Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

G. Vaithilingam

2026-05-07T18:00:34Z

MontyGilyard431: adding some details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G. Vaithilingam
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 6 May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
| party = [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| predecessor = [[Ka. So. Ka. Kannan]]
| successor =
| father = Thiru Ganesan
| occupation = Politician, Agriculturalist and Business Activities
}}

'''G. Vaithilingam''', also known as '''Ka. Vaithi.''', is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the 17th Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]] as an [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] candidate in [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayankondam Election Result |url= https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S22150.htm|access-date= 6 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Jayankondam Election Result 2026 LIVE Updates: Tamil Nadu (Jayankondam) Assembly Election Results 2026 Winner, Vote Counting, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/jayankondam-election-result-live-updates-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-results-winner-10669475/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{{transcluded section|source=Jayankondam Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Jayankondam Assembly constituency|2026}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaithilingam, G.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pattali Makkal Katchi politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Ajit Pal Tyagi

2026-04-29T19:56:14Z

MontyGilyard431: starting post...

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{COI|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajit Pal Tyagi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Muradnagar Assembly constituency|Muradnagar]]
| term_start1 = March 2017
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|07|01}}<ref name="personal" />
| birth_place = [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name="personal" />
| birth_name =
| spouse = Pathika Tyagi<ref name="personal" />
| children =
| father = Rajpal Tyagi<ref name="personal" />
| relatives =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="personal" />
| occupation = [[Lawyer]]<ref name="personal" />
| profession = [[Politician]]
| alma_mater = [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University]]<ref name="personal1" />
| relations =
}}
'''Ajit Pal Tyagi''' is an Indian [[politician]], [[lawyer]], [[businessperson]], and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], the largest [[political party]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajit Pal Tyagi-अजीत पाल त्यागी Bjp Candidate Muradnagar Election Result 2022 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/candidates/ajit-pal-tyagi-bjp-2022-muradnagar-21-uttar-pradesh |access-date=18 December 2022 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref><ref name="personal">{{cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/ajit-pal-tyagi/ |title=Ajit Pal Tyagi, BJP MLA from Muradnagar – Our Neta |website=ourneta.com |access-date=18 December 2022}}</ref> He is a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], representing the [[Muradnagar Assembly constituency]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="personal" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/ajit-pal-tyagi-27245 |title=Ajit Pal Tyagi |website=prsindia.org |access-date=18 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/muradnagar-assembly-election-results-2022-muradnagar-vidhan-sabha-natija-2022-bjps-ajit-pal-tyagi-vs-aap-s-mahesh-tyagi-vs-bsp-s-ayyuv-khan-and-inc-s-vijendra-yadav-2442420.html |title=Muradnagar Assembly Election results 2022 (Muradnagar Vidhan Sabha Natija 2022): BJP's Ajit Pal Tyagi wins against RLD's Surendra Kumar Munni |date=11 March 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>

==Early life==

Ajit Pal Tyagi was born on 1 July 1973 in [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], to a Hindu family of Rajpal Tyagi.<ref name="personal" /> He completed his graduation in [[Bachelor of Laws]] at [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University]], [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="personal1">{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=179 |title=Ajit Pal Tyagi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MURADNAGAR(GHAZIABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |website=myneta.info |access-date=18 December 2022}}</ref>

== Posts held ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Comments
|-
|01
|2022
|Incumbent
|Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly]]
|
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Muradnagar Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyagi, Ajit Pal}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

Jai Bhagwan (boxer)

2026-04-24T12:03:33Z

MontyGilyard431: Done

{{short description|Indian boxer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox boxer (amateur)
| name = Jai Bhagwan
| image = File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Arjuna Award for the year-2014 to Shri Jai Bhagwan for Boxing, in a glittering ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on August 29, 2014.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Bhagwan (left) receiving the [[Arjuna Award]] in 2014
| birth_name = 
| full_name = 
| nickname =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|05|11}}
| birth_place = [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]], India<ref name="Duggal, 2012">{{cite news |last1=Duggal |first1=Saurabh |title=Warriors of the Ring |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/warriors-of-the-ring/story-wBUJzFAUzZS0Ij3YiFSuiK.html |accessdate=11 October 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=7 July 2012 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180304143327/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/warriors-of-the-ring/story-wBUJzFAUzZS0Ij3YiFSuiK.html |archivedate=4 March 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| height = 169 cm
| weight = 60 kg
| weight_class = [[Lightweight]]
| club =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Boxing]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 delhi]] |[[Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Lightweight|Lightweight]]}}
| show-medals = yes
}}
'''Jai Bhagwan''' (born 11 May 1985), is a two-time Asian Championships medallist and a [[Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Lightweight|bronze winner]] at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] who also represented India in [[boxing]] in the lightweight (60 kg) division at the [[2012 London Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/jai-bhagwan-1020748/ |title=Jai Bhagwan - Boxing - Olympic Athlete | London 2012 |accessdate=2012-07-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730190238/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/jai-bhagwan-1020748/ |archivedate=2012-07-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Third time lucky for boxer Jai Bhagwan|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/olympics-2012/story/boxer-jai-bhagwan-london-olympics-nis-patiala-108595-2012-07-08|date=9 July 2012|publisher=[[India Today]] }}</ref>

Bhagwan qualified for the London Games by reaching [[2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships – Lightweight#Section 4|the quarterfinals]] of the [[2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships]] in [[Baku]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Profile: Jai Bhagwan |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2012/india/profiles/item/193845-london-olympics-2012-profile-jai-bhagwan-boxing |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=26 July 2012 |access-date=29 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817152144/http://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2012/india/profiles/item/193845-london-olympics-2012-profile-jai-bhagwan-boxing |archive-date=17 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was coached by the Indian Boxing Coach [[Gurbaksh Singh Sandhu]].

In 2011, he appeared in a reality game show hosted by [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] called ''[[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout]]'' and was one of [[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout#Grand Finalists|the finalists]].

At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he defeated [[Andrique Allisop]] of Seychelles 18-8 in the opening round on 29 July 2012.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/article3700096.ece|title= Jai Bhagwan storms into second round of 60kg event | date= 30 July 2012}}</ref> On 2 August 2012, Bhagwan was defeated by Kazakh fighter [[Gani Zhailauov]] in the last 16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/news/Indian-pugilist-Jai-Bhagwan-boxed-out/articleshow/15328931.cms|title= Indian pugilist Jai Bhagwan boxed out
|website= [[The Times of India]]
|accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121019022659/http://88.85.4.2/biographies.fwx?id_athlete=951 Jai Bhagwan, Profile] International Boxing Association

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagwan, Jai}}
[[Category:Indian male boxers]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhiwani]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]
[[Category:Boxers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Olympic boxers for India]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games boxers for India]]
[[Category:Lightweight boxers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in boxing]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games boxers for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Mohammad Yaqoob Mir

2026-04-23T06:28:06Z

MontyGilyard431: created new stub!

{{short description|Former Chief Justice of Meghalaya High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Md.Yaqoob Mir
| honorific_prefix = [[Honourable]] [[Chief Justice]] (Retd.)
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Meghalaya High Court|6th Chief Justice]] of [[Meghalaya High Court]]
| term_start = 21 May 2018
| term_end = 27 May 2019
| nominator = [[Dipak Misra]]
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Tarun Agarwala]]|Sudip Ranjan Sen ''(acting)''}}
| successor = [[Ajay Kumar Mittal]]
| office1 = Judge of [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
| term_start1 = 23 November 2007
| term_end1 = 20 May 2018
| appointer1 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator1 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| status2 = [[acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]]
| term_start2 = 5 January 2015
| term_end2 = 2 February 2015
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor2 = [[Mahesh Mittal Kumar|M. M. Kumar]]
| successor2 = [[N. Paul Vasanthakumar]]
| birth_date = 28 May 1957
| birth_place = [[Rajpora]], [[Pulwama]], [[Kashmir]]
| alma_mater = [[Kashmir University]]
| education = [[LL.B]]
}}

'''Mohammad Yaqoob Mir''' (born 28 May 1957) is an Indian judge and former [[Chief Justice]] of [[Meghalaya High Court]].

==Career==
Mir was born in 1957 at [[Rajpora]], [[Pulwama]], [[Kashmir]]. He passed [[LL.B]]. from [[Kashmir University]] and practiced as an Advocate since 1981 to 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barandbench.com/mohammad-yaqoob-mir-chief-justice-meghalaya-hc/|title=Govt notifies appointment of Mohammad Yaqoob Mir as Chief Justice of Meghalaya HC|date=10 May 2018 |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> Mir qualified for Higher Judicial Services and was appointed District and Sessions Judge on 27 May 1993. He also served as Special Judge, Anti-Corruption in the State of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He became the Registrar General of the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court|High Court of Jammu and Kashmir]]. Mir attended International Conference on Arbitration (ICCA). He was appointed additional judge of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court in November 2007 and confirmed on 1 October 2009 as permanent judge of the same High Court. Justice Mir took charge as the Acting Chief Justice of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court from 5 January 2015 to 2 February 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jkhighcourt.nic.in/formerJudges.php|title=Hon'ble Former Judges of High Court J & K|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> On 21 May 2018, he was appointed Chief Justice of [[Meghalaya High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://meghalayahighcourt.nic.in/chief-justice-judges|title=Chief Justice & Judges|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-hc-judge-mohammad-yaqoob-mir-is-new-chief-justice-of-meghalaya-high-court-5172140/|title=J&K HC judge Mohammad Yaqoob Mir is new Chief Justice of Meghalaya High Court|last=Sheriff M|first=Kaunain|date=11 May 2018|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mir, Mohammad Yaqoob}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Judges of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Meghalaya High Court]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

Mehmedabad Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:59Z

MontyGilyard431: created a post!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mehmedabad
| mla = [[Arjunsinh Udesinh Chauhan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Kheda district|Kheda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:250686}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 117
}}

'''Mehmedabad''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Kheda district|Kheda]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Mehmedabad Taluka
# Kheda Taluka (Part) Villages – Lali, Mahij, Bidaj, Kanera, [[Sarsa, Kheda|Sarsa]], Vasna Margiya, Sankhej, Vaikunthpura, Pinglaj, Kathwada, Navagam, Malarpura, Samadra, Dedarda, Parsantaj, Vasna-Khurd, Kajipura, Gobhalaj, Pansoli, Chalindra, Dharoda, Chitrasar, Kaloli, Nenpur, Kanij

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
*2007 - Sundarsinh Chauhan, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2012 - Gautambhai Chauhan, [[Indian National Congress]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Arjunsinh Udesinh Chauhan]]<ref name=election2017/> || rowspan="2" |
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Mehmedabad Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Arjunsinh Udesinh Chauhan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=108,541|percentage=59.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Juvansinh Gandabhai Chauhan|party=Indian National Congress|votes=62,937|percentage=34.52|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pramodbhai Somabhai Chauhan|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=4,363|percentage=2.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,535|percentage=1.94|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=25.02|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:246543}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Mehmedabad<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arjunsinh Chauhan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 88,913
|percentage = 51.86
|change = +9.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gautambhai Chauhan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 67,995
|percentage = 39.66
|change = -5.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Juvansinh Chauhan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 9,813
|percentage = 5.72
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,918
|percentage = 12.2
|change = +9.45
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,71,450
|percentage = 75.70
|change = +0.53
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gautambhai Chauhan|party=Indian National Congress|votes=68,767|percentage=45.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sundarsinh Chauhan|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=64,586|percentage=42.47|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,181|percentage=2.75|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=152,076|percentage=75.17|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.6|72.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Kheda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Udupi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:36:48Z

MontyGilyard431: creating a pg.

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Udupi
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 120
| map_image = 120-Udupi constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Udupi district|Udupi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Udupi Chikmagalur]]
| electors = {{formatnum:216989}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Yashpal Suvarna.jpg
| mla = [[Yashpal Anand Suvarna]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[K. Raghupati Bhat]]
}}

'''Udupi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 seats in the Indian state of [[Karnataka|Karnataka's]] Assembly ([[Karnataka State Assembly|State Assembly]]). It is part of [[Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Udupi Chikmagalur]] seat of the [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of the national parliament).

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#ABDADC" | [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || [[T. A. Pai]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Upendra Nayak || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || M. Madhvaraja || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[S. K. Amin]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | [[Manorama Madhwaraj]]
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || [[V. S. Acharya]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | [[Manorama Madhwaraj]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | U. R. Sabhapathi || {{Full party name with color|Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | [[K. Raghupati Bhat]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Pramod Madhwaraj]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[K. Raghupati Bhat]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Yashpal Anand Suvarna]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref name="Karnataka Election Results 2023 winners: Full list of winning candidates">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13|title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 winners: Full list of winning candidates|last1=India Today|date=14 May 2023|accessdate=14 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514043110/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13|archivedate=14 May 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Udupi">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Udupi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10120.htm?ac=120 |access-date=6 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506091940/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10120.htm?ac=120 |archive-date=6 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Yashpal Anand Suvarna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 97,079 |percentage = 58.46% |change = {{increase}}6.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prasadraj Kanchan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,303 |percentage = 38.72% |change = {{decrease}}6.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,316 |percentage = 0.79% |change = {{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nithin. V. Poojary |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 1,119 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,776 |percentage = 19.74% |change = {{increase}}12.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 166,659 |percentage = 76.81% |change = {{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 166,060}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,989 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}6.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref name="Karnataka election results 2018: Full list of constituency wise winners and losers from BJP, Congress, JD(S) in Karnataka assembly elections">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-2018-full-list-of-winners-losers-from-bjp-congress-jds/1167608/|title=Karnataka election results 2018: Full list of constituency wise winners and losers from BJP, Congress, JD(S) in Karnataka assembly elections|last1=Financialexpress|date=16 May 2018|accessdate=4 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104174553/https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-2018-full-list-of-winners-losers-from-bjp-congress-jds/1167608/|archivedate=4 January 2023|language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Raghupati Bhat]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 84,946 |percentage = 52.31% |change = {{increase}}10.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pramod Madhwaraj]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 72,902 |percentage = 44.89% |change = {{decrease}}31.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Birthi Gangandhar Bhandary |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,361 |percentage = 0.84% |change = {{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,089 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,044 |percentage = 7.42% |change = {{decrease}}27.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 162,592 |percentage = 78.37% |change = {{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 162,405}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,458 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.69 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}23.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pramod Madhwaraj]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 86,868 |percentage = 76.29% |change = {{increase}}28.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sudhakar Shetty |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 47,344 |percentage = 41.58% |change = {{decrease}}8.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Alevoor Yogeesh Acharya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,472 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Barkur Satish Poojary |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,017 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunath. V |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 986 |percentage = 0.87% |change = {{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,524 |percentage = 34.71% |change = {{increase}}32.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,491 |percentage = 76.56% |change = {{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,861}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,892 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}26.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Raghupati Bhat]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,920 |percentage = 50.02% |change = {{increase}}11.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pramod Madhwaraj]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,441 |percentage = 47.91% |change = {{increase}}10.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Zakir Hussain |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,443 |percentage = 2.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,479 |percentage = 2.10% |change = {{increase}}0.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,818 |percentage = 74.21% |change = {{increase}}7.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,804}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,773 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}11.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Raghupati Bhat]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,341 |percentage = 38.92% |change = {{decrease}}9.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = U. R. Sabhapathi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,808 |percentage = 37.27% |change = {{decrease}}11.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sudhakar Shetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,633 |percentage = 19.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganesh Acharya. A |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 2,447 |percentage = 2.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balaraj. M. K |party = Independent politician |votes = 694 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,533 |percentage = 1.64% |change = {{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,416 |percentage = 66.80% |change = {{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,384}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,842 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.01 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = U. R. Sabhapathi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,018 |percentage = 49.01% |change = {{increase}}17.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sudhakar Shetty |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,308 |percentage = 48.16% |change = {{increase}}20.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sundra |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,040 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Philomena D. Silva |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 587 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 710 |percentage = 0.85% |change = {{decrease}}5.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,507 |percentage = 64.21% |change = {{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,701}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,760 |percentage = 2.06% |change = {{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,168 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.39 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |swing = {{increase}}11.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = U. R. Sabhapathi |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 29,649 |percentage = 37.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manorama Madhwaraj]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,831 |percentage = 31.64% |change = {{decrease}}7.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. V. S. Acharya |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,087 |percentage = 28.15% |change = {{increase}}11.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhanraj |party = Janata Dal |votes = 1,430 |percentage = 1.82% |change = {{decrease}}3.29 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,818 |percentage = 6.14% |change = {{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,002 |percentage = 66.08% |change = {{decrease}}2.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,469}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 532 |percentage = 0.67% |change = {{decrease}}3.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,550 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.46 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manorama Madhwaraj]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,490 |percentage = 39.05% |change = {{decrease}}23.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = U. R. Sabhapathi |party = Independent politician |votes = 28,705 |percentage = 38.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Somashekhara Bhat |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,824 |percentage = 16.98% |change = {{decrease}}19.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhar Salian |party = Janata Dal |votes = 3,859 |percentage = 5.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tharanatha Shetty |party = Janata Party |votes = 457 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 785 |percentage = 1.04% |change = {{decrease}}25.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,991 |percentage = 69.02% |change = {{increase}}0.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,524}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,467 |percentage = 4.39% |change = {{increase}}3.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,448 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}23.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manorama Madhwaraj]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,162 |percentage = 62.93% |change = {{increase}}19.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. S. Acharya]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,221 |percentage = 36.64% |change = {{decrease}}12.66 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,941 |percentage = 26.29% |change = {{increase}}20.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,013 |percentage = 68.79% |change = {{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,642}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 371 |percentage = 0.61% |change = {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,698 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. S. Acharya]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 26,385 |percentage = 49.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Manorama Madhavaraj |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,146 |percentage = 43.25% |change = {{increase}}41.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. P. Bhaskar |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,137 |percentage = 5.86% |change = {{decrease}}35.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balagatta Ramachandra Bhat |party = Independent politician |votes = 847 |percentage = 1.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,239 |percentage = 6.05% |change = {{decrease}}8.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,066 |percentage = 70.05% |change = {{decrease}}7.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,515}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 551 |percentage = 1.02% |change = {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,177 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.49 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}6.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manorama Madhwaraj]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 30,899 |percentage = 55.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shridhara. M. Kalmady |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,819 |percentage = 41.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Soorappa Hegde |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,123 |percentage = 2.02% |change = {{decrease}}56.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yashoda. S. Arunmugham |party = Independent politician |votes = 650 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,080 |percentage = 14.53% |change = {{decrease}}19.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,378 |percentage = 77.79% |change = {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,593}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 785 |percentage = 1.39% |change = {{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,476 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.33 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manorama Madhwaraj]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,020 |percentage = 58.49% |change = {{increase}}25.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. S. Acharya]] |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 11,076 |percentage = 24.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Surendranath Malpe |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,536 |percentage = 7.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shridhara. M. Kalmady |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,531 |percentage = 5.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Perody Vittal Shetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 919 |percentage = 2.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govinda Shetty |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 403 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,944 |percentage = 33.59% |change = {{increase}}30.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,469 |percentage = 76.12% |change = {{increase}}2.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,485}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,733 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}25.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. K. Amin]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,737 |percentage = 33.35% |change = {{decrease}}20.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Upendra Nayak |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 10,611 |percentage = 30.15% |change = {{increase}}5.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Suvarna |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,418 |percentage = 23.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Bhat |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 2,350 |percentage = 6.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Lakshminarayanabhat |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,414 |percentage = 4.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Rai |party = Independent politician |votes = 662 |percentage = 1.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,126 |percentage = 3.20% |change = {{decrease}}25.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,561 |percentage = 73.68% |change = {{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,192}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,976 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}20.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Madhvaraja |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,511 |percentage = 53.58% |change = {{increase}}10.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Upendra Nayak |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 8,003 |percentage = 24.49% |change = {{decrease}}32.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Dasa Serigara |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 5,395 |percentage = 16.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devaprasada Setty |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,774 |percentage = 5.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,508 |percentage = 29.09% |change = {{increase}}15.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,986 |percentage = 72.56% |change = {{increase}}3.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,683}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,841 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.06 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Upendra Nayak |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,598 |percentage = 56.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Achar. P. V |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,291 |percentage = 43.03% |change = {{decrease}}7.60 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,307 |percentage = 13.94% |change = {{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,889 |percentage = 69.28% |change = {{increase}}0.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,889}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,585 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}38.66 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]] : Udupi <ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. A. Pai]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,309 |percentage = 50.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Rama Rao |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 16,865 |percentage = 33.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithaldas. N |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 7,810 |percentage = 15.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,444 |percentage = 16.89% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,984 |percentage = 68.77% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,984}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,683 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Udupi district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|13.34|74.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Jagjit Singh

2026-03-27T10:12:39Z

MontyGilyard431: general add details as per guidelines further and updated info

{{short description|Indian singer (1941–2011)}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jagjit Singh
| image = Jagjit Singh (Ghazal Maestro).jpg
| caption = Jagjit Singh performing at Rabindra Mandap, [[Bhubaneswar]], on 7 September 2011
| birth_name = Jagmohan Singh Dhiman
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1941|2|8}}
| birth_place = [[Sri Ganganagar]], [[Bikaner State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Rajasthan]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|10|10|1941|2|8}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Music director, composer, singer
| spouse= {{marriage|[[Chitra Singh|Chitra Shome]]|1969}}
| children= 2
| module =
{{Infobox musical artist | embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = [[Ghazal]], classical, [[Devotional song|devotional]], [[Folk music|folk]], [[Bhajan]]
| instrument = Vocals, [[Pump organ|harmonium]], [[tanpura]], [[piano]], [[tabla]]
| years_active = 1960–2011
| label = [[EMI]], [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]], [[Saregama]], [[Universal Music Group|Universal]], [[Sony BMG]], [[CBS]], [[Polydor Records|Polydor]], [[Tips Industries|TIPS]], Venus, [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], Magna Sound, [[Big Music (record label)|Big]], [[Times Music|Times]]
| website =
}}
|
}}

'''Jagjit Singh''' ({{IPA|pa|ˈd͡ʒəgd͡ʒiːt sɪŋg|lang}}; born '''Jagmohan Singh Dhiman'''; 8 February 1941 – 10 October 2011) was an Indian composer, singer and musician. He composed and sang in [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|numerous languages]] and is credited for the revival and popularity of [[ghazal]], an Indian classical art form, by choosing poetry that was relevant to the masses and composing them in a way that laid more emphasis on the meaning of words and melody evoked by them. In terms of [[Indian classical music]], his style of composing and ''gayaki'' (singing) is considered as ''Bol-pradhan'', one that lays emphasis on words. He highlighted this in his music for films such as ''[[Prem Geet (1981 film)|Prem Geet]]'' (1981), ''[[Arth (film)|Arth]] (1982)'', and ''[[Saath Saath (film)|''Saath Saath'']]'' (1982), and TV serials ''[[Mirza Ghalib (TV series)|Mirza Ghalib]]'' (1988) and ''[[Kahkashan]]'' (1991). Singh is considered to be among the most successful ghazal singers and composers of all time in terms of critical acclaim and commercial success. With a career spanning five decades and many albums, the range and breadth of his work has been regarded as genre-defining.

Born in [[Sri Ganganagar]] into a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family, he received his early education at Sri Ganganagar and [[Jalandhar]]; and higher education in [[Haryana]]. Throughout this time, Singh learned music particularly the [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical tradition]]. He has sung in [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], among many other languages, throughout his 51-year career.

His 1987 album, ''Beyond Time'', was the first digitally recorded release in India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mathur|first=Asharani|title=Beyond time : the ageless music of Jagjit Singh|year=2002|publisher=Habitat Arts|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8190156301|author2=Mathur, edited by AshaRani }}</ref> He was regarded as one of India's most influential artists. With sitar player [[Ravi Shankar]] and other leading figures of [[Indian classical music]] and [[Indian literature|literature]], Singh voiced his concerns over politicisation of arts and culture in India and lack of support experienced by the practitioners of India's traditional art forms, particularly [[Indian folk music|folk]] artists and musicians. He lent active support to several philanthropic endeavours such as the library at [[St. Mary's School, Mumbai]], [[Bombay Hospital]], [[Child Rights and You|CRY]], [[Save the Children]] and ALMA.

Singh was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the [[government of India]] in 2003 and in February 2014, the government released a set of two postal stamps in his honour.<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Manmohan Singh releases Stamp to Honor Jagjit Singh|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/pm-manmohan-singh-releases-stamp-to-honor-jagjit-singh/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=8 February 2014}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
[[File:Shahid Kabir with Jagjit Singh and his son, Sameer Kabeer.jpg|thumb|Jagjit Singh (middle) with poet [[Shahid Kabir]] and his son, Sameer Kabeer]]
Jagjit Singh Dhiman was born on 8 February 1941 in [[Sri Ganganagar]], [[Rajasthan]], India (then [[Bikaner State]]) into a [[Namdhari]] [[Sikh]] [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Deeksha |date=2018-10-10 |title=Seven years after his death, seven songs that keep Jagjit Singh alive for fans |url=https://theprint.in/feature/seven-years-after-his-death-seven-songs-that-keep-jagjit-singh-alive-for-fans/132111/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=TOI20021110/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=When Jagjit Singh's father 'almost ended relationship' with singer for cutting hair and beard; he was barred from performance due to the new look |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/when-jagjit-singh-almost-end-his-relationship-with-his-father-for-cutting-his-hair-beard-was-barred-from-performing-because-of-new-look-8197018/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |quote=But Singh also had to face graver repercussions of this step. It “almost put an end to his connection with his father” who took offence as cutting hair is against the Namdhari Sikh principles.}}</ref> His father, Sardar Amar Singh Dhiman, was a surveyor with the government's Public Works' Department and hailed from village Dalla in [[Ropar district]] of [[Punjab]].

Educated initially at Khalsa High School and Government College in Sri Ganganagar, Singh obtained an arts degree from [[DAV College]], [[Jalandhar]].<ref name=Guardian20111025 /> There, he began his professional career in 1961 by undertaking singing and composing assignments at [[All India Radio]]'s (AIR) Jalandhar station.<ref name=TOI20021110/> Later, he studied to obtain a post-graduate degree in history from [[Kurukshetra University]] in [[Haryana]]. Throughout this time, and as a consequence of a natural talent that was spotted by his father, Singh learned music initially from a visually impaired master of Indian classical music, ''Pandit Chagan Lal Sharma'' and later from ''Ustad Jamal Khan'' of [[Maihar gharana]], who taught and trained him in all the prominent styles of [[Hindustani Classical]] vocal tradition such as [[Khayal]], [[Dhrupad]], [[Thumri]] and others. Throughout his teenage years, he performed on stage and composed music. Although his father, who was a government employee, had hoped that he would become an engineer,<ref name=Guardian20111025>{{cite news |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |title=Jagjit Singh obituary |first=Asjad |last=Nazir |date=25 October 2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/oct/25/jagjit-singh-obituary |access-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> Singh pursued his passion for music relentlessly. Like all parents in Indian middle-class families, his father aspired for him to become a bureaucrat. However, he also encouraged Singh and his siblings to learn music.<ref name=TOI20021110>{{cite news |last=Sawhney |first=Anubha |title=Unforgettable moments with Jagjit Singh|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/27885263.cms|access-date=11 January 2012|newspaper=Times of India|date=10 November 2002}}</ref>

In March 1965, and without the knowledge of his family,<ref name=Guardian20111025 /> Singh moved to [[Bombay]], where there were many opportunities for music artists because of the [[Hindi]] film industry. He obtained work initially as a singer of advertising jingles and later progressed to [[playback singing]].<ref name=Independent20111013>{{cite news |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |title=Jagjit Singh: Singer hailed as the maestro of Indian ghazal |date=13 October 2011 |first=Ken |last=Hunt |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/jagjit-singh-singer-hailed-as-the-maestro-of-indian-ghazal-2369631.html |access-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>

==Achievement==
[[File:Lata Mangeshkar Jagjit Singh still2.jpg|thumb|left| Singh with [[Lata Mangeshkar]] at the audio release of Saadgi]]
Singh was still struggling to make a living in 1967 when he met the Bengali-born [[Chitra Singh|Chitra Dutta]].<ref name=Guardian20111025 /> She divorced her husband and married Singh in December 1969.<ref name=TOI20021110 /> Following the birth of their son, Vivek, the couple performed as a singing duo but it was not until the 1977 release of the album ''The Unforgettable'' that they found significant, and surprising, success. In the interval, the primary difficulty for them had been that the ghazal music genre was dominated by Muslim artists<ref name=Guardian20111025 /> and especially those from Pakistan.<ref name=BBC />

''The Unforgettable'', which was the couple's first [[LP album|LP]],<ref name=TOI20021110 /> was an unconventional recording and it turned them into stars. The song "Baat Niklegi" from the album achieved great popularity for the Singhs.<ref name="tele">{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/8820731/Jagjit-Singh.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/8820731/Jagjit-Singh.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=Jagjit Singh | work=The Telegraph | access-date=1 March 2012 | date=11 October 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' described it in 2011 as "ground-breaking ... it became a transformative, before-and-after milestone in the history of Indian popular and ghazals music. It remains that." Using modern arrangements, it consists of ten tracks that include two on which they sang as a duo and the remainder equally split between Jagjit and Chitra singing the lead. ''The Independent'' further noted that "This format of solo and duet performances from the first commercially successful husband-and-wife team in Indian popular music proved astonishingly successful."<ref name=Independent20111013 /> Jagjit explained that "I was determined to polish up the genre and make it more acceptable to modern tastes, so chose simple poems and set them to simple tunes. I also introduced western instrumentation to make them livelier." Thereafter, the couple worked both on solo and joint musical projects and performed concerts worldwide. There was success from involvement with the film industry and they amassed considerable wealth.<ref name=Guardian20111025 /><ref name=BBC>{{cite news|title=Indian singer Jagjit Singh dies|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15236222|access-date=11 January 2012|publisher=BBC |date=10 October 2011}}</ref>

Among their subsequent duo recordings of the 1970s were ''[[Shiv Kumar Batalvi]] – Birha da Sultan'' (1978), ''Live in Concert at Wembley'' (1979) and ''Come Alive'' (1979). Of those released in the 1980s, ''The Latest'' by [[Sudarshan Faakir]] was the best selling album with his lifetime hit "Woh Kagaz ki Kashti...Woh Baarish ka Paani". It was the first album by the duo with poetry of only one Poet. ''Ecstasies'' (1984) has also been described as "one of their finest".<ref name=Independent20111013 /> The joint projects ceased in 1990 when their 20-year-old son, Vivek, died in a road accident. Chitra felt unable to sing following these events. Monica, Chitra's daughter from her first marriage, committed suicide in 2009.<ref name=Guardian20111025 /><ref name=Independent20111013 />

Although Jagjit continued to work and to have success after Chitra withdrew from public life he, too, was affected by the death of Vivek. ''[[The Guardian]]'' notes that he "suffered from deep depression and his anguish was often evident in his live performances." Aside from occupying himself with solo projects, which he performed in several languages,<ref name=BBC /> he collaborated with [[Lata Mangeshkar]] on an album titled ''[[Sajda]]'', an [[Urdu]] word meaning "prostration".<ref name=Guardian20111025 /><ref name=Independent20111013 />

Singh's work in film<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/world/9297270.Tributes_to_Jagjit_Singh/ | title=Tributes to Jagjit Singh | work=Asian Image | date=10 October 2011 | access-date=1 March 2012}}</ref> encompassed playback singing for productions such as ''[[Arth (film)|Arth]]'', ''[[Saath Saath (film)|''Saath Saath'']]'' and ''[[Premgeet]]''. He composed all of the songs for the latter, as well as for the TV serial ''[[Mirza Ghalib (1988 TV series)|Mirza Ghalib]]'' that was based on the life of the eponymous poet, [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}

On 10 May 2007, in the presence of numerous political and diplomatic luminaries at an event held in the Central Hall of the [[Parliament of India]], Jagjit Singh rendered [[Bahadur Shah II|Bahadur Shah Zafar's]] famous ghazal "Lagta Nahin Hai Dil Mera" to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Vyas|first=Neena|title=Small streams of protest swelled into national movement to regain freedom, says Kalam |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/11/stories/2007051106991200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015120835/http://hindu.com/2007/05/11/stories/2007051106991200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2007 |access-date=11 January 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 May 2007}}</ref>

==Albums==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Release year
!Album name
!Tracklist
|-
|1982
|''The Latest''
|
# Woh Kaghaz Ki Kashti
# Shayad Main Zindagi Ki Sahar
# Zindagi Tujh Ko Jiya Hai
# Us Mod Se Shuroo Karen
# Jis Mod Par Kiye The
# Badi Haseen Raat Thi
# Teri Ankhon Mein Hamne Kya Dekha
# La Pila De Sharab Ai Saqi
|-
|1 December 1990
|''Someone Somewhere''
|
# Din Guzar Gaya
# Meri Zindagi Kisi Aur Ki
# Ab Ke Barsat Ki Rut
# Fasila To Hai
# Aadmi Aadmi Ko Kya Dega
# Mere Dukh Ki Koi Dawa Na Karo
# Koi Samjhega Kya Raz-E-Gulshan
# Dekha To Mera Saya Bhi
# Dil Hi To Hai
|-
|1 February 1996
| ''Mirage''
|
# Apni marzi se
# Dushman ko bhi seene se lagana
# Ek barahman ne kaha hai
# Koi chaudavi raat ka chaand
# Main rahe meena rahe
# Mujhe jeene do
# Rishta kya hai tera mera
# Zindagi se badi sazaa hi nahin
|-
|1998
|''Silsilay''
|
#Main Bhool Jaau
#Mere Dil Ne Kaha
#Jaate Jaate Woh Mujhe
#Dard Apnata Hain
#Mujhko Yaqeen Hain
#Sach Yeh Hain Bekaar
#Dard Ke Phool Bhi
#Kabhi Yu Bhi To
|-
|2000
|''Saher''
|
# Tere Baare Mein Jab Socha Nahi Tha
# Mujhse Bicchad Ke Khush Rehti Ho
# Tumne Dil Ki Baat Keh Di
# Mujhe Hosh Nahin
# Yeh Jo Zindagi Ki Kitaab Hai
# Yaad Nahin Kya Kya Dekha Tha
# Charage Ishq Jalaane Ki Raat Aaye Hai
# Tere Aane Ki Jab Khabar Mehke
|-
|2008
|Samyog
|
# Maile Khusi Didaithiye
# Jhulkeko Gham Sari
# Eakaichhina Ko Sanyog
# Tyo Din Tyo Raat
# Kasto Maya Dekhe
# Katha Mero Afnai
# Dil Chorera Badanam
# Kun Maya Sadar Bhyo
|}

==Personal life==
In 1990, Vivek Singh (Jagjit Singh and Chitra's son) died in a road accident at the age of 20. This came as a profound shock to Jagjit and Chitra Singh. They gave up music for a full year after the death. At the end of that period, Jagjit returned slowly to music, but Chitra announced her retirement and declared that she would not sing or record any more songs. In 2009, his step-daughter, Monica Chowdhary, aged 50, died by suicide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/mumbai/chitra-singh-daughter-found-hanging-was-depressed-says-family/|title= Chitra Singh daughter found hanging; was depressed, says family|date= 30 May 2009}}</ref>

Singh had suffered from numerous ailments like [[diabetes]] and [[hypertension]] during his later life, and had undergone two heart bypass surgeries in 1998 and 2007. A chain smoker for decades, he had stopped smoking after his first heart attack.

==Death==
Singh turned 70 in February 2011. To celebrate his 70th birthday he committed 70 concerts in different parts of the world. He toured the UK, Singapore, Mauritius, inter alias, in 2011 and was due to perform with [[Ghulam Ali (Ghazal singer)|Ghulam Ali]] in Mumbai<ref name=Guardian20111025 /> but suffered a [[brain haemorrhage]] on 23 September 2011. He was in a coma for over two weeks and died on 10 October at [[Lilavati Hospital]], in Mumbai. He was cremated the following day at Chandanwadi Crematorium near Marine Lines in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9887412 | title=Jagjit Singh, famous Indian singer, dies at age 70 | work=The Guardian | access-date=1 March 2012 | date=23 January 2008}}</ref>

A number of tributes have been paid to Singh after his death,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/An-emotional-tribute-to-ghazal-maestro-Jagjit-Singh/articleshow/11971147.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707035513/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-21/ludhiana/31082628_1_jhuki-si-jagjit-singh-kaagaz-ki-kashti | url-status=live | archive-date=7 July 2012 | title=An emotional tribute to ghazal maestro Jagjit Singh | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=21 February 2012 | access-date=1 March 2012 | author=Shariq Majeed}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_jagjit-singh-was-one-in-a-million_1648274 | title='Jagjit Singh was one in a million' | work=DNA | date=10 February 2012 | access-date=1 March 2012 | author=Badola, Shreya}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20120194032&subcatg=MUSICINDIA&keyword=music&nid=174404 | title=Shaan's tribute to late Jagjit Singh on his birth anniversary | work=[[Mid-Day]] | date=8 February 2012 | access-date=1 March 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210052412/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20120194032&keyword=music&subcatg=MUSICINDIA&nid=174404 | archive-date=10 February 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-11/music-events/31046830_1_jagjit-singh-musical-tribute-musical-evening | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717235020/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-11/music-events/31046830_1_jagjit-singh-musical-tribute-musical-evening | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 July 2012 | title=A musical tribute to Jagjit Singh | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=11 February 2012 | access-date=1 March 2012 | author=Pal, Divya}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/feb/170212-informer-3.htm | title=A musical tribute to Jagjit Singh | work=[[Mid-Day]] | date=17 February 2012 | access-date=1 March 2012 | location=Mumbai}}</ref> and some tried to cash in on his popularity, which was criticised by his wife.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicindia/jagjit-singh-s-name-used-for-minting-money_105295.htm | title=Jagjit Singh's name used for minting money | work=Zee News | date=5 February 2012 | access-date=1 March 2012}}</ref>

==Legacy==
A biography of Singh, entitled ''Beyond Time'' based on about 40 hours of interviews with him, was released in 2012. It was transcribed and edited by Ashrani Mathur.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jagjit Singh... beyond time|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/11/stories/2002111100640300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701121022/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/11/stories/2002111100640300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2003|access-date=8 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 November 2002}}</ref>
A biopic documentary by the name of ''Kaagaz Ki Kashti'' has been made on the life journey of Jagjit Singh, who broke through the norms and revolutionised the Ghazal scenario. The film traces the struggle and stardom in his musical career, the love & loss in his personal life and the scope and limitations in the music scenario of the times. The film directed by Brahmanand S Singh is currently available on Amazon Prime Video in India and worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jagjit Singh... Kaagaz Ki Kashti|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/In-memory-of-Jagjit-Singh/article14489840.ece|access-date=8 March 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 July 2017}}</ref>

==Recognition==
* In 2012, the State Government of Rajasthan posthumously awarded Jagjit Singh its highest civilian award, the Rajasthan Ratna.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt names seven for Rajasthan Ratna award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Govt-names-seven-for-Rajasthan-Ratna-award/articleshow/12475144.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411045102/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-31/jaipur/31266330_1_rajasthani-state-award-padma-shri|url-status=live|archive-date=11 April 2013|access-date=8 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 March 2012}}</ref>
* In 2002 and 2005, Singh was awarded the Indian Telly Award for the best title singer for a TV show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awardsbyindianshows.weebly.com/indian-telly-awards.html|title=Indian Telly Awards}}</ref>
* In 2003, Singh was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian award, by the government of India<ref name=Guardian20111025 />
* In 1998, Jagjit Singh was awarded [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Academy Award]], a literary honour in India. He was awarded for popularising the work of [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]].<ref name="Music is therapeutic">{{cite news|title='Music is therapeutic'|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/20/stories/2002052000720200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031019123605/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/20/stories/2002052000720200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2003|access-date=8 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 May 2002}}</ref>
* Sahitya Kala Academy Award by Rajasthan government in 1998{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}
* Ghalib Academy by Delhi Government in 2005{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}
* Dayawati Modi Award in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Dayawati Modi Award for Art / Culture / Education |url=http://www.iifaindia.org/awards/diyawati_modi.html |access-date=30 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103074248/http://www.iifaindia.org/awards/diyawati_modi.html |archive-date=3 January 2013 }}</ref>
* Lata Mangeshkar Samman in 1998 by Madhya Pradesh government.<ref name="Music is therapeutic"/>
* D.Litt. by Kurukshetra University, Haryana in 2003{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}
* Teacher's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006.8th Teacher's Achievement Awards.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Home - Blended Scotch Whisky – Teacher's Whisky | url=http://www.teachersachievementawards.com/pdf/taa_2006.pdf | access-date=2024-12-27 | website=www.teachersachievementawards.com}}</ref>
* [[Google]] honoured Jagjit Singh with a [[Google Doodles 2013|doodle]] on his 72nd birthday on 8 February 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/google-celebrates-jagjit-singh-s-birthday-with-a-doodle-113020800553_1.html|title=Google celebrates Jagjit Singh's birthday with a doodle|first=Neha Pandey|last=Deoras|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=8 February 2013|access-date=15 March 2018|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

==Film scores==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film name !! Details
|-
|1966
|'' Bahuroopi''|| "Laagi Ram bhajan ni lagani"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_the-gujarati-song-that-launched-jagjit-singhs-career_1597622|title=The Gujarati song that launched Jagjit Singh's career - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=11 October 2011|website=dnaindia.com|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|1974
|''[[Avishkaar]]''|| "Babul Mora Naihar"
|-
|1979
|''[[Griha Pravesh (1979 film)|Griha Pravesh]]''|| "Baat Niklegi Toh Phir"
|-
|1980
|''[[Ek Baar Kaho (1980 film)|Ek Baar Kaho]]''|| "Raakh Ke Dher Ne", "Phir Pukara Hai"
|-
|1981
|''[[Prem Geet (1981 film)|Prem Geet]]''||"Hontho se chhoo lo tum"
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1982
|''[[Arth (film)|Arth]]''||"Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar", "Koi Yeh Kaise Bataye", "Tere Khushboo Mein Base Khat", "Too Nahin To Zindagi Mein Aur Kya Reha Jayega", "Tum Itna Jo Muskura Rahe Ho"
|-
|''[[Saath Saath (1982 film)|Saath Saath]]''||"Pyar Mujh Se Jo Kiya Tumne", "Tum Ko Dekha To Yeh Khayal Aaya", "Yeh Bata De Mujhe Zindagi", "Yeh Bata De Mujhe Zindagi", "Yeh Tera Ghar Yeh Mera Ghar", "Yun Zindagi Ki Raah Mein"
|-
|''[[Situm (film)|Situm]]''||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1983
|''[[Kalka]]''||"Tarana", "Bidesiya", "Kaise Kaise Rang"
|-
|''Tum Laut Aao''|| "Aaj Tumse Bichhad Raha Hoon Main", "Ek Sapnon Ka Ghar", "Kadi Takreta Haal", "Title Music", "Tere Sapne Mere Sapne", "Zakhm Jo Aapki Inayat Hai", "Bichhadi Mori Saheliyan"
|-
|''Zulf Ke Saye Saye''||"Nashili Raat Mein"
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1984
|''[[Raavan (1984 film)|Raavan]]''||"Hum to Yun Apni Zindagi Se Mile", "Main Gar Mein Chunariya"
|-
|''[[Bhavna]]''||"Mere Dil Mein Tu Hi Tu Hai"
|-
|1985
|''Phir Aayee Barsat''||"Na Mohabbat Na Dosti Ke Liye"
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1986
|''Aashiana''||"Humsafar Ban Ke Hum"
|-
|''[[Long Da Lishkara]]''||"Ishq Hai Loko", "Main Kandyali Thor Ve", "Sare Pindch Puare Paye"
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1987
|''Abhishek''||"Deewaron Pe Naqsh Banane Ka Hai Junoon", "Meri Ajab Hai Zindagi"
|-
|''Rahi''||"Zindagi Mein Sada Muskurate Raho", "Dard Kaisa Bhi Ho"
|-
|''[[Aaj (film)|Aaj]]''|| "Rishta Ye Kaisa Hai", "Woh Kagaz Ki Kashti Part 1", "Woh Kagaz Ki Kashti Part 2, "Phir Aaj Mujhe", "Zindagi Roz Naye"
|-
|1988
|''[[Mirza Ghalib (TV series)|Mirza Ghalib]]''|| TV serial directed by [[Gulzar]]
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1989
|''Aakhri Kahani''||
|-
|''Doosra Kanoon (TV)''||"Hum Dosti Ehsaan Wafa Bhool Gaye Hain"
|-
|''[[Kanoon Ki Awaaz|Kaanoon Ki Awaaz]]''|| Music Director
|-
|''Billoo Badshah''||"Yeh Jo Ghar Aangan Hai (Sad)"
|-
|rowspan="2"|1991
|''[[Kahkashan]]''|| TV serial directed by [[Jalal Agha]], produced by [[Ali Sardar Jafri]]
|-
|''Diva Bale Sari Raat''||"Boliyan", "Mitti Da Bawa", "Main Teri Aa", "Dama Dam Mast Kalandar", "Diva Bale Sari Raat"
|-
|1992
|''Nargis''|| "Dono Ke Dil Hai Majboor Pyar Se", "Main Kasie Kahoon Janeman"
|-
|1993
|''[[Khalnayak]]''|| "O Maa Tujhe Salaam"
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1994
|''[[Neem Ka Ped]]''||TV serial (Title song - ''Munh ki baat sune har koii'')
|-
|''Khudai''|| "Din Aa Gaye Shabab Ke", "Ulfat Ka Jab Kisis Ne Liya Naam", "Ye Sheeshe Ye Rishte"
|-
|''[[Mammo]]''||"Hazaar Baar Ruke Ham, Hazaar Baar Chale"
|-
|1994
|''Daraar''||TV serial (Title song - ''Rishton Mein Daraar Aayee'')
|-
|1995
|''[[Hello Zindagi]]''||TV documentary (Title song - "Hai Lau Zindagi")
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1996
|''[[Sailaab (TV series)|Sailaab]]''||TV serial (Title song - ''Apni Marzi Se'', ''Rishta Kya Hai Tera Mera'', ''Jeevan Kya Hai Chalta Phirta'')
|-
|''Tejasvini''||"Raat Ghataye Jaadu Khushboo"
|-
|1998
|''[[Dushman (1998 film)|Dushman]]''||"Chithi Na Koi Sandesh"
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1999
|''[[Bhopal Express (film)|Bhopal Express]]''|| "Is duniya mein rakha kya hai"
|-
|''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''|| "Hosh Walon Ko"
|-
|''[[Heena (TV series)|Heena]]''||TV serial (Title song - ''Koi Yeh Kaise Bataye'')
|-
|''[[Pal Chhin]]''|| TV serial (Title song - ''Koi atka hua hai pal shayad'')
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2000
|''[[Tarkieb]]''|| "Kiska Chehra ab mai dekhun"
|-
|''[[Shaheed Udham Singh (film)|Shaheed Udham Singh]]''|| "Sassi", "Gurbaani"
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2001
|''Deham''|| "Yun To Guzar Raha Hai"
|-
|''[[Tum Bin]]''||"Koi Fariyaad"
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2002
|''[[Leela (2002 film)|Leela]]''|| "Dhuan Uttha Hai", "Jaag Ke Kati", "Jabse Kareeb Ho Ke Chale", "Tere Khayal Ki"
|-
|''[[Vadh (2002 film)|Vadh]]''|| "Bahut Khoobsurat"
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2003
|''[[Dhoop]]''|| "Benaam Sa Ye Dard", "Har Ek Ghar Mein Diya", "Teri Aankhon Se Hi"
|-
|''[[Joggers' Park]]''||"Badi Nazuk Hai"
|-
|''[[Pinjar (film)|Pinjar]]''||"Haath choote"
|-
|''[[Aapko Pehle Bhi Kahin Dekha Hai]]''|| "Aisi Aankhen Nahin Dekhi"
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2004
|''[[Veer-Zaara]]''||"Tum Paas Aa Rahe Ho"
|-
|''STOP''||"Dil Tarasta Hai"
|-
|2005
|''Aap Ko Dekh Kar Dekhta Reh Gaya''||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2006
|''[[Umar]]''|| "Khumari Chaddh Ke Utar Gayi"
|-
|[[Baabul (2006 film)|''Baabul'']]|| "Kehta Hain Baabul"
|-
|2007
|''[[Pyar Kare Dis: Feel the Power of Love]]''|| "O Saathi"
|-
| 2010
|''[[Shahrukh Bola "Khoobsurat Hai Tu"]]''|| "Bhool Jaana"
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2011
|''[[Gandhi to Hitler]]''|| "Har or tabahi ka manzar"
|-
|''[[Khap (film)|Khap]]''|| "Tumse Bichhad Kar"
|-
|2013
|''[[Riwayat]]''|| "Aansu Kabhi Chhalke Nahi"
|}

==Discography==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
* ''[[Arth (film)|Arth]] (1982)''
* ''[[Saath Saath (film)|Saath Saath]] (1982)''
* ''Aaeena (2000)''
* ''Aarogya Mantra (2008)''
* ''Adaa (1992)''
* ''Ae Mere Dil (1983)''
* ''A Journey (2000)''
* ''Akhand Ram Naam (2009)''
* ''A Milestone (1980)''
* ''Amritanjali (2009)''
* ''An Evening With Jagjit & Chitra Singh (Live)''
* ''A Sound Affair (1985)''
* ''Awaaz (2007)''
* ''Baba Sheikh Farid (Shabads & Shlokas- 2006)''
* ''Beyond Time (1987)''
* ''Best of Jagjit & Chitra Singh (2005)''
* ''Bhajans (Lata-Jagjit −2004)''
* ''Bhajan Uphar (2008)''
* ''Biraha Da Sultan (1978)''
* ''Chahat (2004)''
* ''Chirag (Also known as Live in Trinidad – Islamic Devotional- 1993)''
* ''Classics Forever (2000)''
* ''Close to My Heart (2003)''
* ''Come Alive in a Concert (1979)''
* ''Cry For CRY (1995)''
* ''Dard-E-Jigar (2011)''
* ''Desires (1994)''
* ''Different Strokes (2001)''
* ''Dil- Jagjit, Asha & Lata (2002)''
* ''Dil Kahin Hosh Kahin (1999)''
* ''Do Dil Do Rahein (A Tribute To Mehdi Hasan- 2007)''
* ''Echoes (1986)''
* ''Ecstasies (1984)''
* ''Emotions (1989)''
* ''Encore''
* ''Essential Chants of Shiva (2006)''
* ''Eternity (1978)''
* ''Face To Face (1994)''
* ''Forever (2002)''
* ''Forget Me Not (2002)''
* ''Gayatri Mantra (2008)''
* '''Ghalib Live in Concert (2014)'''
* ''Ghazal Greats Jagjit Singh And Ghulam Ali''
* ''Ghazals from Films (1989)''
* ''Golden Moments (1999)''
* ''Govardhan Girdhari (2011)''
* ''Guru Govind Singh (1998)''
* ''Hare Krishna (Live)''
* ''Hari Om Tatsat (2003)''
* ''Harmony''
* ''Hey Govind Hey Gopal (1991)''
* ''Hey Ram (Ram Dhun)''
* ''Hare Ram Hare Krishna (1999)''
* ''Hope (1991)''
* ''[[Kahkashan]]'',''[[Doordarshan]] TV Serial (1991–92)''
* ''In Search (1992)''
* ''In Sight (1994)''
* ''In Sync- Jagjit Singh & Asha Bhonsle''
* ''Inteha (2009)''
* ''Jaam Utha(1999)''
* ''Jai Raghunandan Jai Siyaram (2002)''
* ''Jai Siya Ram (2000)''
* ''Jazbaat (2008)''
* ''Jeevan Kya Hai (2005)''
* ''Jeevan Maran Chhe Ek (Gujrati)''
* ''Kabir (2007)''
* ''Karuna (2007)''
* ''Keertan (Gurbani- 2000)''
* ''Khamoshi (2002)''
* ''Khumar''
* ''Khwahish (2002)''
* ''Krishna (1983)''
* ''Krishna Bhajans (1998)''
* ''Koi Baat Chale (2006)''
* ''Krishna Bhajans And Music For Divine Meditation (2009)''
* ''Krishna Dhun''
* ''Live in Concert (1988)''
{{col-break}}
* ''Live in Concert at the Wembley (1980)''
* ''Live in Pakistan (1979)''
* ''Live in Royal Albert Hall (1983)''
* ''Live in Sydney (2006)''
* ''Life Story (Live- 2001)''
* ''Live With Jagjit & Chitra Singh''
* ''Live With Jagjit Singh (1993)''
* ''Love''
* ''Love Is Blind (1998)''
* ''Maa (1993)''
* ''Madho Hum Aise Tu Aisa (2003)''
* ''Madhusudana- Shree Krishna Dhun (2011)''
* ''Magic Moments''
* ''Main Aur Meri Tanhai (1981)''
* ''Man Jeetey Jagjit (1990)''
* ''Man Mein Ram Basa Le''
* ''Marasim (1999)''
* ''Mara Ghatma Shrinathji (2007)''
* ''Mehfil (1990)''
* ''Melodious Pair''
* ''Memorable Concert (Live)''
* ''Memorable Ghazals of Jagjit and Chitra (1990)''
* ''Mirage (1995)''
* ''Mirza Ghalib (T.V. Serial- 1988)''
* ''Mitr Pyaare Nu (2005)''
* ''Moksha (2005)''
* ''Morning Prayers And Music For Divine Meditation (2009'')
* ''Muntzir (2004)''
* ''Nayi Disha (1999)''
* ''Nivedan (2011)''
* ''Om- The Divine Mantra (2007)''
* ''Parwaaz (live at the Esplanade, Singapore- 2004)''
* ''Passions (1987)''
* ''Phaldata Ganesh: God Who Fulfills Wishes (2006)''
* ''Playback Years''
* ''Pray For India''
* ''Punjabi Hits- Jagjit & Chitra Singh''
* ''Radhey Krishna Radhey Shyam (2000)''
* ''Radhey Krishna Dhun''
* ''Rare Gems (1992)''
* ''Rare Moments''
* ''Ravayat''
* ''Rishton Mein Darar Aayi''
* ''Romance''
* ''Masha alla''
* ''Royal Salute''
* ''Saanwara (2003)''
* ''Saher (2000)''
* ''Sai Dhun (2005)''
* ''[[Sajda]]'' (1991)
* ''Samvedna (2002)''
* ''Samyog (Nepali)''
* '''Shabads Live in the UK (2014)'''
* ''Shiva (Dhuns and Bhajans- 2005)''
* ''Shri Ganesha (2010)''
* ''Shukrana (2011)''
* ''Silsilay (1998)''
* ''Solid Gold (2001)''
* ''Someone Somewhere (1990)''
* ''Soz (2001)''
* ''Stolen Moments''
* ''Tera Bayaan Ghalib (2012)''
* ''The Inimitable Ghazals Composed by Jagjit Singh (1996)''
* ''The Latest (1982)''
* ''The Life And Times of Jagjit Singh (2011)''
* ''The Master and His Magic (2012)''
* ''The Unforgettables (1977)''
* ''The Voice From Beyond (2013)''
* ''Together''
* ''Trishna (Bengali-2001)''
* ''Tum Toh Nahin Ho (2005)''
* ''Unique (1996)''
* ''Vakratunda Mahakaya (2006)''
* ''Visions (1992)''
* ''Your Choice (1993)''
* ''[[Black & White (2008 Hindi film)|Black & White]] (2008)'' - "Yeh Hindustan Hai" (Part 1)
{{col-end}}

== See also ==
* [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]]
* [[Mehdi Hassan]]
* [[Aziz Mian]]
* [[Mirza Galib]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/ff7d390f-03be-40e4-9210-3e0f660966df Jagjit Singh on BBC]
* {{IMDb name|1032736}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jagjit}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian male ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:People from Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian classical composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Sindhi-language playback singers]]

Yashwantrao Chavan College of Engineering

2026-03-24T14:31:12Z

MontyGilyard431: creating bio.

{{Short description|Autonomous engineering college under the University of Nagpur, Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| image =
| image_upright = 0.7
| image_alt = ycce_logo
| caption =
| name = Yashwantrao Chavan College of Engineering (IIT Wanadongri)
| other_name = YCCE
| motto = नवीनं विज्ञानं विजयताम
| established = {{start date and age|1984}}
| closed =
| type = [[Autonomous]]
| founder = [[Datta Meghe]]
| president = [[Sameer Meghe]]
| principal = Uday P. Waghe
| dean = Dr. Abhay V. Patil
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff = {{circa|200}}
| administrative_staff =
| students = 5,000
| undergrad = Yes
| postgrad = Yes
| doctoral = Yes
| other = Yes
| city = [[Wanadongri]], [[Hingna|Hingna SubDivision]], [[Nagpur|District Nagpur, Maharashtra]]
| postalcode = 441110
| country = India
| campus = Semi-Urban
| campus_size = {{Convert|14|acre}}
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| athletics_affiliations =
| colours =
| mascot =
| website = {{URL|www.ycce.edu}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
| coor = {{Coord|21|5|43.55|N|78|58|42.74|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| colors =
| academic_affiliations = [[RTMNU]], [[Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra|DTE]]
| parent = Nagar Yuwak Shikshan Sanstha
| accreditation = [[AICTE]], [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| affiliation = [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University|RTMNU]]
}}

'''Yashwantrao Chavan College of Engineering''', often abbreviated as '''YCCE''', is an autonomous engineering college affiliated to [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University|RTMNU]] (formerly, [[Nagpur University]]). It is located in town of [[Hingna]] in the district of [[Nagpur]]. The college was established in 1984 and is named after [[Yashwantrao Chavan]], former first [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] of [[Maharashtra]] State and the former [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]]; since then, it has been under the administration of Nagar Yuwak Shikshan Sanstha, a subsidiary of Meghe Group. It attained its autonomous status from the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] in 2010. The college offers engineering degrees at undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral level.

==Departments==
Since the institution was established, eight departments for higher study and research have been created.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ycce.edu/ |title = Top Engineering College in Nagpur}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Department !! Year of establishment !! Head of Department
|-
|[[Applied Sciences]], [[Humanities|Humanities &]] [[Engineering|General Engineering]]
|1984
|-
| [[Electronics Engineering]]
| 1984
| Dr. Prasanna Palsodkar
|-
| [[Civil Engineering]]
| 1984
| Dr. Sanjay P. Raut
|-
| [[Computer Technology]]
| 1985
| Dr. Mrs. Rakhi D. Wajgi
|-
| [[Electrical Engineering]]
| 1987
| Dr. Sumant G. Kadwane
|-
| [[Mechanical Engineering]]
| 1987
| Dr. Jayant P. Giri
|-
| [[Information Technology]]
| 2001
| Dr. Rajesh C. Dharmik
|-
|[[Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering]]
|2001
| Dr. Milind S. Narlawar
|-
|[[Computer Science & Engineering]]
|2020
|Lalit B. Damahe
|-
|Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
|2021
|-
|Computer Science & Design
|2021
|-
|CSE (AI&ML)
|2022
|-
|}

=== Events ===

===YASH===
The institute organizes an annual cultural and technical event known as "YASH". It is a week-long event where various events and competitions take place, such as Freshers Day, Fashion Show-Fashionista, rock concerts, celebrity shows, Ethnic Day and Rose Day, Megheshri .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/nagpur/Melange-of-drama-dance-and-talent-at-YCCEs-Yash-at-Nagpur/articleshow/29704565.cms/|title=Melange of drama, dance and talent at YCCE's Yash at Nagpur|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/nagpur/Ethnic-oomph-at-YCCEs-traditional-day-organised-in-Nagpur/articleshow/29541224.cms/|title=Ethnic oomph at YCCE's traditional day organised in Nagpur|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nagpurtoday.in/yash-15-0-beauty-and-brains-potrayed-in-ycce-fashionista/02212357 |title = YASH 15.0 : Beauty and Brains portrayed in YCCE fashionista| date=21 February 2015 }}</ref>

===Compufest===
Compufest is an annual event conducted by the Department of Computer Technology. It is a two-day, techno-cultural event with inter-college and intra-college competitions and workshops.

