://www.sify.com/movies/kis-kis-ki-kismat-news--review-kkfvFGcafci.html |archive-date=4 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ww.smashits.com/band-ho-gai-kismat/movie-review-3950.html |title=Movie Review of Kis Kis Ki Kismat - BAND HO GAI KISMAT... - Bollywood Articles - SmasHits.com |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629134751/http://ww.smashits.com/band-ho-gai-kismat/movie-review-3950.html |archive-date=29 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=August 2024}}

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Dharmendra]] as Hasmukh Mehta
* [[Mallika Sherawat]] as Meena Madhok
* [[Rati Agnihotri]] as Kokila Hasmukh Mehta
* [[Sid Makkar|Siddharth Makkar]] as Harish Mehta
* [[Satish Shah]] as Ahmed Rafsanjani
* [[Kurush Deboo]] as Khaled Mahmud
* [[Tinnu Anand]] as Aditya Sanganeria
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Laal Madhok , Meena's maternal uncle
* [[Jagdeep]] as Dipankar Chattopadya
* Geeta Khanna as Lily
* [[Viju Khote]] as Gogi Dhanda / Inspector Dhandekar
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Nimesh Popley
* [[Suresh Menon]] as Ramalingam
* [[Shivaji Satam]] as Minister Yeshwant Deshmukh
* [[Chetan Pandit]] as Fatman
* Ajit Kulkarni as Mehta's partner
* Manmauji
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[D. Imman]] and released by Das Music. All lyrics were penned by Farhad Wadia.

{{Infobox album
| name = Kis Kis Ki Kismat
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 13 January 2004
| recorded = 2004
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 41:22
| label = Das Music
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[Giri (film)|Giri]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Thaka Thimi Tha]]
| next_year = 2005
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 41:22
| title1 = Talk Of The Town
| extra1 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length1 = 4:58
| title2 = Kis Kiski Kismat
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length2 = 5:02
| title3 = Uff A Jawani
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 4:29
| title4 = Shaadi Barbaadi
| extra4 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[D. Imman]] T. S. Ranganathan
| length4 = 4:14
| title5 = Garmaagaram Gossip
| extra5 = [[D. Imman]], [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]]
| length5 = 4:17
| title6 = Honey Moon
| extra6 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sonu Kakkar]]
| length6 = 4:44
| title7 = The Khwahish Theme
| extra7 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]
| length7 = 13:38
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0442799|Kis Kis Ki Kismat}}

[[Category:2000s sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2004 comedy films]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Kosi River

2026-03-12T19:03:16Z

MoraThibeault4: minor cleanup

{{Short description|River in Tibet, Nepal, and India}}
{{original research|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Koshi
| name_other = {{langx|ne|कोशी}}, {{transliteration|ne|koshī}}, {{langx|hi|कोसी}}, {{transliteration|hi|kosī}}
| name_etymology =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption = Kosi River at Kosi Mahasetu, [[Supaul]]
| map = Kosi catchment.jpg
| map_size =
| map_caption = Map showing Koshi Tributaries
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[China]], [[Nepal]], [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[Koshi province]], [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Saptari District|Saptari]], [[Sunsari District|Sunsari]], [[Supaul]], [[Katihar]], [[Bhagalpur]]
| length = {{cvt|729|km}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{cvt|2500|m3/s|cuft/s}}
| discharge1_max = 
| source1 = [[Sun Kosi]], [[Arun River, Tibet-Nepal|Arun]] and [[Tamur River]]s form Saptakoshi
| source1_location = [[Triveni, Nepal|Triveni]], [[Nepal]]
| source1_coordinates =
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Ganges]]
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{cvt|74500|km2}}
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Kosi''' or '''Koshi''' is a [[transboundary river]] which flows through [[China]], [[Nepal]] and [[India]]. It drains the northern slopes of the [[Himalayas]] in Tibet and the southern slopes in Nepal. From a major confluence of [[Tributary|tributaries]] north of the [[Chatra Gorge]] onwards, the Kosi River is also known as the '''Saptakoshi''' ({{langx|ne|सप्तकोशी}}, {{transliteration|ne|saptakoshī}}) for its seven upper tributaries. These include the [[Tamur River]] originating from the [[Kanchenjunga]] area in the east and [[Arun River, China-Nepal|Arun River]] and the [[Sun Kosi]] from Tibet. The Sun Koshi's tributaries from east to west are the [[Dudh Koshi]], [[Likhu Khola]], [[Tamakoshi River]], [[Bhote Koshi]] and [[Indravati River, Nepal|Indravati]]. The Saptakoshi crosses into northern [[Bihar]], India where it branches into [[distributary|distributaries]] before joining the [[Ganges]] near [[Kursela]] in [[Katihar district]].<ref name=Sharma96>{{cite book |author=Sharma, U. P. |date=1996 |chapter=Ecology of the Koshi river in Nepal-India (north Bihar): a typical river ecosystem |editor1=Jha, P. K. |editor2=Ghimire, G. P. S. |editor3=Karmacharya, S. B. |editor4=Baral, S. R. |editor5=Lacoul, P. |title=Environment and biodiversity in the context of South Asia. Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Environment and Biodiversity, March 7–9, 1994, Kathmandu |publisher=Ecological Society |location=Kathmandu |pages=92–99}}</ref> The Kosi is the third-largest tributary of the Ganges by water discharge after the [[Ghaghara]] and the [[Yamuna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=S. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India |last2=Agarwal |first2=P. K. |last3=Singh |first3=Vijay P. |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-5180-7}}</ref>

The Kosi is {{cvt|720|km}} long and drains an area of about {{cvt|74500|km2}} in Tibet, Nepal and Bihar.<ref name=wris>{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kosi_Basin |title=Kosi Basin|publisher=Water Resources Information system of India |access-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601064900/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kosi_Basin|archive-date=1 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Nayak96>Nayak, J. (1996). ''Sediment management of the Kosi River basin in Nepal''. In: Walling, D. E. and B. W. Webb (eds.) ''Erosion and Sediment Yield: Global and Regional Perspectives''. Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium July 1996. IAHS Publishing no. 236. Pp. 583–586.</ref> In the past, several authors proposed that the river has shifted its course by more than {{cvt|133|km}} from east to west during the last 200 years. But a review of 28 historical maps dating 1760 to 1960 revealed a slight eastward shift for a long duration, and that the shift was random and oscillating in nature.<ref name=Chakraborty2010>{{cite journal |author1=Chakraborty, T. |author2=Kar, R. |author3=Ghosh, P. |author4=Basu, S. |year=2010 |title=Kosi megafan: historical records, geomorphology and the recent avulsion of the Kosi River |journal=Quaternary International |volume=227 |issue=2 |pages=143–160 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2009.12.002 |bibcode=2010QuInt.227..143C}}</ref>

The river basin is surrounded by ridges which separate the Kosi from the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in the north, the [[Gandaki Rive]] in the west and the [[Mahananda River]] in the east. The river is joined by major tributaries in the [[Mahabharat Range]] approximately {{cvt|48|km}} north of the Indo-Nepal border. Below the [[Siwaliks]], the river has built up a [[alluvial fan|megafan]] some {{cvt|15000|km2}} in extent, breaking into more than 12 distinct channels, all with shifting courses due to flooding.<ref>Rao, K. L. (1975). ''India's Water Wealth''. Orient Longman Ltd., Hyderabad, New Delhi.</ref><ref>Verghese, B. G. (1993) "Waters of Hope: Integrated Water Resource Development and Regional Cooperation within the Himalayan-Ganga-Brahmaputra-Barak Basin". Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi and Oxford. IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.</ref> [[Kamala River|Kamalā]] and [[Bagmati River]]s are the major tributaries of Kosi River in India, besides minor tributaries such as Bhutahi Balān.<ref>{{Britannica|322692}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ponce.sdsu.edu/kosi_river_india.html |title=Kosi River, Bihar, India |publisher=San Diego State University |access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref>

Its unstable nature has been attributed to the power it can build up as it passes through the steep and narrow [[Chatra Gorge]] in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anatomy of a flood: The case of Kosi in 2008 |work=India Water Portal |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/anatomy-flood-case-kosi-2008 |access-date=4 June 2022 |date=2008}}</ref> During the [[monsoon]] season, it picks up a heavy silt load, which it redeposits at times, causing it to change its channel. This leads to flooding in India with extreme effects.<ref name="Srivastava-2008">{{Cite news|last=Srivastava |first=Amitabh |date=2008-09-08 |title=Bihar's river of sorrow |work=India Today |pages=9–9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Curse of Kosi |url=https://specials.indiatoday.com/kosi/river.shtml |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=specials.indiatoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bapalu, G. V. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Sinha, R. |year=2005 |url=http://home.iitk.ac.in/~rsinha/PDF%27s/2006_FloodGISdevelopment.pdf |title=GIS in Flood Hazard Mapping: a case study of Kosi River Basin, India |journal=GIS Development Weekly |volume=1 |issue=13 |pages=1–6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205235311/http://home.iitk.ac.in/~rsinha/PDF%27s/2006_FloodGISdevelopment.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Fishing is an important enterprise on the river but fishing resources are being depleted and youth are leaving for other areas of work.<ref>{{cite report |author=Ranjit, R. |year=2002 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y3994e/y3994e0s.htm |title=The current status of capture fishery in the upper Sunkoshi River |publisher=FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department |series=Technical Paper |pages=247–256}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Repuk Makalu Barun Valley Nepal.jpg|thumb|Streams in Barun river valley Nepal – they join and merge into Arun river, another tributary of Koshi river]]
[[File:Dudh Koshi River, Nepal.jpg|thumb|Dudh Koshi, one of the seven Himalayan tributaries of Kosi River]]
The Kosi River catchment covers six [[Geology|geological]] and climatic belts varying in altitude from above {{convert|8000|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|95|m|ft|abbr=on}} comprising the [[Tibetan Plateau]], the Himalayas, the Himalayan mid-hill belt, the [[Mahabharat Range]], the [[Siwalik Hills]] and the [[Terai]]. The Dudh-Koshi sub-basin alone consists of 36 [[glacier]]s and 296 [[glacier lake]]s.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bajracharya, S. R. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Mool, P. K. |author3=Shrestha, B. R. |year=2007 |title=Impact of climate change on Himalayan glaciers and glacial lakes: case studies on GLOF and associated hazards in Nepal and Bhutan |location=Kathmandu |publisher=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development}}</ref>
The Kosi River basin borders the [[Tsangpo River]] basin in the north, the [[Mahananda River]] basin in the east, the [[Ganges Basin]] in the south and the [[Gandaki River]] basin in the west.<ref name="JainAgarwal2007">{{cite book |last1=Jain|first1=S. K. |last2=Agarwal|first2=P. K. |last3=Singh |first3=V. P. |title=Hydrology and water resources of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&pg=PA358 |year=2007 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-1-4020-5179-1 |pages=358–359}}</ref> The eight tributaries of the basin upstream the [[Chatra Gorge]] include from east to west:<ref name=Nepal2012>{{cite thesis |author=Nepal, S. |date=2012 |title=Evaluating upstream downstream linkages of Hydrological Dynamics in the Himalayan Region |type=Dissertation |publisher=Faculty of Chemical and Earth Sciences of the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena |location=Jena}}</ref>
* [[Tamur River]] with an area of {{convert|6053|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} in eastern Nepal;
* [[Arun River, China-Nepal|Arun River]] with an area of {{convert|33500|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}, most of which is in Tibet;
* [[Sun Kosi]] with an area of {{convert|4285|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} in Nepal and its northern tributaries [[Dudh Kosi]], Likhu Khola, Tama Koshi, [[Bhote Koshi]] and [[Indravati River, Nepal|Indravati]].
The three major tributaries meet at [[Triveni, Nepal|Triveni]], from where they are called ''Sapta Koshi'' meaning ''Seven Rivers''. After flowing through the Chatra Gorge the Sapta Koshi is controlled by the [[Koshi Barrage]] before it drains into the [[Gangetic plain]].<ref name=Nepal2012/>

The reason for such a large, deep gorge is that the river [[Antecedent drainage stream|is antecedent]] to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has [[Entrenched river|entrenched itself]] since they started rising.

Peaks located in the basin include [[Mount Everest]], [[Kangchenjunga]], [[Lhotse]], [[Makalu]], [[Cho Oyu]] and [[Shishapangma]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shijin, W. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Tao, Z. |year=2014 |title=Spatial change detection of glacial lakes in the Koshi River Basin, the Central Himalayas |journal=Environmental Earth Sciences |volume=72 |issue=11 |pages= 4381–4391|doi=10.1007/s12665-014-3338-y |bibcode=2014EES....72.4381S |s2cid=128404078 }}</ref> The [[Bagmati]] river sub-basin forms the south-western portion of the overall Kosi basin.

The Kosi [[alluvial fan]] is one of the largest in the world. It shows evidence of lateral channel shifting exceeding {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} during the past 250 years, via at least twelve major channels. The river, which flowed near [[Purnea]] in the 18th century, now flows west of [[Saharsa]]. A satellite image shows old channels with a confluence before 1731 with the Mahananda River north of [[Lava (town)|Lava]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Agarwal, R. P. |author2=Bhoj R. |name-list-style=amp |year=1992 |title=Evolution of Kosi river fan, India: structural implications and geomorphic significance |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |pages=1891–1901 |doi=10.1080/01431169208904238 |volume=13 |issue=10 |bibcode=1992IJRS...13.1891A}}</ref>

==Floods==
[[File:Flooded Bihar.JPG|thumb|Flooded north [[Bihar]], India]]
The Kosi River is known as the "Sorrow of Bihar" as the annual floods affect about {{convert|21000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of fertile agricultural lands thereby disturbing the rural economy.<ref name=Sharma96/>
It has an average water flow ([[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]]) of {{convert|2166|m3/s|cuft/s}}.<ref name="JainAgarwal2007-341">{{cite book|last1=Jain|first1=Sharad K.|last2=Agarwal|first2=P. K. |last3=Singh|first3=V. P. |title=Hydrology and water resources of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&pg=PA341|access-date=26 April 2011|year=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-5179-1|page=341}}</ref>

===2008 flood in Bihar===
{{Main|2008 Bihar flood}}
{{multiple image | direction = vertical |align=right |footer=Kosi before flood (upper image), and flooded in August 2008. Courtesy: NASA Satellites (USA).
| image1 = The Kosi, August 8, 2008.jpg
| image2 = The Kosi, August 24, 2008.jpg }}
On 18 August 2008, the Kosi River picked up an old channel it had abandoned over 100 years previously near the border with Nepal and India. Approximately 2.7 million people were affected as the river broke its embankment at Kusaha in [[Nepal]], submerging several districts of Nepal and India. 95% of the Kosi's water flowed through the new course.<ref>{{cite news |author=Tewary, A. |title= Flood devastation in Bihar state |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7580587.stm |year=2008 |publisher=BBC News|access-date=26 August 2008}}</ref> The worst affected districts included [[Supaul]], [[Araria]], [[Saharsa]], [[Madhepura]], [[Purnia]], [[Katihar]], parts of [[Khagaria]] and northern parts of [[Bhagalpur]], as well as adjoining regions of Nepal. Relief work was carried out with [[Indian Air Force]] [[helicopters]] by dropping relief materials from Purnia in the worst hit districts where nearly two million persons were trapped.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sharma, T. |url=http://www.news18.com/videos/india/bihar-floods-nitish-bite-295868.html |title=Bihar flood 'catastrophe'; CM seeks Govt's help|year=2008|publisher=Network18 |access-date=26 August 2008}}</ref>
The magnitude of deaths or destruction were hard to estimate, as the affected areas were inaccessible. 150 people were reported washed away in a single incident.<ref>Dainik Hindustan, Darbhanga edition</ref> Another news item stated that 42 people had died.<ref name="ndtv"/>

The [[Government of Bihar]] convened a technical committee, headed by a retired engineer-in-chief of the water resource department to supervise the restoration work and close the breach in the East Kosi afflux embankment.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080062979&ch=8/26/2008%2012:36:00%20PM|title=Kosi wreaks havoc in Bihar, claims 42 lives|date=26 August 2008|agency=Press Trust of India|publisher=NDTV|access-date=26 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903101153/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080062979&ch=8%2F26%2F2008%2012%3A36%3A00%20PM|archive-date=3 September 2008}} dead link</ref> Indian authorities worked to prevent widening of the breach, and channels were to be dug to direct the water back to the main river bed.<ref name="Bihar floods: 47 die; thousands marooned">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-26/india/27919675_1_kosi-river-kosi-embankment-relief-camps|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022024118/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-26/india/27919675_1_kosi-river-kosi-embankment-relief-camps|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2012|title=Bihar floods: 47 die; thousands marooned|date=26 August 2008|agency=IST, AGENCIES|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 August 2008}}</ref>

The fury of the Kosi River left at least 2.5 million people marooned in eight districts and inundated {{convert|400|sqmi|sqkm|abbr=on}}. The prime Minister of India declared it a national calamity. The Indian Army, [[National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)]] and non-government organizations operated the biggest flood rescue operation in India in more than 50 years.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 September 2008|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-01/edit-page/27945718_1_eastern-embankment-flood-management-kosi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508120803/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-01/edit-page/27945718_1_eastern-embankment-flood-management-kosi |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]|title=The Deluge }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Timmons |first1=Heather |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/world/asia/30india.html?ref=world |title=Floods in India May Displace Millions |work=The New York Times |date=29 August 2008 |access-date=30 August 2013}}</ref>

===2024 flood===
{{Main|2024 Koshi flood}}

==Kosi Project==

The National Flood Control Policy in 1954 (following the disastrous floods of 1954 in a large part of the Kosi river basin) planned to control floods through a series of dams, embankments and river training works. The Kosi project was thus conceptualized (based on investigations between 1946 and 1955), in three continuous interlinked stages

* Firstly, a barrage will be built at Bhimnagar to anchor the river that had migrated about {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} westward in the last 250 years laying waste to a huge tract in north Bihar and to provide irrigation and power benefits to Nepal and India.
* Secondly, embankments will be built both below and above the barrage to hold the river within the defined channel.
* Thirdly, a high multipurpose dam was envisaged within Nepal at Barakshetra to provide a substantial flood cushion along with large irrigation and power benefits to both countries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kosi River|url=http://117.252.14.242/Gangakosh/tributaries/kosi.htm|access-date=18 June 2021|website=117.252.14.242|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009103725/http://117.252.14.242/Gangakosh/tributaries/kosi.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mishra|first=Dinesh Kumar|date=2008|title=The Kosi and the Embankment Story|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40278181|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=43|issue=46|pages=47–52|jstor=40278181 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

This was followed by the Kosi Agreement between Nepal and India signed on 25 April 1954 and revised on 19 December 1966 to address Nepal's concerns. Further letters of Exchange to the Agreement between the two countries identified additional schemes for providing benefits of irrigation. While the first two parts of the plan were implemented by the [[Government of India]], the Kosi High dam, the linchpin of the whole plan, for various political reasons has yet precluded any action for several years but has since been revived under a fresh agreement, in a modified form for further investigations and studies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Work on Sapta Kosi high dam on hold due to disagreement between India and Nepal|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/work-on-sapta-kosi-high-dam-on-hold-due-to-disagreement-between-india-and-nepal20190716233309/|access-date=18 June 2021|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref>

===Kosi barrage===
{{Main|Koshi Barrage}}
[[File:Koshi.jpg|thumb|Koshi Barrage]]

[[Koshi Barrage|Kosi Barrage]], also called Bhimnagar Barrage, was built between 1959 and 1963 and straddles the Indo-Nepal border. It is an irrigation, flood control and [[hydropower]] generation project on the Kosi River built under a bilateral agreement between Nepal and India: the entire cost of the project was borne by India. The catchment area of the river is {{convert|61788|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in Nepal at the barrage site. The highest peaks lie in its catchment. About 10% is snow-fed. The Eastern Canal and the Western Canal taking off from the barrage, were designed for a discharge capacity of {{convert|455|m3/s}} to irrigate {{convert|6125|km2|acre}} and {{convert|210|m3/s}} to irrigate {{convert|3566.1|km2|acre}}, respectively. A hydropower plant has been built on the Eastern Canal, at a canal drop ({{convert|3.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Kosi Barrage), to generate 20 MW. The Western Koshi Canal provides irrigation to {{convert|250|km2|acre}} in Nepal. A valuable bridge over the barrage opened up the east–west highway in the eastern sector of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dixit|first=Kanak Mani|title=River in disequilibrium: How engineering attempts to 'tame the Kosi' have only added to human misery|url=https://scroll.in/article/976754/river-in-disequilibrium-how-engineering-attempts-to-tame-the-kosi-have-only-added-to-human-misery|access-date=18 June 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=26 October 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

An inundation canal taking off at Chatra, where the Kosi River debouches into the plains, has been built to irrigate a gross area of 860 km2 in Nepal. The project was renovated with [[International Development Association|IDA]] assistance after Nepal took over the project in 1976.<ref name=":0" />

===Kosi embankment system===
{{Main|Kosi embankment}}
[[File:Silt deposition at Kosi embankment at Navbhata near Saharsa.JPG|thumb|[[Silt]] deposition near Kosi embankment at Navbhata, [[Saharsa]], [[Bihar]], India]]

The Koshi barrage, with earth dams across the river, as well as afflux bunds and embankments above and below the river, confines the river to flow within embankments. Embankments on both sides downstream of the barrage with a length of {{convert|246|km|mi|abbr=on}} were constructed to check the westward movement of the river. The embankments have been kept far apart, about 12 to {{convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}}, to serve as a silt trap.<ref name=":0" />

===Sapta Koshi High Multipurpose Project (Indo-Nepal)===
{{Main|Saptakoshi High Dam}}
The governments of India and Nepal agreed to conduct joint investigations and other studies for the preparation of a detailed project report of ''Sapta Koshi High Dam Multipurpose Project'' and ''Sun Koshi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme'' to meet the objectives of both countries for development of hydropower, irrigation, flood control and management and navigation. As currently outlined, the dam would displace approximately 10,000 people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rai|first1=Dil Kumar|last2=Linkha|first2=Tika Ram|date=19 March 2020|title=The Saptakoshi high dam project and its bio-physical consequences in the Arun river basin|url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/gjn/article/view/28157|journal=Geographical Journal of Nepal|volume=13|pages=167–184|doi=10.3126/gjn.v13i0.28157|issn=2565-4993|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Envisaged are a {{convert|269|m|ft|adj=on|sp=us}} high concrete or rock-filled dam, a barrage, and two canals. The dam is on the Sapta Koshi River with an underground powerhouse, producing 3,000 MW at 50% load factor. The barrage is planned for the Sapta Koshi about {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream of Sapta Koshi High Dam to re-regulate the diverted water. The Eastern Chhatra Canal and Western Chhatra Canal, off-take from the barrage site to provide water for irrigation both in Nepal and India and navigation through Koshi up to Kursela and also in the reservoir of Sapta Koshi dam.<ref name=":1" />

A power canal existing Kosi barrage at Hanuman Nagar is proposed for conveying water for irrigation from the Eastern Chatra Canal and also water that may be required downstream for navigation. To utilize the head available between Chatra and Hanuman Nagar barrages for power generation, three canal power houses, each of 100 MW installed capacity are proposed on the power canal.

Extra storage capacity of Sapta Koshi High Dam would be provided to moderate downstream flooding.
Chatra Canal System would provide irrigation to large areas in Nepal and India, particularly in Bihar.
A Joint Project Office (JPO) has been set up in Nepal for investigation of the project.

