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Kirupanandha Variyar

2026-05-03T09:38:57Z

MonteZaleski33:

{{Short description|Shaivite spiritual teacher (1906–1993)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Isai Perarignar]]
| name = Kirubanandha Variyar
| image = Kirupanandha Variyar 2006 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Kirupanandha Variyar on a 2006 stamp of India
| other_names = Variyar Swamigal, 64th nayanmar
| parents = Father : Mallayadasan Mother : Kanagavalli
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1906|8|25}}
| birth_place = [[Kangeyanallur]], [[North Arcot|North Arcot District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Vellore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1993|11|07|1906|8|25}}
| death_place = [[Airspace]] between [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tiruttani]], [[Tamil Nadu]], '''India'''
}}
{{Kaumaram}}
[[File:REMEMBERING CEREMONY OFKirupanandha Variyar at vellore.JPG|thumb|7 November 2015 function vellore]]
'''Thirumuruga Kirupanandha Variyar''' (1906–1993) was a [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] spiritual teacher from [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He is known for his discourses on various Shaivite legends.

== Early life ==
[[File:Kirupanandha Variyar Swamy statue.JPG|thumb|Kirupanandha Variyar Swamy statue at Kangeyanalore Temple]]
He was born at 4:37 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 November 2016 |title=இவரும் ஒரு நாயன்மாரே! - கிருபானந்த வாரியார் நினைவு தினப் பகிர்வு ! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/temples/71570-sri-kirupanandha-variyar---memorial-day-special- |access-date=2019-07-30 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref> on 25 August 1906, in a Mudaliar [[Sengunthar]] family at [[Kangeyanallur]], a hamlet on the bank of the [[Palar River|Palar river]], near [[Katpadi]] in present-day [[Vellore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Spiritual work ==
He was a [[Kartikeya|Murugan]] devotee who helped rebuild and complete the works on many of the temples across Tamil Nadu.

At the time when the atheist movement swept Tamil Nadu, he sought to re-establish [[Hinduism]] and Theism in the State.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kripananda Variar |url=https://murugan.org/bhaktas/variar.htm |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=murugan.org}}</ref> He has also scripted a movie, ''[[Sivakavi|Siva Kavi]]''.<ref name=":0" /> He used all possible mediums to spread Hinduism. He did not consider one as inferior and another as superior.{{cn|date=July 2020}} In his [[Detroit]] discourse on Murugan's kindness, he proposed that women's name should also be added as an initial to the child's name.<ref>{{Citation |title=Part-1 - கிருபானந்த வாரியார் - டெட்ராய்ட் - 1986 - Detroit - Kripananda Variyar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUNMi5syq2o |access-date=2019-07-30 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/XUNMi5syq2o |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He insisted on discipline being as important to devotion saying one without the other would be fruitless.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2017 |title=வாழ்க்கைத் தரம் உயர்த்தும் கிருபானந்த வாரியாரின் பொன்மொழிகள்..! #InspirationalQuotes |url=https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/temples/80301-golden-words-of-kirupanandha-variyar |access-date=2019-07-30 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>

He is considered to be 64th [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] (Shaivite saint).<ref name=":1" />

==Awards==
Variyar Swamigal received the award [[Isai Perarignar]] in 1967,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamilisaisangam.in/virudhukal.html|title=Welcome to Tamil Isai Sangam – Virudhugal|website=www.tamilisaisangam.in|access-date=21 May 2017|archive-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212161602/http://www.tamilisaisangam.in/virudhukal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> given to [[Music of Tamil Nadu|Tamil musicians]] every year by the [[Tamil Isai Sangam]].

== Death ==
On 19 October 1993, Variyar flew to London for a series of spiritual lectures. Later, he fell ill and so flew back to India, arriving in [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), [[Maharashtra]] on the early morning of 7 November. From there, he took a homeward flight for [[Chennai|Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), Tamil Nadu. Near the end of this journey, he asked an accompanying devotee "Have we crossed [over] [[Tirupati]]?". When the devotee confirmed it, Variyar asked "It is [[Tiruttani]] next, right?". Shortly after this conversation, Variyar died, chanting Murugan's name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/news/special-day-article-about-kirupanandha-variyar-swami|title=''எனக்கு 'சொல்லின் செல்வர்' பட்டம் ஏன்?'' கிருபானந்த வாரியார் கலகல! - நினைவுநாள் சிறப்புப் பதிவு|date=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Viaktakavi |title=வாரியாரும்... வாரி வழங்கிய நகைச்சுவைகளும்!! - ஆரூர் சுந்தரசேகர். |url=https://www.vikatakavi.in/magazines/183/6450/Variyar-nagaichuvaiaroorsundarashekar.php |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.vikatakavi.in |language=en}}</ref> He was aged 87 then. After the plane arrived in [[Chennai International Airport|Madras Airport]], his body was taken to Kangeyanallur and cremated there.