===Electrrica===
Electrrica is the annual technical festival conducted by the Department of Electrical Engineering. It is a two-day event of technical workshops, competitions, seminars, guest lectures and various other related events.

==YCCE-Siemens Center of Excellence for Digital Manufacturing and Robotics==

Under the guidance and direction of [[Siemens]] and [[AICTE]], the YCCE-Siemens Center of Excellence for Digital Manufacturing and Robotics was established. The establishment was inaugurated in December 2013 by Hon. [[A.P.J Abdul Kalam|Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam]], the 11th [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Siemens Centre of Excellence for Digital Manufacturing and Robotics |url=http://www.ycce.edu/admin/pdf/NAFETIC_Brochure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409195009/http://www.ycce.edu/admin/pdf/NAFETIC_Brochure.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2015 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=www.ycce.edu}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==

*[[Sonu Sood]] - an Indian actor, film producer, model, humanitarian, and philanthropist who works predominantly in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.
*[[Shishir Parkhie]] - A widely acclaimed Indian [[Ghazal]] singer, [[composer]] and live performer.

==NAAC Grade==
[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)]] Grade - A++ (3.6/4) (highest among engineering colleges in Maharashtra) in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NAAC |title=Institutional Information for Quality Assessment(IIQA) |url=https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/iiqa_report/eyJpdiI6Im5uOU5jNXpVcEJja2dnaUNZY3B6anc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQldUZDBWWGkvdXA1ZS8zQTNmWXFuQT09IiwibWFjIjoiNTA1NmZjNmFhMWE2M2NlZjE0NDg1NjVkNjY4Yjc1MGY1YWZhNzgxOGM5Mjc4NWYyYzNlOWNmYzJiYTMxZjgzMyIsInRhZyI6IiJ9 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==NIRF Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = NIRF

|NIRF_U_2023=141|NIRF_E_2024=151-200}}

The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)]] ranked the college between 151 and 200 in the engineering rankings in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* Website: [http://www.ycce.endu Official website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]

Siddhartha Mukherjee

2026-03-24T09:47:21Z

MontyGilyard431: creating entry

{{Short description|Indian-American physician, writer b. 1970}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Siddhartha Mukherjee
| native_name = সিদ্ধার্থ মুখার্জী
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Siddhartha Mukherjee.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Mukherjee in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|07|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| workplaces = [[Columbia University]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sarah Sze]]|2004|2025|reason=div.}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Stanford University]] ([[B.S.|BS]])
* [[Magdalen College, Oxford]] ([[DPhil]])
* [[Harvard University]] ([[Doctor of Medicine|MD]]) }}
| fields = [[Immunology]] [[Cancer epidemiology]] [[Genetic epidemiology]]
| thesis_title = The Processing and Presentation of Viral Antigens
| thesis_url = http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph013369598
| thesis_year = 1997
| known_for = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer]]''
* ''[[The Gene: An Intimate History]]''
* [[Cancer research]] }}
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Rhodes Scholarship]] [[Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction]] (2011) [[Guardian First Book Award]] (2011) [[Padma Shri]] (2014)
| website = {{URL|siddharthamukherjee.com}}
| employer =
| organization =
}}

'''Siddhartha Mukherjee''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: সিদ্ধার্থ মুখার্জী; born 21 July 1970)<ref name="rogers">{{cite web|last1=Rogers|first1=Kara|title=Siddhartha Mukherjee: Indian-born American physician, scientist, and writer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Siddhartha-Mukherjee|website=www.britannica.com|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|access-date=8 May 2017}}</ref> is an [[Indian Americans|Indian]] physician, biologist, and author. His first book, ''[[The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer]]'' (2010), won the 2011 [[Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Pulitzer for US-Indian Siddhartha Mukherjee's book |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-13125576 |access-date=25 June 2018 |work=BBC |date=19 April 2011}}</ref> and [[Guardian First Book Award]],<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |last1=Flood |first1=A. |title=Biography of cancer wins Guardian First Book award |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/01/biography-cancer-guardian-first-book-award |access-date=25 June 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=1 December 2011}}</ref> among other awards. It was listed in the "All-''Time'' 100 Nonfiction Books" (the 100 most influential books of the last century) by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine in 2011.<ref name=AllTime>{{cite magazine |first=Gilbert |last= Cruz |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2011/08/30/all-time-100-best-nonfiction-books/slide/the-emperor-of-all-maladies-by-siddhartha-mukherjee/ |magazine=Time|title=All-TIME 100 Nonfiction Books|date=17 August 2011|access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref> He followed it with ''[[The Gene: An Intimate History]]'' (2016), which was among ''[[The New York Times]]'' 100 best books of 2016,<ref name=times100>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/05/books/review/100-notable-books-2010.html?pagewanted=all|title=100 Notable Books of 2010|date=24 November 2010|author=New York Times Sunday Book Review Editorial Staff|work=[[New York Times Magazine]]|access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref> and a finalist for the [[Wellcome Book Prize|Wellcome Trust Prize]] and the [[Royal Society Prize for Science Books]]. He won the 2019 [[Lewis Thomas Prize]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Physician-writer Siddhartha Mukherjee will be awarded the 2019 Lewis Thomas Prize| url=https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/25376-physician-writer| date=March 22, 2019| work=[[The Rockefeller University]]}}</ref>

After completing secondary school education in India, Mukherjee studied biology at Stanford University, obtained a D.Phil. from [[University of Oxford]] as a [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholar]], and an M.D. from [[Harvard University]]. He joined [[New York–Presbyterian Hospital]] / [[Columbia University Medical Center]] in [[New York City]] in 2009. As of 2018, he is an associate professor of medicine in the Division of Hematology and Oncology.<ref>{{cite news |title=Siddhartha Mukherjee, author-doctor, is guest at Express Adda today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/siddhartha-mukherjee-author-doctor-is-guest-at-express-adda-today-5112499/ |access-date=25 June 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 March 2018}}</ref>

Featured in the [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]] list of most influential people in 2011, Mukherjee writes for ''[[The New Yorker]]'' and is a columnist in ''The New York Times''. He is described as part of a select group of doctor-writers (such as [[Oliver Sacks]] and [[Atul Gawande]]) who have "transformed the public discourse on human health,"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mackovich |first1=Ron |title=Renowned oncologist Siddhartha Mukherjee named USC's 2018 commencement speaker |url=https://news.usc.edu/138101/renowned-oncologist-siddhartha-mukherjee-announced-as-uscs-2018-commencement-speaker/ |access-date=25 June 2018 |work=USC News |date=8 March 2018}}</ref> and allowed a generation of readers a rare and intimate glimpse into the life of science and medicine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Solomon |first1=Andrew |title=Literature about medicine may be all that can save us |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/22/literature-about-medicine-may-be-all-that-can-save-us |access-date=25 June 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=22 February 2018}}</ref> His research concerns the physiology of cancer cells, immunological therapy for blood cancers, and the discovery of bone- and cartilage-forming stem cells in the vertebrate skeleton.<ref name=stemcell>{{cite web |title=Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD, DPhil |url=https://www.stemcell.columbia.edu/profile/siddhartha-mukherjee-md |publisher=Columbia Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI) |access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref>

The [[government of India]] conferred on him its fourth highest civilian award, the [[Padma Shri]], in 2014.<ref name="padmashri">{{cite web|title=Indo-American Siddhartha Mukherjee calls Padma Shri a great Honor|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/indo-american-siddhartha-mukherjee-calls-padma-shri-a-great-honor/|work=IANS|publisher=Biharprabha News|access-date=27 January 2014}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Siddhartha Mukherjee was born to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] Brahmin family in New Delhi, India. His father, Sibeswar Mukherjee, was an executive with [[Mitsubishi]], and his mother Chandana Mukherjee, was a former school teacher from Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]). He attended [[St. Columba's School, Delhi|St. Columba's School]] in Delhi, where he won the school's highest award, the 'Sword of Honour', in 1989. As a biology major at [[Stanford University]], he worked in Nobel Laureate [[Paul Berg]]'s laboratory, defining cellular genes that change the behaviours of cancer cells. He earned membership in [[Phi Beta Kappa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://phibetakappa.tumblr.com/post/163177576378/the-gene-by-siddhartha-mukherjee|title='The Gene,' by Siddhartha Mukherjee}}</ref> in 1992, and completed his bachelor of science (BS) degree in 1993.<ref name="rogers"/>

Mukherjee won a [[Rhodes Scholarship]] for doctoral research at [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]], [[University of Oxford]]. He worked on the mechanism of [[Antigen presentation|activation of the immune system]] by [[antigen|viral antigens]]. He was awarded a [[Doctor of Philosophy|DPhil]] in 1997 for his thesis titled ''The Processing and Presentation of Viral Antigens''.<ref>{{cite thesis|degree=DPhil|publisher=University of Oxford|title=The processing and presentation of viral antigens|first= Siddhartha|last=Mukherjee|date=1997|url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390538|oclc=43182774}}</ref> After graduation, he attended [[Harvard Medical School]], where he earned his [[Doctor of Medicine|doctor of medicine (MD)]] degree in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2011/04/hms-alumnus-wins-pulitzer-prize-for-nonfiction|title=Medical Alumnus Wins Pulitzer Prize for Nonfiction|date=2011-04-18|newspaper=Harvard Magazine|access-date=2017-01-07}}</ref> Between 2000 and 2003 he worked as a resident in [[internal medicine]] at the [[Massachusetts General Hospital]]. From 2003 to 2006 he trained in [[hematology]]-[[oncology]] as a fellow at the [[Dana–Farber Cancer Institute]] (under Harvard Medical School) in Boston, Massachusetts.<ref>{{cite web | title = Cancer's Biographer | url = http://news.columbia.edu/record/2238 | last = Levin | first = Ann | publisher = The Record (Columbia University) | access-date = 6 September 2011}}</ref><ref name=coldoc>{{cite web|title=Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD, DPhil|url=https://www.columbiadoctors.org/siddhartha-mukherjee-md|website=www.columbiadoctors.org|publisher=Columbia University|access-date=8 May 2017}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2009, Mukherjee joined the faculty of the Department of Medicine in the Division of Hematology/Oncology at the [[Columbia University Medical Center]] as an assistant professor.<ref name="rogers"/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/books/09mukherjee.html | title = How Cancer Acquired Its Own Biographer | last = McGrath | first = Charles | date = 8 November 2010 | work = [[The New York Times]] | access-date = 6 September 2011}}</ref> The medical center is attached to the [[NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|title=Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD, DPhil|url=http://www.nyp.org/physician/smukherjee|publisher=NewYork-Presbyterian|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>

He was previously affiliated with the Harvard Stem Cell Institute and with Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. He has worked as the Plummer Visiting professor at the [[Mayo Clinic]] in [[Rochester, Minnesota]], the Joseph Garland lecturer at the [[Massachusetts Medical Society]], and an honorary visiting professor at [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Siddhartha Mukherjee, M.D., Ph.D. |url=http://actfornih.org/bios/siddhartha-mukherjee-m.d.-ph.d |publisher=ACT for NIH |access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref> His laboratory is based at Columbia University's [[Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Physician's Profile: Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD, DPhil |url=http://cancer.columbia.edu/siddhartha-mukherjee-md-dphil |publisher=Columbia University Medical Center, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center |access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>

In January 2025, Mukherjee launched Manas AI, an AI-enabled drug discovery startup, together with [[Reid Hoffman]], with about $25 million in venture capital funding.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jin |first=Berber |date=January 27, 2025 |title=Reid Hoffman Raises $24.6 Million for AI Cancer Research Startup |url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/manas-ai-drug-discovery-reid-hoffman-93a6c023 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

==Contributions==

===Cancer research===

Mukherjee is a trained [[haematologist|hematologist]] and oncologist whose research focuses on the links between normal [[stem cell]]s and cancer cells. Through his findings, he had shown the roles of cells in cancer therapy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Siddhartha |title=Soon we'll cure diseases with a cell, not a pill |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/siddhartha_mukherjee_soon_we_ll_cure_diseases_with_a_cell_not_a_pill |date=2015 |website=Ted Talks |access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref> He has been investigating the microenvironment ("[[Ecological niche|niche]]") of stem cells, particularly on [[haematopoietic stem cell|blood-forming (haematopoietic) stem cells]]. Blood-forming stem cells are present in the [[bone marrow]] in very specific microenvironments. [[Osteoblast]]s, cells that form bone, are one of the principal components in this environment. These cells regulate the process of blood cell formation and development by providing them with signals to divide, remain quiescent, or maintain their stem cell properties.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morrison |first1=Sean J. |last2=Scadden |first2=David T. |title=The bone marrow niche for haematopoietic stem cells |journal=Nature |date=2014 |volume=505 |issue=7483 |pages=327–334 |doi=10.1038/nature12984 |pmid=24429631|pmc=4514480 |bibcode=2014Natur.505..327M }}</ref> Distortion in the development of these cells results in severe blood cancers, such as myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raaijmakers |first1=Marc H. G. P. |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Siddhartha |last3=Guo |first3=Shangqin |last4=Zhang |first4=Siyi |last5=Kobayashi |first5=Tatsuya |last6=Schoonmaker |first6=Jesse A. |last7=Ebert |first7=Benjamin L. |last8=Al-Shahrour |first8=Fatima |last9=Hasserjian |first9=Robert P. |last10=Scadden |first10=Edward O. |last11=Aung |first11=Zinmar |last12=Matza |first12=Marc |last13=Merkenschlager |first13=Matthias |last14=Lin |first14=Charles |last15=Rommens |first15=Johanna M. |last16=Scadden |first16=David. T. |title=Bone progenitor dysfunction induces myelodysplasia and secondary leukaemia |journal=Nature |date=2010 |volume=464 |issue=7290 |pages=852–857 |doi=10.1038/nature08851 |pmid=20305640 |pmc=3422863 |bibcode=2010Natur.464..852R |display-authors=8}}</ref> Mukherjee's research has been recognised through many grants from the [[National Institutes of Health]] and from private foundations.<ref name=stemcell/><ref>{{cite web|title=Insight|url=http://lectures-events.rockefeller.edu/show_media.php?id=371|publisher=The Rockefeller University|access-date=8 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD, DPhil |url=https://www.columbiadoctors.org/siddhartha-mukherjee-md |website=ColumbiaDoctors |publisher=Columbia University Medical Center |access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>

Mukherjee and his co-workers have identified several genes and chemicals that can alter the [[tumor microenvironment|microenvironment]], or niche, and thereby alter the behavior of normal stem cells, as well as cancer cells.<ref name=mukherjeejci>{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Siddhartha |last2=Raje |first2=Noopur |last3=Schoonmaker |first3=Jesse A. |last4=Liu |first4=Julie C. |last5=Hideshima |first5=Teru |last6=Wein |first6=Marc N. |last7=Jones |first7=Dallas C. |last8=Vallet |first8=Sonia |last9=Bouxsein |first9=Mary L. |last10=Pozzi |first10=Samantha |last11=Chhetri |first11=Shweta |last12=Seo |first12=Y. David |last13=Aronson |first13=Joshua P. |last14=Patel |first14=Chirayu |last15=Fulciniti |first15=Mariateresa |last16=Purton |first16=Louise E. |last17=Glimcher |first17=Laurie H. |last18=Lian |first18=Jane B. |last19=Stein |first19=Gary |last20=Anderson |first20=Kenneth C. |last21=Scadden |first21=David T. |title=Pharmacologic targeting of a stem/progenitor population in vivo is associated with enhanced bone regeneration in mice |journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation |date=2008 |volume=118 |issue=2 |pages=491–504 |doi=10.1172/JCI33102 |pmid=18219387 |display-authors=8 |pmc=2213372}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raje |first1=N |last2=Hideshima |first2=T |last3=Mukherjee |first3=S |last4=Raab |first4=M |last5=Vallet |first5=S |last6=Chhetri |first6=S |last7=Cirstea |first7=D |last8=Pozzi |first8=S |last9=Mitsiades |first9=C |last10=Rooney |first10=M |last11=Kiziltepe |first11=T |last12=Podar |first12=K |last13=Okawa |first13=Y |last14=Ikeda |first14=H |last15=Carrasco |first15=R |last16=Richardson |first16=P G |last17=Chauhan |first17=D |last18=Munshi |first18=N C |last19=Sharma |first19=S |last20=Parikh |first20=H |last21=Chabner |first21=B |last22=Scadden |first22=D |last23=Anderson |first23=K C |title=Preclinical activity of P276-00, a novel small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor in the therapy of multiple myeloma |journal=Leukemia |date=2009 |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=961–970 |doi=10.1038/leu.2008.378 |pmid=19151776 |s2cid=26436611 |display-authors=8|doi-access= |hdl=11380/708988 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=M. D. |last2=Liu |first2=J. C. |last3=Barthel |first3=T. K. |last4=Hussain |first4=S. |last5=Lovria |first5=E. |last6=Cheng |first6=D. |last7=Schoonmaker |first7=J. A. |last8=Mulay |first8=S. |last9=Ayers |first9=D. C. |last10=Bouxsein |first10=M. L. |last11=Stein |first11=G. S. |last12=Mukherjee |first12=S. |last13=Lian |first13=J. B. |title=A Proteasome Inhibitor, Bortezomib, Inhibits Breast Cancer Growth and Reduces Osteolysis by Downregulating Metastatic Genes |journal=Clinical Cancer Research |date=2010 |volume=16 |issue=20 |pages=4978–4989 |doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-3293 |pmid=20843837 |display-authors=8 |pmc=2955762}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sykes |first1=David B. |last2=Kfoury |first2=Youmna S. |last3=Mercier |first3=François E. |last4=Wawer |first4=Mathias J. |last5=Law |first5=Jason M. |last6=Haynes |first6=Mark K. |last7=Lewis |first7=Timothy A. |last8=Schajnovitz |first8=Amir |last9=Jain |first9=Esha |last10=Lee |first10=Dongjun |last11=Meyer |first11=Hanna |last12=Pierce |first12=Kerry A. |last13=Tolliday |first13=Nicola J. |last14=Waller |first14=Anna |last15=Ferrara |first15=Steven J. |last16=Eheim |first16=Ashley L. |last17=Stoeckigt |first17=Detlef |last18=Maxcy |first18=Katrina L. |last19=Cobert |first19=Julien M. |last20=Bachand |first20=Jacqueline |last21=Szekely |first21=Brian A. |last22=Mukherjee |first22=Siddhartha |last23=Sklar |first23=Larry A. |last24=Kotz |first24=Joanne D. |last25=Clish |first25=Clary B. |last26=Sadreyev |first26=Ruslan I. |last27=Clemons |first27=Paul A. |last28=Janzer |first28=Andreas |last29=Schreiber |first29=Stuart L. |last30=Scadden |first30=David T. |title=Inhibition of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Overcomes Differentiation Blockade in Acute Myeloid Leukemia |journal=Cell |date=2016 |volume=167 |issue=1 |pages=171–186.e15 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.057 |pmid=27641501 |pmc=7360335 |display-authors=8|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhagat |first1=Tushar D. |last2=Chen |first2=Si |last3=Bartenstein |first3=Matthias |last4=Barlowe |first4=A. Trevor |last5=Von Ahrens |first5=Dagny |last6=Choudhary |first6=Gaurav S. |last7=Tivnan |first7=Patrick |last8=Amin |first8=Elianna |last9=Marcondes |first9=A. Mario |last10=Sanders |first10=Mathijs A. |last11=Hoogenboezem |first11=Remco M. |last12=Kambhampati |first12=Suman |last13=Ramachandra |first13=Nandini |last14=Mantzaris |first14=Iaonnis |last15=Sukrithan |first15=Vineeth |last16=Laurence |first16=Remi |last17=Lopez |first17=Robert |last18=Bhagat |first18=Prafullla |last19=Giricz |first19=Orsi |last20=Sohal |first20=Davendra |last21=Wickrema |first21=Amittha |last22=Yeung |first22=Cecilia |last23=Gritsman |first23=Kira |last24=Aplan |first24=Peter |last25=Hochedlinger |first25=Konrad |last26=Yu |first26=Yiting |last27=Pradhan |first27=Kith |last28=Zhang |first28=Jinghang |last29=Greally |first29=John M. |last30=Mukherjee |first30=Siddhartha |last31=Pellagatti |first31=Andrea |last32=Boultwood |first32=Jacqueline |last33=Will |first33=Britta |last34=Steidl |first34=Ulrich |last35=Raaijmakers |first35=Marc H.G.P. |last36=Deeg |first36=H. Joachim |last37=Kharas |first37=Michael G. |last38=Verma |first38=Amit |title=Epigenetically Aberrant Stroma in MDS Propagates Disease via Wnt/β-Catenin Activation |journal=Cancer Research |date=2017 |volume=77 |issue=18 |pages=4846–4857 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-0282 |pmid=28684528 |display-authors=8 |pmc=5600853}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=X. |last2=Takemoto |first2=Y. |last3=Deng |first3=H. |last4=Middelhoff |first4=M. |last5=Friedman |first5=R. A. |last6=Chu |first6=T. H. |last7=Churchill |first7=M. J. |last8=Ma |first8=Y. |last9=Nagar |first9=K. K. |last10=Tailor |first10=Y. H. |last11=Mukherjee |first11=S. |last12=Wang |first12=T. C. |title=Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)-expressing granulocytic myeloid cells induce and recruit Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in murine colon cancer |journal=OncoImmunology |date=2017 |volume=6 |issue=3 |article-number=e1290034 |doi=10.1080/2162402X.2017.1290034 |pmid=28405523 |pmc=5384347 |display-authors=8}}</ref> Two such chemicals—proteasome inhibitors<ref name=mukherjeejci/> and activin inhibitors<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vallet |first1=S. |last2=Mukherjee |first2=S. |last3=Vaghela |first3=N. |last4=Hideshima |first4=T. |last5=Fulciniti |first5=M. |last6=Pozzi |first6=S. |last7=Santo |first7=L. |last8=Cirstea |first8=D. |last9=Patel |first9=K. |last10=Sohani |first10=A. R. |last11=Guimaraes |first11=A. |last12=Xie |first12=W. |last13=Chauhan |first13=D. |last14=Schoonmaker |first14=J. A. |last15=Attar |first15=E. |last16=Churchill |first16=M. |last17=Weller |first17=E. |last18=Munshi |first18=N. |last19=Seehra |first19=J. S. |last20=Weissleder |first20=R. |last21=Anderson |first21=K. C. |last22=Scadden |first22=D. T. |last23=Raje |first23=N. |title=Activin A promotes multiple myeloma-induced osteolysis and is a promising target for myeloma bone disease |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2010 |volume=107 |issue=11 |pages=5124–5129 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0911929107 |pmid=20194748 |display-authors=8 |pmc=2841922|bibcode=2010PNAS..107.5124V |doi-access=free }}</ref>—are under clinical trials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dimopoulos |first1=Meletios A |last2=Goldschmidt |first2=Hartmut |last3=Niesvizky |first3=Ruben |last4=Joshua |first4=Douglas |last5=Chng |first5=Wee-Joo |last6=Oriol |first6=Albert |last7=Orlowski |first7=Robert Z |last8=Ludwig |first8=Heinz |last9=Facon |first9=Thierry |last10=Hajek |first10=Roman |last11=Weisel |first11=Katja |last12=Hungria |first12=Vania |last13=Minuk |first13=Leonard |last14=Feng |first14=Shibao |last15=Zahlten-Kumeli |first15=Anita |last16=Kimball |first16=Amy S |last17=Moreau |first17=Philippe |title=Carfilzomib or bortezomib in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (ENDEAVOR): an interim overall survival analysis of an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial |journal=The Lancet Oncology |date=2017 |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=1327–1337 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30578-8 |pmid=28843768 |display-authors=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Komrokji |first1=Rami |last2=Garcia-Manero |first2=Guillermo |last3=Ades |first3=Lionel |last4=Prebet |first4=Thomas |last5=Steensma |first5=David P |last6=Jurcic |first6=Joseph G |last7=Sekeres |first7=Mikkael A |last8=Berdeja |first8=Jesus |last9=Savona |first9=Michael R |last10=Beyne-Rauzy |first10=Odile |last11=Stamatoullas |first11=Aspasia |last12=DeZern |first12=Amy E |last13=Delaunay |first13=Jacques |last14=Borthakur |first14=Gautam |last15=Rifkin |first15=Robert |last16=Boyd |first16=Thomas E |last17=Laadem |first17=Abderrhamane |last18=Vo |first18=Bond |last19=Zhang |first19=Jennie |last20=Puccio-Pick |first20=Marie |last21=Attie |first21=Kenneth M |last22=Fenaux |first22=Pierre |last23=List |first23=Alan F |title=Sotatercept with long-term extension for the treatment of anaemia in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: a phase 2, dose-ranging trial |journal=The Lancet Haematology |date=2018 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=e63–e72 |doi=10.1016/S2352-3026(18)30002-4 |pmid=29331635 |display-authors=8}}</ref> Mukherjee's lab has also identified novel [[Mutation|genetic mutations]] in [[Myelodysplastic syndrome|myelodysplasia]] and [[Acute myeloid leukemia|acute myelogenous leukaemia]] and has played a leading role in finding therapies for these diseases.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Raaijmakers|first1=Marc H. G. P.|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Siddhartha|last3=Guo|first3=Shangqin|last4=Zhang|first4=Siyi|last5=Kobayashi|first5=Tatsuya|last6=Schoonmaker|first6=Jesse A.|last7=Ebert|first7=Benjamin L.|last8=Al-Shahrour|first8=Fatima|last9=Hasserjian|first9=Robert P.|last10=Scadden|first10=Edward O.|last11=Aung|first11=Zinmar|last12=Matza|first12=Marc|last13=Merkenschlager|first13=Matthias|last14=Lin|first14=Charles|last15=Rommens|first15=Johanna M.|last16=Scadden|first16=David. T.|title=Bone progenitor dysfunction induces myelodysplasia and secondary leukaemia|journal=Nature|date=2010|volume=464|issue=7290|pages=852–857|doi=10.1038/nature08851|pmid=20305640|display-authors=8|pmc=3422863|bibcode=2010Natur.464..852R}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Guryanova|first1=O A|last2=Lieu|first2=Y K|last3=Garrett-Bakelman|first3=F E|last4=Spitzer|first4=B|last5=Glass|first5=J L|last6=Shank|first6=K|last7=Martinez|first7=A B V|last8=Rivera|first8=S A|last9=Durham|first9=B H|last10=Rapaport|first10=F|last11=Keller|first11=M D|last12=Pandey|first12=S|last13=Bastian|first13=L|last14=Tovbin|first14=D|last15=Weinstein|first15=A R|last16=Teruya-Feldstein|first16=J|last17=Abdel-Wahab|first17=O|last18=Santini|first18=V|last19=Mason|first19=C E|last20=Melnick|first20=A M|last21=Mukherjee|first21=S|last22=Levine|first22=R L|title=Dnmt3a regulates myeloproliferation and liver-specific expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells|journal=Leukemia|date=29 December 2015|volume=30|issue=5|pages=1133–1142|doi=10.1038/leu.2015.358|pmid=26710888|display-authors=8|pmc=4856586}}</ref>

===Bone formation===
Mukherjee's team is also known for defining and characterizing skeletal stem/progenitor cells (also called osteochondroreticular or OCR cells). In 2015, they prospectively identified these progenitor cells from bone, and showed, using lineage tracing, that these cells can give rise to bone, cartilage, and [[reticular cells]] (hence the term "OCR" cells). They established that these cells form a part of the adult skeleton in vertebrates, and that they maintain and repair the skeleton.<ref name=worthley15>{{cite journal |last1=Worthley |first1=Daniel L. |last2=Churchill |first2=Michael |last3=Compton |first3=Jocelyn T. |last4=Tailor |first4=Yagnesh |last5=Rao |first5=Meenakshi |last6=Si |first6=Yiling |last7=Levin |first7=Daniel |last8=Schwartz |first8=Matthew G. |last9=Uygur |first9=Aysu |last10=Hayakawa |first10=Yoku |last11=Gross |first11=Stefanie |last12=Renz |first12=Bernhard W. |last13=Setlik |first13=Wanda |last14=Martinez |first14=Ashley N. |last15=Chen |first15=Xiaowei |last16=Nizami |first16=Saqib |last17=Lee |first17=Heon Goo |last18=Kang |first18=H. Paco |last19=Caldwell |first19=Jon-Michael |last20=Asfaha |first20=Samuel |last21=Westphalen |first21=C. Benedikt |last22=Graham |first22=Trevor |last23=Jin |first23=Guangchun |last24=Nagar |first24=Karan |last25=Wang |first25=Hongshan |last26=Kheirbek |first26=Mazen A. |last27=Kolhe |first27=Alka |last28=Carpenter |first28=Jared |last29=Glaire |first29=Mark |last30=Nair |first30=Abhinav |last31=Renders |first31=Simon |last32=Manieri |first32=Nicholas |last33=Muthupalani |first33=Sureshkumar |last34=Fox |first34=James G. |last35=Reichert |first35=Maximilian |last36=Giraud |first36=Andrew S. |last37=Schwabe |first37=Robert F. |last38=Pradere |first38=Jean-Phillipe |last39=Walton |first39=Katherine |last40=Prakash |first40=Ajay |last41=Gumucio |first41=Deborah |last42=Rustgi |first42=Anil K. |last43=Stappenbeck |first43=Thaddeus S. |last44=Friedman |first44=Richard A. |last45=Gershon |first45=Michael D. |last46=Sims |first46=Peter |last47=Grikscheit |first47=Tracy |last48=Lee |first48=Francis Y. |last49=Karsenty |first49=Gerard |last50=Mukherjee |first50=Siddhartha |last51=Wang |first51=Timothy C. |title=Gremlin 1 Identifies a Skeletal Stem Cell with Bone, Cartilage, and Reticular Stromal Potential |journal=Cell |date=2015 |volume=160 |issue=1–2 |pages=269–284 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.042 |pmid=25594183 |display-authors=9 |pmc=4436082}}</ref>

OCR cells are among the newest progenitor cells to be defined in vertebrates.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McGonagle |first1=Dennis |last2=Jones |first2=Elena A. |title=A new in vivo stem cell model for regenerative rheumatology |journal=Nature Reviews Rheumatology |date=2015 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=200–201 |doi=10.1038/nrrheum.2015.21 |pmid=25734973|s2cid=29933567 }}</ref> The work generated wide interest and was described in journals as a major breakthrough for understanding biology and for understanding diseases such as [[osteoporosis]] and [[osteoarthritis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kassem |first1=Moustapha |last2=Bianco |first2=Paolo |title=Skeletal Stem Cells in Space and Time |journal=Cell |date=2015 |volume=160 |issue=1–2 |pages=17–19 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.034 |pmid=25594172|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Osório |first1=Joana |title=Back to the origins—identifying the skeletal stem cell |journal=Nature Reviews Endocrinology |date=2015 |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=132 |doi=10.1038/nrendo.2015.14 |pmid=25645704|s2cid=52861069 }}</ref> Mukherjee's team have shown that OCR cells can be transplanted into animals, and they can regenerate cartilage and bone after fractures.<ref name=worthley15/> With Daniel L. Worthley's team at the University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute they have been working on the [[Translational research|translational cell-based research]] on osteoarthritis and cancer.<ref name=worthley15/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lannagan |first1=Tamsin R M |last2=Lee |first2=Young K |last3=Wang |first3=Tongtong |last4=Roper |first4=Jatin |last5=Bettington |first5=Mark L |last6=Fennell |first6=Lochlan |last7=Vrbanac |first7=Laura |last8=Jonavicius |first8=Lisa |last9=Somashekar |first9=Roshini |last10=Gieniec |first10=Krystyna |last11=Yang |first11=Miao |last12=Ng |first12=Jia Q |last13=Suzuki |first13=Nobumi |last14=Ichinose |first14=Mari |last15=Wright |first15=Josephine A |last16=Kobayashi |first16=Hiroki |last17=Putoczki |first17=Tracey L |last18=Hayakawa |first18=Yoku |last19=Leedham |first19=Simon J |last20=Abud |first20=Helen E |last21=Yilmaz |first21=Ömer H |last22=Marker |first22=Julie |last23=Klebe |first23=Sonja |last24=Wirapati |first24=Pratyaksha |last25=Mukherjee |first25=Siddhartha |last26=Tejpar |first26=Sabine |last27=Leggett |first27=Barbara A |last28=Whitehall |first28=Vicki L J |last29=Worthley |first29=Daniel L |last30=Woods |first30=Susan L |title=Genetic editing of colonic organoids provides a molecularly distinct and orthotopic preclinical model of serrated carcinogenesis |journal=Gut |pages=gutjnl–2017–315920 |date=2018 |volume=68 |issue=4 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315920 |pmid=29666172 |pmc=6192855 |display-authors=8}}</ref>

===Metabolic therapies for cancer===
Mukherjee's lab has also been investigating the interaction between cancer genetics and the microenvironment, including the metabolic environment. It has been well established that metabolism in cancer is fundamentally altered,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammoudi |first1=Naima |last2=Riaz Ahmed |first2=Kausar Begam |last3=Garcia-Prieto |first3=Celia |last4=Huang |first4=Peng |title=Metabolic alterations in cancer cells and therapeutic implications |journal=Chinese Journal of Cancer |date=2011 |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=508–525 |doi=10.5732/cjc.011.10267 |pmid=21801600 |pmc=4013402}}</ref> Mukherjee's team has found the role of a high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet ([[ketogenic diet]]) in cancer therapy. They showed that ketogenic diet suppressed insulin production in the body, and this in turn enhances pharmaceutical inhibition of ''[[P110α|PIK3CA]]'', a gene which is mutated and commonly overactive in cancers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cantley |first1=Lewis C. |title=Abstract KN01: Keynote Lecture: PI 3-kinase links obesity, insulin resistance, and cancer |journal=Molecular Cancer Therapeutics |date=2018 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=KN01 |doi=10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-17-KN01 |url=http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/17/1_Supplement/KN01 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Immune therapies for acute leukemia===
Mukherjee's lab, with the help of [[PureTech Health]] plc, has been investigating [[Chimeric antigen receptor|chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells]] (CAR-T) therapy in a joint venture called Vor BioPharma since 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Craig |first1=Jessica |title=CAR T-cell start-up launched |url=https://www.mdedge.com/oncologypractice/article/108773/leukemia-myelodysplasia-transplantation/car-t-cell-start-launched |access-date=26 June 2018 |work=mdedge.com |publisher= [[Frontline Medical Communications Inc.]] |date=10 May 2016}}</ref> They have combined CAR-T therapies with genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells to specifically target malignant hematopoietic lineages, while transplanted stem cells replenish the lineage but remain antigenically concealed. This technology has been developed so that, in addition to B cell malignancies, other lineage specific cancers could be targeted.<ref>{{cite web |title=About VOR |url=http://www.vorbiopharma.com/ |website=Vor Biopharma |access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref> This provides an important new approach to managing acute myeloid leukemia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walters |first1=Jenny |title=Beyond B cells |url=https://www.biocentury.com/bc-innovations/emerging-company-profile/2018-05-17/how-vor-biopharma%E2%80%99s-platform-could-eliminate- |access-date=26 June 2018 |work=Biocentury |date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

==Books==
In 2010, [[Simon & Schuster]] published his book ''[[The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer]]''<ref name="Mukherjee2010">{{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Siddhartha|title=The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5rF_31RVTnMC|access-date=6 September 2011|date=16 November 2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-0795-9}}</ref> detailing the evolution of diagnosis and treatment of human cancers from ancient Egypt to the latest developments in [[chemotherapy]] and [[targeted therapy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091110/jsp/frontpage/story_11718907.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114140052/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091110/jsp/frontpage/story_11718907.jsp |archive-date=14 November 2009 | publisher = The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) | title = Chronicler of cancer, emperor of maladies | last = Roy | first = Amit | date = 10 November 2009 | access-date = 6 September 2011}}</ref> On 18 April 2011, the book won the annual [[Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction]]; the citation called it "an elegant inquiry, at once clinical and personal, into the long history of an insidious disease that, despite treatment breakthroughs, still bedevils medical science."<ref name=pulitzer>[http://www.pulitzer.org/works/2011-General-Nonfiction "The 2011 Pulitzer Prize Winners: General Nonfiction"]. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 12 November 2013.</ref> It was listed in the "All-''Time'' 100 Nonfiction Books" (the 100 most influential books of the last century)<ref name=AllTime/> and the "Top 10 Nonfiction Books of 2010" by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' in 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2035319_2034029_2034019,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213013501/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2035319_2034029_2034019,00.html | archive-date=13 December 2010 | magazine=Time | title=The Top 10 Everything of 2010 | date=9 December 2010 | access-date = 6 September 2011}}</ref> It was also listed in "The 10 Best Books of 2010" by ''The New York Times''<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/books/review/10-best-books-of-2010.html | work=The New York Times | title=The 10 Best Books of 2010 | date=1 December 2010 | access-date = 6 September 2011}}</ref> and "Top 10 Books of 2010" by ''[[O, The Oprah Magazine]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.oprah.com/book/The-Emperor-of-All-Maladies-A-Biography-of-Cancer-by-Siddhartha-Mukherjee?cat_id= | title = The Emperor of All Maladies (Book Review) | publisher = Oprah.com | last = Sehgal | first = Parul | access-date = 6 September 2011}}</ref> In 2011, it was nominated as a [[National Book Critics Circle Award]] finalist.<ref name=bookcritics>{{cite web |title=All Past National Book Critics Circle Award Winners and Finalists |url=http://bookcritics.org/awards/past_awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219185409/http://www.bookcritics.org/awards/past_awards/ |archive-date=19 December 2008 |publisher=National Book Critics Circle |access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref>

Based on the book, [[Ken Burns]] made the [[PBS]] documentary ''[[Cancer (film)|Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies]]'' (2015).<ref name="NYT-20150327">{{cite news |last=Genzlinger |first=Neil |title=Review: In 'Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies,' Battling an Opportunistic Killer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/28/arts/television/review-in-cancer-the-emperor-of-all-maladies-battling-an-opportunistic-killer.html |date=27 March 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref> which was nominated for an [[Emmy Award]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Siddhartha Mukherjee's Touching Cancer Docu Nominated at the Emmys|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/07/24/siddhartha-mukherjees-touching-cancer-docu-nominated-at-the-emmys|access-date=8 May 2017|work=The Quint|date=24 August 2015}}</ref>

He followed it with ''[[The Gene: An Intimate History]]'' (2016). It is a history of [[genetics]] from [[Gregor Mendel]] to [[Jennifer Doudna]]. It also delves into the personal genetic history of Mukherjee's family, including mental illness. The book discusses the power of genetics in determining people's health and attributes, but it also has a cautionary tone to not let genetic predispositions define fate, a mentality that led to the rise of [[eugenics]] in history and something he thinks lacks the nuance required to understand something as complex as human beings. [[Harriet Hall]] describes ''Emperor'' and ''The Gene'' as "the story of science itself".<ref name="Harriet Hall">{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Harriet|author-link= Harriet Hall |title=The Story of the Gene |journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |date=2017 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=59–61 |publisher=Committee for Skeptical Inquirer}}</ref> ''The Gene'' was shortlisted for the [[Royal Society Prizes for Science Books|Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize]] 2016, "the Nobel Prize of science writing."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/04/bill-bryson-hails-thrilling-royal-society-science-book-prize-shortlist|title=Bill Bryson hails 'thrilling' Royal Society science book prize shortlist|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=2016-08-04|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-09-22}}</ref> The book was also the recipient of the 2017 [[Phi Beta Kappa]] Society Book Award in Science.<ref name="DeSimone PBK">{{cite news|last1=DeSimone|first1=Bailey|title=The Key Reporter – Siddhartha Mukherjee|url=http://www.keyreporter.org/AlumniNews/MemberSpotlight/Details/2368.html|work=www.keyreporter.org|agency=The Key Reporter|publisher=The Phi Beta Kappa Society|date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

Burns made a two-part PBS documentary, ''The Gene: An Intimate History'' in 2020.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Govindaraju |first=Diddahally R. |date=2020 |title=A Chronicle on Genetics and the March of Darwinian and Mendelian Medicine |journal=Evolution |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=15 |doi=10.1186/s12052-020-00129-5 |issn=1936-6426 |pmc=7330526 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In his book ''[[Song of the Cell|The Song of the Cell]]'', published in 2022, Mukherjee describes the history and medical mystery from the discovery of cell. Narrated in metaphors, many of which he created, such as "gunslinging sheriff" for antibody and "gumshoe detective" to [[T cell]], he tells the development of cell biology and how it became vital to modern medicine, from genetic engineering to immunotherapies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Szalai |first=Jennifer |date=2022-10-24 |title=Siddhartha Mukherjee Finds Medical Mystery — and Metaphor — in the Tiny Cell |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/24/books/review/the-song-of-the-cell-siddhartha-mukherjee.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Suzanne O'Sullivan]], reviewing in ''[[The Guardian]],'' explains the book as a tool for "the reader to imagine they are an astronaut investigating the cell as if it is an unknown spacecraft".<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Sullivan |first=Suzanne |date=2022-11-03 |title=Song of the Cell by Siddhartha Mukherjee review – the little lives within us |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/03/song-of-the-cell-by-siddhartha-mukherjee-review-the-little-lives-within-us |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

===Criticism and response===

In his 2016 article "Same but different" in ''[[The New Yorker]]'', Mukherjee attributed the most important genetic functions to [[Epigenetics|epigenetic factors]] (such as [[histone modification]] and [[DNA methylation]]). Giving an analogy of his mother and her twin sister, he explains:<blockquote>Chance events—injuries, infections, infatuations; the haunting trill of that particular nocturne—impinge on one twin and not on the other. Genes are turned on and off in response to these events, as epigenetic marks are gradually layered above genes, etching the genome with its own scars, calluses, and freckles.<ref name=":02">{{cite magazine |last1=Mukherjee |first1=S. |date=2 May 2016 |title=Same but different |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/02/breakthroughs-in-epigenetics |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=8 May 2017}}</ref></blockquote>Mukherjee also claimed that understanding of epigenetics "would overturn fundamental principles of biology, including our understanding of evolution," as he said:<blockquote>Conceptually, a key element of [[Natural selection|classical Darwinian evolution]] is that genes do not retain an organism's experiences in a permanently heritable manner. [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]], in the early nineteenth century, had supposed that when an antelope strained its neck to reach a tree its efforts were somehow passed down and its progeny evolved into giraffes. [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] discredited that [[Lamarckism|model]]. Giraffes, he proposed, arose through heritable variation and [[natural selection]]—a tall-necked specimen appears in an ancestral tree-grazing animal, and, perhaps during a period of famine, this mutant survives and is naturally selected. But, if epigenetic information can be transmitted through sperm and eggs, an organism would seem to have a direct conduit to the heritable features of its progeny. Such a system would act as a wormhole for evolution—a shortcut through the glum cycles of mutation and natural selection... Lamarck is being rehabilitated into the new Darwin.<ref name=":02"/></blockquote>The article, an excerpt from the chapter "The First Derivative of Identity" of his book ''The Gene: An Intimate History'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mukherjee|first1=S.|title=The Gene: An Intimate History|publisher=Penguin|location=UK|isbn=978-1-4767-3352-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8syDAAAQBAJ&q=siddhartha+mukherjee+gene+tulu&pg=PT373|date=2016-05-17}}</ref> "unleashed a torrent of criticism" from geneticists, as ''[[The Guardian]]'' book review wrote.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapin |first=Steven |date=2016-05-25 |title=The Gene by Siddhartha Mukherjee review – 'one of the most dangerous ideas in history' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/25/the-gene-an-intimate-history-siddhartha-mukherjee-review |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> As David Hornby of the University of Sheffield put it: "all (scientific) hell broke loose! It seemed to some that the slumbering giant of Lamarck was about to gain a new audience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hornby |first=David |date=2017-10-17 |title=Epigenetics: past and present |url=https://thebiochemistblog.com/2017/10/17/epigenetics-past-and-present/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=The Biochemist Blog |publisher=Biochemical Society, London, UK |language=en}}</ref> Mukherjee foresaw the reaction, as he noted: "These fantasies should invite skepticism."<ref name=":02"/>
The article was critiqued by geneticists such as [[Mark Ptashne]], at the [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]], and John Greally, at the [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]], because of overemphasis on histone modification and DNA methylation. They commented that these two processes have only minor influences in overall gene function. [[Steven Henikoff]], at the [[Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center]], opined that, "Mukherjee seemed not to realize that transcription factors occupy the top of the hierarchy of epigenetic information," and said, "histone modifications at most act as cogs in the machinery."<ref name="woolston">{{cite journal |last1=Woolston |first1=Chris |date=2016 |title=Researcher under fire for New Yorker epigenetics article |journal=Nature |volume=533 |issue=7603 |page=295 |bibcode=2016Natur.533..295W |doi=10.1038/533295f |doi-access=free}}</ref> Omission of transcription factors was viewed as an "overarching" mistake,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Resnick |first=Brian |date=2016-05-07 |title=Why scientists are infuriated with a New Yorker article on epigenetics |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/5/7/11606886/scientists-angry-new-yorker-epigenetics |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref> as Richard Mann at the Columbia University Medical Center remarked: "Only a talmudic-like reading can reveal a hint that something other than histone modifications are at play."<ref name="woolston" />

It is now generally believed that histone modification and DNA methylations are major factors of epigenetic functions, aging and certain diseases,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=López |first1=V. |last2=Fernández |first2=A.F. |last3=Fraga |first3=M.F. |date=2017 |title=The role of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in development, aging and age-related diseases |journal=Ageing Research Reviews |volume=37 |pages=28–38 |doi=10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.002 |pmid=28499883 |s2cid=3748806|hdl=10651/44229 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and with an ability to influence [[transcription factors]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yin |first1=Yimeng |last2=Morgunova |first2=Ekaterina |last3=Jolma |first3=Arttu |last4=Kaasinen |first4=Eevi |last5=Sahu |first5=Biswajyoti |last6=Khund-Sayeed |first6=Syed |last7=Das |first7=Pratyush K. |last8=Kivioja |first8=Teemu |last9=Dave |first9=Kashyap |last10=Zhong |first10=Fan |last11=Nitta |first11=Kazuhiro R. |last12=Taipale |first12=Minna |last13=Popov |first13=Alexander |last14=Ginno |first14=Paul A. |last15=Domcke |first15=Silvia |display-authors=8 |date=2017 |title=Impact of cytosine methylation on DNA binding specificities of human transcription factors |journal=Science |volume=356 |issue=6337 |article-number=eaaj2239 |doi=10.1126/science.aaj2239 |pmc=8009048 |pmid=28473536 |last16=Yan |first16=Jian |last17=Schübeler |first17=Dirk |last18=Vinson |first18=Charles |last19=Taipale |first19=Jussi |s2cid=206653898}}</ref> However, they contribute little to development.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Edwards |first1=John R. |last2=Yarychkivska |first2=Olya |last3=Boulard |first3=Mathieu |last4=Bestor |first4=Timothy H. |date=2017 |title=DNA methylation and DNA methyltransferases |journal=[[Epigenetics & Chromatin]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=23 |doi=10.1186/s13072-017-0130-8 |pmc=5422929 |pmid=28503201 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Hongjie |last2=Xu |first2=Wenqi |last3=Lan |first3=Fei |date=2017 |title=Histone lysine demethylases in mammalian embryonic development |journal=Experimental & Molecular Medicine |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=e325 |doi=10.1038/emm.2017.57 |pmc=6130211 |pmid=28450736}}</ref> In response, Mukherjee did admit that omission of transcription factors "was an error" on his part.<ref name="woolston" /> However, ''The New Yorker'' defended the article that: "None of it negates the fundamental importance of transcription factors."<ref name=":2" />

[[Jerry Coyne]] of the University of Chicago remarked: "Until there is evidence for this kind of evolutionary transformation—ANY evidence, people should stop yammering about this kind of 'Lamarckian' evolution."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ball |first=Phillip |date=2016-06-07 |title=The genetics debate has been derailed—by both sides |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/science-and-technology/the-genetics-debate-as-been-derailed-by-both-sides |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=Prospect |language=en}}</ref> Phillip Ball, British science writer and editor of the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]],'' also agreed that Mukherjee certainly "got some things wrong". Writing in the [[Prospect (magazine)|''Prospect'']], he said, "Such claims [that some epigenetic changes can be inherited] are controversial—but even if they prove to be true, it seems highly unlikely that the effect will persist for many generations or will have long-term consequences for human evolution."<ref name=":1" /> According to [[Ute Deichmann]] of the [[Ben-Gurion University of the Negev]], even if there are evidences of variation by epigenetic inheritance, they would not be counted as Lamarckian as they are not acquired or adaptive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deichmann |first=Ute |date=2016 |title=Epigenetics: The origins and evolution of a fashionable topic |journal=Developmental Biology |volume=416 |issue=1 |pages=249–254 |doi=10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.005 |issn=1095-564X |pmid=27291929|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Mukherjee did not say that epigenetic processes have established Lamarckism, as he noted in his article that "epigenetic scratch marks are rarely, if ever, carried forward across generations."<ref name=":02"/> In an interview on [[NPR]], he said, "[Lamarckian inheritance is] very rarely true and I would say almost never true".<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Power Of Genes, And The Line Between Biology And Destiny |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/05/12/528097708/the-power-of-genes-and-the-line-between-biology-and-destiny |access-date=2022-09-19}}</ref>

Mukherjee also criticises the [[IQ test]] as a measure of intelligence, and endorses the [[theory of multiple intelligences]] (introduced by [[Howard Gardner]]) over [[G factor (psychometrics)|general intelligence]]. He argues that the results of IQ tests for determining general intelligence do not represent intelligence in the real world. Reviewing the book in ''[[The Spectator]]'', Stuart Ritchie, a psychologist at the [[University of Edinburgh]], remarked that Gardner's theory is "debunked" and that "general intelligence is probably the most well-replicated phenomenon in all of psychological science."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ritchie|first1=Stuart|title=How Siddhartha Mukherjee gets it wrong on IQ, sexuality and epigenetics|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/05/how-siddhartha-mukherjee-gets-the-gene-wrong/|access-date=8 May 2017|work=The Spectator|date=28 May 2016}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
{{Incomplete list |date=March 2024}}
{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}

=== Books ===
* ''[[The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer]]'' (2010) ({{ISBN|978-0-00-725092-9}}).<ref group=lower-alpha>{{cite journal|author=Suh, Dong Hoon|journal=J Gynecol Oncol|title=Book Review: ''The emperor of all maladies: a biography of cancer'' by Siddhartha Mukherjee|date=October 2012|volume=23|issue=4|pages=291–292|doi=10.3802/jgo.2012.23.4.291|pmc=3469866}}</ref>
* ''The Laws of Medicine: Field Notes from an Uncertain Science'' (2015) ({{ISBN|978-1-4711-4185-0}}).<ref group=lower-alpha>Siddhartha Mukherjee, [http://books.simonandschuster.com/The-Laws-of-Medicine/Siddhartha-Mukherjee/9781476784847 ''The Laws of Medicine: Field Notes from an Uncertain Science''], [[Simon & Schuster]], 2015 (page visited on 10 December 2015).</ref>
* ''[[The Gene: An Intimate History]]'' (2016) ({{ISBN|978-1476733500}}).<ref group=lower-alpha>James Gleick, "''The Gene,'' by Siddhartha Mukherjee, [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/15/books/review/the-gene-by-siddhartha-mukherjee.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fbook-review&action=click&contentCollection=review&region=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=1&pgtype=sectionfront&_r=0''New York Times'' May 15, 2016 review]</ref>
* ''[[The Song of the Cell: An Exploration of Medicine and the New Human]]'' (2022) ({{ISBN|9781982117351}}).<ref group=lower-alpha>{{Cite news |last=Nolen |first=Stephanie |date=2022-09-09 |title=Siddhartha Mukherjee Weaves History and Biology to Tell the Story of Us |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/09/books/siddhartha-mukherjee-books-song-cell.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Essays and reporting ===
* {{cite journal |author=Mukherjee, Siddhartha |date=March 1, 2021 |title=The COVID conundrum: why does the pandemic seem far deadlier in some countries than in others? |department=Coronavirus Chronicles |journal=The New Yorker |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=18–24 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/03/01/why-does-the-pandemic-seem-to-be-hitting-some-countries-harder-than-others }}<ref group=lower-alpha>Online version is titled "Why does the pandemic seem to be hitting some countries harder than others?".</ref>
* Siddhartha Mukherjee, "Early Warnings: New technologies promise to catch more cancers sooner. But such screening can pose hidden hazards", ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 23 June 2025, pp. 36–43. "In 2021... the United States spent more than forty billion dollars on cancer screening. On average, a year's worth of screening yields nine million positive results—of which 8.8 million are false. Millions endure follow-up scans, biopsies, and anxiety so that just over two hundred thousand true positives can be found, of which an even smaller fraction can be cured by local treatment, like excision. [p. 38.] Early work with cell-free DNA hints [that] blood tests... may one day tell us not only where a cancer began but whether it's likely to pose a threat to health. For now... hope still outpaces certainty and the holy grail of perfect screening remains just out of reach." (p. 43.)
———————
;Bibliography notes
{{reflist|40em|group=lower-alpha}}

==Awards and honours==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Dr. Siddhartha Mukharjee, at an Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 26, 2014.jpg|thumb|Siddhartha Mukherjee receiving Padma Shri Award from Pranab Mukherjee, President of India, at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on 26 April 2014]]
Mukherjee has won many awards including:
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* 1993: [[Rhodes Scholarship]], 1993–1996.
* 2010: Gabrielle Angel's Leukemia Foundation Award 2010.
* 2010: [[New York Times Magazine]], "100 Notable Books of 2010" for ''The Emperor of All Maladies''.<ref name=times100/>
* 2011: [[Los Angeles Times]] Book Award, Finalist in the category of Science & Technology for ''The Emperor of All Maladies''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://events.latimes.com/bookprizes/previous-winners/year-2010/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223185108/http://events.latimes.com/bookprizes/previous-winners/year-2010/|archive-date=2011-02-23|title=2010 Los Angeles Times Book Prizes Winners & Finalists|date=2011|author=Los Angeles Times Book Review Editorial Staff|work=Los Angeles Times Festival of Books|access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref>
* 2011: [[Pulitzer Prize]] for ''The Emperor of All Maladies''.<ref name=pulitzer/>
* 2011: [[PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award]] for ''The Emperor of All Maladies''.<ref>{{cite web |title=PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award Winners |date=28 April 2016 |url=https://pen.org/pene-o-wilson-literary-science-writing-award-winners/ |publisher=Pen America |access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref>
* 2011: Cancer Leadership Award (shared with [[Kathleen Sebelius]] and [[Orrin Hatch]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Cancer Leadership Awards Reception |url=https://www.focr.org/annual-cancer-leadership-awards-reception |publisher=Friends of Cancer Research |access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref>
* 2011: [[National Book Critics Circle Award]], finalist for ''The Emperor of All Maladies''.<ref name=bookcritics/>
* 2011: ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, 100 best non-fiction books of all time for ''The Emperor of All Maladies''.<ref name=AllTime/>
* 2011: [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]], most influential people.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The 2011 TIME 100 Poll Results |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2058044_2061021,00.html |access-date=25 June 2018 |magazine=Time}}</ref>
* 2011: [[Wellcome Trust Book Prize]] shortlist for ''The Emperor of All Maladies''.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61585-7 |title=2011 Wellcome Trust Book Prize shortlist |journal=The Lancet |volume=378 |issue=9801 |page=1454 |year=2011 |last1=Bourke |first1=Joanna |s2cid=54401744 }}</ref>
* 2011: [[Guardian First Book Award|''Guardian'' First Book Award]] for ''The Emperor of All Maladies''.<ref name="guardian"/>
* 2012: Boston Public Library Literary Lights 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farrington |first1=Roger |title=The Associates of the Boston Public Library's "Literary Lights" Dinner |url=https://patch.com/massachusetts/wellesley/an--the-associates-of-the-boston-public-librarys-lite58ba978764 |access-date=25 June 2018 |work=Wellesley Patch |date=25 April 2012}}</ref>
* 2014: [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award by Government of India.<ref name="padmashri"/><ref name=pib>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=69364|date=25 January 2014|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>
* 2016: The Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize 2016 (shortlisted) for ''The Gene''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shortlist for The Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize 2016 unveiled|url=https://royalsociety.org/news/2016/08/shortlist-for-science-book-prize-2016-unveiled/|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=17 May 2017|date=6 August 2016}}</ref>
* 2016: Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction longlist for ''The Gene''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/sep/21/nobel-laureate-longlist-for-uks-top-nonfiction-award-baillie-gifford |title=Nobel laureate Svetlana Alexievich heads longlist for UK's top nonfiction award |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=20 September 2016}}</ref>
* 2016: ''[[Washington Post]]'''s "10 Best Books of 2016" for ''The Gene''.<ref>{{cite news|title=10 Best Books of 2016|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/entertainment/2016-best-books/|access-date=17 May 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=17 November 2016}}</ref>
* 2017: Phi Beta Kappa Society Book Award in Science for ''The Gene''.<ref name="DeSimone PBK"/>
* 2017: Wellcome Book Prize (shortlisted) for ''The Gene''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/grrlscientist/2017/03/15/wellcome-book-prize-2017-shortlist-revealed/#5e33e4a26376 |title=Wellcome Book Prize 2017 Shortlist Revealed|date=15 March 2017 | author=GrrlScientist |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>
* 2018: Honorary doctorate degrees in medicine from the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland,<ref>{{cite news |last1=NUI |title=Conferring of NUI degrees in RCSI, Dublin – May 2018 |url=http://www.nui.ie/news/2018/RCSI_Conferring.asp |access-date=27 June 2018 |publisher=National University of Ireland |date=31 May 2018}}</ref> and from the University of Southern California.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mackovich |first1=Ron |title=USC announces five honorary degree recipients for 2018 commencement |url=https://news.usc.edu/140516/usc-announces-honorary-degree-recipients-for-2018-commencement/ |access-date=27 June 2018 |work=USC News |date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
* 2020 Mukherjee was named by [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]] as an honoree of the [[Great Immigrants Award]]s<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddhartha Mukherjee |url=https://www.carnegie.org/awards/honoree/siddhartha-mukherjee/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Carnegie Corporation of New York}}</ref>
* 2023: ''The Song of the Cell: An Exploration of Medicine and the New Human.'' Notable Book, American Library Association. Reference and User Services Association.<ref>2023, American Library Association. Reference and User Services Association. [https://rusaupdate.org/2023/01/2023-notable-books-list-announced-years-best-in-fiction-nonfiction-and-poetry/ 2023 Notable Books List Announced: Year's Best in Fiction, Nonfiction and Poetry]</ref>
* 2023: Elected to the [[National Academy of Medicine]].<ref name="nam">{{cite news |title=National Academy of Medicine Elects 100 New Members |url=https://nam.edu/national-academy-of-medicine-elects-100-new-members-2023/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=National Academy of Medicine |date=9 October 2023}}</ref>
* 2024: Will receive an honorary Doctor of Sciences from [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Penn's 2024 Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipients Announced |url=https://almanac.upenn.edu/articles/penns-2024-commencement-speaker-and-honorary-degree-recipients-announced |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=almanac.upenn.edu |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mukherjee lives in New York and has two daughters. He was divorced in 2025 from artist [[Sarah Sze]], winner of a [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur "Genius" grant]] and representative of the United States to the 2013 [[Venice Biennale]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kazanjian |first1=Dodie |title=Meet the Most Brilliant Couple in Town |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/sarah-sze-siddhartha-mukherjee-brilliant-couple-profile-sculptor-writer-physician-scientist-researcher |publisher=Vogue |date=2016-05-11}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area]]
* [[List of Indian Americans]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web
|title = Introducing the Biographer of Cancer
|url = http://ps.columbia.edu/news/introducing-biographer-cancer
|publisher = [[Columbia University Medical Center]]
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110116032031/http://ps.columbia.edu/news/introducing-biographer-cancer
|archive-date = 16 January 2011
}}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/17/opinion/sunday/17Mukherjee.html Patrolling Cancer's Borderlands], ''The New York Times'', 16 July 2011.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/17/opinion/sunday/17Mukherjee.html, Lives – The Letting Go], ''The New York Times'', 26 August 2011
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/magazine/mag-17cellphones-t.html?pagewanted=all Do Cellphones Cause Brain Cancer?], ''The New York Times'', 13 April 2011.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/magazine/the-science-and-history-of-treating-depression.html?pagewanted=all The Science and History of Treating Depression], ''The New York Times'', 19 April 2012.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/magazine/31Cancer-t.html?pagewanted=all, The Riddle of Cancer Relapse], The Cancer Sleeper Cell, ''The New York Times'', 29 October 2010
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/magazine/the-science-and-history-of-treating-depression.html?pagewanted=all Post-Prozac Nation], By Siddhartha Mukherjee, ''The New York Times'', 22 April 2012.
* {{LCAuth|n2010182374|Siddhartha Mukherjee|3|}} 
* {{C-SPAN|9276551}}
* The Gene nominated for [https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/book-prizes/science-books-prize/the-gene/ Royal Society Prize]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Medicine|Biography}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Siddhartha}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford]]
[[Category:American Rhodes Scholars]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American oncologists]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]
[[Category:American medical doctors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Cancer researchers]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School faculty]]
[[Category:Massachusetts General Hospital fellows]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]]
[[Category:The New Yorker people]]
[[Category:Physician-scientists]]
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:St. Columba's School, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian science communicators]]
[[Category:American science communicators]]

Elephant

2026-03-21T13:30:43Z

MontyGilyard431: minor improved content for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Largest living land animal}}
{{Hatnote|This article is primarily about living elephants, for their close extinct relatives, see [[Elephantidae]], for other uses, see [[Elephant (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Elephants
| image = African Bush Elephant.jpg
| image_caption = A female [[African bush elephant]] in [[Mikumi National Park]], Tanzania
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Miocene | Present}}
| taxon = Elephantidae
| authority =
| subdivision_ranks = Living genera
| subdivision = * ''[[African elephant|Loxodonta]]'' Anonymous, 1827
* ''[[Elephas]]'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
For extinct genera, see [[Elephantidae]]
| range_map = Loxodonta Elephas distribution.png
| range_map_caption = Distribution of living elephant species
}}

'''Elephants''' are the [[Largest and heaviest animals|largest]] living land animals. Three living [[species]] are currently recognised: the [[African bush elephant]] (''[[Loxodonta]] africana''), the [[African forest elephant]] (''L. cyclotis''), and the [[Asian elephant]] (''[[Elephas]] maximus''). They are the only surviving members of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Elephantidae]] and the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Proboscidea]]; extinct relatives include [[mammoth]]s and [[mastodon]]s. Distinctive features of elephants include a long [[proboscis]] called a trunk, [[tusk]]s, large ear flaps, pillar-like legs, and tough but sensitive grey skin. The trunk is [[Prehensility|prehensile]], bringing food and water to the mouth and grasping objects. Tusks, which are derived from the incisor teeth, serve both as weapons and as tools for moving objects and digging. The large ear flaps assist in maintaining a constant body temperature as well as in communication. African elephants have larger ears and concave backs, whereas Asian elephants have smaller ears and convex or level backs.