==Hydropower==
Nepal has a total estimated potential of 83,290 MW with economically exploitable potential of 42,140 MW. The Kosi River basin contributes 22,350 MW of this potential including 360 MW from small schemes and 18750 MW from major schemes. The economically exploitable potential is assessed as 10,860 MW (includes the Sapta Koshi Multipurpose Project [3300MW] mentioned above).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2006/others/feature/sep/news_feature01.php |title=Nepalnews.com Mercantile Connumications Pvt. Ltd |publisher=Nepal News |date=2006 |access-date=30 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007052525/http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2006/others/feature/sep/news_feature01.php |archive-date= 7 October 2006 }}</ref>

==Protected areas==
In Nepal two [[protected area]]s are located in the Koshi River basin.<ref name=nbrb2007>Bhuju, U. R., Shakya, P. R., Basnet, T. B., Shrestha, S. (2007). [http://books.icimod.org/demo/uploads/ftp/Nepal%20Biodiversity%20Resource%20Book.pdf ''Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170342/http://books.icimod.org/demo/uploads/ftp/Nepal%20Biodiversity%20Resource%20Book.pdf |date=26 July 2011 }}. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Kathmandu, Nepal. {{ISBN|978-92-9115-033-5}}</ref>

===Sagarmatha National Park===
[[File:S N P.jpg|thumb|''[[Pinus wallichiana]]'' in Sagarmatha National Park]]
The [[Sagarmatha National Park]] encompasses the upper catchments of the Dudh Koshi River system. The park covers an area of {{convert|1148|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and ranges in elevation from {{convert|2845|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|8848|m|ft|abbr=on}} at the summit of [[Mount Everest]]. Established in 1976 the park was declared a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1979. The landscape in the park is rugged consisting of mountain peaks, [[glacier]]s, rivers, lakes, forests, alpine scrubs and meadows. The forests comprise stands of [[oak]], [[blue pine]], [[Abies spectabilis|fir]], [[birch]], [[juniper]] and [[rhododendron]]. The park provides habitat for [[snow leopard]]s, [[red panda]]s, [[musk deer]], [[Himalayan tahr]]s, and 208 bird species including [[impeyan pheasant]], [[bearded vulture]], [[snow cock]], and the [[yellow-billed chough]].<ref name=nbrb2007/>

About 3500 [[Sherpa people]] live in villages and seasonal settlements situated along the main tourist trails. Tourism to the region began in the early 1960s. In 2003, about 19,000 tourists arrived in the area.<ref>Byers, A. (2005). ''Contemporary human impacts on Alpine ecosystems in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) national park, Khumbu, Nepal''. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95 (1): 112–140.</ref>

===Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve===
The [[Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve]] is situated in the flood plains of the Saptkoshi River in the eastern [[Terai]]. It covers an area of {{convert|175|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} comprising grasslands and [[Capparis decidua|khair]]–[[Dalbergia sissoo|sissoo]] [[riverine forest]]s. It was established in 1976 and was declared a [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar site]] in 1987. The reserve provides habitat for [[hog deer]], [[spotted deer]], [[wild boar]], [[blue bull]], [[gaur]], [[smooth-coated otter]], [[jackal]], 485 bird species including 114 [[water bird]] species, 200 fish species, 24 [[reptile]] and 11 [[amphibian]] species.<ref name=nbrb2007/> The last surviving population of [[wild water buffalo]] in Nepal is found in the reserve, as well as [[Gangetic dolphin]], [[swamp francolin]] and [[Prinia burnesii|rufous-vented prinia]].<ref name="karki08">Karki, J. B. (2008). [http://nepjol.info/nepal/index.php/INIT/article/view/2513/2241 ''Koshi Tappu Ramsar Site: Updates on Ramsar Information Sheet on Wetlands''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224536/http://nepjol.info/nepal/index.php/INIT/article/view/2513/2241 |date=14 July 2014 }}. The Initiation 2 (1): 10–16.</ref> A small population of the [[critically endangered]] [[Bengal florican]] is present along the Koshi River.<ref>Baral, H. S., Ram, A. K., Chaudhary, B., Basnet, S., Chaudhary, H., Giri, T. R. and D. Chaudhary (2012). [http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2012/March/o284826iii122464-2469.pdf ''Conservation status of Bengal Florican ''Houbaropsis bengalensis bengalensis'' (Gmelin, 1789) (Gruiformes: Otididae) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and adjoining areas, eastern Nepal''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101113945/http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2012/March/o284826iii122464-2469.pdf |date=1 November 2012 }}. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(3): 2464–2469.</ref> There are also records of [[white-throated bush chat]] and [[Finn's weaver]]. The [[bristled grassbird]] breeds in the reserve.<ref>BirdLife International. [http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/asia_strategy/pdf_downloads/grasslandsGO2.pdf Grasslands]</ref> The reserve together with the [[Koshi Barrage]] was identified as one of 27 [[Important Bird Area]]s of Nepal.<ref>Baral, H. S. and C. Inskipp (2005). ''Important Bird Areas in Nepal: Key Sites for Conservation''. Bird Conservation Nepal, Kathmandu and BirdLife International, Cambridge</ref>

== List of Cities and towns ==
Here is the list of [[City|Cities]] and [[Town|Towns]] at the bank of this River.

*[[Baraha Kshetra]]
*[[Birpur, Supaul]]
*[[Nirmali]]
*[[Supaul]]
*[[Kursela]]

==See also==
* [[List of rivers of India]]
* [[List of rivers of Nepal]]
* [[Kolasi]]
* [[Katihar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Floods, Flood plains and Environmental Myths – State of Art of India's Environment – A Citizens' Report, Centre for Science and Environment, 807, Vishal Bhavavn, 95, Nehru Place, New Delhi – 110019.
* A Framework for Sustainable Development of the Ganges- Brahmaputra- Meghna (GBM Region), Proceedings of Conference held in Dhaka, 4–5 December 1999–Nepal Water Vision in the GBM Regional Framework, Institute for Integrated Studies, Kathmandu.
* Water Conflicts in South Asia, Managing Water Resources Disputes Within and Between Countries of the Region (2004), Published by GEE-21Honolulu Hi 96825–0517, USA.
* Barrages in India (1981), Publication number 148, Central Board of Irrigation and Power, Malcha Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi.
* Design and Construction of selected Barrages in India (1981), Publication number 149, Central Board of Irrigation and Power, Malcha Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Koshi River}}
* CNN-IBN documentaries on Bihar Floods 2008 by [[Marya Shakil]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100829165803/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/74041/09_2008/30min_2109_1/after-the-floods-kosi-piles-on-more-disasters.html Part 1], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100829165808/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/74041/09_2008/30min_2109_1a/after-the-floods-kosi-piles-on-more-disasters.html Part 2], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100830222245/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/74041/%2009_2008/30min_2109_2/after-the-floods-kosi-piles-on-more-disasters.html Part 3], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100830222249/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/74041/09_2008/30min_2109_3/after-the-floods-kosi-piles-on-more-disasters.html Part 4]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090829144335/http://jaibihar.com/struggling-rivers-crying-waters-nitin-chandra/11534/ Struggling rivers: crying waters]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071223025643/http://jaibihar.com/?p=133 Legend of Kosi Maiyaa]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090707184713/http://jaibihar.com/?p=149 GIS in Flood Hazard Mapping: a case study of Kosi River basin, India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190817110148/http://www.jaibihar.com/%3Fp%3D163 Kosi floods – methods to minimize the effect]
*[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Experts-fear-Kosi-may-have-changed-course/357136/ Expert's biggest fear about 2008 floods]
*[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/FIXING-KOSI/358718/ Fixing Kosi – How is that possible]

{{Kosi basin}}
{{Hydrography of Nepal}}
{{Rivers in Bihar}}
{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Koshi Province]]
[[Category:Rivers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tibet]]
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Ganges]]
[[Category:Landforms of Tibet]]
[[Category:Braided rivers in India]]
[[Category:Rivers of Madhesh Province]]

Virata Parva

2026-03-07T15:28:40Z

MoraThibeault4: expanded section per sources

{{short description|Fourth book of the Mahabharata}}
[[File:Draupadi humiliated RRV.jpg|thumb|[[Kichaka]] (left) humiliates Sairandhri ([[Draupadi]]) in the court of [[Virata]], a scene from the Virata Parva painted by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]
The '''Virata Parva''' ("Book of Virata") is the fourth of the eighteen ''parvas'' (books) of the Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="vb">van Buitenen, J.A.B. (1978) ''The Mahabharata: Book 4: The Book of the Virata; Book 5: The Book of the Effort''. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press</ref> Virata Parva traditionally has 4 parts and 72 chapters.<ref name=":0">Ganguli, K.M. (1883-1896) "[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/index.htm Virata Parva]" in ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa'' (12 Volumes). Calcutta</ref><ref name="mnd">Dutt, M.N. (1896) ''The Mahabharata (Volume 4): Virata Parva''. Calcutta: Elysium Press</ref> The [[Textual criticism|critical edition]] of Virata Parva has 4 parts and 67 chapters.<ref>van Buitenen, J.A.B. (1973) ''The Mahabharata: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning''. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, p 476</ref><ref>Debroy, B. (2010) ''The Mahabharata, Volume 1''. Gurgaon: Penguin Books India, pp xxiii - xxvi</ref>

It discusses the 13th year of exile which the [[Pandavas]] must spend incognito to avoid another 12 years of exile in the forest. They do so in the court of Virata.<ref name=":0"/> They assume a variety of identities. Yudhishthira assumes the identity of game entertainer to the king and calls himself Kanka, Bhima of a cook Ballava,<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/75 75]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> Arjuna teaches dance and music as eunuch [[Brihannala]] and dresses as a woman, Nakula tends horses as Granthika, Sahadeva herds cows as Tantipala, and Draupadi in the name of Malini went as Sairandhri to queen Shudeshna.<ref name="vb"/>

This is a controversial book in the ''Mahabharata''. In the 2nd-century CE [[Spitzer Manuscript]] found in [[Kizil Caves]], which includes a table of contents of the ''Mahabharata'', there is no mention of the Virata Parva and Anushasana Parva.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muAzDwAAQBAJ |title=How the Brahmins won: from Alexander to the Guptas |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-31519-8 |series=Handbook of oriental studies |location=Leiden}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bretelle-Establet |first=Florence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYteDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |title=Pieces and parts in scientific texts |last2=Schmitt |first2=Stéphane |date=2018 |publisher=Springer international publishing Imprint : Springer |isbn=978-3-319-78467-0 |series=Why the Sciences of the Ancient World Matter |location=Cham}}</ref>

==Structure and chapters==
The Virata Parva traditionally has 4 ''upa-parvas'' (parts, little books) and 72 ''adhyayas'' (chapters).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=mnd/><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahābhārata (Table of Contents) |url=https://www.tititudorancea.com/z/mahabharata_table_of_contents.htm |website=The Titi Tudorancea Bulletin |access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref>

=== Pandava Pravesha Parva {{Nobold|(chapters: 1–13)}} ===
Source:<ref name="mnd" />

The [[Pandava]]s discuss ways they can each conceal their identity for one year, and thus meet the pledge they made at the time of their exile. While Pandavas have grown up in a princely family, they must now assume non-princely professions to avoid being detected. If they are detected, the terms of their exile pledge would extend the exile by another 12 years. They chose to spend last year exile in King Virata kingdom in disguise. Yudhishthira presents himself to King as courtier, by the name of Kanka, Bhima as cook and wrestler by name Vallaba,<ref>sometimes spelled Ballava,</ref> Arjuna dresses up in a [[saree]] as neuter by the name of Brihannala,<ref>sometimes spelled Brihannala, Bŗhannaḑā</ref> Nakula as keeper of horses by name Granthika, Sahadeva as keeper of kine by name Tantipala,<ref>Also spelled Tantripala. Sahadeva claims his family name is Arishtanemi; in some literature he is referred to as Arishtanemi</ref> and Draupadi as female artisan by name Sairandhri.<ref name="vbnames">J. A. B. van Buitenen (Translator), The Mahabharata, Volume 3, 1978, {{ISBN|978-0226846651}}, University of Chicago Press, pages 9-10</ref><ref>sometimes spelled Shairandhri, Sairaṃdhrỉ</ref> The parva describes Pandavas' life as workers in Virata's kingdom, with king Virata as a famous cow baron.<ref name="vb" /> Chapter 13 is sometimes named Samayapalana Parva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04013.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 4: Virata Parva: Samayapalana Parva: Section XIII|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref>

=== Kichaka-vadha Parva {{Nobold|(chapters: 14–24)}} ===
Source:<ref name="kmg">[https://archive.org/details/mahabharataofkri03royp Virata Parva] Mahabharata, Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Published by P.C. Roy (1884)</ref>

[[Kichaka]],<ref>sometimes spelled Kicaka, See cited [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]] source at pages 11-12</ref> the commander of king Virata's forces, sees maid Sairandhri (incognito Draupadi), lusts for her. Kichaka approaches the queen, and inquires about Sairandhri. The queen does not know the true identity of Sairandhri, and arranges a meeting. Sairandhri informs Kichaka that she is married, and his stalking of her is inappropriate and against Dharma. Kichaka offers her release from being a maid and a life of luxury. Sairandhri says it is wrong for him to continue pursuing her. Kichaka gets desperate, desires Sairandhri even more. Queen Shudeshna asks Sairandhri to go get wine for her from Kichaka's house. Sairindhri goes in fear to Kichaka house to get wine. Kichaka meets her there, tries to molest her, Sairandhri pushes him and runs to the court of king Virata. Kichaka chases her, catches and kicks her in the court of Virata in front of the king. Sairandhri (Draupadi) demands justice from the king. [[Virata]] and Kanka ([[Yudhishthira]]) console Sairandhri, promise due investigation of all facts and then justice. Sairandhri, upset with her humiliation, the delay in justice, scolds both the king and Kanka. The queen learns about the mistreatment of Sairindhri, promises death to Kichaka. [[Draupadi]] meets Bhima, describes her humiliation by Kichaka, as well as how frustrated she has been with the 12 years of exile, for suffering the vice of her husband Yudhishthira. Draupadi explains why Kichaka is evil, explains she repeatedly rejected Kichaka, and demands Kichaka's death. Next day, Kichaka again approaches maid Sairandhri, and harasses her. Sairandhri asks him to meet her at a hiding place. Bhima meets Kichaka instead, and kills Kichaka. Friends and family of Kichaka blame maid Sairandhri, for Kichaka's death, catch her and try to burn her to death. Bhima gets upset, attacks and kills all those trying to burn Sairandhri. Draupadi is saved.<ref name="mnd" /> The story presents the interconnectedness of crime to people related to the victim and the perpetrator, their emotions and how people take sides. Kichaka story from the Mahabharata is one of those that is dramatized in Indian classical dances, such as [[Kathakali]].<ref>David Boland (2006), The Mahabharata in Kathakali Dance Drama, Global Vision Publishing, {{ISBN|978-8182201811}}, pages 105-129</ref>

=== Go-harana Parva {{Nobold|(chapters: 25–69)}} ===
Source:<ref name="mnd" /><ref>[[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier Williams]] (1868), [https://archive.org/stream/indianepicpoetry00moni#page/106/mode/2up Indian Epic Poetry], University of Oxford, Williams & Norgate - London, page 105-107</ref>

Dhritarashtra and [[Duryodhana]] disclose their spies have been looking for Pandavas in forests, villages, provinces and cities, unsuccessfully. Two more weeks are left of the 13th year of exile. [[Karna]] suggests they hire more competent spies, fan inside their kingdom, in holy places among ascetics, and in distant kingdoms. [[Drona]] recommends that instead of sending spies, Dhritarashtra should seek peace and welcome the Pandavas. [[Bhishma]] agrees with Drona, counsels Dhritarashtra to find the brothers where they are likely to be and bring them back. Bhishma speculates that the good and high souled people like Pandava brothers always create prosperity, peace, cheer and health of all creatures wherever they go. Look for them in places where prosperity and cheer has recently increased. Kripa agrees with Bhishma speculation, but suggests Dhritarashtra to prepare for war to kill Pandavas, as they are likely to be weak and without soldiers at the end of the exile. Susharma, the king of [[Trigarta Kingdom|Trigartas]], present during this discussion, suggests Virata kingdom fits this profile. Susharma recommends an attack on the Virata's kingdom of Matsya, seizure of its wealth of kine (cows) and recent prosperity. The army of Susharma attack Matsya, loot his kine and wealth, take king Virata captive. Bhima recommends immediate retaliation and war. Yudhishthira recommends caution and careful response. Bhima frees Virata, takes injured Susharma captive. Yudhishthira recommends that Susharma - the prisoner of war - be forgiven and freed, not killed. Virata, accompanied with Yudhishthira and Bhima, leaves his kingdom to bring back the kine and wealth from Susharma. Duryodhana surmises that the Pandavas were hiding in Matsya. A host of Kaurava warriors attack Virata, presumably to steal their cattle, but in reality, desiring to pierce the Pandavas' veil of anonymity. Full of bravado, Virata's son Uttar attempts to take on the army by himself while the rest of the Matsya army has been lured away to fight Susharma and the Trigartas. As suggested by Draupadi, Uttar takes Brihannala with him, as his charioteer. When he sees the Kaurava army, Uttar loses his nerve and attempts to flee. There, Arjuna reveals his identity and those of his brothers'. Switching places with Uttar, Arjuna takes up the Gandiva and Devadatta. Eager to defend the land that had given him refuge, Arjuna engaged the legion of Kaurava warriors. All the warriors including [[Bhishma]], [[Drona]], [[Karna]], [[Kripa]] and [[Ashwatthama]] together attacked Arjuna to defeat him. However Arjuna defeat all of those warriors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04061.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 4: Virata Parva: Go-harana Parva: Section LXI|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref> However [[Karna]] pierced the [[Arjuna]]'s chariot horses and struck the [[Arjuna]]'s flagstaff and [[Ashwatthama]] cuts the string of [[Gandiva]] while fighting with Arjuna. Arjuna invoked ''Sammohana Astra'' which made all of them fall asleep. Uttar asked Arjuna why he couldn't have killed them instead of making them fall-sleep. Arjuna then told Uttara that clothes of dead people would become unholy. Arjuna asked Uttar to collect their clothes for Uttarā (his sister) to decorate her dolls. He asked Uttara to collect [[Duryodhana]]'s red clothes; [[Karna]]'s pink colored and [[Dushasana]]'s blue colored clothes.<ref>{{cite AV media|url-status = dead|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjw3oDuApoY|title = YouTube, a Google company|website = [[YouTube]]|access-date = 2020-06-12|archive-date = 2020-08-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801112003/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjw3oDuApoY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04054.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 4: Virata Parva: Go-harana Parva: Section LIV|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref> Prince Uttara returns victorious with wealth and Arjuna. When the news of prince Uttara victory heard by King, he became filled with joy and played game of dice with Kanka. Kanka began to applaud prowess of Vrihannala (Arjuna) for the victory of his son. King Virata inflamed with anger forcibly struck Yudhishthira in the face with a dice, and went away. Thus struck, blood began to flow from his nose. Yudhisthira held his nose and cleanses it with water with the help of Draupadi. Meanwhile Uttara returns to give his victory news in the court to the King, where Arjuna was held from entering by a guard as per Yudhishthira words as he could get angry at the insult of his brother and could slay the King with his troops. Uttara criticizes his father's act and the King asks for forgiveness.

=== Vaivahika Parva {{Nobold|(chapters: 70–72)}} ===
Source:<ref name="kmg" />

On 3rd day after Virata victory, attired in costly robes Pandavas entered the council-hall of Virata and took their seat on the thrones reserved for Kings. Virata came there for holding his council and beholding his courtiers occupying royal seat, filled with wrath. Arjuna discloses to king Virata that he and his Pandava brothers have been in his kingdom in disguise, over the 13th year of their exile. Virata asks for forgiveness and gives his daughter, princess [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttarā]] hand to Arjuna's son [[Abhimanyu]].

==English translations==
Several translations of the Sanskrit book Virata Parva in English are available. Two translations from 19th century, now in public domain, are those by Kisari Mohan Ganguli<ref name=kmg/> and Manmatha Nath Dutt.<ref name=mnd/> The translations vary with each translator's interpretations.

[[J. A. B. van Buitenen]] completed an annotated edition of Virata Parva, based on critically edited and least corrupted version of Mahabharata known in 1975.<ref name=vb/> Debroy, in 2011, notes that updated critical edition of Virata Parva, with spurious and corrupted text removed, has 4 parts, 67 adhyayas (chapters) and 1,736 shlokas (verses).<ref>Bibek Debroy, The Mahabharata : Volume 3, {{ISBN|978-0143100157}}, Penguin Books, page xxiii - xxiv of Introduction</ref> Debroy's translation of a critical edition of Virata Parva appears in Volume 4 of his series.<ref>Bibek Debroy (2011), The Mahabharata, Volume 4, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0143100164}}, Virata Parva</ref>

Clay Sanskrit Library has published a 15-volume set of the Mahabharata that includes a translation of Virata Parva by Kathleen Garbutt. This translation is modern and uses an old manuscript of the Epic. The translation does not remove verses and chapters now widely believed to be spurious and smuggled into the Epic in 1st or 2nd millennium CE.<ref>Kathleen Garbutt, Book IV, The Clay Sanskrit Library, Mahabharata: 15-volume Set, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-3183-3}}, New York University Press, Bilingual Edition</ref>

The entire parva has been "transcreated" and translated in verse by the poet Dr. [[Purushottama Lal]] published by [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]].

==Quotations and teachings==
{{Copy to Wikiquote|section=yes}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houten wajangpop voorstellende Abimanyu TMnr 4283-86.jpg|thumb|Abhimanyu marries princess [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttarā]] in Virata Parva. Their story is often displayed in traditional Wayang (puppet, pop and theatre) in the Hindu culture found in [[Bali]] and pockets of Java, Indonesia.<ref>Parto, F. S. (2001), Recent history of Javanese classical dance: A reassessment. Contemporary Theatre Review, 11(1), pages 9-17</ref>]]
'''Pandava Pravesha Parva''', Chapter 4:
{{quote|
A wise man should never contract friendship with the wife of the king nor with other attendants of his, nor with those whom he despises and who are hostile to him.
|sign=Pandava Pravesha Parva|source=Virata Parva, [[Mahabharata]] Book iv.4.19<ref>Manmatha Nath Dutt (1896), [https://archive.org/stream/aproseenglishtr00duttgoog#page/n909/mode/2up Virata Parva], The Mahabharata, Elysium Press</ref>
}}

Pandava Pravesha Parva, Chapter 14:
{{quote|
Tell me, O lady, who is this bewitching girl of fine beauty, endued with the grace of a goddess, and whose she is and where she comes from. She has brought me to subjection by grinding my heart. I think there is no other medicine to heal me, except her.
|sign=Kichaka lusting for Draupadi, Pandava Pravesha Parva|source=Virata Parva, [[Mahabharata]] Book iv.14.8<ref>Manmatha Nath Dutt (1896), [https://archive.org/stream/aproseenglishtr00duttgoog#page/n921/mode/2up Virata Parva], The Mahabharata, Elysium Press</ref>
}}

'''Kichaka-vadha Parva''', Chapter 21:
{{quote|
That wicked-souled Kichaka is war like, proud, outrager of female modesty and engrossed in all objects of pleasure. He steals money from the king. He extorts money from others, even if they cry in woe; he never stays in paths of rectitude nor does he even feel inclined to virtue. He is wicked-souled, of sinful disposition, impudent, villaneous and afflicted by Cupid's shaft. Although I have repeatedly rejected him, he will, I am sure, outrage me, whenever he happens to see me.
|sign=Draupadi explaining her case against Kichaka, Kichaka-badha Parva|source=Virata Parva, [[Mahabharata]] Book iv.21.36-39<ref>Manmatha Nath Dutt (1896), [https://archive.org/stream/aproseenglishtr00duttgoog#page/n931/mode/2up Virata Parva], The Mahabharata, Elysium Press</ref>
}}

'''Go-harana Parva''', Chapter 38:
{{quote|
<poem>
[[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]] said: Let the Kurus take away the profuse riches of the Matsyas as they like; let men and women laugh at me, O Vrihannala. Let the kine go any where, let my city be desolate, let me fear my father, but I shall not enter into battle.
[[Brihannala|Vrihannala]] said: To fly is not the practice of the brave; death in battle is preferable to flight in fear.
</poem>
|sign=Vrihannala (incognito Arjuna) and Prince Uttara fearful of war, Go-harana Parva|source=Virata Parva, [[Mahabharata]] Book iv.38.26-29<ref>Manmatha Nath Dutt (1896), [https://archive.org/stream/aproseenglishtr00duttgoog#page/n949/mode/2up Virata Parva], The Mahabharata, Elysium Press</ref>
}}

==See also==
*[[Vana Parva|Previous book of Mahabharata: Vana Parva]]
*[[Udyoga Parva|Next book of Mahabharata: Udyoga Parva]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/index.htm Translation] by [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]].
* [https://archive.org/stream/aproseenglishtr00duttgoog#page/n905/mode/2up Virata Parva], Translation in English, by Manmatha Nath Dutt
* [https://archive.org/details/lemahabharatapo09faucuoft Le Mahabharata], Translation in French, by H. Fauche (Paris, 1868)
* [https://archive.org/stream/mahabharata_nk/mahabharata_nilakanthas_commentary#page/n1143/mode/2up Virata Parva in Sanskrit] by Vyasadeva and commentary by Nilakantha (Editor: Kinjawadekar, 1929)

{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Parvas in the Mahabharata]]

Pradeep Nair

2026-03-06T07:17:25Z

MoraThibeault4: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian Malayali filmmaker}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=December 2021}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pradeep Nair
| image = Pradeep Nair.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=P. k Ajith |title=Kerala to miss filmmaker Kim Ki-duk as much as Korea does |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-to-miss-kim-as-much-as-korea-does/article33308814.ece |access-date=19 July 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=11 December 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Director|Screenwriter|Producer}}
| known for = ''[[Oridam]]''
| years_active = 1997–present
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Pradeep Nair''', is an Indian filmmaker, who predominantly works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]].<ref name=doc>{{cite web |title=Making his mark |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Making-his-mark/article14566318.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 May 2025 |date=12 April 2016}}</ref> He has also directed numerous award winning documentaries,<ref>{{cite web |title=Documenting lives of those who document history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/documenting-lives-of-those-who-document-history/article33094195.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 May 2025 |date=13 November 2020}}</ref> thus making him a notable filmmaker of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=P. K. Ajith |title=A director who made films out of passion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/a-director-who-made-films-out-of-passion/article5847788.ece |work=The Hindu |date=29 March 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