== Memorial ==
In 2000, a memorial to Variyar, named ''Variyar Swamigal Gnana Thiruvalagam'', was established in the village by [[P. Rajagopal (businessman)|P. Rajagopal]] (1947-2019), the founder of the [[Saravana Bhavan]] chain of restaurants based in Chennai.

==References==
{{Commons category|Kirupanandha Variyar}}
{{Reflist}}
==External Links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Variyar, Kirubanandha}}
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Vellore district]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Kaumaram]]

Air India Flight 171

2026-05-01T00:17:51Z

MonteZaleski33: created new info...

{{Short description|2025 aviation accident in India}}
{{Distinguish|Indian Airlines Flight 171}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| image = The wreckage of the crashed Air India Flight 171.jpg
| caption = The aircraft's [[Empennage|tail section]] wedged into a college building, inspected by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]
| alt = The tail section and one landing gear of an aircraft visible protruding from the upper section of a two-storey building. At the ground is a pile of rubble containing concrete, steel, and tree branches. Nearby, a man with his back to the camera points at the aircraft while facing Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
| plane1_image = Air India 787-8 (VT-ANB).jpg
| plane1_caption = VT-ANB, the aircraft involved in the accident, seen in 2024
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{Start date|2025|6|12|df=y}}
| summary = Crashed shortly after takeoff; fuel cutoff causing both engines to shut down; under investigation
| site = [[B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|03|17.8|N|72|36|43.6|E|type:event_scale:50000_region:IN-GJ|display=inline,title}}
| aircraft_type = [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner]]
| operator = [[Air India]]
| IATA = AI171
| ICAO = AIC171
| callsign = AIRINDIA 171
| tail_number = VT-ANB
| origin = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| destination = London [[Gatwick Airport]], Crawley, West Sussex, England
| occupants = 242
| passengers = 230
| crew = 12
| fatalities = 241
| injuries = 1
| survivors = 1
| ground_fatalities = 19
| ground_injuries = 67
| total_fatalities = 260
| total_injuries = 68
}}



'''Air India Flight 171''' was a scheduled international passenger flight from [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]] in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, to London [[Gatwick Airport]] in Crawley, West Sussex, England. On 12 June 2025, at 13:39 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (08:09 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), the [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]] operating the flight crashed just 32 seconds after takeoff into the [[Student accommodation|hostel block]] of [[B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad]], {{Convert|0.9|nmi|km|disp=output only|abbr=off}} ({{Convert|0.9|nmi|mi|disp=output only|0}}; 0.9 [[Nautical mile|nmi]]) from the runway. Of the 12 crew members and 230 passengers on board, only 1 passenger survived. On the ground, 19 people were killed, and 67 others were seriously injured.

The aircraft was destroyed, and several college buildings were severely damaged by the impact and subsequent fire. This was the first fatal accident and [[hull loss]] involving a Boeing 787 since the type entered service in 2011, as well as the deadliest aviation incident in the 2020s, surpassing [[Jeju Air Flight 2216]]. It is the second deadliest incident in the history of [[Air India]] after the bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]] in 1985, and also in the history of civil aviation in India after the [[1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision]].