Elephants are scattered throughout [[sub-Saharan Africa]], South Asia, and Southeast Asia and are found in different habitats, including [[savanna]]hs, forests, deserts, and [[marsh]]es. They are [[herbivorous]], and they stay near water when it is accessible. They are considered to be [[keystone species]], due to their impact on their environments. Elephants have a [[fission–fusion society]], in which multiple family groups come together to socialise. Females (cows) tend to live in family groups, which can consist of one female with her calves or several related females with offspring. The leader of a female group, usually the oldest cow, is known as the [[Matriarchy|matriarch]].

Males (bulls) leave their family groups when they reach puberty and may live alone or with other males. Adult bulls mostly interact with family groups when looking for a mate. They enter a state of increased [[testosterone]] and aggression known as [[musth]], which helps them gain [[Dominance (ethology)|dominance]] over other males as well as reproductive success. Calves are the centre of attention in their family groups and rely on their mothers for as long as three years. Elephants can live up to 70 years in the wild. They [[Elephant communication|communicate]] by touch, sight, smell, and sound; elephants use [[infrasound]] and [[seismic communication]] over long distances. [[Elephant cognition|Elephant intelligence]] has been compared with that of [[primate]]s and [[cetacea]]ns. They appear to have [[self-awareness]], and possibly show concern for dying and dead individuals of their kind.

African bush elephants and Asian elephants are listed as [[Endangered species (IUCN status)|endangered]] and African forest elephants as [[critically endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]]s. One of the biggest threats to elephant populations is the [[ivory trade]], as the animals are [[Poaching|poached]] for their ivory tusks. Other threats to wild elephants include [[habitat destruction]] and conflicts with local people. Elephants are used as [[working animal]]s in Asia. In the past, they were used in war; today, they are often controversially put on display in zoos, or employed for entertainment in [[circus]]es. Elephants have an iconic status [[Cultural depictions of elephants|in human culture]] and have been widely featured in art, folklore, religion, literature, and popular culture.

==Etymology==
The word ''elephant'' is derived from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|elephas}} ([[genitive]] {{lang|la|elephantis}}) {{gloss|elephant}}, which is the [[Latinisation of names|Latinised]] form of the [[ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|ἐλέφας}} ({{transliteration|grc|elephas}}) (genitive {{lang|grc|ἐλέφαντος}} ({{transliteration|grc|elephantos}},<ref name=LSJ>{{cite book |author=Liddell, H. G. |author2=Scott, R |year=1940 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |edition=Revised and augmented |place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |chapter=ἐλέφας |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=e)le/fas}}</ref>)) probably from a non-[[Indo-European language]], likely [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]].<ref name=etymology>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Harper, D. |title=Elephant |dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=elephant|access-date=25 October 2012 |archive-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224141504/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=elephant |url-status=live}}</ref> It is attested in [[Mycenaean Greek]] as {{transliteration|gmy|e-re-pa}} (genitive {{transliteration|gmy|e-re-pa-to}}) in [[Linear B]] syllabic script.<ref>{{Cite book |editor1=Nosch, M.-L. |editor2=Laffineur, R. |title=Kosmos. Jewellery, Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age |publisher=Peeters |series=Aegaeum 33 |place=Liège |year=2012 |last1=Lujan |first1=E. R. |last2=Bernabe |first2=A. |chapter=Ivory and horn production in Mycenaean texts |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/2229199 |access-date=22 January 2013 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020172849/https://www.academia.edu/2229199 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=189|title=elephant|publisher=Palaeolexicon, Word study tool of ancient languages |access-date=19 January 2013 |archive-date=4 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204075314/http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=189|url-status=live}}</ref> As in Mycenaean Greek, [[Homer]] used the Greek word to mean [[ivory]], but after the time of [[Herodotus]], it also referred to the animal.<ref name=LSJ/> The word ''elephant'' appears in [[Middle English]] as {{lang|enm|olyfaunt}} in {{Circa|1300}} and was borrowed from [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|oliphant}} in the 12th century.<ref name=etymology/>

==Taxonomy==
{{cladogram|style=font-size:70%|align=right|caption=A cladogram of the elephants within [[Afrotheria]] based on molecular evidence<ref name=tabuce>{{cite journal|url=http://phylodiversity.net/azanne/csfar/images/d/d9/Afrotherian_mammals.pdf|first1=R.|last1=Tabuce|first2=R. J.|last2=Asher|first3=T.|last3=Lehmann|s2cid=46133294|year=2008|title=Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data|journal=Mammalia|volume=72|pages=2–14|doi=10.1515/MAMM.2008.004|access-date=19 June 2017|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224122358/http://phylodiversity.net/azanne/csfar/images/d/d9/Afrotherian_mammals.pdf|url-status=usurped | issn=0025-1461}}</ref>
|{{clade
|label1=[[Afrotheria]]
|1={{Clade
|label1=[[Afroinsectiphilia]]
|1={{Clade
|label1=[[Tubulidentata]]
|1=[[Orycteropodidae]] [[File:Aardvark2 (PSF) colourised.png|60 px]]
|label2=[[Afroinsectivora]]
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Macroscelidea]]
|1=[[Macroscelididae]] [[File:Rhynchocyon chrysopygus-J Smit white background.jpg|50 px]]
|label2=[[Afrosoricida]]
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Chrysochloridae]] [[File:The animal kingdom, arranged according to its organization, serving as a foundation for the natural history of animals (Pl. 18) (Chrysochloris asiatica).jpg|50 px]]
|2=[[Tenrecidae]] [[File:Brehms Thierleben - Allgemeine Kunde des Thierreichs (1876) (Tenrec ecaudatus).jpg|50 px]]
}} }} }}
|label2=[[Paenungulata]]
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Hyrax|Hyracoidea]]
|1=[[Hyrax|Procaviidae]] [[File:DendrohyraxEminiSmit white background.jpg|50 px]]
|label2=[[Tethytheria]]
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Proboscidea]]
|1=[[Elephantidae]] [[File:Elephas africanus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - (white background).jpg|70 px]]
|label2=[[Sirenia]]
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Dugongidae]] [[File:Dugong dugon Hardwicke white background.jpg|60 px]]
|2=[[Trichechidae]] [[File:Manatee white background.jpg|60 px]]
}} }} }} }} }}}}
Elephants belong to the family [[Elephantidae]], the sole remaining family within the order [[Proboscidea]]. Their closest [[extant taxon|extant]] relatives are the [[sirenia]]ns ([[dugong]]s and [[manatee]]s) and the [[hyrax]]es, with which they share the [[clade]] [[Paenungulata]] within the superorder [[Afrotheria]].<ref name="Ozawa">{{cite journal|author1=Kellogg, M. |author2=Burkett, S. |author3=Dennis, T. R. |author4=Stone, G. |author5=Gray, B. A. |author6=McGuire, P. M. |author7=Zori, R. T. |author8=Stanyon, R. |year=2007|title=Chromosome painting in the manatee supports Afrotheria and Paenungulata|journal=Evolutionary Biology|volume=7|issue=1 |page=6|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-6 |pmid=17244368 |pmc=1784077 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2007BMCEE...7....6K }}</ref> Elephants and sirenians are further grouped in the clade [[Tethytheria]].<ref name=Ozawa2>{{cite journal|author1=Ozawa, T. |author2=Hayashi, S. |author3=Mikhelson, V. M. |s2cid=417046 |year=1997|title=Phylogenetic position of mammoth and Steller's sea cow within tethytheria demonstrated by mitochondrial DNA sequences|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|volume=44|issue=4|pages=406–13|doi=10.1007/PL00006160|pmid=9089080|bibcode=1997JMolE..44..406O}}</ref>

Three species of living elephants are recognised; the [[African bush elephant]] (''[[Loxodonta]] africana''), [[African forest elephant|forest elephant]] (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), and [[Asian elephant]] (''[[Elephas]] maximus'').<ref name=MSW3>{{cite book|author=Shoshani, J.|year=2005|contribution=Order Proboscidea|editor1=Wilson, D. E.|editor2=Reeder, D. M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA91|title=Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference|volume=1|edition=3rd|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|pages=90–91|isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0|oclc=62265494|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=1 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201164505/http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref> [[African elephant]]s were traditionally considered a single species, ''Loxodonta africana'', but molecular studies have affirmed their status as separate species.<ref name=DNA>{{cite journal|author1=Rohland, N. |author2=Reich, D. |author3=Mallick, S. |author4=Meyer, M. |author5=Green, R. E. |author6=Georgiadis, N. J. |author7=Roca, A. L. |author8=Hofreiter, M. | title =Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants| journal = PLOS Biology | volume =8| issue =12| year =2010| doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564| article-number =e1000564 | pmid =21203580 | pmc =3006346| editor1-last =Penny| editor1-first =David |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Ishida">{{cite journal|author1=Ishida, Y. |author2=Oleksyk, T. K. |author3=Georgiadis, N. J. |author4=David, V. A. |author5=Zhao, K. |author6=Stephens, R. M. |author7=Kolokotronis, S.-O. |author8=Roca, A. L. |year=2011|title=Reconciling apparent conflicts between mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies in African elephants|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=6|article-number=e20642|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0020642|editor1-last=Murphy|editor1-first=William J|pmid=21701575|pmc=3110795|bibcode=2011PLoSO...620642I|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="genomic">{{Cite journal|title = Elephant Natural History: A Genomic Perspective|journal = Annual Review of Animal Biosciences|date = 2015|pmid = 25493538|pages = 139–167|volume = 3|issue = 1|doi = 10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110838|first1 = Alfred L.|last1 = Roca|first2 = Yasuko|last2 = Ishida|first3 = Adam L.|last3 = Brandt|first4 = Neal R.|last4 = Benjamin|first5 = Kai|last5 = Zhao|first6 = Nicholas J.|last6 = Georgiadis}}</ref> [[Mammoth]]s (''Mammuthus'') are nested within living elephants as they are more closely related to Asian elephants than to African elephants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roca |first1=Alfred L. |last2=Ishida |first2=Yasuko |last3=Brandt |first3=Adam L. |last4=Benjamin |first4=Neal R. |last5=Zhao |first5=Kai |last6=Georgiadis |first6=Nicholas J. |date=2015 |title=Elephant Natural History: A Genomic Perspective |journal=Annual Review of Animal Biosciences |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=139–167 |doi=10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110838 |pmid=25493538}}</ref> Another extinct genus of elephant, ''[[Palaeoloxodon]]'', is also recognised, which appears to have close affinities with African elephants and to have hybridised with African forest elephants.<ref name="Palkopoulou">{{Cite journal |last1=Palkopoulou |first1=Eleftheria |last2=Lipson |first2=Mark |last3=Mallick |first3=Swapan |last4=Nielsen |first4=Svend |last5=Rohland |first5=Nadin |last6=Baleka |first6=Sina |last7=Karpinski |first7=Emil |last8=Ivancevic |first8=Atma M. |last9=To |first9=Thu-Hien |last10=Kortschak |first10=R. Daniel |last11=Raison |first11=Joy M. |date=2018-03-13 |title=A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=11 |pages=E2566–E2574 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1720554115 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5856550 |pmid=29483247 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115E2566P |doi-access=free}}</ref> ''[[Palaeoloxodon]]'' was even larger than modern species, all exceeding 4 metres in height and 10 tonnes in body mass, with ''[[Palaeoloxodon namadicus|P. namadicus]]'' being a contender for the largest land mammal to have ever existed.<ref name="Larramendi, A. 2015" />

===Evolution===
The earliest members of Proboscidea like ''[[Eritherium]]'' are known from the [[Paleocene]] of Africa, around 60 million years ago, the earliest proboscideans were much smaller than living elephants, with ''Eritherium'' having a body mass of around {{cvt|3-8|kg}}.<ref name="Gheerbrant2">{{cite journal |author=Gheerbrant, E. |year=2009 |title=Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=106 |issue=26 |pages=10717–10721 |bibcode=2009PNAS..10610717G |doi=10.1073/pnas.0900251106 |pmc=2705600 |pmid=19549873 |doi-access=free}}</ref> By the late Eocene, some members of Proboscidea like ''[[Barytherium]]'' had reached considerable size, with an estimated mass of around 2 tonnes,<ref name="Larramendi, A. 2015" /> while others like ''[[Moeritherium]]'' are suggested to have been semi-aquatic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Alexander G. S. C. |last2=Seiffert |first2=Erik R. |last3=Simons |first3=Elwyn L. |date=2008-04-15 |title=Stable isotope evidence for an amphibious phase in early proboscidean evolution |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=105 |issue=15 |pages=5786–5791 |bibcode=2008PNAS..105.5786L |doi=10.1073/pnas.0800884105 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=2311368 |pmid=18413605 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{cladogram|style=font-size:70%|caption=Proboscidea phylogeny based on morphological and DNA evidence<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baleka|first1=S. |last2=Varela |first2=L. |last3=Tambusso|first3=P. S.|last4=Paijmans|first4=J. L. A.|last5=Mothé|first5=D. |last6=Stafford Jr.|first6=T. W. |last7=Fariña|first7=R. A. |last8=Hofreiter |first8=M. |year=2022|title=Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including ''Notiomastodon'' ancient DNA |journal=iScience |volume=25|issue=1 |article-number=103559 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559 |pmid=34988402 |pmc=8693454 |bibcode=2022iSci...25j3559B}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Benoit |first1=J. |chapter=Paleoneurology of the Proboscidea (Mammalia, Afrotheria): Insights from Their Brain Endocast and Labyrinth |date=2023 |title=Paleoneurology of Amniotes |pages=579–644 |editor-last=Dozo |editor-first=M. T. |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-13983-3_15 |isbn=978-3-031-13982-6 |last2=Lyras |first2=G. A. |last3=Schmitt |first3=A. |last4=Nxumalo |first4=M. |last5=Tabuce |first5=R. |last6=Obada |first6=T. |last7=Mararsecul |first7=V. |last8=Manger |first8=P. |chapter-url=https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-04295685 |editor2-last=Paulina-Carabajal |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Macrini |editor3-first=T. E. |editor4-last=Walsh |editor4-first=S.}}</ref><ref name=Palkopoulou/>
|align=right
|{{clade
|label1=[[Proboscidea]]
|1={{clade
|1=early proboscideans, e.g. ''[[Moeritherium]]'' [[File:Moeritherium NT crop.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Deinotheriidae]] [[File:Deinotherium12.jpg|70px]]
|label2=[[Elephantiformes]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Mammutidae]] [[File:BlankMastodon.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Gomphotheriidae]] [[File:Gomphotherium NT small.jpg|70px]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Stegodontidae]] [[File:Stegodon ganesaDB.jpg|85px]]
|label2=[[Elephantidae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Loxodonta]]'' [[File:African elephant (PSF).png|60px]]
|2=''[[Palaeoloxodon]]'' [[File:Palaeoloxodon namadicus-bpk.jpg|60px]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Mammuthus]]'' [[File:Mammuthus trogontherii122DB.jpg|70px]]
|2=''[[Elephas]]'' [[File:Indian elephant (PSF).png|70px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
A major event in proboscidean evolution was the collision of Afro-Arabia with Eurasia, during the Early Miocene, around 18–19 million years ago, allowing proboscideans to disperse from their African homeland across Eurasia and later, around 16–15 million years ago into North America across the [[Beringia|Bering Land Bridge]]. Proboscidean groups prominent during the Miocene include the [[deinothere]]s, along with the more advanced [[Elephantimorpha|elephantimorphs]], including [[Mammutidae|mammutids]] (mastodons), [[gomphothere]]s, [[Amebelodontidae|amebelodontids]] (which includes the "shovel tuskers" like ''[[Platybelodon]]''), [[Choerolophodontidae|choerolophodontids]] and [[Stegodontidae|stegodontids]].<ref name=Cantalapiedra-2021>{{Cite journal |last1=Cantalapiedra |first1=J. L. |last2=Sanisidro |first2=Ó. |last3=Zhang |first3=H. |last4=Alberdi |first4=M. T. |last5=Prado |first5=J. L. |last6=Blanco |first6=F. |last7=Saarinen |first7=J. |date=2021 |title=The rise and fall of proboscidean ecological diversity |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-021-01498-w |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=1266–1272 |doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01498-w |pmid=34211141 |bibcode=2021NatEE...5.1266C |s2cid=235712060|hdl=10261/249360 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Around 10 million years ago, the earliest members of the family [[Elephantidae]] emerged in Africa, having originated from gomphotheres.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Saegusa, H. |author2=Nakaya, H. |name-list-style=amp |author3=Kunimatsu, Y. |author4=Nakatsukasa, M. |author5=Tsujikawa, H. |author6=Sawada, Y. |author7=Saneyoshi, M. |author8=Sakai, T. |year=2014 |chapter=Earliest elephantid remains from the late Miocene locality, Nakali, Kenya |page=175 |chapter-url=https://apo.ansto.gov.au/dspace/bitstream/10238/9340/2/icmr_volume_low.pdf#page=188 |editor1=Kostopoulos, D. S. |editor2=Vlachos, E. |editor3=Tsoukala, E. |title=VIth International Conference on Mammoths and Their Relatives |volume=102 |location=Thessaloniki |publisher=School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki |isbn=978-960-9502-14-6}}</ref>

Elephantids are distinguished from earlier proboscideans by a major shift in the molar morphology to parallel lophs rather than the cusps of earlier proboscideans, allowing them to become higher-crowned (hypsodont) and more efficient in consuming grass.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lister |first=A. M. |date=2013 |title=The role of behaviour in adaptive morphological evolution of African proboscideans |doi=10.1038/nature12275 |journal=Nature |volume=500 |issue=7462 |pages=331–334 |pmid=23803767 |bibcode=2013Natur.500..331L |s2cid=883007}}</ref> The Late Miocene saw major climactic changes, which resulted in the decline and extinction of many proboscidean groups.<ref name="Cantalapiedra-2021" /> The earliest members of the modern genera of elephants (''Elephas'', ''Loxodonta'') as well as mammoths, appeared in Africa during the latest Miocene–early Pliocene around 7-4 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanders |first=William J. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315118918 |title=Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea |date=2023-07-07 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-315-11891-8 |edition=1 |location=Boca Raton |pages=154, 220 |language=en |doi=10.1201/b20016}}</ref> The elephantid genera ''Elephas'' (which includes the living Asian elephant) and ''Mammuthus'' (mammoths) migrated out of Africa during the late Pliocene, around 3.6 to 3.2 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iannucci |first1=Alessio |last2=Sardella |first2=Raffaele |date=2023-02-28 |title=What Does the "Elephant-''Equus''" Event Mean Today? Reflections on Mammal Dispersal Events around the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary and the Flexible Ambiguity of Biochronology |journal=Quaternary |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=16 |doi=10.3390/quat6010016 |bibcode=2023Quat....6...16I |doi-access=free |hdl=11573/1680082 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Over the course of the [[Early Pleistocene]], all non-elephantid proboscidean genera outside of the Americas became extinct with the exception of ''[[Stegodon]]'',<ref name="Cantalapiedra-2021" /> with gomphotheres dispersing into South America as part of the [[Great American interchange]],<ref name="Mothé et al 2016 (In Press)">{{cite journal |last1=Mothé |first1=Dimila |last2=dos Santos Avilla |first2=Leonardo |last3=Asevedo |first3=Lidiane |last4=Borges-Silva |first4=Leon |last5=Rosas |first5=Mariane |last6=Labarca-Encina |first6=Rafael |last7=Souberlich |first7=Ricardo |last8=Soibelzon |first8=Esteban |last9=Roman-Carrion |first9=José Luis |last10=Ríos |first10=Sergio D. |last11=Rincon |first11=Ascanio D. |last12=Cardoso de Oliveira |first12=Gina |last13=Pereira Lopes |first13=Renato |date=30 September 2016 |title=Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) |url=http://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/bitstream/15000/17075/1/Moth%c3%a9%20et%20al.%2c%202016%20-%20Sixty%20years%20proboscideans.pdf |journal=Quaternary International |volume=443 |pages=52–64 |bibcode=2017QuInt.443...52M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028}}</ref> and mammoths migrating into North America around 1.5 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lister |first1=A. M. |last2=Sher |first2=A. V. |date=2015 |title=Evolution and dispersal of mammoths across the Northern Hemisphere |journal=Science |volume=350 |issue=6262 |pages=805–809 |bibcode=2015Sci...350..805L |doi=10.1126/science.aac5660 |pmid=26564853 |s2cid=206639522|doi-access=free }}</ref> At the end of the Early Pleistocene, around 800,000 years ago the elephantid genus ''[[Palaeoloxodon]]'' dispersed outside of Africa, becoming widely distributed in Eurasia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lister |first=A. M. |chapter=Ecological Interactions of Elephantids in Pleistocene Eurasia |date=2004 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264788794 |title=Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor |pages=53–60 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-78570-965-4}}</ref> Proboscideans were represented by around 23 species at the beginning of the [[Late Pleistocene]]. Proboscideans underwent a dramatic decline during the Late Pleistocene as part of the [[Late Pleistocene extinctions]] of most large mammals globally, with all remaining non-elephantid proboscideans (including ''Stegodon'', [[mastodon]]s, and the American gomphotheres ''[[Cuvieronius]]'' and ''[[Notiomastodon]]'') and ''[[Palaeoloxodon]]'' becoming extinct, with mammoths only surviving in [[Relict (biology)|relict]] populations on islands around the [[Bering Strait]] into the Holocene, with their latest survival being on [[Wrangel Island]], where they persisted until around 4,000 years ago.<ref name=Cantalapiedra-2021/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=R. L. |last2=Slatkin |first2=M. |date=2017 |title=Excess of genomic defects in a woolly mammoth on Wrangel island |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=13 |issue=3 |article-number=e1006601 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006601 |issn=1553-7404 |pmc=5333797 |pmid=28253255 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Over the course of their evolution, proboscideans grew in size. With that came longer limbs and wider feet with a more [[digitigrade]] stance, along with a larger head and shorter neck. The trunk evolved and grew longer to provide reach. The number of premolars, incisors, and canines decreased, and the cheek teeth (molars and premolars) became longer and more specialised. The incisors developed into tusks of different shapes and sizes.<ref name=evolution/> Several species of proboscideans became isolated on islands and experienced [[insular dwarfism]],<ref name=Sukumar31>Sukumar, pp. 31–33.</ref> some dramatically reducing in body size, such as the {{Cvt|1|m}} tall [[dwarf elephant]] species ''[[Palaeoloxodon falconeri]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Romano |first1=M. |last2=Manucci |first2=F. |last3=Palombo |first3=M. R. |date=2021 |title=The smallest of the largest: new volumetric body mass estimate and in-vivo restoration of the dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon ex gr. ''P. falconeri'' from Spinagallo Cave (Sicily) |journal=Historical Biology |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=340–353 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2019.1617289 |bibcode=2021HBio...33..340R |s2cid=181855906}}</ref>

===Living species===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: centre;" |
! Name
! Size
! Appearance
! Distribution
! Image
|-
| [[African bush elephant]] (''Loxodonta africana'')
| '''Male''': {{cvt|304|-|336|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} (shoulder height), {{cvt|5.2|-|6.9|MT|ST|1|abbr=on}} (weight); '''Female''': {{cvt|247|-|273|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} (shoulder height), {{cvt|2.6|-|3.5|MT|ST|1|abbr=on}} (weight).<ref name="Larramendi, A. 2015">{{cite journal |author=Larramendi, A. |year=2015 |title=Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |doi=10.4202/app.00136.2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
| Relatively large and triangular ears, concave back, diamond shaped molar ridges, wrinkled skin, sloping abdomen, and two finger-like extensions at the tip of the trunk.<ref name=Shoshani38>Shoshani, pp. 38–41.</ref>
| [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]; forests, savannahs, deserts, wetlands, and near lakes.<ref name=Shoshani42>Shoshani, pp. 42–51.</ref>
|[[File:African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) male (17289351322).jpg|200px]]
|-
| [[African forest elephant]] (''Loxodonta cyclotis'')
| {{cvt|209|-|231|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} (shoulder height), {{cvt|1.7|-|2.3|MT|ST|1|abbr=on}} (weight).<ref name="Larramendi, A. 2015"/>
| Similar to the bush species, but with smaller and more rounded ears and thinner and straighter tusks.<ref name=Shoshani38/><ref name=Shoshani42 />
| [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]]; [[Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests|equatorial forests]], but occasionally [[gallery forest]]s and forest/grassland [[ecotone]]s.<ref name=Shoshani42 />
|[[File:Loxodontacyclotis.jpg|200px]]
|-
| [[Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus'')
| '''Male''': {{cvt|261|-|289|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} (shoulder height), {{cvt|3.5|-|4.6|MT|ST|1|abbr=on}} (weight); '''Female''': {{cvt|228|-|252|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} (shoulder height), {{cvt|2.3|-|3.1|MT|ST|1|abbr=on}} (weight).<ref name="Larramendi, A. 2015"/>
| Relatively small ears, convex or level back, dish-shaped forehead with two large bumps, narrow molar ridges, smooth skin with some blotches of [[depigmentation]], a straightened or saggy abdomen, and one extension at the tip of the trunk.<ref name=Shoshani38/>
|[[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]; habitats with a mix of grasses, low woody plants, and trees, including dry [[Deccan thorn scrub forests|thorn-scrub forests]] in southern India and Sri Lanka and [[evergreen forest]]s in [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]].<ref name=Shoshani42/><ref name=Asian>{{cite journal|author1=Shoshani, J.|author2=Eisenberg, J. F.|year=1982|title=''Elephas maximus''|journal=Mammalian Species|issue=182|pages=1–8|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-182-01-0001.pdf|jstor=3504045|doi=10.2307/3504045|bibcode=1982MamSp.182....1S |access-date=27 October 2012|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121940/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-182-01-0001.pdf}}</ref>
|[[File:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|200px]]
|}

==Anatomy==
[[File:Elephant skeleton.jpg|thumb|African bush elephant skeleton]]
Elephants are the largest living terrestrial animals. The skeleton is made up of 326–351 bones.<ref name=Shoshani68 /> The vertebrae are connected by tight joints, which limit the backbone's flexibility. African elephants have 21 pairs of ribs, while Asian elephants have 19 or 20 pairs.<ref>{{cite web|author=Somgrid, C.|title=Elephant Anatomy and Biology: Skeletal system|publisher=Elephant Research and Education Center, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University|url=http://www.asianelephantresearch.com/about-elephant-anatomy-and-biology-p1.php#skeleton|access-date=21 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613191055/http://www.asianelephantresearch.com/about-elephant-anatomy-and-biology-p1.php#skeleton|archive-date=13 June 2012}}</ref> The skull contains air cavities ([[Sinus (anatomy)|sinuses]]) that reduce the weight of the skull while maintaining overall strength. These cavities give the inside of the skull a [[honeycomb]]-like appearance. By contrast, the lower jaw is dense. The cranium is particularly large and provides enough room for the attachment of muscles to support the entire head.<ref name=Shoshani68>Shoshani, pp. 68–70.</ref> The skull is built to withstand great stress, particularly when fighting or using the tusks. The brain is surrounded by arches in the skull, which serve as protection.<ref>Kingdon, p. 11.</ref> Because of the size of the head, the neck is relatively short to provide better support.<ref name="evolution">{{cite journal |author=Shoshani, J. |year=1998 |title=Understanding proboscidean evolution: a formidable task |journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=480–487 |doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01491-8 |pmid=21238404|bibcode=1998TEcoE..13..480S }}</ref>
Elephants are [[homeothermy|homeotherms]] and maintain their average body temperature at ~ 36 °C (97 °F), with a minimum of 35.2 °C (95.4 °F) during the cool season, and a maximum of 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) during the hot dry season.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018|title=Savanna elephants maintain homeothermy under African heat|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00360-018-1170-5|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology B|doi=10.1007/s00360-018-1170-5|last1=Mole|first1=Michael A.|last2=Rodrigues Dáraujo|first2=Shaun|last3=Van Aarde|first3=Rudi J.|last4=Mitchell|first4=Duncan|last5=Fuller|first5=Andrea|volume=188|issue=5|pages=889–897|pmid=30008137|s2cid=51626564|access-date=14 May 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515162738/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00360-018-1170-5|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Ears and eyes===
[[File:Angry elephant ears.jpg|thumb|African bush elephant with ears spread in a threat or attentive position and visible blood vessels]]
Elephant ear flaps, or [[pinna (anatomy)|pinnae]], are {{convert|1|–|2|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick in the middle with a thinner tip and supported by a thicker base. They contain numerous blood vessels called [[capillary|capillaries]]. Warm blood flows into the capillaries, releasing excess heat into the environment. This effect is increased by flapping the ears back and forth. Larger ear surfaces contain more capillaries, and more heat can be released. Of all the elephants, African bush elephants live in the hottest climates and have the largest ear flaps.<ref name=Shoshani68 /><ref>{{cite journal|author=Narasimhan, A.|s2cid=121443269|year=2008|title=Why do elephants have big ear flaps?|journal=Resonance|volume=13|issue=7|pages=638–647|doi=10.1007/s12045-008-0070-5}}</ref> The [[ossicles]] are adapted for hearing low frequencies, being most sensitive at 1 [[Hertz|kHz]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Reuter, T.|author2=Nummela, S.|author3=Hemilä, S.|year=1998|title=Elephant hearing|journal=Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=104|issue=2|pages=1122–1123|url=http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/%5C/pdflib/Winter2005/Rodwell_Reuter_ele_ear.pdf|doi=10.1121/1.423341|pmid=9714930|bibcode=1998ASAJ..104.1122R|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207065356/http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/pdflib/Winter2005/Rodwell_Reuter_ele_ear.pdf|archive-date=7 December 2012}}</ref>

Lacking a [[lacrimal apparatus]] (tear duct), the eye relies on the [[harderian gland]] in the orbit to keep it moist. A durable [[nictitating membrane]] shields the globe. The animal's [[Field of view|field of vision]] is compromised by the location and limited mobility of the eyes.<ref name="sense">{{cite web|author=Somgrid, C.|title=Elephant Anatomy and Biology: Special sense organs|publisher=Elephant Research and Education Center, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University|url=http://www.asianelephantresearch.com/about-elephant-anatomy-and-biology-p4.php#Special|access-date=21 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729045534/http://www.asianelephantresearch.com/about-elephant-anatomy-and-biology-p4.php#Special|archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> Elephants are [[Dichromacy|dichromats]]<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Yokoyama, S. |author2=Takenaka, N. |author3=Agnew, D. W. |author4=Shoshani, J. |year=2005|title=Elephants and human color-blind deuteranopes have identical sets of visual pigments|journal=Genetics|volume=170|issue=1|pages=335–344|doi=10.1534/genetics.104.039511|pmid=15781694|pmc=1449733}}</ref> and they can see well in dim light but not in bright light.<ref name=cognition />

===Trunk===
{{Redirect|Elephant trunk}}
[[File:African elephant warning raised trunk.jpg|thumb|right|African bush elephant with its trunk raised, a behaviour often adopted when trumpeting]]
The elongated and [[Prehensility|prehensile]] trunk, or [[proboscis]], consists of both the nose and upper lip, which fuse in early [[Fetus|fetal]] development.<ref name=evolution /> This versatile appendage contains up to 150,000 separate [[muscle fascicle]]s, with no bone and little fat. These paired muscles consist of two major types: superficial (surface) and internal. The former are divided into [[Dorsoventral|dorsal, ventral]], and [[Lateral and medial|lateral]] muscles, while the latter are divided into [[Transverse plane|transverse]] and [[wikt:radiate|radiating]] muscles. The muscles of the trunk connect to a bony opening in the skull. The [[nasal septum]] consists of small elastic muscles between the nostrils, which are divided by [[cartilage]] at the base.<ref name=Shoshani74>Shoshani, pp. 74–77.</ref> A unique proboscis nerve – a combination of the [[maxillary nerve|maxillary]] and [[facial nerve]]s – lines each side of the appendage.<ref name=trunk />

As a [[muscular hydrostat]], the trunk moves through finely controlled muscle contractions, working both with and against each other.<ref name="trunk" /> Using three basic movements: bending, twisting, and longitudinal stretching or retracting, the trunk has near unlimited flexibility. Objects grasped by the end of the trunk can be moved to the mouth by curving the appendage inward. The trunk can also bend at different points by creating stiffened "pseudo-joints". The tip can be moved in a way similar to the human hand.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dagenais|first1=P|last2=Hensman|first2=S|last3=Haechler|first3=V|last4=Milinkovitch|first4=M. C.|year=2021|title=Elephants evolved strategies reducing the biomechanical complexity of their trunk|journal=Current Biology|volume=31|issue=21|pages=4727–4737|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.029|pmid=34428468|s2cid=237273086|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021CBio...31E4727D}}</ref> The skin is more elastic on the dorsal side of the elephant trunk than underneath; allowing the animal to stretch and coil while maintaining a strong grasp.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schulz|first1=A. K.|last2=Boyle|first2=M|last3=Boyle|first3=C|last4=Sordilla|first4=S|last5=Rincon|first5=C|last6=Hooper|first6=K|last7=Aubuchon|first7=C|last8=Reidenberg|first8=J. S.|last9=Higgins|first9=C|last10=Hu|first10=D. L.|year=2022|title=Skin wrinkles and folds enable asymmetric stretch in the elephant trunk|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=119|issue=31|article-number=e2122563119|doi=10.1073/pnas.2122563119|doi-access=free |pmid=35858384 |pmc=9351381 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11922563S }}</ref> The flexibility of the trunk is aided by the numerous wrinkles in the skin.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schulz|first1=A. K.|last2=Kaufmann|first2=L. V.|last3=Reveyaz|first3=N|last4=Ritter|first4=C|last5=Hildebrandt|first5=T|last6=Brecht|first6=M|year=2024|title=Elephants develop wrinkles through both form and function|journal= Royal Society Open Science|volume=11|issue=10 |article-number=240851|doi=10.1098/rsos.240851|doi-access=free|pmid=39386989 |pmc=11461087 |bibcode=2024RSOS...1140851S }}</ref> The African elephants have two finger-like extensions at the tip of the trunk that allow them to pluck small food. The Asian elephant has only one and relies more on wrapping around a food item.<ref name="Shoshani38" /> Asian elephant trunks have better [[motor coordination]].<ref name="Shoshani74" />
[[File:Asian Elephant, Royal Chitwan National Park.jpg|thumb|right|Asian elephant drinking water with trunk]]
The trunk's extreme flexibility allows it to forage and wrestle other elephants with it. It is powerful enough to lift up to {{convert|350|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, but it also has the precision to crack a peanut shell without breaking the seed. With its trunk, an elephant can reach items up to {{convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on}} high and dig for water in the mud or sand below. It also uses it to clean itself.<ref name=Kingdon9>Kingdon, p. 9.</ref> Individuals may show lateral preference when grasping with their trunks: some prefer to twist them to the left, others to the right.<ref name="trunk">{{cite journal|author1=Martin, F.|author2=Niemitz C. |year=2003|title="Right-trunkers" and "left-trunkers": side preferences of trunk movements in wild Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus'')|journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology|volume=117|issue=4|pages=371–379|doi=10.1037/0735-7036.117.4.371|pmid=14717638}}</ref> Elephant trunks are capable of powerful siphoning. They can expand their nostrils by 30%, leading to a 64% greater nasal volume, and can breathe in almost 30 times faster than a human sneeze, at over {{convert|150|m/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Schulz">{{cite journal|author=Schulz, A. K.|author2= Ning Wu, Jia|author3= Sara Ha, S. Y.|author4= Kim, G.|year=2021|title=Suction feeding by elephants|journal= Journal of the Royal Society Interface|volume=18|issue=179|doi=10.1098/rsif.2021.0215|pmid=34062103|pmc=8169210|doi-access=free}}</ref> They suck up water, which is squirted into the mouth or over the body.<ref name=evolution /><ref name="Schulz"/> The trunk of an adult Asian elephant is capable of retaining {{convert|8.5|L|gal|abbr=on}} of water.<ref name=Shoshani74 /> They will also sprinkle dust or grass on themselves.<ref name=evolution /> When underwater, the elephant uses its trunk as a [[Snorkel (swimming)|snorkel]].<ref name=snorkel />

The trunk also acts as a sense organ. Its sense of smell may be four times greater than a [[bloodhound]]'s nose.<ref name=Sukumar149 /> The [[infraorbital nerve]], which makes the trunk sensitive to touch, is thicker than both the [[Optic nerve|optic]] and [[Cochlear nerve|auditory]] nerves. [[Whiskers]] grow all along the trunk, and are particularly packed at the tip, where they contribute to its tactile sensitivity. Unlike those of many mammals, such as cats and rats, elephant whiskers do not move independently ("whisk") to sense the environment; the trunk itself must move to bring the whiskers into contact with nearby objects. Whiskers grow in rows along each side on the ventral surface of the trunk, which is thought to be essential in helping elephants balance objects there, whereas they are more evenly arranged on the dorsal surface. The number and patterns of whiskers are distinctly different between species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Deiringer |first1=Nora |last2=Schneeweiß |first2=Undine |last3=Kaufmann |first3=Lena V. |last4=Eigen |first4=Lennart |last5=Speissegger |first5=Celina |last6=Gerhardt |first6=Ben |last7=Holtze |first7=Susanne |last8=Fritsch |first8=Guido |last9=Göritz |first9=Frank |last10=Becker |first10=Rolf |last11=Ochs |first11=Andreas |last12=Hildebrandt |first12=Thomas |last13=Brecht |first13=Michael |date=2023-06-08 |title=The functional anatomy of elephant trunk whiskers |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=591 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04945-5 |pmid=37291455 |pmc=10250425 |issn=2399-3642}}</ref>

Damaging the trunk would be detrimental to an elephant's survival,<ref name=evolution /> although in rare cases, individuals have survived with shortened ones. One trunkless elephant has been observed to graze using its lips with its hind legs in the air and balancing on its front knees.<ref name=Shoshani74 /> [[Floppy trunk syndrome]] is a condition of trunk [[paralysis]] recorded in African bush elephants and involves the degeneration of the [[Peripheral nervous system|peripheral nerves]] and muscles. The disorder has been linked to lead poisoning.<ref name="NS">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13618470.700-lead-in-lake-blamed-for-floppy-trunks-.html|title=Lead in lake blamed for floppy trunks|author=Cole, M.|date=14 November 1992|magazine=New Scientist|access-date=25 June 2009|archive-date=17 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517112426/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13618470.700-lead-in-lake-blamed-for-floppy-trunks-.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Teeth===
{{multiple image
|align=right
|direction=vertical
|width=220
|image1=Loxodonta africana - Molar of an adult.JPG|caption1=Molar of an adult African bush elephant
|image2=2010-kabini-tusker-bark.jpg|caption2=Asian elephant eating tree bark, using its tusks to peel it off
}}
Elephants usually have 26 teeth: the [[incisor]]s, known as the [[tusk]]s; 12 [[Deciduous teeth|deciduous]] [[premolar]]s; and 12 [[Molar (tooth)|molars]]. Unlike most mammals, teeth are not replaced by new ones emerging from the jaws vertically. Instead, new teeth start at the back of the mouth and push out the old ones. The first chewing tooth on each side of the jaw falls out when the elephant is two to three years old. This is followed by four more tooth replacements at the ages of four to six, 9–15, 18–28, and finally in their early 40s. The final (usually sixth) set must last the elephant the rest of its life. Elephant teeth have loop-shaped dental ridges, which are more diamond-shaped in African elephants.<ref name=Shoshani70>Shoshani, pp. 70–71.</ref>

====Tusks====
The tusks of an elephant are modified second incisors in the upper jaw. They replace deciduous [[milk teeth]] at 6–12 months of age and keep growing at about {{convert|17|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} a year. As the tusk develops, it is topped with smooth, cone-shaped [[tooth enamel|enamel]] that eventually wanes. The [[dentin]]e is known as [[ivory]] and has a [[Cross section (geometry)|cross-section]] of intersecting lines, known as "engine turning", which create diamond-shaped patterns. Being living tissue, tusks are fairly soft and about as dense as the mineral [[calcite]]. The tusk protrudes from a socket in the skull, and most of it is external. At least one-third of the tusk contains the [[Pulp (tooth)|pulp]], and some have nerves that stretch even further. Thus, it would be difficult to remove it without harming the animal. When removed, ivory will dry up and crack if not kept cool and wet. Tusks function in digging, debarking, marking, moving objects, and fighting.<ref name=Shoshani71 />

Elephants are usually right- or left-tusked, similar to humans, who are typically [[Handedness|right- or left-handed]]. The dominant, or "master" tusk, is typically more worn down, as it is shorter and blunter. For African elephants, tusks are present in both males and females and are around the same length in both sexes, reaching up to {{convert|300|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}},<ref name=Shoshani71 /> but those of males tend to be more massive.<ref>Sukumar, p. 120</ref> In the Asian species, only the males have large tusks. Female Asians have very small tusks, or none at all.<ref name=Shoshani71>Shoshani, pp. 71–74.</ref> Tuskless males exist and are particularly common among [[Sri Lankan elephant]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Clutton-Brock, J.|year=1986|title=A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals|publisher=British Museum (Natural History)|page=208|isbn=978-0-521-34697-9}}</ref> Asian males can have tusks as long as Africans', but they are usually slimmer and lighter; the largest recorded was {{convert|302|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} long and weighed {{convert|39|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}. Hunting for elephant ivory in Africa<ref>{{cite web|title=Elephants Evolve Smaller Tusks Due to Poaching|date=20 January 2008|publisher=Environmental News Network|url=http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/29620|access-date=25 September 2012|archive-date=21 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121185117/http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/29620|url-status=live}}</ref> and Asia<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-09|title=Under poaching pressure, elephants are evolving to lose their tusks|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/wildlife-watch-news-tuskless-elephants-behavior-change|access-date=2021-10-28|website=[[National Geographic]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303222242/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/wildlife-watch-news-tuskless-elephants-behavior-change/ |archive-date=3 March 2021 }}</ref> has resulted in an effective [[selection pressure]] for shorter tusks<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3322455/Why-elephants-are-not-so-long-in-the-tusk.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018192954/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3322455/Why-elephants-are-not-so-long-in-the-tusk.html|archive-date=18 October 2009|title=Why elephants are not so long in the tusk|last=Gray|first=R.|date=20 January 2008|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=27 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Chiyo, P. I. |author2=Obanda, V. |author3=Korir, D. K. |title=Illegal tusk harvest and the decline of tusk size in the African elephant|journal=Ecology and Evolution|year=2015|volume=5|issue=22|pages=5216–5229|doi=10.1002/ece3.1769|pmid=30151125|pmc=6102531|bibcode=2015EcoEv...5.5216C }}</ref> and tusklessness.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jachmann, H. |author2=Berry, P. S. M. |author3=Imae, H. |year=1995|title=Tusklessness in African elephants: a future trend|journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=33|issue=3|pages=230–235|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1995.tb00800.x|bibcode=1995AfJEc..33..230J }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kurt, F. |author2=Hartl, G. |author3=Tiedemann, R. |year=1995|title=Tuskless bulls in Asian elephant ''Elephas maximus''. History and population genetics of a man-made phenomenon.|journal=Acta Theriol.|volume=40|pages=125–144|doi=10.4098/at.arch.95-51|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Skin ===
[[File:Elephant Skin (4526726581).jpg|thumb|Asian elephant skin]]
An elephant's skin is generally very tough, at {{convert|2.5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} thick on the back and parts of the head. The skin around the mouth, [[anus]], and inside of the ear is considerably thinner. Elephants are typically grey, but African elephants look brown or reddish after rolling in coloured mud. Asian elephants have some patches of depigmentation, particularly on the head. Calves have brownish or reddish hair, with the head and back being particularly hairy. As elephants mature, their hair darkens and becomes sparser, but dense concentrations of hair and bristles remain on the tip of the tail and parts of the head and genitals. Normally, the skin of an Asian elephant is covered with more hair than its African counterpart.<ref name=Shoshani66>Shoshani, pp. 66–67.</ref> Their hair is thought to help them lose heat in their hot environments.<ref name="Elephanthair">{{cite journal |last1=Myhrvold |first1=C. L. |last2=Stone |first2=H. A. |last3=Bou-Zeid |first3=E. |title=What Is the Use of Elephant Hair? |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 October 2012 |volume=7 |issue=10 |article-number=e47018 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0047018|pmid=23071700 |pmc=3468452 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...747018M |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Although tough, an elephant's skin is very sensitive and requires [[Wallowing|mud baths]] to maintain moisture and protection from burning and insect bites. After bathing, the elephant will usually use its trunk to blow dust onto its body, which dries into a protective crust. Elephants have difficulty releasing heat through the skin because of their low [[surface-area-to-volume ratio]], which is many times smaller than that of a human. They have even been observed lifting up their legs to expose their soles to the air.<ref name=Shoshani66 /> Elephants only have [[sweat gland]]s between the toes,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lamps|first1=L. W.|last2=Smoller|first2=B. R.|last3=Rasmussen|first3=L. E. L.|last4=Slade|first4=B. E.|last5=Fritsch|first5=G|last6=Godwin|first6=T. E.|year=2001|title=Characterization of interdigital glands in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)|journal=Research in Veterinary Science|volume=71|issue=3|pages=197–200|doi=10.1053/rvsc.2001.0508|pmid=11798294 }}</ref> but the skin allows water to disperse and evaporate, cooling the animal.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1984|title=Do elephants need to sweat?|journal=Journal of Zoology|doi=10.1080/02541858.1984.11447892|last1=Wright|first1=P. G.|last2=Luck|first2=C. P.|volume=19|issue=4|pages=270–274|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1970|title=The epidermis and its keratinisation in the African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana)|journal=Zoologica Africana|doi=10.1080/00445096.1970.11447400|doi-access=free|last1=Spearman|first1=R. I. C.|volume=5|issue=2|pages=327–338}}</ref> In addition, cracks in the skin may reduce dehydration and allow for increased thermoregulation in the long term.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018|title=Locally-curved geometry generates bending cracks in the African elephant skin|journal=Nature Communications|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-06257-3|doi-access=free|last1=Martins|first1=António F.|last2=Bennett|first2=Nigel C.|last3=Clavel|first3=Sylvie|last4=Groenewald|first4=Herman|last5=Hensman|first5=Sean|last6=Hoby|first6=Stefan|last7=Joris|first7=Antoine|last8=Manger|first8=Paul R.|last9=Milinkovitch|first9=Michel C.|volume=9|issue=1|page=3865|pmid=30279508|pmc=6168576|bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3865M}}</ref>

=== Legs, locomotion, and posture ===
{{multiple image
|align=right
|direction=vertical
|width=220
|image1=Desert elephant (Loxodonta africana) feet.jpg|caption1=Front feet of bush elephant
|image2=Elephant Walking animated.gif|caption2=An Asian elephant walking}}
To support the animal's weight, an elephant's limbs are positioned more vertically under the body than in most other mammals. The long bones of the limbs have [[cancellous bone]]s in place of [[medullary cavity|medullary cavities]]. This strengthens the bones while still allowing [[haematopoiesis]] (blood cell creation).<ref name=Shoshani69>Shoshani, pp. 69–70.</ref> Both the front and hind limbs can support an elephant's weight, although 60% is borne by the front.<ref name="cushion">{{cite journal|author1=Weissengruber, G. E. |author2=Egger, G. F. |author3=Hutchinson, J. R. |author4=Groenewald, H. B. |author5=Elsässer, L. |author6=Famini, D. |author7=Forstenpointner, G. |year=2006|title=The structure of the cushions in the feet of African elephants (''Loxodonta africana'')|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=209|issue=6|pages=781–792|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00648.x|pmid=17118065|pmc=2048995}}</ref> The position of the limbs and leg bones allows an elephant to stand still for extended periods of time without tiring. Elephants are incapable of turning their [[Manus (anatomy)|manus]] because the [[ulna]] and [[Radius (bone)|radius]] of the front legs are secured in [[pronation]].<ref name=Shoshani69 /> Elephants may also lack the [[Pronator quadratus muscle|pronator quadratus]] and [[Pronator teres muscle|pronator teres]] muscles or have very small ones.<ref>Shoshani, p. 74.</ref> The circular feet of an elephant have soft tissues, or "cushion pads" beneath the manus or [[Pes (anatomy)|pes]], which allow them to bear the animal's great mass.<ref name=cushion /> They appear to have a [[Sesamoid bone|sesamoid]], an extra "toe" similar in placement to a [[giant panda]]'s extra "thumb", that also helps in weight distribution.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hutchinson|first1=J. R.|last2=Delmer|first2=C|last3=Miller|first3=C. E.|last4=Hildebrandt|first4=T|last5=Pitsillides|first5=A. A.|last6=Boyde|first6=A|year=2011|title=From flat foot to fat foot: structure, ontogeny, function, and evolution of elephant "sixth toes"|journal=Science|volume=334|issue=6063|pages=1699–1703|doi=10.1126/science.1211437|pmid=22194576 |bibcode=2011Sci...334R1699H |s2cid=206536505 |url=https://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/5612/1/5612.pdf }}</ref> As many as five toenails can be found on both the front and hind feet.<ref name=Shoshani38 />

Elephants can move both forward and backward, but are incapable of [[trotting]], [[jumping]], or [[Horse gait|galloping]]. They can move on land only by walking or [[Ambling gait|ambling]]: a faster gait similar to running.<ref name=Shoshani69 /><ref name="kinetics"/> In walking, the legs act as pendulums, with the hips and shoulders moving up and down while the foot is planted on the ground. The fast gait does not meet all the criteria of running, since there is no point where all the feet are off the ground, although the elephant uses its legs much like other running animals, and can move faster by quickening its stride. Fast-moving elephants appear to 'run' with their front legs, but 'walk' with their hind legs and can reach a top speed of {{convert|25|km/h|abbr=on}}. At this speed, most other [[Quadrupedalism|quadrupeds]] are well into a gallop, even accounting for leg length. Spring-like kinetics could explain the difference between the motion of elephants and other animals.<ref name="kinetics">{{cite journal |author1 = Hutchinson, J. R.| author2 = Schwerda, D.| author3 = Famini, D. J.| author4 = Dale, R. H.| author5 = Fischer, M. S.| author6 = Kram, R.|year=2006|title=The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=209|issue=19|pages=3812–3827|pmid=16985198 |doi = 10.1242/jeb.02443| bibcode = 2006JExpB.209.3812H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |author1=Hutchinson, J. R. |author2=Famini, D. |author3=Lair, R. |author4=Kram, R. |s2cid=4403723 |year=2003 |title=Biomechanics: Are fast-moving elephants really running? |journal=Nature |volume=422 |pages=493–494 |doi=10.1038/422493a |pmid=12673241 |issue=6931 |bibcode=2003Natur.422..493H |url=http://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/124/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809231054/https://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/124/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The cushion pads expand and contract, and reduce both the pain and noise that would come from a very heavy animal moving.<ref name=cushion /> Elephants are capable swimmers: they can swim for up to six hours while completely waterborne, moving at {{convert|2.1|km/h|0|abbr=on}} and traversing up to {{convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} continuously.<ref>Shoshani, p. 60.</ref>

=== Internal systems ===
The brain of an elephant weighs {{convert|4.5|–|5.5|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} compared to {{convert|1.6|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for a human brain.<ref name=Shoshani78 /> It is the largest of all terrestrial mammals.<ref name="posse">{{cite book|author=O'Connell, Caitlin|title="Elephant Don: The Politics of a Pachyderm Posse"|date=20 July 2016|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38005-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZElEAAAQBAJ&q=Elephants+have+the+largest+temporal+lobe+relative+to+the+size+of+its+body+among+any+land+mammals&pg=PA102|access-date=16 September 2022|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321084756/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZElEAAAQBAJ&q=Elephants+have+the+largest+temporal+lobe+relative+to+the+size+of+its+body+among+any+land+mammals&pg=PA102|url-status=live}}</ref> While the elephant brain is larger overall, it is [[Encephalization quotient|proportionally smaller than the human brain]]. At birth, an elephant's brain already weighs 30–40% of its adult weight. The [[cerebrum]] and [[cerebellum]] are well developed, and the [[temporal lobe]]s are so large that they bulge out laterally.<ref name=Shoshani78 /> Their temporal lobes are proportionally larger than those of other animals, including humans.<ref name=posse /> The throat of an elephant appears to contain a pouch where it can store water for later use.<ref name=evolution /> The [[larynx]] of the elephant is the largest known among mammals. The [[vocal fold]]s are anchored close to the [[epiglottis]] base. When comparing an elephant's vocal folds to those of a human, an elephant's are proportionally longer, thicker, with a greater cross-sectional area. In addition, they are located further up the vocal tract with an acute slope.<ref name="vibratorypatterns">{{cite journal|author1= Herbest, C. T.| author2 = Švec, J. G.| author3 = Lohscheller, J.| author4 = Frey, R.| author5 = Gumpenberger, M.| author6 = Stoeger, A.| author7 = Fitch, W. T.|year=2013|title= Complex Vibratory Patterns in an Elephant Larynx|journal= Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=216|issue=21|pages=4054–4064|doi=10.1242/jeb.091009
|pmid=24133151| bibcode = 2013JExpB.216.4054H|doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Em - Loxodonta africana heart - GMZ 2.jpg|thumb|right|African elephant heart in a jar]]
The heart of an elephant weighs {{convert|12|–|21|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Its [[Heart#Location and shape|apex]] has two pointed ends, an unusual trait among mammals.<ref name=Shoshani78 /> In addition, the [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricles]] of the heart split towards the top, a trait also found in sirenians.<ref name="Marshall Cavendish">{{cite book| author=Anon|title=Mammal Anatomy: An Illustrated Guide |year=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7882-9 |page=59}}</ref> When upright, the elephant's heart beats around 28 beats per minute and actually speeds up to 35 beats when it lies down.<ref name=Shoshani78/> The blood vessels are thick and wide and can hold up under high blood pressure.<ref name="Marshall Cavendish"/> The lungs are attached to the [[Thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]], and breathing relies less on the expanding of the ribcage.<ref name=Shoshani78>Shoshani, pp. 78–79.</ref> [[Connective tissue]] exists in place of the [[pleural cavity]]. This may allow the animal to deal with the pressure differences when its body is underwater and its trunk is breaking the surface for air.<ref name="snorkel">{{cite journal|author=West, J. B.|s2cid=27321751|year=2002|title=Why doesn't the elephant have a pleural space?|journal=Physiology|volume=17|issue=2|pages=47–50|pmid=11909991|doi=10.1152/nips.01374.2001|doi-access=free}}</ref> Elephants breathe mostly with the trunk but also with the mouth. They have a [[hindgut fermentation]] system, and their large and small intestines together reach {{convert|35|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in length. Less than half of an elephant's food intake gets digested, despite the process lasting a day.<ref name=Shoshani78 /> An elephant's bladder can store up to 18 litres of urine<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Patricia J. |last2=Pham |first2=Jonathan |last3=Choo |first3=Jerome |last4=Hu |first4=David L. |date=2014-08-19 |title=Duration of urination does not change with body size |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=111 |issue=33 |pages=11932–11937 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1402289111 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4143032 |pmid=24969420|bibcode=2014PNAS..11111932Y }}</ref> and its [[kidneys]] can produce more than 50 [[litre]]s of urine per day.<ref name="FowlerMikota2006" />