His debut directorial, ''[[Oridam]]'' (2005) won him [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Jury Award for director]] at [[52nd National Film Awards]]<ref name="52ndaward">{{cite web |title=52nd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725232641/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=4 May 2025 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref> and won 5 [[Kerala State Film Awards]] in 2005.<ref name=awar>{{cite web |title=Kerala State Film Awards - 2000 to 2012 |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |publisher=www.prd.kerala.gov.in |access-date=4 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707210332/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |archive-date=2015-07-07}}</ref>

Nair is also an author, with two of his books on cinema, the first one, " Koottu Chernnulla Kali :Chalachithra Vicharangal " (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Book Review - ജീവിതം കുലുക്കിയെറിയുന്ന 'കൂട്ട് ചേര്‍ന്നുള്ള കളി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/bookreview/2023/02/15/koottu-chernnulla-kali-by-pradeep-nair.html |publisher=[[Manorama Online]] |access-date=5 May 2025 |date=15 February 2023}}</ref> and the second " Drushya Mohanam :Samvidhayakan Mohante Chalachithra Kala " (2024), has been published.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan will inaugurate 29th IFFK on December 13 |url=https://www.centralchronicle.com/kerala-chief-minister-pinarayi-vijayan-will-inaugurate-29th-iffk-on-december-13/ |access-date=5 May 2025 |date=10 December 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
After directing several documentaries, Nair became an independent director with ''[[Oridam]]'',<ref name="52ndaward"/> followed by ''[[Crossroad (film)|Crossroad]]'' (2017), an anthology, where [[Times of India]] stated Nair's film ''Kodeshyan'' as "stand out" among all 10 films.<ref name=rev>{{cite web |title=Crossroad Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/crossroad/movie-review/61069800.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 May 2025 |date=13 October 2017}}</ref> His ''[[Cherukkanum Pennum]]'' <ref name=cp>{{cite web |title=First Look: Pradeep Nair's Cherukkanum Pennum |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-cherukkanum-pennum/20120102.htm |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=5 May 2025 |date=2 January 2012}}</ref> had a delayed release in 2025.<ref name=del>{{Cite web |title=Cherukkanum Pennum (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/cherukkanum-pennum/ET00014573?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Feature films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Credited as
!Notes
|-
|2004
|''[[Oridam]]''
|Malayalam
|Writer, director, producer
| 1 National award, 5 State awards <ref name="52ndaward"/> [[International Film Festival of Kerala|IFFK]]
|-
|2017
|''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Cross Road]]''
|Malayalam
|Director
| Helmed the ''Kodeshyan'' segment <ref name=rev/>
|-
|2025
|''[[Cherukkanum Pennum]]''
|Malayalam
|Writer, Director
| <ref name=del/>
|-
|}

===Documentaries===

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Credited as
!Notes
|-
|2024
|''Satwikam''
|Malayalam
|Writer, director, producer
|
|-
|2021
|''Ahead of''
|Malayalam
|Director
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Munne - Kudumbashree Kottayam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqLb034LtSs |publisher=[[YouTube]] Kudumbashree Official |access-date=7 May 2025 |date=12 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''K. M. Roy:A Ray of Light''
|Malayalam
|Writer, Director
|Film on veteran journalist K. M. Roy Produced by Kerala Medical Academy
|-
|2019
|''Maa Do Not Any More''
|Malayalam
|Director
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Here comes a film on food wastage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/here-comes-a-film-on-food-wastage/articleshow/65739485.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 May 2025 |date=9 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Maa, Do not anymore, an EssEmm Corporation Production about Food Wastage in Tamil |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuPcR581jdg |publisher=EssEmm Corporation |access-date=7 May 2025 |date=3 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Kadamman: Prakruthiyude Padayanikkaran''
|Malayalam
|Writer, Co Director
| <ref>{{cite web |title=പ്രകൃതിയുടെ പടയണിക്കാരൻ കടമ്മനിട്ട രാമകൃഷ്ണൻ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5ly4CXXGEA |publisher=[[YouTube]] Kerala Government |access-date=7 May 2025 |date=14 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''Kuttanad; Oru Apoorva Marutha Thina''
|Malayalam
|Writer, director
|Film on Heritage of Kuttanad, Produced by I&PRD, Govt of Kerala.<ref name=doc/>
|-
|2011
|''Thelicham''
|Malayalam
|Writer, director
|A Production for Fisheries Dept, Govt of Kerala, Produced by K S F D C
|-
|2009
|''Veedu Nashttapetta Kuttikal''
|Malayalam
|Writer, director
|
|-
|2006
|''Glimpses of Kerala''
|Malayalam
|Director
|about Cultural, Historical places in Kerala-Project Commissioned by Malayala Manorama.
|-
|2005
|''Listen to Children''
|Malayalam
|Writer, director
|a production for UNICEF
|-
|2001
|''When The Labour Labours''
|Malayalam
|Writer, director
|Film on Independent Labour movement in Maharashtra, funded by Maharashtra Labour Union (MLU)
|-
|1999
|''A Neorealistic Dream''
| Malayalam
|Writer, director
|Film on India's first neorealistic film ''[[Newspaper Boy (1955 film)|Newspaper Boy]]'' and its Director [[P. Ramdas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A director who made films out of passion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/a-director-who-made-films-out-of-passion |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 May 2025 |date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Neo-Realistic Dream - Documentary on Director P. Ramdas |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=dy2zOimumtMREagX&v=rlDTDsX85uc&feature=youtu.be |publisher=[[Manorama Online]] Youtube |access-date=7 May 2025 |date=28 March 2014}}</ref> [[International Film Festival of Kerala|IFFK]]
|-
|1997
|''Light in the Darkness''
| Malayalam
|Director
|A promotional documentary about cure for AIDS.
|-
|1997
|''Man V/S Nature: The Struggle Eternal''
| Malayalam
|Writer, director, producer
|Film on Land slides in Highranges of Kerala.
|}

==Awards==
'''[[National Film Awards]]:'''
* 2005 – [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Jury Award for director]] – ''[[Oridam]]''<ref name="52ndaward"/>

'''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]:'''
* Special Jury Award in Direction - ''Oridam'' (2005) <ref name=awar/>
* Best Actress - [[Geethu Mohandas]] - ''Oridam''
* Best Background Score - [[Isaac Thomas Kottukapally]] - ''Oridam''
* Best Costume Design - Kumar Edappal - ''Oridam''
* Best Film Processing - ''Oridam''

'''[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Awards]]'''
* Best Debut Director - ''Oridam'' (2005)

'''Kerala State Television Awards:'''
* Best Documentary - ''Kuttanad: Oru Apoorva Marutha Thina'' (2015) <ref name=doc/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4305811|name=Pradeep Nair}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Pradeep}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Artists from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Tasher Desh

2026-03-04T00:22:24Z

MoraThibeault4: creating new entry.

{{short description|2012 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tasher Desh (The Land of Cards)
| image = Tasher Desh.png
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Qaushiq Mukherjee]], known as 'Q'
| producer = NFDC (India) / Overdose Art Pvt Ltd / Dream Digital Inc / Anurag Kashyap Films / Entre Chien Et Loup
| writer = Q/ Surojit Sen
| screenplay = Q/ Surojit Sen
| story = Rabindranath Tagore
| based_on = {{based on|Tasher Desh|Rabindranath Tagore}}
| starring = Anubrata Joyraj [[Tillotama Shome]] Rii Tinu Verghis Immaduddin Shah / Soumyak Kanti
| music = Neel Adhikari/ Miti Adhikari
| cinematography = [[Manuel Dacosse]]/ Q
| editing = Nikon
| distributor = NFDC (India) / Insomnia World sales
| released = {{Film date|2012|11|11|[[Rome]]|ref1=<ref>{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Zinia|title=Q plays the Roman card|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-14/news-interviews/35111635_1_cinema-xxi-rome-international-film-festival-tasher-desh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222020557/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-14/news-interviews/35111635_1_cinema-xxi-rome-international-film-festival-tasher-desh|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2013|accessdate=2 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 November 2012}}</ref>|2013|08|23|[[India]]|ref2=<ref name="tasher">{{Cite web |url=http://tollywoodhamaka.com/news/qs-tasher-desh-aims-an-august-release.html |title=Q's Tasher Desh aims an August release |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-date=22 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422071729/http://tollywoodhamaka.com/news/qs-tasher-desh-aims-an-august-release.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>|df=y}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Tasher Desh''''' ({{translation|The Land of Cards}}) is a 2012 [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[fantasy film]] directed by [[Qaushiq Mukherjee|Q]]. The film has been described as a "trippy adaptation" of the 1933 [[Rabindrath Tagore]] play of the same name by Indian media. It begins with a nihilist playwright searching where the play, 'Tasher Desh' by Rabindranath Tagore is being played. He goes to major play theatres in Kolkata like The Academy of Fine Arts but no one has a show of Tasher Desh in the near time. He finally writes his own adapted script of the play by Tagore and completely immerses himself into it. Most of the dialogues and all the songs in the film are from the original play by Tagore while director Q is picturising himself as the playwright.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tasher Desh trailer creates a buzz|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/tasher-desh-trailer-creates-a-buzz/articleshow/17293106.cms|access-date=2 December 2012|newspaper=Times of India|date=20 November 2012}}</ref> It features Soumyak Kanti De Biswas, [[Anubrata Basu]], [[Tillotama Shome]], Rii, Joyraj Bhattacharjee, [http://www.theartfarm.in Tinu Verghis], and [[Immaduddin Shah]] in the lead roles.<ref name=toipreview>{{cite web|title=Dasher Desh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/previews/Tasher-Desh-House-of-Cards/articleshow/17292434.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822094537/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-20/previews/35227138_1_prince-tasher-desh-friend|url-status=live|archive-date=22 August 2013|access-date=2 December 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 November 2012}}</ref> Tasher Desh made its international premiere on 11 November 2012 at the 7th [[Rome International Film Festival]].<ref name=riff>{{cite news|title='Tasher Desh' to have world premier at Rome film fest|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/news-interviews/Tasher-Desh-to-have-world-premier-at-Rome-film-fest/articleshow/17113818.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822113950/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-06/news-interviews/34947750_1_international-film-indian-film-tasher-desh|url-status=live|archive-date=22 August 2013|access-date=2 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood turns our collective brains into chicken-feed: Director Q|url=http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/bollywood-turns-our-collective-brains-into-chicken-feed-director-q_5840.html|accessdate=2 December 2012|newspaper=Zee News|date=25 November 2012}}</ref> The film had its release in India on 23 August 2013.<ref name="tasher"/>

==Plot==
The story is of a prince who escapes his destiny, the prison of his mind. He lands on a fascist island and incites women to revolt. It is a psychedelic fantasy about destiny and humanity, social control and Utopian revolution.

==Cast==
* [[Tillotama Shome]] as Queen
* [[Imaad Shah]] as Ruiton
* [[Anubrata Basu]] as Friend
* [[Rii Sen]] as Horotoni / Widow
* Maya Tideman as Tekkani
* Soumyak Kanti De Biswas as Prince
* Joyraj Bhattacharjee as Storyteller / Tash King
* Tinu Verghis as Oracle

==Soundtrack==

*"Ami Phul Tulite Elem" - [[Anusheh Anadil]]
*"Amar Mon Bole Chai" - Qaushiq Mukherjee
*"Amra Nuton Jouboneri" - Neel Adhikari
*"Bnadh Bhenge Dao" - Qaushiq Mukherjee, Tanaji, Neel, Damini, Kamalika
*"Bolo Shokhi Bolo" - [[Sahana Bajpaie]]
*"Cholo Niyom Mote" - Qaushiq Mukherjee, Tanaji, Neel, Damini, Kamalika
*"Elem Notun Deshe" - Qaushiq Mukherjee
*"Ghorete Bhromor Elo" - [[Anusheh Anadil]]
*"Gopono Kothati" - Susheela Raman, Qaushiq Mukherjee
*"Hey Nobina" - Qaushiq Mukherjee
*"Ichhe Ichhe" - Qaushiq Mukherjee, Neel, Damini, Kamalika
*"Jaboi" - Qaushiq Mukherjee
*"Khara Bayu Boye Bege" - Qaushiq Mukherjee, Neel, Damini, Kamalika
*"Ogo Shanto" - Qaushiq Mukherjee
*"Tash Anthem" - Qaushiq Mukherjee, Tanaji, Neel, Damini, Kamalika
*"Tolon Namon" - Qaushiq Mukherjee, Tanaji, Neel, Damini, Kamalika
*"Tomar Payer Tolaye" - Qaushiq Mukherjee
*"Utol Hawa" - [[Anusheh Anadil]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2261700}}
* [http://www.filmscoop.it/cgi-bin/recensioni/ilregnodellecarte.asp Recensione il regno delle carte (2012)]

{{Anurag Kashyap}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2012 fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Qaushiq Mukherjee]]

Khaki Chokka

2026-03-03T21:58:57Z

MoraThibeault4: Put Up Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khaki Chokka
| image = Khaki Chokka.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Vicky
| writer = Vicky
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]]
*Nilambari
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| studio = 
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|6|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Khaki Chokka''''' ({{Translation|Khaki shirt}}) is a 2001 Indian Telugu-language [[action film|action]] [[drama film]] directed by Vicky and starring [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]] and Nilambari.

== Cast ==
*[[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]] as Pratap
*Nilambari as Suma
*[[Thriller Manju]] as Balram
*Jayalakshmi
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
*[[P. J. Sarma|P. J. Sharma]]
*
*[[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Satya
*[[Jayaprakash Reddy]] as Janardhan
*[[Murali Mohan]]

== Soundtrack ==
The film features no songs and the score was composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]].<ref name="S"/>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 3 {{Fraction|1|4}} out of 5 and wrote that "This film may not be a great film. But, it is going to cater to the needs of its target audiences. This film dishes out more than what you expect from a Sai Kumar's police oriented film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-khaki.html|title=Movie review - Khaki Chokka|date=29 June 2001|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=29 December 2023|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227002102/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-khaki.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Saikumar is the only saving grace of this film. Unlike in his earlier films, Saikumar just throws his hands and legs around to a poor sound track".<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6009420&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Review: Khaakhi Chokka|work=[[Sify]]|last=Moviebiz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050109061357/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6009420&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=9 January 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' wrote that "Though it was made by a fight master except one fight all are routinue".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |date= |title=Reviews of 2001 Released Movies - Kakhi chokka|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/2001.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |archive-date=10 February 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020210063024/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/2001.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8743206}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]

Sarigamalu

2026-03-03T18:27:44Z

MoraThibeault4: creating new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sarigamalu
| image = Sarigamalu DVD cover.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Kranthi Kumar]]
| producer = C. Vinaya Kumari K. Sarada Devi
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Sargam (1992 film)|Sargam]]''|Hariharan}}
| writer = [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]
| starring = [[Vineeth]] [[Manoj K. Jayan]] [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
| music = [[Bombay Ravi]]
| cinematography = [[Hari Anumolu]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = Gayathri Cinema Enterprises
| distributor = Sri Vijetha Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1993|11|27|ref1=<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sarigamalu |url=https://indiancine.ma/AIFL/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230327132646/https://indiancine.ma/AIFL/info |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sarigamalu''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Kranthi Kumar]] and written by [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]].<ref name="auto" /> It is a remake of Hariharan's 1992 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Sargam (1992 film)|Sargam]]''. The film stars [[Vineeth]] (in his Telugu debut), [[Manoj K. Jayan]], and [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=సరాగాల సరిగమ లాలపిస్తున్న రంభ |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |page=9|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1993/Dec/3-dec-1993.pdf |date=3 December 1993|access-date=2022-10-08 |language=te }}</ref> while [[J. V. Somayajulu]], [[P. J. Sarma]], and [[Tanikella Bharani]] play supporting roles.

== Plot ==
Kitappa is the son of Sathyavathi. Kitappa has suffered from [[epilepsy]] since his childhood. He is rough and violent in his character and is feared by all in the village. Kalidasu is his classmate despite being two years younger and develops a special bond with Kitappa from childhood. Kali always accompanies Kittappa and carries iron keys to assist him in case the seizure develops. Both Kali and Kitappa grow up to be unsuccessful in their respective lives, and Kali is criticised for this by his father, who is a well-known classical singer but has himself not been financially successful. Kali has had a liking for music, but discourages him from music and persuades him into a professional degree course. Kittappa, meanwhile, had frequent epileptic seizures and is a nuisance in both his home and the village, despite seeking various medical treatments.

Unknown to his father, Kalidasu has a natural talent as a singer and has abundant raw talent, which he displays at the local temple. Jyothi who is a student of Kali's father and falls for Kali after she hears him singing. Kali, though initially reluctant towards Jyothi, soon develops a passionate relationship with her based on the mutual interest in music. Kitappa discloses to Kali that he is the only person who loves him, and they reaffirm their brotherly love for each other. Meanwhile, local expert advises that the only treatment for Kitappa is to get married. Sathyavathi amma plans to get as a wife for Kitappa. Kitappa agrees to this, unbeknownst about the affair between Kali and Jyothi and persuades Kali to forget Jyothi and leave the village for Kitappa's sake. Kitappa is devastated after coming to know about everything after their marriage and commits suicide.

Years later, an ageing Sathyavathi alls for Kali, who has grown up to be a well-known singer in India, to pay a visit to her. Kali's visit to the village and subsequent happenings form the rest of the story. Meanwhile, Jyothi is paralysed and unable to speak probably from the shock of her forced marriage and then the subsequent suicide of her husband Kitappa. When Kalidasu sings "Raga Sudha Rasa.." for Jyothi, then hearing his voice, Jyothi attempts to sing along. Soon, she displays signs of getting cured, and now, Sathyavathi passes on, relieved that Jyothi can be reunited with Kali.

== Cast ==
*[[Vineeth]] as Kalidasu
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Kitappa
*[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Jyothi
*[[J. V. Somayajulu]] as Sathyavati, Kalidasu's father
*[[P. J. Sarma]]
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ravi (composer)|Bombay Ravi]], for which the lyrics were penned by [[Veturi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mymazaa.com/telugu/audiosongs/movie/Sarigamalu.html|website=MyMazaa|access-date=6 July 2024|title=Sarigamalu songs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=പാട്ടും പ്രണയവും കുട്ടന്‍ തമ്പുരാനും; സർഗത്തിന് 30; ഹരിഹരൻ പറയുന്നു |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2022/04/10/director-hariharan-on-30-years-of-sargam-cinema.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003195125/https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2022/04/10/director-hariharan-on-30-years-of-sargam-cinema.html |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=Manoramanews |language=ml}}</ref> The songs were well received.<ref>{{Cite web |title=వినీత్ కి జీవితం ఇచ్చిన సంగీత ప్రాధాన్య చిత్రం |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994365808/sarigamalu-movie-unknown-facts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003195558/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994365808/sarigamalu-movie-unknown-facts |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=India Herald |language=te}}</ref>
*Pravahame - [[K. J. Yesudas]]
*Godavari - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
*Raagasudha - K. J. Yesudas
*Sarigama - K. S. Chithra
*Sangeethame - S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
*Krishna Krupa - K. J. Yesudas, Chithra

==Release==
The film failed at box-office. Producer [[C. Aswini Dutt]] knew it would happen due to the film's experimental nature and the fact that the actors are from the Malayalam film industry and are unfamiliar with Telugu speaking audience.<ref>{{cite web|title=TeluguCinema.com - ASWINIDUTT|website=Telugu Cinema|url=http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/aswnidutt.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021222085139/http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/aswnidutt.shtml|archive-date=22 December 2002|access-date=6 July 2024|last=Nachaki}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0295586}}

{{Hariharan (director)}}

[[Category:1990s musical drama films]]
[[Category:1993 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:1993 drama films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films about classical music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films about teacher–student relationships]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:1993 musical films]]

Indian School Muladha

2026-03-03T09:51:52Z

MoraThibeault4: rd update

#REDIRECT [[Indian School, Muladha]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada

2026-02-24T05:51:11Z

MoraThibeault4:

{{Short description|Indian annual film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada
| awarded_for = Best performance by an actress in Kannada films
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| year = [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
| holder = [[Ankita Amar]] for ''[[Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali]]'' ([[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]])
| website =
| image =
}}

The '''Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada''' is given by ''[[Filmfare]]'' as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards South]] for Kannada films. The award is given by a chosen jury of critics.

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actress
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"|{{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
| [[Rachita Ram]]
| Rukmini
| ''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]]
| [[Sruthi Hariharan]]
| Dr. Sahana
| ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416113129/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[65th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]
| [[Shraddha Srinath]]
| Ananya
| ''[[Operation Alamelamma]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2018 |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]
| [[Sruthi Hariharan]]
| Gowri
| ''[[Nathicharami]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020'''–'''21]]
| [[Amrutha Iyengar]]
| Sangeetha
|''[[Badava Rascal]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 full winners list Telugu: 'Pushpa' bags 7 titles, Sai Pallavi wins Black Lady for 'Love Story'; 'Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo' shines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024012859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Milana Nagaraj]]
| Nidhima "Nidhi"
| ''[[Love Mocktail]]''
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
| [[Sapthami Gowda]]
| Leela
| ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]''
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South ( Kannada ) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-kannada-2023_-67191.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]
| [[Rukmini Vasanth]]
| Priya
| ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A|Sapta Saagaradaache Ello]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Kannada) 2024 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-kannada-2024_-67630.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |[[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|[[Ankita Amar]]
|Anahita Madhumita Banarjee
|''[[Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Kannada) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-kannada-81913.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Superlative
!Actress
!Record
|-
|Most wins
|[[Sruthi Hariharan]]
|2 wins
|}

== See also ==
*[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Kannada]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada}}
{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress - Kannada}}
[[Category:2015 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2015]]
[[Category:Awards for actresses]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South (Kannada)]]

Kanailal Vidyamandir

2026-02-21T07:27:45Z

MoraThibeault4: cleaned up section based on references

{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=August 2017}}
{{promotional|date=May 2023}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Kanailal Vidyamandir
| native_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| address =
| city = Barabazar, Chandannagar
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code = 712136
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.8582587|N|88.367687|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = 
| former_name = Dupleix College
| type =
| religious_affiliation =
| established = {{Start date|1862}}
| founder = Father Barthet
| closed =
| school_board = WBBSE, WBCHSE
| oversight = West Bengal Govt. and Chandannagar Municipal Corporation
| principal =
| staff =
| faculty =
| grades =
| gender = Male
| age_range = 5 years to 18 years
| enrolment =
| language = Bengali
| campus_size =
| campus_type = Urban
| colours =
| teams = 
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = 
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kanailal Vidyamandir''' is one of the oldest schools (Established:1862) in [[Hooghly district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]]. It is located in [[Chandannagar]] town beside the [[Grand Trunk Road]] (G.T Road).

== History ==
Kanailal Vidyamandir was established as the "Saint Mary's Institution" by Father Maglayer Barthet in 1862. As [[Chandannagar]] was a French colony, the school initially taught only in French. English education began in 1872 by the then [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] French government.

In 1887 the institution was taken over by the French government, and in 1901 "Saint Mary's Institution" was renamed "Dupleix College". In 1908 the college department of "Dupleix College" was abolished, but was later restored in 1931 by the efforts of Charu Chandra Ray, Harihar Seth and Narayan Chandra Dey.

On 17 May 1948, just before the liberation from French rule, the school was renamed Kanailal Vidyamandir after the Bengali revolutionary Shahid Kanailal Dutta, a student of the school.

The Centenary ceremony of the school was inaugurated by Dr. Brajakanta Guha, the Vice Chancellor of [[University of Burdwan]]. The school celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://klvm.weebly.com/|title=Kanailal Vidyamandir|access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref>

Kanailal Vidyamandir celebrated its 160th anniversary in 2022 with festivities lasting six months. The celebration began with a ceremony in the school on 18 August, followed by a road rally with decorated cars on 19 August 2022. It ended on 30 January 2023.

== Sections ==
The school is divided into two sections: the English Section and the French Section.

These sections run from separate buildings situated on opposite sides of the Barabazar Main Road.

The English Section is from Primary to Higher Secondary, and the French Section is from Primary to Class 10. After Class 10, students from the French Section choose whether to be transferred into the English Section or to a different school of their choice.

==Architecture==
The school’s Colonial architecture features a building made of brick and lime and a wooden roof. It was [https://wbhc.in/home/place_details/MzQ5NzIwOGI5MjAwYmRhZDI4YjY4ZWY3ZDMyNzkzMzViOTM4NjBhNGVjYWQ1NTZmYjAxMGRhZTA4OTE1YjExMjE5YjRiMzdhODM0ZGU5M2U1N2FiYWM0MWNlODcxNWZjMTBhNmY5YzZmNGQ5ZGUzYTgwNTRmMzE4YWI3YmNlN2E3QjkwNFFIeGNRMTErcWtLVVZGZGFvTFJWMU9jUy8yR2d6dTIrODcyYTJzPQ== declared as heritage] in 2017 by the West Bengal Heritage Commission.