According to a preliminary report released on 12 July 2025 by India's [[Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (India)|Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau]] (AAIB), the aircraft's front [[Flight recorder#Combined units|enhanced airborne flight recorder]] revealed that the crash was caused by the loss of thrust in both engines after their fuel control switches were moved from RUN to CUTOFF three seconds after liftoff.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berberi |first1=Leonard |title=«Volo Air India precipitato perché il pilota ha spento i motori»: ora gli indiani ammettono il gesto intenzionale |url=https://www.corriere.it/economia/trasporti/aerei/26_febbraio_10/volo-air-india-precipitato-perche-il-pilota-ha-spento-i-motori-ora-gli-indiani-ammettono-il-gesto-intenzionale-f04a268f-c157-42fe-a9c8-1c7bb4adexlk.shtml |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=[[Corriere della Sera]] |date=2026-02-10 |language=it-IT|trans-title="Air India Flight Crashed Because Pilot Shut Off Engines": Indians Now Admit to Intentional Act}}</ref><ref name="BelleKhaleej">{{cite news |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/asia/air-india-flight-171-crash-pilot-deliberately-cut-fuel-switch-report-says |title=Air India flight 171 crash: Pilot deliberately cut fuel switch, report reveals |first=Nithin |last=Belle |newspaper=[[Khaleej Times]] |date=12 February 2026|access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref> According to ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'', investigators concluded that the Captain Sumeet Sabharwal likely intentionally moved the switches to cut off the fuel.<ref name=BelleKhaleej/> The crash remains under investigation and the final report on the accident has not yet been released.

== Background ==

=== Aircraft and route ===
The aircraft involved in the crash was a [[Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner]] registered VT-ANB with 41,868 hours on the airframe.<ref name="Preliminary report">{{Cite report |url=https://aaib.gov.in/What%27s%20New%20Assets/Preliminary%20Report%20VT-ANB.pdf |title=Preliminary Report Accident involving Air India's B787-8 aircraft bearing registration VT-ANB at Ahmedabad on 12 June 2025 |date=11 July 2025 |publisher=[[Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (India)|Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau]] |access-date=11 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711203907/https://aaib.gov.in/What%27s%20New%20Assets/Preliminary%20Report%20VT-ANB.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=|pages=4–5}} It was delivered to Air India in January 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tkacik |first=Maureen |date=12 June 2025 |title=One of the Dreamliners That Gave a Boeing Manager Nightmares Just Crashed |url=https://prospect.org/economy/2025-06-12-dreamliner-gave-boeing-manager-nightmares-just-crashed-air-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613004127/https://prospect.org/economy/2025-06-12-dreamliner-gave-boeing-manager-nightmares-just-crashed-air-india/ |archive-date=13 June 2025 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[The American Prospect]]}}</ref> The aircraft's two [[GE Aerospace|General Electric]] [[General Electric GEnx|GEnx-1B70]] engines had about 28,000 and 33,000 operating hours, and both had been installed less than three months before the crash.<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|page=5}}

Air India began operating flights to [[Gatwick Airport]] in 2023. At the time of the crash, it operated 12 departures a week, including five from [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]].<ref name="BBCLive">{{Cite news |date=12 June 2025 |title=Minister says black box found at Air India crash site as grieving families await answers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c8d1r3m8z92t |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614000102/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c8d1r3m8z92t |archive-date=14 June 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

=== Passengers and crew ===
On board Flight 171 were 230 passengers and 12 crew; 13 passengers were children, 2 of them infants, while 2 pilots and 10 flight attendants formed the crew. The passenger manifest included 169 Indians, 53 British, 7 Portuguese, and 1 Canadian.<ref name="Solanki-2025">{{cite news |last1=Solanki |first1=Ajit |last2=Roy |first2=Rajesh |date=12 June 2025 |title=London-bound Air India flight with more than 240 aboard crashes after take-off from Ahmedabad, India |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-plane-crash-cad8dad5cd0e92795b03d357404af5f8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613204848/https://apnews.com/article/india-plane-crash-cad8dad5cd0e92795b03d357404af5f8 |archive-date=13 June 2025 |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[Associated Press News]]}}</ref>