===Sex characteristics===
{{anchor|Sex organs}}{{multiple image|image1=Penis asiatischer Elefant.JPG|image2=Vulve d'éléphante.jpg|perrow=2|total_width=220px|footer=Asian elephant penis and vulva}}A male elephant's testes, like other [[Afrotheria]],<ref name="Sharma Lehmann Stuckas Funke ">{{cite journal | last1=Sharma | first1=Virag | last2=Lehmann | first2=Thomas | last3=Stuckas | first3=Heiko | last4=Funke | first4=Liane | last5=Hiller | first5=Michael | title=Loss of RXFP2 and INSL3 genes in Afrotheria shows that testicular descent is the ancestral condition in placental mammals | journal=PLOS Biology | volume=16 | issue=6 | date=2018 | issn=1545-7885 | doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2005293 | article-number=e2005293 | pmid=29953435 | pmc=6023123 | doi-access=free }}</ref> are internally located near the kidneys.<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Short, R. V. | author2 = Mann, T. | author3 = Hay, Mary F. | year = 1967 | title = Male reproductive organs of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana | url = http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/13/3/517.full.pdf | journal = Journal of Reproduction and Fertility | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 517–536 | doi = 10.1530/jrf.0.0130517 | pmid = 6029179 | doi-access = free | access-date = 10 July 2017 | archive-date = 20 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180720144623/http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/13/3/517.full.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> The [[penis]] can be as long as {{convert|100|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} with a {{convert|16|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} wide base. It curves to an 'S' when fully erect and has an [[External urethral orifice (male)|orifice]] shaped like a Y. The female's [[clitoris]] may be {{convert|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. The [[vulva]] is found lower than in other herbivores, between the hind legs instead of under the tail. Determining pregnancy status can be difficult due to the animal's large belly. The female's [[mammary gland]]s occupy the space between the front legs, which puts the suckling calf within reach of the female's trunk.<ref name=Shoshani78 /> Elephants have a unique organ, the [[Temporin|temporal gland]], located on both sides of the head. This organ is associated with sexual behaviour, and males secrete a fluid from it when in [[musth]].<ref>Shoshani, p. 80.</ref> Females have also been observed with these secretions.<ref name=Sukumar149>Sukumar, p. 149.</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction =vertical
| image1 = Elephant eating Yala Sri Lanka.ogv
| caption1 = An Asian elephant feeding on grass in Sri Lanka
| image2 = African elephant (Loxodonta africana) reaching up 1.jpg
| caption2 = An African bush elephant using its prehensile trunk for foraging
}}
Elephants are [[Herbivore|herbivorous]] and will eat leaves, twigs, fruit, bark, grass, and roots. African elephants mostly [[Browsing (herbivory)|browse]], while Asian elephants mainly [[Grazing (behaviour)|graze]].<ref name=Shoshani42 /> They can eat as much as {{convert|300|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of food and drink {{convert|40|L|gal|abbr=on}} of water in a day. Elephants tend to stay near water sources.<ref name=Shoshani42 /><ref name=Shoshani124 /> They have morning, afternoon, and nighttime feeding sessions. At midday, elephants rest under trees and may doze off while standing. Sleeping occurs at night while the animal is lying down.<ref name=Shoshani124 /> Elephants average 3–4 hours of sleep per day.<ref name="Siegel">{{cite journal|author=Siegel, J. M.|s2cid=234089|year=2005|title=Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep|journal=Nature|volume=437|issue=7063|pages=1264–1271|doi=10.1038/nature04285|pmid=16251951|pmc=8760626|bibcode=2005Natur.437.1264S}}</ref> Both males and family groups typically move no more than {{convert|20|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} a day, but distances as far as {{convert|180|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} have been recorded in the [[Etosha National Park|Etosha]] region of Namibia.<ref>Sukumar, p. 159.</ref> Elephants go on seasonal migrations in response to changes in environmental conditions.<ref>Sukumar, p. 174.</ref> In northern Botswana, they travel {{convert|325|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} to the [[Chobe River]] after the local waterholes dry up in late August.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hoare, B. |year=2009 |title=Animal Migration: Remarkable Journeys in the Wild|publisher=University of California Press|pages=58–59|isbn=978-0-520-25823-5}}</ref>

Because of their large size, elephants have a huge impact on their environments and are considered [[keystone species]]. Their habit of uprooting trees and undergrowth can transform savannah into grasslands;<ref name=Shoshani226 /> smaller herbivores can access trees mowed down by elephants.<ref name=Shoshani124 /> When they dig for water during droughts, they create waterholes that can be used by other animals. When they use waterholes, they end up making them bigger.<ref name=Shoshani226 /> At [[Mount Elgon]], elephants dig through caves and pave the way for [[ungulate]]s, hyraxes, bats, birds, and insects.<ref name=Shoshani226 /> Elephants are important [[Seed dispersal|seed dispersers]]; African forest elephants consume and deposit many seeds over great distances, with either no effect or a positive effect on [[germination]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Campos-Arceiz, A.|author2=Blake, S.|year=2011|title=Mega-gardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal|journal=Acta Oecologica|volume=37|issue=6|pages=542–553|doi=10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/timbillo/Readings%20and%20documents/CO2%20and%20Forests%20readings/Campos%20Arceiz%202011%20Elephant%20seed%20dispersal.pdf|bibcode=2011AcO....37..542C|access-date=22 November 2012|archive-date=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618142027/http://faculty.washington.edu/timbillo/Readings%20and%20documents/CO2%20and%20Forests%20readings/Campos%20Arceiz%202011%20Elephant%20seed%20dispersal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In Asian forests, large seeds require giant herbivores like elephants and [[rhinoceros]] for transport and dispersal. This ecological niche cannot be filled by the smaller [[Malayan tapir]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Campos-Arceiz, A. |author2=Traeholt, C. |author3=Jaffar, R. |author4=Santamaria, L. |author5=Corlett, R. T. |year=2012|title=Asian tapirs are no elephants when it comes to seed dispersal|journal=Biotropica|volume=44|issue=2|pages=220–227|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00784.x|bibcode=2012Biotr..44..220C |hdl=10261/56573 |s2cid=83604698 |url=http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/100124 }}</ref> Because most of the food elephants eat goes undigested, their dung can provide food for other animals, such as [[dung beetle]]s and monkeys.<ref name=Shoshani226>Shoshani, pp. 226–29.</ref> Elephants can have a negative impact on ecosystems. At [[Murchison Falls National Park]] in Uganda, elephant numbers have threatened several species of small birds that depend on woodlands. Their weight causes the soil to compress, leading to [[surface runoff|runoff]] and [[erosion]].<ref name=Shoshani124>Eltringham, pp. 124–27.</ref>

Elephants typically coexist peacefully with other herbivores, which will usually stay out of their way. Some aggressive interactions between elephants and rhinoceros have been recorded.<ref name=Shoshani124 /> The size of adult elephants makes them nearly invulnerable to [[predator]]s.<ref name=Asian /> Calves may be preyed on by [[lion]]s, [[spotted hyena]]s, and [[Lycaon pictus|wild dogs]] in Africa<ref name=African>{{cite journal|author1=Laursen, L.|author2=Bekoff, M.|year=1978|title=''Loxodonta africana''|journal=Mammalian Species|pages=1–8|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-092-01-0001.pdf|jstor=3503889|doi=10.2307/3503889|issue=92|bibcode=1978MamSp..92....1L |s2cid=253949585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430140501/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-092-01-0001.pdf|archive-date=30 April 2013}}</ref> and [[tiger]]s in Asia.<ref name=Asian /> The lions of [[Chobe National Park#Geography and ecosystems|Savuti]], Botswana, have adapted to hunting elephants, targeting calves, juveniles or even sub-adults.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Power, R. J. |author2=Shem Compion, R. X. |s2cid=86371484 |year=2009 |title=Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana |journal=[[African Zoology]] |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=36–44 |doi=10.3377/004.044.0104}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Joubert |first=D. |year=2006 |title=Hunting behaviour of lions (''Panthera leo'') on elephants (''Loxodonta africana'') in the Chobe National Park, Botswana |journal= African Journal of Ecology |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=279–281 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00626.x|bibcode=2006AfJEc..44..279J }}</ref> There are rare reports of adult Asian elephants falling prey to tigers.<ref>{{cite news |year=2009 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article103095.ece |title=Tiger kills elephant at Eravikulam park |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=21 June 2014 |archive-date=11 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511041022/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article103095.ece }}</ref> Elephants tend to have high numbers of parasites, particularly [[nematode]]s, compared to many other mammals. This may be due to elephants being less vulnerable to predation; in other mammal species, individuals weakened by significant [[parasite load]]s are easily killed off by predators, removing them from the population.<ref>Sukumar, p. 121.</ref>

===Social organisation===
[[File:Serengeti Elefantenherde1.jpg|thumb|A family of African bush elephants]]
Elephants are generally [[gregarious]] animals. African bush elephants in particular have a complex, stratified social structure.<ref name="deSilva1"/> Female elephants spend their entire lives in tight-knit [[Matrilineality|matrilineal]] family groups.<ref name=Sukumar175/> {{Anchor|Matriarch}} They are led by the [[Matriarchy#Other_animals|matriarch]], who is often the eldest female.<ref>Sukumar, p. 186.</ref> She remains leader of the group until death<ref name=African /> or if she no longer has the energy for the role;<ref name=Kingdon53>Kingdon, p. 53.</ref> a study on zoo elephants found that the death of the matriarch led to greater stress in the surviving elephants.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Harris, M.|author2=Sherwin, C.|author3=Harris, S.|url=http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC05007_7719_FRP.pdf|title=Defra final report on elephant welfare|publisher=University of Bristol|year=2008|access-date=30 October 2012|archive-date=24 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124052942/http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC05007_7719_FRP.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> When her tenure is over, the matriarch's eldest daughter takes her place instead of her sister (if present).<ref name=African /> One study found that younger matriarchs take potential threats less seriously.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=McComb, K. |author2=Shannon, G. |author3=Durant, S. M. |author4=Sayialel, K. |author5=Slotow, R. |author6=Poole, J. |author7=Moss, C. |year=2011 |title=Leadership in elephants: the adaptive value of age |journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=278 |issue=1722 |pages=3270–3276 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0168 |url=http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/cmvcr/Publications_files/ElephantLeadersProofs.pdf |pmid=21411454 |pmc=3169024 |bibcode=2011PBioS.278.3270M |access-date=26 December 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429173959/http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/cmvcr/Publications_files/ElephantLeadersProofs.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Large family groups may split if they cannot be supported by local resources.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Vaughan, T. |author2=Ryan, J. |author3=Czaplewski, N. |year=2011|title=Mammalogy|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|page=136|isbn=978-0-7637-6299-5}}</ref>

At [[Amboseli National Park]], Kenya, female groups may consist of around ten members, including four adults and their dependent offspring. Here, a cow's life involves interaction with those outside her group. Two separate families may associate and bond with each other, forming what are known as bond groups. During the dry season, elephant families may aggregate into clans. These may number around nine groups, in which clans do not form strong bonds but defend their dry-season ranges against other clans. The Amboseli elephant population is further divided into the "central" and "peripheral" subpopulations.<ref name=Sukumar175>Sukumar, pp. 172, 175–79.</ref>

Female Asian elephants tend to have more fluid social associations.<ref name="deSilva1">{{cite journal |last1=de Silva |first1=S. |last2=Wittemyer |first2=G. |year=2012 |title=A comparison of social organization in Asian elephants and African savannah elephants |journal=International Journal of Primatology |volume= 33|issue= 5|pages= 1125–1141|doi=10.1007/s10764-011-9564-1 |bibcode=2012IJPri..33.1125D |s2cid=17209753 }}</ref> In Sri Lanka, there appear to be stable family units or "herds" and larger, looser "groups". They have been observed to have "nursing units" and "juvenile-care units". In southern India, elephant populations may contain family groups, bond groups, and possibly clans. Family groups tend to be small, with only one or two adult females and their offspring. A group containing more than two cows and their offspring is known as a "joint family". Malay elephant populations have even smaller family units and do not reach levels above a bond group. Groups of African forest elephants typically consist of one cow with one to three offspring. These groups appear to interact with each other, especially at forest clearings.<ref name=Sukumar175 />

[[File:Asian Elephant at Corbett National Park 15.jpg|thumb|Lone bull: Adult male elephants spend much of their time alone or in single-sex groups]]
Adult males live separate lives. As he matures, a bull associates more with outside males or even other families. At Amboseli, young males may be away from their families 80% of the time by 14–15 years of age. When males permanently leave, they either live alone or with other males. The former is typical of bulls in dense forests. A [[dominance hierarchy]] exists among males, whether they are social or solitary. Dominance depends on age, size, and sexual condition.<ref name=Sukumar179 /> Male elephants can be quite sociable when not competing for mates and form vast and fluid social networks.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Goldenberg|first1=S. Z.|last2=de Silva|first2=S.|last3=Rasmussen|first3=H. B.|last4=Douglas-Hamilton|first4=I.|last5=Wittemyer|first5=G.|year=2014|title=Controlling for behavioural state reveals social dynamics among male African elephants, ''Loxodonta africana''|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=95|pages=111–119|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.07.002|bibcode=2014AnBeh..95..111G |s2cid=53152412 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=LaDue|first1=C. A.|last2=Vandercone|first2=R. P. G.|last3=Kiso|first3=W. K.|last4=Freeman|first4=E. W.|year=2022|title=Social behavior and group formation in male Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): the effects of age and musth in wild and zoo-housed animals|journal=Animals|volume=12|issue=9|page=1215|doi=10.3390/ani12091215 |pmid=35565641 |pmc=9100748 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Older bulls act as the leaders of these groups.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Allen|first1=C. R. B.|last2=Brent|first2=L. J. N.|last3=Motsentwa|first3=T|last4=Weiss|first4=M. N.|last5=Croft|first5=D. P.|year=2020|title=Importance of old bulls: leaders and followers in collective movements of all-male groups in African savannah elephants (''Loxodonta africana'')|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=13996|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-70682-y|pmid=32883968 |pmc=7471917 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1013996A }}</ref> The presence of older males appears to subdue the aggression and "deviant" behaviour of younger ones.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Slotow, R. |author2=van Dyk, G. |author3=Poole, J. |author4=Page, B. |author5=Klocke, A. |s2cid=136330 |year=2000|title=Older bull elephants control young males|journal=Nature|volume=408|issue=6811|pages=425–426|doi=10.1038/35044191|pmid=11100713|bibcode=2000Natur.408..425S}}</ref> The largest all-male groups can reach close to 150 individuals. Adult males and females come together to breed. Bulls will accompany family groups if a cow is in [[Estrous cycle|oestrous]].<ref name=Sukumar179>Sukumar, pp. 179–83.</ref>

===Sexual behaviour===
====Musth====
{{Main|Musth}}
[[File:2005-tusker-musth-crop.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Indian elephant bull in musth]]
Adult males enter a state of increased [[testosterone]] known as [[musth]]. In a population in southern India, males first enter musth at 15 years old, but it is not very intense until they are older than 25. At Amboseli, no bulls under 24 were found to be in musth, while half of those aged 25–35 and all those over 35 were. In some areas, there may be seasonal influences on the timing of musths. The main characteristic of a bull's musth is a fluid discharged from the [[Temporin|temporal gland]] that runs down the side of his face. Behaviours associated with musth include walking with a high and swinging head, nonsynchronous ear flapping, picking at the ground with the tusks, marking, rumbling, and urinating in the [[penile sheath|sheath]]. The length of this varies between males of different ages and conditions, lasting from days to months.<ref name=Sukumar100 />

Males become extremely aggressive during musth. Size is the determining factor in [[Agonistic behaviour|agonistic]] encounters when the individuals have the same condition. In contests between musth and non-musth individuals, musth bulls win the majority of the time, even when the non-musth bull is larger. A male may stop showing signs of musth when he encounters a musth male of higher rank. Those of equal rank tend to avoid each other. Agonistic encounters typically consist of threat displays, chases, and minor sparring. Rarely do they full-on fight.<ref name=Sukumar100>Sukumar, pp. 100–08.</ref>

There is at least one documented case of [[Infanticide (zoology)|infanticide]] among Asian elephants at Dong Yai Wildlife Sanctuary, with the researchers describing it as most likely normal behaviour among aggressive musth elephants.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wanghongsa |first1=Sawai |last2=Boonkird |first2=Kalyanee |title=On the incident of infanticide in wild elephants |journal=Wildlife Yearbook |date=2006 |volume=7 |pages=111–119}}</ref>

====Mating====
[[File:Elephantsmating.jpg|thumb|African elephant bull mating with a member of a female group]]
Elephants are [[Polygyny in animals|polygynous]] breeders,<ref>Sukumar, p. 89.</ref> and most [[Copulation (zoology)|copulations]] occur during rainfall.<ref name="Sukumar, p. 262">Sukumar, p. 262.</ref> An oestrous cow uses [[pheromone]]s in her urine and vaginal secretions to signal her readiness to mate. A bull will follow a potential mate and assess her condition with the [[flehmen response]], which requires him to collect a chemical sample with his trunk and taste it with the [[vomeronasal organ]] at the roof of the mouth.<ref>Sukumar, pp. 98–99.</ref> The oestrous cycle of a cow lasts 14–16 weeks, with the [[follicular phase]] lasting 4–6 weeks and the [[luteal phase]] lasting 8–10 weeks. While most mammals have one surge of [[luteinizing hormone]] during the follicular phase, elephants have two. The first (or anovulatory) surge, appears to change the female's scent, signaling to males that she is in heat, but [[ovulation]] does not occur until the second (or ovulatory) surge.<ref>{{cite web|title=Elephant Reproduction Project: The Estrous Cycle of Elephants|publisher=Smithsonian National Zoo|access-date=8 October 2012|url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/ReproductiveScience/ElephantBreedRepro/EstrousCycle.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606110832/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/SCBI/ReproductiveScience/ElephantBreedRepro/EstrousCycle.cfm|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> Cows over 45–50 years of age are less fertile.<ref name=Kingdon53 />

Bulls engage in a behaviour known as mate-guarding, where they follow oestrous females and defend them from other males.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Poole Joyce H | s2cid = 53150105 | year = 1989 | title = Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222028670 | format = PDF | journal = Animal Behaviour | volume = 37 | pages = 842–849 | doi = 10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7 | bibcode = 1989AnBeh..37..842P | access-date = 24 October 2018 | archive-date = 24 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181024231940/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222028670 | url-status = live }}</ref> Most mate-guarding is done by musth males, and females seek them out, particularly older ones.<ref>Sukumar, p. 113.</ref> Musth appears to signal to females the condition of the male, as weak or injured males do not have normal musths.<ref>Sukumar, p. 117.</ref> For young females, the approach of an older bull can be intimidating, so her relatives stay nearby for comfort.<ref name=Shoshani106 /> During copulation, the male rests his trunk on the female.<ref>Kingdon, p. 69.</ref> The penis is mobile enough to move without the pelvis.<ref name="FowlerMikota2006">{{cite book|author1=Murray E. Fowler|author2=Susan K. Mikota|title=Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCpiZA61tyQC|year=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-8138-0676-1|page=353|access-date=17 October 2020|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321084756/https://books.google.com/books?id=oCpiZA61tyQC&q=elephant+penis+mating&pg=PA353|url-status=live}}</ref> Before mounting, it curves forward and upward. Copulation lasts about 45 seconds and does not involve [[pelvic thrust]]ing or an ejaculatory pause.<ref name=Estes>{{cite book|author=Estes, R.|title=The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/263 263–266]|year=1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08085-0}}</ref>

[[Homosexual behavior in animals#Elephants|Homosexual behaviour]] has been observed in both sexes. As in heterosexual interactions, this involves mounting. Male elephants sometimes stimulate each other by playfighting, and "championships" may form between old bulls and younger males. Female same-sex behaviours have been documented only in captivity, where they engage in [[Animal sexual behaviour#Non-reproductive sexual behaviour|mutual masturbation]] with their trunks.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bagemihl, B.|year=1999|title=Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity|url=https://archive.org/details/biologicalexuber00bage|url-access=registration|publisher=St. Martin's Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologicalexuber00bage/page/427 427–430]|isbn=978-1-4668-0927-7}}</ref>

===Birth and development===
{{multiple images
|direction=vertical
|width=200
|image1=African elephant, Dzanga Sangha, Central African Republic (18322370163).jpg|caption1=An African forest elephant mother with her calf
|image2=L'éléphanteau têtant sa mère.JPG|caption2=Asian elephant calf suckling}}
[[Gestation]] in elephants typically lasts between one and a half and two years and the female will not give birth again for at least four years.<ref>Sukumar, pp. 259–60.</ref> The relatively long pregnancy is supported by several [[corpora lutea]] and gives the foetus more time to develop, particularly the brain and trunk.<ref name="pregnancy">{{cite journal|author1=Lueders, I.|author2=Niemuller, C. |author3=Rich, P. |author4=Gray, C. |author5=Hermes, R. |author6=Goeritz, F. |author7=Hildebrandt, T. B. |year=2012|title=Gestating for 22 months: luteal development and pregnancy maintenance in elephants|journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=279|issue=1743|pages=3687–3696|pmid=22719030|doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.1038|pmc= 3415912}}</ref> Births tend to take place during the wet season.<ref name="Sukumar, p. 262"/> Typically, only a single young is born, but twins sometimes occur.<ref name="pregnancy"/> Calves are born roughly {{convert|85|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall and with a weight of around {{convert|120|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Shoshani106>Moss, pp. 106–13.</ref> They are [[precocial]] and quickly stand and walk to follow their mother and family herd.<ref name=Sukumar126 /> A newborn calf will attract the attention of all the herd members. Adults and most of the other young will gather around the newborn, touching and caressing it with their trunks. For the first few days, the mother limits access to her young. [[Alloparenting]] – where a calf is cared for by someone other than its mother – takes place in some family groups. Allomothers are typically aged two to twelve years.<ref name=Shoshani106 />

For the first few days, the newborn is unsteady on its feet and needs its mother's help. It relies on touch, smell, and hearing, as its eyesight is less developed. With little coordination in its trunk, it can only flop it around which may cause it to trip. When it reaches its second week, the calf can walk with more balance and has more control over its trunk. After its first month, the trunk can grab and hold objects but still lacks sucking abilities, and the calf must bend down to drink. It continues to stay near its mother as it is still reliant on her. For its first three months, a calf relies entirely on its mother's milk, after which it begins to forage for vegetation and can use its trunk to collect water. At the same time, there is progress in lip and leg movements. By nine months, mouth, trunk, and foot coordination are mastered. Suckling bouts tend to last 2–4 min/hr for a calf younger than a year. After a year, a calf is fully capable of grooming, drinking, and feeding itself. It still needs its mother's milk and protection until it is at least two years old. Suckling after two years may improve growth, health, and fertility.<ref name=Sukumar126>Sukumar, pp. 126–29.</ref>

Play behaviour in calves differs between the sexes; females run or chase each other while males play-fight. The former are [[sexually mature]] by the age of nine years<ref name=Shoshani106 /> while the latter become mature around 14–15 years.<ref name=Sukumar179 /> Adulthood starts at about 18 years of age in both sexes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Elephant Life Cycle|publisher=ElephantsForever.co.za|url=http://www.elephantsforever.co.za/life-cycle.html|access-date=21 June 2014|archive-date=29 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929112616/http://www.elephantsforever.co.za/life-cycle.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Elephant Life Cycle – Adolescence|publisher=ElephantsForever.co.za|url=http://www.elephantsforever.co.za/life-cycle-adolescence.html|access-date=21 June 2014|archive-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530064627/http://www.elephantsforever.co.za/life-cycle-adolescence.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Elephants have long lifespans, reaching 60–70 years of age.<ref name=Shoshani70 /> [[Lin Wang]], a captive male Asian elephant, lived for 86 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=War veteran elephant dies|work=BBC News|date=26 February 2003|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2800737.stm|access-date=8 January 2013|archive-date=12 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112161638/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2800737.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Communication===

{{main article|Elephant communication}}
{{multiple images
|direction=vertical
|width=200
|image1=Three elephant's curly kisses.jpg|caption1=Asian elephants greeting each other by inter-twining their trunks
|image2=Loxodonta africana oral rumble visualized with acoustic camera (25fps) - pone.0048907.s003.ogv|caption2=Low frequency rumble visualised with acoustic camera}}
Elephants communicate in various ways. Individuals greet one another by touching each other on the mouth, temporal glands, and genitals. This allows them to pick up chemical cues. Older elephants use trunk-slaps, kicks, and shoves to control younger ones. Touching is especially important for mother–calf communication. When moving, elephant mothers will touch their calves with their trunks or feet when side-by-side or with their tails if the calf is behind them. A calf will press against its mother's front legs to signal it wants to rest and will touch her breast or leg when it wants to suckle.<ref>Payne and Langbauer, p. 116.</ref>

Visual displays mostly occur in agonistic situations. Elephants will try to appear more threatening by raising their heads and spreading their ears. They may add to the display by shaking their heads and snapping their ears, as well as tossing around dust and vegetation. They are usually bluffing when performing these actions. Excited elephants also raise their heads and spread their ears but additionally may raise their trunks. Submissive elephants will lower their heads and trunks, as well as flatten their ears against their necks, while those that are ready to fight will bend their ears in a V shape.<ref>Payne and Langbauer, pp. 119–20.</ref>

Elephants produce several vocalisations—some of which pass through the trunk<ref name=Shoshani120>Payne and Langbauer, pp. 120–21.</ref>—for both short and long range communication. This includes trumpeting, [[Bellow (sound)|bellowing]], [[roaring]], [[growling]], [[Bark (sound)|barking]], snorting, and [[Rumble (noise)|rumbling]].<ref name=Shoshani120/><ref>Sukumar, p. 141.</ref> Elephants can produce [[Infrasound|infrasonic]] rumbles.<ref name="infrasonic">{{cite journal| author1= Herbest, C. T.| author2 = Stoeger, A.| author3 = Frey, R.| author4 = Lohscheller, J.| author5 = Titze, I. R.| author6 = Gumpenberger, M.| author7 = Fitch, W. T.|s2cid=32792564|year=2012|title=How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations|journal= Science|volume=337|issue=6094|pages=595–599|doi=10.1126/science.1219712|pmid=22859490|bibcode=2012Sci...337..595H}}</ref> For Asian elephants, these calls have a frequency of 14–24 [[Hertz|Hz]], with [[sound pressure]] levels of 85–90 [[Decibel|dB]] and last 10–15 seconds.<ref name="Payne">{{cite journal|author1=Payne, K. B. |author2=Langbauer, W. R. |author3=Thomas, E. M. |s2cid=1480496 |year=1986|title=Infrasonic calls of the Asian elephant (''Elephas maximus'')|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|volume=18|issue=4|pages=297–301|doi=10.1007/BF00300007|bibcode=1986BEcoS..18..297P }}</ref> For African elephants, calls range from 15 to 35 Hz with sound pressure levels as high as 117 dB, allowing communication for many kilometres, possibly over {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Larom">{{cite journal|author1=Larom, D.|author2=Garstang, M. |author3=Payne, K. |author4=Raspet, R. |author5=Lindeque, M. |year=1997|title=The influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=200|pages=421–431|pmid=9057305|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/200/3/421.pdf|issue=Pt 3|doi=10.1242/jeb.200.3.421 |bibcode=1997JExpB.200..421L }}</ref> Elephants are known to [[seismic communication|communicate with seismics]], vibrations produced by impacts on the earth's surface or acoustical waves that travel through it. An individual foot stomping or mock charging can create seismic signals that can be heard at travel distances of up to {{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Seismic waveforms produced by rumbles travel {{convert|16|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=O'Connell-Rodwell, C. E.|author2=Wood, J. D. |author3=Rodwell, T. C. |author4=Puria, S. |author5=Partan, S. R. |author6=Keefe, R. |author7=Shriver, D. |author8=Arnason, B. T. |author9=Hart, L. A. |s2cid=33221888 |year=2006 |title=Wild elephant (''Loxodonta africana'') breeding herds respond to artificially transmitted seismic stimuli |journal=Behavioural and Ecological Sociobiology |volume=59 |pages=842–850 |doi=10.1007/s00265-005-0136-2 |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/bec/papers/OConnellRodwell_4.16.07.pdf |issue=6 |bibcode=2006BEcoS..59..842O |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203071054/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/bec/papers/OConnellRodwell_4.16.07.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=O'Connell-Rodwell C. E. |author2=Arnason, B. |author3=Hart, L. A. |year=2000|title=Seismic properties of Asian elephant (''Elephas maximus'') vocalizations and locomotion|journal=Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=108|issue=6|pages=3066–3072|pmid=11144599|doi=10.1121/1.1323460|bibcode=2000ASAJ..108.3066O}}</ref>

===Intelligence and cognition===

{{Main|Elephant cognition}}
[[File:Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s005.ogv|thumb|Elephant rolling a block to allow it to reach food]]
Elephants are among the most intelligent animals. They exhibit [[Mirror test|mirror self-recognition]], an indication of [[self-awareness]] and [[cognition]] that has also been demonstrated in some [[ape]]s and [[dolphin]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Plotnik, J. M. |author2=de Waal, F. B. M. |author3=Reiss, D. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006|title=Self-recognition in an Asian elephant|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=103|issue=45|pages=17053–17057|doi=10.1073/pnas.0608062103|pmid=17075063 |bibcode = 2006PNAS..10317053P |pmc=1636577|doi-access=free }}</ref> One study of a captive female Asian elephant suggested the animal was capable of learning and distinguishing between several visual and some acoustic discrimination pairs. This individual was even able to score a high accuracy rating when re-tested with the same visual pairs a year later.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rensch, B.|year=1957|title=The intelligence of elephants|journal=Scientific American|volume=196|issue=2|pages=44–49|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0257-44|bibcode=1957SciAm.196b..44R}}</ref> Elephants are among the [[Tool use by animals|species known to use tools]]. An Asian elephant has been observed fine-tuning branches for use as [[Fly-killing device|flyswatters]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hart, B. J. |author2=Hart, L. A. |author3=McCory, M. |author4=Sarath, C. R. |s2cid=53184282 |year=2001|title=Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=62|issue=5|pages=839–847|doi=10.1006/anbe.2001.1815 |bibcode=2001AnBeh..62..839H }}</ref> Tool modification by these animals is not as advanced as that of [[Pan (genus)|chimpanzee]]s. Elephants are popularly thought of as having an excellent memory. This could have a factual basis; they possibly have [[cognitive map]]s which give them long lasting memories of their environment on a wide scale. Individuals may be able to remember where their family members are located.<ref name="cognition">{{cite journal|author1=Byrne, R. W.|author2=Bates, L.|author3=Moss C. J.|year=2009|title=Elephant cognition in primate perspective|journal= Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews|volume=4|pages=65–79|doi=10.3819/ccbr.2009.40009|doi-access=free|hdl=10023/1612|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Scientists debate the extent to which elephants feel [[emotion]]. They are attracted to the bones of their own kind, regardless of whether they are related.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=McComb, K. |author2=Baker, L. |author3=Moss, C. |year=2006|title=African elephants show high levels of interest in the skulls and ivory of their own species|journal= Biology Letters|volume=2|issue=1|pages=26–28|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2005.0400|pmid=17148317|pmc=1617198 |bibcode=2006BiLet...2...26M }}</ref> As with chimpanzees and dolphins, a dying or dead elephant may elicit attention and aid from others, including those from other groups. This has been interpreted as expressing "concern";<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Douglas-Hamilton, I.|author2=Bhallaa, S.|author3=Wittemyera, G.|author4=Vollratha, F.|year=2006|title=Behavioural reactions of elephants towards a dying and deceased matriarch|journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science|volume=100|issue=1|pages=87–102|doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.014|bibcode=2006AABS..100...87D |url=http://www.savetheelephants.org/files/pdf/publications/2006%20Douglas-Hamilton%20et%20al%20Behavioural%20reactions%20of%20elephants%20to%20a%20dying%20matriarch.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511045326/http://www.savetheelephants.org/files/pdf/publications/2006%20Douglas-Hamilton%20et%20al%20Behavioural%20reactions%20of%20elephants%20to%20a%20dying%20matriarch.pdf|archive-date=11 May 2012}}</ref> however, the ''Oxford Companion to Animal Behaviour'' (1987) said that "one is well advised to study the behaviour rather than attempting to get at any underlying emotion".<ref>{{cite book |title= When Elephants Weep: Emotional Lives of Animals|last= Masson|first= Jeffrey Moussaieff|author-link= Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson|author2=Susan McCarthy |year= 1996|publisher= Vintage|isbn= 978-0-09-947891-1 |page= 272}}</ref>

==Conservation==
===Status===
{{see also|List of elephant species by population}}
[[File:Elefanti.jpg|thumb|A family of African forest elephants in the [[Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve]] wetlands. This species is considered to be critically endangered.]]
African bush elephants were listed as [[Endangered]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) in 2021,<ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn |author=Gobush, K.S. |author2=Edwards, C.T.T. |author3= Balfour, D. |author4=Wittemyer, G. |author5=Maisels, F. |author6=Taylor, R.D. |year=2022 |amends=2021 |title=''Loxodonta africana'' |article-number=e.T181008073A223031019 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T181008073A223031019.en}}</ref> and African forest elephants were listed as [[Critically Endangered]] in the same year.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Gobush, K.S. |author2=Edwards, C.T.T. |author3= Maisels, F. |author4=Wittemyer, G. |author5=Balfour, D. |author6=Taylor, R.D. |year=2021 |errata=2021 |title=''Loxodonta cyclotis'' |article-number=e.T181007989A204404464 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en}}</ref> In 1979, Africa had an estimated population of at least 1.3 million elephants, possibly as high as 3.0 million. A decade later, the population was estimated to be 609,000; with 277,000 in Central Africa, 110,000 in Eastern Africa, 204,000 in Southern Africa, and 19,000 in Western Africa. The population of rainforest elephants was lower than anticipated, at around 214,000 individuals. Between 1977 and 1989, elephant populations declined by 74% in East Africa. After 1987, losses in elephant numbers hastened, and savannah populations from Cameroon to Somalia experienced a decline of 80%. African forest elephants had a total loss of 43%. Population trends in southern Africa were various, with unconfirmed losses in Zambia, Mozambique and Angola while populations grew in Botswana and Zimbabwe and were stable in South Africa.<ref>Douglas-Hamilton, pp. 178–82.</ref> The IUCN estimated that total population in Africa is estimated at to 415,000 individuals for both species combined as of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Thouless, C. R.|author2= Dublin, H. T.|author3= Blanc, J. J.|author4= Skinner, D. P.|author5= Daniel, T. E.|author6= Taylor, R. D.|author7= Maisels, F.|author8= Frederick, H. L.|author9= Bouché, P.|year=2016|title=African Elephant Status Report 2016|publisher=IUCN African Elephant Database|access-date=2021-06-05|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/SSC-OP-060_A.pdf|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627110047/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/SSC-OP-060_A.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

African elephants receive at least some legal protection in every country where they are found. Successful conservation efforts in certain areas have led to high population densities while failures have led to declines as high as 70% or more of the course of ten years. As of 2008, local numbers were controlled by contraception or [[Species translocation|translocation]]. Large-scale [[culling]]s stopped in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 1989, the African elephant was listed under Appendix I by the [[CITES|Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora]] (CITES), making trade illegal. Appendix II status (which allows restricted trade) was given to elephants in Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe in 1997 and South Africa in 2000. In some countries, [[Trophy hunting|sport hunting]] of the animals is legal; Botswana, Cameroon, Gabon, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe have CITES export quotas for elephant trophies.<ref name=IUCN />

In 2020, the IUCN listed the Asian elephant as [[endangered]] due to the population declining by half over "the last three generations".<ref name="IUCN2">{{cite iucn |author=Williams, C. |author2=Tiwari, S.K. |author3=Goswami, V.R. |author4=de Silva, S. |author5=Kumar, A. |author6=Baskaran, N. |author7=Yoganand, K. |author8=Menon, V. |year=2020 |title=''Elephas maximus'' |article-number=e.T7140A45818198 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T7140A45818198.en}}</ref> Asian elephants once ranged from [[Western Asia|Western]] to [[East Asia]] and south to [[Sumatra]].<ref name=Shoshani174>Daniel, p. 174.</ref> and Java. It is now extinct in these areas,<ref name=IUCN2 /> and the current range of Asian elephants is highly fragmented.<ref name=Shoshani174 /> The total population of Asian elephants is estimated to be around 40,000–50,000, although this may be a loose estimate. Around 60% of the population is in India. Although Asian elephants are declining in numbers overall, particularly in Southeast Asia, the population in the [[Western Ghats]] may have stabilised.<ref name=IUCN2 />

===Threats===
{{See also|Elephant ivory|Elephant meat}}
[[File:Ivory trade.jpg|thumb|upright|Men with elephant tusks at [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania, {{Circa|1900}}]]
The [[poaching]] of elephants for their ivory, meat and hides has been one of the major threats to their existence.<ref name=IUCN2 /> Historically, numerous cultures made ornaments and other works of art from elephant ivory, and its use was comparable to that of gold.<ref name=Shoshani202>Martin, pp. 202–07</ref> The ivory trade contributed to the fall of the African elephant population in the late 20th century.<ref name=IUCN /> This prompted international bans on ivory imports, starting with the United States in June 1989, and followed by bans in other North American countries, western European countries, and Japan.<ref name=Shoshani202 /> Around the same time, Kenya destroyed all its ivory stocks.<ref name="ivory">{{cite magazine|author=Christy, B.|date=October 2012|title=Ivory Worship|magazine=National Geographic|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/10/ivory/christy-text|access-date=17 October 2012|archive-date=26 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926142015/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/10/ivory/christy-text}}</ref> Ivory was banned internationally by CITES in 1990. Following the bans, unemployment rose in India and China, where the ivory industry was important economically. By contrast, Japan and Hong Kong, which were also part of the industry, were able to adapt and were not as badly affected.<ref name=Shoshani202 /> Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Malawi wanted to continue the ivory trade and were allowed to, since their local populations were healthy, but only if their supplies were from culled individuals or those that died of natural causes.<ref name=ivory />

The ban allowed the elephant to recover in parts of Africa.<ref name=Shoshani202 /> In February 2012, 650 elephants in [[Bouba Njida National Park]], Cameroon, were slaughtered by Chadian raiders.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hicks|first1=Celeste|title=86 elephants killed in Chad poaching massacre|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/mar/19/86-elephants-chad-poaching-massacre|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=23 September 2015|date=19 March 2013|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925125357/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/mar/19/86-elephants-chad-poaching-massacre|url-status=live}}</ref> This has been called "one of the worst concentrated killings" since the ivory ban.<ref name="ivory" /> Asian elephants are potentially less vulnerable to the ivory trade, as females usually lack tusks. Still, members of the species have been killed for their ivory in some areas, such as [[Periyar National Park]] in India.<ref name=IUCN2 /> China was the biggest market for poached ivory but announced they would phase out the legal domestic manufacture and sale of ivory products in May 2015, and in September 2015, China and the United States said "they would enact a nearly complete ban on the import and export of ivory" due to causes of extinction.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ryan, F.|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/26/china-and-us-agree-on-ivory-ban-in-bid-to-end-illegal-trade-globally|title=China and US agree on ivory ban in bid to end illegal trade globally|date=26 September 2015|access-date=12 October 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221145628/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/26/china-and-us-agree-on-ivory-ban-in-bid-to-end-illegal-trade-globally|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other threats to elephants include [[habitat destruction]] and [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]]. The Asian elephant lives in areas with some of the highest human populations and may be confined to small islands of forest among human-dominated landscapes. Elephants commonly trample and consume crops, which contributes to conflicts with humans, and both elephants and humans have died by the hundreds as a result. Mitigating these conflicts is important for conservation. One proposed solution is the protection of [[wildlife corridor]]s which give populations greater interconnectivity and space.<ref name=IUCN2 /> Chili pepper products as well as guarding with defense tools have been found to be effective in preventing crop-raiding by elephants. Less effective tactics include [[beehive fence|beehive]] and [[electric fences]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Montgomery|first1=R. A.|last2=Raupp|first2=J|last3=Mukhwana|first3=M|last4=Greenleaf|first4=A|last5=Mudumba|first5=T|last6=Muruthi|first6=P|year=2022|title=The efficacy of interventions to protect crops from raiding elephants|journal=Ambio|volume=51|issue=3|pages=716–727|doi=10.1007/s13280-021-01587-x|pmid=34173175 |pmc=8800974 |bibcode=2022Ambio..51..716M }}</ref>

==Human relations==
===Working animal===
{{further|Captive elephants}}
[[File:Elefant pune.jpg|thumb|Working elephant as transport]]
Elephants have been [[working animal]]s since at least the [[Indus Valley civilization]] over 4,000 years ago<ref>Sukumar, p. 57.</ref> and continue to be used in modern times. There were 13,000–16,500 working elephants employed in Asia in 2000. These animals are typically captured from the wild when they are 10–20 years old, the age range when they are both more trainable and can work for more years.<ref name=Shoshani149 /> They were [[Mela shikar|traditionally captured with traps and lassos]], but since 1950, [[sedative|tranquillisers]] have been used.<ref>Wylie, pp. 120–23.</ref> Individuals of the Asian species have often been trained as working animals. Asian elephants are used to carry and pull both objects and people in and out of areas as well as lead people in religious celebrations. They are valued over mechanised tools as they can perform the same tasks but in more difficult terrain, with strength, memory, and delicacy. Elephants can learn over 30 commands.<ref name="Shoshani149">McNeely, pp. 149–50.</ref> Musth bulls are difficult and dangerous to work with and so are chained up until their condition passes.<ref>Easa, p. 86.</ref>

In India, many working elephants are alleged to have been subject to abuse. They and other captive elephants are thus protected under [[The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act,1960|The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act of 1960]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Bist, S. S. |author2=Cheeran, J. V. |author3=Choudhury, S. |author4=Barua, P. |author5=Misra, M. K. |title=The domesticated Asian elephant in India |publisher=Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific |access-date=25 December 2012 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ad031e/ad031e0g.htm |archive-date=1 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601060613/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ad031e/ad031e0g.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In both Myanmar and Thailand, [[deforestation]] and other economic factors have resulted in sizable populations of unemployed elephants resulting in health problems for the elephants themselves as well as economic and safety problems for the people amongst whom they live.<ref>{{cite news |author=Fuller, Thomas |title=Unemployed, Myanmar's Elephants Grow Antsy, and Heavier |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/31/world/asia/myanmar-logging-elephants-unemployment.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/31/world/asia/myanmar-logging-elephants-unemployment.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 January 2016 |access-date=31 January 2016 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ad031e/ad031e0r.htm |title=The elephant situation in Thailand and a plea for co-operation |author=Lohanan, Roger |date=February 2001 |access-date=31 January 2016 |publisher=[[FAO]] |archive-date=4 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404162525/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ad031e/ad031e0r.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The practice of working elephants has also been attempted in Africa. The taming of African elephants in the [[Belgian Congo]] began by decree of [[Leopold II of Belgium]] during the 19th century and continues to the present with the [[Api Elephant Domestication Center|Api Elephant Domestication Centre]].<ref>Smith, pp. 152–54.</ref>

===Warfare===

{{Main|War elephant}}
{{See also|Execution by elephant}}
[[File:Schlacht bei Zama Gemälde H P Motte.jpg|thumb|[[Battle of Zama]] by [[Henri-Paul Motte]], 1890]]
Historically, elephants were considered formidable instruments of war. They were described in [[Sanskrit]] texts as far back as 1500 BC. From South Asia, the use of elephants in warfare spread west to Persia<ref name=Shoshani146 /> and east to Southeast Asia.<ref name=SEA /> The Persians used them during the [[Achaemenid Empire]] (between the 6th and 4th centuries BC)<ref name=Shoshani146 /> while Southeast Asian states first used war elephants possibly as early as the 5th century BC and continued to the 20th century.<ref name="SEA">{{cite book|author=Griffin, B.|year=2004|contribution=Elephants: From the Sacred to the Mundane|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|volume=1 |editor=Gin Ooi, K.|pages=487–489|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2}}</ref> War elephants were also employed in the Mediterranean and North Africa throughout the [[classical antiquity|classical period]] since the reign of [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus|Ptolemy II]] in Egypt. The [[Carthage|Carthaginian]] general [[Hannibal]] famously took African elephants across the [[Alps]] during his war with the Romans and reached the [[Po Valley]] in 218 BC with all of them alive, but died of disease and combat a year later.<ref name="Shoshani146">Wylie (2000), pp. 146–48.</ref>

An elephant's head and sides were equipped with armour, the trunk may have had a sword tied to it and tusks were sometimes covered with sharpened iron or brass. Trained elephants would attack both humans and horses with their tusks. They might have grasped an enemy soldier with the trunk and tossed him to their [[mahout]], or pinned the soldier to the ground and speared him. Some shortcomings of war elephants included their great visibility, which made them easy to target, and limited maneuverability compared to horses. [[Alexander the Great]] achieved victory over armies with war elephants by having his soldiers injure the trunks and legs of the animals which caused them to panic and become uncontrollable.<ref name=Shoshani146 />

===Zoos and circuses===
{{further|Captive elephants}}
[[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Terrific flights over ponderous elephants, poster for Forepaugh ^ Sells Brothers, ca. 1899.jpg|thumb|Circus poster, {{circa|1900}}]]
Elephants have traditionally been a major part of [[zoo]]s and [[circus]]es around the world. In circuses, they are trained to perform tricks. The most famous circus elephant was probably [[Jumbo]] (1861 – 15 September 1885), who was a major attraction in the [[Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus|Barnum & Bailey Circus]].<ref>Shoshani, pp. 168–69.</ref><ref name=Shoshani184/> These animals do not reproduce well in captivity due to the difficulty of handling musth bulls and limited understanding of female oestrous cycles. Asian elephants were always more common than their African counterparts in modern zoos and circuses. After CITES listed the Asian elephant under Appendix I in 1975, imports of the species almost stopped by the end of the 1980s. Subsequently, the US received many captive African elephants from Zimbabwe, which had an overabundance of the animals.<ref name=Shoshani184>Tuttle, pp. 184–88.</ref>

Keeping elephants in zoos has met with some controversy. Proponents of zoos argue that they allow easy access to the animals and provide fund and knowledge for preserving their natural habitats, as well as safekeeping for the species. Opponents claim that animals in zoos are under physical and mental stress.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sterm, A.|date=28 February 2005|title=Elephant deaths at zoos reignite animal debate: Zoo supporters cite conservation, activists cite confined spaces|publisher=MSNBC/Reuters|url=http://www.elephants.com/media/MSNBC_2_28_05.htm|access-date=24 October 2012|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923235332/http://www.elephants.com/media/MSNBC_2_28_05.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Elephants have been recorded displaying [[Stereotypy (non-human)|stereotypical behaviours]] in the form of wobbling the body or head and pacing the same route both forwards and backwards. This has been observed in 54% of individuals in UK zoos.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Harris, M.|author2=Sherwin, C.|author3=Harris, S.|url=http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC05007_7719_FRP.pdf|title=Defra Final Report on Elephant Welfare|publisher=University of Bristol|date=10 November 2008|access-date=16 November 2011|archive-date=24 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124052942/http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC05007_7719_FRP.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> One study claims wild elephants in protected areas of Africa and Asia live more than twice as long as those in European zoos; the median lifespan of elephants in European zoos being 17 years. Other studies suggest that elephants in zoos live a similar lifespan as those in the wild.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mott, M.|date=11 December 2008|title=Wild elephants live longer than their zoo counterparts|publisher=National Geographic News|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/12/081211-zoo-elephants.html|access-date=24 October 2012|archive-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504050854/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/12/081211-zoo-elephants.html}}</ref>

The use of elephants in circuses has also been controversial; the [[Humane Society of the United States]] has accused circuses of mistreating and distressing their animals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Circus Myths: The true cruelty under the big top|publisher=Humane Society of the United States|url=http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/circuses_entertainment/facts/circus_myths.html|date=25 September 2009|access-date=24 October 2012|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905065353/http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/circuses_entertainment/facts/circus_myths.html}}</ref> In testimony to a US federal court in 2009, Barnum & Bailey Circus CEO [[Kenneth Jeffrey Feld|Kenneth Feld]] acknowledged that circus elephants are struck behind their ears, under their chins, and on their legs with metal-tipped prods, called [[Elephant goad|bull hooks]] or ankus. Feld stated that these practices are necessary to protect circus workers and acknowledged that an elephant trainer was rebuked for using an electric prod on an elephant. Despite this, he denied that any of these practices hurt the animals.<ref>{{cite news|author=Pickler, N.|url=http://www.dailyrecord.com/article/20090304/UPDATES01/903040429/Circus-CEO-says-elephants-struck-not-hurt|title=Circus CEO says elephants are struck, but not hurt|agency=Associated Press|date=4 March 2009|access-date=25 October 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130120082119/http://www.dailyrecord.com/article/20090304/UPDATES01/903040429/Circus-CEO-says-elephants-struck-not-hurt|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> Some trainers have tried to train elephants without the use of physical punishment. [[Ralph Helfer]] is known to have relied on positive reinforcement when training his animals.<ref>Wylie, p. 142.</ref> Barnum and Bailey circus retired its touring elephants in May 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Karimi|first1=Faith|title=Ringling Bros. elephants perform last show|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/01/us/ringling-bros-elephants-last-show/index.html|access-date=21 September 2017|publisher=CNN|date=2 May 2016|location=St. Petersburg, Florida|archive-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922050831/http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/01/us/ringling-bros-elephants-last-show/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Attacks===
Elephants can exhibit bouts of aggressive behaviour and engage in destructive actions against humans.<ref name="huggler">{{cite news | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/animal-behaviour-rogue-elephants-419678.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080514154342/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/animal-behaviour-rogue-elephants-419678.html | archive-date = 14 May 2008 | title = Animal Behaviour: Rogue Elephants | author = Huggler, J. | work= The Independent | date = 12 October 2006 | access-date = 16 June 2007 | location=London}}</ref> In Africa, groups of adolescent elephants damaged homes in villages after cullings in the 1970s and 1980s. Because of the timing, these attacks have been interpreted as vindictive.<ref name="teenage">{{cite news | url = http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2006/02/16/1140064206413.html | title = Elephant rage: they never forgive, either | author = Highfield, R. | work = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | date = 17 February 2006 | access-date = 16 June 2007 | archive-date = 20 September 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130920190617/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2006/02/16/1140064206413.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Siebert, C.|date=8 October 2006|title=An Elephant Crackup?|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/magazine/08elephant.html|access-date=25 October 2012|archive-date=14 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114151839/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/magazine/08elephant.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In parts of India, male elephants have entered villages at night, destroying homes and killing people. From 2000 to 2004, 300 people died in [[Jharkhand]], and in [[Assam]], 239 people were reportedly killed between 2001 and 2006.<ref name="huggler" />
Throughout the country, 1,500 people were killed by elephants between 2019 and 2022, which led to 300 elephants being killed in kind.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Murali |date=19 August 2022 |title=India sees uptick in deadly elephant attacks |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-sees-more-deadly-elephant-attacks-as-habitats-shrink/a-62863404 |access-date=11 June 2023}}</ref> Local people have reported that some elephants were drunk during the attacks, though officials have disputed this.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/241781.stm | title = India elephant rampage | work = BBC News | date = 24 December 1998 | access-date = 16 June 2007 | archive-date = 26 May 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070526151446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/241781.stm | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/482001.stm | title = Drunken elephants trample village | work = BBC News | date = 21 October 1999 | access-date = 16 June 2007 | archive-date = 26 December 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071226035744/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/482001.stm | url-status = live }}</ref> Purportedly drunk elephants attacked an Indian village in December 2002, killing six people, which led to the retaliatory slaughter of about 200 elephants by locals.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2583891.stm | title = Drunk elephants kill six people | work = BBC News | date = 17 December 2002 | access-date = 16 June 2007 | archive-date = 8 April 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130408031502/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2583891.stm | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Cultural significance===

{{Main|Cultural depictions of elephants}}
{{See also|Elephants in Kerala culture|List of elephants in mythology and religion|List of fictional pachyderms}}
Elephants have a universal presence in global culture. They have been represented in art since [[Paleolithic]] times. Africa, in particular, contains many examples of elephant [[rock art]], especially in the [[Sahara]] and southern Africa.<ref>Wylie, pp. 62–65.</ref> In Asia, the animals are depicted as [[Motif (visual arts)|motifs]] in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] shrines and temples.<ref name=Shoshani158 /> Elephants were often difficult to portray by people with no first-hand experience of them.<ref>Kingdon, p. 31.</ref> The [[Ancient Rome|ancient Romans]], who kept the animals in captivity, depicted elephants more accurately than [[medieval]] Europeans who portrayed them more like fantasy creatures, with horse, bovine, and boar-like traits, and trumpet-like trunks. As Europeans gained more access to captive elephants during the 15th century, depictions of them became more accurate, including one made by [[Leonardo da Vinci]].<ref>Wylie, pp. 83–84.</ref>
[[File:Ganesha_asianartmuseumsf.jpg|thumb|[[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Ganesha]]]]
Elephants have been the subject of religious beliefs. The [[Mbuti people]] of central Africa believe that the souls of their dead ancestors resided in elephants.<ref name=Shoshani158>McNeely, pp. 158–65.</ref> Similar ideas existed among other African societies, who believed that their chiefs would be [[reincarnation|reincarnated]] as elephants. During the 10th century AD, the people of [[Igbo-Ukwu]], in modern-day Nigeria, placed elephant tusks underneath their dead leader's feet in the grave.<ref>Wylie, p. 79.</ref> The animals' importance is only [[Totemism|totemic]] in Africa but is much more significant in Asia.<ref>Sukumar, p. 87.</ref> In Sumatra, elephants have been associated with lightning. Likewise, in Hinduism, they are linked with thunderstorms as [[Airavata]], the father of all elephants, represents both lightning and rainbows.<ref name=Shoshani158 /> One of the most important Hindu deities, the elephant-headed [[Ganesha]], is ranked equal with the supreme gods [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Brahma]] in some traditions.<ref>Sukumar, p. 64.</ref> Ganesha is associated with writers and merchants, and it is believed that he can give people success as well as grant them their desires, but could also take these things away.<ref name="Shoshani158" /> In Buddhism, [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] is said to have taken the form of a [[White elephant (animal)|white elephant]] when he entered his [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|mother's]] womb to be reincarnated as a human.<ref>Sukumar, p. 62.</ref>

In Western popular culture, elephants symbolise the exotic, especially since – as with the [[giraffe]], [[hippopotamus]], and [[rhinoceros]] – there are no similar animals familiar to Western audiences. As characters, elephants are most common in [[Children's literature|children's stories]], where they are portrayed positively. They are typically surrogates for humans with ideal human values. Many stories tell of isolated young elephants returning to or finding a family, such as "The Elephant's Child" from [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[Just So Stories]]'', [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s ''[[Dumbo]],'' and Kathryn and Byron Jackson's ''[[The Saggy Baggy Elephant]]''. Other elephant heroes [[Anthropomorphism|given human qualities]] include [[Jean de Brunhoff]]'s [[Babar the Elephant|Babar]], [[David McKee]]'s [[Elmer the Patchwork Elephant|Elmer]], and [[Dr. Seuss]]'s [[Horton the Elephant|Horton]].<ref name="Van Riper 73">{{cite book|author1=Van Riper |author2=A. B. |title=Science in Popular Culture: A Reference Guide|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2002|pages=73–75|isbn=978-0-313-31822-1}}</ref>

Several cultural references emphasise the elephant's size and strangeness. For instance, a "[[white elephant]]" is a byword for something that is weird, unwanted, and has no value.<ref name="Van Riper 73" /> The expression "[[elephant in the room]]" refers to something that is being ignored but ultimately must be addressed.<ref>Wylie, p. 90.</ref> The story of the [[blind men and an elephant]] involves blind men touching different parts of an elephant and trying to figure out what it is.<ref>Wylie, pp. 27–28.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Mammals}}
* [[Animal track]]
* [[Desert elephant]]
* [[Elephants' graveyard]]
* [[List of individual elephants]]
* [[National Elephant Day (Thailand)]]
* [[World Elephant Day]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|60em}}
* {{cite book|author= Kingdon, J.|title= East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part B: Large Mammals|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xdH_Gi92-fAC|date= 29 December 1988|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-43722-4|oclc= 468569394|access-date= 10 March 2017|archive-date= 21 March 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230321084757/https://books.google.com/books?id=xdH_Gi92-fAC|url-status= live}}
* {{cite book |editor=Shoshani, J. |year=2000 |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |publisher=Checkmark Books |isbn=978-0-87596-143-9 |oclc=475147472}}
** {{cite book |author1=Shoshani, J. |author2=Shoshani, S. L. |chapter=What Is an Elephant? |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=14–15}}
** {{cite book |author=Shoshani, J. |chapter=Comparing the Living Elephants |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=36–51}}
** {{cite book |author=Shoshani, J. |chapter=Anatomy and Physiology |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=66–80}}
** {{cite book |author=Easa, P. S. |chapter=Musth in Asian Elephants |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=85–86}}
** {{cite book |author=Moss, C. |chapter=Elephant Calves: The Story of Two Sexes |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=106–113}}
** {{cite book |author1=Payne, K. B. |author2=Langauer, W. B |chapter=Elephant Communication |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=116–123}}
** {{cite book |author=Eltringham, S. K. |chapter=Ecology and Behavior |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=124–127}}
** {{cite book |author=Wylie, K. C. |chapter=Elephants as War Machines |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=146–148}}
** {{cite book |author=McNeely, J. A. |chapter=Elephants as Beasts of Burden |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=149–150}}
** {{cite book |author=Smith, K. H. |chapter=The Elephant Domestication Centre of Africa |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=152–154}}
** {{cite book |author=McNeely, J. A. |chapter=Elephants in Folklore, Religion and Art |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=158–165}}
** {{cite book |author=Shoshani, S. L. |chapter=Famous Elephants |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=168–171}}
** {{cite book |author=Daniel, J. C. |chapter=The Asian Elephant Population Today |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=174–177}}
** {{cite book |author=Douglas-Hamilton, I. |chapter=The African Elephant Population Today |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=178–183}}
** {{cite book |author=Tuttle, C. D. |chapter=Elephants in Captivity |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=184–193}}
** {{cite book |author=Martin, E. B. |chapter=The Rise and Fall of the Ivory Market |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=202–207}}
** {{cite book |author=Shoshani, J. |chapter=Why Save Elephants? |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |pages=226–229}}
* {{cite book|author= Sukumar, R.|title= The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation|url= https://archive.org/details/livingelephantse00suku_0|url-access= registration|date= 11 September 2003|publisher= Oxford University Press, USA|isbn= 978-0-19-510778-4|oclc= 935260783}}
* {{cite book|author= Wylie, D.|title= Elephant|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Aj75snWdfv8C|date= 15 January 2009|publisher= Reaktion Books|isbn= 978-1-86189-615-5|oclc= 740873839|access-date= 10 March 2017|archive-date= 21 March 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230321084840/https://books.google.com/books?id=Aj75snWdfv8C|url-status= live}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Carrington |first=Richard |title=Elephants: A Short Account of their Natural History, Evolution and Influence on Mankind |publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|oclc=911782153}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nance |first=Susan |year=2013 |title=Entertaining Elephants: Animal Agency and the Business of the American Circus |location=Baltimore, MD |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press}}
* [[John Godfrey Saxe|Saxe, John Godfrey]] (1872). [[s:The Blindmen and the Elephant|"The Blindmen and the Elephant"]] at [[Wikisource]]. ''The Poems of John Godfrey Saxe''.
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Heathcote |author-link=Heathcote Williams | title=Sacred Elephant | location=New York | publisher=Harmony Books | year=1989 | isbn=978-0-517-57320-4}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=elephant |commons=Category:Elephants |n=Category:Elephants |q=Elephants |voy=Elephants }}






* [https://elephantconservation.org International Elephant Foundation]

{{Elephants}}
{{Proboscidea}}
{{Proboscidea Genera}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Elephants| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Herbivorous mammals]]
[[Category:Mammal common names]]
[[Category:Pliocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Tool-using mammals]]
[[Category:Paraphyletic groups]]

Bhojshala

2026-03-16T20:46:06Z

MontyGilyard431: small updated details additionally and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Historic building in Dhar, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{about|the historic building and Hindu temple|the mosque in the building|Kamal Maula Mosque}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Bhojshala
| native_name = भोजशाला
| native_name_lang = hi
| infobox_width =
| image = Bhoj Shala 7 September 2021.jpg
| caption = Pillar arcade looking south. The pillars and other architectural parts date to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, with the different designs showing they are re-cycled from a variety of buildings.
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the temple in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| location = [[Dhar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5905|75.2950|region:IN-MP|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Hindu]]
| rite =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Hindu temple|Temple]]
| functional_status = Protected Monument
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Hindu temple architecture|Temple architecture]]}}
| architecture_style =
| founded_by = King [[Bhoja]]
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = {{ubl|10th{{endash}}12th century {{small|(as a Hindu temple)}}|14th century {{small|(as a mosque)}}}}
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials =
| designated =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Bhoj Shala | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-MP-117 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in |title=Bhojaśālā |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date= |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629155409/http://asi.nic.in/ |archive-date=2011-06-29 }}</ref>
}}
The '''Bhojshala''' ([[IAST]]: Bhojaśālā, {{Translation|"Hall of Bhoja"}}) is a historic building located in the city of [[Dhar]], in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. The name is derived from the celebrated king [[Bhoja]] of the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramāra dynasty]] of [[central India]], a patron of education and the arts, to whom major Sanskrit works on poetics, [[yoga]] and architecture are attributed.<ref name="willis 2012"/> The architectural parts of the building proper are of different periods but mainly date to the twelfth and thirteenth centuris; the Islamic domed tombs in the wider campus were added between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.<ref name="willis 2012">{{cite journal |last=Willis |first=Michael |title=Dhār, Bhoja and Sarasvatī: from Indology to Political Mythology and Back |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=22 |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=129–153 |doi=10.1017/s1356186312000041 |s2cid=154892248 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1154197 }}</ref> The monument was repaired under the Powars of Dhār and more extensively by the Archaeological Survey of India over the last five decades.<ref>A detailed account given in Alok Tripathi et al, ''Report on Scientific Investigations, Survey and Excavations at Bhojshala Temple cum Kamal Maula Mosque Complex, Dhar (Madhya Pradesh)'', 10 volumes (Archaeological Survey of India, 2024).</ref>

== Overview ==
Bhojshala is a [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West|Monument of National Importance]] protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), under the ''[[AMASR Act|Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958]]''. While [[Hindu]]s and [[Muslim]]s sometimes claim the site and use it for their prayers, the Republic of India has ultimate juridiction. According to ASI guidelines, Muslims are permitted to offer prayers every Friday and Hindus on Tuesday. The site is open to visitors on other days. The ''[[Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991]]'' also supports the administration and regulation of the monument, with day-to-day rules set out in the ''Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Rules 1959'', published in ''The Gazette of India''.