==Notable alumni==
* [[Kanailal Dutta]]
* [[Rash Behari Bose]] (an ex-student of Dupleix College, now separate from Kanailal Vidyamandir)
*[[Abhishek Porel]] (Wicket Keeper Batter playing for Bengal in domestic and Delhi Capitals in IPL)

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hooghlydistrict.info/chandernagore-kanailal-vidyamandir-hooghly-district.html info hooghly schools]
*[http://wikimapia.org/140065/Kanailal-Vidyamandir-English-Section-Main-Building Wikimapia]

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnagar Collegiate School}}
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Schools in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Chandannagar]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Thirupparankundram Rock-cut Cave and Inscription

2026-02-19T20:03:53Z

MoraThibeault4: creating new entry.

{{Short description|Cave in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Thirupparankundram Rock-cut Cave and Inscription
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]]
| image = திருப்பரங்குன்றம் குடைவரை கோவில்.jpg
| alt = Thirupparankundram Rock-cut Cave
| caption = Thirupparankundram rock-cut cave temple entrance
| location = south Skandamalai, Thirupparankundram, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{Coord|09|52|27|N|78|04|14|E|display=inline,title}}
| completed = 8th–13th century
}}
'''Thirupparankundram Rock-cut Cave and Inscription''', also known as '''Umai Andar''' or '''Umaiyandar temple''',<ref name=Devakunjari110/> is a rock cut cave temple with inscriptions at the foot of the [[Thirupparankundram]] rock hill's south face. It is located in the town of Thirupparankundram, about {{convert|10|km}} southwest of [[Madurai]] city, [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name=branfoot148>Crispin Branfoot (2003), ''The Madurai Nayakas and the Skanda Temple at Tirupparankundram'', Ars Orientalis, Volume 33, pp. 148–157 (context: 146-179), {{JSTOR|4434276}}</ref> It consists of several layers of construction, the earliest is dated to the 8th-century early Pandya period, and the last to the 13th century.<ref name=balaji>{{cite book|author=P.D. Balaji|title=Early Pandya Rock Cut Temples in Tamil NadU|publisher= Bharatiya |isbn=978-8183151924|year=2012|pages=72–85}}</ref>

==Location==
Thirupparankundram Rock-cut Cave and Inscription is located in Thiruparankundram in its landmark hill that towers to a height of {{convert|1048|ft}} and has a circumference of over {{convert|2|mile}}. This hill contains some of the earliest cave temples of [[Shaivism]] tradition in the Madurai region, of which this temple is one. The hill is sacred to the Hindus. They call it Skandamalai (lit. "hill of Skanda (Murugan, Kartikeya) – the god of war").<ref name=branfoot148/> One of the early Shaivism-tradition cave temple at the northern foot of the hill, which expanded between the 7th and 15th centuries into what is now a major temple complex known as the [[Thirupparamkunram Murugan temple]].<ref name=branfoot148/> On the western edge of this hill are some of the oldest known Jain beds with a few Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions dated between the 2nd century BCE and the early centuries of the common era. Additional Jain beds, [[Tamil language]] inscriptions in later era script and Jain bas-reliefs are found in several caverns along a trail that climbs up the hill towards the rock-cut Kasi Viswanathar temple. The temple and these upper level Jain monuments are dated to between the 7th and 11th century. A small ''[[Saptamatrika]]'' temple, a spring called Saraswati Tirtha, and the Thirupparankundram Rock-cut Cave and Inscription monument are found near the foot of the south face of the hill. The last is dated between the 8th and 13th century.<ref name=Devakunjari312>D. Devakunjari (1957), ''Madurai through the ages'', Editor: R. Nagaswamy, Society for Archaeological Historical and Epigraphical Research, University of Madras Press, pp. 312–316</ref><ref name=balaji/>

The Thirupparankundram rock-cut monument is a protected national monument and is managed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI N-TN-C88). The set of six Jain beds are locally called Pancha Pandava after the Mahabharata brothers and Draupadi. It is a misnomer, and with the Tamil Brahmi inscribed Jain beds on the west edge and Jain bas-reliefs along the trail to rock-cut Kasi Viswanathar temple at the south-side top, it is also a protected monument (ASI N-TN-C87).

==Description==
The Thirupparankundram Rock-cut cave monument is at the foot of Skandamalai with a south facing single entrance. The rock-cut monument façade has Shaiva bas-reliefs to the left and right before the entrance.<ref name=balaji/> They are in minimalist style with no background ornaments or decorative reliefs. All are defaced and damaged to varying degrees but with enough iconographic details left to be identified. These are Bhairava with a his dog, a Vighneswara (Ganesha), and a few pre-8th century and post 5th-century Shaiva poet saints such as [[Appar]], [[Sambandar]] and [[Siruthondar]]. These help date and confirm the association of this rock-cut temple to the Shaivism tradition of Hinduism.<ref name=balaji/><ref name=Devakunjari110/> There is another rishi, defaced and damaged, who is likely [[Vedavyasa]], much admired over Indian history for his contributions to major [[Hindu texts]].<ref name=Devakunjari110/>

===Mandapam===
[[File:8th century Thirupparankundram cave temple, Madurai district, Tamil Nadu India - 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The Nataraja panel in the mandapam.]]
Inside is a mandapam that is {{convert|20.2|ft}} by {{convert|7.7|ft}}, an unusual size suggesting a likely expansion with two or more stages of construction. The mandapam's northern wall has two badly damaged panels, both minimalist with no background ornaments or decorative reliefs, but with all the essential iconography. One with carvings of Nataraja Shiva and his family members, another which has been interpreted as Skanda or a king with two wives.<ref name=Devakunjari110/> On the other walls of the mandapam are two major, long inscriptions predominantly in Tamil language and Vatteluttu script, with some Sanskrit in Grantha script.<ref name=Devakunjari110/><ref name=nelson1868/>

The Nataraja panel is heavily damaged with most of the relief below his waist chopped off. The upper portion is also defaced, his hands also chopped off. Yet, it is dancing Shiva in the South Indian style, surrounded by the flaming ''tiruvasi'' (Hindu iconographic detail commonly found with a major god or goddess). This flaming ''tiruvasi'' is found in [[Nataraja]] bronzes.<ref name=Devakunjari110/> The Nataraja stands on a miniaturized demon at the bottom of the panel. Above on the [[Pilaster|pilasters]] are ten-handed Ganesha with his bowl of sweets (left), and Subramanya (Kartikeya, Skanda) with his peacock (right). Kali and Nandi too are in the panel, and there is one goddess who survives in beheaded form with her hands chopped off (likely Parvati).<ref name=Devakunjari110/> {{refn|group=note|This cave monument and other Hindu temples in Madurai and Thirupparankundram were likely damaged during the Delhi Sultanate invasion and the Hindu-Islamic wars associated with the Madurai Sultanate. Like elsewhere in India, some of the surviving Islamic monuments in the Madurai area are built with Hindu and Jain temple parts.<ref name=branfoot148/><ref>Mehrdad Shokoohy (1991), ''Architecture of the Sultanate of Ma'bar in Madura, and Other Muslim Monuments in South India'', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Volume 1, Number 1, Cambridge University Press, pp. 31-92</ref>}}

The panel that is east of the Nataraja panel is likely Subramanya with his wives Valli and Devayani. The minimalist style is found here again, something that has led some to suggest that this is the king who expanded this rock-cut cave.<ref name=Devakunjari110/><ref name=balaji/>

===Grabhagriya===
[[File:8th century Thirupparankundram cave temple, Madurai district, Tamil Nadu India - 5.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Ardhanarisvara with Nandi panel in the sanctum; the decoration above the head has been variously interpreted as leaf-like or floral or clouds.]]
The mandapam leads to a ''garbhagriya'' (sanctum) dedicated to Shiva. This sanctum opens to the east. On the back wall of the sanctum is a carving of [[Ardhanarishvara]] – half Shiva and half Parvati, with Nandi standing behind and a limited floral, leaf-like decoration above the head. This carving is also minimalist, with no background ornaments or decorative reliefs. It has been controversial. Some state that there was a Jain Tirthankara relief here which was chiseled out and transformed into Ardhanarishvara in the 8th century because of the creeper-like "pepal leaf" (Ficus religiosa) motif above. Outside, one of the reliefs is a damaged Bhairava with his iconographic dog, which shares iconographic features of a standing Tirthankara.<ref name=Devakunjari110>D. Devakunjari (1957), ''Madurai through the ages'', Editor: R. Nagaswamy, Society for Archaeological Historical and Epigraphical Research, University of Madras Press, pp. 110–112</ref> The Jain temple to Shaiva temple theory was originally additionally supported by a mistranslation along with a speculative commentary about destruction of Madurai Jain temples by an 11th-century Pandya-Chola king by James Nelson – a colonial-era civil services official.<ref name=nelson1868>James Nelson (1868), The Madura Country: A Manual Part III, British India Madras Government, pp. 55–67</ref> As more inscriptions about dynasties and Thirupparankundram monuments were discovered in Tamil Nadu, epigraphists starting with Robert Sewell, J.F. Fleet and V. Rangacharya rejected the 11th century and other speculations of Nelson.<ref name=sewell>Robert Sewell (1882), Lists of The Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras, Volume 1, Archaeological Survey of Southern India, p. 295</ref><ref>V. Rangacharya (1985), a Topographical List of the Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency Volume II, Asian Educational Services, pp. 1004–1005, {{OCLC|8525980}}</ref>

Beyond the technicalities associated with transforming a flat-chested Tirthankara into an Ardhanarishvara panel where the Parvati half is shown with a generous forward-projecting breast and the Shiva side is flat, other scholars have questioned why numerous other Jain caverns and Tirthankara reliefs near the Thirupparankundram Rock-cut Cave were left intact. This would not be the case if the local Shaiva Hindus were violently seeking to punish or erase Jain artwork. The historian and epigraphist Champakalakshmi counters that as more and more Jain artwork and inscriptions have been discovered in Tamil Nadu, it is clear that Jain artwork and inscriptions ''increased'' over the 7th to the 13th, in some cases to the 17th century. Further, these Jain inscriptions state that Tamil kings patronized and helped Jains build monasteries and temples over this period in their kingdom. This, states Champakalakshmi, "does not seem to indicate a conflict" over these centuries between Tamil Jains and Tamil Hindus, though she acknowledges that a section of Shaiva literature does criticize and denigrate the Jains.<ref>R Champakalakshmi (1978), ''Religious conflict in the Tamil Country: A Re-appraisal of Epigraphic Evidence'', Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India, Volume 5, Epigraphical Society of India Mysore, pp. 73-76</ref> Swamy, a scholar of Tamil texts and history, states that the Tamil literature such as the ''[[Tevaram]]'', whose Shaiva saints are depicted on the outer walls of this temple, and one that includes stories about a single Shaiva poet-saint simultaneously debating and defeating 8,000 Jain scholars and thereafter Tamil Jains committing mass suicide after losing the philosophical debate, are mythical because the context of these Purana-style poetic legends is mythical.<ref>B.G.L. Swamy (1975), ''The Date of the Tevaram Trio: An Analysis and Reappraisal'', Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Cultures, Madras, pp. 119–179</ref><ref>R Champakalakshmi (1978), ''Religious conflict in the Tamil Country: A Re-appraisal of Epigraphic Evidence'', Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India, Volume 5, Epigraphical Society of India Mysore, pp. 69-70</ref>

The questions about the iconography in the sanctum and the Bhairava relief outside remains unresolved. The cave temple as it has survived into the modern era only has Shaiva reliefs.<ref name=Devakunjari110/>

===Inscription===
[[File:Thiruparankundram rock cut cave temple inscription 1.jpg|thumb|left|One of the inscriptions at the temple.]]
The east wall on the mandapa has a long inscription attributed to Maravarman Sundara Pandya (1216–1239 CE).<ref name=Devakunjari110/>

The inscription and its translation was first published by James Nelson in 1858, where he acknowledged the help of Hindu monks from a Shaiva monastery in Madurai who introduced it to him and guided him in the translation.<ref name=nelson1868/> Nelson then added his own commentary and speculations, which proved to be incorrect.<ref name=sewell/>

The inscription begins by invoking [[Vishnu]] with the Hindu goddesses [[Lakshmi]] and Bhumi Devi (earth), then [[Brahma]] and [[Saraswati]], followed by allusions to Shiva who together help "virtues flourish in this world". It then praises the four Vedas, lists the Sanskrit arts and literature, and six sub-divisions of the Shaiva tradition – Bhairava, Vama, Kalamukha, Mahavrata, Pashupata and orthodox Saiva.<ref name=nelson1868/> The inscription includes gratitude to the Shaiva poet-saints, the major Tamil region rivers and of the north. Thereafter, it has a large section praising the family of Sundara Pandya and him, his conquests and compare him to the virtues of Vishnu in his generosity. The inscription proceeds to the expansion and greatness of "this temple to the south of Thirupparankundram". There is no direct or implied mention of any Jaina temple or Jaina terms in the inscription. It adds that the king Sundara Pandya in his generosity has granted rent-free, tax-free land to the temple for its maintenance, supplies for the daily ''Pujei'' (Skt: Puja, prayers), and the survival of the Adisiva Brahmins associated with the temple. Thereafter, the inscription has a long list of 24 officials attesting as witness to the grant that shall last "till sun and moon shall last".<ref name=nelson1868/>

The inscription is notable for several reasons. First, its contents confirm that the temple was expanded and artwork was added in the 13th century. Second, the temple and its artwork must have been completely Shaiva and in good condition in the 13th century for the king to sponsor this inscription. Third, the details provided have been significant in helping date the chronology of Tamil dynasties.<ref name=Devakunjari110/><ref name=sewell/>

==Gallery==

{{Gallery
|title= Thirupparankundram cave, south side of the Skandamalai (rock hill)
|width=200
|height=200
|align=center
|File:Thiruparankundram rock cut relief Bhairava with his dog.jpg|Bhairava with his dog, some iconography reminds of a Tirthankara
|File:Thiruparankundram Umai Andar Cave Temple.jpg|Another view of the Cave Temple
|File:Thiruparankundram rock cut cave temple outer wall reliefs Vinayaka, saint, Jina.jpg|Bas-reliefs on the left side of cave temple entrance.
|File:8th century Thirupparankundram cave temple, Madurai district, Tamil Nadu India - 4.jpg|Damaged and defaced Skanda (or king) with two wives
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:Hills of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Madurai district]]
[[Category:Geography of Madurai]]
[[Category:Caves of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Madurai]]

Raipur district

2026-02-17T16:52:05Z

MoraThibeault4:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raipur district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Chhattisgarh|District]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Raipur International Airport- New Terminal2.JPG
|photo1b = Balakrishnalalji mandir2.JPG
|photo2a = 9th century Bhand Deul Jain brick temple, Arang Chhattisgarh.jpg
|photo2b = Nawagaon Brick temple Chhattisgarh Sept 2022 - 33.jpg
|photo3a = Raipur Skyline in 2019.png
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Swami Vivekananda Airport]], Balakrishnaji Mandir in [[Champaran, Chhattisgarh|Champaran]], Temples in Nawagaon, Roads of [[Raipur]], [[Arang]] Bhand Dewal Temple
| image_map = Raipur in Chhattisgarh (India).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh
| coor_pinpoint = Raipur
| coordinates = {{coord|20|55|N|82|00|E|display=ti|region:IN_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = Raipur
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Raipur]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 2891.98
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2160876
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1385 mm
| website = {{URL|http://raipur.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Raipur district''' is a [[District (India)|district]] in the [[Chhattisgarh]] state of India. Its administrative headquarters is the city of [[Raipur]]. The district is rich in mineral resources and there are many wildlife sanctuaries. With a population of 2 million, it is the most populous district of Chhattisgarh.

==History==

Raipur district, like the rest of the Chhattisgarh plain, was once known as Dakshina Kosala and considered to be under [[Maurya Empire]]. In Arang near Raipur, a Gupta inscription dated to the 6th century CE shows Gupta hegemony over the region. In the 7th century CE, the region was ruled by a Buddhist kingdom in Bhandak in modern-day Maharashtra and was described by [[Xuanzang]]. A branch of this family later migrated to Sirpur in present-day Mahasamund district, and later took control of the entirety of Dakshina Kosala. This kingdom's prosperity reached its height with Tivaradeva. His son inscribed almost all temples in Sirpur. They were later ousted by the Sharabpuriyas, who took control of the rest of Chhattisgarh and ruled for several centuries.

The Haihayas or Kalachuris, who claimed descent from the Chedis, later took control of the region in the early 9th century. The Haihaiya ruled Mughatunga was the first of the dynasty to rule Chhattisgarh, and his grandson set up the capital in Ratanpur, modern Bilaspur district. Their territory included modern Raipur. The Kalachuris controlled the region from Ratanpur the next three centuries, building many temples throughout their kingdom. By the 12th century, many small portions of their realm were given as fiefdoms to minor princes of the family and their power declined. The Haihaiyas of the Raipur branch then began to gain strength: one of their kings conquered 18 {{Transliteration|hi|garh}}, or forts, of the enemy - lending an etymology to ''Chhattisgarh'', the 36 forts. They ruled until the reign of Amar Singh Deva in 1741.

In the mid-16th century, Kalyan Singh, current ruler of Raipur, took audience with Akbar and was rewarded with the title of Raja and other high titles. This was the first Muslim influence in Chhattisgarh, which would always remain limited. By the early 18th century, the Kalachuris had become the overlords of a large number of divided petty chiefdoms, but with little authority. The Kalachuri ruler Raghunath Singh was the final independent ruler from Ratanpur, and in 1740 the Maratha general Bhaskar Pant invaded the region. A despondent, heirless Singh did not put up much resistance, and the Marathas took the region with little loss. Raghunath Singh continued ruling as a Maratha vassal. In 1745, Raghunath Singh died and Pant installed Mohan Singh, a loyal Maratha vassal from the dynasty, on the throne, where he ruled until 1758 when his son Bhimbaji took control with Maratha support. Bhimbaji ruled virtually independently of Nagpur, but his brother Venkoji who succeeded him was far less interested in administration than Nagpur court politics. Although a ''subah'', a governor, was appointed by Venkoji to administer the region for him, this was resisted and real administration of the region was done by Bhimaji's widow Anandi Bai and a council of ministers. After Anandi Bai's death in the early 19th century, the region was ruled by a series of governors under a very loose control of Nagpur and often exploited the office to become rich. After the Third Anglo-Maratha war in 1818, a British colonel administered the region. British accounts claim the people were 'oppressed' by the Marathas, especially their pindari raids. The country returned to rule by subahs from Nagpur in 1830, but Raipur was too remote to have much contact with the government. This continued until the annexation of Nagpur under the Doctrine of Lapse in 1854.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Central Provinces District Gazetteers: Raipur District, Volume A descriptive|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/central-provinces-district-gazetteers-raipur-district-volume-descriptive|access-date=2021-07-04|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref>

Amar Singh, the ruler of Raipur, continued ruling without Maratha interference until 1750. On his death, the Maratha government confiscated his holdings but later returned it to his son, whose family continued to hold revenue rights until Independence.<ref name=":0" />

==Geography==
It is situated between 22° 33' N to 21°14'N [[Latitude]] and 82° 6' to 81° 38'E [[Longitude]]. It occupies the south eastern part of the upper [[Mahanadi River]] valley and the bordering hills in the south and the east. The district is located on the Chhattisgarh plain, the areas near the hills being split off when the district was trifurcated.

The district borders [[Baloda Bazar district]] to the north, [[Mahasamund district]] to the east, [[Gariaband district|Gariaband]] and [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]] districts to the south, and [[Durg district|Durg]] and [[Bemetara district|Bemetara]] districts to the west.

The [[Mahanadi|Mahanadi River]] is the principal river of this district.{{climate chart
|Raipur
|13.3|27.5|6.7
|16.5|31.1|12.3
|20.8|35.5|24.6
|25.3|39.6|15.7
|28.3|42.0|18.8
|26.5|37.4|189.8
|24.0|30.8|381.0
|23.9|30.2|344.7
|23.9|31.3|230.2
|21.5|31.6|53.9
|16.5|29.6|7.4
|13.2|27.3|3.7
|source=[http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/raipur1.htm IMD]
|float=center
|clear=
}}

==Divisions==
Raipur district is administratively divided into 4 development blocks and [[Tehsil]]s [[Dharsiva]], [[Arang]], [[Tilda Newra]], [[Abhanpur]] . It comprises one [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency (Raipur) and 9 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Chhattisgarh Assembly) constituencies. The chief crop of this region is [[Rice|paddy]]. There are more than 50 large and middle scale industries in this district which have offered employment to over 10,000 people.

===Villages===


:• Sejbahar
:*[[Khairjhiti]]

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Raipur district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,160,876. This gives it a ranking of 211th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district has a population balls density of {{convert| 750 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} . Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 34.65%. Raipur has a [[sex ratio]] of 983 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 76.43%. 1,276,652 (59.08%) live in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 16.60% and 4.30% of the population respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Raipur|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/330/download/970/DH_2011_2211_PART_A_DCHB_RAIPUR.pdf|website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Raipur district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Chhattisgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11368/download/14481/DDW22C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.13}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|4.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Chhattisgarh|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|0.74}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.73}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.49}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Raipur district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] |value1 = 61.77 |color1 = peachpuff
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 25.16 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value3 = 3.23 |color3 = saddlebrown
|label4 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value4 = 1.94 |color4 = limegreen
|label5 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value5 = 1.33 |color5 = red
|label6 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value6 = 1.28 |color6 = orchid
|label7 = [[Urdu]] |value7 = 1.01 |color7 = green
|label8 = Others |value8 = 4.28 |color8 = grey
|thumb=left}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 61.77% of the population in the district spoke [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], 25.16% [[Hindi]], 3.21% [[Odia language|Odia]], 1.94% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], 1.33% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 1.28% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.01% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Chhattisgarh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10198/download/13310/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Bhunjia, spoken by approximately 7000 [[Bhunjia]] Adivasis.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Bhunjia: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bhu | access-date = 2011-09-30 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref>

==Culture==

[[Chhattisgarhi]] is the local language that most of the people in this area converse in. Raut Nacha, Dewar Nacha, Panthi & Soowa, Padki and Pandwani are some of musical styles and dance dramas. Pandwani is a famous musical way of singing [[Mahabharata]] in this region.

Women are fond of 'Kachhora' a typical manner of wearing [[saree]]. Women wearing 'Lugda' (saree) and 'Polkha' (blouse) with set of ornaments are symbolic of tradition and heritage of Chhattisgarh. Various decorative items used by women are Baandha (necklace made of coins) and silver necklace 'suta', 'Phuli' for nose, 'Bali' and Khuntis for ears, 'Ainthi' (of silver worn on forearm), Patta, [[Choora]] (bangles), Kardhani on waist (a belt like thing made of silver), Pounchhi a ring for upper arm and Bichhiya worn on toes. Men also decorate themselves with Koundhi (necklace of beads) and Kadhah (bangle) for occasions like dances.

Gouri-Goura, Surti, Hareli, [[Pola (festival)|pola]] and Teeja are the main festivals of this area. Celebrated in the month of 'Shravan' Hareli is a mark of greenery. Farmers worship farm equipment and cows on this occasion. They place branches and leaves of 'Bhelwa' (a tree resembling cashew tree and found in the forests and villages of this district) in the fields and pray for a good crop. People also hang small Neem branches at the main entrance of houses on this occasion to prevent occurrence of seasonal diseases. [[Baiga tribe|Baigas]] start teaching medicinal techniques to their disciples starting from Hareli for fifteen days (till panchami the next day of Ganesh Chaturthi). On this day, they examine their disciples for medical skills and if they satisfied with their performance, then traditionally they give acceptance to practice medicine. Disciples who fail in such examination continue to learn techniques in subsequent years till they succeed in recognition.