The flight was commanded by [[Captain (aviation)|Captain]] Sumeet Sabharwal, 56, who had logged approximately 15,600 [[Flight time|flight hours]], including nearly 8,600 hours on the Boeing 787. The [[First officer (aviation)|first officer]], Clive Kunder, 32, had around 3,400 flight hours, with about 1,100 of those on the Boeing 787. Kunder was the [[pilot flying]], while Sabharwal was the [[pilot monitoring]].<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|pages=11, 13}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Kumar |first2=Hair |title=A Takeoff, a Mayday Call, and 2 Air India Pilots Who Never Made it Home |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/15/world/asia/india-air-crash-pilots.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 June 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |archive-date=15 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615115703/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/15/world/asia/india-air-crash-pilots.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Fuel control switches ===
On the Boeing 787, the two fuel control switches are part of the throttle control module and are located just below their respective throttle levers. Moving a switch to CUTOFF immediately halts fuel flow to that engine, causing a loss of thrust, as well as the electrical and hydraulic power that engine supplies. These switches are normally only used on the ground for [[Aircraft engine starting#Gas turbine engines|engine startup]] and shutdown. In flight, cutting off the fuel to an engine is only done in emergencies such as an [[Turbine engine failure|engine fire or some other malfunction]] warranting a shutdown or restart. To prevent accidental activation, each switch is fitted with a metal stop-lock mechanism that requires the switch be pulled up before it can be moved. Additionally, brackets on either side guard the switches from unintentional contact.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ostrower |first=Jon |date=8 July 2025 |title=Air India crash investigation focuses on movement of engine fuel control switches |url=https://theaircurrent.com/aviation-safety/ai171-investigation-fuel-control-switches/ |access-date=12 July 2025 |work=The Air Current |archive-date=12 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712010647/https://theaircurrent.com/aviation-safety/ai171-investigation-fuel-control-switches/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalra |first1=Aditya |last2=Lampert |first2=Allison |last3=Ganapavaram |first3=Abhijith |title=Air India crash report shows pilot confusion over engine switch movement |work=[[Reuters]] |date=13 July 2025 |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/india-finds-engine-switch-movement-fatal-air-india-crash-no-immediate-action-2025-07-11/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712174603/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/india-finds-engine-switch-movement-fatal-air-india-crash-no-immediate-action-2025-07-11/ |archive-date=12 July 2025 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="o496">{{cite news |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=12 July 2025 |title=Why cockpit audio deepens the mystery of Air India crash |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2gy78gpnqo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716152108/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2gy78gpnqo |archive-date=16 July 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

== Accident ==
[[File:AI171 air crash enmap.svg|thumb|Map of flight path and crash site]]
[[File:Air India 171 runway CCTV.webm|thumb|CCTV footage showing the plane's takeoff roll and crash]]
Flight 171 was cleared for a full-length takeoff on runway 23, and lifted off at 13:38:39 IST after a 62-second takeoff roll.<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|page=13–14}} Surface winds were light at {{convert|6|knots|lk=in}}, and visibility was {{convert|6|km|mi nmi}} with no significant cloud cover.<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|page=11}} The aircraft's [[Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast|ADS-B]] transponder reported a maximum [[pressure altitude]] of around {{convert|625|ft|m|-1}} above [[mean sea level]] while climbing over the runway.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Petchenik |first1=Ian |date=12 June 2025 |title=Air India 171 crashes shortly after take off from Ahmedabad |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/blog/flight-tracking-news/major-incident/air-india-171-crashes-shortly-after-take-off-from-ahmedabad/ |access-date=17 June 2025 |work=[[Flightradar24]]}}</ref> Flight recorder data showed a maximum airspeed of {{convert|180|knots}} and a total airborne time of 32 seconds.<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|page=14–15}}

The aircraft crashed into the hostel block of the B. J. Medical College campus attached to the [[Ahmedabad Civil Hospital]] {{Convert|0.9|nmi|km|disp=output only|abbr=off}} ({{Convert|0.9|nmi|mi|disp=output only|0}}; 0.9 nmi) from the runway. The initial point of impact was a tree, after which the aircraft's tail struck the top of the campus [[Cafeteria|mess]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Doshi |first=Brijesh |date=12 June 2025 |title=Plane tail, lunch on tables: Scenes from doctors' hostel, site of Air India crash |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/scenes-from-bj-medical-college-civil-hospital-hostel-site-of-air-india-flight-crash-ahmedabad-pics-2739804-2025-06-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614105548/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/scenes-from-bj-medical-college-civil-hospital-hostel-site-of-air-india-flight-crash-ahmedabad-pics-2739804-2025-06-12 |archive-date=14 June 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> with wings level and the nose pitched up by about eight degrees, causing the [[empennage]] to detach. The aircraft continued breaking up as it collided with additional structures, with parts of the [[Cockpit|flight deck]] coming to rest approximately {{convert|650|ft|order=flip}} from the mess hall impact site. The wreckage, from the first impact point to the last identified component, was distributed over an area approximately {{convert|1000|by|400|ft|order=flip}}.<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|page=9{{en-dash}}10}} In total, five buildings were severely damaged by the impact and subsequent fire,<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|page=6}} including student accommodation and the resident doctors' hostel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kshatriya |first=Dilip Singh |date=12 June 2025 |title=Intern doctors among dead as plane crashes into medical college hostel in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jun/12/intern-doctors-among-dead-as-plane-crashes-into-medical-college-hostel-in-ahmedabad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612203219/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jun/12/intern-doctors-among-dead-as-plane-crashes-into-medical-college-hostel-in-ahmedabad |archive-date=12 June 2025 |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