==Emergence of current terminology==
The term Bhojśālā (also Bhojshala or Bhoj Shala) became linked to the building in the early twentieth century. The name was based on the poetic inscriptions and incised geometric drawings found at the site by [[K. K. Lele]], the Superintendent of State Education and head of the archaeology department in [[Dhar State]].<ref name="Willis 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Willis |first=Michael |date=2018-01-17 |title=Dhār, Bhoja and Sarasvatī: From Indology to Political Mythology and Back |url=https://zenodo.org/records/1154197 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1154197 |volume= |number= |issn= |pages= }}</ref> [[E. Hultzsch|Eugen Hultzsch]], in his publication of the Dhār inscription of [[Arjunavarman]] in ''[[Epigraphia Indica]]'' of 1905-06, referred to a paper sent to him by Lele that described the discovery of the Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions at the 'Bhoja Shala' (''sic.'').<ref name=Hultzsch>{{cite journal |author=Hultzsch, Eugen |author-link=E. Hultzsch |title=Dhar Prasasti of Arjunavarman: Parijatamanjari-Natika by Mandana |journal=[[Epigraphia Indica]] |volume=8 |year=1906 |pages=96–122 |issn= }}</ref> The use was established at that point. A copy of Lele's paper was secured by S. K. Dikshit, who printed it in his study and translation of ''Pārijātamañjarī''.<ref name=Dikshi>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=S. K. |url=https://zenodo.org/records/375588 |title=Pārijātamañjarī alias Vijayaśrī by Rāja-Guru Madana alias Bāla-Sarasvatī |date=1963-03-11 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.375588 |isbn= |page= }}</ref> Concurrently, Captain E. Barnes reported only that the mosque was "known among the Hindoo (''sic.'') population as 'Raja Bhoja ka Madrassa', i.e. Raja Bhoja's school."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Barnes, Captain Ernest |title=Art. XI. - Dhar and Mandu |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Bombay Branch |volume=21 |year=1904 |page=350 |issn= }}</ref> C. E. Luard in his ''Gazetteer'' of 1908 also called it Raja Bhoja's school, noting the term was a "misnomer."<ref>C. E. Luard, Western States (Mālwā) Gazetteer, Volume V.- Part A, Text, (Bombay: Printed at the British India Press, Byculla, 1908), p. 498. URL: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206907/page/n583/mode/.</ref> By the 1930s, however, the term Bhojśālā was well established, with rulings issued by [[Dhar State]] referring to it under this rubric.<ref name=State>{{cite web |publisher=Dhar State |location=Dhār Darbār धार दरबार |volume=57 |number=6 |date=24 August 1935 |title=पार्ट १ एलान नं ९७३ भोजशाला मसजिद कमालमवलाना |doi=10.5281/zenodo.10827582 |lang=hi |url=https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10827582 |author1=Dhar State |last2=Baspat |first2=B. S. |last3=Nadkar |first3=K. }}</ref>
The term Bhojśālā cannot be in found sources from the nineteenth century or before. [[William Kincaid (Indian Civil Service)|William Kincaid]], in his "Rambles among Ruins in Central India," published in the ''[[Indian Antiquary]]'' in 1888 made no mention of the Bhojśālā, noting only the "Well of Wisdom" in front of the tomb of Kamāl al-Dīn, so called because of the number of Arabic books that had fallen into the well many years before.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Temple |first1=Richard Carnac |url=https://zenodo.org/records/5233055 |title=The Indian Antiquary 17 (1888) |last2=Fleet |first2=J. F. |date=1888-08-14 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.5233055}}</ref> Kincaid was a cynical observer but he lived in Malwa for two decades and had significant antiquarian interests. The absence of the term Bhojśālā in his writing indicates was "no living tradition about the Bhojālā in the middle decades of the nineteenth century" among those with whom he interacted."<ref name="willis 2012"/>{{rp|136–138}} [[John Malcolm]] visited Dhar and reports collecting an inscription there.<ref name=Malcolm>{{cite book |author=Malcolm, John |author-link=John Malcolm |title=A Memoir of Central India including Malwa, and Adjoining Provinces |volume=1 |location=London |year=1823 |pages=28, note |edition=First published in Calcutta in 1821 then revised and expanded in two volumes for publication in London in 1823 }}</ref> This is the [[Rāüla vela of Roḍa]], now kept in Mumbai. Of the building itself, Malcolm only says that is a "ruined mosque."

== King Bhoja ==
{{main|Bhoja}}
King [[Bhoja]], who ruled between ''circa'' 1000 and 1055 [[Common Era|CE]] in central India, is considered one of the greatest kings in the Indian tradition.<ref name="willis 2012"/> He was a celebrated author and patron of the arts and out of reverence to his memory a large number of Sanskrit works on philosophy, astronomy, grammar medicine, yoga, architecture and other subjects are attributed to him. Of these, a well studied and influential text in the field of poetics is the [[Shringara-Prakasha|''Śṛṅgara Prakāśa'']].<ref name="willis 2012"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Raghavan, Venkatarama |title=Bhoja's Śṛṅgaraprakāśa' |edition=3rd rev. |location=Madras |year=1940 |page= |isbn= }}</ref> Likely one of Bhoja's actual and original works, the core premise of the text is that [[Sringara]] is the fundamental and motivating impulse in the universe.

Along with his literary and art support, Bhoja began constructing a [[Shiva]] temple at [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]]. If it had been completed to the extent planned, the temple would have been double the size of the temples at the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]]. The temple was apparently abandoned at the king's death in about 1055. Kirit Mankodi has suggested that it was intended as Bhoja's funerary monument.<ref> Kirit Mankodi, "Scholar-emperor and a Funerary Temple Eleventh Century Bhojpur," ''MARG'' 39, no. 2 (1986): 61-72. Saurabh Saxena, "Bhojpur – The Legend of Bhoj Continues…" Puratattva (November 9, 2022) may also be consulted.</ref> That building activity was taking place at Bhojpur in Bhoja's time is shown by a dated inscription in the neighbouring Jain temple.<ref> H. V. Trivedi, ''Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas and Two Minor Dynasties'', 2 parts. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, v. 7, pt. 2. (New Delhi: Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, [1978]).</ref> The designs and rock-cut line drawings for the construction are discussed in a volume by Adam Hardy.<ref> Adam Hardy, ''Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarānganasūtradhara and the Bhojpur Line Drawings'' (New Delhi: Indira Gandhi Centre for the Arts, 2015).{{ISBN|9789381406410}}</ref>

One of Bhoja's successors was king [[Arjunavarman]] (''circa'' 1210-15). He and others in the Hindu and Jain traditions held Bhoja in such high regard that they stated they were Bhoja's reincarnation or were described by others as such.<ref name="willis 2012"/><ref name=Hultzsch/> Centuries later, Bhoja remained a revered figure as evidenced by Merutuṅga's ''[[Prabandha-Chintamani|Prabandhacintāmaṇi]]'', completed in Gujarat in the early fourteenth century,<ref name=Tawney>{{cite book |author=Tawney, C. H. |title=The Prabandhacintāmaṇi or Wishing-stone of Narratives |location=Calcutta |year=1901 |page= |isbn= }}</ref> and Ballāla's ''Bhojaprabandha'' composed at [[Varanasi]] in the 17th century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gray, Louis H. |author-link=Louis Herbert Gray |title=The Narrative of Bhoja (Bhojaprabandha) |series=American Oriental Series |volume=34 |location=New Haven |year=1950 |isbn= |page= }}</ref> This tradition was revived in the 20th century, with Hindu scholars describing Bhoja as a champion and exemplar of the glorious Hundu past.<ref name="willis 2012"/><ref>{{cite journal |editor=Munshi, K. K. |title=Śṛṅgāramañjarīkathā |journal=Siṅghī Jaina granthamālā |number=30 |location=Bombay |year=1959 |page=90 |issn= }}</ref>

==Exploration and inscriptions==
[[File:Dhar inscription at KM.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Dhār (Madhya Pradesh). One of the serpentine inscriptions noted by [[K. K. Lele]] at Kamāl Maula giving the phonology of the [[Sanskrit]] language in the form of talismanic snake and sword. This tablet is displayed to the right of minbar in the building.]]
The archaeological sites at Dhār, especially the inscriptions, attracted the early attention of colonial Indologists, historians and administrators. Malcolm mentioned Dhār in 1822,<ref name=Malcolm/> along with building projects such as the dams planned and completed by King Bhoja.<ref name="willis 2012"/>{{rp|136–138}} The scholarly study on the inscriptions of Bhojśālā continued in the late nineteenth century with the efforts of [[Bhau Daji]] in 1871.<ref name="willis 2012"/> A fresh page was turned in 1903 when K. K. Lele, Superintendent of Education in the Princely State of Dhār, reported a number of Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions in the walls and floor of the pillared hall at Kamāl Maula.<ref name="willis 2012"/> Study of the inscriptions has been continued by various scholars to the present. The variety and size of the inscribed tablets at the site, among them two serpentine inscriptions giving grammatical rules of the [[Sanskrit]] language, show that materials were brought from a wide area and a number of different structures.

===''Rāüla vela'' of Roḍa===
Malcolm mentioned that he removed an inscribed panel from the minbar of the Kamāl Maula.<ref name=Malcolm/> This is the inscription now identified as the [[Rāüla vela of Roḍa]], a unique poetic work in the earliest forms of Hindi. This inscription was kept first in [[The Asiatic Society of Mumbai]] and was later transferred to the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bhayani,, Harivallabh Chunilal |title=Rāula-vela of Roḍa: a rare poem of c. twelfth century in early Indo-Aryan |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Parshva Prakashan |year=1994 |page= |isbn= }}</ref>

===The ''Kūrmaśataka''===
Among the inscriptions found by K. K. Lele was a tablet with a series of verses in [[Prakrit]] praising Kūrma. This is not the well-known Kūrma incarnation of the god [[Vishnu|Viṣṇu]], but rather the primal tortise or Ādikūrma. The ''Kūrmaśataka'' is attributed to king [[Bhoja]] but the palaeography of the record itself suggests that this copy was engraved in the thirteenth century, probably in the time of [[Arjunavarman]]. The text was published by Richard Pischel in 1905–06, with a new version and translation appearing in 2003 by V. M. Kulkarni.<ref>{{Cite web |work=Jaine Library |author=Visaria, Anish |title=Search, Seek, and Discover Jain Literature |url=https://jainqq.org/about |access-date=2024-09-11 }}</ref> The inscription is currently on display inside the building.

===The ''Vijayaśrīnāṭikā''===
Another inscription found by K. K. Lele in 1903 is part of a drama called ''Vijayaśrīnāṭikā'' composed by Madana. The preceptor of king Arjunavarman, Madana bore the title 'Bālasarasvatī'.<ref> S. K. Dishit, ''Pārijātamañjarī alias Vijayaśrī by Rāja-Guru Madana alias Bāla-Sarasvatī'' (Bhopal, 1963). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.375588.</ref> The inscription opens with an invocation to Śiva and reports that the play was performed before Arjunavarman in the temple of [[Sarasvatī]]. This suggests that the inscription came from the site of a Sarasvatī temple.<ref> Luard gives the first published suggestion that the inscription indicates the Kamāl Maula stands on the site of the Sarasvatī temple: C. E. Luard, Western States (Mālwā) Gazetteer, Volume V.- Part A, Text, (Bombay: Printed at the British India Press, Byculla, 1908), p. 498. URL: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206907/page/n583/mode, an idea developed in S. K. Dishit, ''Pārijātamañjarī alias Vijayaśrī by Rāja-Guru Madana alias Bāla-Sarasvatī'' (Bhopal, 1963). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.375588.</ref> The play refers to the temple under various names -- ''Bhāratī bhavana'', ''Śāradā sadman'' -- and says that it was “the chief temple that adorned the eighty-four cross-roads of Dhar.” Old Dhār being laid out as a grid, the main temple would have stood at the centre. Only the first two acts of the play are preserved, the final acts would have been given in a second tablet that has not been located. The inscription is currently on display inside the building, just inside the entrance.

===Grammatical inscriptions: Serpentine scimitars of Udayāditya and Naravarman===
The building also contains two serpentine grammatical inscriptions. These records, which contain the system of Sanskrit phonology and grammar, prompted K. K. Lele to describe the building as the Bhojśālā or Hall of Bhoja because king Bhoja was the author of a number of works on poetics and grammar, among them the ''Sarasvatīkaṇṭhābharaṇa'' or 'Necklace of Sarasvatī'.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birwé, R. |title=Nārāyaṇa Daṇḍanātha's Commentary on Rules III:2 (106-121) of Bhoja's Sarasvatīkaṇṭhābharaṇa |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=84 |year=1964 |pages=150–62 |doi=10.2307/597101 |jstor=597101 |issn= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Sarasvatīkaṇṭhābharaṇam of King Bhoja |volume=1-3 |editor=Siddhartha, Sundari |translator=Sundari Siddhartha |location=Delhi |year=2009 |pages= |isbn=978-81-208-3284-8}}</ref> The colophon of the grammatical chart, however, is inscribed with the statement that it is the "unique magical sword belonging to kings Udayāditya and Naravarman, the worshippers of Śiva, for the preservation of language and society."<ref>Saarthak Singh, “Serpentine Scimitars and Sarasvati’s Speech: The Materials of Knowledge in Medieval Malwa, c.1100–1400,” ''Arts Asiatiques'' 79 (2025): 5-30.</ref> The earliest date that can be assigned to these records is thus the period of [[Naravarman]], a Paramāra king who ruled ''circa'' 1094–1133.

===''Kodaṇḍakāvya'' and ''Khaḍgaśata''===
[[File:Dhār (Madhya Pradesh). Part of the Kodaṇḍakāvya inscription.jpg|left|thumb|Dhār (Madhya Pradesh). Closing line of the Kodaṇḍakāvya inscription, naming king Bhoja and the text.]]
The fragments of two poems in [[Prakrit]] were removed from the Kamāl Maula campus to the Dhar Museum, Dhar Fort by the archaeological department of Dhar State and are still on display there.<ref>[C. B. Lele], ''Parmar Inscriptions in Dhar State, 875-1310 AD'', Dhar State, Historical record series, v. 1 (Dhar: [Department of History and Museum, 1944]).</ref> One poem is devoted the sword (Skt. ''khaḍga''), the other to the bow (Skt ''kodaṇḍa''), presumably that of Arjuna or Rāma. The texts open with the invocation ''oṃ namaḥ śivāya''. The closing line of the ''Kodaṇḍakāvya'', turning from Prakrit to simple Sanskrit, names the work and ascribes it to Bhoja. The writing style, however, is of the early thirteenth century from the reign of [[Arjunavarman]].<ref>N. P. Chakrabarti, “Section III—Epigraphy,” ''Archaeological Survey of India Report 1934-35'' (Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1937), 55-67 (60) wherein Chakrabarti reports the fragments were found "in the debris some years ago and are now preserved in the Bhojśālā."</ref>

== Rāja Bhoja's Sarasvatī ==
In 1924, some two decades after Lele identified the Bhojaśālā with the Kamāl Maula, O. C. Gangoly and K. N. Dikshit published [[Ambika Statue from Dhar|an inscribed sculpture]] in the British Museum, announcing that it was Rāja Bhoja's Sarasvatī from Dhār.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gangoly, O. C. |author2=Dikshi, K. N. |title=An Image of Saraswati in the British Museum |journal=Rūpam |volume=17 |date=January 1924 |pages=1–2 |issn= }}</ref><ref name=Lele>{{cite book |author=Lele, C. B. |title=Parmar Inscriptions in Dhar State, 875-1310 AD. Dhar State |series=Historical record series |volume=1 |location=Dhar |publisher=Department of History and Museum |year=1944 |page=iii |isbn= }}</ref> This analysis was broadly accepted and had a significant impact. The statue in the British Museum was often misidentified as Bhoja's Sarasvatī in the years that followed.<ref name="Willis 2018"/>

The inscription on the sculpture mentions king Bhoja and Vāgdevī, another name for Sarasvatī.<ref name="willis 2012"/> The word 'Vāgdevī' literally means the goddess of speech, articulation and learning. However, later study of the inscription by Indian scholars of Sanskrit and Prakrit languages, notably [[Harivallabh Bhayani]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mankodi, Kirit |title=A Paramāra Sculpture in the British Museum: Vāgdevī or Yakshī Ambikā? |journal=Sambodhi |volume=9 |year=1980–81 |pages=96–103 |issn= }}</ref> demonstrated that inscription records the making of a sculpture of [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambikā]] after the making of three Jinas and Vāgdevī.<ref name="Willis 2011">{{cite journal |author=Willis, Michael |title=New Discoveries from Old Finds: A Jain Sculpture in the British Museum |journal=CoJS Newsletter |volume=6 |year=2011 |pages=34–36 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.2544721 |url=http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544721 |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Levillain, Johan |title=Donner corps à l'Inde médiévale. Les formes féminines dans la sculpture paramāra au XIe siècle |lang=fr-FR |trans-title= |journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient |volume=107 |year=2021 |pages=88–135 |doi=10.3406/befeo.2021.6371 |issn= }}</ref> In other words, although Vāgdevī is mentioned, the inscription's main purpose is to record the making of an image of Ambikā, i.e. the [[Ambika Statue from Dhar|sculpture on which the record is incised]].<ref name="Willis 2011"/>{{efn|Lele reported that the sculpture was discovered in 1875 when the present city palace was being made.<ref name=Lele/>}} Moreover, the inscription shows that the Sarasvatī at Dhār was the Jain form of the goddess.<ref name="Willis 2011"/>

===Ambikā inscription: translation===
The translation is given here for ready reference.{{efn|For the Sanskrit text and further analysis, see [[Ambika Statue from Dhar]].}}
<blockquote>Auṃ. [[Vararuci]], King Bhoja's religious superintendent (''Dharmmadhī'') of the Candranagarī and Vidyādharī [branches of the Jain religion], the apsaras [as it were] for the easy removal [of ignorance? by...?], that Vararuci, having first fashioned Vāgdevī the mother [and] afterwards a triad of Jinas, made this beautiful image of Ambā, ever abundant in fruit. Blessings! It was executed by Maṇathala, son of the ''sūtradhāra'' Sahira. It was written by Śivadeva the proficient. Year 1091.</blockquote>

===Iconography===
The identification of the British Museum sculpture as Ambikā is confirmed by the iconographic features which conform to Ambikā images found elsewhere.<ref>{{cite book |author=Tiwari, M. N. P. |title=Ambikā in Jaina Art and Literature |location=New Delhi |publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith |year=1989 |page= |isbn= }}</ref> A particularly close comparative example is the Ambikā in [[Sehore]] dating to the eleventh century.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Sehore सीहोर (Madhya Pradesh). Ambikā |date=2020-02-02 |journal=Zenodo |url=https://zenodo.org/records/3633937 |access-date=2024-09-11 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.3633937 |author1=Anon }}</ref> Like the Dhār sculpture, the Sehore image shows a youth riding a lion at the foot of the goddess and a figure with a beard standing at one side.

===Present location of Sarasvatī===
The inscription on the Ambikā statue shows that the Vāgdevī at Dhār was dedicated to the Jain form of Sarasvatī. However, the Vāgdevī mentioned is yet to be located or no longer exists. [[Merutunga]], writing in the early fourteenth century, reports that [[Dhanapāla]], the eminent Jain author, showed Bhoja eulogistic tablets in the Sarasvatī temple that were engraved with his poem dedicated to the first Jain Tīrthaṃkara [[Adi Natha|Adinātha]].<ref name="willis 2012"/><ref name=Tawney/>{{rp|57}} While the poem, the ''Ṛṣbhapañcāśikā'', has been preserved, the tablets, like the image, have not been located.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Farquhar, J. N. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61837/page/n295/mode/2up?q=Dhanapala |title=An Of The Religious Literature Of India |date=1958 |page= |isbn= }}</ref>

The [[Chaulukya]] and [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] dynasties took an aggressive attitude toward Dhār, sacking the city repeatedly in the dying days of the Paramāra regime. They removed libraries to western India where Paramara texts were copied and preserved, the ''Ṛṣbhapañcāśikā'' among them. An inscription of Vīsaladeva from [[Kodinar]] dated 1271 records the creation of a pleasure garden (''ketana'') and college (''sadas'') sacred to Sarasvatī, suggesting that in addition to texts, the kings of Gujarat also removed the sacred image of Sarasvatī and built a new temple for her, not far from [[Somanath]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gadre |first=A. S. |url=https://zenodo.org/records/3568096 |title=Important inscriptions from the Baroda state |date=1943-12-09 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.3568096}}</ref> It is well documented that Hindu sacred places have moved, a notable case being the image of Rām that was found in [[Ayodhya]] and is now in [[Orchha]]. The goddess Sila Devī in [[Amber Fort]] was likewise brought from eastern India to Rajasthan, and the shifting of sacred images is found in Jainism. The practice has deep routes in India, going back to at least the fifth century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Willis |first=Michael |url=https://zenodo.org/records/1400173 |title=The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual: Temples and the Establishment of the Gods |date=2014-07-15 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1400173}}</ref>

== Social tensions ==
As noted above, the building is a Monument of National Importance under the laws of India and is under the jurisdiction of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI). Both Hindus and Muslims have been granted permission to use the space for their prayers by the ASI. Tensions arise when the [[Vasant Panchami]] falls on a Friday. The ASI attempts to assign hours to both Hindus and Muslims on such days. However, this been a source of communal friction and occasional disturbance when the religious group scheduled for the earlier time slot refuse to vacate the premises in time for the next.<ref name=indiatoday2016>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/dhar-bhojshala-kamal-maula-mosque-row-madhya-pradesh-vishwa-hindu-parishad-308403-2016-02-12 |title=Bhojshala-Kamal Maula mosque row: What is the dispute over the temple-cum-mosque all about? |work=India Today |author=Biswas, Shreya |date=February 12, 2016 |access-date= }}</ref><ref name="TOI 2017">{{cite news |title=Indore celebrates Basant Panchmi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/indore-celebrates-basant-panchmi/articleshow/56924412.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=February 2, 2017 |access-date= }}</ref>

Claims about the nature and history of the building have been ongoing since the early part of the twentieth century, with the authorities of [[Dhar State]] issuing rulings prior to Independence.<ref name=State/> However, legal challenges to the status quo have been mounted periodically, including a March 2024 [[writ]] to the Indore Bench of the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=2024-03-11 |title=Madhya Pradesh HC orders ASI survey of Bhojshala complex |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/madhya-pradesh-hc-ordered-asi-survey-of-bhojshala-temple-cum-kamal-maula-mosque-to-demystify-its-character/article67939817.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The court stated that "The detailed arguments at the Bar by all the contesting parties fortify the court's belief and assumption that the nature and character of the whole monument admittedly maintained by the Central government needs to be demystified and freed from the shackles of confusion." The decision was upheld by the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court refuses to stay ASI survey of Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula Mosque complex in Madhya Pradesh |work=Indian Express |date=1 April 2024 |url= }}</ref> The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] undertook a detailed survey and assessment as a result of the court order, their report in ten volumes released in 2024.<ref>Alok Tripathi et al, Report on Scientific Investigations, Survey and Excavations at Bhojshala Temple cum Kamal Maula Mosque Complex, Dhar (Madhya Pradesh), 10 vols. (Archaeological Survey of India, 2024).</ref> The finding are currently being digested and despite claims made in the press, no definitive conclusions reached and no reviews of the ASI report as yet published in the scholarly literature.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-25 |title=Bhojshala was Saraswati temple but both sides should abide by HC decision: Archaeologist KK Muhammed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bhojshala-was-saraswati-temple-but-both-sides-should-abide-by-hc-decision-archaeologist-kk-muhammed/articleshow/108759644.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}.</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==See also==
*[[Maihar]] the temple to Sarasvatī in eastern Madhya Pradesh.
*[[Sharada Peeth]] the temple to Sarasvatī in Kashmir
{{clear}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bhojshala and Kamal Maula’s Mosque}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8189712 |journal=Dhār धार (District Dhār, Madhya Pradesh) |title=Image of Ambikā with an inscription of Bhoja dated saṃvat 1091, photograph and further links |date= 2023|doi=10.5281/zenodo.8189712 |access-date= |last1=Trustees of the British Museum }}
* {{cite journal |url=https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8192217 |journal=Dhār धार (District Dhār, Madhya Pradesh) |title=Inscription of the time of Bhoja on an image of the Jain goddess Ambikā dated saṃvat 1091, critical edition |date= 2023|doi=10.5281/zenodo.8192217 |access-date= |last1=Willis |first1=M. }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~islamarc/WebPage1/htm/dhar.htm |work=University of Tokyo |title=Photo album |date= |access-date= }}
* {{cite book |last=Acharya |first=Merutunga |title=Prabandhacintamani |url=https://archive.org/stream/bibliothecaindi04indigoog#page/n8/mode/1up |year=1902 |publisher=Asiatic Society}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/kvk/kvk/kvk_en.html |title=Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog |work=www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330054040/http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/kvk/kvk/kvk_en.html |archive-date=2010-03-30 |date= |access-date= }}
** {{cite web |url=http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/hylib/virtueller_katalog.html |title=About the KVK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327201448/http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/hylib/virtueller_katalog.html |archive-date=2010-03-27 |date= |access-date= }}
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Luard%20AND%20mandu Internet Archives]

[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Bhoja]]
[[Category:Dhar]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Malwa]]
[[Category:Medieval Hinduism]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Dhar district]]

Vinod Kapri

2026-03-16T08:37:17Z

MontyGilyard431: typo fix

{{short description|Indian journalist and filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinod Kapri
| image = Vinod Kapri new.jpg
| image_upright = 0.75
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Secunderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]], India
| birthname =
| othername =
| spouse = Sakshi Joshi
| occupation = Journalist, producer, [[film director]], screenwriter
}}

'''Vinod Kapri''' is an Indian filmmaker. His films include the documentary ''[[Can't Take This Shit Anymore]]'' (2014);<ref name="scroll">{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/716166/documentary-on-the-horrific-lack-of-toilets-for-rural-women-gets-national-award|title= Documentary on the horrific lack of toilets for rural women gets National Award |publisher=Scroll.in |date=25 March 2015 |access-date= 24 August 2015}}</ref> feature films ''[[Miss Tanakpur Haazir Ho]]'' (2015) and ''[[Pihu]]'' (2018); the documentary film ''[[1232 KMS]]'' (2021); and ''[[Pyre (film)|Pyre]]'' (2024).

==Career==
In 2002, Kapri was made an output editor of ''Zee News''.{{cn|date=March 2026}} In 2004, he moved to Star News as an Executive Producer and rose to the post of Deputy Managing Editor. In 2007, he joined [[India TV]] as a Managing editor.<ref name="scroll"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vinod-kapris-documentary-chosen-for-indian-film-festival-stuttgart/ |title= Vinod Kapri's documentary chosen for Indian Film Festival Stuttgart |work= [[The Indian Express]] | access-date= 24 August 2015}}</ref>

Kapri's debut film ''[[Miss Tanakpur Haazir Ho]]'' was released on 26 June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-rajkumar-hirani-praise-miss-tanakpur-haazir-ho-trailer/ |title= Amitabh Bachchan, Rajukumar Hirani praise 'Miss Tanakpur Hazir Ho' trailer |work= The Indian Express|date=22 May 2015 |access-date= 24 August 2015}}</ref> ''Miss Tanakpur Haazir Ho'' is a social-political satire inspired by true incident in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rajkumar-Hirani-gives-positive-feedback-on-Miss-Tanakpur-Haazir-Ho/articleshow/47831227.cms |title= Rajkumar Hirani gives positive feedback on 'Miss 'Tanakpur Haazir Ho'|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 June 2015 |access-date= 24 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/miss-tanakpur-haazir-ho-making-sense-of-the-bizarre/article7358155.ece |title= Miss Tanakpur Haazir Ho: Making sense of the bizarre|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 June 2015 |access-date= 24 August 2015}}</ref> The film stars [[Annu Kapoor]], [[Om Puri]] and [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]. The story is based in [[Tanakpur]], a village in [[Haryana]], ruled by a power wielding 'pradhan' whose wife falls in love with a youth in the village. ''Miss Tanakpur Haazir Ho'' uncovers the duplicity of society that allows powerful men to misuse the establishments to settle their own score.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150627/jsp/t2/story_27992.jsp#.VdsFSPmqqkq |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160820/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150627/jsp/t2/story_27992.jsp#.VdsFSPmqqkq |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title= Bull in an indian village - Bullseye? Not really. But this satire is still worth a watch|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|location=India |date=27 June 2015 |access-date= 24 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.amarujala.com/feature/multiplex/movie-review/film-review-miss-tanakpur-hazir-ho-hindi-news-jn/ |title= 'मिस टनकपुर हाजिर हो' समीक्षाः चकित करती है ये फिल्म|publisher= Amarujala |date=26 June 2015 |access-date= 24 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.livehindustan.com/news/entertainment/article1-film-review-movie-review-film-miss-tanakpur-hazir-ho-vinod-kapdi-om-puri-sanjay-mishra-ravi-kishan-anu-kapoor-484642.html |title= 'मिस टनकपुर हाजिर हों' हास्य, जो करेगा हैरान|publisher= Live Hindustan |date=27 June 2015 |access-date= 24 August 2015}}</ref>

''[[Pihu (film)|Pihu]]'' has a single protagonist Pihu, who is a two-year-old girl. The film is based on a true incident reported in a national daily in 2014, where a 4-year-old girl was left alone at home by the parents. The film is a [[social thriller]] by genre.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/home-alone-filmmaker-vinod-kapri-talks-about-his-next-film/|title= Home Alone Filmmaker Vinod Kapri talks about his next film| work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=15 May 2015 |access-date= 24 August 2015}}</ref>

''[[Pyre (film)|Pyre]]'' is a journey of migrant workers during the first COVID lockdown.<ref>"Pyre Review". ''Asian Movie Pulse''. Retrieved 6 March 2025. https://asianmoviepulse.com/2024/11/film-review-pyre-2024-by-vinod-kapri/#google_vignette</ref><ref>Amber Wilkinson, "Pyre Review". ''Eye for Film''. Retrieved 6 March 2025. https://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/pyre-2024-film-review-by-amber-wilkinson</ref><ref>David Sanchez, "Pyre Review". ''El Perfil''. Retrieved 6 March 2025. https://elperfil.pe/cine-y-series/pyre-la-conmovedora-obra-maestra-de-vinod-kapri-que-captura-la-soledad-y-la-beleza-del-himalaya/</ref><ref>Victor Fraga, "Pyre Review". ''DMovies''. Retrieved 6 March 2025. https://dmovies.org/2024/11/19/pyre/</ref><ref>"Pyre to Open 2025 Bengaluru Film Festival". ''Deccan Herald''. Retrieved 6 March 2025. https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/vinod-kapris-pyre-to-open-2025-bengaluru-film-festival-3417196</ref> It had its world premiere at the 28th Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival in the Official Competition section where it won the best film PÖFF Audience Award and won the Jury Special Mention Award in the Asian Cinema Competition section.<ref>"Vinod Kapri's Pyre Wins Audience Award at Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival". ''Hindustan Times''. Retrieved 6 March 2025. https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vinod-kapri-s-pyre-wins-audience-award-at-tallinn-black-nights-film-festival-101732435893735.html</ref><ref>Director Vinod Kapri's Pyre to Premiere at Europe's Tallinn Black Nights Festival". ''India Today''. Retrieved 6 March 2025. https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/director-vinod-kapris-pyre-to-premiere-at-europes-tallinn-black-nights-festival-2619748-2024-10-19</ref><ref>"From Indian Village to Estonia's Tallinn: Uttarakhand Elders Embark on First Foreign Trip for Film Gala". ''Money Control''. Retrieved 6 March 2025. https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/from-indian-village-to-estonias-tallin-uttarakhand-elders-embark-on-1st-foreign-trip-for-film-gala-article-12869865.html#google_vignette</ref> Pyre was the opening film at the 16th Bengaluru International Film Festival.<ref>"Vinod Kapri's Pyre to Open 2025 Bengaluru Film Festival". ''Times Now News''. Retrieved 6 March 2025. https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/vinod-kapri-s-pyre-to-open-2025-bengaluru-film-festival-article-118486359</ref><ref>"Vinod Kapri's Pyre at Film Festival". ''The Week''. Retrieved 6 March 2025. https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2024/10/19/ent7-festival-vinod-kapri.html</ref>

==Filmography==
*''[[Can't Take This Shit Anymore]]'' (2014)
*''[[Miss Tanakpur Haazir Ho]]'' (2015)
*''[[Pihu]]'' (2018)
*''[[1232 KMS]]'' (2021)
*''[[Pyre (film)|Pyre]]'' (2024)

== References ==
<references />

== General references ==
*"Pyre Director Vinod Kapri: 'People Had Tears in Their Eyes'". ''MSN''. Retrieved 6 March 2025. [https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/pyre-director-vinod-kapri-people-had-tears-in-their-eyes/ar-AA1uDFA5 Link].
*"Pyre: A Heartfelt Tale of Love and Resilience". ''Dev Discourse''. Retrieved 6 March 2025. [https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3273966-pyre-a-heartfelt-tale-of-love-and-resilience Link].

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7348331}}
* {{Instagram|vinodkaprii}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapri, Vinod}}
[[Category:Journalists from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]

Colors TV

2026-03-15T12:55:25Z

MontyGilyard431:

{{short description|Indian general entertainment television channel}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Colors TV
| logo = Colors TV logo.svg
| logo_size = 240px
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2016
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|df=y|2008|7|21}}
| owner = [[JioStar]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| replaced =
| caption =
| country = India
| area = Worldwide except [[Bangladesh]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
| sister_channels = [[JioStar#Owned channels|JioStar Channels]]
| website = [https://www.colorstv.com/ colorstv.com]

[https://www.youtube.com/@colorstv YouTube channel]
| online_serv_1 = [[JioHotstar]]
| online_chan_1 = [[India]]
| online_serv_2 = [[YouTube]]
| online_chan_2 = [[India]]
| terr_serv_3 = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| terr_chan_3 = [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[Singapore]]
}}

'''Colors TV''' is an Indian entertainment [[pay television]] channel owned by [[JioStar]], a joint venture between [[Reliance Industries]], [[Viacom18]] and [[Disney India]]. Its programming consists of [[Soap opera|family dramas]], [[fantasy|fantasy shows]], [[romance|romantic dramas]], [[Comedy|comedies]], [[Reality television|reality shows]] and [[crime|crime shows]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colors TV Website: Colors TV Shows, Colors Videos, Photos, News, Live Colors TV|url=http://www.aapkacolors.com/|website=ColorsTv|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606132643/http://www.aapkacolors.com/|archive-date=6 June 2012|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Colors TV logo old.svg|thumb|left|Logo from 2008-2016.]]
It was launched on 21 July 2008 by [[Viacom18]] under CEO Rajesh Kamat.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colors Gets A New Nayak|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Colors-Gets-A-New-Nayak/08-11-2014-57607|last=Singh|first=Gurbir|work=BW [[Businessworld]]|language=en|access-date=2020-05-09|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924113654/http://www.businessworld.in/article/Colors-Gets-A-New-Nayak/08-11-2014-57607/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2011, Raj Nayak was appointed CEO, replacing Rajesh Kamat, who left to join CA Media.<ref name =ceo2011>{{Cite web|title=Raj Nayak is new CEO of Colors|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/management/leadership/raj-nayak-appointed-new-ceo-of-colors/story/14857.html|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=18 April 2011 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210170642/http://www.businesstoday.in/management/leadership/raj-nayak-appointed-new-ceo-of-colors/story/14857.html|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
Over the years, series like ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]'', ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'', ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'', and ''[[Uttaran]]'' helped the channel surpass the decade-old market-leader [[StarPlus]] in weekly Gross Rating Points (GRPs).<ref>{{Cite web|title=How 'Colors' jumped into the top league|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2009/jul/24inter-how-colors-jumped-into-the-top-league.htm|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=2020-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727010004/http://www.rediff.com/money/2009/jul/24inter-how-colors-jumped-into-the-top-league.htm|archive-date=27 July 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TV channel Colors touches a new high|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/colors-success-story-311087.html|date=2009-03-14|website=[[News18]]|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref>

==Programming==
{{main|List of programmes broadcast by Colors TV}}

==International==
On 21 January 2010, Colors became available on [[Dish Network]] in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], and [[Mexico]], where it is called Aapka Colors (Your Colors) that gives English subtitles on every show and to avoid confusion with now-defunct Colors TV.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2009/12/colors_to_launc.php|title=Colors to launch on U.S.' Dish Network; UK next|date=2009-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330233210/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2009/12/colors_to_launc.php |archive-date=30 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Viacom18's AAPKA COLORS Launches in the United States|url=https://ir.dish.com/news-releases/news-release-details/viacom18s-aapka-colors-launches-united-states|website=Dish|language=en|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref> [[Amitabh Bachchan]] served as brand ambassador for the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and USA launches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2010/01/colors_ropes_in.php|title=Colors ropes in Big B to endorse UK/USA launch|date=2010-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308072202/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2010/01/colors_ropes_in.php |archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref>

Colors launched in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]] on [[Sky (UK & Ireland)|Sky]] on 25 January 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2010/01/colors_to_launc_1.php|title=Colors to launch on Monday on Sky Digital|date=2010-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308072235/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2010/01/colors_to_launc_1.php |archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Channel profile: Colors TV|url=https://www.skymedia.co.uk/channels/colors-tv/|website=Sky Media|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723142938/https://www.skymedia.co.uk/channels/colors-tv/|archive-date=23 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 December 2009, [[INX Network|INX Media]] confirmed that Colors had bought [[9XM]]'s Sky EPG slot on channel 829 and on 5 January 2010, Colors secured a deal to join the ViewAsia subscription package.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2009/12/exclusive_color.php|title=EXCLUSIVE: Colors to replace 9XM on Sky|publisher=BizAsia|date=2009-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909124056/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2009/12/exclusive_color.php|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=9 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2010/01/exclusive_color_1.php|title=EXCLUSIVE: Colors joins VIEWASIA package|date=2010-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308072254/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2010/01/exclusive_color_1.php |archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> Initially the channel was available [[free-to-air]] and then subsequently was added to the ViewAsia package on 19 April 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2010/04/exclusive_date.php|title=EXCLUSIVE: Date confirmed for Colors encryption|date=2010-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308072322/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2010/04/exclusive_date.php |archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> Colors was added to [[Virgin Media]] on 1 April 2011, as a part of the Asian Mela pack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2011/03/colors_sunrise.php|title=Colors & Sunrise Radio launch on Virgin Media|date=2011-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308072450/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2011/03/colors_sunrise.php |archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> On 2 September 2013, Colors left the ViewAsia package and became free-to-air on satellite again, as well as moving to Virgin's basic package.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/colors-goes-free-to-air-on-sky-digital-in-uk|title=Colors goes free-to-air on Sky Digital in UK|date=2013-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910171158/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/colors-goes-free-to-air-on-sky-digital-in-uk |archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> On 18 August 2017, this decision was later reversed, and Colors left Freeview and became a pay channel again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/colors-rishtey-leave-freeview-uk/|title=Colors & Rishtey leave Freeview in UK|date=17 August 2017 |access-date=30 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.astra2sat.com/rishtey-and-colors-hd-go-behind-the-paywall/|title=Rishtey and Colors HD go behind the paywall − Astra 2|access-date=30 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a516digital.com/2017/08/rishtey-and-colors-hd-go-behind-sky.html|title=Rishtey and Colors HD go behind the paywall of Sky - a516digital|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820162933/http://www.a516digital.com/2017/08/rishtey-and-colors-hd-go-behind-sky.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.kingofsat.net/channelhistory.php?ch=6973|title=Change Log - KingOfSat|access-date=30 April 2023}}</ref>

==Golden Petal Awards==
The Golden Petal Awards was an award ceremony that honoured personalities for their contributions to Colors TV. The ceremony was also broadcast on the channel itself. It was last held in 2017.<ref name="Golden Petal Awards 2017">{{cite news|title=Colors Golden Petal Awards 2017 Winners: Complete list of winners|url= https://www.colorstv.com/uk/shows/golden-petal-awards/amp/|access-date=26 April 2021|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Parismita |date=2019-02-10 |title=Golden Petal Awards 2019: Naagin 3, Mahir, Aarohi & others nominated; here's how to vote |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/golden-petal-awards-2019-naagin-3-mahir-aarohi-others-nominated-heres-how-vote-791671 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Sister channels ==
===Colors Rishtey===

Programmes of [[Pakistan]] channels have been telecast, such as [[Humsafar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/hum-tv-drama-humsafar-to-air-on-rishtey|title=Hum TV drama 'Humsafar' to air on Rishtey|last=Raj Baddhan|date=25 February 2013|work=BizAsia|publisher=Media 247|accessdate=5 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516024224/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/hum-tv-drama-humsafar-to-air-on-rishtey|archive-date=16 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rishtey rebroadcasts series from many other channels as well.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/rishtey-rebrands-in-europe-launches-in-asia-2015 | title=Rishtey rebrands in Europe; launches in Asia | publisher=BizAsia | date=14 September 2015 | accessdate=30 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054404/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/rishtey-rebrands-in-europe-launches-in-asia-2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The channel also creates original productions. Produced by [[BBC Media Action]], [[Navrangi Re!]] is the channel's first original programming.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/social-impact-show-navrangi-re-will-be-rishtey-s-first-original-production-118122000358_1.html|title=Social impact show 'Navrangi Re!' will be Rishtey's first original production|last=ANI|date=2018-12-20|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>

In 2016, [[Viacom18]] (now [[JioStar]]), launched a [[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] programming block named "Nick Hour India" on [[Colors Rishtey|Colors Rishtey India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ddfreedish.site/tag/nick-hour-rishtey-channel/|title="Nick Hour" on Rishtey|date=30 March 2016|accessdate=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214124610/https://ddfreedish.site/tag/nick-hour-rishtey-channel/|archive-date=14 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 1 March 2019, the channel was rebranded as Colors Rishtey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/rishtey-cineplex-and-rishtey-get-rechristened-as-colors-cineplex--colors-rishtey-83812.html|title=Rishtey Cineplex and Rishtey get rechristened as 'COLORS CINEPLEX' & 'COLORS RISHTEY'|website=www.adgully.com|date=25 February 2019 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.colorstv.com/}}

{{Network 18}}
{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}
{{Portal bar|Television|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colors (India TV Channel)}}
[[Category:Viacom18]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television stations]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2008]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Network18 Group]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hindi-language YouTube channels]]

Devaraj

2026-03-15T07:10:56Z

MontyGilyard431: adjusted details for consistency and updated info per sources

{{short description|Indian actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{for|other people named Devaraj|Devaraj (surname)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Devaraj
| image =
| caption =
| image_size = 200px
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|9|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]], India
| years_active = 1986{{ndash}}present
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = Chandralekha<ref name="deccanherald.com">{{cite web |author=Nina C George |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/33615/long-lasting-love.html |title=Long-lasting love |date=November 2009 |publisher=Deccanherald |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114031/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/33615/long-lasting-love.html |archive-date=26 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| children = 2; including [[Prajwal Devaraj]]
}}
'''Devaraj''' (born 21 September 1953)<ref name="dob">{{cite video|people=Devaraj|title=Weekend with Ramesh Season 2 - Episode 7 - January 16, 2016 - Full Episode|url=http://www.ozee.com/shows/weekend-with-ramesh-season2/video/weekend-with-ramesh-season-2-episode-7-january-16-2016-full-episode.html|publisher=ozee.com|work=[[Zee Kannada]]|time=3:38|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628034829/http://www.ozee.com/shows/weekend-with-ramesh-season2/video/weekend-with-ramesh-season-2-episode-7-january-16-2016-full-episode.html|archive-date=28 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian [[Film actor|actor]] and [[theatre actor]] who works in Indian film industry. He has largely featured in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films performing various roles as a lead character, supporting character and villainous character.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/jun19/south2.htm|title=Karnataka's Most Popular 'Cop'!|website=Express India|access-date=31 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991023012220/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/jun19/south2.htm|archive-date=23 October 1999}}</ref> He has also featured in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films.

Having worked in over 200 feature films, Devaraj is popularly referred to as a "Dynamic Hero" in the Kannada film industry.<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/23/stories/2006062302340100.htm |title=Friday Review Bangalore : Hero, villain, two in one |date=23 June 2006 |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223015937/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/23/stories/2006062302340100.htm |archive-date=23 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> Prior to acting in films, Devaraj performed in stage plays under the guidance of [[Shankar Nag]] and [[B. Jayashree]]. Devaraj has won several awards and accolades including the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]] for his portrayal as the protagonist in the film ''Veerappan'' in 1991.<ref name="sify.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=6005845&cid=2404 |title=Welcome to |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407100239/http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=6005845&cid=2404 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
Devaraj was born on 21 September 1953 to Ramachandrappa and Krishnamma in [[Lingarajapuram|Lingarajpuram]], a locality in [[Bangalore]], in the erstwhile [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]). His father worked in ITC Factory, Welfare department. Devaraj lost his father when he was three months old to [[malaria]]. In 1976, due to his family's financial problems, Devaraj decided to work in a HMT Watch factory, in the case and dial department, where he worked for nine years. During this time, he was suggested to act in dramas by a senior colleague, Govindaraju.<ref name="Weekend with Ramesh">{{cite web |title=Weekend with Ramesh Season 2 Episode 7 - 16 January, 2016 |url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/witness-an-inspiration-journey/0-6-191/weekend-with-ramesh-season-2-episode-7-january-16-2016-full-episode/0-1-45370 |website=www.zee5.com |publisher=Zee Digital |access-date= 16 November 2016}}</ref> Consequently, Devaraj joined R.Nagesh's theatre group, before joining the [[B. Jayashree]]'s group Spandana and later [[Shankar Nag]]'s [[Sanket Trust|Sanket]].<ref name="hindu.com"/> Devaraj's film debut came in 1985, where he played a supporting role in ''Trishula''. He continued to appear as a supporting actor, then acted in leading roles.

==Career==
[[File:Ravi Srivatsa with Devraj.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ravi Srivatsa]] (left), Devaraj (center)]]
Devaraj auditioned for ''Trishula'' with [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], both of whom were part of a same theatre troupe. They got through the auditions and the film was his debut as an actor. However, the film did not release.<ref name="sify.com"/><ref name="AS">{{cite AV media | people=Devaraj | date=28 October 2014 | title=Nam Kathe Nim Jyothe - Episode - 3 - 5.4.14 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlbJd-egEjk | location=India | publisher=Zee Kannada | access-date=28 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309112041/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlbJd-egEjk | archive-date=9 March 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> His first released film was ''[[27 Mavalli Circle]]'' in 1986. After the success of ''[[27 Mavalli Circle]]'' Devaraj acted in many more films mainly in supporting roles. His notable performances include: His First Hero Leading Role In Hatyakanda In 1989. Upnext ''Aaganthuka'', ''Navabharatha'', ''Indrajith'' among others.

After the year 2000, Devaraj switched over to character roles and debuted in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film industries. He worked in highly acclaimed films such as ''[[Malaikottai]]'' and ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' in Tamil and ''[[Yagnam (2004 film)|Yagnam]]'', ''Sri'' in Telugu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1117900/|title=Devaraj|publisher=IMDb.com|access-date=26 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104053023/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1117900/|archive-date=4 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1986, Devaraj married actress Chandralekha, whom he had met on the sets of his film ''Sikku''.<ref name="deccanherald.com"/> Following this, they appeared together in the 1992 film ''Kendada Male''.<ref name="AS"/> After their marriage, Chandralekha quit acting. They have two sons, [[Prajwal Devaraj|Prajwal]] and Pranam. Both sons are active in the Kannada film industry, with Prajwal having established himself as a lead actor.<ref>{{cite web |first=A |last=Sharadhaa |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Devraj-Brothers-Share-Screen-Space/2014/10/07/article2464988.ece |title=Devraj Brothers Share Screen Space |date=7 October 2014 |access-date=3 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216171410/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Devraj-Brothers-Share-Screen-Space/2014/10/07/article2464988.ece |archive-date=16 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= January 2023}}
{{pending films key}}
===Kannada===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
! class="unsortable" | Role
! class="unsortable" | Note(s)
|-
|1985
|''Thrishula''
|Vinod
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1986
|''[[27 Mavalli Circle]]''
|Gunda
|
|-
|''Preethi''
|Srikanth
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1987
|''[[Aaganthuka]]''
|Chandru
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
|''Anthima Theerpu''
|
|
|-
|''Ravana Rajya''
|
|
|-
|''Kendada Male''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dance Raja Dance]]''
|
|
|-
|''Bandha Muktha''
|
|
|-
|[[Sangrama (film)|''Sangarama'']]
|
|
|-
|''Aapadbhandava''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |1988
|''Arjun''
|
|
|-
|''Sambhavami Yuge Yuge''
|
|
|-
|''Navabharatha''
|
|
|-
|''[[Elu Suttina Kote]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Samyuktha]]''
|
|Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Jana Nayaka]]''
|Narasimha
|
|-
|''[[Sangliyana]]''
|Vikram
|
|-
|''[[Anjada Gandu]]''
|Sundar
|
|-
|''[[Ramanna Shamanna]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Krishna Rukmini]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Daada]]''
|Micheal
|
|-
|''Nee Nanna Daiva''
|
|
|-
|''Meenakshi Mane Meshtru''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |1989
|''[[Yuddha Kaanda]]''
|J. D. Patil
|
|-
|[[Tarka (film)|''Tarka'']]
|Rithwik Kumar
|
|-
|''[[Hrudaya Geethe]]''
|
|
|-
|''Jockey''
|
|
|-
|''Amanusha''
|
|
|-
|[[Avatara Purusha (1989 film)|''Avathara Purusha'']]
|Suresh
|
|-
|[[Indrajith (1989 film)|''Indrajith'']]
|Fernandes
|
|-
|''Hathya Kaanda''
|
|First lead role
|-
|[[Deva (1989 film)|''Deva'']]
|Ramaraj
|
|-
|''[[Hendthighelbedi]]''
|[[Crime Investigation Department (India)|CID]] Inspector Prathap
|
|-
|''[[C.B.I. Shankar]]''
|Amar
|
|-
|''[[Idu Saadhya]]''
|Ravi
|
|-
|''[[Poli Huduga]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1990
|''[[Nammoora Hammera]]''
|
|
|-
|''Ranabheri''
|David
|
|-
|''[[S. P. Sangliyana Part 2]]''
|Vikram
|
|-
|''Thrinetra''
|Shankar
|
|-
|''[[Aavesha]]''
|[[Sub-inspector]] A. Prathap
|
|-
|''[[Bannada Gejje]]''
|Deluxe
|
|-
|''[[Policena Hendthi]]''
|Avatari Lokayya
|
|-
|[[Prathap (1990 film)|''Prathap'']]
|Devu
|
|-
|''[[Utkarsha]]''
|Rajesh Sharma
|
|-
|''College Hero''
|
|
|-
|''Poli Kitty''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1991
|[[Sundarakanda (1991 film)|''Sundara Kanda'']]
|
|
|-
|''Kadana''
|
|
|-
|''Ide Police Belt''
|
|
|-
|''Rollcall Ramakrishna''
|
|
|-
|''[[S. P. Bhargavi]]''
|Shankar
|
|-
|''Veerappan''
|
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]]
|-
|''[[Aranyadalli Abhimanyu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Shwetagni''
|
|
|-
|''Veera Dheera''
|
|
|-
|''Gruha Pravesha''
|
|
|-
|''Mathru Bhagya''
|Madan
|
|-
|''Nagini''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1992
|''Chitralekha''
|
|
|-
|[[Pruthviraj (film)|''Pruthviraj'']]
|Pruthviraj / Keerthiraj
|
|-
|''Goonda Rajya''
|
|
|-
|''Nanna Thangi''
|
|
|-
|''Police File''
|
|
|-
|''Bhale Keshava''
|
|
|-
|''[[Roshagara]]''
|Inspector Vijay
|
|-
|''Prajegalu Prabhugalu''
|
|
|-
|''Gharshane''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1993
|''Bahaddur Hennu''
|Vinod
|
|-
|''Rajakeeya''
|
|
|-
|''Sidukabeda Singari''
|
|
|-
|''Abhijith''
|
|
|-
|''Golibaar''
|Arjun
|
|-
|''Vijaya Kranthi''
|
|
|-
|''Mojina Maduve''
|
|
|-
|''Jailor Jagannath''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jailer Jagannath (1993) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/jailer-jagannath-1993 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref>
|Thyagaraj
|
|-
|''Hosa Love Story''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1994
|[[Time Bomb (1994 film)|''Time Bomb'']]
|Prathap
|
|-
|''Adhipathi''
|
|
|-
|''Gold Medal''
|Subhash
|
|-
|''Looti Gang''
|
|
|-
|''Mayor Prabhakar''
|
|
|-
|''[[Lockup Death]]''
|Amar
|
|-
|''Vijaya Kankana''
|Shankar
|
|-
|[[Curfew (1994 film)|''Curfew'']]
|[[Deputy Commissioner of Police (India)|DCP]] Pradeep
|
|-
|''Hettha Karulu''
|
|
|-
|''Indian''
|
|
|-
|''Nyayakkagi Saval''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1995
|''Kidnap''
|
|
|-
|''[[Killer Diary]]''
|Inspector Pratap / Golibar Govinda
|
|-
|''Mother India''
|
|
|-
|''State Rowdy''
|
|
|-
|[[Samara (1995 film)|''Samara'']]
|Ravi
|
|-
|[[Police Power (film)|''Police Power'']]
|
|
|-
|''Revenge''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1996
|''Emergency''
|
|
|-
|''Veerabhadra''
|
|
|-
|''Circle Inspector''
|
|
|-
|''[[Huliya (film)|Huliya]]''
|Huliya
|
|-
|''Simhadri''
|
|
|-
|''Bangarada Mane''
|
|
|-
|''Kempu Mugilu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1997
|''Choobana''
|
|
|-
|''Gandedhe Bhaira''
|
|
|-
|''Yuddha''
|
|
|-
|''Sangliyana Part 3''
|
|
|-
|''Manava 2022''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1998
|''High Command''
|
|
|-
|''Jai Hind''
|
|
|-
|''Agnisakshi''
|
|
|-
|''Dayadi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Karnataka Police (film)|Karnataka Police]]''
|Hemanth
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1999
|''[[Aryabhata (film)|Aryabhata]]''
|Riyaz
|
|-
|''Tharikere Yerimele''
|
|
|-
|''Mr. X''
|
|
|-
|''[[Habba]]''
|Devu
|
|-
|''Garuda''
|
|
|-
|''Durga Shakti''
|
|
|-
|''Om Shakti''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2000
|''Minchu''
|
|
|-
|''Dandanayaka''
|
|
|-
|''[[Astra (2000 film)|Astra]]''
|Sharath
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/astra.html|title=''Astra'' - Action lovers' delight
|work=indiainfo.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021016024539/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/astra.html|archive-date=16 October 2002}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhoomi (2000 film)|Bhoomi]]''
|Kathla
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=6007573&ctid=5&cid=2427|title=Review: Bhoomi|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118012538/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=6007573&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-date=18 January 2005|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Billa Ranga''
|
|
|-
|''Naxalite''
|
|
|-
|''Bannada Hejje''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2001
|''[[Mathadana]]''
|
|
|-
|''Prema Rajya''
|
|
|-
|''Jenu Goodu''
|
|
|-
|''Kanoonu''
|
|
|-
|''Sathyameva Jayathe''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kotigobba]]''
|Amar
|
|-
|''[[Neelambari (2001 film)|Neelambari]]''
|Bharath
|
|-
|''Haalu Sakkare''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|''Dharma Devathe''
|
|
|-
|''Kambalahalli''
|Malla
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2003
|''Ay Naan Bhishma Kano''
|
|
|-
|''Yaardo Duddu Yellammana Jathre''
|
|
|-
|''[[Lankesh Patrike (film)|Lankesh Patrike]]''
|[[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Ramu
|
|-
|''Tada Khaidi''
|
|
|-
|''Prathidwani''
|
|
|-
|''Thalwar''
|
|
|-
|''Market Raja''
|
|
|-
|''Inspector Jayasimha''
|
|
|-
|''Khaki''
|Inspector Dinakar
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2004
|''Avale Nanna Gelathi''
|
|
|-
|''Devasura''
|
|
|-
|''Crime Story''
|
|
|-
|''[[Gowdru]]''
|Rudrappa Gowda
|
|-
|[[Maurya (film)|''Maurya'']]
|Prathap
|
|-
|[[Jyeshta (film)|''Jyeshta'']]
|Devu
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Deadly Soma]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2006
|''Nidhi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chellata (film)|Chellata]]''
|Rudra
|
|-
|''[[Pandavaru]]''
|Devanna
|
|-
|''[[Kallarali Hoovagi]]''
|[[Hyder Ali]]
|
|-
|2007
|''Bhanamathi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
|''[[Gaja (film)|Gaja]]''
|Devendra
|
|-
|''Prachanda Ravana''
|
|
|-
|''Nanda Deepa''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|''[[Veera Madakari]]''
|Police commissioner
|
|-
|''[[IPC Section 300]]''
|Mallikarjun
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2010
|''Anischitha''
|
|
|-
|[[School Master (2010 film)|''School Master'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Porki]]''
|ACP Abdul Azem Sher Khan
|
|-
|''Aparadhi''
|
|
|-
|''Meshtru''
|Narayana
|
|-
|''[[Gandedhe]]''
|Shankare Gowda
|
|-
|''Gang Leader''
|
|
|-
|''[[Deadly-2]]''
|Vishwajeet Deshmukh
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2011
|''[[Jolly Boy]]''
|Gopalaswamy
|
|-
|''Chinnada Thali''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. Duplicate]]''
| Ramu
|
|-
|''[[Aidondla Aidu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Aacharya''
|
|
|-
|''[[Jarasandha (film)|Jarasandha]]''
|Ajay Deshpande
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Dashamukha]]''
|Devaraj
|
|-
|2013
|''Cauvery Nagara''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|[[Ranna (film)|''Ranna'']]
|Prakash
|
|-
|[[Arjuna (film)|''Arjuna'']]
|[[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2016
|''[[Preethiyalli Sahaja]]''
|
|
|-
|''Nithya Jothe Sathya''
|
|
|-
|''[[Run Antony]]''
|Nazeem Khan
|
|-
|''[[Karvva]]''
|Tilak's father
|
|-
|''[[Kotigobba 2]]''
|Orphanage owner
|
|-
|''[[Mukunda Murari]]''
|Retired advocate
|
|-
|''[[Santhu Straight Forward]]''
|Santhosh's father
|
|-
|''[[Sundaranga Jaana]]''
|Panduranga Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017
|''Jindaa''
|
|
|-
|''Yugapurusha''
|
|
|-
|[[Tarak (film)|''Tarak'']]
|Tarak Ram
|
|-
|''[[Once More Kaurava]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Mufti (film)|''Mufti'']]
|Raghuveer Bhandri
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Hebbet Ramakka]]''
|Kalleshanna
|
|-
|''[[Tagaru]]''
|ACP Ramachandra
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|''[[Geetha (2019 film)|Geetha]]''
|Shankar
|
|-
|[[Yajamana (2019 film)|''Yajamana'']]
|Gurikar Huliyappa Nayaka
|SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada
|-
|[[Amar (2019 film)|''Amar'']]
|Bobby's father
|
|-
|[[Odeya (film)|''Odeya'']]
|Srinivas Odeyar
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Roberrt]]''
|Sathyadev
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Head Bush]]''
|[[D. Devaraj Urs]]
|
|-
|''[[Banaras (2022 film)|Banaras]]''
|Ajay Simha
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''Prajarajya''
|Jayaprakash
|
|-
|''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]''
|
|Cameo
|-
|''[[Raja Marthanda]]''
|Raja's father
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2024
|''[[Bhairathi Ranagal]]''
|Raghuveer Bhandari
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Just Married (2025 film)|Just Married]]''
| Poornachandra
|
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Shesha 2016]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2026-02-14 |title=Police Thriller Shesha 2016 locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Feb/14/police-thriller-shesha-2016-locks-release-date |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" |1990 || ''[[20va Sathabdam]]''
| Suryam ||
|-
| ''[[Prema Yuddham]]''
| Ranjith ||
|-
|''Kaliyuga Abhimanyudu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaliyuga Abhimanyudu (1990) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Bhagawan
|
|-
| ''[[Neti Siddhartha]]''
| Bhillu ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Yerra Mandaram]]''
| Jagganna Dora ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993 || [[Bangaru Bullodu (1993 film)|''Bangaru Bullodu'']]
| Nana ||
|-
| ''[[Varasudu]]''
| Narendra ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1994 || ''[[S. P. Parasuram]]''
| Rayappa ||
|-
| [[Anna (1994 film)|''Anna'']]
| ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]''
| Veera Raghava Reddy's son ||
|-
| 2004 || [[Yagnam (2004 film)|''Yagnam'']]
| Redappa ||
|-
| 2005 || [[Sri (2005 film)|''Sri'']]
| Bhikshapati ||
|-
| 2006 || [[Raam (2006 film)|''Raam'']]
| Rahim ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007 || [[Yogi (2007 film)|''Yogi'']]
| ||
|-
| ''[[Evadaithe Nakenti]]''
| Chakravarthi ||
|-
| [[Lakshyam (2007 film)|''Lakshyam'']]
| [[Deputy Inspector General|DIG]] Hari Narayan ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Naa Style Veru]]'' || Parvathy's uncle ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]''
| Sripathi Rao || <ref>{{cite news |last=R |first=Shajini S |date=4 March 2018 |title=Mahesh Babu starrer 'Bharat Ane Nenu's' interval bang to be a major highlight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-bharat-ane-nenus-interval-bang-to-be-a-major-highlight/articleshow/63158335.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727123611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-bharat-ane-nenus-interval-bang-to-be-a-major-highlight/articleshow/63158335.cms |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|Om
|
|-
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Pillaikkaga]]'' || ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Malaikottai]]'' || Palani ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' || Shaan ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]'' || Killivazhavan ||
|}

==Awards==
* [[Nandi Award for Best Villain]] - [[Erra Mandaram]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|9th SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for [[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3909445}}

{{Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devaraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Usha Ananthasubramanian

2026-03-15T06:31:38Z

MontyGilyard431: creating a data

{{Short description|Indian banker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox person
|name = Usha Ananthasubramanian
|image =
|caption =
|birth_place =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|10|1|df=y}}
|alma_mater = [[University of Madras]], [[University of Mumbai]]
|occupation = [[Managing director]] and [[chief executive officer]] of [[Allahabad Bank]] |relations =
|parents =
|children =
|website =
}}

'''Usha Ananthasubramanian''' is a former [[managing director]] and [[chief executive officer]] of the now defunct [[Allahabad Bank]].<ref name="profit.ndtv">{{cite web|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-usha-ananthasubramanian-appointed-chairperson-of-bharatiya-mahila-bank-372646 |title=Usha Ananthasubramanian appointed chairperson of Bharatiya Mahila Bank – NDTVProfit.com |publisher=Profit.ndtv.com |date=2013-11-10 |accessdate=2013-11-20}}</ref>

==Education and early career==
Ananthasubramanian holds a master's degree in statistics from the [[University of Madras]] and a master's degree in Ancient Indian culture from [[University of Mumbai]]<ref>[http://www.fibac.in/cv/Usha-Ananthasubramanian.pdf]{{dead link|date=November 2016}}</ref>

Her background in statistics helped her get her first job as a specialist in the actuarial department with [[Life Insurance Corporation]] (LIC), while her understanding of Ancient Indian Culture gave her a deeper insight into understanding risk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/09/03/womens-only-banker/ |title=Women at Work: Usha Ananthasubramanian – India Real Time – WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2013-09-03 |accessdate=2013-11-20}}</ref> She was charged by the CBI for the [[Nirav Modi]] fraud case during her tenure at PNB

==Career in banking==
Ananthasubramanian started her career in banking in February 1982, when she joined the [[Bank of Baroda]] as a specialist officer in its planning stream.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/usha-ananthasubramanian-cmd-of-bharatiya-mahila-bank/1/200519.html |title=Usha Ananthasubramanian appointed CMD of Bharatiya Mahila Bank – Business Today |publisher=Businesstoday.intoday.in |date=2013-11-12 |accessdate=2013-11-20}}</ref>

Prior to joining [[Bhartiya Mahila Bank]], Ananthasubramanian worked at [[Punjab National Bank]]. She served as MD of Punjab National Bank between August 2015 and May 2017. Prior to that, she served as CEO of Allahabad Bank.<ref>{{cite web|author=Usha Ananthasubramanian |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=62069357&ticker=PNB:IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015013/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=62069357&ticker=PNB:IN |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Usha Ananthasubramanian: Executive Profile & Biography – Businessweek |publisher=Investing.businessweek.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-20}}</ref>

Ananthasubramanian was ranked the 19th Most Powerful Woman in business by Fortune India<ref>{{cite web|author=By T. Surendar |url=http://fortuneindia.com/mpw/2016 |title=India's Most Powerful Business Women in 2016 |publisher=Fortune India |date= |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref> First women CHAIRMAN of IBA

==Punjab National Bank Scam==
Ananthasubramanian was named in [[Central Bank of India|CBI]] chargesheet in association with [[Punjab National Bank Scam]], relating to fraudulent Letters of Undertaking issued to [[Nirav Modi]].<ref>{{ Cite news |title=Former MD of PNB was aware of Nirav Modi fraud, says CBI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/former-md-of-pnb-was-aware-of-nirav-modi-fraud-says-cbi/articleshow/64260412.cms|website=Economic Times|date=22 May 2018 |accessdate=24 November 2018 |last1=Sahgal |first1=Ram }}</ref> CBI alleges that key PNB bank officials, led by then CEO Ananthasubramanian, failed to initiate steps that could have prevented the $2-billion fraud at the lender after the banking watchdog [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] had red-flagged likely gaps in systems controls. It adds that the RBI had instructed that while acknowledging the Caution Advice, they should report the occurrence of such incidents at their banks. If no such incident was observed, a NIL statement should be furnished. RBI revealed that PNB, had not responded to the said caution advice until February 2018, when the fraud came to light. Ananthasubramanian was the MD of PNB when the caution advice was issued.