Children play 'gedi' (walking on bamboo) from the festival of hareli to [[pola (festival)|pola]]. They display various feats on gedi and participate in gedi race. Hareli is also beginning of festivals for Chhattisgarhi people. Pola and Teeja follow Hareli. People celebrate POLA by worshipping Bullocks. Bull race is also a major event of the festival. Children play with Nandia-Bail (Nandi the Vahan of Lord Shiva) idols made of clay and fitted with clay wheels. Teeja is the festival of women. All married women pray for the welfare of their husbands on this occasion. The custom is to perform this prayer at the parents' place of the women . They eagerly wait for this occasion to come to spend some time at their birth places in festive and devotional mood. The feeling of togetherness and social harmony is filled in every festival and art of Chhattisgarh culture.one and only midday newspaper jantaserishta published from capital city raipur sine 10 years

[[Champaran, Chhattisgarh|Champaran (Chhattisgarh)]] is a small town in the district that has religious significance as the birthplace of the Saint [[Vallabhacharya]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://raipur.nic.in}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312175441/http://www.raipur.nic.in/sanc.htm wildlife sanctuaries of Raipur District]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Raipur district
|North = [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur district]]
|Northeast = [[Janjgir-Champa district]] [[Raigarh district]]
|East = [[Mahasamund district]]
|Southeast = [[Nuapada district]], [[Odisha]] [[Kalahandi district]], [[Odisha]]
|South = [[Nabarangapur district]], [[Odisha]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Dhamtari district]]
|Northwest = [[Durg district]]
}}

{{Raipur district}}
{{Districts of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Mahanadi Basin}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Raipur district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Raipur division]]

Sonnalli Seygall

2026-02-12T02:49:41Z

MoraThibeault4: general expand citations per sources and added references

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1989)}}
{{Promotional|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sonnalli A Sajnani
| image = Sonnalli Seygall at the Jio MAMI Film Festival 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Seygall in 2023
| birth_name = Sonnali Seygall
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1989|05|01}}
| height =
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| spouse = {{Marriage|Ashesh L Sajnani|2023}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2011–present
}}

'''Sonnalli A Sajnani''' (born 1 May 1989)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2022 |title=Sonnalli Seygall Birthday Special: सोनाली सहगल को योग-फिटनेस से है बेहद प्यार, जानें एक्ट्रेस की खास बातें |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-interesting-facts-about-actress-sonnalli-seygall-on-her-birthday-4225976.html |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2021 |title=Sonnalli Seygall : I am trying my best to stay sane |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sonnalli-seygall-i-am-trying-my-best-to-stay-sane-101619867572975.html |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> is an [[India]]n actress and beauty pageant titleholder who represented India at [[Miss International 2006]] and placed Top 12. Her first film was 2011's ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama]]'', directed by [[Luv Ranjan]]. She played Rhea opposite Raayo S Bakhirta playing Vikrant Chaudhary. Sonnalli was also seen in ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]'' and ''[[Wedding Pullav]]'', both releasing on the same day (16 October).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/i-shot-non-stop-106-hours-480 |title='I shot non-stop for 106 hours'- Sonnalli Seygall |publisher=Asian Age |date=6 October 2015 |access-date=15 October 2012}}</ref> She was recently seen in an advertisement with [[Salman Khan]] for [[Thums Up]].

She was a ramp model before she decided to try her luck at the ''[[Femina Miss India|Miss India Worldwide]]'' competition.<ref>{{cite news |first=Priya |last=Gupta |agency=TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sonnalli-Seygall-Like-all-girls-I-too-had-a-crush-on-Salman-Khan/articleshow/49336620.cms |title=Sonnalli Seygall: Like all girls, I too had a crush on Salman Khan |work=The Times of India |date=14 October 2015 |access-date=15 October 2012}}</ref> She has featured in music videos for Prem, a Canadian singer ([[The Times Group|Times]]) and Dr. Zeus (Studio One). Having done anchoring at live events for [[Reebok]], [[Castrol]], [[Indiatimes]], [[Filmfare]], [[Times of India]] and [[Dadagiri (Hindi TV series)|Dadagiri]] (reality show), she has also performed at the Indian Embassy in Russia.<ref name=times>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-08/model-of-the-day/29747445_1_leafy-greens-reality-show-tv-commercials |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103094645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-08/model-of-the-day/29747445_1_leafy-greens-reality-show-tv-commercials |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Sonalli Sehgall |date=8 July 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 October 2012}}</ref>

Sonnalli also played lead role in ''[[Jai Mummy Di]]'', a romantic comedy starring [[Sunny Nijar|Sunny Singh]], [[Supriya Pathak]] and [[Poonam Dhillon|Poonam Dillon]], directed by Navjot Gulati. The film was released on 17 January 2020.<ref name=indtod>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sunny-singh-and-sonalli-seygall-s-film-jai-mummy-di-to-release-on-january-17-see-new-motion-poster-1596255-2019-09-06 |title=Sunny Singh and Sonnalli Seygall's film Jai Mummy Di to release on January 17. See new motion poster |work=India Today |date=6 September 2019 |access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In June 2023, She married restaurateur Ashesh L Sajnani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2023 |title=Sonnalli Seygall shares pics from first day after marriage, sips coffee with husband in varmala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sonnalli-seygall-first-day-after-marriage-with-husband-101686233049190.htm |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 June 2023}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2023 |title=Sonnalli Seygall ties the knot with restaurateur Ashesh L Sajnani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sonnalli-seygall-ties-the-knot-with-restaurateur-ashesh-l-sajnani/articleshow/100823636.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2011
| scope="row" | ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama]]''
| rowspan="2" | Rhea
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonnalli Seygall on her 'Pyaar Ka Punchnama' co-star: There's never a dull moment with Kartik Aaryan: he's super funny and witty - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sonnalli-seygall-on-her-pyaar-ka-punchnama-co-star-theres-never-a-dull-moment-with-kartik-aaryan-hes-super-funny-and-witty/articleshow/82826588.cms |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=21 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
| scope="row" | ''[[Wedding Pullav]]''
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Movie Wedding Pullav 2015, Story, Trailers {{!}} Times of India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/wedding-pullav/movie-review/49388128.cms |access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]''
| Supriya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 years of 'Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2': Reasons to revisit the much-loved comedy film - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/5-years-of-pyaar-ka-punchnama-2-reasons-to-revisit-the-much-loved-comedy-film/articleshow/78697946.cms |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=16 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| scope="row" | ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]] ''
| Sonu's girlfriend
| Cameo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonnalli Seygall: The three dishes Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety actress leant to cook recently! {{!}} Hindi Movie News - Bollywood - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/sonnalli-seygall-the-three-dishes-sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety-actress-leant-to-cook-recently/videoshow/76354817.cms |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[High Jack (film)|High Jack]]''
|Dilshaad
|
|<ref>{{Citation|title=High Jack Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of High Jack by Times of India|work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/high-jack/movie-review/64220941.cms|access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2019
| scope="row" |''[[Setters (film)|Setters]]''
|Isha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Setters Movie Review: Shreyas Talpade And Terrific Co-Stars Can't Put This On Merit List |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/setters-movie-review-shreyas-talpade-and-co-stars-cant-put-this-on-merit-list-2-5-stars-out-of-5-2032355 |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
|2020
| scope="row" |''[[Jai Mummy Di]]''
| Saanjh Bhalla
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2020 |title=Jai Mummy Di movie review: A pointless enterprise, this Sunny Singh-Sonnalli Seygall film is best avoided |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jai-mummy-di-movie-review-a-pointless-enterprise-this-sunny-singh-sonnalli-seygall-film-is-best-avoided/story-59OebnlLeMV2mnNKhuQKeM.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
| ''[[Aseq]]''
|Lail
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/aseq/movieshow/101188352.cms |title=Aseq |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[JNU: Jahangir National University]]''
|Jahanvi Ojha
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=JNU: Jahangir National University Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date, Urvashi Rautela, Siddharth Bodke {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Gheun Taak |url=https://gheuntaak.in/jnu-jahangir-national-university-movie/ |website=Gheun Taak |access-date=19 June 2024 |date=20 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai]]''
|Preeti
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jo-tera-hai-woh-mera-hai-ott-release-date-paresh-rawal-film-jiocinema/72da809d0b787|title=Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai OTT release date: Stream Paresh Rawal's film on THIS platform|date=9 September 2024|work=OTT Play|access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Noorani Chehra'' {{Dagger}}
|{{TBA}}
|Completed
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonnalli Seygall joins Nawazuddin Siddiqui in Noorani Chehra |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/sonnalli-seygall-joins-nawazuddin-siddiqui-in-noorani-chehra-384351 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama fame actress Sonnalli Seyagall joins Nawazuddin Siddiqui and Nupur Sanon in Noorani Chehra |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/pyaar-ka-punchnama-fame-actress-sonnalli-seyagall-joins-nawazuddin-siddiqui-and-nupur-sanon-in-noorani-chehra-2450929.html |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Black Currency: The Fake Currency Truth Unfolds'' {{Dagger}}
|{{TBA}}
|Completed
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2021 |title=Cinemas have finally reopened, but are audiences ready? Here's what actors have to say |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/cinemas-have-finally-reopened-but-are-audiences-ready-here-s-what-actors-have-to-say-101634996752596.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Boondi Raita'' {{Dagger}}
|{{TBA}}
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boondi Raita Cast List {{!}} Boondi Raita Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/boondi-raita/cast/ |access-date=29 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonnalli Seygall opens up about her journey in showbiz |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/sonnalli-seygall-opens-up-about-her-journey-in-showbiz-50964.html |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2017
|''Salute Siachen''
|Herself
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Illegal - Justice, Out of Order]]''
|Simone Kalra
|
|-
|2022
|Anamika
|DCA Agent Rhea
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2020 |title=Sonnalli Seygall Joins Sunny Leone In Vikram Bhatt's Web Series |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sonnalli-seygall-joins-sunny-leone-in-vikram-bhatts-web-series-3226088.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2020
|"Jab Hum Padheya Karte The"
|[[Parmish Verma]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parmish Verma's 'Jab Hum Padheya Karte The' will make you walk down the memory lane - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/parmish-vermas-jab-hum-padheya-karte-the-will-make-you-walk-down-the-memory-lane/articleshow/74472385.cms |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=4 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|"Dholna"
|[[Sona Mohapatra]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2021 |title=Sonnalli Seygall: 'Dholna' is for those who missed dancing at weddings {{!}} english.lokmat.com |url=https://english.lokmat.com/entertainment/sonnalli-seygall-dholna-is-for-those-who-missed-dancing-at-weddings/ |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=Lokmat English |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Churi"
|Khan Bhaini, [[Shipra Goyal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonnalli Seygall slays in glam avatar in Punjabi single 'Churi' {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/sonnalli-seygall-slays-in-glam-avatar-in-punjabi-single-churi/videoshow/86580962.cms |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Ishq Da Rog"
|[[Stebin Ben]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check Out New Hindi Trending Song Music Video - 'Ishq Da Rog' Sung By Stebin Ben Featuring Priyank Sharma, Sonnalli Seygall And Saurabh Singh Rajput {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-ishq-da-rog-sung-by-stebin-ben-featuring-priyank-sharma-sonnalli-seygall-and-saurabh-singh-rajput/videoshow/87180535.cms |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|4449715}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|sonnalli-seygall}}
* {{Facebook|SonnalliSeygall}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Vaishali Desai]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Miss India International|Miss International India]]
|years=[[Femina Miss India|2006]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Esha Gupta]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Miss International 2006 delegates}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seygall, Sonnalli}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Miss International 2006 delegates]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Asia-pageant-bio-stub}}
{{India-film-actor-1980s-stub}}

RLV Technology Demonstration Programme

2026-02-10T14:21:51Z

MoraThibeault4: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian reusable rocket programme}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox space programme
| name = RLV Technology Demonstration Programme
| image = RLV-TD HEX01, TDV being hoisted.jpg
| caption = Technology Development Vehicle (TDV) for RLV Programme
| image_size = 300px
| country = [[India]]
| organization = [[ISRO]]
| programme = y
| duration = 2012–present<ref>{{cite web | url=https://spacenews.com/34979isro-to-begin-flights-of-reusable-launcher-test-bed/ | title=ISRO to Begin Flights of Reusable Launcher Test Bed }}</ref>
| firstflight = 01:30 UTC, 23 May 2016 <ref name='HEXlaunched'>{{cite news|title=India's First-Ever Indigenous Space Shuttle RLV-TD Launched Successfully|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-all-set-to-launch-its-own-space-shuttle-today-1408943|access-date=2016-05-23|archive-date=2016-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523081541/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-all-set-to-launch-its-own-space-shuttle-today-1408943|url-status=live}}</ref>
| lastflight =
| successes = 1 Suborbital flight 
3 Landing flights
| launchsite = {{bullet list | [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (HEX)| [[Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range]] (LEX) }}
| launcher = Modified-[[Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#GSLV_Mark_II|GSLV Mark II]] L40 stage
| organisation = Indian Space Research Organisation
}}
'''Reusable Launch Vehicle–Technology Demonstration Programme''' is a series of [[technology demonstration]] missions that has been conceived by [[ISRO]] as a first step towards realising a [[Two Stage To Orbit]] (TSTO) [[reusable launch vehicle]], in which the second stage is a [[spaceplane]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2 June 2015 |title=Indian Space Research Organisation to test its reusable RLV spacecraft |url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/indian-space-research-organisation-to-test-its-reusable-rlv-spacecraft/ |work=SpaceFlight Insider |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114851/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/indian-space-research-organisation-to-test-its-reusable-rlv-spacecraft/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

For this purpose, a winged reusable launch vehicle technology demonstrator ('''RLV-TD''') has been configured. The RLV-TD acted as a flying test bed to evaluate various technologies like powered cruise flight, [[hypersonic flight]], and autonomous landing using air-breathing propulsion. Application of these technologies would bring down the launch cost by a factor of 10.<ref name="Presentation">{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/T25O2kOeVcOL2vRfml0baK/Isros-small-steps-towards-developing-its-own-reusable-rocke.html |title=Tuesday, December 22, Isro's small steps towards developing its own reusable rocket [Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV)] program |work=LIVE MINT, IN |date=2015 |access-date=2015-12-23 |archive-date=2016-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526125339/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/T25O2kOeVcOL2vRfml0baK/Isros-small-steps-towards-developing-its-own-reusable-rocke.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This project has no connection with the [[Avatar (spacecraft)|Avatar]] spaceplane concept by India's [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]].<ref name="Avatar is DRDO">{{cite web |url=http://dos.gov.in/sites/default/files/USQ251.pdf |title=Government of India Department of Space |date=14 March 2012 |access-date=2016-04-27 |quote=Feasibility study of project "AVATAR)" has been done by a group of scientists in DRDO. ISRO has no connection with the project. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805065726/http://dos.gov.in/sites/default/files/USQ251.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2016 }}</ref>

== History ==

In 2006 the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) performed a series of ground tests to demonstrate stable supersonic combustion for nearly 7 seconds with an inlet Mach number of 6.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Welcome to Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre - ISRO_Supersonic Combustion Tech| url = http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/2006/79-press-release-articles/631-isro-supersonic-combustion-tech| access-date = 2015-12-23| archive-date = 2016-03-04| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135953/http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/2006/79-press-release-articles/631-isro-supersonic-combustion-tech| url-status = dead}}</ref>

In March 2010, ISRO conducted the flight testing of its new sounding rocket: Advanced Technology Vehicle (ATV-D01), weighing 3 tonnes at lift-off, a diameter of {{convert|0.56|m|abbr=on}}, and a length of ~{{convert|10|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/meetings/annmeet/73am_talks/bnsuresh/img12.html| title = "Space Transportation Systems: What the future beholds" by Dr. B N Suresh| date = 2 November 2007| access-date = 23 December 2015| archive-date = 1 August 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801153241/https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/meetings/annmeet/73am_talks/bnsuresh/img12.html| url-status = live}}</ref> It carried a passive [[scramjet]] engine combustor module as a test-bed for demonstration of air-breathing propulsion technology.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Successful flight testing of advanced sounding rocket - ISRO| url = http://www.isro.gov.in/update/03-mar-2010/successful-flight-testing-of-advanced-sounding-rocket| website = www.isro.gov.in| access-date = 2015-12-06| archive-date = 2016-09-09| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160909115917/http://www.isro.gov.in/update/03-mar-2010/successful-flight-testing-of-advanced-sounding-rocket| url-status = dead}}</ref>

In January 2012, ISRO announced that a scaled prototype, called '''Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator''' ('''RLV-TD'''), was approved to be built and tested.<ref name="Design Approval">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-isro-s-design-of-reusable-launch-vehicle-approved-1633779/ |title=ISRO's design of reusable launch vehicle approved |access-date=2015-12-25 |archive-date=2020-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801153214/https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-isro-s-design-of-reusable-launch-vehicle-approved-1633779 |url-status=live }}</ref> The aerodynamics characterization on the RLV-TD prototype was done by the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] in India. The RLV-TD is in the last stages of construction by a Hyderabad-based private company called CIM Technologies. The fixed landing gear for the RLV-TD was supplied by Timetooth Technologies. The full-scale RLV is expected to use retractable landing gear.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-26 |title=RLV re-entry mission to use GSLV with PSLV last stage; landing gear to change & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rlv-re-entry-mission-to-use-gslv-with-pslv-last-stage-landing-gear-to-change-more/articleshow/111267553.cms |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

By May 2015, engineers at the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) in [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] were installing thermal tiles on the outer surface of the RLV-TD to protect it against the intense heat during [[Atmospheric entry|atmospheric reentry]].<ref name="FinalTouches2015">{{cite news|title=Navigation satellite system by March|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/navigation-satellite-system-by-march/article7821248.ece|access-date=2015-12-24|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108180935/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/navigation-satellite-system-by-march/article7821248.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> This prototype weighs around 1.5 tonnes and flew to an altitude of 65 km<ref name="FinalTouches2015"/> mounted on top of an expendable solid booster HS9.<ref name="MVD">{{Cite web|title = Modeling &Control of Launch Vehicles|url = http://www.sc.iitb.ac.in/~pdsc2014/MVD_talk.pdf|website = www.sc.iitb.ac.in|access-date = 2015-12-06|archive-date = 2015-12-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151224052512/http://www.sc.iitb.ac.in/~pdsc2014/MVD_talk.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Brahmand 2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.brahmand.com/news/Reusable-Launch-Vehicles-%EF%BF%BD-The-future-of-space-missions/5595/3/15.html |title=Reusable Launch Vehicles |work=Brahmand.com |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=2014-10-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101073815/http://www.brahmand.com/news/Reusable-Launch-Vehicles-%EF%BF%BD-The-future-of-space-missions/5595/3/15.html |archive-date=1 November 2014 }}</ref>

On 28 August 2016, ISRO successfully tested its scramjet engine on second developmental flight of its Advanced Technology Vehicle ATV-D02 from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] for 28 August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-aug-2016/successful-flight-testing-of-isros-scramjet-engine-technology-demonstrator|title=Successful Flight Testing of ISRO's Scramjet Engine Technology Demonstrator|access-date=2016-08-28|archive-date=2016-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914004452/http://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-aug-2016/successful-flight-testing-of-isros-scramjet-engine-technology-demonstrator|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian rockets to soon use atmospheric oxygen as fuel|url = http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/indian-rockets-to-soon-use-atmospheric-oxygen-as-fuel/article441392.ece}}</ref> The scramjet engine will be integrated to the RLV at a later stage of development.<ref name='Nov 2015'>{{Cite news| title = ISRO set to test scramjet engine| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/isro-set-to-test-scramjet-engine/article7926216.ece| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 2015-11-28| access-date = 2015-12-06| issn = 0971-751X| language = en-IN| archive-date = 2020-11-08| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201108125039/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/isro-set-to-test-scramjet-engine/article7926216.ece| url-status = live}}</ref>

In February 2024, [[IIT Kanpur]] built and evaluated the Hypervelocity Expansion Tunnel Test Facility, referred to as S2, in the Department of Aerospace Engineering's Hypersonic Experimental Aerodynamics Laboratory (HEAL). Scramjet flights and extreme hypersonic conditions such as [[atmospheric entry]] can be replicated at the S2 facility. It is anticipated that the facility will support RLV Technology Demonstration Programme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu Kumar |date=2024-02-05 |title=Hypervelocity facility at IIT Kanpur: How it will propel India's high-speed dreams |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/hypervelocity-facility-at-iit-kanpur-how-it-will-propel-indias-high-speed-dreams-2497864-2024-02-05 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Pushpak (RLV-TD)==
[[File:RLV-TD HEX01 at First Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota (SDSC SHAR) before launch 03.jpg|thumb|253x253px|RLV-TD HEX01|left]]

'''Pushpak''' ([[Sanskrit]], [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|sa|Puṣpaka}}, {{literal translation|Little Flower}}, [[Namesake]]: [[Pushpaka Vimana]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Reusable Launch Vehicle to be called Pushpak, PM reviews progress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-reusable-landing-vehicle-to-be-called-pushpak-pm-reviews-progress-2507692-2024-02-27 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=India Today |date=27 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> (also known as '''RLV-TD''' or '''Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstrator''') is India's first [[uncrewed spacecraft|uncrewed]] flying [[testbed]] developed for the ISRO's RLV Technology Demonstration Programme started in 2012. It is a scaled down [[prototype]] of an eventual [[two-stage-to-orbit]] (TSTO) [[reusable launch vehicle]].

In January 2012, the design of ISRO's [[reusable launch vehicle]] was approved by the National Review Committee and clearance was granted to build the vehicle. The vehicle was named 'Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator' (RLV-TD).<ref name="Launch vehicle approved">{{cite news|title=Launch vehicle approved|publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]|access-date=23 May 2016|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-isro-s-design-of-reusable-launch-vehicle-approved-1633779|archive-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911044601/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-isro-s-design-of-reusable-launch-vehicle-approved-1633779|url-status=live}}</ref> ISRO aims to bring down the cost of [[payload]] delivery to [[low Earth orbit]] by 80% from existing $20,000/kg to $4,000/kg.<ref name="Make In India Gets Wings With Successful Launch Of Swadeshi Space Shuttle">{{cite news|title=Make In India Gets Wings With Successful Launch Of Swadeshi Space Shuttle|publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]]|access-date=24 May 2016|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/make-in-india-gets-wings-with-successful-launch-of-swadeshi-space-shuttle/856065|archive-date=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525125001/http://www.freepressjournal.in/make-in-india-gets-wings-with-successful-launch-of-swadeshi-space-shuttle/856065|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="India Just Launched A Mini Space Shuttle">{{cite news| title=India Just Launched A Mini Space Shuttle| publisher=sciencealert.com| access-date=24 May 2016| url=http://www.sciencealert.com/india-just-launched-a-mini-space-shuttle| archive-date=17 September 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917171853/http://www.sciencealert.com/india-just-launched-a-mini-space-shuttle| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Breakthrough in Supersonic combustion technology">{{cite news|title=Breakthrough in Supersonic combustion technology|publisher=[[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] website|access-date=23 May 2016|url=http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/2006/79-press-release-articles/631-isro-supersonic-combustion-tech|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135953/http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/2006/79-press-release-articles/631-isro-supersonic-combustion-tech|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The RLV-TD was developed with an objective to test various aspects such as [[hypersonic flight]], [[autoland]], powered [[cruise flight]], hypersonic flight using the [[air-breathing engine]] [[propulsion]] and Hypersonic Experiment.

A series of four RLV-TD test flights have been planned by ISRO:<ref name="Launch vehicle approved"/><ref name="Demonstration program">{{cite news|title=Demonstration program|publisher=[[ISRO]] website|access-date=23 May 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/technology-development-programmes/reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-demonstration-program-rlv-td|archive-date=23 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523073038/http://www.isro.gov.in/technology-development-programmes/reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-demonstration-program-rlv-td|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Low cost access">{{cite news|title=Low cost access|publisher=bharat-rakshak.com|access-date=23 May 2016|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/33219-5/IMG_0024.JPG|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165739/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/33219-5/IMG_0024.JPG|url-status=live}}</ref>
* HEX (Hypersonic Flight Experiment) - '''Completed'''
* LEX (Landing Experiment) - '''Completed'''
* REX (Return Flight Experiment), later renamed to OREX (Orbital Return Flight Experiment) - ''Planned''
* SPEX (Scramjet Propulsion Experiment) - ''Planned''

A team of 750 engineers at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, [[National Aerospace Laboratories]], and [[Indian Institute of Science]] worked on the design and development of RLV-TD and the associated rocket. RLV-TD underwent 120 hours of [[wind tunnel]], 5,000 hours of [[computational fluid dynamics]] and 1,100 runs of [[flight simulation]] tests. RLV-TD has mass of 1.75 tonnes, [[wingspan]] of 3.6 meters and overall length of 6.5 meters (excluding the rocket). The vehicle had 600 heat-resistant tiles on its undercarriage and it features [[delta wing]]s and angled [[Vertical stabilizer|tail fins]].<ref name="India Flies Winged Space Plane On Experimental Suborbital Launch">{{cite news|title=India Flies Winged Space Plane On Experimental Suborbital Launch|publisher=spaceflightnow.com|access-date=24 May 2016|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2016/05/23/india-flies-winged-space-plane-on-experimental-suborbital-launch/|archive-date=30 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830125724/https://spaceflightnow.com/2016/05/23/india-flies-winged-space-plane-on-experimental-suborbital-launch/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ISRO's Reusable Launch Vehicle What Happened And What Next">{{cite news|title=ISRO's Reusable Launch Vehicle What Happened And What Next|publisher=thewire.in|access-date=24 May 2016|url=http://thewire.in/2016/05/24/isros-reusable-launch-vehicle-what-happened-and-what-next-38312/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525122822/http://thewire.in/2016/05/24/isros-reusable-launch-vehicle-what-happened-and-what-next-38312/|archive-date=25 May 2016}}</ref> Total cost of the project was {{INRConvert|95|c|1|no|to=USD|year=2016}}.<ref name="VSSC to find new skies">{{cite news|title=VSSC to find new skies|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=24 May 2016|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/VSSC-to-find-new-skies-through-RLV-TD-launch/2016/05/18/article3438189.ece|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915054724/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/VSSC-to-find-new-skies-through-RLV-TD-launch/2016/05/18/article3438189.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="India's own space shuttle launched successfully">{{cite news|title=India's own space shuttle launched successfully|publisher=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=24 May 2016|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-s-very-own-space-shuttle-launched-successfully-by-isro/story-53k4Yr6sdfxzj7BS9vEUSO.html|archive-date=30 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830111244/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-s-very-own-space-shuttle-launched-successfully-by-isro/story-53k4Yr6sdfxzj7BS9vEUSO.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Future planned developments include testing an air-breathing propulsion system, which aims to capitalise on the oxygen in the atmosphere instead of liquefied oxygen while in flight.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/56310/indian-space-research-organization-rlv-air-breathing-propulsion-system/|title=ISRO to Test Rocket That Uses Oxygen Directly from the Atmosphere to Fuel Itself|date=2016-05-26|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-07|archive-date=2016-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908010913/http://www.thebetterindia.com/56310/indian-space-research-organization-rlv-air-breathing-propulsion-system/|url-status=live}}</ref> The aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]]' 1.2m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Bengaluru: 1.2m trisonic wind tunnel at National Aerospace Laboratories completes 55 years of service |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bengaluru-12m-trisonic-wind-tunnel-at-national-aerospace-laboratories-completes-55-years-of-service20220606001500/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref>

=== Air Breathing Propulsion Project ===
In January 2006, ISRO completed the design, development and tests of [[scramjet]] ([[Ramjet|supersonic ramjet]]) at its [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. During the ground tests, stable supersonic combustion with an inlet [[Mach number]] 6 was demonstrated for 7 seconds.