A video recording from an airport [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] camera looking down the runway captured the aircraft taking off, initially gaining altitude, then descending gradually.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gröndahl |first1=Mika |last2=Levitt |first2=Zach |last3=Patanjali |first3=Karthik |date=28 June 2025 |title=What Visual and Audio Evidence Reveals About the Air India Crash |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/06/27/world/asia/air-india-crash-cause.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630031755/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/06/27/world/asia/air-india-crash-cause.html |archive-date=30 June 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Another video taken by an aviation enthusiast about {{convert|200|m}} outside the airport perimeter showed it passing almost overhead just before impact. Both videos showed the aircraft sinking out of view, with fire and smoke rising from the crash site a few seconds later. According to [[CNN]], the enthusiast later told the reporters that it had been behaving strangely, wobbling from side to side, and that the tail appeared to "sag more deeply beneath its nose" as it descended.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mateen |first=Zoya |date=17 June 2025 |title=The teen who filmed the Air India crash video the world saw |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0l484l40gyo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703115022/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0l484l40gyo |archive-date=3 July 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Edwards |first1=Christian |last2=Radford |first2=Antoinette |last3=Mogul |first3=Rhea |date=12 June 2025 |title=How the Air India plane came crashing to earth |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/12/india/air-india-plane-crash-intl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617160023/https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/12/india/air-india-plane-crash-intl |archive-date=17 June 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

== Rescue and relief operation ==

The first call to the fire and emergency control room was received at 13:45 IST. Two firefighter teams were sent immediately from [[Naroda]], and the "[[brigade]] call" was issued. More than 300 firefighters, 60 fire vehicles, and 20 [[Bowser (tanker)|water bowsers]] were deployed in response.<ref name="Gujarat Samachar-2025">{{Cite news |date=13 June 2025 |title=Ahmedabad Plane Crash: ગણતરીની મિનિટોમાં જ દર્દનાક દુર્ઘટના સર્જાઈ, ઘટનાસ્થળે ઉપરા-છાપરી બ્લાસ્ટ થયા હતા |trans-title=Ahmedabad Plane Crash: A painful accident occurred within minutes, there were blasts all over the place. |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/what-was-and-was-not-became-in-a-matter-of-minutes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613023356/https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/what-was-and-was-not-became-in-a-matter-of-minutes |archive-date=13 June 2025 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[Gujarat Samachar]] |language=gu}}</ref> The Ahmedabad Fire and Emergency Services Department later confirmed the deployment of units from various city divisions.<ref name="crosstownnews.in-2025">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2025 |title=Air India Plane carrying 133 Passengers crashes near Ahmedabad Airport |url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/143103/air-india-plane-carrying-133-passengers-crashes-near-ahmedabad-airport.html |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=Cross Town News |archive-date=13 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613005115/https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/143103/air-india-plane-carrying-133-passengers-crashes-near-ahmedabad-airport.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Multiple ambulances, including 20 ambulances from the fire department, were rushed to the location.<ref name="ABP-2025">{{Cite news |date=12 June 2025 |title=Air India Plane With 242 Onboard Crashes in Gujarat's Ahmedabad: Video |url=https://news.abplive.com/cities/gujarat-plane-crash-video-in-ahmedabad-air-india-death-toll-details-1779321 |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[ABP News]] |archive-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612222837/https://news.abplive.com/cities/gujarat-plane-crash-video-in-ahmedabad-air-india-death-toll-details-1779321 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Samachar-2025" /> All roads leading to the crash site and surrounding areas were closed to facilitate rescue operations.<ref name="crosstownnews.in-2025" /> Teams and fire vehicles from fire service stations in neighbouring cities including [[Vadodara]], [[Gandhinagar]], [[GIFT City]], and from establishments such [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]], and Civil Defence were also sent to the scene to [[Mutual aid (emergency services)|render aid]].<ref name="Gujarat Samachar-2025" />