On 20 August 2018, Usha Ananthasubramanian was granted bail on a surety bond of Rs 1 lakhs by Special CBI court in Mumbai. A week earlier, the government had dismissed Usha on the last day of her work. She was dismissed with immediate effect.
<ref>{{cite web|title=Usha Ananthasubramanian, CEO of Allahabad Bank Granted Bail by CBI Court in Nirav Modi Fraud Case|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/usha-ananthasubramanian-ceo-allahabad-bank-092932429.html|website=Yahoo News|accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{bulleted list |[[Punjab National Bank Scam]]|[[Nirav Modi]]}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ananthasubramanian, Usha}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women bankers]]
[[Category:Indian chairpersons of corporations]]
[[Category:Indian women chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Punjab National Bank]]

Devarata Janaka

2026-03-13T23:02:19Z

MontyGilyard431: adding new data needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox King
| name = Devarata Janaka
| title = Janaka
| predecessor = Suketu
| successor = Brhdratha
| birth_place = [[Mithila region]]
| full name = King Devarata Janaka
| religion = Sanatana Hinduism
}}
'''Devarata Janaka''' ({{langx|sa|देवरत जनक}}) was the sixth descendant of [[Nimi (king)|King Nimi]] in [[Janaka]] Dynasty of the ancient [[Videha|Videha Kingdom]]. He belonged to [[Ikshvaku|Ikshwaku]] descendants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=V. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lAzEAAAQBAJ&q=Devarata+Janaka |title=The Warrior Sage |date=2021-06-25 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-93-91019-27-3 |language=en}}</ref> He became the king of Videha Kingdom after his father ''Suketu''. According to [[Valmiki]] [[Ramayana]], Devarata Janaka received the famous divine bow of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] named as "''[[Pinaka (Hinduism)|Pinaka]]''" for its safe-keeping.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Summary {{!}} Valmiki Ramayanam |url=https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/summary?field_kanda_tid=1&field_sarga_value=66 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=DK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsI8EAAAQBAJ&q=Devarata+Janaka |title=The Illustrated Ramayana: The Timeless Epic of Duty, Love, and Redemption |date=2022-12-15 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited |isbn=978-0-241-56053-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==

According to the texts, from the lifeless body of [[Nimi (king)|King Nimi]] after his death, [[King Mithi|Mithi]] was born who became the first King [[Janaka]]. Thereafter, [[King Mithi]]'s son was ''Udavasu'' from whom ''Nandivardhana'' was born; his son was ''Suketu'' (also known as ''Sukesha'') from whom ''Devarata'' was born. In [[Ramayana]], Shreedwaja [[Janaka]] father of Sita, narrated the story of the divine bow [[Pinaka (Hinduism)|Pinaka]] at the [[Svayamvara|Swayamvar Sabha]] of [[Rama|Lord Rama]] and [[Sita|Goddess Sita]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. He told that at the time of the destruction of [[Daksha yajna|Daksha Yagya]], [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] told the [[Devata|Devatas]], "In your eagerness to participate in the [[Daksha yajna|Yagya]], you could not take my share. So I will cut off your precious heads with my bow." Then the [[Devata|Devatas]] immediately apologized and received his grace. [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] then gifted them this bow which they later gave to our ancestor ''Devarata''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-21 |title=King Janaka relates the story of the great bow and the birth of Sita [Chapter 66] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc423935.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sevak |date=2019-04-21 |title=Vishwamitra Becomes Brahma Rishi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/spirituality/2019/Apr/20/vishwamitra-becomes-brahma-rishi-1966022.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In the text [[Mithila Mahatmya]] which is a section of larger text [[Brihada Vishnu Purana|Brihadvishnupurana]], Mithila has been described as the land of ''Devarata Janaka'' in the ''Shloka number 48''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=धर्मनाथ शर्मा |url=https://archive.org/details/20230430_20230430_0703 |title=वृहद्विष्णुपुराणीय मिथिला माहात्म्यम् |date=1980 |publisher=कामेश्वर सिंह दरभंगा संस्कृत विश्वविद्यालय}}</ref>

{{Quotes|text="देवरात तपोभूमिः शिवतुष्टिकरीमता । यत्र प्राप्तं धनुरत्नं तेन या साम्मवीवभौ"|title=Verse 48, [[Mithila Mahatmya]]|source=[[Brihada Vishnu Purana]]}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ramayana]]
[[Category:Mythological kings of Videha]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]

A. L. Vijay

2026-03-13T15:28:08Z

MontyGilyard431:

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter (born 1979)}}
{{distinguish|Vijay (actor)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = A. L. Vijay
| image = AL Vijay at Devi(L) Success Meet.jpg
| caption = Vijay promoting ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]'' in 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|06|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| occupation = [[Film director]]
[[Screenwriter]]
| years_active = 2000–Present
| height =
| parents = [[A. L. Azhagappan]] (father)
| relatives = [[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]] (brother)
| spouses = {{marriage|[[Amala Paul]]|2014|2017|end=divorced}} {{marriage|R. Aishwarya|2019}}
| children = 1
}}

'''A. L. Vijay'''<ref>{{Cite news |title=A.L.Vijay |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329120032/http://www.jointscene.com/artists/Kollywood/A.L.Vijay/2462#films|work=Web archive}}</ref> (18 June 1979), known professionally as '''Vijay''', is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in the [[Tamil film industry]]. An assistant director with [[Priyadarshan]], he debuted as director through the film ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' (2007) and gained popularity through the films ''[[Madrasapattinam]]'' (2010) and ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'' (2011).

==Background==

Vijay was born into a film family. His father, [[A. L. Azhagappan]], is a noted film producer and a former President of the Tamil Nadu Producers Council. Azhagappan has also appeared as character artist in some films, including the film ''[[Eesan]].'' Vijay's brother is the actor [[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/I-will-fight-to-the-finish-Udhaya/articleshow/6683845.cms?referral=PM|title=I will fight to the finish: Udhaya|date=5 October 2010|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vijay was briefly married to actress [[Amala Paul]] between 2014 and 2016–17. While Vijay belongs to a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking [[Hindu people|Hindu]] family, Amala comes from a [[Malayalis|Malayali]] [[Christian]] family.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Amala-Paul-drowned-in-love-drenched-in-care/articleshow/34235204.cms|title=Amala Paul drowned in love, drenched in care|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 January 2017 }}</ref> They got engaged on 7 June 2014 at a Church in [[Aluva]], [[Kerala]], using a ring for the ceremony,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vijay-Amala-Paul-to-tie-the-knot/articleshow/33392479.cms|title=Vijay, Amala Paul to tie the knot?|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and were married in a "traditional south Indian style wedding," presumably Hindu, on 12 June 2014 in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Actress Amala Paul and filmmaker Vijay get married in Chennai|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/actress-amala-paul-and-filmmaker-vijay-get-married-in-chennai/|work=Biharprabha.com|access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref> They separated in July 2016 and were granted a divorce by the courts in February 2017.

In July 2019, in a private family ceremony, Vijay married Dr. R. Aishwarya, a match arranged by their families.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/07/01/amala-paul-al-vijay-ex-husband-bride-to-be-aishwarya.html|title=Meet AL Vijay's bride-to-be Dr R Aishwarya|website=Meet AL Vijay's bride-to-be Dr R Aishwarya}}</ref> On 30 May 2020, the couple had their first child, a baby boy.

==Career==

===2000–2008: Early Career ===

Prior to directing films, Vijay was a successful [[advertisement]] filmmaker with the Mumbai-based banner ''Venus Productions'', completing more than 100 ad films. His [[State Bank of India]] commercial won [[CNBC]]'s Best Corporate Advertisement Award. Vijay has claimed that "advertisements teach you how to translate a story idea onto screen with maximum impact in minimum time" and is influenced by the ad works of Suraaj, Prahlad Kakkar and Babu Shankar.<ref name="hinduint">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article795272.ece | location=Chennai | work=[[The Hindu]] | first=Subha J | last=Rao | title=Genre bender | date=25 September 2010}}</ref> He began his career in feature films by joining [[Priyadarshan]] as an assistant director in his films.

He made his directorial debut with ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' in 2007, a remake of the 1989 [[Kireedam (1989 film)|film of the same name]], directed by [[Sibi Malayil]] and written by [[A. K. Lohithadas]]. Vijay's version featured [[Ajith Kumar]] in the lead role with [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Rajkiran]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]] and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] also as part of the cast, while the cinematographer was [[Tirru]], the music was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and the film was edited by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]. Vijay revealed that he "reworked about 80 per cent" from the original version and his first choice of male lead role was [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], however his role was grabbed by Ajith for his career security.<ref name="hinduint"/> The film opened to positive reviews with a critic from [[Sify]].com citing that Vijay had "a lot of guts and conviction to make a realistic film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kireedam-review-tamil-14495306.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011072241/http://www.sify.com/movies/kireedam-review-tamil-14495306.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-10-11 |title=Movie Review:Kireedam|work=[[Sify]] |date=2007 |access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> The reviewer from [[The Hindu]] also praised the film labelling that "Vijay has neatly packaged a strong story line with a sensibly balanced mix of sentiment and action.", but claimed that "Vijay could have worked on the lead character more."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/07/27/stories/2007072750480200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014060510/http://hindu.com/fr/2007/07/27/stories/2007072750480200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 October 2007 | location=Chennai | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Whose crown is it, anyway? – Kireedam | date=27 July 2007}}</ref> The final scene in the film was changed after release from a sad to an upbeat ending after the producers felt that the original scene may keep audiences away.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kireedam-climax-changed-news-tamil-kkfuJFhchia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022121450/http://www.sify.com/movies/kireedam-climax-changed-news-tamil-kkfuJFhchia.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2012 |title=Kireedam- Climax changed!|work=[[Sify]] |date=29 July 2007 |access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> The film consequently went on to become a profitable venture at the box office.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/08/24/stories/2007082450900100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015145938/http://hindu.com/fr/2007/08/24/stories/2007082450900100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 October 2007 | location=Chennai | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=It's all about choices | date=24 August 2007}}</ref> Vijay then returned to work as an assistant to [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]] in his action-masala ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikathavan]]'', by helping with the dialogues and described his work in the project as "a pulsating experience".<ref name="hinduint"/> Vijay's next remake of the Hindi film ''[[Khosla Ka Ghosla]]'' in Tamil, under his production house, and hence they collaborated to make ''[[Poi Solla Porom]]''.<ref name="redmad">{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jul/06/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-vijay.htm |title=Directing Madhrasapattinam|work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> The film was completed within 13 days, with a cast containing veteran actors such as [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Nedumudi Venu]] as well as relative newcomers including [[Karthik Kumar]] and [[Piaa Bajpai]].<ref name="redmad"/> The film also became one of the first ventures in Tamil cinema to feature a promotional song, with Vijay maintaining that the song reflected the story of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/39460.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623074822/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/39460.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2008 |title=Promotional song for 'Poi Solla Porom' – Tamil Movie News |work=IndiaGlitz |date=10 September 2008 |access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> The film won positive reviews from critics with [[The Hindu]] citing that "Vijay's dialogue, both humorous and thought-provoking, tickles the viewer almost throughout" and that "Vijay has understood the pulse of the audience even while sticking to his stand of providing standard fare".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/09/12/stories/2008091250090300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915011203/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/09/12/stories/2008091250090300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 September 2008 | location=Chennai | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Laugh, and pause to think | date=12 September 2008}}</ref>

===2010–2015: Critical Acclaim ===

Vijay revealed that ''[[Madrasapattinam]]'' (2010) was supposed to happen later in his career, but the intervention of producer Kalpathi S. Aghoram of [[AGS Entertainment]] realized the viability of the film earlier.<ref name="hinduint"/> Vijay had first explored the script in his college days and drew inspiration from an English professor, who used to talk to them about the freedom movement a lot. Vijay visualized the people, who lived in the pre-independence period of India and explored the concept of how it would have been, if an English girl fell in love with an Indian boy, laying the foundations for the script.<ref name="redmad"/> The script took six months to write with the help of leading Tamil writer Prabanjan. He also visited independence veterans to understand the history of the city of [[Madras]] between 1945 and 1947.<ref name="redmad"/> [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] was finalised to play the lead role and English [[Miss Teen World]] winner [[Amy Jackson]] was selected after Vijay found a picture of her through the internet.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/7948126/British-teenager-becomes-Bollywood-star.html | location=London | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | title=British teenager becomes Bollywood star | date=16 August 2010}}</ref> Despite being a period film, the film was finished in eight months and released in July 2010.<ref name="redmad"/> The production of the film, ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'' (2011) took five months from start to finish, however, Vijay claimed that the film had been in his plans for four years, but he waited for Vikram to give him dates.<ref name="reddtm">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-vijay/20110714.htm |title=I like to portray human values in my films|work=[[Rediff]]|date=14 July 2011 |access-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> [[Amala Paul]] was selected after Vijay was pleased with her award-winning work in ''[[Mynaa]]''.<ref name="reddtm"/> Sara had appeared in a commercial for Vijay when she was two, but he then lost touch with Sara's family, before he met them and cast Sara in ''Deiva Thirumagal'', following a visit to Mumbai.<ref name="sarahindu">{{cite news|author=Chowdary, Sunita|date=4 June 2011|title=Que Sara Sara|access-date=29 July 2011|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/06/04/stories/2011060450930200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110134908/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/06/04/stories/2011060450930200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2012|location=Chennai | work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Vijay directed the [[Harris: On The Edge]] concerts by music composer [[Harris Jayaraj]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Harris on the Edge Concert |url=http://tamilwire.com/25802-harris-edge-concert.html |title=Harris on the Edge Concert |work=TamilWire.com |date=2 September 2011 |access-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929150450/http://tamilwire.com/25802-harris-edge-concert.html |archive-date=29 September 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> In 2013, he worked with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] alongside [[Amala Paul]] for the movie ''[[Thalaivaa]]''. Despite winning good reviews, the film's delayed release in Tamil Nadu due to protests greatly affected the box office performance in Tamil Nadu, thus ending up as an average grosser. After working with top stars Ajith, Vijay and Vikram in his previous films, Vijay has decided to go with lesser known faces in ''[[Saivam]]'' (2014). Veteran actor [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Sara Arjun]] of ''Deiva Thirumagal'' fame play the lead roles. Director Vijay very subtly tries to put across his message of promoting animal welfare and encouraging vegetarianism in the film. <ref>{{Cite news |title=Review: Saivam is worth a watch|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-saivam-is-worth-a-watch-south/20140627.htm |access-date=2014-06-27|work=Rediff}}</ref> His next project is the romantic comedy film, ''[[Idhu Enna Maayam]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite news |title=IDHU ENNA MAYAM MOVIE REVIEW|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/idhu-enna-mayam/idhu-enna-mayam-review.html |access-date=2015-07-31 |work=Behindwoods}}</ref>

===2016–present===

In February 2016, he was named as a director of [[Prabhu Deva]]{{'s}} trilingual film ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]'' opposite [[Tamannaah]] which was made in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]]. This marked his debut in Telugu and Hindi languages.<ref name="Tamannaah">{{cite news|title=Prabhu Deva to Act in Trilingual|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Prabhu-Deva-to-Act-in-Trilingual/2016/02/02/article3256271.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202102447/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Prabhu-Deva-to-Act-in-Trilingual/2016/02/02/article3256271.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2016|access-date=28 July 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=2 February 2016}}</ref> He reunites again with Prabhu Deva in the films ''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]'' (2018) and ''[[Devi 2]]'' (2019), simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''Abhinetri 2''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Lakshmi' movie review: Gets most of its moves right|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Aug/25/lakshmi-movie-review-gets-most-of-its-moves-right-1862302.html |access-date=2018-08-25 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=‘Devi 2’ — Prabhu Deva and Tamannaah’s horror comedy is a big yawn! |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/405104/devi-2-prabhu-deva-and-tamannaahs-horror-comedy-is-a-big-yawn/ |access-date=2019-06-01 |work=Daily Times}}</ref>

In 2021, he directed a [[biographical film|biographical drama]] film ''[[Thalaivii]]'' based on the life of Indian actress-turned chief minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. The film starred [[Kangana Ranaut]] as the main protagonist Jayalalithaa and [[Arvind Swami]] as [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Thalaivi' Trailer To Be Released on Kangana Ranaut's Birthday |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/thalaivi-trailer-to-be-launched-on-lead-actor-kangana-ranauts-birthday-in-massive-event |access-date=19 March 2021 |work=TheQuint |date=18 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The bilingual film was shot in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] simultaneously. He directed a horror thriller film, ''[[Boo (2023 film)|Boo]]'' (2023), after the rather forgettable ''[[Diya (film)|Diya]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Boo' movie review: When the script is more dead than the ghosts
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/May/29/boo-movie-review-when-the-script-is-more-dead-than-the-ghosts-2579738.html |access-date=2023-05-29 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In 2024, the action thriller film ''[[Mission: Chapter 1]]'' starring [[Arun Vijay]] and [[Amy Jackson]] in lead roles was released.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mission: Chapter 1 Review: Archaic and rudimentary narrative makes this mission a failure |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Jan/12/mission-chapter-1-review-archaic-and-rudimentary-narrative-makes-this-mission-a-failure-51176.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref>

==Craft, style, and technical collaborations==
Vijay has described that he wants his audience "to immerse themselves" in his films, and hence uses scenes which reflect the local culture, explaining that his scenes should mirror society and "lend it an element of timelessness".<ref name="hinduint"/> He revealed that while constructing a film, he "first thinks of the plot, then the screenplay and then the characters", and tries to portray human values in his films.<ref name="reddtm"/>

He has expressed that he prefers "to mould actors," telling them to react and not act, drawing such inspiration from the work of [[Suraaj]].

Furthermore, Vijay has shown interest in training people and mentoring their careers, citing that he likes to be the oldest member of his crew.<ref name="hinduint"/> His films have a "regular crew" which includes cinematographer [[Nirav Shah]], music director [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] (being his regular music composer until ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]''), production designer Selva Kumar, and editor [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-30/news-interviews/28314499_1_period-film-vikram-production-designer | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923132423/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-30/news-interviews/28314499_1_period-film-vikram-production-designer | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 September 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Director Vijay is in demand | date=30 August 2010}}</ref>

===Frequent collaborators===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Collaborator
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' | (2007)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Poi Solla Porom]]'' | (2008)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Madrasapattinam]]'' | (2010)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'' | (2011)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Thaandavam]]'' | (2012)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' | (2013)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Saivam]]'' | (2014)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Idhu Enna Maayam]]'' | (2015)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi / Abhinetri / Tutak Tutak Tutiya]]'' | (2016)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Vanamagan]]'' | (2017)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Diya (film)|Diya / Kanam]]'' | (2018)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]'' | (2018)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Watchman (film)|Watchman]]'' | (2019)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Devi 2|Devi 2 / Abhinetri 2]]'' | (2019)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Thalaivii]]'' | (2021)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Boo (2023 film)|Boo]]'' | (2023)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Mission: Chapter 1]]'' | (2024)}}
|-
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}} (also acted)
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|-
| [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|-
| [[Nirav Shah]]
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}} (''Devi'' and ''Tutak Tutak Tutiya'')
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|-
| [[George Maryan]]
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Raj Arjun]]
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|-
| [[Amy Jackson]]
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
| {{ya}} (cameo)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|-
| [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[RJ Balaji]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}} (''Diya'')
|
|
| {{ya}} (''Devi 2'')
|
|
|
|-
| [[M. S. Bhaskar]]
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Balaji Venugopal]]
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}} (dialogues)
|
|-
| [[Ajayan Bala]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|-
| Jayakumar
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|-
| Sathya
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}} (''Kanam'')
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
===As film director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| Film
! colspan="3" style="width:195px;"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;"| Language
! rowspan="2" style="width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
! style="width:65px;" | Director
! width=65 | Writer
! width=65 | Producer
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]''|| {{yes}} || {{partial|Screenplay, dialogues}} || {{no}} || rowspan="8" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Poi Solla Porom]]'' || {{yes}} || {{partial|Screenplay, dialogues}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Madrasapattinam]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]] 
Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Director]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director]] 
[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] (Second prize) Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Thaandavam]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Saivam]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}|| {{no}} ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Idhu Enna Maayam]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}|| {{no}} ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2016 || ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]'' || rowspan=3 {{yes}} || rowspan=3 {{yes}} || rowspan=3 {{no}}
| Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Abhinetri]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Tutak Tutak Tutiya]]'' || [[Hindi]]
|
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Vanamagan]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2018 || ''[[Diya (film)|Diya]]'' || rowspan=2 {{yes}} || rowspan=2 {{yes}} || rowspan=2 {{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Diya (film)|Kanam]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || rowspan="3" | Tamil || partially reshot in Telugu
|-
| rowspan=3| 2019 || ''[[Watchman (film)|Watchman]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Devi 2]]'' || rowspan=2 {{yes}} || rowspan=2 {{yes}} || rowspan=2 {{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Devi 2|Abhinetri 2]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021 || ''[[Kutty Story]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || Tamil || Segment: ''Avanum Naanum''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-amala-paul-part-upcoming-tamil-anthology-kutti-love-story-142638|title=Vijay Sethupathi, Amala Paul part of upcoming Tamil anthology 'Kutti Love Story'|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=2 February 2021|access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Thalaivii]]'' || rowspan="2" {{yes}} || rowspan="2" {{no}} || rowspan="2" {{no}}
| Hindi
| rowspan="4" |Bilingual film
|-
| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Boo (2023 film)|Boo]]''
| rowspan="2" {{yes}}
| rowspan="2" {{yes}}
| rowspan="2" {{no}}
| Tamil
|-
| Telugu
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Mission: Chapter 1]]'' || {{yes}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} || {{no}} || rowspan="2" | Tamil || |
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2026 || ''[[Kadhal Reset Repeat]]'' || {{yes}} || {{partial|Screenplay, story}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Circle''
|rowspan="2" {{yes}}
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2" {{no}}
|Tamil
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kangana-ranauts-psychological-thriller-titledcirclea-dussehra-release-will-see-the-same-individual-playing-doctor-and-patient-1892078|title=Kangana Ranaut's psychological thriller titled,'Circle'a Dussehra release will see the same individual playing Doctor and Patient??|first=Lipika|last=Varma|date=17 July 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>
|-
|Hindi
|-
| ''Untitled Racing Documentary ft. Ajith Kumar''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/27/ajith-kumar-al-vijay-project-is-a-feature-length-film-buzz|title=Ajith Kumar-AL Vijay project is a feature-length film: Buzz|date=27 February 2026|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|}

===As writer and presenter===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! colspan="2" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Language
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! scope="col" | Writer
!Presenter
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Oru Naal Iravil]]'' || {{No}}
| {{yes}}
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Sometimes (film)|Sila Samayangalil]]'' || {{partial|Dialogues}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 2021
|''[[Chithirai Sevvanam]]''
| {{partial|Story}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! colspan="2" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Language
! rowspan="2" |Network
|-
! scope="col" | Creator
! Director
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Five Six Seven Eight]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|Tamil
| Zee5
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{Facebook|DirectorVijay}}

{{A. L. Vijay}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestDirector}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay, A. L.}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Fatehpur Anandipur

2026-03-10T00:43:23Z

MontyGilyard431: adding the info first draft

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Fatehpur Anandipur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Fatehpur Anandipur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Fatehpur Anandipur in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.0960|N|78.43349|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.240
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 542
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Fatehpur Anandipur''' ({{IAST|Fatehpur Ānandīpur}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located southeast of Firozabad, at the southern end of the Firozabad Distributary canal. As of 2011, it had a population of 542, in 103 households.

== Geography ==
Fatehpur Anandipur is located southeast of Firozabad, at the southern end of the Firozabad Distributary canal. Nearby villages include [[Bilahna]] to the northwest, [[Jahangirpur, Firozabad|Jahangirpur]] and [[Balchandpur]] to the north, [[Ladupur Chakarpur]] to the northeast, [[Luhari, Firozabad|Luhari]] to the southeast, and [[Nurpur Kutubpur]] to the southwest.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Fatehpur Anandipur had a population of 542, in 103 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 53.5% male (290) and 46.5% female (252). The 0–6 age group numbered 70 (37 male and 33 female), making up 12.9% of the total population. No residents were members of Scheduled Castes.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|110-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Fatehpur Anandipur as having a population of 460 people (230 male and 230 female), in 63 households and 63 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|194-5}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Fatehpur Anandipur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 266 people (148 male and 118 female), in 40 households and 31 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 337 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Fatehpur Anandipur did not have any schools or healthcare facilities. No means of drinking water access was listed, and there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Temple car

2026-03-06T08:52:19Z

MontyGilyard431: basic fix article to improve readability also and added references

{{Short description|Vehicle carrying representation of Hindu god(s)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
[[File:28apr1.jpg|thumb|Temple car procession during Thanjavur Chariot festival, Tamil Nadu.]]
'''Temple cars'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rajarajan|first1=R. K. K.|last2=Rajukalidoss|first2=Parthiban|title=Nāyaka Chefs-d'oeuvre: Structure and Iconography of the Śrīvilliputtūr Tēr|url=https://www.academia.edu/43392779|journal=Acta Orientalia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R. K. K.|title=Iconographic Programme in Temple Cars: A Case Study of Kūṭal Alakar tēr|url=https://www.academia.edu/3308656|journal=East and West, Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO), Rome|language=en}}</ref> or Temple chariots are used to carry representations of [[Hindu deities]] around the streets of the temple on festival days. These chariots are generally manually pulled by the devotees of the deity.

As of 2004, the [[India|Indian]] state [[Tamil Nadu]] had 515 wooden carts, 79 of which needed repairs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government of Tamil Nadu Welcomes You |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/archives/policy2003-04/hrce2003-04-3.htm |website=tn.gov.in |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121219065440/http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/archives/policy2003-04/hrce2003-04-3.htm |archive-date=19 December 2012}}</ref> [[Annamalaiyar Temple]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Chidambaram]] Natarajar Temple are among the temples that possess these huge wooden chariots for regular processions.

The Natarajar Temple celebrates the chariot festival twice a year; once in the summer (Aani Thirumanjanam, which takes place between June and July) and another in winter (Marghazhi Thiruvaadhirai, which takes place between December and January). Lord Krishna of Udupi has five temple cars, namely ''Brahma ratha'' (the largest), ''Madya ratha'' (medium), ''kinyo'' (small), and the silver and gold rathas.

The size of the largest temple cars inspired the [[List of English words of Hindi or Urdu origin|Anglo-Indian]] term [[Juggernaut]] (from [[Jagannath]]), signifying a tremendous, virtually unstoppable force or phenomenon.

==History==
{{Further information|Ratha Yatra}}
[[File:15Tiruvadmarudur Processional Car.jpg|thumb|Tiruvadmarudur Temple chariot in 1913.]]
[[File:Stone Chariot Vittala Temple.jpg|thumb|Stone temple car in the Vitthala Temple built during [[Vijayanagara Empire]], India.]]
Temple cars are used during festivals called ''Ratha Yatra'', a procession in a chariot accompanied by the public. It typically refers to a procession (journey) of deities, people dressed like deities, or simply religious saints and political leaders.<ref name="Michaels1996p270">{{cite book|author1=Michaels|author2=Cornelia Vogelsanger|author3=Annette Wilke|title=Wild Goddesses in India and Nepal: Proceedings of an International Symposium, Berne and Zurich, November 1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wbXAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=P. Lang|isbn=978-3-906756-04-2|pages=270–285}}</ref> The term appears in medieval texts of India such as the [[Puranas]], which mention the Ratha Yatra of [[Surya]] (Sun god), of [[Devi]] (Mother goddess), and of [[Vishnu]]. These chariot journeys have elaborate celebrations where the individuals or the deities come out of a temple accompanied by the public journeying with them through the ''Ksetra'' (region, streets) to another temple or to the river or the sea. Sometimes the festivities include returning to the sacrosanctum of the temple.<ref name="Michaels1996p270"/><ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite book|last=Mandai|first=Paresh Chandra|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|year=2012|editor1-last=Islam|editor1-first=Sirajul|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam|edition=Second|chapter=Rathajatra|editor2-last=Jamal|editor2-first=Ahmed A.|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rathajatra}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Traveler [[Faxian|Fa-Hien]] who visited India during 400 CE notes the way temple car festivals were celebrated in India.

{{Quote|The cities and towns of this country [Magadha] are the greatest of all in the Middle Kingdom [Mathura through Deccan]. The inhabitants are rich and prosperous, and vie with one another in the practice of benevolence and righteousness. Every year on the eighth day of the second month they celebrate a procession of images. They make a four-wheeled car, and on it erect a structure of four storeys by means of bamboos tied together. This is supported by a king-post, with poles and lances slanting from it, and is rather more than twenty cubits high, having the shape of a tope. White and silk-like cloth of hair is wrapped all round it, which is then painted in various colours. They make figures of devas, with gold, silver, and lapis lazuli grandly blended and having silken streamers and canopies hung out over them. On the four sides are niches, with a Buddha seated in each, and a Bodhisattva standing in attendance on him. There may be twenty cars, all grand and imposing, but each one different from the others. On the day mentioned, the monks and laity within the borders all come together; they have singers and skillful musicians; they pay their devotion with flowers and incense. The Brahmans come and invite the Buddhas to enter the city. These do so in order, and remain two nights in it. All through the night they keep lamps burning, have skillful music, and present offerings. This is the practice in all the other kingdoms as well. The Heads of the Vaisya families in them establish in the cities houses for dispensing charity and medicines. All the poor and destitute in the country, orphans, widowers, and childless men, maimed people and cripples, and all who are diseased, go to those houses, and are provided with every kind of help, and doctors examine their diseases. They get the food and medicines which their cases require, and are made to feel at ease; and when they are better, they go away of themselves.|Faxian, c. 415 CE<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2124/2124-h/2124-h.htm |title=''A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms'' (Chapter XXVII: Pataliputra or Patna, In Magadha)|website=gutenberg.org |author=Fa-Hien|publication-date=415 |year=1875 |version=Translated}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>}}

==Early photographs and lithography of temple chariots==
<gallery mode="packed" heights=220px style="text-align:left" caption="Vintage Temple chariot procession pictures">
File:Car Procession In Bangalore.jpg|Someshwara Temple chariot in 1918.
File:Ratha Jatra optocht met versierde wagens ter ere van Jagannath in Madurai, RP-F-F80205.jpg|Chariot procession in Madurai in 1872.
File:Banashankari Car.jpg|Banashankari Temple (Badami) chariot in 1855.
File:Kurt boeck indien nepal 076B.jpg|Srirangam Temple chariot in the 1890s.
File:Juggernaut Car, Madras MET DT6337.jpg|Juggernaut Car, Madras, 1850.
File:The Kumari jatra. Three temple cars outside the Hanuman Dhoka, or Old Palace, Kathmandu - Oldfield collection (1850-1863) - BL WD 3279.jpg|Three temple cars outside the Hanuman Dhoka, or Old Palace, Kathmandu - Oldfield collection (1850-1863)
File:Juggernaut.jpeg|The Car of Juggernaut, as depicted in the 1851 ''Illustrated London Reading Book''
File:Juggernaut kar in het Ulsoor tempelcomplex te Bangalore in India, KITLV 92036.tiff|Temple car in Bangalore, 1870
</gallery>

==Largest temple chariot==
[[File:Thiruvarur Ther.png|thumb|Asia's Largest Temple car "Aazhi Ther (Big Chariot)" in [[Thiruvarur]], [[Tamil Nadu]].]]
The procession of the Asia's largest and greatest temple car of [[Thiruvarur]] [[Thiyagarajar Temple]] in Tamil Nadu features prominently in an ancient festival held in the town.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Arulmigu Thiyagaraja Swamy Temple,Tiruvarur - Festival|url=http://thiyagarajaswamytemple.tnhrce.in/festival.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=thiyagarajaswamytemple.tnhrce.in}}</ref> The annual chariot festival of the Thygarajaswamy temple is celebrated during April – May, corresponding to the Tamil month of Chitrai. The chariot is the largest of its kind in Asia and India weighing 300 tons with a height of 90 feet. The chariot comes around the four main streets surrounding the temple during the festival. The event is attended by lakhs of people from all over Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Festivals, Culture & Heritage {{!}} Tiruvarur District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} India|url=https://tiruvarur.nic.in/tourism/festivals-culture-heritage/|access-date=2021-03-09|language=en-US}}</ref>

The Aazhi Ther is the biggest temple chariot in Tamil Nadu. The 30-foot tall temple car, which originally weighed 220 tons, is raised to 96 feet with bamboo sticks and decorative clothes, taking its total weight to 350 tons. Mounted on the fully decorated temple car, the presiding deity – Lord Shiva – went around the four streets with the devotees pulling it using huge ropes. Two bulldozers were engaged to provide the required thrust so that devotees could move the chariot.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 16, 2016|first=K. Sambath|last=Kumar|title=Car festival held at Tiruvarur Thyagaraja Swamy Temple after a gap of six years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/car-festival-held-at-tiruvarur-thyagaraja-swamy-temple-after-a-gap-of-six-years/articleshow/52777136.cms|access-date=2021-03-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="210">
File:Taladhwaja, Darpadalana and Nandighosha in 2021 Ratha Jatra.jpg|Taladhwaja, Darpadalana and Nandighosha in 2021 Ratha Jatra, Odisha, India.
File:Chidambaram festival.jpg|Temple festival in [[Chidambaram]], Tamil Nadu, India.
Tiruvarur temple car festival 2010.jpg|[[Tiruvarur]] temple car, the largest (chariot) temple car in the world, it weighing {{convert|300|t|0}} with a height of {{convert|90|ft|m|2}}.
Theru.JPG|Type of temple car called ''Theru'' from the [[Chettikulangara Kumbha Bharani]], [[Kerala]]
Kuthira.JPG|Type of temple car called ''Kuthira'' from the [[Chettikulangara Kumbha Bharani]], [[Kerala]]
Decorated chariot, Udupi, India.jpg|Temple car (decorated), [[Udupi]], Karnataka, [[India]].
File:Bisket Jatra Chariot Bhaktapur.jpg|Bisket Jatra Chariot Bhaktapur, Nepal.
Nellaiappar Temple Golden Car Nov 2 2009.jpg|Picture of [[Tirunelveli]] Nellaiappar Temple Golden car.
தேர்.jpg|Picture of [[Alwarkurichi]] People pulling Sivasailanathaswamy Temple car.
File:Taladhwaja, Darpadalana and Nandighosha in 2021 Ratha Jatra Taladhwaja, Darpadalana and Nandighosha Ratha in fornt of Jagananth temple in 2021 Ratha Jatra.jpg|Temple cars in front of Jagananth temple, 2021
</gallery>

== List of places with traditional Temple cars ==


===India===
====Tamil Nadu====

* [[Alagar Kovil]] (Kallazhagar Temple)
* [[Alwarkurichi]], Tenkasi
* [[Aragalur]]
* [[Avinashi]] (Sri Avanashiappar Temple)
* [[Bhavani Sangameswarar Temple|Bhavani Kooduthoorai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] (4 chariots)
* [[Coimbatore]] (Koniamman Temple)
* [[Chidambaram]] (Nataraja Temple)
* [[Dindigul]] (Abiramiyamman Kovil)
* [[Denkanikottai]] (Betarayaswamy Kovil)
* [[Erode]] ([[Chennimalai]], Sivagiri, Sivanmalai, [[Vijayamangalam]])
* [[Gobichettipalayam]] (Sri Kondathukalaimman Temple, Sri Balamurugan Temple and others)
* [[Hosur]] (Chandra Choodeswarar Temple)
* [[Kadayanallur]]
* [[Kalaiyar Kovil]] (Swarna Kaleeswarar Temple)
* [[Kallal Town]] (Somasundareswarer Kovil)
* [[Kanchipuram]] (Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Ekambareswarar Temple and others)
* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shri+karuvalur+Mariyamman+Temple,karuvalur/@11.2092286,77.1837294,16z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3ba8fd64adee6081:0xd5bd7602e7c1fbee!8m2!3d11.2104588!4d77.1905395 Karuvalur] (Shri Mariamman Kovil)
* [[Karamadai]] (Ranganathaswamy temple)
* [[Kumbakonam]] (Sri Saarangapani Temple, Adi Kumbeswarar Temple and others)
* [[Lalgudi]] (Saptharishishwarar Temple, Lalgudi)
* [[Madurai]] (Sri Meenakshi Amman Temple and others)
* [[Mannargudi]] (Sri vidhya Rajagopalaswamy temple)
* [[Minjur]] (Sri Ekambaranathar temple)
* [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]] (Sri Kapaleeshwarar Temple)
* [[Nanguneri]] (Vanamamalai Perumal Temple)
* [[Athur, Thoothukudi|North Authoor]] (Sri Somanathar Somasundari Temple)
* [[Palani]] (Sri Dhandayudhapani Temple)
* [[Perur]] (Sri Patteewarar Temple)
* [[Karpaka Vinayakar Temple|Pillaiyarpatti]] (Sri Karpaga Vinayagar Temple)
* [[Rameswaram]] (Ramanathaswamy Temple)
* [[Sakkottai]], Karaikudi
* [[Mariamman Temple, Samayapuram|Samayapuram]] (Maariamman Temple)
* [[Sankarankovil]] (Sankara Narayanasamy Temple)
* [[Srivaikuntam]] (Srivaikuntanathan Permual Temple) – (Fourth largest temple car in Tamil Nadu)
* [[Suchindram]] (Thanumalayan Temple)
* [[Srivilliputtur]] (Srivilliputhur Andal Temple) - (Second largest temple car in Tamil Nadu)
* [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] ([[Elampillai]], Aranagalur, [[Rasipuram]])
* [[Sholinghur]] (Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple)
* [[Srimushnam]] (Bhu Varaha Swamy Temple) - Second largest temple car in [[Tamilnadu]]{{citation needed|date=April 2023}})
* [[Srirangam]] (Sri Ranganatha Swamy Temple)
* [[Tenkasi]] (Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Tenkasi)
* [[Tiruchendur]] (Sri Subramanya Swami temple)
* [[Tiruchirappalli]] (Thayumanavar Temple)
* [[Thanjavur]] (Brihadeeswara Temple)
* [[Thirukkadaiyur]] (Amritaghateswarar-Abirami Temple)
* [[Thirukkurungudi]] (Thirukkurungudi Vaishnava Nambi Temple)
* [[Thirukoshtiyur]] (Sri Sowmiya Narayana Perumal Temple)
* [[Thirunageswaram]] (Oppiliappan Temple)
* [[Thirunallar]] (Dharbaranyeswarar Temple)
* [[Thiruparankundram]] (Subramaniya Swamy Temple)
* [[Thirupathiripuliyur]] (Padaleeswarar temple)
* [[Thiruthangal]] (Ninra Narayana Perumal Temple)
* [[Thiruvanaikaval]] (Jambukeswarar Temple)
* [[Thiruvanthipuram]], (Devanathaswamy temple)
* [[Thiruvarur]] (Thiyagarajar Temple) - (First largest temple car in Asia){{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
* [[Tirunelveli]] (Sri Nellaiappar Temple) – (Third largest temple car in Tamil Nadu)
* [[Tiruchengode]] (Sri Arthanareeswarar Temple) - (Fourth largest temple car in Tamil Nadu)
* [[Tiruvannamalai]] (Annamalaiyar Temple, 5 Chariots)
* [[Tirupattur]] (Aruilmigu Muthukumara Swamy Thirukkovil, God Shiva chariot)
* [[Thirthahalli]]
* [[Tiruvallur]] (Veeraraghava Swamy Temple)
* [[Tiruvidaimarudur]] (Mahalinga Swamy Temple) Chariots
* [[Triplicane]], [[Chennai]] (Sri Parthasarathy Temple)
* [[Thungapuram]] (Ariyalur-Perambalur)
* [[Vaitheeswaran Koil]] (vaidyanatha Swamy Temple)
* [[Vedaranyam]] (Vedaranyeswarar Temple)
* [[Vikramasingapuram|Vickramasingapuram]] (Sivanthiappar Kovil)
* [[Virudhunagar]]
* [[Vasudevanallur]] (Sri Cinthamani Nathar temple (arthanathiswarar temple)

====Karnataka====
* [[Banavasi]]

* [[Bengaluru]] ([[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Someshwara Temple]])

* [[Bantwal]]
* [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]] (Sri Mahabaleshwara Temple)
* [[Hampi]] (Immovable stone chariot built by Vijayanagara Kings)
* [[Karinjeshwara Temple|Karinjeshwara]]
* [[Kateel]] (Shri Durga Parameshwari Temple)
* [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur, Udupi]] ([[Mookambika Temple, Kollur|Mookambika Temple]])
* [[Mangalore]] (Shri Venkataraman temple)
* [[Nanjangud]] ([[Srikanteshwara Temple, Nanjangud|Srikanteshwara Temple]])
* [[Mulki, India|Mulki]] (Shree Venkataramana Temple)
* Mulki (Shree Kalikamba Temple)
* Mulki (Shri Bappanadu Temple)
* [[Mysuru]] ([[Chamundeshwari Temple]])
* [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]], (Shri Maha Lingeshsara Temple)
* [[Suratkal]]
* [[Udupi]]
* Idagunji (Mahaganapathi Temple)

====Odisha====

* [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Puri]]

====Kerala====
* [[Chettikulangara]] ([[Chettikulangara Devi Temple]])
* [[Cherai]]
* [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]] (Many temples in settlements of Palakkad)
====Andhra Pradesh====
* [[Kadiri]] (Sri Khadri Lakshmi Narasimha Swami Temple)
* [[Koduru, Krishna district|Koduru]]
* [[Mangalagiri]] (Sri Panakaala Lakshmi Narasimha Swami Temple)
* [[Srikalahasti]] (Sri Kalahastheeswara Temple)
* [[Tirumala]] (Sri Venkateshwara Temple)
*(Sri Bala Tripura sundare sametha sangamesara swami temple sangam jagarala mudi)

====Others====

* [[Manali New Town]] (Aiyya Temple)
* [[Yanam]]

===Malaysia===

* [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] (Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple)
* [[Kuala Lumpur]] (Seri Maha Mariamman Temple Devasthanam)
* [[Teluk Intan]] (Nagarathaar Sri Thendayuthapani
* [[Bukit Mertajam penang]] (Shri Maha Mangalanayagi Amman Devasthanam, Bukit Mertajam)

===Sri Lanka===

* [[Colombo]]
* [[Trincomalee]] ([[Koneswaram temple]])

===Germany===
* [[Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia|Hamm]], [[Germany]] (Sri Kamadchi Ampal Temple)

== List of places with golden Temple cars ==
=== Andhra Pradesh ===
* Lord Shiva temple
* Narasimhaswami temple and tirumala Sri vari ratham
=== Karnataka ===

* [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]] (Shri Mahabaleshwar temple)
* [[Kateel]] (Shri Durga Parameshwari temple)
* [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]] ([[Mookambika Temple, Kollur|Mookambika Temple]])
* Konchady, [[Mangalore]] (Mahalasa Narayani Temple)
* [[Udupi]] (Sri Krishna matha)

=== Puducherry ===

* Sri Arulmigu Manakula Vinayagar, [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
=== Tamil Nadu ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Arulmigu Maruntheeswar, [[Thiruvanmiyur]], [[Chennai]]
* Arulmigu Devi Karumariamman, [[Thiruverkadu]], [[Chennai]]
* Arulmigu Vadapalani Andavar, [[Vadapalani]], [[Chennai]]
* Arulmigu Kamatchiamman, [[Mangadu]], [[Chennai]]
* Arulmigu Kanthaswamy, [[Parktown]], [[Chennai]]
* Arulmigu Mundakakanniamman, [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]]
* Arulmigu Kapaleeswarar, [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]]
* [[Maruthamalai]], [[Coimbatore]] ([[Maruthamalai Marudhachalamurthy Temple|Subramanya Swamy Temple]])
* [[Coimbatore]] ([[Eachanari Vinayagar Temple]])
* [[Coimbatore]] ([[Thandu Mariamman Temple]])
* Arulmigu MeenakshiSundareswarar, [[Madurai]]
* Arulmigu Solaimalai Murugan, Pazhamudircholai, Alagarkovil [[Madurai]]
* Arulmigu Jambukeswarar, Thiruvanaikkaval, [[Trichy]]
* Arulmigu [[Nellaiappar Temple]], [[Tirunelveli]]
* Arulmigu Ramanathaswamy, [[Rameswaram]]
* Arulmigu Subramaniaswamy, [[Thiruchendur]]
* Arulmigu Kamatchiamman, [[Kanchipuram]]
* Arulmigu Dandayuthapaniswamy, [[Palani]]
* Arulmigu Swaminathaswamy, [[Swamimalai]]
* Arulmigu Subramanyaswamy, [[Thiruttani]]
* Arulmigu Anjaneyaswamy, [[Namakkal]]
* Arulmigu [[Pachaimalai Subramanya Swamy Temple|Pachaimalai]] Murugan, [[Gobichettipalayam]]
* Arulmigu [[Pariyur Kondathu Kaliamman]], [[Gobichettipalayam]]
* Arulmigu Mariamman, [[Bannari]], [[Erode]]
* Arulmigu Velayuthaswamy, Thindalmalai, [[Erode]]
* Arulmigu Arthanareeswarar, [[Tiruchengode]]
* Arulmigu Subramaniyaswamy, Sivanmalai, [[Tirupur]]
* Arulmigu Kottaimariamman, [[Dindigul]]
* Arulmigu Arunachaleswarar, [[Thiruvannamalai]]
* Arulmigu Vaidhyanathaswamy, [[Vaitheeswaran Kovil]]
* Arulmigu Mahalinga Swamy Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur (SILVER CHARIOT)
* Arulmigu SankaraNarayanaswamy, [[Sankarankovil]]
* [[Nanguneri]] (Arulmigu [[Vanamamalai Perumal temple|Vanamamalai Perumal]])
* Arulmigu Balamurugan, Raththinagiri
* Arulmigu Mariamman, [[Samayapuram]]
* Arulmigu Masaniamman, [[Anamalai]]
* Arulmigu Mathurakaliyamman, [[Siruvachur]], [[Perambalur District]]
* Arulmigu Angalaparameshwari Amman, [[Melmalayanur]], [[Villupuram District]]
* Arulmigu Natarajar Temple, [[Chidambaram]], [[Cuddalore District]] - the chariot for Pichandavar on the eighth day of 10-day long festival
{{div col end}}
* Arulmigu Yoga Lakshmi Narasimar temple, Sholinghur, Ranipet district.
* Arulmigu Vijayapuri Amman temple, [[Vijayamangalam]],[[Erode]]

== See also ==
* [[Ratha]]
* [[Carroccio]]
* [[Carriage]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Temple chariots}}

[[Category:Chariots]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]

Bhakta Chetha

2026-03-03T22:27:22Z

MontyGilyard431: starting new data...

{{short description|1961 film}}
{{confused|text=the 1940 Tamil-language film [[Bhaktha Chetha]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhakta Cheta
| image = Bhakta Chetha.jpg
| caption =
| director = M. B. Ganesh Singh
| producer = D. Shankar Singh
| writer =
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] Pratima Devi Indira
| music = Srinivasa Iyengar
| cinematography = K. S. Govindaswamy
| editing = P. U. S. Maniyam
| studio =
| distributor = Venkateshwara Productions
| released = {{Film date|1961|10|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bhakta Cheta''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಭಕ್ತಚೇತ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Kannada language]] film directed by M. B. Ganesh. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], Pratima Devi and Indira with [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] as a child artist.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Angadi |first1=Jagadish |date=17 August 2021 |title=Rajendra Singh Babu: I gave Kannada many firsts |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rajendra-singh-babu-i-gave-kannada-many-firsts-859608.html#google_vignette |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=19 October 2024 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606092422/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rajendra-singh-babu-i-gave-kannada-many-firsts-859608.html#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
* [[Prathima Devi (Kannada actress)|Prathima Devi]]
* Indira
* [[T. N. Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]
* [[H. R. Shastry]]
* [[Dikki Madhava Rao]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1411831|Bhakta Cheta}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlXGRNpNRaI ''Bhakta Cheta'' on Youtube]

[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:1961 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1961 Indian films]]
{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Theruvu Nakshatrangal

2026-03-03T20:49:29Z

MontyGilyard431: minor expanded layout for consistency and added references

{{More citations needed|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Theruvu Nakshatrangal
| image =

| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = Jose Maveily
| producer =
| writer = Beema Pally A.M. Ali
| starring = [[Tini Tom]], [[Captain Raju]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]], [[K. J. Yesudas|K.J.Yesudas]]
| music = Dr. C.V. Ranjith
| released = {{Film date|2012|09|28}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}
'''''Theruvu Nakshatrangal''''' is a 2012 [[Malayalam film]] directed by Jose Maveily and written by Beema Pally A.M. Ali .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/theruvu-nakshatrangal/ET00011186.|title=Movie Tickets, Plays, Sports, Music Concerts, Theater & Reviews BookMyShow}}</ref> It stars [[Tini Tom]], [[Captain Raju]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]], Asok Raj and Disney James in major roles.

==Plot==
Muthukrishan, a street child, escapes from the begging mafia and becomes a district collector.