On 3 March 2010, ISRO successfully conducted the [[flight test]] of its new sounding rocket ATV-D01 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] in [[Sriharikota]]. ATV-D01 weighed 3 tonnes at lift-off and was the heaviest sounding rocket ever developed by ISRO at the time. It was mounted with a passive [[Scramjet]] engine. The [[rocket]] flew for 7 seconds, achieved [[Mach number]] 6 + 0.5 and dynamic pressure 80 + 35 [[kPa]].<ref name="Flight testing of advanced sounding rocket">{{cite news|title=Flight testing of advanced sounding rocket|publisher=[[ISRO]] website|access-date=23 May 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/03-mar-2010/successful-flight-testing-of-advanced-sounding-rocket|archive-date=9 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909115917/http://www.isro.gov.in/update/03-mar-2010/successful-flight-testing-of-advanced-sounding-rocket|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Khul Ke l708">{{cite web | title=ISRO Progresses Towards a Swadeshi Space Plane | website=Khul Ke | url=https://www.khulke.com/roundtable/recorded/642eeb22714e9eae0bbcc7d7 | access-date=2023-09-07 | archive-date=2023-09-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907091949/https://www.khulke.com/roundtable/recorded/642eeb22714e9eae0bbcc7d7 | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 August 2016, ISRO tested scramjet engine with a five-minute flight. At a height of 20 kilometers, the scramjet engine attached to the [[Advanced Technology Vehicle]] was fired. It burnt fuel for five seconds, an important milestone in the development of [[Dual Mode Ramjet]] (DMR) under Air Breathing Propulsion Project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=T.S. |first=Subramanian |date=2016-09-28 |title=Scramjet success |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/scramjet-success/article9153834.ece |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> The scramjet engine weighed 3,277 kg at lift-off. Critical technologies that have been successfully demonstrated include fuel injection systems, air intake mechanisms, air breathing engine igniting at supersonic speed, and holding the flame at supersonic speed. Every aspect of the flight operation followed a pre-programmed sequence. The design and development of a hypersonic engine air intake, a supersonic combustor, materials that can withstand extremely high temperatures, computational tools for simulating hypersonic flow, proper thermal management, and ground testing of the engines are just a few of the technological challenges that ISRO has successfully overcome.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-28 |title=ISRO successfully tests scramjet engine using oxygen from atmosphere |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/isro-successfully-tests-scramjet-engine-using-oxygen-from-atmosphere/articleshow/53892013.cms |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO's Scramjet Engine Technology Demonstrator Successfully Flight Tested |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ScramjetEngineTechnology.html |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=ISRO |publisher=Department of Space}}</ref>

On 23 July 2024, ISRO effectively concluded the second experimental flight demonstration of air breathing propulsion technology. Air Breathing Propulsion systems were symmetrically placed on both sides of the [[Rohini_(rocket_family)#RH-560|Rohini RH-560]] sounding rocket used in the experiment. The Air Breathing propulsion systems were ignited successfully and the test performed satisfactorily. 110 parameters were extensively watched during the flight to evaluate the propulsion system's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-23 |title=Isro successfully conducts second test of Air Breathing Propulsion Technology |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-successfully-conducts-second-test-of-air-breathing-propulsion-technology-2570706-2024-07-23 |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== RLV TD Experiments ==
=== Hypersonic Flight Experiment ===
{{For|Japan's Hypersonic Flight Experiment|HYFLEX}}

[[File:RLV-TD HEX01 Logo.svg|thumb|RLV-HEX01 flight badge]]
The Reusable Launch Vehicle Hypersonic Flight Experiment or '''RLV HEX''' was the first test flight in the RLV Technology Demonstration Programme. HEX was successfully conducted on 23 May 2016.<ref name="HEXlaunched" /><ref>[https://www.isro.gov.in/update/23-may-2016/india%E2%80%99s-reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-demonstrator-rlv-td-successfully India’s Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD), Successfully Flight Tested] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209034327/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/23-may-2016/india%E2%80%99s-reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-demonstrator-rlv-td-successfully |date=2021-02-09 }}. 23 May 2016. ISRO.</ref><ref name="RLV-TD-1">[https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/rlv-td RLV-TD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417233754/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/rlv-td |date=2021-04-17 }}. ISRO. 23 May 2016. Includes diagrams.</ref> RLV-TD consists of a fuselage (body), a nose cap, double delta wings and twin vertical rudders. It has active control surfaces called Elevons and Rudders.<ref name="RLV-TD-1" /> Apart from the twin rudders it is similar in shape and operation to a small Space Shuttle Orbiter. TDV uses 600 or so heat resistant silica tiles and Flexible External Insulation, nose-cap is made out Carbon-Carbon composite with SiC coating. The leading edges of twin rudders are Inconel-718, wing leading edges of 15CDV6.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Kiran |title="Indigenous Development of Materials for Space Programme" |date=28 April 2016 |url=https://old.reddit.com/r/ISRO/comments/4grmoe/indigenous_development_of_materials_for_space/ |access-date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630171158/https://old.reddit.com/r/ISRO/comments/4grmoe/indigenous_development_of_materials_for_space/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SILICA TILES AS A THERMAL PROTECTION FOR RLV-TD |url=http://www.aerojournalindia.com/2017%20contents/Abstract%20of%20VSSC%20Special%20Issue_2017/Abstract%20of%20M_R_A_R_G_C_V_M_M_P_R.pdf |access-date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630175238/http://www.aerojournalindia.com/2017%20contents/Abstract%20of%20VSSC%20Special%20Issue_2017/Abstract%20of%20M_R_A_R_G_C_V_M_M_P_R.pdf |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Current Science Volume 114 - Issue 01 |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/toc.php?vol=114&issue=01 |access-date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630233024/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/toc.php?vol=114&issue=01 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The technology behind India's Reusable Launch Vehicle |date=12 November 2018 |url=https://www.spacetechasia.com/technology-behind-indias-reusable-launch-vehicle/ |access-date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630173633/https://www.spacetechasia.com/technology-behind-indias-reusable-launch-vehicle/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Deep Dive Into ISRO's Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology – Part I |url=http://delhidefencereview.com/2020/02/24/a-deep-dive-into-isros-reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-part-i/ |access-date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628170038/http://delhidefencereview.com/2020/02/24/a-deep-dive-into-isros-reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-part-i/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Deep Dive Into ISRO's Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology – Part II |url=http://delhidefencereview.com/2020/05/04/a-deep-dive-into-isros-reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-part-ii/ |access-date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703121307/http://delhidefencereview.com/2020/05/04/a-deep-dive-into-isros-reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-part-ii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

HEX was the first test flight of a reusable launch vehicle developed by India. The test flight objectives included:<ref name="hindu.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/An-Indian-space-shuttle-takes-shape/article16607270.ece |title=''An Indian space shuttle takes shape'' 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=2023-04-24 |archive-date=2023-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404081839/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/An-Indian-space-shuttle-takes-shape/article16607270.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Validating the aerodynamic design characteristics during [[hypersonic flight]]
* Characterize induced loads during the hypersonic descent through the atmosphere
* Assess the performance of the [[carbon fibre]] used in construction of the nose of the vehicle
* Demonstrate first stage separation sequencing

The vehicle was tracked during its flight from ground stations at Sriharikota and a shipborne terminal. The total flight duration from launch to [[splashdown]] lasted about 773.6 seconds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yadav|first1=Sandeep|last2=Jayakumar|first2=M.|last3=Nizin|first3=Aziya|last4=Kesavabrahmaji|first4=K.|last5=Shyam Mohan|first5=N.|date=2017-12-01|title=Final Phase Flight Performance and Touchdown Time Assessment of TDV in RLV-TD HEX-01 Mission|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-017-0403-9|journal=Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series C|language=en|volume=98|issue=6|pages=679–688|doi=10.1007/s40032-017-0403-9|bibcode=2017JIEIC..98..679Y|s2cid=115904439|issn=2250-0553|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The unit was not planned to be recovered.<ref name="India's Reusable Launch Vehicle Successfully Flight Tested">{{cite news| title=India's Reusable Launch Vehicle Successfully Flight Tested| publisher=[[ISRO]] website| access-date=23 May 2016| url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/23-may-2016/india%E2%80%99s-reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-demonstrator-rlv-td-successfully| archive-date=14 September 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914011950/http://www.isro.gov.in/update/23-may-2016/india%E2%80%99s-reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-demonstrator-rlv-td-successfully| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=ISRO successfully launches Indias first ever indigenous space shuttle| publisher=[[The Economic Times]]| access-date=24 May 2016| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-successfully-launches-indias-first-ever-indigenous-space-shuttle/articleshow/52393846.cms| archive-date=28 August 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828165702/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-successfully-launches-indias-first-ever-indigenous-space-shuttle/articleshow/52393846.cms| url-status=live}}</ref> ISRO plans to construct an airstrip greater than 4km long in [[Sriharikota]] island in the "near future". Critical technologies such as autonomous navigation, guidance & control, reusable thermal protection system, and descent mission management were validated in this flight.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/ISRO-Gears-up-for-6-Major-Missions-This-Year/2015/05/30/article2839810.ece|title=ISRO Gears up for 6 Major Missions This Year|work=Express News Service|date=30 May 2015|access-date=8 June 2015|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910194845/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/ISRO-Gears-up-for-6-Major-Missions-This-Year/2015/05/30/article2839810.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Landing Experiment===
The Reusable Launch Vehicle Landing Experiment or '''RLV-LEX''' was the second test flight in the RLV Technology Demonstration Programme following the Hypersonic Flight Experiment. The demonstration trials will pave the way for the [[two-stage-to-orbit]] (TSTO) fully reusable launch vehicle. Furthermore, more test similar to RLV-LEX will be conducted to test other conditions like wind, different failure conditions and other factors to finalise the testing of the vehicle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Landing experiment likely in Challakere next week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/indias-isro-to-conduct-reusable-launch-vehicle-rlv-landing-experiment-in-challakere/articleshow/108535242.cms |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Three such tests were performed in between April 2023 and June 2024. A drogue chute was used to bring the speed down to 100 km/h and nose wheel brakes were used to bring the vehicle to a stop.<ref>{{cite web|title=Launch Vehicles Space Transportation of ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/NSPD2024/assets/pdf/Launch%20Vehicles-Pagewise.pdf|publisher=ISRO|access-date=23 February 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Reusable Launch Vehicle Autonomous Landing Experiment RLV-LEX.webm|thumb|Reusable Launch Vehicle Autonomous Landing Mission (RLV-LEX-01)]]

==== RLV-LEX-01 ====
RLV-LEX was successfully conducted on 2 April 2023 at the [[Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range]].<ref name="LEXlaunched">{{cite news |title="ISRO Reusable Launch Vehicles Landing Experiment Successful"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-reusable-launch-vehicles-landing-experiment-successful-rlv-closer-to-orbital-re-entry-mission/articleshow/99181950.cms}}</ref> The flight took off at 7:10 AM and was released mid-air at a downrange of 4.6 km. The Vehicle landed at about 7:40 AM

The test flight objectives included:<ref name="isro_press_release">{{cite web | url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Reusable_launch_vehicle_autonomous_landing_mission.html | title=ISRO successfully conducts the Reusable Launch Vehicle Autonomous Landing Mission (RLV LEX) | publisher=isro.gov.in | work=Indian Space Research Organisation | date=2 April 2023 | access-date=2 April 2023 | archive-date=2 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402092514/https://www.isro.gov.in/Reusable_launch_vehicle_autonomous_landing_mission.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Simulating the exact conditions of a Space Re-entry vehicle's landing - high speed, unmanned, autonomous, precise landing from the same return path
* Validating the landing parameters such as the ground relative velocity, the sinking rate of landing gears and precise body rates as might be experienced by an orbital re-entry space vehicle on its return path

After the successful completion of the mission, [[S. Somanath]], chairman of [[Indian Space Research Organization|ISRO]], said to the media that they are currently planning to conduct more such landing tests to check the readiness of software and hardware under different conditions. The reported test will include the vehicle being dropped from an altitude of about 4.5 kilometres and at a lateral difference following which the vehicle must automatically guide itself for a landing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-02 |title=Isro reusable launch vehicle's landing experiment successful; RLV closer to orbital re-entry mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-reusable-launch-vehicles-landing-experiment-successful-rlv-closer-to-orbital-re-entry-mission/articleshow/99181950.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402033622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-reusable-launch-vehicles-landing-experiment-successful-rlv-closer-to-orbital-re-entry-mission/articleshow/99181950.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-04-02 |access-date=2023-04-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The test would be retroactively referred to as RLV-LEX-01.

==== RLV-LEX-02 ====
Another landing experiment was conducted at Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range on 22 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2024-03-22 |title=Isro completes 2nd key landing experiment of reusable launch vehicle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-completes-2nd-key-landing-experiment-of-reusable-launch-vehicle/articleshow/108692653.cms |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The vehicle had to correct both cross-range and down-range deviations before landing autonomously on the runway due to the experiment's more difficult manoeuvres and dispersions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagla |first=Pallava |date=22 March 2024 |title=Watch: India's 21st Century Pushpak 'Viman' Successfully Launched |url=https://www.ndtv.com/science/isro-successfully-lands-pushpak-indias-first-reusable-launch-vehicle-5287362 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The vehicle used its [[Nosewheel steering|nosewheel steering system]], landing gear brakes, and [[drogue parachute]] to help it come to a precise halt on the runway after making the required cross-range modifications. RLV-LEX-02 made use of the same Flight Demonstrator Vehicle as RLV-LEX-01. [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre|Liquid Propulsion System Centre]] (LPSC), [[ISRO Inertial Systems Unit]] (IISU), Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, and the Indian Air Force worked together with the [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]] (ADE), [[Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment]] (ADRDE), and other agencies to complete the mission.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=ISRO nails it again! Landing mission of Reusable Launch Vehicle 'Pushpak' conducted successfully in Karnataka – See Pictures |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/science-isro-nails-it-again-landing-mission-of-reusable-launch-vehicle-pushpak-conducted-successfully-in-karnataka-see-pictures-3433579/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=ISRO achieves another milestone, successfully lands Pushpak reusable launch vehicle |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/photos/india/isro-achieves-another-milestone-successfully-lands-pushpak-reusable-launch-vehicle-12507131.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

==== RLV-LEX-03 ====
ISRO completed the preparation for the third and last RLV landing experiment, RLV-LEX-03. At the Mission Readiness Review meet on 7 June 2024, [[S. Unnikrishnan Nair]], Director of the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|Vikram Sarabhai Space Center]], certified the mission for the first half of June at the [[Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range]], subject to weather conditions. In contrast to LEX-02, where the altitude was the same but the lateral distance from the runway was 150 meters, Pushpak will be flown by an IAF Chinook helicopter to a height of 4.5 kilometers and 500 meters to one side of the runway in LEX-03 before being released. The goal of the LEX-03 mission is to investigate methods for lowering the sink rate, or rate of descent, in order to lessen the impact weight. Pushpak will carry an onboard real-time kinematics (RTK) package. The test will also determine how well Pushpak performs in scenarios with a tailwind.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Rajwi |first=Tiki |date=2024-06-08 |title=ISRO all set for third reusable launch vehicle landing experiment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/isro-all-set-for-third-reusable-launch-vehicle-landing-experiment/article68266926.ece |access-date=2024-06-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>[[File:Reusable Launch Vehicle Autonomous Landing Experiment (RLV LEX-03).webm|thumb|New onboard kinematics package in LEX-03 improved [[NavIC]] accuracy through multi-sensor fusion, enabling real-time error correction for autonomous landing.]]The date of the test was shifted to the end of 2nd week of June due to poor weather conditions. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-17 |title=ISRO's reusable launch vehicle, made for low-cost space missions, set for 3rd test landing this week |url=https://theprint.in/science/isros-reusable-launch-vehicle-made-for-low-cost-space-missions-set-for-3rd-test-landing-this-week/2134892/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The test was successfully conducted on 23 June from Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range. Pushpak was released from an Indian Air Force Chinook Helicopter at an altitude of 4.5 km.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Isro's reusable launch vehicle completes 3rd landing test, paving way for orbital re-entry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isros-reusable-launch-vehicle-completes-3rd-landing-test-paving-way-for-orbital-re-entry/articleshow/111200124.cms |access-date=2024-06-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Pushpak automatically carried out cross-range correction maneuvers during the LEX-03 mission, approached the runway, and made a precise horizontal touchdown at the centerline of the runway. The vehicle's braking parachute was used to slow down to almost 100 km/h after touchdown, and the landing gear brakes were then used to bring the vehicle to a stop and decelerate on the runway. Pushpak uses its nose wheel and rudder steering system to automatically maintain a steady and accurate ground roll along the runway during this ground roll phase.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-06-23 |title=ISRO successfully conducts third and final 'Pushpak' Reusable Launch Vehicle landing experiment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-successfully-conducts-third-and-final-pushpak-reusable-launch-vehicle-landing-experiment/article68323211.ece |access-date=2024-06-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The mission replicated high-speed landing conditions, as well as the approach and landing interface, for a vehicle returning from space. Validation of the sophisticated guidance system that addresses both lateral and longitudinal plane error corrections which is necessary for the next Orbital Return Flight Experiment. The test vehicle was equipped with a [[Pseudolite|pseudolite system]], [[inertial sensor]], [[radar altimeter]], flush [[Air data computer|air data system]], and [[NavIC|NavIC receiver]], among other multi-sensor fusion devices. The RLV-LEX-03 demonstrated the robustness and adaptability of flight systems for multiple missions by reusing the winged body and flight systems from the LEX-02 without any modifications.<ref name=":2" />

=== Future ===
Two more experiments are planned by ISRO: '''OREX''' (Orbital Return Flight Experiment) and '''SPEX''' (Scramjet Propulsion Experiment).<ref name="FinalTouches2015" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/33219-5/IMG_0024.JPG |title=Poster on the RLV-TD |access-date=2009-07-30 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165739/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/media/33219-5/IMG_0024.JPG |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.isro.gov.in/technology-development-programmes/reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-demonstration-program-rlv-td| title=Reusable Launch Vehicle - Technology Demonstration Program (RLV-TD) - ISRO| work=isro.gov.in| access-date=2015-06-08| archive-date=2016-05-23| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523073038/http://www.isro.gov.in/technology-development-programmes/reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-demonstration-program-rlv-td| url-status=dead}}</ref> The OREX will launch on a [[Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle|GSLV]] rocket with [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#Fourth stage|PS-4]] stage instead of its [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle#Third stage|CUS]] [[upper stage]]s (due to decreased performance required for a suborbital flight unlike a regular GSLV launch) and [[RLV-TD|Orbital Re-entry vehicle]] (ORV) in place of its [[ogive]] [[payload fairing]] and re-enter the earth's atmosphere for a landing to demonstrate the viability of the project. The OREX vehicle will be 1.6 times larger than the Landing Experiment's Pushpak platform. It will have retractable landing gear and a thermal protection system for a safe re-entry into Earth's atmosphere.<ref name=":1" />

== Gallery ==

{{Gallery
|title = '''Photos of RLV TD'''
|align=center
|noborder=yes
|whitebg=no
|height=200
|width=200
|perrow=5
|mode=packed
|File:RLV-TD HEX01, TDV being transported.jpg
|RLV-TD HEX01, TDV being transported
|File:RLV-TD HEX01 at First Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota (SDSC SHAR) before launch 01.jpg
|RLV-TD HEX01 at First Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota (SDSC SHAR) before launch 01
|File:Launch of RLV-TD HEX01 from First Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota (SDSC SHAR) 02.jpg
|Launch of RLV-TD HEX01 from First Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota (SDSC SHAR) 02
|File:Reusable Launch Vehicle Landing Experiment (RLV-LEX) at Aeronautical Test Range (ATR) Chitradurga 01.jpg|LEX-01 simulating vehicle landing parameters. |File:RLV-TD LEX-02 Landing Experiment 002.jpg|LEX-02 maiden autonomous landing. |File:RLV-TD LEX-03 Landing Experiment 002.jpg|To enhance safety during autonomous landing maneuvers, LEX-03 utilized a new kinematics package, enhanced satellite navigation, and multi-sensor fusion for real-time parameter modification and error correction. }}

==See also==

* [[Avatar (spacecraft)|Avatar]], an unrelated spaceplane concept by India's [[DRDO]]
* [[Space Rider]] a planned robotic spaceplane by ESA

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.isro.gov.in/technology-development-programmes/reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-demonstration-program-rlv-td Home page for RLV-TD at ISRO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523073038/http://www.isro.gov.in/technology-development-programmes/reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-demonstration-program-rlv-td |date=2016-05-23 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dzn5XaKYdJ8 RLV-TD test flight animation] at YouTube

{{Indian space programme}}
{{spaceplanes}}

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}

[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Proposed reusable launch systems]]
[[Category:Reusable spaceflight technology]]
[[Category:Partially reusable space launch vehicles]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Agnipariksha (2021 TV series)

2026-01-15T11:36:59Z

MoraThibeault4: New First Stub With Sources!

{{Infobox television
| image = AgniparikshaZT.jpg
| genre = Family [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| based_on = [[Agnipariksha (2009 TV series)|Aginpariksha]]
| writer = '''Dialogues:''' Bangaru Naidu
| story = Subramanyam Oruganti
| director = Puli Vasu RR Ravindar
| starring = Thanuja Puttaswamy Akarsh Byramudi Navin Vetri Maahi Gouthami
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 318
| producer = Meena Vasu
| cinematography = B Manikanta
| editor = Raju Kasireddy
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Zee Telugu]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|10|18|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|10|22|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Agnipariksha<ref>{{Cite news |title=Akarsh Byramudi and Tanuja Puttaswamy back with 'Agnipariksha'; watch promo - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/akarsh-byramudi-and-tanuja-puttaswamy-back-with-agnipariksha-watch-promo/articleshow/85891652.cms |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=The Times of India|date=3 September 2021 }}</ref>''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language love and drama series airing on [[Zee Telugu]] from Monday - Saturday at 9:30 PM from 18 October 2021 and ended on 22 October 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-18 |title=Agnipariksha is set to premiere tonight; lead actor Akarsh Byramudi aka Amar says, "I was inspired by SRK's character in Darr" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/agnipariksha-is-set-to-premiere-tonight-lead-actor-akarsh-byramudi-aka-amar-says-i-was-inspired-by-srks-character-in-darr/photostory/87109998.cms |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> It stars Thanuja Puttaswamy, Aakarsh Byramudi, Navin Vetri and Maahi Gouthami in lead roles. It also available on digital streaming platform [[ZEE5]]'''''.'''''

== Synopsis ==
Radhika and Amar love each other. Radhika leaves Amar and marries Kailash, her father's choice. Radhika starts admiring Kailash because of his love and good care. Amar avenges this betrayal by marrying Radhika's younger sister Priyanka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-12 |title=Family drama Agnipariksha to bring the endearing story of two couples from October 18 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/family-drama-agnipariksha-bring-endearing-story-two-couples-october-18-915650 |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

=== Main ===

* Thanuja Puttaswamy<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-15 |title=My dad wanted me to quit acting; coming back was the real agnipariksha: Tanuja Gowda on her soon-to-be-launched show 'Agniparisksha' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/my-dad-wanted-me-to-quit-acting-coming-back-was-the-real-agnipariksha-tanuja-gowda-on-her-soon-to-be-launched-show-agniparisksha/photostory/86231503.cms |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=NT News |date=2021-11-27 |title=ఇంట్లో చెప్ప‌కుండానే న‌టించా.. సినిమా విడుద‌ల‌య్యాక నాన్న‌కు తెలిసి.. |url=https://www.ntnews.com/zindagi/my-dad-wanted-me-to-quit-acting-coming-back-was-the-real-agnipariksha-tanuja-gowda-324629 |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Namasthe Telangana |language=te}}</ref> as Radhika; Krishna Murthy and Sujatha's elder daughter; Priyanka's sister; Kailash's wife; Shakuntala Devi's daughter-in-law; Amar's ex-lover
* Akarsh Byramudi<ref name=":0" /> as Amar; Radhika's ex-lover; Priyanka's husband;
* Navin Vetri / Siddharth Varma as Kailash; Radhika's husband; Shakuntala Devi's son; Krishna Murthy and Sujatha's son-in-law
* Maahi Gouthami as Priyanka; Krishna Murthy and Sujatha's younger daughter; Radhika's sister; Amar's wife;

=== Recurring ===
* Sirisha as Shankuntala Devi; Kailash's mother; Radhika's mother-in-law
* Prabhakar as Krishna Murthy; Radhika and Priyanka's father; Sujatha's husband
* Shanthi as Sujatha; Radhika and Priyanka's mother; Krishna Murthy's wife
* Anu Manasa as Aliveni; Kailash's Aunt; Malleswari's mother
* Vani Reddy as Malleswari; Aliveni's daughter;
* Puru Reddy as Alivelu's husband; Malleshwari's father
* Jeedigunta Sridhar as Satyam; Radhika and Priyanka's uncle; Lavanya's father
* Aishwarya as Lavanya; Satyam's daughter;
* Jaya Prakash as Amar's father
* Maithili as Amar's step mother
* Sainath as Amar and Radhika's classmate and friend
* Hareesh as Amar and Radhika's classmate and friend
* Pawan as Amar and Radhika's classmate and friend
* Tenali Panthulu as Kailash and Radhika's marriage priest

=== Cameo appearances ===

* Deepthi Manne as Akshara (reprised her role from ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]'')
* Meghana Rami as Radhamma (reprised her role from ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]'')

== Dubbed version ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Language
!Title
!Original release
!Network(s)
!Last aired
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Agniparikshe'' ಅಗ್ನಿಪರೀಕ್ಷೆ<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telugu show Agnipariksha to be dubbed in Kannada - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/telugu-show-agnipariksha-to-be-dubbed-in-kannada/articleshow/89134213.cms |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 January 2022 }}</ref>
|31 January 2022
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|20 November 2022
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''Agnipariksha'' അഗ്നിപരീക്ഷ
|19 September 2022
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|19 November 2022
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/agnipariksha/0-6-4z525252 Agnipariksha] on [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title}}
[[Category:Zee Telugu original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]

Adwaita Gadanayak

2026-01-07T11:08:06Z

MoraThibeault4: New A Stub Added Tags!

{{Short description|Sculptor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Adwaita Gadanayak
| image = Adwaita Charan Gadanayak - Kolkata 2017-07-10 3097.JPG
| caption = Gadanayak in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|04|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Dhenkanal]], Odisha, India
| education = [[Slade School of Fine Art]], University College London, [[United Kingdom]]
BK College of Arts and Crafts, [[Bhubaneswar]]
| death_date =
| occupation = [[Sculptor]],
Director General [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
}}

'''Adwaita Charan Gadanayak''' is an Indian sculptor. He was head of the School of Sculpture at the [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]], [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Uma |date=December 6, 2018 |title=NGMA'S Gadanayak redefines modernism |website=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/ngmas-gadanayak-redefines-modernism/?frmapp=yes}}</ref> He is the director general of the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] which is under the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Vishnoi |first=Anubhuti |date=24 August 2016 |title=Adwaita Gadanayak to head National Gallery of Modern Art |website=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/adwaita-gadanayak-to-head-national-gallery-of-modern-art/articleshow/53835698.cms}}</ref> He was honored with the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Adwaita Gadanayak: Padma Shri Sculptural Triumph |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/4-from-odisha-including-adwaita-charan-gadanayak-from-kiit-to-get-padma-awards-2025/ |publisher=[[Kalinga TV]] |date=January 25, 2025}}</ref>

== Work ==
His carvings and concepts include [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Salt March]] statue in [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Poulomi |date=2022-01-23 |title=5 things to know about sculptor Adwaita Gadanayak who will make India Gate Netaji statue |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/5-things-to-know-about-sculptor-adwaita-gadanayak-who-will-make-india-gate-netaji-statue-101642932966686.html |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> the central memorial structure at the [[National Police Memorial (India)|National Police Memorial]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-20 |title=PM to unveil National Police Memorial today |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-to-unveil-national-police-memorial-today/article25274635.ece |access-date=2022-10-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and the [[Statue of Subhas Chandra Bose]] at [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] complex.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Divya |date=2022-01-25 |title='Netaji's personality and character have to come alive' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/netajis-personality-and-character-have-to-come-alive-7739970/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sahu |first=Diana |date=22 January 2022 |title=Eminent Odia sculptor Adwaita Gadanayak to carve Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose statue at India Gate. |website=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/jan/22/eminent-odia-sculptor-adwaita-gadanayak-to-carve-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-statue-at-india-gate-2409893.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-01-21 |title=Netaji's statue at India Gate to be 25 feet high : NMAG director |url=https://theprint.in/india/netajis-statue-at-india-gate-to-be-25-feet-high-nmag-director/809815/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadanayak, Adwaita}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:People from Dhenkanal]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary sculptors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

National Handloom Day

2025-12-12T15:19:34Z

MoraThibeault4: put up first data w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Date of observance in India}}

{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = National Handloom Day
| type = National
| significance = Commemorates the Swadeshi movement and honours the Indian handloom industry
| date = 7 August
| frequency = Annual
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}

'''National Handloom Day''' is observed annually on 7 August in India to honour the country's handloom weaving community and to highlight the contribution of the handloom industry to the socioeconomic development of the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=154978&ModuleId=3 |title=National Handloom Day on 7th August |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/lifestyle/national-handloom-day-2025-know-date-theme-history-and-significance-nc-125080601464_1.html |title=National Handloom Day 2025: Know date, theme, history, and significance |publisher=Business Standard |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> The day aims to raise awareness about the importance of handloom products and protect this indigenous heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mygov.in/campaigns/national-handloom-day/ |title=National Handloom Day |publisher=MyGov.in |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/national-handloom-day-2025-25-wishes-messages-more-to-share |title=National Handloom Day 2025: 25+ Wishes, Messages & More To Share |publisher=The Free Press Journal |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
The date, 7 August, was chosen to commemorate the launch of the [[Swadeshi movement]] in 1905. The movement was launched on this day at a formal proclamation in the Calcutta Town Hall and was aimed at reviving domestic production and boycotting foreign goods.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assamtribune.com/national/india-honors-the-swadeshi-movement-today-by-celebrating-national-handloom-day-1587561 |title=India honors the Swadeshi movement today by celebrating National Handloom Day |date=7 August 2025 |publisher=The Assam Tribune |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/national-handloom-day-2025-1820001326-1 |title=National Handloom Day 2025: Date, History, Theme, Significance and Objectives |date=7 August 2025 |publisher=Jagran Josh |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

In July 2015, the Government of India declared 7 August as National Handloom Day. The inaugural event was held on 7 August 2015, by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at the Centenary Hall of [[University of Madras]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=154978&ModuleId=3 |title=National Handloom Day on 7th August |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/when-is/national-handloom-day-2025-date-theme-origin-significance-and-celebrations-10174570/ |title=National Handloom Day 2025: Date, theme, origin, significance and celebrations |date=7 August 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

== Significance ==
The observance of National Handloom Day is intended to generate awareness about the handloom industry among the public and to stress its importance in the national economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/national-handloom-day-2025-date-theme-history-and-inspiring-quotes-2767150-2025-08-07 |title=National Handloom Day 2025: Date, theme, history and inspiring quotes |date=7 August 2025 |publisher=India Today |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> It seeks to empower the weavers and artisans of the handloom sector, who are often from rural and semi-rural areas, thereby promoting sustainable livelihoods. The day highlights the cultural richness and artistry of India's indigenous handloom products, encouraging consumers to choose handmade items and support the '[[Vocal for Local]]' and '[[Make in India]]' initiatives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/htcity-showstoppers/national-handloom-day-spotlighting-the-indigenous-handlooms-of-india-101754457618992.html |title=National Handloom Day: Spotlighting the indigenous handlooms of India |date=7 August 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

== Celebrations ==
[[File:National Handloom Day 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|Prime minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] attends celebration of National Handloom Day in 2015]]
National Handloom Day is marked by various events across the country organized by the [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Ministry of Textiles]] and state governments. These celebrations include honouring handloom weavers with awards, launching new schemes and initiatives, organizing exhibitions, workshops, and seminars.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151594 |title=11th National Handloom Day to be celebrated on 7th August 2025 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2153746 |title=Union Minister of Textiles and Commerce & Industry Shri Piyush Goyal exhorts the Handloom Sector to focus on Quality, new Designs and Sustainability |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

State-level celebrations are widespread. For instance, in [[Telangana]], the government organises events to honour weavers and showcase the state's textile heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-to-celebrate-textile-heritage-honour-weavers-on-national-handloom-day-on-august-7/article69901544.ece |title=Telangana to celebrate textile heritage, honour weavers on National Handloom Day on August 7 |work=The Hindu |date=6 August 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> In [[Karnataka]], weavers are often felicitated for their contributions to the craft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/five-handloom-weavers-felicitated-on-national-handloom-day/article69906409.ece |title=Five handloom weavers felicitated on National Handloom Day |work=The Hindu |date=7 August 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> Southern districts of [[Tamil Nadu]] also observe the day with exhibitions and events to support local weavers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/national-handlooms-day-celebrated-in-southern-districts/article69905990.ece |title=National Handlooms Day celebrated in southern districts |work=The Hindu |date=7 August 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

Exhibitions are a key feature of the celebrations, such as those held at Delhi's [[National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum|National Crafts Museum]] to showcase diverse Indian handloom traditions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/htcity-delhi-junction/national-handloom-day-this-exhibition-in-delhis-crafts-museum-weaves-a-tribute-to-spotlight-indian-handloom-101754475376754.html |title=National Handloom Day: This exhibition in Delhi's Crafts Museum weaves a tribute to spotlight Indian handloom |date=7 August 2025 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

=== 10th National Handloom Day (2024) ===
The 10th National Handloom Day in 2024 included participation from non-governmental organizations. The World Designing Forum, an organization that works with [[fashion designer|fashion designers]] and [[artisans]] to promote Indian [[handloom]], held events in cities such as [[Agra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/agra-hosts-10th-national-handloom-day-world-designing-forum/articleshow/112431454.cms |title=Agra hosts 10th National Handloom Day & World Designing Forum |work=The Times of India |date=15 August 2024 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/world-designing-forum-growth-of-indian-handloom-at-national-designer-awards-2024-2653709-2024-12-22 |title=World Designing Forum: Growth of Indian handloom at National Designer Awards 2024 |date=22 December 2024 |publisher=India Today |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> These included cultural festivals and designer awards to showcase handloom products.{{cn|date=December 2025}} The events highlighted a vision for modernizing the sector while preserving its traditional roots.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/ias-ritu-maheshwaris-vision-on-the-10th-national-handloom-day-2579138-2024-08-08 |title=IAS Ritu Maheshwari's vision on the 10th National Handloom Day |date=8 August 2024 |publisher=India Today |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> Handloom was also showcased at events associated with the awards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/world-designing-forum-showcases-indian-handloom/articleshow/116714470.cms |title=World Designing Forum showcases Indian handloom |work=The Times of India |date=4 January 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Textile industry in India]]
* [[Khadi]]
* [[Swadeshi movement]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:August observances]]
[[Category:Textiles]]
[[Category:Textile industry in India]]
[[Category:Observances in India]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in India]]

BHEL Township, Hyderabad

2025-12-01T01:32:33Z

MoraThibeault4: refine section and added references

{{More citations needed|date=December 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = BHEL Township [[Ramachandrapuram (BHEL Township)]], [[Hyderabad]]
| native_name = BHEL Lingampally
| native_name_lang =

| other_name =
| settlement_type = Planned Township
| image_skyline = Entrance_to_BHEL_Hyderabad.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = BHEL Hyderabad Factory
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.495438|N|78.296017|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[GHMC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 502 032
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency]]
| website = [http://10.5.12.15/finenq/township.htm]
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Serilingampally Assembly constituency]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]
}}
'''BHEL Township''' in Ramchandrapuram is a suburb of [[Hyderabad, Telangana]]. Like other [[BHEL township (disambiguation)|BHEL township]]s, it was originally developed to house employees and families of the Indian public sector engineering company [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]]. The township is now well known for its greenery, wide roads, and peaceful atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/environment/bhel-hyderabad-after-twilight-peace-in-every-corner-1879202|title=BHEL Hyderabad After Twilight: Peace in Every Corner|date=16 May 2025|access-date=2025-12-01|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

Hostels for ET's, Assistant Engineers and artisans are available here. It is spread over an area of around 16 km2 and provides facilities like, parks, community halls, sports complex, grounds, library, shopping centers, banks, and post offices. Free health services are extended to all the employees and their dependents through BHEL run hospital.

==Commercial area==
A small market complex known as Kirthimahal comprising small groceries, a pharmacy and small eateries, provides for basic necessities of BHEL employees. Beside this, a weekly market for vegetables and fresh fruits [Wednesday market] is organised by the company in its township. [[State Bank of Hyderabad|State Bank of Hyderabad (now State Bank of India)]] is operating a branch and APGV Bank has a branch inside the township. There are ATMs of other banks like AXIS and HDFC nearby the BHEL township but not inside. Brindavan Gas Agency supplies Indane LPG.

==Amenities==
There are many parks, sports complex and grounds in this area which are accessible to employees and a large number of outsiders. Also there is a community center, gym, swimming pool, stadium, tennis, badminton, basketball and volleyball courts and the most prominent BHEL General Hospital for BHEL employees and their families. Most of the sport facilities are available. Overall it provides many facilities to its resident employees and their families.

==Transport==
BHEL Hyderabad Township is very well connected through road, railways and air to the rest of India.

Nearest [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|local train]] station to BHEL township is [[Lingampally, Hyderabad|Lingampally]], which is 3 km away from the township. Two main railway stations [[Hyderabad Deccan railway station]] and [[Secunderabad Junction railway station]] are nearly 26 km away which connects it from rest of India. Also new MMTS railway station is coming up in BHEL with the name "BHEL Halt" that will server passengers MMTS trains.

Nearest Airport is [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]], which is about 40 km away from the main gate of the township.

National Highway 9 (old numbering) passes around township boundary. The state-owned [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]] runs the city bus service, connecting to all the major centres of the city. The nearest bus stand to reach main BHEL check post is [[Lingampally, Hyderabad|Lingampally]]. The nearest [[Hyderabad Metro Rail]] station is also at Miyapur, which is 7 km away from main gate of township
[[File:BHEL Main Road.jpg|thumb|BHEL Side Road in Autumn]]

For inside township transportation, auto-rickshaws are available from 5am to 9pm.

==Educational institutions==
BHEL Township has many schools such as St Ann's, [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Public School]], Jyothi Vidyalaya, Vidya Bharati High School, Geetanjali School. The BVB Public School has CBSE affiliation.
Science library is also available in BHEL Township which has over 10,000 books and magazines for various professional and competitive exams.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:BHEL]]

Gondaur

2025-11-29T02:09:05Z

MoraThibeault4: quick corrected section for consistency and corrected details per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Gondaur
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Uttar_Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord| 25.6168558 |N|83.7531057 |E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiamapia.com/Ghazipur/Gondaur.html|title=India Mapia, Gondaur}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh, India|Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mohammadabad, Ghazipur|Mohammadabad]]l
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pin code
| postal_code = 223225<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/UTTAR_PRADESH/GHAZIPUR/G/GONDAUR|title=PIN Code, Gondaur}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 05493
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#UP.E2.80.94Uttar Pradesh|UP]]-61
| iso_code =

| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]

| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gondaur''' is a village located in ‘Karail Kshetra’ of [[Mohammadabad, Ghazipur|Mohammadabad]] tehsil of [[Ghazipur]] district, [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It had 590 families and a population of 3712 in the 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/206199-gondoor-uttar-pradesh.html|title=Census 2011, Gondaur}}</ref>

==History==
According to historical records, Gondaur was established around 1420 A.D.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} It was Kunwar Bhairo Shah who moved from 'Saharmadih' to this place and built a Kot (fort). He was the last person of Raja Mulhan Dikshit's family who left the old habitat of Kinwars near Ooki river. It was a period when sultan [[Khizr Khan]] was sitting on the throne of Delhi. Kunwar Bhairav Shah had four sons, Satan Shah, Bisen Shah, Karmsen Shah and Narayan Shah. Elder son Satan Shah established Pidroi, second son Bisen Shah established [[Amarupur]], third son Karmsen Shah established [[Kanuan]] and youngest of them Narayan Shah stayed at Gondaur. Kunwar Narayan Shah also had four sons, Madhav Rai, Mahesh Rai, Sarangdhar Rai and Purushottam Rai. Eldest of them Taluqdar Madhav Rai established village [[Kundesar]] on the bank of river Ganges, second son Mahesh Rai established Narayanpur on the name of his father Narayan Shah, third son Sarangdhar Rai styed at Gondaur while youngest Purushottam Rai moved to Musurdeva.<ref name="Evolution 113-114">''Evolution and Spatial Organization of Clan Settlements: A Case Study of Middle Ganga Valley'', pp. 113–114, Concept Publishing Company, 1986, New Delhi</ref> Its narrated in 'Shri Pothi Bansauri' in these verses:

{{Transliteration|bho|Narayen sut chari pratham Madho kahi gayo, 
Sur sarita tat gram Kundesari nam kahayo, 
Dujo bhaye Mahesh nam jehi param ujagar, 
Narayanpur gram base subh gun ke agar, 
Teejo Gondaur me base Sarangdhar jo naav, 
Chautho Purusotim kahi basev Mushurdev gaav.}}<ref>Shri Pothi Bansauri, p.12, Kashi Nagri Pracharini Sabha, Varanasi</ref>

(English translation: ''Narayan Shah had four sons, eldest of them Madhav Rai established village Kundesar on the bank of river Ganges. Second son Mahesh Rai established Narayanpur. Third son Sarangdhar Rai stayed at Gondaur, while fourth and youngest of them Purushottam Rai shifted to chhawani Musurdeva.'')

==Administration==
Gondaur village is administrated by Gram Panchayat through its Pradhan who is elected representative of village.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Particulars !! Total !! Male!!Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses||590|| ||
|-
| Population ||3,712||1,993||1,719
|-
|}

==Agriculture==
Agriculture is the main source of income and livelihood for the majority of the residents though a number of people from this village have been in government and private sector jobs. Nearly all type of food grains which are cultivated in eastern UP are also produced here, popular crops include wheat, paddy, and potatoes, though other crops such as mustard, lentils, grams are also produced in large quantities, the village has privately owned rice mills and oil mills.<ref>Flood Plains and Agricultural Occupance by Mohan Pathak, pp. 38–39, Deep & Deep publications,1991, Delhi</ref>

==Transport==
Gondaur is connected to other parts of Ghazipur through public and private transport. Nearest railway station to this village is Karimuddinpur. Buxar railway station on Delhi-Howrah route is at 12 km distance from this village.

==Hospital and schools==
There is one Intermediate college in this village along with several primary schools. [[Allahabad Bank]] has one of its branch here, which caters the needs of local farmers and other entrepreneurs. Gondaur has got one of Ghazipur district's Block Primary Health Center (BPHC) with 20 beds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uphealth.up.nic.in/contact/bphc/ghazipur.htm|title=BPHC in the District|publisher=uphealth.up.nic.in|accessdate=2017-06-08}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://banksifsccode.com/allahabad-bank-ifsc-code/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/goraur-branch/|title=Allahabad Bank, Gondaur|publisher=banksifsccode.com|accessdate=2017-06-08}}</ref>

==Language and culture==
Culturally this village has influence of Kashi Kshetra as this region is part of [[Varnasi]] division. The language spoken in this village is [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], though a number of people can read, write and speak Hindi and English languages.

== Notable people ==
* [[Krishnanand Rai]], former MLA from [[Mohammadabad, Ghazipur|Mohammadabad]] constituency, was born in this village on 11 December 1955
* [[Alka Rai]], MLA from [[Mohammadabad, Ghazipur|Mohammadabad]] constituency
* [[Gyanendra Pandey (historian)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/ Villages in Ghazipur Uttar Pradesh]
{{Ghazipur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district]]

Gangushahi

2025-08-13T18:50:27Z

MoraThibeault4: Stub

{{Short description|Sikh sect}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Gangushahi''' is a [[Sects of Sikhism|Sikh sect]] that is mostly found in the [[Shivalik Hills]] region. The sect was opposed to mainstream Sikhs as they had installed Kharak Singh as their guru in the period after the ending of a personal guruship with the death of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |date=Oct 8, 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521637640 |pages=88–89 |chapter=Rise to Political Power}}</ref>

== History ==
The Gangushahi sect that can be traced back to Gangu Shah, also known as Gangu Das, whom was a [[Manji (Sikhism)|manji]] preacher assigned by Guru Amar Das to the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik Hills]] region, being given a seat in the [[Sirmur State|Sirmur region]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |date=24 July 2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810863446 |pages=69}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nijjar |first=Bakhshish Singh |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2011 |isbn=8173802041 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=3rd |volume=2: E–L |location=Patiala |pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Safdar |first=Sumaira |last2=Riffat |first2=Fatima |last3=Shoeb |first3=Robina |last4=Iftkhar |first4=Anam |date=January–June 2018 |title=Reimagining Sikh Religion, Origin and Growth: An Overview |url=https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/HistoryPStudies/PDF_Files/21_V-31-No1-Jan18.pdf |journal=Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=227–231}}</ref> Gangu Shah had been born into a Basi Khatri family in [[Garhshankar]].<ref name=":1" /> According to Sikh lore, Gangu had presented four [[Paisa|pice]] weight of ''gur'', all of his material possessions, to Guru Amar Das before the guru dispatched him to on the preaching mission to the Shivalik Hills.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dogra |first=R. C. |title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture |last2=Mansukhani |first2=Gobind Singh |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1995 |isbn=9780706983685 |pages=154}}</ref> Over-time, his preaching attracted many followers, with the group growing into their own order.<ref name=":1" /> The great-grandson of Gangu, Javahar Singh, consolidated a new sect of Sikhs based on the following of Gangu.{{Efn|Javahar Singh's forename is alternatively spelt as 'Jawahar'.|group=note}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> During this time, the Gangushahi leader Javahar Singh commanded a large force in the [[Hill States of India|hills region]].<ref name=":0" /> The Gangushahis constructed their own shrines at Daun (near Kharar in Ropar district), which had been built under Gangu Shah, and Khatkar Kalan (near Banga in Jalandhar district), which had been built under Javahar Singh.<ref name=":1" /> These shrines are still places of veneration to this day by followers of the sect.<ref name=":1" />

The Gangushahis were ex-communicated by the Khalsa when their incumbent ''[[Gaddi Nashin|gaddi]]'', Kharak Singh, in circa 1708 (around the time of Guru Gobind Singh's death) said the rest of the Sikhs congregations were "widowed" since no [[Sodhi]] was on the gaddi, implicitly implying that he is left to lead the Sikhs as a ''[[guru]]''.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=The Khalsa: Sikh and Non-Sikh Perspectives |publisher=Manohar |year=2004 |isbn=9788173045806 |pages=111}}</ref> Furthermore, there are claims he performed miracles.<ref name=":1" /> Kharak Singh was a successor of a renowned follower of Guru Amar Das.<ref name=":05" /> The Gangushahis under Kharak Singh were against the ''[[Amrit Sanskar|khande di pahul]]'' ceremony, insteading advocating for the original ''charan amrit'' initiation ceremony.<ref name=":1" />

Gangushahis still exist today, albeit in small numbers, inhabiting the Shivalik Hills region, particularly in the areas of Jauharsar, Pinjaur, Dagshai, and Nahan.<ref name=":1" /> They maintain their own deras and they do not strictly adhere to mainstream Sikh customs nor ''rehat'' (codes of conduct).<ref name=":1" />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references />

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh groups and sects]]

Kisko, Lohardaga

2025-06-21T00:07:40Z

MoraThibeault4: Put Up A Details

{{other uses|Kisko (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kisko
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.5184|N|84.6657|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2278
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages *
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835302
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06526
| registration_plate = JH 08
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 84.69%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Loharadaga]]
| website = {{URL|lohardaga.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{OSM Location map
| width=320| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|28|0|N|84|42|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Lohardaga district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, B: Bauxite mining centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|21|45|N|84|47|55|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Bhandra| numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bhandra, Lohardaga]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|27|6|N|84|49|39|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Kairo| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Kairo, Lohardaga]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|31|6|N|84|39|56|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Kisko| numbered3=R| mark-title3= Kisko, Lohardaga (R)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black 
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|32|39|N|84|49|9|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Kuru| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Kuru, Lohardaga]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|33|37|N|84|33|20|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Peshrar| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Peshrar]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|23|12|N|84|39|5|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Senha| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Senha]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|26|24|N|84|40|48|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7=Lohardaga| numbered7=M| mark-title7= [[Lohardaga]] (M) |label-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|28|24|N|84|37|27|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Bagru | numbered8=B| mark-title8=[[Bagru, Lohardaga]] (B) |shape-color8= #A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|27|5|N|84|36|40|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Hisri | numbered9=B| mark-title9=[[Hisri]] (B) |shape-color9= #A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|34|12|N|84|36|56|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Pakhar | numbered10=B| mark-title10=[[Pakhar, Lohardaga]] (B) |shape-color10= #A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|40|N|84|46|0|E}} |label11= South Koel |labela11= River |label-color11 = #77A1CB| label-angle11= -5| label-pos11=top| label-size11=10| mark-size11=0| mark-title11 =none}}
'''Kisko''' is a village in the [[Kisko block|Kisko]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the Lohardaga Sadar subdivision of the [[Lohardaga district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==

===Location===
Kisko is located at {{coord|23.5184|N|84.6657|E|display=inline}}

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows an undulating plateau area with the hilly tract in the west and north-west. Three [[Bauxite mining]] centres are marked. It is an overwhelmingly rural district with 87.6% of the population living in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Physical features, Page 22: Census findings |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 23 October 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==

===Police station===
There is a police station at Kisko.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/lohardaga| title = District Police Profile - Lohardaga| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 22 October 2021| archive-date = 25 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211025193818/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/lohardaga| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Kisko CD block are located at Kisko village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Lohardaga district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Kisko had a population of 2,278 (1,260 (55%) males and 1,018 (45%) females). Population in the age range 0–6 years was 351. The number of literate persons in Kisko was 1,632 (84.69% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2011_PART_B_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 362897, page 56-57|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Kisko block#Language and religion]])

==Education==
[[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]] is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 2005. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class XII. The school has a playground, a library with 2,500 books and has five computers for learning and teaching purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/lohardaga/20150208111/kgbv-kisko.html | title = KGBV Kisko | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref>

Residential High School Kisko is a Hindi-medium boys only institution established in 1962. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. The school has a playground, a library with 3,722 books and has five computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/lohardaga/20150208107/residensial-hs-kisko.html | title = Residential HS Kisko | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref>

S.S. High School Kisko is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1974. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X. The school has a playground and a library with 600 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/lohardaga/20150208114/s-s-high-school-kisko.html | title = S.S. High School Kisko | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref>

Project Girls High School Kisko is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 1984. It has facilities for teaching from class VII to class X. The school has a playground and a library with 700 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/lohardaga/20150208106/project-girls-hs-kisko.html | title = Project Girls HS Kisko | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Lohardaga district]]

Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021

2025-05-05T10:36:08Z

MoraThibeault4: New First Entry Basic Info!