==Cast==
*[[Tini Tom]]
*[[Captain Raju]]
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
*[[K. J. Yesudas]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-24 |title=Yesudas is making a comeback with 'Theruvu Nakshtrangal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/yesudas-is-making-a-comeback-with-theruvu-nakshtrangal/articleshow/15117526.cms |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Nisha |date=2012-07-23 |title=യേശുദാസ് വീണ്ടും ക്യാമറയ്ക്ക് മുന്നില്‍ |url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/kj-yesudas-to-stand-infront-of-camera-103226.html |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=FilmiBeat}}</ref>
*Disney James

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Tum?: A Dangerous Obsession

2026-03-03T12:05:41Z

MontyGilyard431: creating a post

{{Short description|2004 film directed by Aruna Raje}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tum?: A Dangerous Obsession
| image = Tum- A dangerous Obsession.jpg

| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Aruna Raje]]
| producer = Ratan Jain
| writer = {{ubl|Manisha Korde (dialogue)|[[Aruna Raje]] (screenplay)}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Karan Nath]]|[[Manisha Koirala]]|[[Rajat Kapoor]]|Natanya Singh|[[Deepti Daryanani]]|Ramesh Tekwani}}
| music = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| cinematography = [[Mahesh Aney]]
| editing = [[Aruna Raje]]
| studio = [[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus Movies]]
| distributor = Venus Movies
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2004|02|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}3.75 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1866|title=Tum – A Dangerous Obsession – Movie|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=23 June 2022|archive-date=23 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623002221/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1866|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}4.32 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Tum?: A Dangerous Obsession''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by [[Aruna Raje]], it stars [[Karan Nath]], [[Manisha Koirala]] and [[Rajat Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tum-a-dangerous-obsession-review-bollywood-pclv01jceidfj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224184056/http://www.sify.com/movies/tum-a-dangerous-obsession-review-bollywood-pclv01jceidfj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2015|title=Tum ends up being a big mess as the director tries to pack too many sub-plots in the movie.|website=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/feb/20tum.htm|title=This dangerous obsession is cold|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=23 March 2021|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604162612/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/feb/20tum.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kamini Gupta and Vinod Gupta with their two children are a happy family. Vinod, a CEO of a multinational corporation is very busy and has no time for the family. He is unable to make it to his wedding anniversary, leaving Kamini all alone. A young photographer, Jatin Pandey (Karan Nath) gives her company. He takes her pictures, also introduces to AD film Director Ramesh Tekwani for some AD shoots. they dine and dance together. In the morning when she wakes up, she finds herself naked in Jatin's bed. Jatin now craves and burns for Kamini who is the forbidden fruit in his life, leading from passion to a dangerous obsession. Towards the end Jatin is found murdered. Inspector Yusuf Malik (Aman Verma) takes the bizarre case. A murder trail with obsession and passion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bollywood-s-tryst-with-adultery/story-ApMzIqvjqKxFflcn0oXv4M.html|title=Bollywood's tryst with adultery|date=6 March 2004|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604162610/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bollywood-s-tryst-with-adultery/story-ApMzIqvjqKxFflcn0oXv4M.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Manisha Koirala]] as Kamini Gupta, Vinod's wife
*[[Karan Nath]] as Jatin Pandey
*[[Rajat Kapoor]] as Vinod Gupta, Kamini's husband
*Natanya Singh as Isha Malhotra
*[[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Inspector Yusuf Malik

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tum - A Dangerous Obsession
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 20 February 2004 (India)
| recorded = 2003
| venue = [[Mumbai]]
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer = Himesh Reshammiya
| prev_title = [[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Bardaasht]]
| next_year = 2004
}}

# Rehna To Hai (duet)- [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
# Rehna To Hai (solo)- [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]
# Rehna To Hai (Film version)- [[Alka Yagnik]], Roop Kumar Rathod
# Kyun Mera Dil- [[Adnan Sami]]
# Dil To Udne Laga- [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
# Sangdil Sanam- [[Udit Narayan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
# Mera Dil Laile- [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0402607|Tum: A Dangerous Obsession}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tum - A Dangerous Obsession}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aruna Raje]]
[[Category:2000s erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Indian murder mystery films]]
{{2000s-thriller-film-stub}}
{{erotic-thriller-film-stub}}
{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Master controversies

2026-02-26T08:35:29Z

MontyGilyard431: created data

{{Short description|2021 film controversy}}
{{italic title|string=Master}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}

The 2021 Indian film ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' faced several controversies. Filming was disrupted by an [[Income tax in India|income tax]] raid at the home of the film's lead actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and protests by the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2020 |title=Income Tax sleuths raid top Tamil actor Vijay's residence in Chennai: Report |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/i-t-dept-questions-actor-vijay-over-tax-evasion-in-tamil-nadu-11580911784240.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170214/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/i-t-dept-questions-actor-vijay-over-tax-evasion-in-tamil-nadu-11580911784240.html |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2020 |title=Master: TN BJP protests on the sets of Thalapathy Vijay starrer |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/master-tn-bjp-protests-sets-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-505990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820180227/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/master-tn-bjp-protests-sets-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-505990 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> The film, which was originally scheduled for release on 13 January 2021, was delayed by the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]]. It was initially planned to be released with 100% [[seating capacity]] in theatres, following a personal request by Vijay to then Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2021 |title=Tamil Nadu government allows 100 per cent occupancy in theatres ahead of Master, Eeswaran release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/04/tamil-nadu-government-allows-100-occupancy-in-theatres-ahead-of-master-eeswaran-release-22065.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170216/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/04/tamil-nadu-government-allows-100-occupancy-in-theatres-ahead-of-master-eeswaran-release-22065.html |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> and in line with other Tamil films. After protests from doctors and social activists, and the Central Government's decision against full occupancy in theatres, this plan was revoked and the film was released with 50% seating occupancy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2021 |title=Ahead of Master's release, Vijay, Tamil Nadu govt faces backlash over 100 percent cinema occupancy order |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ahead-of-masters-release-vijay-tamil-nadu-govt-faces-backlash-over-100-percent-cinema-occupancy-order-9172741.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122073554/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ahead-of-masters-release-vijay-tamil-nadu-govt-faces-backlash-over-100-percent-cinema-occupancy-order-9172741.html |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

Unknown individuals [[Film piracy|pirated]] several scenes from the film before the theatrical release. On 29 January 2021, shortly after its run in theatres, the film was made available for streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]]—16 days after its theatrical release—<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2021 |title=Vijay-starrer 'Master' to release on Amazon Prime Video on January 29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-starrer-master-to-release-on-amazon-prime-video-on-january-29/article33671595.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127065050/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-starrer-master-to-release-on-amazon-prime-video-on-january-29/article33671595.ece |archive-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> leading to criticism from theatre owners and exhibitors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2021 |title=Blindsided by Master's early OTT release, theatre owners rue lack of transparency |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/blindsided-by-masters-early-ott-release-theatre-owners-rue-lack-of-transparency-7163632/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305170541/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/blindsided-by-masters-early-ott-release-theatre-owners-rue-lack-of-transparency-7163632/ |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Income tax raid ==
On 5 February 2020, the [[Income Tax Department]] raided the [[Chennai]] home of the film's lead actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], investigating potential tax evasion related to his investment in immovable properties inherited from the production studio [[AGS Entertainment]], which bankrolled ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=6 February 2020 |title=Income Tax raids unearth ₹77 crore from financier of Vijay-starrer 'Bigil' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/income-tax-raids-unearth-77-crore-from-financier-of-vijay-starrer-bigil-actors-investments-being-probed/article30751954.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725074630/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/income-tax-raids-unearth-77-crore-from-financier-of-vijay-starrer-bigil-actors-investments-being-probed/article30751954.ece |archive-date=25 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2020 |title=Actor Vijay questioned, 'Bigil' producers raided by Income Tax authorities |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-vijay-questioned-bigil-producers-raided-income-tax-authorities-117568 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170214/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-vijay-questioned-bigil-producers-raided-income-tax-authorities-117568 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The investigation occurred while Vijay was shooting for ''Master'' in [[Neyveli]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2020 |title=Income Tax officials issue summons to Vijay on sets of 'Master' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/income-tax-officials-issue-summons-to-vijay-on-sets-of-master/articleshow/73960640.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206103035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/income-tax-officials-issue-summons-to-vijay-on-sets-of-master/articleshow/73960640.cms |archive-date=6 February 2020 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> causing disruption to the project.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=6 February 2020 |title=Over ₹77 crore seized from film producer; searches continue at actor Vijay's properties |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/over-77-crore-seized-from-film-producer-raids-continue-in-actor-vijays-properties/article30751954.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206115538/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/over-77-crore-seized-from-film-producer-raids-continue-in-actor-vijays-properties/article30751954.ece |archive-date=6 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivakumar |first=B |date=6 February 2020 |title=Vijay Income Tax Raid: Income tax searches on actor Vijay and others: Rs 77 crore seized from financier Anbu Chezhiyan's premises |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/income-tax-searches-on-actor-vijay-and-others-rs-77-crore-seized-from-financier-anbu-chezhiyans-premises/articleshow/73984822.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407055710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/income-tax-searches-on-actor-vijay-and-others-rs-77-crore-seized-from-financier-anbu-chezhiyans-premises/articleshow/73984822.cms |archive-date=7 April 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Nearly {{INR|77 crore|link=yes}} was seized from properties belonging to AGS Entertainment—the creative producer of ''Bigil'', [[Archana Kalpathi]], and film financer Anbu Cheliyan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 2020 |title=Rs 77 crore recovered in IT raid from film financer of actor Vijay |work=[[DNA India]] |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-rs-65-crore-recovered-in-it-raid-from-film-financer-of-actor-vijay-2812574 |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206175855/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-rs-65-crore-recovered-in-it-raid-from-film-financer-of-actor-vijay-2812574 |archive-date=6 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=Income-Tax raid at Vijay's Chennai house |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/income-tax-raid-at-vijay-s-chennai-house-1643735-2020-02-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170220/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/income-tax-raid-at-vijay-s-chennai-house-1643735-2020-02-06 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

In March 2020, another raid occurred at the residence of the film's co-producer-and-distributor [[Lalit Kumar]], and at his production house 7 Screen Studios,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Income Tax Raid: After Thalapathy Vijay, IT Officials conduct search at Master's producer's house in Chennai |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/income-tax-raid-after-thalapathy-vijay-it-officials-conduct-search-masters-producers-house-chennai-514395 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820180225/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/income-tax-raid-after-thalapathy-vijay-it-officials-conduct-search-masters-producers-house-chennai-514395 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> due to the film's pre-release business. Kumar had received a share of ₹50 [[crore]] from the film's ₹220 crore profit.{{Efn|This deal was finalised before [[COVID-19_lockdowns_by_country#India|COVID-19 lockdown]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=David |date=14 January 2020 |title=Master pre-release business: Vijay's film mints over Rs 200 crore before release |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/master-pre-release-business-vijays-film-mints-over-rs-200-crore-before-release-811717 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022051314/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/master-pre-release-business-vijays-film-mints-over-rs-200-crore-before-release-811717 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> and after the film's postponement to 13 January 2021, the deal was later revised to ₹158.3 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2021 |title=Master Worldwide Pre-Release Business: Thalapathy Vijay Starrer Crosses 150-Crore Mark! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2021/master-world-wide-pre-release-business-the-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-crosses-150-crore-mark-308479.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113074611/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2021/master-world-wide-pre-release-business-the-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-crosses-150-crore-mark-308479.html |archive-date=13 January 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2020 |title=I-T raids premises of Vijay-starrer Master's co-producer Lalith Kumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/mar/12/i-t-raids-premises-of-vijay-starrer-masters-co-producer-lalith-kumar-2115774.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170217/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/mar/12/i-t-raids-premises-of-vijay-starrer-masters-co-producer-lalith-kumar-2115774.html |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> On 13 March 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2020 |title=Income tax officials at Vijay's house again |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/12/income-tax-officials-at-vijays-house-again-17503.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170216/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/12/income-tax-officials-at-vijays-house-again-17503.html |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> the IT department reported nothing significant was found during the raid and that Vijay had paid all due taxes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2020 |title=I-T search at Vijay's residence concludes, officials say he has paid all taxes |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/03/13/it-search-vijay-residence-conclude-officials-say-he-haspaid-all-taxes.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315175126/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/03/13/it-search-vijay-residence-conclude-officials-say-he-haspaid-all-taxes.html |archive-date=15 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2020 |title=Income Tax Search at Actor Vijay's Residence Concludes, Officials Say He Paid All Taxes |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/income-tax-search-at-actor-vijays-residence-concludes-officials-say-he-paid-all-taxes-2535629.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121181712/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/income-tax-search-at-actor-vijays-residence-concludes-officials-say-he-paid-all-taxes-2535629.html |archive-date=21 November 2020 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> The Income Tax Department later released figures from the tax evasion probe showing Vijay received ₹50 crore for ''Bigil'' and ₹80 crore from ''Master''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2020 |title=I-T report reveals Vijay's salary: Sarkar actor received Rs 50 crore for Bigil and Rs 80 crore for Master |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/i-t-report-reveals-vijay-s-salary-sarkar-actor-received-rs-50-crore-for-bigil-and-rs-80-crore-for-master-1655396-2020-03-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821074910/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/i-t-report-reveals-vijay-s-salary-sarkar-actor-received-rs-50-crore-for-bigil-and-rs-80-crore-for-master-1655396-2020-03-14 |archive-date=21 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2020 |title=I-T search at Vijay's residence concludes, officials say he has paid all taxes |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/03/13/it-search-vijay-residence-conclude-officials-say-he-haspaid-all-taxes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315175126/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/03/13/it-search-vijay-residence-conclude-officials-say-he-haspaid-all-taxes.html |archive-date=15 March 2020 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> Member of Parliament [[Dayanidhi Maran]] accused the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) of politically targeting Vijay through these IT raids because of his criticism of the party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2020 |title=IT raid controversy: DMK leader Dayanidhi Maran backs actor Vijay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/chennai/it-raid-controversy-dmk-leader-dayanidhi-maran-backs-actor-vijay/videoshow/74066202.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217033152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/chennai/it-raid-controversy-dmk-leader-dayanidhi-maran-backs-actor-vijay/videoshow/74066202.cms |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2020 |title=Rajinikanth targeted once again by the DMK leader; Dayanidhi Maran speaks in support of Thalapathy Vijay |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rajinikanth-targeted-once-again-dmk-leader-dayanidhi-maran-speaks-support-thalapathy-vijay-506722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211171146/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rajinikanth-targeted-once-again-dmk-leader-dayanidhi-maran-speaks-support-thalapathy-vijay-506722 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

== Protests by Bharatiya Janata Party ==
On 7 February 2020, members of the BJP protested in front of a coal mine owned by [[NLC India Limited|Neyveli Lignite Corporation]] (NLC), where the film's final shooting schedule was being held.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2020 |title=BJP supporters protest against shooting of Vijay's 'Master' at Neyveli coal mines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bjp-supporters-protest-against-shooting-of-vijays-master-at-neyveli-coal-mines/articleshow/74009679.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021114209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bjp-supporters-protest-against-shooting-of-vijays-master-at-neyveli-coal-mines/articleshow/74009679.cms |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The party members protested against the NLC administration for granting permission for the shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2020 |title=BJP members protest at Neyveli Coal Mine during the shooting of Vijay's Master, demand permission be withdrawn |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bjp-members-protest-at-neyveli-coal-mine-during-shooting-of-vijays-master-demand-permission-be-withdrawn-8018611.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301130431/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bjp-members-protest-at-neyveli-coal-mine-during-shooting-of-vijays-master-demand-permission-be-withdrawn-8018611.html |archive-date=1 March 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Although the film crew had obtained permission for the shoot, the protesters said the area was highly secured and not suitable for a movie shoot, and they threatened to continue their protests if filming continued.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Akshaya |date=8 February 2020 |title=Vijay's Master: BJP cadres protest at Neyveli to stop the film's shooting |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-s-master-bjp-cadres-protest-at-neyveli-to-stop-the-film-s-shooting-1644426-2020-02-08 |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301130151/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-s-master-bjp-cadres-protest-at-neyveli-to-stop-the-film-s-shooting-1644426-2020-02-08 |archive-date=1 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2020 |title=BJP Workers Protest against Tamil Actor Vijay's Shoot in Neyveli Mining Area |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bjp-workers-protest-against-tamil-actor-vijays-shoot-in-neyveli-mining-area-2491929.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170214/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bjp-workers-protest-against-tamil-actor-vijays-shoot-in-neyveli-mining-area-2491929.html |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

Later that day, fans of Vijay arrived and mounted a counter protest in support of the actor. Both groups of protesters dispersed after police intervention.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2020 |title=BJP workers protest against Vijay, oppose shooting of 'Master' |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/02/07/bjp-workers-protest-against-vijay-oppose-shooting-of-master.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301130154/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/02/07/bjp-workers-protest-against-vijay-oppose-shooting-of-master.html |archive-date=1 March 2020}}</ref>

== Theatre seating capacity in Tamil Nadu ==
The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] initially granted the makers of ''Master'' permission to release the film with 100% seating capacity in theatres, following a personal request from Vijay to Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]. This decision was made despite the rise in [[COVID-19 in India|COVID-19 cases in India]], particularly [[COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu|in Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2021 |title=Kollywood heaves a sigh of relief as TN govt permits 100 per cent occupancy in theatres |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-film-industry-overjoyed-about-full-theatre-occupancy-7132347/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105025318/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-film-industry-overjoyed-about-full-theatre-occupancy-7132347/ |archive-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>

Shortly thereafter, the [[Central Government of India]] issued a directive against the Tamil Nadu government's decision, stating 100% seating occupancy<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Babu Jayakumar |first1=G. |last2=Sekar |first2=D. |date=7 January 2021 |title=Master, Eeswaran not to have full house shows |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070121/master-eeswaran-not-to-have-full-house-shows.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107150759/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070121/master-eeswaran-not-to-have-full-house-shows.html |archive-date=7 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2021 |title=Tamil Nadu govt rolls back decision to allow 100% occupancy at movie theatres |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-govt-rolls-back-decision-to-allow-100-occupancy-at-movie-theatres-11610111800486.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170214/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-govt-rolls-back-decision-to-allow-100-occupancy-at-movie-theatres-11610111800486.html |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> violated the guidelines of the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]], which permitted only 50% seat occupancy in theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2021 |title=Setback for Pongal releases- Vijay's Master and Simbu's Eeswaran cannot have 100 % theatre occupancy |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/setback-for-pongal-releases-vijays-master-and-simbus-eeswaran-cannot-have-100-theatre-occupancy/articleshow/80137466.cms |url-status=live |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106153817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/setback-for-pongal-releases-vijays-master-and-simbus-eeswaran-cannot-have-100-theatre-occupancy/articleshow/80137466.cms |archive-date=6 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2021 |title=Tamil Nadu revokes decision allowing 100% seating in cinema halls |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/state-reverses-decision-allowing-100-seating-in-cinema-halls/article33531758.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208015431/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/state-reverses-decision-allowing-100-seating-in-cinema-halls/article33531758.ece |archive-date=8 February 2021}}</ref> Many doctors and social activists also protested against allowing 100% seating capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=5 January 2021 |title=Puducherry doctor's heartfelt post for actors Vijay and Simbu goes viral. We are tired, he says |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/puducherry-doctor-s-heartfelt-post-for-actors-vijay-and-simbu-goes-viral-we-are-tired-he-says-1756085-2021-01-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106042911/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/puducherry-doctor-s-heartfelt-post-for-actors-vijay-and-simbu-goes-viral-we-are-tired-he-says-1756085-2021-01-05 |archive-date=6 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2021 |title=More doctors raise voice against Tamil Nadu govt's move allowing 100% seating in theatres |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jan/05/more-doctors-raise-voice-against-tamil-nadu-govts-move-allowing-100-seating-in-theatres-2245853.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105130528/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jan/05/more-doctors-raise-voice-against-tamil-nadu-govts-move-allowing-100-seating-in-theatres-2245853.html |archive-date=5 January 2021}}</ref> The Central Government's notice was upheld and the seating capacity in Tamil Nadu theatres was halved.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2021 |title=Hours after Madras HC order, Tamil Nadu govt revokes decision to permit 100% occupancy in theatres |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tamil-nadu-cinema-hall-covid-19-7138618/ |url-status=live |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109110011/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tamil-nadu-cinema-hall-covid-19-7138618/ |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2021 |title=Tamil Nadu government removes 50 per cent cap on theatre occupancy |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-government-removes-50-per-cent-cap-on-theatre-occupancy-7132046/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104123747/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-government-removes-50-per-cent-cap-on-theatre-occupancy-7132046/ |archive-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>

Prior to the issues regarding occupancy, exhibitors urged Vijay to reduce his salary for the film so the budget could be cut and the film would become more profitable for the distributors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=8 January 2021 |title=Vijay's Master releases on Pongal 2021 in theatres half full. Will it be a blockbuster? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-s-master-releases-on-pongal-2021-in-theatres-half-full-will-it-be-a-blockbuster-1757177-2021-01-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811081737/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-s-master-releases-on-pongal-2021-in-theatres-half-full-will-it-be-a-blockbuster-1757177-2021-01-08 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Eventually, the distributors planned for ''Master'' to have a solo theatrical release in Tamil Nadu to maximise collections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2020 |title=Theater owners to allocate all their screens to 'Master'! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/theater-owners-to-allocate-all-their-screens-to-master-news-tamil-umbgcVjiibcfc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208125636/https://www.sify.com/movies/theater-owners-to-allocate-all-their-screens-to-master-news-tamil-umbgcVjiibcfc.html |archive-date=8 December 2020 |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Tiruppur Subramanian, head of the Tamil Nadu Theatre Owners Association, said ''Master'' might receive priority in theatres if it was screened at 50% occupancy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2021 |title=Tiruppur Subramaniam on occupancy in theater: 'Master' will be screened in all theaters if the government revokes 100% theater occupancy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tiruppur-subramaniam-on-occupancy-in-theater-master-will-be-screened-in-all-theaters-if-the-government-revokes-100-theater-occupancy/articleshow/80150556.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126000048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tiruppur-subramaniam-on-occupancy-in-theater-master-will-be-screened-in-all-theaters-if-the-government-revokes-100-theater-occupancy/articleshow/80150556.cms |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After the film's theatrical release,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2021 |title=Chennai Kasi theatre booked for allowing more than 50% occupancy for 'Master' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chennai-kasi-theatre-booked-allowing-more-50-occupancy-master-141409 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820173242/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chennai-kasi-theatre-booked-allowing-more-50-occupancy-master-141409 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=14 January 2021 |title=Kasi Theatre in Chennai fined for allowing more than 50 per cent occupancy for Master |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kasi-theatre-in-chennai-fined-for-allowing-more-than-50-per-cent-for-vijay-s-master-1758926-2021-01-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170215/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kasi-theatre-in-chennai-fined-for-allowing-more-than-50-per-cent-for-vijay-s-master-1758926-2021-01-14 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> more than 10 theatres in Chennai were fined for allowing full seat occupancy and violating COVID-19 safety precautions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=A |date=13 January 2021 |title=Vijay's Master release: 10 Chennai theatres booked for not following 50% occupancy norm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vijays-master-release-chennai-theatre-fined-for-not-following-50-occupancy-norm/articleshow/80255075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vijays-master-release-chennai-theatre-fined-for-not-following-50-occupancy-norm/articleshow/80255075.cms |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2021 |title='Master' screening {{!}} 11 cases against Chennai theatres for violations |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/master-screening-11-cases-against-chennai-theatres-for-violations/article33572156.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207065917/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/master-screening-11-cases-against-chennai-theatres-for-violations/article33572156.ece |archive-date=7 February 2021}}</ref>

== Online piracy ==
On 12 January 2021, a day before ''Master''{{'s}} theatrical release, some scenes from the film were leaked on social media by anonymous individuals, triggering controversy within the film industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2021 |title=Master movie scenes leaked online |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/master-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-if-you-come-across-leaked-clips-please-dont-share-it-7142401/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113074612/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/master-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-if-you-come-across-leaked-clips-please-dont-share-it-7142401/ |archive-date=13 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2021 |title=Scenes from Master leaked ahead of release, team takes swift action |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/scenes-from-master-leaked-ahead-of-release-team-takes-swift-action-101610426925510.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113074614/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/scenes-from-master-leaked-ahead-of-release-team-takes-swift-action-101610426925510.html |archive-date=13 January 2021}}</ref> [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] and [[Malavika Mohanan]] urged the public not to share the leaked scenes and requested they watch the film in theatres while observing safety precautions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2021 |title=Tamil Film Master Leaked Online, Director Lokesh Kanagaraj Urges Fans to not Share Clips |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/tamil-film-master-leaked-online-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-urges-fans-to-not-share-clips-4326295/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113074544/https://www.india.com/entertainment/tamil-film-master-leaked-online-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-urges-fans-to-not-share-clips-4326295/ |archive-date=13 January 2021 |access-date=13 January 2021 |website=[[India.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=12 January 2021 |title=Vijay's Master leaked hours before release, director requests people not to share videos |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-s-master-leaked-hours-before-release-director-requests-people-not-to-share-videos-1758129-2021-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170214/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-s-master-leaked-hours-before-release-director-requests-people-not-to-share-videos-1758129-2021-01-11 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Many directors, producers, and actors from the South Indian film industry supported Lokesh on this issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2021 |title=Support pours in for Master team after clip leak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/support-pours-in-for-master-team-after-clip-leak/articleshow/80227769.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117065913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/support-pours-in-for-master-team-after-clip-leak/articleshow/80227769.cms |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=12 January 2021 |title=After Master leaked online, Prashanth Neel to Mari Selvaraj speak against piracy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-master-leaked-online-prashanth-neel-to-mari-selvaraj-speak-against-piracy-1758216-2021-01-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170214/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-master-leaked-online-prashanth-neel-to-mari-selvaraj-speak-against-piracy-1758216-2021-01-12 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

The social media platform [[Twitter]] later assisted the production team to identify the source of the leak. It was revealed a person who worked for a digital company that had acquired the distribution rights abroad had allegedly stolen and leaked a copy of the film on the Internet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2021 |title=Twitter helps the 'Master' team to find the person who leaked the footage |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/twitter-helps-the-master-team-to-find-the-person-who-leaked-the-footage/articleshow/80228349.cms |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113074544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/twitter-helps-the-master-team-to-find-the-person-who-leaked-the-footage/articleshow/80228349.cms |archive-date=13 January 2021}}</ref>

== Early streaming release ==
''Master'' began streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 29 January 2021, 16 days after its theatrical release; this was the shortest interval between cinematic and streaming releases for a Tamil film, a first for an Indian film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=27 January 2021 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Master to premiere on Amazon Prime on Jan 29. Fans can't wait |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-s-master-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-on-jan-29-fans-can-t-wait-1763062-2021-01-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214092320/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-s-master-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-on-jan-29-fans-can-t-wait-1763062-2021-01-27 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2021 |title=Master to premiere on Amazon Prime Video on January 29 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/vijay-master-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-video-on-january-29-7163082/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203203641/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/vijay-master-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-video-on-january-29-7163082/ |archive-date=3 February 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Xavier Britto said the film's early streaming release was due to it not being released in primary overseas centres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=8 February 2021 |title='Vijay's Salary Is Completely Justified': Xavier Britto, Producer Of 'Master' |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/master-movie-tamil-thalapathy-vijay-salary-completely-justified-producer-xavier-britto/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228091536/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/master-movie-tamil-thalapathy-vijay-salary-completely-justified-producer-xavier-britto/ |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Theatre owners objected to the early streaming release, saying piracy websites would upload high-definition copies of the film, which could negatively affect its box-office collections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2021 |title=Theatre owners, distributors urge 'Master' crew to delay OTT release |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/theatre-owners-distributors-urge-master-crew-delay-ott-release-142287 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129040947/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/theatre-owners-distributors-urge-master-crew-delay-ott-release-142287 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=27 January 2021 |title=Master on OTT in Less Than 3 Weeks: A short-sighted decision could cause long-term damage to film business |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-master-ott-amazon-prime-theatrical-release-short-sighted-decision-long-term-832547 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170214/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-master-ott-amazon-prime-theatrical-release-short-sighted-decision-long-term-832547 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

Theatre owners demanded a 10% share from the theatrical screenings on ''Master'' but the film's producers proceeded with their streaming plans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2021 |title=Theatre owners demand an additional 10% share from 'Master' producers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/theatre-owners-demand-an-additional-10-share-from-master-producers/articleshow/80494535.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/theatre-owners-demand-an-additional-10-share-from-master-producers/articleshow/80494535.cms |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Following the film's early streaming release, theatre owners announced that no film should premiere on a streaming service less than 30 days after its theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2021 |title=After Vijay's Master, theater owners seek no OTT premiere for 30 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-vijays-master-theater-owners-seek-no-ott-premiere-for-30-days/articleshow/80627525.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201073233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-vijays-master-theater-owners-seek-no-ott-premiere-for-30-days/articleshow/80627525.cms |archive-date=1 February 2021 |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=Master on OTT 2 weeks after theatres: What's the ideal gap between theatrical and OTT release? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/master-on-ott-2-weeks-after-theatres-what-s-the-ideal-gap-between-theatrical-and-ott-release-101613463056279.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/master-on-ott-2-weeks-after-theatres-what-s-the-ideal-gap-between-theatrical-and-ott-release-101613463056279.html |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Despite this, theatre owners continued to screen the film due to fan demand<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2021 |title=Master class |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/feb/07/master-class-2259693.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170214/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/feb/07/master-class-2259693.html |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2021 |title=Master is Blockbuster Despite Constraints, What's Stopping Sooryavanshi and '83 to Hit Screens? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/master-is-blockbuster-despite-constraints-whats-stopping-sooryavanshi-and-83-to-hit-screens-3405620.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209093957/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/master-is-blockbuster-despite-constraints-whats-stopping-sooryavanshi-and-83-to-hit-screens-3405620.html |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> and a lack of interest in films released after ''Master'', which they attributed to poor content and ineffective promotional activities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=To offset unexciting new releases and OTT, theatres go back to older hits to lure audiences to the big screen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/to-offset-unexciting-new-releases-and-ott-theatres-go-back-to-older-hits-to-lure-audiences-to-the-big-screen/articleshow/81553666.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318021914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/to-offset-unexciting-new-releases-and-ott-theatres-go-back-to-older-hits-to-lure-audiences-to-the-big-screen/articleshow/81553666.cms |archive-date=18 March 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2021 |title=Who will save big screen in Tamil Nadu? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/apr/26/who-will-save-big-screen-in-tamil-nadu-2294825.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601190815/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/apr/26/who-will-save-big-screen-in-tamil-nadu-2294825.html |archive-date=1 June 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Other issues ==
Three days of location filming for ''Master'' took place at a school for visually challenged children in [[Poonamallee]], where the behaviour of the crew drew mixed reactions.<ref name="SchoolSmoke">{{Cite news |date=12 December 2019 |title=Vijay's 'Thalapathy 64' crew accused of smoking inside school premises during shoot |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijays-thalapathy-64-crew-accused-of-smoking-inside-school-premises-during-shoot/article30285681.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170214/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijays-thalapathy-64-crew-accused-of-smoking-inside-school-premises-during-shoot/article30285681.ece |archive-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> Saravana Pandian, the school coordinator, was upset with Vijay for not meeting or interacting with the school's students as reported.<ref name="SchoolSmoke" /> He also criticized some crew members for smoking on the school premises, despite the presence of students.<ref name="SchoolSmoke" />

The [[Chief magistrate|Chief Metropolitan Magistrate]] in [[Egmore]] directed the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CB-CID]] to file a [[first information report]] (FIR) against producer Xavier Britto for [[copyright infringement]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2021 |title='Master': FIR filed against the producer Xavier Britto |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/master-fir-filed-against-the-producer-xavier-britto/articleshow/80229972.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225195723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/master-fir-filed-against-the-producer-xavier-britto/articleshow/80229972.cms |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> This court order resulted from a case filed by Novex Communications Private Limited, a music copyright company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2021 |title=Case filed against Master producer Xavier Britto for violating copyright laws |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/case-filed-against-master-producer-xavier-britto-for-violating-copyright-laws-1758525-2021-01-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170217/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/case-filed-against-master-producer-xavier-britto-for-violating-copyright-laws-1758525-2021-01-13 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> According to the petitioner, some songs from ''Master'' were played at the film's audio launch on 15 March 2020 without obtaining copyright permission from [[Think Music]], one of Novex's clients.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2021 |title=Chennai Court directs CB-CID to register case for copyright infringement over music played in 'Master' event |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-court-directs-cb-cid-to-register-case-for-copyright-infringement/article33556947.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112143337/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-court-directs-cb-cid-to-register-case-for-copyright-infringement/article33556947.ece |archive-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2021 |title=Master: FIR filed against Xavier Britto as songs played during audio launch were from other movies of Vijay |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/master-fir-filed-against-xavier-britto-songs-played-during-audio-launch-were-other-movies-vijay-592334 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621063405/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/master-fir-filed-against-xavier-britto-songs-played-during-audio-launch-were-other-movies-vijay-592334 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

Film writer K. Rangadas filed a petition alleging [[plagiarism]], saying ''Master''{{'s}} storyline is based on one of his works registered with the South Indian Film Writers Association in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2021 |title=Vijay's Master runs into plagiarism trouble |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-master-runs-into-plagiarism-trouble/articleshow/80170664.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820170215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-master-runs-into-plagiarism-trouble/articleshow/80170664.cms |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2020 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:Controversies about specific works]]
[[Category:Controversies about films in India]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Works subject to a lawsuit]]

Ayudha Puja

2026-02-04T20:48:42Z

MontyGilyard431: further refine details and added references

{{Short description|Hindu observance}}
{{infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Ayudha Puja
| image = Durga Puja DS.jpg
| caption = [[Murti]] of the goddess Durga, venerated on Ayudha Pooja
| nickname = Ayudha Puja also observed as Saraswathi Puja
| observedby = [[Hindu]]s
| begins = The Navami (ninth) day of [[Navaratri]]
| ends =
| date2019 = 7 October
| date2018 = 18 October
| date2017 = 29 September
| date2016 = 10 October<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.festivalsofindia.in/Ayudha-Puja/index.aspx |title=Ayudha Puja Celebration 2017, Significance of Ayudha Festival |access-date=2016-09-29 |archive-date=2017-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204054338/http://www.festivalsofindia.in/Ayudha-Puja/index.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| date2015 = 21 October
| date2014 = 2-10-2014
| date2012 = 23-10-2012
| date2013 = 13-10-2013
| celebrations = Ayudha Puja and Saraswati Puja
| observances = Veneration of implements, machines, weapons, books, and musical instruments
| relatedto = [[Navaratri]], [[Golu (festive)|Golu]]
| frequency = Annual
| type = Religious
| date2023 = 23 October 2023
| date2024 = 11 October 2024
| date2025 = 1 October 2025

}}
[[File:Swaraswatialtar.jpg|thumb|right|255px|[[Vasant Panchami|Saraswati Puja]] (goddess of wisdom & learning) is also performed concurrent with Ayudha Puje. Books and drums are kept for her blessings.]]
'''Ayudha Puja''' ({{Langx|sa|आयुध पूजा|lit=worship of tools|translit=Āyudha Pūjā}}) is a [[Hindus|Hindu]] observance that falls on the ninth day of the bright half of the moon's cycle of 15 days (as per the [[Hindu calendar]]) in the month of September/October, popularly a part of the [[Navaratri]] festival.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&dq=ayudha+puja+worship+of+tools&pg=PT230 |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-396-7 |pages=230 |language=en}}</ref> While the Navaratri festival is observed all over the country, the festivity that is widely marked as Ayudha Puja possesses slight variations of veneration and practices across India.<ref name=Kittel>{{Cite book|last=Kittel|first=F|title= Kannada English Dictionary|work=Ayudhapuja|page=162|access-date=2009-09-18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBUsaxC61mkC&q=Ayudha+Puje&pg=RA1-PA162|publisher= Asian Educational Services|year=1999|isbn=978-81-206-0049-2}}</ref><ref name=Ishwaran>{{Cite book|last=Ishwaran|first= Karigoudar|title= International studies in sociology and social anthropology, Volume 47|work=Foot note 2 by Alan Reals|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4K03AAAAIAAJ&q=Ayudhapuja&pg=PA206|publisher= Brill Archive|year=1963|quote=The Ayudhapuja is a festival that occurs some times in the months of September/October every year in the Karnataka State, to celebrate an episode from the Mahabharata, in which the exiled Pandavas worship their weapons. It is now celebrated by all as worship of whatever tools or material they use to eke out their livelihood}}</ref>

The principal goddesses worshipped during the Ayudha Puja are [[Saraswati]], the goddess of learning, [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of prosperity, and [[Parvati]], the goddess of power.<ref name=Ziegenbalg>{{Cite book|last= Ziegenbalg|first= Bartholomaeus|title= Genealogy of the South-Indian gods: a manual of the mythology and religion ...|pages=208|work=Ayud Puja=100, 106|access-date=2009-09-18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXsOAAAAQAAJ&q=Ayudha+Puja|publisher= Higginbotham|year=1869}}</ref> On this occasion, the implements employed by people of various professions and walks of life are customarily venerated, such as the weapons of a soldier, tools of an artisan, and the books of a student. The religious significance of this occasion is to commemorate the victory of the goddess [[Durga]] over [[Mahishasura]], or the conquest of [[Lanka]] by [[Rama]].<ref name=Ishwaran/> In [[South India]], the occasion is primarily dedicated to Saraswati, with the practice of educational materials such as books, pens, pencils, musical instruments, and other equipment being venerated, to signify the victory of knowledge over ignorance.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&dq=ninth+ayudha+puja&pg=PA56 |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |pages=56 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamath |first=Rina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&dq=ayudha+puja+saraswati&pg=PA104 |title=Chennai |date=September 2000 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1378-5 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref>

In the contemporary era, the tradition of this occasion is retained by the consecration of computers, typewriters, and mobile phones in the same manner as practiced in the past for weapons of warfare.<ref name=Saraswati>{{Cite book|last=Saraswati|first=T.S|title= Cross-cultural perspectives in human development: theory, research, and ...|work=Ayudpuja: Individualism in a collectivist culture|page=194|access-date=2009-09-18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CQMm5lVTREC&q=Ayudhapuja&pg=PA194|publisher= Sage|year= 2003|isbn=978-0-7619-9769-6}}</ref><ref name=Dodiya>{{Cite book|last=Dodiya|first= Jaydipsinh|title= Indian English poetry: critical perspectives|page=103|access-date=2009-09-18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fsLY0b5aJAC&q=Ayudhapuja&pg=PA103|publisher= Sarup & Sons|year= 2000|isbn= 978-81-7625-111-2}}</ref> In Orissa, tools traditionally used for cultivation like plough, war like sword and dagger, and inscription writing like "karani" or "lekhani" (metal [[stylus]]) are worshipped.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kanungo|first1=Panchanan|title=Sanskruti Baibhaba|date=2014|location=Bhubaneswar}}</ref>

== Nomenclature ==
It is celebrated in Karnataka (in erstwhile Mysore State) as “Ayudha Puje” (Kannada: ಆಯುಧ ಪೂಜೆ).[[Tamil Nadu]] as Ayudha Pujai ({{langx|ta|ஆயுத பூஜை}}), in [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] as Aayudha Pooja ({{langx|te|ఆయుధ పూజ}}), in [[Kerala]] as Ayudha Puja ({{langx|ml|ആയുധ പൂജ}}), "Astra Puja" ({{langx|or|ଅସ୍ତ୍ର ପୂଜା}}) or "Ayudha Puja" in [[Orissa, India|Odisha]], "Shastra Puja" ({{langx|mr|आयुध पूजा/ खंडे नवमी}}) or "Ayudha Puja/ Khande Navami" in [[Maharashtra, India|Maharashtra]], and in [[Karnataka]] (in the erstwhile [[Mysore State]]) as “Ayudha Puje” ({{langx|kn|ಆಯುಧ ಪೂಜೆ}}).

==Legend==
Two Hindu legends relate to this festival. The popular legend which was also practiced symbolically by the Maharajas of Mysore alludes to one legend. It is said that on [[Vijayadashami]] day [[Arjuna]], third of the five [[Pandava]] brothers, retrieved his weapons of war from the hole in the [[Prosopis cineraria|shami]] tree where he had hidden it before proceeding on the forced exile. After completing his vanavasa (exile period) of 13 years, including one year of ''Agyatavas'' (living incognito) before embarking on the warpath against the [[Kaurava]]s he retrieved his weapons. In the [[Kurukshetra war]] that ensued, Arjuna was victorious. Pandavas returned on Vijayadashami day and since then it is believed that this day is auspicious to begin any new venture. In Karnataka, Ayudha Puja is celebrated by the general public one day before the original festival day Vijayadashami (the Ayudha Puja Day).<ref name=Kamat>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/festive/ayudha/|title=Ayudha Puja or Worship of Tools|access-date=2009-09-18| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091003103406/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/festive/ayudha/| archive-date= 3 October 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

Another legend is of a pre-battle ritual involving [[yagna]] or ritual sacrifice or as part of the Ayudha Puja (considered a sub-rite of Navaratri festival that starts after the rainy season and is propitiated before launching military campaigns). This practice is no more prevalent. The past practice is narrated in the Tamil version of [[Mahabharata]] epic. In this ritual, prevalent than in Tamil Nadu, ‘Kalapalli’ was a “sacrifice to the battlefield. [[Duryodhana]], the [[Kaurava]] chief was advised by astrologer ([[Sahadeva]]) that the propitious time for performing Kalapalli was on [[amavasya]] day (new moon day), one day before the start of [[Kurukshetra war]] and [[Iravan]] (son of Arjuna), also spelt Aravan, had agreed to be the victim for the sacrifice. But [[Krishna]], the benefactor of [[Pandava]]s smelt trouble and he devised a plan to persuade Iravan to be the representative of the Pandavas and also of the Kauravas. Krishna had suggested to [[Yudhishthira]]-the eldest of the Pandavas, to sacrifice Aravan to goddess Kali as a part of Ayudha Puja. After this sacrifice, [[Kali]] had blessed Pandavas for victory in the Kurukshetra war.

==Mode of veneration==
[[File:Ayudha Pooja.jpg|thumb|right|Veneration of vehicles as part of Ayudha Puja]]
[[File:CLA200 CDI.jpg|thumb|An imported car decorated for the Puja]]
The tools and all implements of vocation are first cleaned. All the tools, machines, vehicles and other devices are then painted or well polished after which they are smeared with [[turmeric]] paste, [[sandalwood]] paste (in the form of a [[tilak]]am (insignia or mark) and [[kumkum]]am (vermillion). Then, in the evening, previous to the puja day, they are placed on an earmarked platform and decorated with flowers. In the case of weapons of war, they are also cleaned, bedecked with flowers and tilak and placed in a line, adjacent to a wall. On the morning of the puja that is on the Navami day, they are all worshipped along with the images of [[Saraswati]], [[Lakshmi]], and [[Parvati]]. Books and musical instruments are also placed on the pedestal for veneration. On the day of the puja, these are not to be disturbed. The day is spent in veneration and contemplation.<ref name =Misra>{{Cite book|last=Misra|first= Promode Kumar|title= Cultural profiles of Mysore City|work=Ayudha Puja|page=106|access-date=2009-09-18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLsLAAAAIAAJ&q=Ayudha+Puja|publisher= Anthropological Survey of India, Govt. of India|year= 1978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archives.amritapuri.org/bharat/festival/navaratri.php|title=Ayudha Puja|access-date=2009-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811175042/http://archives.amritapuri.org/bharat/festival/navaratri.php|archive-date=2011-08-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Regional traditions==
===Karnataka===
In [[Karnataka]], the erstwhile [[Mysore state]] of the Maharajas of Mysore, the ancient Navaratri festival started as a family tradition within the precincts of the palace. The royal family performs the Ayudha Pooja as a part of the Navaratri, inside the palace grounds. The rituals observed are first to venerate the weapons on the Mahanavami day (ninth day), followed by “Kushmanda” (pumpkin in Sanskrit)– the tradition of breaking a pumpkin in the palace grounds. After this, weapons are carried in a golden [[palanquin]] to the Bhuvaneshwari temple for veneration. The tradition of the festival is traced to the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336 A.D. to 1565 A.D.) when it became a Naada Habba (or people's festival). Raja Wodeyar I (1578–1617) who was viceroy to the Vijayanagara ruler, with his seat of power in Mysore, reintroduced the Vijayanagara practice of celebrating the Navaratri festival, in 1610 A.D. He set rules on how to celebrate the Navaratri with devotion and grandeur. After a gala nine days of [[Durbar (court)|durbar]], the Maharaja performs a puja in a temple in the palace precincts, which is followed by a grand procession through the main thoroughfares of the [[Mysore city]] to the Bannimantap on a caparisoned elephant. The Bannimantap is the place where the Maharaja worships the traditional [[Prosopis cineraria|Shami]] or Banni Tree ([[Prosopis spicigera]]); the legend of this tree is traced to the Mahabharat legend of Arjuna (where he had hidden his weapons of war). The significance of the Shami tree veneration is to seek blessings of the tree (where [[Rama]] is also said to have worshipped) for success in the desired avocations (including war campaigns).<ref name=news>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/10/20/wadiyar-performs-ayudha-pooja-inside-courtyard-of-mysore-palace-1192887326.html|title= Wadiyar performs Ayudha Pooja in Mysore Palace|date= 20 October 2007|access-date=2009-09-18|publisher= news.oneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/festivals/navaratri/dasera.php|title=Vijayadashmi: The triumph of righteousness|access-date=2009-09-18|archive-date=2014-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214121934/http://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/festivals/navaratri/dasera.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021005611300.htm |title=A historic festival |access-date=2009-09-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716044238/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021005611300.htm |archive-date=2007-07-16 }}</ref> This festival is also celebrated with lot of fanfare throughout the state, in all villages. In the rural areas, every village and community observe this festival with fervour but there have been conflicts on several occasions as to which community has the first right to perform the Pujas. Generally, the Ayudha puja in villages begins with the sacrifice of sheep and smearing the bullock carts with sheep blood.<ref name=conflict>{{Cite book|title=Beals |work=Ayudha Puja Incident|year=1966|pages=117–124|access-date=2009-09-18|
url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty-sAAAAIAAJ&q=Ayudha+Puja&pg=PA117|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-0302-4}}</ref><ref name =Srinivas>{{cite book|last=Srinivas |work=Ayudha Puja|pages =139, 140|access-date=2009-09-18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vY9AAAAYAAJ&q=Ayudha+Puja|publisher=West Bengal Govt. Press|year=1955 | title=India's villages: a collection of articles originally published in the Economic weekly of Bombay}}</ref>

===Kerala===
In [[Kerala]], the festival is called Ayudha Puja or [[Saraswati Puja]] as part of the ten-day puja ceremonies, also named as the festival of [[September equinox|autumnal equinox]] that is observed three weeks from the date of the [[equinox]]. The practice followed in the veneration on two days involves the opening day, which is called ''Pujaveppu'' (meaning: keeping implements for veneration). The closing day festival is called ''Pujayeduppu'' (meaning: taking implements back from veneration). On the ''Pujaveppu'' day, all tools, machines, and instruments, including vehicles, musical instruments, stationery and all implements that help one earn the livelihood, are worshipped. On the closing day, these are taken back for re-use.<ref name="DeccanChronicle">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-specials-festival-navratri-rituals-golu-saraswati-puja-vidyarambham/20131005.htm#4|title=Navratri rituals: Golu, Saraswati puja, Vidyarambham... : 4 |publisher=The Deccan Chronicle |date=2013-10-05 |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref><ref name=Logan>{{Cite book|last= Logan|first= William|title= Malabar manual |work=Ayudh Puja|page=162|access-date=2009-09-18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&q=Ayudhapuja&pg=PA162|publisher= Asian Educational Services|year=2000|isbn=978-81-206-0446-9}}</ref> In villages in Kerala, the Ayudha puja is observed with great reverence and several martial art forms and folk dances are also performed on that day.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

===Tamil Nadu===
In [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Golu (festive)|golu]] is the festival celebrated during the [[Navratri|Navaratri]] period. On this occasion dolls, predominantly that of the deities from Hinduism, are artistically arranged on a seven-stepped wooden platform. Traditionally, 'marapachi' wooden dolls representing [[Perumal]] and [[Ranganayaki|Thayar]] are also displayed together at a dominant location on the top step of the platform erected specially for the occasion. On the ninth day (Navami day), Saraswati puja is performed when special prayers are offered to the goddess Saraswati. Books and musical instruments are placed in the puja pedestal and worshipped. Tools are placed for the Ayudha puja. Vehicles are washed and decorated, and puja performed for them on this occasion. This is followed by the Vijayadashami celebrations at the culmination of the ten-day festivities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uni5.co/index.php/en/vedic-festivals/golu.html|title=Golu or Bommai Kolu|access-date=2009-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pudukkottai.org/archieve/navarathri/page_04.htm |title=Ayudha pooja 2003 |access-date=2009-09-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107051123/http://www.pudukkottai.org/archieve/navarathri/page_04.htm |archive-date=2009-01-07 }}</ref>

=== Maharashtra ===
In Maharashtra, the festival is celebrated as Ayudha Puja/Shastra Puja, Vijayadashami, Navaratri and Saraswati Puja. All weapons, vehicles, agricultural equipment, machines and metal items are worshipped with leaves of the shami tree (Marathi: आपट्याची पाने/सोने), marigold flowers and the 'dhaan' that is grown during 9 days of Navaratri. Marigold flowers have a special significance on Navaratri day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/thane-kokan-news/navi-mumbai/marigold-flower-prices-shoot-up-on-dussehra-eve/articleshow/66265300.cms|title=marigold-flower-prices-shoot-up-on-dussehra|work=Maharashtra Times|archive-date=2019-09-05|access-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905170156/https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/thane-kokan-news/navi-mumbai/marigold-flower-prices-shoot-up-on-dussehra-eve/articleshow/66265300.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saraswati Puja is performed and books, musical instruments, etc. are worshiped alongside the goddess. People perform a ritual called Simollanghan, crossing boundary of the village and collect leaves of the apta tree. The leaves signify gold. People visit each other's homes in the evening and distribute the gold (leaves) as a mark of love and respect.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tarunbharat.com/news/628266|title=सीमोल्लंघन! - तरुण भारत|date=2018-10-17|work=तरुण भारत|access-date=2018-10-18|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905164650/https://www.tarunbharat.com/news/628266|url-status=dead}}</ref> Royal Navaratri celebrations take place at various places like Kolhapur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur-western-maharashtra-news/kolhapur/shahi-dasara-in-dasara-chowk/articleshow/66266447.cms|title=Royal Dasara:Kolhapur|work=Maharashtra Times|archive-date=2019-09-05|access-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905171705/https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur-western-maharashtra-news/kolhapur/shahi-dasara-in-dasara-chowk/articleshow/66266447.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{anl|Kullu Dussehra}}
* {{anl|Saraswati}}
* {{anl|Vidyarambham}}
* {{anl|Vijayadashami}}

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

{{HinduFestivals}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:September observances]]
[[Category:October observances]]

East Zone cricket team

2026-01-29T01:45:06Z

MontyGilyard431: reworked lead to improve readability after review

{{Short description|First-class cricket team}}
{{for multi|the [[Pakistan]]i team|East Zone cricket team (Pakistan)|the [[Bangladesh]]i team|East Zone cricket team (Bangladesh)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}{{Infobox cricket team
| name = East Zone cricket team
| image = East zone ct.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| association = Board of Control for Cricket in India
| first_fc =
| ground =
| capacity =
| coach =
| captain =
| colors =
| fc_matches =
| fc_wins =
| fc_losses =
| fc_ties =
| fc_noresult =
| fc_years =
| website =
}}
The '''East Zone cricket team''' is a [[first class cricket|first-class]] [[cricket]] team that represents eastern [[India]] in the [[Duleep Trophy]] and [[Deodhar Trophy]]. It is a composite team of six first-class Indian teams from eastern India competing in the [[Ranji Trophy]]: [[Assam cricket team|Assam]], [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]], [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal (West Bengal)]], [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]], [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]] and [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]].

East Zone has won the Duleep Trophy twice in the 2011/12 and 2012/13 seasons, as well as the Deodhar Trophy four times in the 1992/93, 1993/94, 1996/97 and 2003/04 seasons.

==Current squad==

Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''. ''Updated as on 26 Jul 2023''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Name
! Domestic team
! Birth date
! Batting Style
! Bowling Style
! Format
! Notes
|-
! colspan="7" | Batters
|-
|| [[Anustup Majumdar]] || Bengal || {{Birth date and age|1984|4|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[leg break]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Sudip Gharami]] || Bengal || {{Birth date and age|1999|3|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| [[Shantanu Mishra]] || Odisha || {{Birth date and age|1994|5|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]] || Bengal || {{Birth date and age|1995|9|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[leg break]] || First-class & List A || Vice-captain
|-
|| '''[[Saurabh Tiwary]]''' || Jharkhand || {{Birth date and age|1989|12|30|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || List A || Captain
|-
|| [[Virat Singh]] || Jharkhand || {{Birth date and age|1997|12|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Subhranshu Senapati]] || Odisha || {{Birth date and age|1996|12|30|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Rishav Das]] || Assam || {{Birth date and age|1989|12|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || List A ||
|-
! colspan="7" | All-rounders
|-
|| '''[[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]]''' || Bengal || {{Birth date and age|1994|12|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| [[Riyan Parag]] || Assam || {{Birth date and age|2001|11|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[leg break]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| [[Anukul Roy]] || Jharkhand || {{Birth date and age|1998|11|30|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Utkarsh Singh]] || Jharkhand || {{Birth date and age|1998|5|7|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || List A ||
|-
! colspan="7" | Wicket-keepers
|-
|| [[Abhishek Porel]] || Bengal || {{Birth date and age|2002|10|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || - || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| [[Kumar Kushagra]] || Jharkhand || {{Birth date and age|2004|10|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || - || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| Bipin Saurabh || Bihar || {{Birth date and age|1999|11|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || - || First-class ||
|-
! colspan="7" | Spin Bowler
|-
|| '''[[Shahbaz Nadeem]]''' || Jharkhand || {{Birth date and age|1989|8|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Avinov Choudhury]] || Assam || {{Birth date and age|1999|12|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || List A ||
|-
! colspan="7" | Pace Bowlers
|-
|| [[Manisankar Murasingh]] || Tripura || {{Birth date and age|1993|1|1|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| [[Ishan Porel]] || Bengal || {{Birth date and age|1998|9|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Akash Deep]] || Bengal || {{Birth date and age|1996|12|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
|| [[Suryakant Pradhan]] || Odisha || {{Birth date and age|1993|9|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || First-class ||
|-
|| [[Mukhtar Hussain]] || Assam || {{Birth date and age|1999|1|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || List A ||
|-
|| [[Abhijeet Saket]] || Bihar|| {{Birth date and age|1995|8|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || List A ||
|}

==Famous players from East Zone==
{{main|List of East Zone cricketers}}
*[[Pankaj Roy]]
*[[Sourav Ganguly]]
*[[Arun Lal]]
*[[Wriddhiman Saha]]
*[[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]
*[[Deep Dasgupta]]
*[[Rohan Gavaskar]]
*[[Devang Gandhi]]
*[[Debasis Mohanty]]
*[[Shiv Sunder Das]]
*[[Saurabh Tiwary]]
*[[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]
*[[Ashok Dinda]]
*[[Mohammed Shami]]
*[[Ishan Kishan]]

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/671/671.html East Zone] at CricketArchive

{{Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:East Zone Cricket Team}}
[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Duleep Trophy]]
[[Category:Deodhar Trophy]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

2016–17 Mizoram Premier League

2026-01-18T09:42:19Z

MontyGilyard431: starting entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox football league season
|competition = [[Mizoram Premier League]]
|season = 2016–17
|winners = [[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]] (2nd title)
|relegated =
|continentalcup1 =
|continentalcup1 qualifiers =
|continentalcup2 =
|continentalcup2 qualifiers =
|best goalkeeper =
|biggest home win =
|biggest away win =
|highest scoring =
|matches =
|total goals =
|league topscorer =
|longest wins =
|longest unbeaten =
|longest winless =
|longest losses =
|highest attendance =
|lowest attendance =
|attendance =
|average attendance =
|prevseason = [[2015–16 Mizoram Premier League|2015–16]]
|nextseason = [[2017–18 Mizoram Premier League|2017–18]]
|updated =
}}
The '''2016–17 Mizoram Premier League''' was the fifth season of the [[Mizoram Premier League]], the top-division football league in the [[India]]n state of [[Mizoram]]. The league began on 1 September 2016 with eight teams competing.<ref name="Season">{{cite news|title=MPL5 Champhai lamah|url=http://www.inkhel.com/post/mpl5-champhai-lamah|accessdate=21 August 2016|work=Inkhel|date=30 June 2016}}</ref> The league final took place on 16 December with [[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]] defeating Bethlehem VT 3–0.<ref name="Season"/>

[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] were the defending champions coming into the season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aizawl FC are Mizo Premier League Champions|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6873|accessdate=21 August 2016|work=The All India Football Federation|date=17 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412002017/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6873|archive-date=12 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Teams==
* [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
* BVT
* [[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]]
* Chanmari West
* [[Chhinga Veng F.C.|Chhinga Veng]]
* Dinthar
* Ramhlun North
* Zo United

==League table==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=


|team1=BVT |team2=CFC |team3=AFC |team4=CW |team5=CV |team6=DFC |team7=RN |team8=ZU


|result1=SF |result2=SF |result3=SF |result4=SF |result7=PLAY |result8=REL


|update=26 November 2016
|win_AFC=7 |draw_AFC=3 |loss_AFC=4 |gf_AFC=15 |ga_AFC=10 
|win_BVT=8 |draw_BVT=3 |loss_BVT=3 |gf_BVT=15 |ga_BVT=12 
|win_CFC=7 |draw_CFC=5 |loss_CFC=2 |gf_CFC=24 |ga_CFC=13 
|win_CW=6 |draw_CW=3 |loss_CW=5 |gf_CW=20 |ga_CW=15 
|win_CV=4 |draw_CV=4 |loss_CV=6 |gf_CV=18 |ga_CV=19 
|win_DFC=3 |draw_DFC=7 |loss_DFC=4 |gf_DFC=16 |ga_DFC=20 
|win_RN=3 |draw_RN=3 |loss_RN=8 |gf_RN=12 |ga_RN=21 
|win_ZU=1 |draw_ZU=6 |loss_ZU=7 |gf_ZU=13 |ga_ZU=23 


|name_AFC=[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|name_BVT=BVT
|name_CFC=[[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]]
|name_CW=Chanmari West
|name_CV=[[Chhinga Veng F.C.|Chhinga Veng]]
|name_DFC=Dinthar
|name_RN=Ramhlun North
|name_ZU=Zo United


|show_limit=5
|class_rules = 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored


|res_col_header=QR
|col_SF=green1 |text_SF=Advance to Semi-finals
|col_PLAY=red2 |text_PLAY=Relegation play-offs
|col_REL=red1 |text_REL=Relegation to the Mizoram First Division

}}</onlyinclude>

==Finals==
===Bracket===
{{4TeamBracket|legs=2/1|aggregate=score|nowrap=y
| RD1=Semi-Finals
| RD2=Finals

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = Bethlehem VT
| RD1-score1-1= 1
| RD1-score1-2= 1
| RD1-seed2 = 4
| RD1-team2 = Chanmari West
| RD1-score2-1= 1
| RD1-score2-2= 0

| RD1-seed3 = 2
| RD1-team3 = [[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]]
| RD1-score3-1= 4
| RD1-score3-2= 2
| RD1-seed4 = 3
| RD1-team4 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
| RD1-score4-1= 1
| RD1-score4-2= 1

| RD2-seed1 = 1
| RD2-team1 = Bethlehem VT
| RD2-score1 = 0
| RD2-seed2 = 2
| RD2-team2 = [[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]]
| RD2-score2 = '''3'''
}}

===Semi-finals===
====Leg 1====
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 1 December 2016
|time =
|team1 = Bethlehem VT
|score = 1–1
|report = [https://www.facebook.com/MizoramPremierLeague/photos/a.406519956065597.106374.406517749399151/1318509431533307/?type=3&theater Report]
|team2 = Chanmari West
|goals1 = Lalrammuanpuia {{goal|5}}
|goals2 = Laldampuia {{goal|8}}
|location =
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 2 December 2016
|time =
|team1 = [[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]]
|score = 4–1
|report = [https://www.facebook.com/MizoramPremierLeague/photos/a.406519956065597.106374.406517749399151/1319593598091557/?type=3 Report]
|team2 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|goals1 = Chhangte {{goal|3}} Zote {{goal|11}} Rohmingthanga {{goal|22}} OG Lalrinchhana {{goal|49}}
|goals2 = Hnamte {{goal|21}}
|location =
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

====Leg 2====
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 8 December 2016
|time =
|team1 = Chanmari West
|score = 0–1
|report = [https://www.facebook.com/MizoramPremierLeague/posts/1327619420622308 Report]
|team2 = Bethlehem VT
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Apuia
|location =
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 9 December 2016
|time =
|team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|score = 1–2
|report = [https://www.facebook.com/MizoramPremierLeague/photos/a.406519956065597.106374.406517749399151/1328894807161436/?type=3&theater Report]
|team2 = [[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location =
|stadium =
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

===Final===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 16 December 2016
|time =
|team1 = Bethlehem VT
|score = 0–3
|report = [https://www.inkhel.com/post/mpl-5-champions-chanmari-fc Report]
|team2 = [[Chanmari F.C.|Chanmari]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Umunnakwe {{goal|32}} Chhangte {{goal|55}} Malsawmtluanga {{goal|90+2}}
|location = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|stadium = [[Lammual Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

==Awards==
After the league final, the following awards and respective winners were announced:<ref>{{cite news|title=MPL 5 Champions Chanmari|url=https://www.inkhel.com/post/mpl-5-champions-chanmari-fc|accessdate=17 December 2016|work=Inkhel|date=16 December 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Award
!Player/Club
|-
|Best player
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Malsawmfela]]
|-
|Golden boot
|{{flagicon|IND}} Laldampuia Tochhawng
|-
|Best forward
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Malsawmfela]]
|-
|Best midfielder
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lalruatfela Zote
|-
|Best defender
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lalhlimpuia
|-
|Best goalkeeper
|{{flagicon|IND}} Malsawmdawngzela
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/MizoramPremierLeague Mizoram Premier League on facebook].

{{Mizoram Premier League}}
{{2016–17 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2016-17 Mizoram Premier League}}
[[Category:Mizoram Premier League seasons]]
[[Category:2016–17 in Indian football leagues]]

Minakshi Hooda

2026-01-05T22:13:27Z

MontyGilyard431: created new stub!