{{Short description|Children's literature awards in 2021}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021
| image = साहित्य अकादमी.svg
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader =
| awarded_for = Literary awards for [[children's literature]] in [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]
| sponsor = [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of India]]
| reward = {{INR}} 50,000
| former name =
| previous = [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2020]]
| next = [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2022]]
| website = {{URL|https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp|Official website}}
}}
The '''Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021''' ({{Translation|Children's literature award}}), also known as '''Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021''', is a 2021 literary honour in India, which the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters, annually confers on writers for their contribution in the field of [[Children's literature]] in any of the 22 [[languages of the 8th Schedule to the Indian constitution]] as well as in [[English language|English]] and [[Rajasthani language]]. It comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2021-1894439-2021-12-31 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-30 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Recipients ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Authors<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Announces Winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://thewire.in/books/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2021-1894439-2021-12-31 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-30 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
! Works
! Genres
! Languages
|-
| Mrinal Chandra Kalita|| ''Bakul Phular Dare'' || Novel
| Assamese
|-
| Sunirmal Chakraborty|| ''Batakesto Babur Chhata'' || Short Stories
| Bengali
|-
| Ratneswar Narzary || ''Dikhura Solobatha'' || Folk Tales
| Bodo
|-
| Narsingh Dev Jamwal|| Khadak Singh Te Usda Guglu|| Short Novel
| Dogri
|-
| Anita Vachharajani || ''Amrita Sher-gil: Rebel with a paintbrush'' || Biography
| English
|-
| No award || ||
| Gujarati
|-
| Devendra Mewari || ''Natak Natak me Vigyan'' || Play
| Hindi
|-
| Basu Bevinagida || ''Odi Hoda Huduga'' || Novel
| Kannada
|-
| Majeed Majazi || ''Phulai Gulan Henz'' || Short Stories
| Kashmiri
|-
| Sumedha Kamat Desai || ''Sumiche Cottangree'' || Short Novel
| Konkani
|-
| Anmol Jha || ''Lagi Jo Phool Akash'' || Poetry
| Maithili
|-
| [[Raghunath Paleri]] || ''Avar Moovarum Oru Mazhavillum'' || Novel
| Malayalam
|-
| Ningombam Jadumani Singh || ''Apunbana Pangalni'' || Collection of Plays
| Meitei (Manipuri)
|-
| Sanjay Wagh || ''Jokar Banala Kingmaker'' || Novel
| Marathi
|-
| Sudarshan Ambatey || ''Jhyaunkiri ra Juunkiri'' || Poetry
| Nepali
|-
| Digaraj Brahma || ''Geeta Kahe Mitar Katha'' || Poetry
| Odia
|-
| No Awards || ||
| Punjabi
|-
| Kirti Sharma || ''Paani Ra Rukhalaa'' || Novel
| Rajasthani
|-
| Asha Agrawal || ''Kathamadhuri'' || Short Stories
| Sanskrit
|-
| Sova Hansda || ''Hali Mon'' || Poetry
| Santhali
|-
| Kishin Khubchandani 'Ranjayal' || ''Baar Man Thaar'' || Poetry
| Sindhi
|-
| Mu. Murugesh || ''Ammavukku Magal Sonna Ulagin Mudhal Kadhai'' || Short Stories
| Tamil
|-
| Devaraju Maharaju || ''Nenu Ante Evaru?'' || Play
| Telugu
|-
| Kausar Siddiqui || ''Charagh Phoolon Ke'' || Poetry
| Urdu
|}

== See also ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
* [[Yuva Puraskar]]
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|Books|Civilization|India|Languages|Literature|Poetry|Society|Writing}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bal Sahitya Puraskar by year]]

Chashni (TV series)

2025-03-01T08:51:43Z

MoraThibeault4:

{{Short description|2023 Indian television series}}
{{Confused|Chashni|Ishq Di Chashni}}
{{Notability|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = ChashniTitleCard.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Sandiip Sikcand]]
| based_on = Tapur Tupur
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay = Heena Kholi Khan
| story = Vandana Tiwari Sidra Iqbal Sonakshi Khendelwaal Nirbhay Singh
| director = Sameer Kulkarni
| creative_director = [[Sandiip Sikcand]] Dolienn Diaz Dhaval Thakkar Nimisha Abraham
| presenter =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Amandeep Sidhu]]|Srishti Singh|[[Sai Ketan Rao]]}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = Shubham Sundaram
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = Shivangi Bhayana
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 81
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Sandiip Sikcand]] Veena Sikcand
| location =
| cinematography = Sadanand Pillai
| editor = Sameer Gandhi
| camera = [[Multi-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = SOL Productions
| budget =
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2023|3|09}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2023|5|28}}
| related = 
}}
'''''Chashni''''' (<abbr>transl.</abbr> Sweet Syrup) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television drama series premiered on 9 March 2023 on [[StarPlus]] and streams digitally on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. It stars [[Amandeep Sidhu]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sampat |first=Shruti |date=2023-04-18 |title=Exclusive! I believe I got Chashni because of Naagin 6: Amandeep Sidhu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-i-believe-i-got-chashni-because-of-naagin-6-amandeep-sidhu/articleshow/99566740.cms |access-date=2024-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Srishti Singh<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tiwari |first1=Himanshi |last2=Hindi |first2=India TV |date=2023-02-16 |title='चाशनी' से एक्टिंग में डेब्यू करेंगी ये खूबसूरत एक्ट्रेस, देखें बहनों की गोलमाल कहानी |url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/tv/chashni-star-plus-new-tv-show-this-beautiful-actress-will-debut-in-acting-with-serial-chashni-see-breakup-story-of-sisters-2023-02-16-932387 |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lal Suri |first=Naveen |date=2023-03-11 |title=Jharkhand: Ranchi's daughter will play a role in Star Plus show Chashni, read the story of Srishti's struggle. |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/ranchi-srishti-of-ranchi-will-play-role-in-star-plus-tv-show-serial-chashni-know-success-story-5514979.html |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> and [[Sai Ketan Rao]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-04 |title=Sai Ketan Rao Calls Chashni Going Off-Air 'Heartbreaking', Says 'I Have To Accept...' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/sai-ketan-rao-calls-chashni-going-off-air-heartbreaking-says-i-have-to-accept-exclusive-7994551.html |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> in the lead roles. It ended on 28 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sampat |first=Shruti |date=2023-05-01 |title=Exclusive! Namik Paul's Lag Ja Gale and Sai Ketan Rao's Chashni to wrap by mid-May |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-namik-pauls-lag-ja-gale-and-sai-ketan-raos-chashni-to-wrap-by-mid-may/articleshow/99846066.cms |access-date=2024-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
Chandni Chopra and Roshni Chopra are sisters who live without their parents and are bought up by their maternal and paternal grandmothers, Vandana and Bindu. Despite having contrasting personalities, both the sisters share a lovely bond. Their family is always insulted and berated by the society due to Sanjay (their father) work rivalry misunderstanding. Chandni trusts her father and chooses to make him proud while Roshni is her polar opposite. Roshni has a boyfriend Nirbhay, while Manav, who is betrayed by his wife and has a daughter, loves Chandni. Chandni has constant clashes with her neighbour Raunaq Babbar (Reddy).

With Manav's help Chandni gets a job in fire department but is always detested in her office due to Sanjay's incident. Being the first woman firefighter she faces a lot of hurdles in her office but Manav supports her. Soon it is found that Sanjay is alive and is in care home, taken care by Chandni and Roshni's grandmothers. Chandni saves her father and takes him home with help of Raunaq, Manav and Nirbhay, but Roshni cuts all the ties with Sanjay in anger and due to the insults faced by them in the society. Soon, it is proven that Sanjay is innocent and real culprit is Vikas (Nirbhay's father). Chandni accepts Nirbhay and Roshni's relationship. Raunaq earns Chopra's trust & slowly Chandni falls in love with him, but he turns vengeful upon his sister's death and believes it to be caused by Chandni. He teams up with Natasha to destroy Chandni and Roshni's happiness; in the process he kills Nirbhay and makes Roshni hate Chandni.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-08 |title=Actor Aryan Arora aka Nirbhay Dhillon is no longer part of TV show Chashni? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actor-aryan-arora-aka-nirbhay-dhillon-is-no-longer-part-of-tv-show-chashni/articleshow/99334790.cms |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Two months later, Roshni marries Sumer Babbar (Raunaq's father) and brings back Raunaq to the house earning Sumer's trust. Soon, Chandni crosses paths with Roshni and marries Raunaq with help of Manav in order to win back Roshni, save her and take revenge on Raunaq. Later, it is revealed that Raunaq hates his father as he believes that he is the murderer of his mother Chitra. Soon, Chandni becomes close with Vimla, Sumer and Nisha (Sanjot's daughter) in that house. Chandni starts receiving threatening letters about Roshni. Nisha falls in love with Manav but he rejects her making her lonely and depressed. Slowly Raunaq and Chandni begin to fall in love but Raunaq still doesn't accept her. Later, Raunaq and Chandni catch Vimla red-handed while sending the threat letter where she reveals that, it is Sanjot (Sumer's Sister) who wants to kill Roshni and is the murderer of Chitra for taking over the business. Feeling guilty, Raunaq reconciles with his father and joins hands with Chandni to save Roshni. While trying to expose Sanjot, Chandni proves her innocence in front of Raunaq about his sister's death and they together expose Sanjot in front of the family. Out of guilt, Raunaq brings Chandni and Roshni together. Raunaq confesses his love to Chandni and they happily reconcile. The show ends with Roshni becoming pregnant and the family celebrating Nisha's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Priya |date=2023-02-11 |title=When younger sister becomes mother-in-law and rules over elder sister, will relationships change... Spicy promo release of 'Chashni' |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/tv-chashni-aag-aur-paani-ka-rishta-story-of-two-sisters-turns-into-saas-bahu-new-serial-amazing-promo-out-5367469.html |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=News18 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Amandeep Sidhu]] as Chandni Babbar (née Chopra):<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Amandeep Sidhu to essay the role of a fire fighter in Chashni |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/shes-on-fire-480955 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> A [[firefighter]]; Sanjay and Saroj's elder daughter; Roshni's elder sister; Raunaq's wife (2023)
* Srishti Singh as Roshni Babbar (née Chopra):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srishti Singh talks about the latest track of Chashni |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/srishti-singh-talks-about-the-latest-track-of-chashni-498876 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> Sanjay and Saroj's younger daughter; Chandni's younger sister; Nirbhay's ex-girlfriend; Sumer's second wife; Raunaq and Avantika's stepmother (2023)
* [[Sai Ketan Rao]] as Raunaq Babbar: Sumer and Chitra's son; Roshni's stepson; Avantika's elder brother; Nisha's elder cousin; Chandni's Husband(2023)

===Recurring===
* Anju Rajeev as Vandana: Saroj's mother; Sanjay's mother-in-law; Chandni and Roshni's maternal grandmother (2023)
* [[Vandana Vithlani]] as Bindu Chopra: Sanjay's mother; Chandni and Roshni's paternal grandmother (2023)
* Aliraza Namdar as Sanjay Chopra: Bindu's son; Saroj's widower; Chandni and Roshni's father (2023)
* Jatin Singh Jamwal as Tarun Sachdev<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Jatin Singh Jamwal makes a comeback on the big screen with new show 'Chashni' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-jatin-singh-jamwal-makes-a-comeback-on-the-big-screen-with-new-show-chashni/articleshow/98296778.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (2023)
* Hitanshu Jinsi as ACP Manav Dahiya: Natasha's husband; Diya's father; Nisha's love interest (2023)
* [[Sumeet Sachdev]] as Sumer Babbar:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mondal |first=Sukarna |date=2023-05-17 |title=Exclusive: When Sumeet Sachdev weighed 105 kgs post Kyunkii Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi and lost 33 kgs before signing Yeh Hai Mohabbatein; reveals his fitness journey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-when-sumeet-sachdev-weighed-105-kgs-post-kyunkii-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-and-lost-33-kgs-before-signing-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-reveals-his-fitness-journey/photostory/100308173.cms |access-date=2024-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mondal |first=Sukarna |date=2023-04-02 |title=Kyunkii Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi's Sumeet Sachdev aka Gomzi loses 15 kg for his role in TV show Chashni; looks unrecognisable in his new style |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kyunkii-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-this-sumeet-sachdev-aka-gomzi-loses-15-kg-for-his-role-in-tv-show-chashni-looks-unrecognisable-in-his-new-style/photostory/99186042.cms?picid=99186100 |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Sanjyot and Meher's brother; Chitra's widower; Roshni's husband; Raunaq and Avantika's father (2023)
* Unknown as Chitra Babbar (née Reddy) : Sumer's first wife; Raunaq and Avantika's mother (2023) (Dead)
* Unknown as Avantika Babbar: Sumer and Chitra's daughter; Roshni's step-daughter; Raunaq's younger sister; Nisha's cousin (2023) (Dead)
* Drashti Bhanushali as Nisha: Sanjyot's daughter; Raunaq and Avantika's cousin; Manav's love interest (2023)
* Anahita Jahanbakah as Sanjyot Babbar: Sumer and Meher's elder sister; Nisha's mother; Chitra's murderer (2023)
* [[Payas Pandit]] as Meher Babbar: Sanjyot and Sumer's sister; Gautam's wife (2023)
* Anuj Kohli as Gautam:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maheshwri |first=Neha |date=2023-04-11 |title=Anuj Kohli returns to the small screen after two years with Chashni; says TV is his first love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anuj-kohli-returns-to-the-small-screen-after-two-years-with-chashni-says-tv-is-his-first-love/articleshow/99404804.cms |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Meher's husband (2023)
* Rutuja Sawant as Natasha Dahiya (née Mehra) : Manav's wife; Diya's mother (2023)
* Trishaan Maini as Jogi (2023)
* Vikas Verma
* Aryan Arora as Nirbhay Dhillon:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-25 |title=Chashni fame Aryan Arora opens up about the hurdles of doing two shows together; says, "I am playing three characters a day two for shows and one of being myself" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/chashni-fame-aryan-arora-opens-up-about-the-hurdles-of-doing-two-shows-together-says-i-am-playing-three-characters-a-day-two-for-shows-and-one-of-being-myself/articleshow/98998269.cms |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Roshni's ex-boyfriend (2023) (Dead)

==Production==
===Casting===
Srishti Singh was cast as Roshni Chopra. She made her television debut with ''Chashni''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srishti Singh To Make Her Acting Debut With 'Chashni' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/srishti-singh-to-make-her-acting-debut-with-chashni--news-262516 |website=Outlook|date=15 February 2023 }}</ref> Talking about playing a mother-in-law, she said, "''Aishwarya Rai's character Paro from 'Devdas' is my inspiration for my character Roshni who plays the role of a Saas. I aim to mould my character of the saas in the shape, etiquette, and mannerisms, of the way Aishwarya has depicted herself in the film. I admire the way Paro has become a household name and I hope I receive the same amount of appreciation and love from the audience for Roshni.''"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paro From 'Devdas' Is Srishti Singh's Inspiration For Her Role In 'Chashni' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/paro-from-devdas-is-srishti-singh-s-inspiration-for-her-role-in-chashni--news-267181 |website=Outlook|date=4 March 2023 }}</ref>

[[Sumeet Sachdev]] was cast as Sumer Babbar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masand |first=Taru |date=2023-04-03 |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi's Gomzi Lost 15 kg For New TV Show. Check Out His Salt-n-Pepper Look|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-this-gomzi-lost-15-kg-for-new-tv-show-check-out-his-salt-n-pepper-look-article-99208198 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> He lost 15 kilograms to fit in the role.<ref name=":0" /> [[Sai Ketan Rao]] was cast as Raunaq Reddy, a guy who is half Punjabi and half Hyderabadi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wadhwa |first=Akash |date=2023-01-06 |title=Exclusive! I am really happy at being back on TV and to be doing a Hindi daily soap once again. I come from a Punjabi cum Hyderabadi family in the show, says Sai Ketan Rao |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-i-am-really-happy-at-being-back-on-tv-and-to-be-doing-a-hindi-daily-soap-once-again-says-sai-ketan-rao/articleshow/96786220.cms |access-date=2024-05-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Promotion===
The lead actresses, Amandeep Sidhu and Srishti Singh, travelled in [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai Locals]] as a part of publicity campaign for the show.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Manushri |date=2023-03-09 |title='चाशनी' जल्द छोटे पर्दे पर देगा दस्तक, ट्रेन में अतरंगी अंदाज में अमनदीप-सृष्टि ने किया शो का प्रमोशन |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/entertainment/amandeep-sidhu-and-srishti-singh-starrer-chashni-will-telecast-on-star-plus-from-9th-march-at-11-pm/1602208 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कब और कहां देख पाएंगे चाशनी? मुंबई की लोकल ट्रेन में अमनदीप सिद्धू और सृष्टि सिंह ने की लोगों से बात |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/tv/story-amandeep-sidhu-srishti-singh-promoted-star-plus-new-show-chashni-aag-aur-paani-ka-rishta-in-mumbai-local-7869280.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by StarPlus]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Star Plus Shows}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]

Duddukunta Sreedhar Reddy

2025-02-21T08:10:23Z

MoraThibeault4: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Duddukunta Sreedhar Reddy''' (born 1972) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Puttaparthi Assembly constituency]] in the erstwhile [[Anantapur district]] which is presently renamed as [[Sri Sathya Sai district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Puttaparthi Assembly Election 2024: Puttaparthi Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/puttaparthi-constituency-result-1159 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He has been nominated again by [[YSR Congress Party]] to contest the Puttaparthi Assembly seat in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Ravi P. |date=2024-01-21 |title=Sitting YSRCP MLA Sreedhara Reddy may retain candidature |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/sitting-ysrcp-mla-sreedhara-reddy-may-retain-candidature-852835 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Puttaparthi Assembly Election 2024: Puttaparthi Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/puttaparthi-constituency-result-1159 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy is born in [[Puttaparthi]] to Venkatarami Reddy. He completed his graduation in Arts from [[Sri Krishnadevaraya University]]. He hails from an agricultural family but runs his own business. He also served as a Customs Officer of Government of India before taking up politics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-09 |title=Duddukunta Sridhar Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Nallasingaiahgari Palli {{!}} Nallamada {{!}} YSRCP |url=https://theleaderspage.com/duddukunta-sridhar-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy started his political journey with [[YSR Congress Party]] and in 2014 he contested the [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency]] but lost to [[Telugu Desam Party]] candidate [[Kristappa Nimmala]] by a margin of 97,325 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindupur Lok Sabha Election Results 2024: Hindupur Election Result, Andhra Pradesh Hindupur MP Election Winner, Candidates List, Latest News and Analysis |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results/hindupur-election-result |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Hindupur Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 LIVE Updates: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/hindupur-lok-sabha-election-results-2019-live-winner-runner-up/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[Palle Raghunatha Reddy]] of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 31,255 votes.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreedhar Reddy, Duddukunta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]

Mo Farooq

2025-01-22T10:14:47Z

MoraThibeault4:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Mo Farooq''' or '''Mohd Farooq Shaikh''' is an Indian politician member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mo. Farooq(RJD):(ELECTED FROM BIHAR LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/biharmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=304 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> since 2020 representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD) Farooq study 5th class.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navigation |url=https://biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/Member_List.htm |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=biharvidhanparishad.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nine members MLCs in Bihar, RJD member faces difficulty in reading out oath paper |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nine-members-mlcs-in-bihar-rjd-member-faces-difficulty-in-reading-out-oath-paper/amp_articleshow/76736124.cms |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=क्षेत्र का विकास ही हमारी राजनीति का उद्देश्य: फारूख शेख - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sheohar-development-of-the-region-is-the-aim-of-our-politics-farooq-sheikh-20467493.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-25 |title=Bihar: RJD's 3 MLC candidates file nomination |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-rjds-3-mlc-candidates-file-nomination-6474769/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-22 |title=Bihar council polls: RJD's three candidates to file nomination papers on Wednesday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-council-polls-rjds-three-candidates-to-file-nomination-papers-on-wednesday/articleshow/76516108.cms |access-date=2024-07-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Farooq, Mo}}
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Dhanashree Halbe

2024-12-27T21:29:52Z

MoraThibeault4: improved article

{{Short description|Marathi writer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2011}}
{{Notability|date=December 2024}}
}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Dhanashree M. Halbe
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = translator
| language = Marathi
| education =
| alma_mater =
| genre =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
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}}

'''Dhanashree Halbe''' (born December 13, 1928) is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] writer and translator.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Punes-Malayalam-mag-turns-5/articleshow/889287.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223213700/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-18/pune/27162492_1_magazine-malayalees-kerala-demands|url-status=live|archive-date=December 23, 2011|title=Pune's Malayalam mag turns 5|last=Chandawarkar|first=Rahul|date=October 18, 2004|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=September 24, 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal |Children's literature}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Halbe, Dhanashree}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]

Qasim Hakimuddin

2024-05-15T16:55:08Z

MoraThibeault4: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Mufaddal_Saifuddin#Deputies]]

Bezbaruah Committee

2024-05-09T21:04:30Z

MoraThibeault4: New Some Post With Sources

{{Short description|Indian committee}}
The '''Bezbaruah Committee,''' headed by M.P. Bezbaruah, Member, North Eastern Council, was set up in February 2014 after the [[Murder of Nido Taniam|death of Nido Taniam]], a 19-year-old student from [[Arunachal Pradesh]], who died in Delhi on January 29, 2014.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bezbaruah-committee-submits-report-114071101404_1.html | title=Bezbaruah Committee submits report | work=Business Standard | date=July 11, 2014 | accessdate=12 July 2014}}</ref> The Committee's mandate was to listen to the issues raised by people from [[Northeast India]] living in other areas of the country, especially metro cities. The committee was also asked to suggest measures which could be implemented by the government of India. The Committee filed its report with [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] on July 11, 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=106513 | title=Bezbaruah Committee submitted its report to Ministry of Home Affairs | publisher=Press Information Bureau | date=11 July 2014 | accessdate=12 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Committees]]
[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Racism in India]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]

Sthanu Ravi Varman

2023-09-08T20:26:54Z

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#REDIRECT [[Sthanu Ravi Varma]]

Gwalior Metropolitan Region

2023-09-07T08:04:27Z

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#REDIRECT [[Gwalior#Gwalior Metro and suburbs]]

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National Highway Authority of India

2008-12-26T10:38:48Z

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#REDIRECT [[National Highways Authority of India]]

Seventh Lok Sabha

2008-01-15T23:42:39Z

MoraThibeault4: Starting basic data w/ refs - done

#REDIRECT [[7th Lok Sabha]]