{{Short description|Indian boxer}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Minakshi Hooda
| image = Minakshi Hooda.jpg
| caption = Hooda at the [[2025 World Boxing Championships|2025 World Championships]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|8|2}}
| birth_place = Rurki, [[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]], India
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| height = 1.63 m
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| branch = [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
| serviceyears = 2022—present
| rank = [[Constable]]
| department =
}}
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[amateur boxing]]}}[[File: Boxing pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Boxing Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 World Boxing Championships|2025 Liverpool]]|[[2025 World Boxing Championships – Women's 48 kg|48kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Boxing Cup|World Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 World Boxing Cup|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Boxing Cup#Finals|48kg]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 World Boxing Cup|2025 Astana]]|[[2025 World Boxing Cup#Stage II|48kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|2022 Amman]]|[[2022 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships#Women|52kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[BRICS Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 BRICS Games|2024 Kazan]]|[[2024 BRICS Games|48kg]]}}
}}
'''Minakshi Hooda''' (born 2 August 2001) is an Indian [[Boxing|boxer]]. She won a gold medal at the [[2025 World Boxing Championships|2025 World Championships]] and a silver medal at the [[2022 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|2022 Asian Championships]].<ref name="auto2" />

==Early life==
Minakshi is from the village of Rurki, [[Rohtak]], in the Indian state of [[Haryana]].<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news |author=Patwardhan, Deepti |date=6 December 2022 |title=Boxing: Debutant Minakshi continues to punch her way to the top |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/boxing-debutant-minakshi-continues-to-punch-her-way-to-the-top-111670267402132.html |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |via=[[archive.today]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250915011139/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/boxing-debutant-minakshi-continues-to-punch-her-way-to-the-top-111670267402132.html |archive-date=2025-09-15}}</ref> She is the youngest of four children born to Srikrishan Hooda, who works as an [[auto rickshaw]] driver.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/boxing/minakshi-hooda-world-boxing-championships-final-profile-auto-driver-father-career-journey-feature-news/article70048169.ece|newspaper=[[Sportstar]]|via=[[archive.today]]|title=From humble beginnings, Minakshi cruises to pinnacle of the boxing world |date=14 September 2025|author=Selvaraj, Jonathan |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250915013958/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/boxing/minakshi-hooda-world-boxing-championships-final-profile-auto-driver-father-career-journey-feature-news/article70048169.ece |archive-date=2025-09-15}}</ref> She is the first person from her family to be involved in sports.<ref name="auto2"/> At age 12, she joined a local boxing academy run by Vijay Hooda.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto2"/> Her father was at first opposed to the idea, saying that "I didn't think I could afford the cost of raising a sportsperson. I could barely afford the roof over our heads ... How would I be able to afford a sports person's specialised diet or her equipment?"<ref name="auto2"/> After Vijay Hooda offered to support her, her father allowed her to join the academy.<ref name="auto2"/>

== Career ==
In 2017, Minakshi won a sub-junior championship.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2022/Oct/12/promising-minakshi-attracting-job-offers-with-prowess-inside-the-boxing-ring-2507095.html|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|via=[[Wayback Machine]]|title=Promising Minakshi attracting job offers with prowess inside the boxing ring|author=Mirza, Firoz|date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012052915/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2022/Oct/12/promising-minakshi-attracting-job-offers-with-prowess-inside-the-boxing-ring-2507095.html|archive-date=2022-10-12}}</ref> She won the title in her event at the Khelo India School Games in 2018 and then was champion of the Youth Nationals in 2019.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/> Two years after her Youth Nationals title, she won silver at the senior national championships in 2021.<ref name="auto2"/> The next year, she was selected to compete at the [[2022 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships]] in [[Amman]], Jordan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/rudkis-boxing-girls-are-all-about-punching-up/articleshow/94892776.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|via=[[Wayback Machine]]|title=Rudki's boxing girls are all about punching up|date=16 October 2022|author=Singh, Sat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017032259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/rudkis-boxing-girls-are-all-about-punching-up/articleshow/94892776.cms|archive-date=2022-10-17}}</ref> Participating in the 52 kg event (flyweight), she won the silver medal after being defeated by [[Rinka Kinoshita]] of Japan in the finals.<ref name="auto3"/> Due to her achievements at the Asian Championships, she received a position working for the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]].<ref name="auto2"/> She told ''[[Sportstar]]'' that this "took care of a lot of the financial trouble in our family. I even was able to get my father his own auto rickshaw so he didn't have to rent one anymore".<ref name="auto2"/>

Minakshi won national titles in 2023 and 2024 and also won the 2024 Elorda Cup.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/boxing-nationals-minakshi-stuns-world-champion-nitu-ghanghas-9904012/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|via=[[Wayback Machine]]|title=Boxing Nationals: After losing CWG, Asiad trials, Minakshi stuns World Champion Nitu Ghanghas|date=24 March 2025|author=Raj, Pritish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407121308/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/boxing-nationals-minakshi-stuns-world-champion-nitu-ghanghas-9904012/|archive-date=2025-04-07}}</ref> By 2025, she dropped from the 52 kg weight class to the 48 kg weight class.<ref name="auto"/> She won gold at the 2025 national championships after defeating world champion [[Nitu Ghanghas]].<ref name="auto2"/> She also won bronze at the [[2025 World Boxing Cup]].<ref name="auto2"/> Later that year, she competed at the [[2025 World Boxing Championships|World Boxing Championships]] in [[Liverpool]] in the [[2025 World Boxing Championships – Women's 48 kg|48 kg event]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/world-boxing-championships-minakshi-hooda-eyes-gold-after-flawless-win/articleshow/123878964.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|via=[[Wayback Machine]]|title=World Boxing Championships: Minakshi Hooda eyes gold after flawless win|date=14 September 2025|author=Basu, Hindol|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915025418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/world-boxing-championships-minakshi-hooda-eyes-gold-after-flawless-win/articleshow/123878964.cms|archive-date=2025-09-15}}</ref> She reached the finals of her event and defeated Olympic medalist [[Nazym Kyzaibay]] of Kazakhstan to become world champion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/double-delight-jaismine-lamboria-minakshi-hooda-crowned-world-champions-3727419|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|via=[[archive.today]]|title=Double delight: Jaismine Lamboria, Minakshi Hooda crowned world boxing champions|date=14 September 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250915025338/https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/double-delight-jaismine-lamboria-minakshi-hooda-crowned-world-champions-3727419|archive-date=2025-09-15}}</ref> She was the first world champion from her village.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/minakshi-hooda-boxing-world-championships-village-rohtak-coach-vijay-hooda-gender-bias-10248759/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|via=[[archive.today]]|title=In Minakshi Hooda's village, an academy that churns out stars and a coach who fought gender bias|author=Sharma, Nitin|date=14 September 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250915025353/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/minakshi-hooda-boxing-world-championships-village-rohtak-coach-vijay-hooda-gender-bias-10248759/|archive-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hooda, Minakshi}}
[[Category:2000s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women boxers]]
[[Category:Flyweight boxers]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak]]
[[Category:Boxers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:World Boxing Championships medalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Gita Press

2025-12-30T16:17:23Z

MontyGilyard431: expand layout

{{Short description|Indian Hindu religious publishing house}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox publisher
| name = Gita Press
| image = Gita_Press_logo.png
| image_size =
| image_caption = Logo
| parent =
| status = Active
| founded = {{Start date and years ago|1923|5|3}}
| founder = Jay Dayal Goyanka 
Ghanshyam Das Jalan
| successor =
| country = [[India]]
| headquarters = [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| distribution = [[World|Worldwide]]
| keypeople =
| publications = [[Hindu texts|Hindu Religious Books]] and ''Kalyan Masik''
| topics = [[Hinduism]]
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| numemployees = 350
| nasdaq =
| url = {{url|https://www.gitapress.org/|www.gitapress.org}}
}}

'''Gita Press''' is an Indian [[Publishing|books publishing company]], headquartered in [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], and considered to be the world's largest publisher of [[Hinduism#Scriptures|Hindu religious texts]]. It was founded in 1923 by Jaya Dayal Goyanka, [[Hanuman Prasad Poddar]], and Ghanshyam Das Jalan with the intention to make sacred texts easily accessible to the general public.

Publication began in 1927 with a monthly Hindi magazine titled Kalyan. Since its establishment, the Gita Press has published over 417 million books in 14 different languages. Gita Press was conferred with the [[Gandhi Peace Prize]] of 2021, by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhi Peace Prize for 2021 to be conferred on Gita Press, Gorakhpur |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1933252 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

[[File:Gita_Press,_Gorakhpur.gif|thumb|Gita Press office gate in [[Gorakhpur]]]]

== History ==
Gita Press was established on 29 April 1923 in [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] by Jaya Dayal Goyanka, Hanuman Prasad Poddar, and Ghanysham Das Jalan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gita Press {{!}} Gita Press {{!}} Hinduism, Scriptures, Publications {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gita-Press |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The vision of the Gita Press was to provide affordable translations and commentaries of sacred texts for the general public.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Freier |first=Monika |date=2012-07-01 |title=Cultivating emotions: the Gita Press and its agenda of social and spiritual reform |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2012.693711 |journal=South Asian History and Culture |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=397–413 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2012.693711 |issn=1947-2498|url-access=subscription }}</ref> To launch the press, Goyanka worked with fellow businessmen in Gorakhpur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-19 |title=The business of Gita Press: How it racked up mind-boggling numbers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/the-business-of-gita-press-how-it-racked-up-mind-boggling-numbers/articleshow/101104533.cms? |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Mayank |date=2023-06-24 |title=Gita Press {{!}} God’s own publisher |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gita-press-gods-own-publisher/article67006286.ece |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Formal publication began in 1927 with a monthly Hindi magazine, ''Kalyan''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=Gita Press: All about the 100-year-old publisher of Hindu texts chosen for Gandhi Peace Prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gita-press-history-hindu-texts-pm-modi-congress-gandhi-peace-prize-row-2394883-2023-06-19 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Gita Press is a unit of Gobind Bhawan Karyalaya registered under the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]] (presently governed by the [[West Bengal Societies Registration Act, 1961|West Bengal Societies Act, 1961]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Gita Press - Promoting Hindu Teachings Since 1923 |url=https://gitapress.org/aboutUs |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=gitapress.org}}</ref>

In 2019, it was estimated that the Gita Press produced 141 million copies of the [[Bhagavad Gita]], 108 million copies of the [[Ramcharitmanas]], 25 million copies of the [[Puranas]] and [[Upanishads]], 5 million copies of the [[Hanuman Chalisa]], and 198 million copies of smaller book, and 160 million copies of various booklets and pamphlets.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=April 2021 |title=Gita Press Runs into Its Next Century – Hinduism Today |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/apr-may-jun-2021/gita-press-runs-into-its-next-century/}}</ref>
== Branches ==
Gita Press has branches and outlets throughout India and one location in [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gita Press Stores Across India - Find a Location Near You |url=https://gitapress.org/ourStores |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=gitapress.org}}</ref>[[File:Gita Press Gorakhpur outlet at Kanpur Railway Station.jpg|thumb|Gita Press Gorakhpur outlet at [[Kanpur]] Railway Statio]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Branches !! State !! Address
|-
| [[Bengaluru]]|| [[Karnataka]]|| 7/3, 2nd Cross, Lalbagh Road, Bangalore – 560027
|-
| [[Bhilwara]]|| [[Rajasthan]]|| G-7, Aakar Tower, C Block, Opp. Harsh Palace, Gandhi Nagar, Bhilwara – 311001
|-
| [[Chennai]]|| [[Tamil Nadu]]|| Electro House No. 23, Ramanathan Street, Kilpauk, Chennai – 600010
|-
| [[Coimbatore]]|| [[Tamil Nadu]]|| Gita Press Mansion 8/1 M, Racecourse, Coimbatore – 641018
|-
| [[Cuttack]] || [[Odisha]] || Bharatiya Towers, Badam Badi, Cuttack – 753009
|-
| [[Delhi]] || [[Delhi Union Territory|Delhi]] || 2609, Nayi Sarak, Delhi – 110006
|-
| [[Gorakhpur]]|| [[Uttar Pradesh]]|| Gita Press, P.O. Gita Press, Gorakhpur – 273005
|-
| [[Haridwar]] || [[Uttarakhand]] || Sabjimandi, Motibazar, Haridwar – 249401
|-
| [[Hyderabad]] || [[Telangana]] || 41, 4-4-1, Dilshad Plaza, Sultan Bazar, Hyderabad – 500095
|-
| [[Indore]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || G-5, Shree Vardhan, 4 R.N.T. Marg, Indore – 452001
|-
| [[Jalgaon]] || [[Maharashtra]] || 7, Bhim Singh Market, Near Railway Station, Jalgaon – 425001
|-
| [[Kanpur]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 24/55, Birhana Road, Kanpur – 208001
|-
|[[Kathmandu]]
| [[Nepal]]
|P84X+J3G, Pashupatinath Marg, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
|-
| [[Kolkata]]|| [[West Bengal]]|| 151, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata – 700007
|-
| [[Mumbai]]|| [[Maharashtra]]|| 282, Samaldas Gandhi Marg (Princess Street), Near Marine Lines Station, Mumbai – 400002
|-
| [[Nagpur]]|| [[Maharashtra]]|| Shriji Kripa Complex, 851, New Etawari Road, Nagpur – 440002
|-
| [[Patna]]|| [[Bihar]]|| Ashok Rajpath, Opposite Women's Hospital, Patna – 800004
|-
| [[Raipur]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || Mittal Complex, Ganjpara, Telghani Chowk, Raipur – 492009
|-
| [[Ranchi]] || [[Jharkhand]] || Cart Sarai Road, Upper Bazar, First Floor Birla Gaddi, Ranchi – 834001
|-
| [[Rishikesh]]|| [[Uttarakhand]]|| Gita Bhavan, P.O. Swargashram, Rishikesh – 249304
|-
| [[Surat]]|| [[Gujarat]]|| Vaibhav Apartment, Opposite Nutan Niwas, Bhatar Road, Surat – 395001
|-
| [[Varanasi]]|| [[Uttar Pradesh]]|| 59/9, Nichibag, Varanasi – 221001
|}

==Gita Press Leela Chitra Mandir==
The Gita Press Leela Chitra Mandir, or art gallery, is located at the Gorakhpur Gita Press location, was inaugurated by India's first president, [[Rajendra Prasad]]. Around 684 paintings portray the life and teachings of [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]]. Other paintings, including Mewari style paintings of the ''Krishna Lila'' are also on exhibit. Other artifacts, such as letters by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and ancient copies of the Bhagavad Gita, are preserved here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enlightening Generations: The Enduring Legacy of Gita Press – Asian Lite UAE |url=https://asianlite.ae/2023/art-culture/media/enlightening-generations-the-enduring-legacy-of-gita-press |access-date=2025-06-30 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-11-24 |title=Gita Press Chitra Mandir is a gallery of inspiration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/gita-press-chitra-mandir-is-a-gallery-of-inspiration/articleshow/17350791.cms |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Recognitions ==
In 2021, Gita Press was awarded the [[Gandhi Peace Prize]] by India Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-19 |title=Gita Press: All you need to know about the 100-year-old publisher |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gita-press-100-year-old-publisher-of-hindu-texts-gandhi-peace-prize-for-2021-101687176463836.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722201843/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gita-press-100-year-old-publisher-of-hindu-texts-gandhi-peace-prize-for-2021-101687176463836.html |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hanuman Prasad Poddar]]
*[[Sri Venkateswar Steam Press]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*[https://www.gitapress.org/ Gita Press]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Publishing in India]]
[[Category:Religious tract publishing companies]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Hindu organizations]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1923]]
[[Category:Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Religious mass media in India]]
[[Category:Hindu mass media]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bhagavad Gita]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1923]]

Bahuchara Mata

2025-12-21T09:03:47Z

MontyGilyard431:

{{Short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{Infobox deity
| name = Bahuchara Mata
| image = File:Bahuchara.jpg
| type = Hindu
| deity_of = Goddess of [[innocence]], [[Mercy]], [[Kindness]], [[Honesty]], [[Sovereignty]], [[self confidence]], [[daughters]], [[eunuchs]], [[integrity]] and [[public welfare]]
| other_names = Bahuchar, Deval Suta Shasthi, Shaktiputri, Balad, Balvi, Bechra, Manshri,
<nowiki>Devidas, Mehpo, Khido, Amra</nowiki>
| abode = Manidweep
| affiliation = [[Hinglaj Mata Temple|Hinglaj]]
| mount = [[Rooster]]
| temples =
| festivals = Bahuchara navmi
| mother = [[Deval]] mata
| father = Bapal dan detha
| weapons = [[Devi]] mahatmya, [[trident]], [[sword]] and [[rosary]]
}}

'''Bahuchara Mata''' ({{langx|hi|बहुचरा माता|translit=Bahucarā Mātā}}; {{langx|gu|બહુચર માતા|translit=Bahucara Mātā}}) is a [[Hindu goddess]] of [[chastity]] and [[fertility]] in her maiden aspect, of the incarnation of the [[Hinglaj Mata mandir|Hinglaj]]. The goddess grants favours, especially to male children, and cures diseases. Like other divinities in Gujarat and [[Rajasthan]], Bahuchara is of [[Charan]] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6R64AAAAIAAJ |title=The Great Circle: Journal of the Australian Association for Maritime History |date=1983 |publisher=Australian Association for Maritime History |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=6: Bahuchara was a deified Charan lady, but the cult which developed around her probably also coalesced with an earlier one centred on a [[Koli people|Koli]] goddess. 45 The main shrines of Bahuchara are located at Bahuchara, 30 miles south of Patan |language=en}}</ref> She is also considered the patroness of the [[hijra (South Asia)|hijra]] community.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aditi Dharmadhikari|date=7 May 2015|title=Bahuchara Mata's Story: A Hindu Goddess Worshipped By India's Transgender Community| url=https://homegrown.co.in/article/23679/bahuchara-matas-story-a-hindu-goddess-worshipped-by-indias-transgender-community/}}</ref> Her primary temple is located in [[Becharaji]] town in [[Mehsana district]] of [[Gujarat]], [[India]].

== History and legends ==
Bahuchara was born in the [[Detha]] clan of Maru-Charanas in Ujala (Ujlan) village in present-day [[Jaisalmer district]]. Her father was Bapaldan Detha of Kharoda ([[Umerkot District|Umerkot]]) while her mother Deval was from Ujlan. As per Gadhavi Samarthdan Mahiya, she lived around 1309 CE. Bahuchara was one of the eight sisters, thus named: Bahucarā, Būṭa, Balāla, Vīru, Hīru, Rāmeśvarī, Khetū, Pātū. Her mother Deval is herself considered a ''sagat'' and worshipped as a patron goddess by Detha Charanas and [[Sodha]] Rajputs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Dr Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQfgAAAAMAAJ |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-212-0811-6 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=112 - 113: When his wife died, Bapal sent his servants to bring his children (Bahuchara and her sister) to Kathiawad from Marwar where they were staying. At Shankhalpur, where they halted for the night, Bapaiya, a Koli plunderer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dadhivāṛiyā |first=Kāyamadāna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGS5AAAAIAAJ |title=Dipanga-Kula-Prakasa: Saradaragarha ke Dodiyo ka itihasa |date=1995 |publisher=Pratap Shodh Pratishthan, Bhupal Nobels Sansthan, Udaiapur |language=hi |quote=बेचरा देवी सिंढायच चारण की पुत्री थी। उसका जन्म सिंध प्रदेश के खारोड़ा ग्राम में हुआ था और विवाह गुजरात में। यह देवी बहुचराजी के नाम से भी जानी जाती है। चुंवाल क्षेत्र में वीरमगाँव के पास बहुचरा जी का कोटनुमा मंदिर है। संखलसर गाँव में इस देवी का पट्ट स्थान है। इस देवी के वाहन मुर्गे हैं।}}</ref>

Her father Bapaldan was a renowned poet who obtained a [[jagir]] in [[Sasan (land grant)|sasan]] in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and founded Bapalka. After Deval's passing in Kharoda, he sent his servants to bring Bahuchara, But, and Balal. While on the way, their [[Caravan (trailer)|caravan]] was attacked by Bapiya, a koli [[Banditry|bandit]], at Shankhalpur or Shakatpur in the Chunval region. Enraged at the attack, Bahuchara and her sisters proceeded to commit ''trāgā'', a Chāraṇa practice of [[suicide]] by ritual [[mutilation]], and thus cursing Bapiya to lose his manhood and become a [[eunuch]]. Bapiya begged to be forgiven, but the curse enacted through ''trāgā'' could not be undone. He went down on his knees and said beseechingly, "It was not my fault. I lived out of robbery, but I never targeted Brahman and Chāraṇa. I unfortunately happened to target Chāraṇa’s carriage without knowing it."<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kunihiro |first=Akiko |date=2022-07-06 |title=Against Taxonomy and Subalternity: Reconsidering the Thirdness and Otherness of Hijras of Gujarat. |url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/7819 |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |language=en |issue=28 |doi=10.4000/samaj.7819 |issn=1960-6060|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Showing mercy, Bahuchara ordered him to build a [[shrine]] to her and worship her at the place, and proclaimed if a "naturally emasculated man" wearing women's clothing worships her, then they would achieve her blessings and find a place in her abode after death.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jayakar |first=Pupul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3LxlAAAAMAAJ |title=The Children of Barren Women: Essays, Investigations, Stories |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-14-024068-9 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=44: Bahuchara and her two sisters were attacked by Bapaiya, a Koli plunderer at Shakatpur, To save themselves from rape and abduction, the sisters killed themselves, Bahuchara cut off her breasts with the sword carried by Charana women |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burman |first=J. J. Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rpzmcHn-0kC&q=Bapaiya |title=Gujarat Unknown: Hindu-Muslim Syncretism and Humanistic Forays |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-8324-052-9 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref> Bapiya built her shrine under a ''varakhada'' tree in Shankhalpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jayakar |first=Pupul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_cYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Earth Mother |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-14-012352-4 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=82: Bahuchara and her two sisters were attacked by Bapaiya, a Koli plunderer at Shakatpur. She cursed him to be eunuch but she was requested by Koli dacoit and she asked him to worship her as a goddess and he did so. Koli dacoit established a shrine under varakhda tree and became staunch follower of her and worship till his death |language=en}}</ref> Thus, Bahuchara came to be worshipped in the Chunwal town, now known as [[Becharaji]]; Būta-Bhavānī at Arnej, near Kot; and Balāla Devī at Bakulkoo, near [[Sihor]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sheikh |first=Samira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azJQywAACAAJ |title=The Idea of Gujarat: History, Ethnography and Text |date=2010 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-4113-9 |pages=85–99 |language=en |chapter=The Lives of Bahuchara Mata}}</ref>

== Temple ritualists ==
The ritual responsibilities at the shrine were divided among three groups, i.e. the [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki Rajput]] landholders from the nearby village of Kalri, a Muslim group called the ''Kamalias'', and the [[Hijra (South Asia)|hijras]] (eunuchs) or ''Paviyas''. A portion of the temple funds were distributed to these three types of traditional temple servants. Historically, a Rajput officiated over the rituals of the temple, whereafter in 1859, Sayajirao Gaekwad of Baroda appointed a southern Brahmin for the first time displacing the Rajput officiants. The primary followers of the goddess are traditionally [[Rajput]]s, [[Koli people|Kolis]], [[Charan]]as, [[Bhil]]s, and [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijras]]. Bahuchara was the patron deity of [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]] rulers. Historically, [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifices]] was performed at the shrine by Bhils, Kamaliyas, etc.<ref name=":2" /> The sacrifice held annually on Ashvin Vad 14 was described thus: <blockquote>"The Kamalias used to bring the buffalo in front of the temple to a stone altar ... [[Kumkuma|Kumkum]] was applied to the forehead of the sacrificial beast and it was worshipped with [[flower]]s. A white cloth was spread over the back of the beast and a [[garland]] of flowers from the ''angi'' of the goddess was put around its neck. A lamp filled from one of those burning day and night near the goddess was brought and placed on a stone in the chowk. The buffalo was then let loose and if it smelt the lamp, it was considered to be acceptable to the goddess, and was at once slain, if possible at one stroke of the sword by one of the Kolis of the temple villages. A blood-tipped flower was presented to the deity and the bystanders applied blood to their [[forehead]]s."<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>

=== Solanki ===
The seventeenth century [[bhavai]] episodic text '''Becharaji vesha''<nowiki/>' describes a legend. The story involves Solanki king of Kalri and the [[Chavda dynasty|Cavada]] king of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] who were close friends and who plan to have their children marry, but both end up having daughters. The Kalri king's daughter is not announced, and during the wedding, she runs away on her mare. She stopped by a pond and then took a dip, and by goddess Bahuchara’s blessing, was transformed into a man and was able to fulfill her marital and Rajput duties. This saved the Solankis of Kalri from humiliation and they become loyal [[Hindu devotional movements|devotees]] of the shrine.<ref name=":2" />

=== Kamaliya ===
The Kamalias, dressed partly as women and partaking partly of [[Muslims|Muslim]] life-rituals, were crucial to the service of the goddess. They would serve as [[musician]]s and servants to the goddess.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinnell |first=Darry |others=Davesh Soneji (Supervisor2), Lara E. Braitstein (Supervisor1) |title=Upwardly mobile Mātās: The transformation of Village Goddesses in Gujarat, India |url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/r207tt548 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=escholarship.mcgill.ca}}</ref> They were also been seen as her staunchest [[Domestic worker|servants]]. The group claims their right as caretakers of the Mother-Goddess at a temple. They were formerly renouncers and had an authorized position in the temple for revenue management. The exclusive right system called ijara continued until 1954 when it was abolished. Kamāliyas used to visit several villages once a year to receive part of the [[harvest]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Paviya (Hijras) ===
''Paviya'' is Gujarati word for [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijras]]. The Bahucharā Mātā narrative explains the genesis of Bahucharā Mātā and hijras’ devotion. Becoming a hijra is a consequence of the curse of the Mother-Goddess. Candidates hoping to become hijras often appear at the temple and are recruited after discussions with senior members. The hijras continue to wear special outfits and are always present within the temple grounds. Although they are not officially recognized as [[priest]]s at the temple, Hijras play an important role in passing on the grace or [[Blessing|āśīrvād]] of Mother-Goddess at the temple.<ref name=":1" />

=== Changes in Gaikwad rule ===
In 1721, [[Pilaji Rao Gaekwad|Pilajirao]] Gaekwad conquered eastern Gujarat, including [[Baroda State|Baroda]]. The Gaekwads kept their territories after concluding a treaty with the [[East India Company]]. However, both before and after the [[Baroda State|Gaekwad]] conquest, local land control was in the hands of powerful landholders or garasiyas including [[Koli people|Kolis]], [[Solanki (clan)|Solankis]] and [[Thakor|Thakardas]]. The Gaekwads granted villages for shrine maintenance in the mid-eighteenth century. [[Manaji Rao Gaekwad|Manajirao]] built a temple in the 1770s after being cured by the goddess. Subsequently, the Gaekwads became closely involved in site administration. In 1859, [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Sayajirao]] Gaekwad of Baroda appointed a southern Brahmin, Narayanarao Madhav, to conduct temple rituals instead of a Rajput. This marked the first time [[Brahmin]]s led the temple ritual. Six Brahmins served the goddess, and twenty one other temple servants of different castes were also retained.<ref name=":2" />

While the main worshippers of goddess were non-Brahmin groups, [[literature]] used by the temple in modern times is mostly written by Brahmins. Their accounts show [[Comfort|discomfort]] with historical shrine practices despite acknowledging its power. One such author wrote a history of Bahuchara in 1919, attempting to associate the goddess with the story of [[Krishna]], citing a verse purportedly from the [[Bhagavata Purana]] to suggest that the goddess was the infant born to Yashoda who was exchanged for Krishna. He also asserted that mention of the goddess can be found in other texts such as the Devi Bhagavata and the Veda. However, he also relates that the first shrine on the site was built by local [[Pastoralism|pastoralists]]:<blockquote>Where Bahuchara’s temple now stands used to be a jungle, in which a [[mahant]] (religious mendicant or priest) lived. Cowherds ([[Bharwad|bharvad]] ane [[Rabari]]o) grazed their cattle there. They would come to the mahant to smoke with him and sing songs praising the goddess (devi bhajano). They built a small brick temple there.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>The narrative of Bahucharā Mātā elucidates the genesis of Bahucharā Mātā and hijras’ devotion to her. Moreover, it explains that becoming a hijra is a consequence of the curse of the Mother-Goddess. This narrative is well known among locals, but not among the temple administrators and official [[priest]]s who are outsiders. They usually avoid mingling with locals, who lost hereditary [[authority]] over temple management.<ref name=":1" />

== Depiction and symbols ==
[[File:Bahuchara Devi.jpg|thumb|Modern image of Bahuchara]]
Bahuchara Mata is shown as a woman who carries a [[sword]] on her bottom left, a text of scriptures on her top left, the [[abhayamudra]] ("showering of blessings") on her bottom right, and a [[trident]] on her top right. She is seated on a [[rooster]], which symbolizes innocence. This iconography symbolizes a balance between violence (sword), creation trinities (trishul), knowledge (Shri scripture), and blessing (abhay hasta mudra) in Bahuchara Mata's mythology. The sword signifies her self-sacrifice, the [[Trishula|trishul]] represents the balance of creation principles, and the [[Religious text|scripture]] reinforces her legitimacy in the Charana caste. Moreover, the pseudo-divine status of the [[Charan]]a community meant that Bahuchara’s curse was legitimized by virtue of her being a Charani and not only, in fact, because she was a Goddess.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanodia |first=Kunal |date=2016-11-18 |title=Bahuchara Mata |url=https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/imwjournal/vol7/iss1/4 |journal=Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |issn=2155-1723}}</ref>

==Temple==
[[File:Bahuchara Mata Temple complex in Mehsana district P 20180121 142230.jpg|thumb|Bahuchara Mata Temple complex in Mehsana district]]
Bahucharaji Temple is located in [[Bahucharaji]] town in Mehsana district of [[Gujarat]], India. It is 82 km from [[Ahmedabad]] and 35 km west of [[Mahesana]]. According to the Bombay Gazetteer, the original shrine was built by a king called Sankhal Raj in 1152 CE and the first surviving mention of the shrine was found in an inscription dating 1280 CE. No major changes were made in the temple architecture until the eighteenth century.<ref name=":2" />

There are three shrines of the Goddess within the temple complex. The oldest part of the shrine complex termed 'Adyasthan' (the original site) is a small temple enclosing a sprawling, small-leafed varakhadi tree, believed to be the site where the goddess first appeared. Adjoining this is another small temple, the madhya sthan (second or intermediate place), which houses an incised plaque representing the goddess and has a locked silver door at its entrance. This part of the temple is believed to have been built by a Maratha named Fadnavis (or an official with that title) in the eighteenth century. In 1779 CE, [[Gaekwad dynasty|Manajirao Gaekwad]], the younger brother of the Maratha ruler of Baroda, built a third structure close to the original shrine after the goddess cured him of a tumor. The third is the main temple today and contains the Bala Yantra of quartz crystal representing the Goddess. Saint Kapildev and Kalari king Tejpal have also contributed to the construction and renovation of the temple. The temple complex is beautifully decorated with stone carvings and wall paintings. Though less well known outside of Gujarat and Rajasthan, the temple is considered a minor [[Shakta pitha]] and every year about 1.5 million pilgrims visit this temple.<ref name="guj_revenue">{{cite web |title=Integrated Development Plan of Bahucharamataji Temple |publisher=Revenue Department, Government of Gujarat |access-date=2007-11-28 |url=http://revenuedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/guj/districts/mahesana/integrateddevplan.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719035536/http://revenuedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/guj/districts/mahesana/integrateddevplan.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Aggleton, Peter. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qNtNLohiboUC&pg=PA240&dq=bahuchara+mata Culture, Society and Sexuality: A Reader]'', Taylor & Francis 2007, p. 240 {{ISBN|041540455X}}
* Abbott, Elizabeth. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=whs0eudAfJIC&pg=PA329&dq=bahuchara+mata A History of Celibacy]'', James Clarke & Co. 2001, pp. 329–330 {{ISBN|0718830067}}
* Ellingson, Stephen. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JQtgghjH6ukC&pg=PA139&dq=bahuchara+mata Religion and Sexuality in Cross-Cultural Perspective]'', Routledge 2002 {{ISBN|041594127X}}
* Young, Serenity. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Emt9PcJT2A8C&pg=PA111&dq=Bahuchara+Mata Courtesans and Tantric Consorts]'', Routledge 2004, p. 111 {{ISBN|0415914833}}

==External links==
* [http://bahucharajitemple.org/ Official site of the Shri Bahucharaji Temple]
* [http://www.myowncity.in/2151/bahucharaji-mata-temple-in-becharaji-near-mehsana/ Bahucharaji Mata Temple in Becharaji near Mehsana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202121647/http://www.myowncity.in/2151/bahucharaji-mata-temple-in-becharaji-near-mehsana/ |date=2020-02-02 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171024101438/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/38688672.pdf Bahuchara Mata: Liberator, Protector and Mother of the Hijras in Gujarat]

[[Category:Hijra (South Asia)]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]
[[Category:Fertility goddesses]]
[[Category:Virgin goddesses]]
[[Category:Transgender topics and religion]]
[[Category:Transgender topics in Asia]]
[[Category:Charan]]
[[Category:Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Cāraṇa Sagatī]]
[[Category:LGBTQ and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hindu temples practicing animal sacrifice]]

Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency

2025-10-26T07:39:37Z

MontyGilyard431: created data!

{{Short description|Former Lok Sabha constituency in Assam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name=Mangaldoi
|state=[[Assam]]
|established=1967
|abolished = 2023
|reservation=None
|preceded_by=[[Ramen Deka]]
| map_image = Mangaldoi Lok Sabha 2008.svg
| map_caption = Mangaldoi constituency within the state of Assam
|mp=[[Dilip Saikia]]
|party=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2019
|assembly_cons=[[Kamalpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]] [[Rangiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangiya]] [[Nalbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nalbari]] [[Panery (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panery]] [[Kalaigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalaigaon]] [[Sipajhar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sipajhar]] [[Mangaldoi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangaldoi]] [[Dalgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dalgaon]] [[Udalguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udalguri]] [[Majbat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majbat]]
}}

'''[[Mangaldai|Mangaldoi]]''' was a former [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. After the delimitation, the constituency's area changed, and the name was changed to [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-28 |title=Darrang-Udalguri seat: A mixed pot boils over religion, region and identity clash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/darrang-udalguri-seat-a-mixed-pot-boils-over-religion-region-and-identity-clash/articleshow/108833367.cms |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|caption=Most Successful parties from Mangaldoi Lok Sabha|other=|value1=38|label1=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''' (5 Times)]]|color1={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|value2=31|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (4 Times)]]|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|value3=15|label3=[[Asom Gana Parishad|'''AGP''' ( 2 Times)]]|color3={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}|value4=8|label4=[[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''' ( 1 Times)]]|color4={{party color|Janata Party}}|value5=8|label5=[[Praja Socialist Party|'''PSP''' ( 1 Time)]]|color5={{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|value6=|label6=|color6=|value7=|label7=|color7=<nowiki>{party color|Independent}}</nowiki>|value8=|label8=|color8=}}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
!Lok Sabha
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Darrang Lok Sabha Constituency(1952-1967)'''
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1951–52]]
|[[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]
|[[Kamakhya Prasad Tripathy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]]
|[[Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]
|[[Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Mangaldoi Lok Sabha Constituency(1967-2023)'''
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]
|[[Hem Barua]]
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]
|[[Dharanidhar Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]
|Hira Lal Patwary
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
|'''Election not held in Assam'''
|{{Full party name with color|N/A}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1985]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
|Saifuddin Ahmed
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
|'''Election not held in Assam'''
|{{Full party name with color|N/A}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|[[Probin Deka]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|[[Birendra Prasad Baishya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Madhab Rajbangshi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|[[Narayan Chandra Borkataky]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramen Deka]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|[[Dilip Saikia]]
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Darrang-Udalguri Lok Sabha Constituency(2024-present)'''
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[Dilip Saikia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Mangaldoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dilip Saikia]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 7,35,469
|percentage = 48.83
|change =
|Symbol = Lotus
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bhubaneswar Kalita]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,96,924
|percentage = 39.63
|change =
|Symbol = Hand
}}

{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Pradeep Daimari
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|votes = 1,03,870
|percentage = 6.90
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 18,518
|percentage =1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = VPI
|candidate = Gandheshwar Mochahari
|votes = 11,245
|percentage =0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Sudhendu Mohan Talukdar
|votes = 10,640
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,38,545
|percentage = 9.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 15,06,419
|percentage = 83.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party

|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Mangaldoi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramen Deka]]
|votes = 4,86,357
|percentage = 39.43
|change = +8.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kirip Chaliha
|votes = 4,63,473
|percentage = 37.57
|change = +12.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = Sahadev Das
|votes = 86,347
|percentage = 7.00
|change = -9.31
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Paresh Baishya
|votes = 74,710
|percentage = 6.06
|change = -12.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Madhab Rajbangshi
|votes = 66,467
|percentage = 5.39
|change = +5.39
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Shachindra Nath Brahma
|votes = 12,443
|percentage = 1.01
|change = +1.01
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 10,722
|percentage = 0.87
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,884
|percentage = 1.86
|change = -3.79
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,33,474
|percentage = 81.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Mangaldoi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramen Deka]]
|votes = 3,07,881
|percentage = 31.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Madhab Rajbangshi
|votes = 2,52,032
|percentage =25.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Badiuj Zamal
|votes = 1,80,430
|percentage =18.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate =Dina Nath Das
|votes = 1,61,219
|percentage =16.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =55,849
|percentage =5.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =9,89,530
|percentage = 69.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mangaldoi]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/assam/mangaldoi/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Mangaldoi lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|26.5|92.0|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Darrang district]]

Society Tea

2025-10-21T08:44:03Z

MontyGilyard431: creating a entry.

{{Short description|Indian tea brand}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=February 2023}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Society Tea
| logo = Society-tea-logo.png
| alt = Society Tea Logo
| caption =
| image = File:Society_Tea%27s_Aisle,_Reliance_Mart,_ISCON_Mall,_Ahmedabad.jpg
| image_caption = Society Tea's Aisle, Reliance Mart, ISCON Mega Mall, Ahmedabad
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1933}}
| founder = Hiravan Pranjivandas
| defunct =
| location_city =
| location_country = [[India]]
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people =
| industry = [[Food]]
| products = [[Tea]]
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = Hasmukhrai & Co
| divisions =
| subsid =
| traded_as =
| homepage = {{URL|societytea.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Society Tea''' is an Indian tea brand headquartered in [[Mumbai]]. It is part of Hasmukhrai & Co tea blenders, founded in 1933.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/tea-tales/62619124|title=Tea tales - The story of brand Society Tea, and Teabox|work=Economic Times}}</ref> Besides [[Maharashtra]], the brand is also present in other Indian states like [[Goa]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/how-society-tea-brewed-the-perfect-brand-success-77574.html|title=How Society Tea brewed the perfect brand success|website=AD Gully|date=23 April 2018 }}</ref>

== Origin and history ==
Hiravan Pranjivandas, the founder of Society Tea, started out as tea wholesaler in Mumbai's famous Masjid Bunder Chai Galli in 1924. The street was regarded as Maharashtra's source of tea as traders from different parts of the state would come here to purchase tea, to sell it locally. During this time, Das established tea trade with Middle Eastern countries. In 1933, he founded Hasmukhrai & Co to sell tea to the citizens of Mumbai. He established his first shop in Kalbadevi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/the-tea-society-called-india/article22535318.ece|title=The Tea society called India|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Professional Tea Tasters |url=https://professionalteataster.com/importance-of-tea-tasters-in-the-tea-industry/}}</ref>

Hasmukhrai & Co became the market leader in Mumbai's tea Industry by the late 1980s. In 1991, the company management made the decision to switch to packaged tea sensing that customers would change the traditional patterns of purchasing tea and find it more convenient. This packaged tea was sold for retail, first in Mumbai and later in Maharashtra, in the name of Society Tea.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/the-secret-to-society-teas-success-chai-over-celebrity-endorsements/67365700|title=The secret to Society Tea's success: Chai over celebrity endorsements|work=Economic Times Brand Equity}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Tea]]
[[Category:Indian tea]]
[[Category:Tea in Asia]]
[[Category:Indian drinks]]
[[Category:Tea industry in India]]
[[Category:Drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]

Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer

2025-10-11T08:15:18Z

MontyGilyard431: Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
[[File:Kunnakudi_venkatarama_iyer_profile.jpg|thumb|right|Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer]]
'''Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer''' was a Carnatic musician and film music Director during the 1940s and 50s.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/kubera-kuchela-1943/article3021915.ece|title=Kubera Kuchela 1943|author=[[Randor Guy]]|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 September 2009|access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> He learned Carnatic music from [[Namakkal Sesha Aiyangar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kichu.cyberbrahma.com/ariyakudi-ramanuja-iyengar/|title=இப்படியும் சில வித்துவான்கள்!|access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> He is a recipient of [[Kalaimamani award]] conferred by the State government of Tamil Nadu.<ref>List of Kalaimamani awardees published by the Dept. of Arts and Culture of Tamil Nadu Government - Chennai 28</ref>

== Some of the film songs composed by him ==
*''Nadaiyalangkaram Kanden'' - [[Kubera Kuchela]] (1943), Raga: Karaharapriya
*''Selvame Suga Jeevatharam'' - [[Kubera Kuchela]] (1943), Raga: Sama
*''Ellorum Nallavare..'' - [[Krishna Bakthi]] (1949)
*''Kalaimagal Devakumari'' - [[Krishna Bakthi]] (1949)
*''Poovaiyar Karpin perumai'' - [[Krishna Bakthi]] (1949)
*''Saarasam Vaseekara'' [[Krishna Bakthi]] (1949)
*''Vaseekara Kangal'' - [[Krishna Bakthi]] (1949)
*''Vinnil Parandhu sellum Venpurave'' - [[Mangaiyarkarasi]] (1949)
*''Paarthaal Pasi theerum'' [[Mangaiyarkarasi]] (1949)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/flmmusic/kvi.html |publisher=indian-heritage.org|title=Old Tamil Film songs - Kunnakudi Venkatrama Iyer |access-date=2016-10-13}}</ref>

== Films for which he composed music ==
* [[Punjab Kesari (film)|Punjab Kesari]] (1938)<ref name=book>{{cite book | last=Film News Anandan| language= ta| year= 2004 | title=Sadhanaigal padaitha Tamil Thiraipada Varalaaru | publisher=Sivagami Publications| location= Chennai|url=http://www.newbooklands.com/new/product1.php?catid=4&&panum=94}}</ref>
* [[Kubera Kuchela]] (1943)<ref name=hindu />
* [[Mahamaya]] (1944)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mahamaya-1944/article614381.ece|title=Mahamaya 1944|author=[[Randor Guy]]|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 September 2010|access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref>
* [[Krishna Bakthi]] (1949)<ref name=book />
* [[Mangaiyarkarasi]] (1949)<ref name=book />
* [[Penn Manam]] (1952)<ref name=book />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatarama Iyer, Kunnakudi}}
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]

Martin Burn

2025-09-22T19:59:38Z

MontyGilyard431: quick enhance structure per sources further and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|Indian real estate development firm}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Martin Burn Limited
| logo = Martin Burn.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| former_name =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|523566}}
| ISIN = INE199D01016
| industry = {{Unbulleted list|[[Construction]]|[[Real estate]]}}
| predecessor = 
| founded = {{Start date and age|1946}}
| founders = {{Unbulleted list|[[Rajendranath Mukherjee]]|[[Thomas Acquin Martin]]}}
| defunct = 
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = 
| key_people =
| products =
| brands =
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year = 
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| website = [https://www.martinburnltd.com/ Martin Burn Website]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Martin Burn Limited''' is a real estate development firm based in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Martin Burn Ltd – Company Profile and News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/MTB:IN|access-date=2020-12-02|publisher=Bloomberg|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The history of Martin Burn Limited, generally referred to as Martin & Burn Co. goes back to 1890, when [[Rajen Mookerjee|Sir Rajendranath Mukherjee]] in partnership with Sir [[Thomas Acquin Martin]] started the firm named Martin Co. [[Gagan Chandra Biswas|Babu Gagan Chandra Biswas]] was appointed as the Chief Engineer of the company in its nascent stage, he oversaw many early projects of the company and undertook many Engineering ventures on its behalf for the company's growth.<ref name="a">{{Cite web |url=http://mookerjeesofbengal.4t.com/martinburn.html |title=Martin Burn Ltd |access-date=21 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218072306/http://mookerjeesofbengal.4t.com/martinburn.html |archive-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/historical-train/cid/1267569|title=আজও স্মৃতিপথে এই ট্রেনের আসা-যাওয়া|trans-title=The coming and going of this train is still remembered today|language=bn|date=21 February 2021|access-date=1 February 2023|website=anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|first=Arnab|last=Saha|location=Kolkata|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221050404/https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/historical-train/cid/1267569}}</ref>

Martin & Co, has to its credit, building waterworks at Tripura, Palta, [[Ahmedabad]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Benares]] but, its major contributions are architectural marvels like Esplanade Mansion, Standard Chartered Building, [[South Eastern Railway Zone (India)|South Eastern Railway]] Headquarters in [[Garden Reach (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garden Reach]], [[Tipu Sultan Mosque]], [[Patna Secretariat]] and [[Ujjayanta Palace]]. Towards the high point of its business in 1904, the firm was awarded the contract of building the [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]], which was completed in 1921.<ref name=a/> Many of these buildings have been declared Heritage monuments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Conservation of Britain's Heritage in India|url=https://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/conservation-heritage-india/conservation-heritage-india.htm|access-date=2020-12-12|website=buildingconservation.com}}</ref>

Another construction firm, Burn & Co which was founded as Burn & Currie by Alexander Burn in 1809 and had the experience of building many important structures in Calcutta like St. Andrew's Church (1818), the 152 high [[Ochterlony Monument]] (1828) was taken over by Rajendranath Mukherjee in 1927 and the two together went on dotting the city with buildings like [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta|St. Xaviers' College]] (1934–40), [[Oriental Seminary]], [[Belur Math]] (1932), the headquarters of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]], [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga House]], [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Assembly House]], [[Grand Hotel (Calcutta)|Grand Hotel Arcade]], United Bank Buildings, New Secretariat Building, and Club House at [[Eden Gardens]].<ref name=a/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Mookerjees of Martin Burn – A Forgotten Legend|url=https://sites.google.com/site/mookerjeesofbengal/our-tribute/a-forgotten-legend}}</ref> The city of Kolkata – is sometimes also referred to as Martin Burn City for this reason.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burn Standard Co Ltd|url=https://www.burnstandard.com/history.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=burnstandard.com}}</ref>

The two civil engineering companies were merged to form present day Martin Burn Limited in 1946.

==Present status==

Martin Burn Limited is now operated by Fatehpuria's and the Mukherjees no longer hold any stake in the business.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/martin-burn-energy-limited/U72200WB2000PLC091688?from=mdr Martin Burn Energy Limited] ''The Economic Times''. Retrieved 29 August 2021</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shareholding Pattern: Martin Burn Limited|url=https://www.bseindia.com/corporates/shpPromoterNGroup.aspx?scripcd=523566&qtrid=107.00&QtrName=September%202020}}</ref> The company still operates from its original head office at R. N. Mookerjee Road, Martin Burn House in [[B.B.D. Bagh]] area of Kolkata.<ref name=":0" /> The old Martin Burn House which was in the Victorian style, has been replaced with a more modern multi-storied building housing many corporates.

The [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] listed company engages in civil engineering, construction activities and turnkey projects.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stock Share Price {{!}} Get Quote {{!}} BSE|url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/martin-burn-ltd/marbu/523566/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=bseindia.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Burnpur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1890]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1890]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1946]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Mahoba Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:17:51Z

MontyGilyard431: created new page!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahoba
| map_image = 230-Mahoba.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 230
| district = [[Mahoba district|Mahoba]]
| reservation = None
| loksabha_cons = [[Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]]
| mla = [[Rakesh Kumar Goswami]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|alliance=[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
}}
'''Mahoba''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the entire sub-district of Mahoba and part of Charkhari sub-district in the [[Mahoba district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Mahoba is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 230 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="election2012">{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2012 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|[[Rajnarain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Rakesh Kumar Goswami]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="results2022"/>
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mahoba<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Goswami
|votes = {{formatnum:94490}}
|percentage = 45.61
|change = {{increase}}0.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Manoj Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:51043}}
|percentage = 24.64
|change = {{decrease}}4.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Sahu
|votes = {{formatnum:38296}}
|percentage = 18.48
|change = {{decrease}}2.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sagar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:9423}}
|percentage = 4.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Kuldeep Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:4556}}
|percentage = 2.2
|change = {{increase}}1.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1514}}
|percentage = 0.73
|change = {{decrease}}0.67
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:43447}}
|percentage = 20.97
|change = {{increase}}5.06
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:207179}}
|percentage = 65.4
|change = {{decrease}}0.61
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Rakesh Kumar Goswami]] won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Siddh Gopal Sahu by a margin of 31,387 votes.<ref name="election2017-1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mahoba.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Mahob<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Goswami
|votes = {{formatnum:88291}}
|percentage = 44.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Siddh Gopal Sahu
|votes = {{formatnum:56904}}
|percentage = 28.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Arimardan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:41915}}
|percentage = 21.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2720}}
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31387}}
|percentage = 15.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:197273}}
|percentage = 66.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.29|79.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mahoba]]
[[Category:Mahoba district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Narsanda, India

2025-05-17T16:30:48Z

MontyGilyard431: created new stub!

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}

'''Narsanda''' is a village in the [[Kheda]] district of Gujarat, India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.narsandarajnagar.com/}}

{{coord|25|22|N|85|27|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Kheda district]]

{{Kheda-geo-stub}}

Mankot

2024-08-28T15:55:51Z

MontyGilyard431:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mankot
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.8282|N|79.8190|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Uttarakhand|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bageshwar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="dchb-b">{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook part-B: Bageshwar|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Uttarakhand|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0508_PART_B_DCHB_BAGESHWAR.pdf|access-date=21 October 2016|pages=101–107}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1520
| population_total = 483
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="dchb-b" />
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 1100/1000 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] [[Sanskrit]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Bo Bageshwar
| postal_code = 263642
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05963
| registration_plate = UK 02
| website = {{URL|uk.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mankot''' is a [[Village]] situated in [[Bageshwar district]] in the [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. It is located at a distance of {{convert|13.5|km}} from [[Bageshwar]] on the [[National Highway 309A (India)|National Highway 309A]]. Mankot is a medium-sized village with total 118 families residing.<ref name="dchb-b" /><ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Mankot Population - Bageshwar, Uttarakhand|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/51044-mankot-uttarakhand.html|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=21 October 2016}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Mankot from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852.jpg|thumb|Detail of the territory of Mankot from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852. Parts of its borders has not been fully demarcated on the map.]]
Mankot was the seat of Mankoti kings who ruled the area around 13th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=(India)|first1=Uttar Pradesh|title=Uttar Pradesh district gazetteers|year=1981|publisher=Govt. of Uttar Pradesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pl7pAAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 March 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Ramesh|last2=Ahmad|first2=S. I.|title=Development and regionalism: anthropological, ecological, and psychological perspective|date=2005|publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]], [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], [[Govt. of India]]|location=[[Kolkata]]|isbn=9788185579986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tDsAAAAMAAJ|page=116|access-date=29 March 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramesh|first1=S|last2=Ramesh|first2=Brinda|last3=Bisht|first3=Jogendra|title=Kumaon : jewel of the Himalayas|date=2001|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=9788174763273|page=11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Burman|first1=Savitri Gauba|title=Resource use and environmental degradation in the Himalayas: the Kali Watershed|date=1999|publisher=Mudrit|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=9788187129059|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zB_AAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 March 2017|page=67|language=en}}</ref> The kingdom extended between the rivers [[Sarju River|Saryuganga]] and [[Ramganga]];<ref name="Handa">{{cite book|last1=Handa|first1=O.C.|title=History of Uttaranchal|date=2002|publisher=Indus Pub. Company|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=9788173871344|page=71|language=en}}</ref> and was called Gangavali; which got corrupted to Gangoli over the course of time. The kingdom of Gangoli was invaded by the [[Chand kings|Chand king]], Balo Kalyan Chand, in the 16th century.<ref name="Handa" /> Following its defeat, Mankot was merged into the [[Kumaon Kingdom]]. In Janhavi naula at [[Gangolihat]] belonging to 1264 A.D. there is a piece of stone with the names of the Gangoli kings and also records an inscription about a possible invasion of Mankot by the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]] Sultan [[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]].<ref name="pande" /> On the piece of stone of 1352, found in the [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|temple of Baijnath]], is written that the kings of Gangoli (Hamirdeo, Lingarajdeo, Dharaldeo) built the kalash of the temple.<ref name="pande">{{cite book|last1=Pande|first1=Badri Datt|title=History of Kumaun : English version of "Kumaun ka itihas"|date=1993|publisher=Shyam Prakashan|location=Almora, U.P., India|isbn=81-85865-01-9}}</ref>

==Geography==
Mankot is located at 29.8359°N 79.8227°E in [[Bageshwar district]] of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] at a distance of {{convert|18|km}} from [[Bageshwar]] city, the administrative Headquarter of Bageshwar District. It has an average elevation of {{convert|1520|m}} above mean Sea Level. Mankot village has a total geographical area of 136.49 hectares.<ref name="dchb-b" />

==Demographics==
The Mankot village has population of 483 of which 230 are males while 253 are females as per [[Indian census, 2011|Population Census 2011]].<ref name="dchb-b" /><ref name="census2011" /> In Mankot village population of children with age 0-6 is 56<ref name="dchb-b" /> which makes up 11.59% of total population of village.<ref name="census2011" /> Average Sex Ratio of Mankot village is 1100<ref name="census2011" /> which is higher than Uttarakhand state average of 963. Mankot village has higher literacy rate compared to Uttarakhand. In 2011, literacy rate of Mankot village was 84.31 %<ref name="dchb-b" /> compared to 78.82% of Uttarakhand.<ref name="census2011" /> In Mankot Male literacy stands at 96.08% while female literacy rate was 73.54%.<ref name="census2011" /> In Mankot village out of total population, 360 were engaged in work activities.<ref name="dchb-b" /> 59.72% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 40.28% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.<ref name="census2011" />

==Transport==
Mankot is well connected by motorable roads with major destinations of Uttarakhand state and northern India. Bus Services are provided by [[Uttarakhand Transport Corporation]] and K.M.O.U. Regular Taxis are also available to [[Bageshwar]] and [[Chaukori]]. [[Pantnagar Airport]], located in [[Pantnagar]] is the primary Airport serving entire Kumaon Region. [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], located in [[Delhi]] is the nearest international Airport. [[Kathgodam railway station]] is the nearest railway station.

==Education==
Schools in Mankot are run by the state government or private organisations. [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] are the primary languages of instruction. Schools in Mankot follow the [[Education in India|"10+2+3" plan]]. After completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in Inter Colleges that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated with the [[CISCE|ICSE]], the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] or the Department of Education of the [[Government of Uttarakhand]]. They usually choose a focus on liberal arts, business, or science.

==See also==
* [[Bageshwar district]]
* [[Kumaon Division]]
* [[Uttarakhand]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bageshwar district}}
{{Kumaon}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bageshwar district]]

Subharaja of Anuradhapura

2024-08-22T02:05:03Z

MontyGilyard431: Made stub

#REDIRECT [[Subharaja]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Oswald Bosanquet

2024-05-09T18:17:56Z

MontyGilyard431: made a pg

'''Sir Oswald Vivian Bosanquet''', KCSI, CIE (5 April 1866 – 6 November 1933) was a British administrator in India. A member of the [[Indian Civil Service]], he spent most of his career in the [[Indian Political Service]]. At the time of his retirement, he was [[Central India Agency|Agent to the Governor-General in Central India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 1933 |title=Sir Oswald Bosanquet |work=[[The Times]] |pages=8}}</ref>

Bosanquet was the recipient of the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] in gold in 1902. He was appointed a CIE in 1910, a CSI in 1914, and promoted to KCSI in 1919.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Indian Political Service officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]
[[Category:People educated at Clifton College]]
[[Category:Alumni of New College, Oxford]]

Mahindra Gio

2023-03-18T17:34:49Z

MontyGilyard431: created a stub!

{{Short description|Indian light commercial vehicle}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Mahindra Gio
| image =
| manufacturer = [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| production = 2009–2015
| assembly =
| class = [[Mini truck]]
| body_style = 2-door pickup
| engine =
| transmission = 4-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trucks.cardekho.com/en/trucks/mahindra/gio/specifications|title=Mahindra Gio Specifications|website=CarDekho|accessdate=26 August 2022}}</ref>
| wheelbase = {{convert|2005|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|3180|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1460|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1820|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|1110|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| related =
| successor = [[Mahindra Jeeto]]
}}

The '''Mahindra Gio''' is a [[mini truck]] produced by the Indian vehicle manufacturer [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] from 2009 to 2015.

==Overview==
The Gio went on sale in October 2009 with a starting price of [[Indian rupees|₹]]1.65 [[lakh]]. At the time of its launch, it was described as the [[Tata Nano]] of its kind.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.pickuptrucks.com/2009/11/mahindra-introduces-the-gio-the-nano-of-pickups.html|title=Mahindra Introduces the Gio - the Nano of Pickup Trucks|website=news.pickuptrucks.com|date=November 7, 2009|accessdate=August 26, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018223741/https://news.pickuptrucks.com/2009/11/mahindra-introduces-the-gio-the-nano-of-pickups.html|archivedate=October 18, 2021}}</ref> The Gio was discontinued in June 2015, having been replaced by the [[Mahindra Jeeto]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/mahindra-launches-jeeto-cv-rs-232-lakh-variants-8685|title=Mahindra phases out Gio to make way for new Jeeto|website=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar Professional]]|date=23 June 2015|accessdate=23 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127225213/https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/mahindra-launches-jeeto-cv-rs-232-lakh-variants-8685|archivedate=27 January 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mahindra and Mahindra vehicles}}

[[Category:Mahindra vehicles|Gio]]
[[Category:Trucks of India]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2009]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]

{{Truck-stub}}

Banayudham

2023-03-16T10:41:05Z

MontyGilyard431: starting a entry...

'''Banayudham''' (Bana's Battle) is an [[Aattakatha (performance)|Aattakatha]] ([[Kathakali]] play) written by Balakavi Rama Shasthri. It used to be a popular play in the southern (thekkan) style of Kathakali.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/tale-of-love-and-war/article6502983.ece "Tale of love and war" from "The Hindu", 16 October 2014]</ref> The Asura king [[Banasura|Bana]], son of [[Mahabali]], has a thousand arms. His daughter Usha falls in love with Aniruddha, the grandson of Krishna. Bana discovers them together and imprisons Aniruddha. Krishna challenges Bana to a battle, in which he defeats Bana by chopping off all but four of his arms.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/staging-of-banayudham/article8498772.ece "Battle of the mighty Bana" from "The Hindu", 21 April 2016]</ref> An excerpt from the play, depicting scenes involving Usha and her friend Chitralekha, is often presented independently.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/a-performance-of-usha-chitralekha-kathakali/article24994406.ece "Shades of romance" from "The Hindu", 20 September 2018]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/a-kathakali-performance-based-on-usha-and-chitralekhas-tale/articleshow/70889661.cms "A kathakali performance, based on Usha and Chitralekha's tale" from "The Times of India", 29 August 2019]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/kathakali-performance-titled-usha-chitralekha-enthrals-the-audience/articleshow/65769844.cms "Kathakali performance titled Usha-Chitralekha enthrals the audience" from "The Times of India", 16 September 2018]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Kathakali]]
[[Category:Indian plays]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language literature]]

2022 South Delhi Municipal Corporation election

2023-03-10T09:16:55Z

MontyGilyard431: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[2022 Delhi Municipal Corporation election]]

India and nuclear weapons

2008-12-29T02:46:16Z

MontyGilyard431: Made new entry

#REDIRECT [[India and weapons of mass destruction]]