The [[Central Industrial Security Force]], responsible for security at Ahmedabad Airport, was among the first responders.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=CISF |author-link=Central Industrial Security Force |user=CISFHQrs |number=1933107060717371856 |date=12 June 2025 |title=CISF Rescue Operations Underway at AI 171 Crash Site, Ahmedabad. |access-date=12 June 2025 |link=https://x.com/CISFHQrs/status/1933107060717371856}}</ref> Teams from the [[Indian Army]], [[Border Security Force]], [[Central Reserve Police Force]], [[National Disaster Response Force]], and [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]] were deployed to assist with rescue and relief efforts, and a military hospital was put on standby.<ref name="Solanki-2025" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2025 |title=Ahmedabad plane crash: 6 NDRF teams, 2 BSF units deployed for massive rescue operation near airport |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/ahmedabad-plane-crash-6-ndrf-teams-2-bsf-units-deployed-for-massive-rescue-operation-near-airport/articleshow/121803297.cms |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612152737/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/ahmedabad-plane-crash-6-ndrf-teams-2-bsf-units-deployed-for-massive-rescue-operation-near-airport/articleshow/121803297.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2025 |title=Army assists Ahmedabad's civil administration after Air India plane crash; over 130 personnel deployed |url=https://risingkashmir.com/army-assists-ahmedabads-civil-administration-after-air-india-plane-crash-over-130-personnel-deployed/ |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[Rising Kashmir]] |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614052202/https://risingkashmir.com/army-assists-ahmedabads-civil-administration-after-air-india-plane-crash-over-130-personnel-deployed/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2025 |title=CRPF deploys 150 personnel for rescue ops after Air India plane crash in Ahmedabad |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/crpf-deploys-150-personnel-for-rescue-ops-after-air-india-plane-crash-in-ahmedabad/articleshow/121805144.cms |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[Asian News International]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=13 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613011334/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/crpf-deploys-150-personnel-for-rescue-ops-after-air-india-plane-crash-in-ahmedabad/articleshow/121805144.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2025 |title=Western Railway Runs Special Trains From Ahmedabad To Mumbai After Plane Crash |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/western-railway-runs-special-trains-from-ahmedabad-to-mumbai-after-plane-crash-8653822 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=[[Mumbai, India]] |archive-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612192227/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/western-railway-runs-special-trains-from-ahmedabad-to-mumbai-after-plane-crash-8653822 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] deployed more than 150 vehicles, including [[earthmover]]s, [[excavator]]s, trucks, and a [[Roller (agricultural tool)|roller]], to clear debris from the site. The corporation also deployed engineers and health department personnel, and ordered the emergency readiness of the municipal hospitals in the city.<ref name="Gujarat Samachar-2025" /> Shortly after the crash, all flight operations at the Ahmedabad airport were suspended before resuming later in the day in a limited capacity.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 June 2025 |title=Operations Resume at Ahmedabad Airport After Pause Due To Plane Crash |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ahmedabad-airport-shut-for-operations-temporarily-after-air-india-crash-8649845 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612115230/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ahmedabad-airport-shut-for-operations-temporarily-after-air-india-crash-8649845 |archive-date=12 June 2025 |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tanno |first1=Sophie |last2=Iyer |first2=Aishwarya S. |last3=Mogul |first3=Rhea |last4=Radford |first4=Antoinette |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/06/12/asia/plane-crash-india-ahmedabad |title=More than 290 feared dead after plane crashes outside airport in Indian city of Ahmedabad |work=[[CNN]] |date=12 June 2025 |access-date=12 June 2025 |archive-date=13 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613033908/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/06/12/asia/plane-crash-india-ahmedabad |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Casualties ==

[[File:Air India Flight 171 Schematic.svg|thumb|Location of seat 11A, where the flight's sole survivor sat, and [[Emergency exit#Aircraft|emergency exits]] in the forward section of Air India's Boeing 787–8 configuration<ref name="t906">{{cite web |last=Rhoden-Paul |first=André |date=12 June 2025 |title=British man is only passenger to survive India plane crash |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce3v6drp96zo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630042001/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce3v6drp96zo |archive-date=30 June 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=BBC Home}}</ref> ]]

Of the 242 people on board the aircraft, all 12 crew members and 229 of the 230 passengers died in the crash. On the ground, an additional 19 people were killed, and 67 were seriously injured.<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|page=5}} The intense heat of the post-crash fires, which had reached an estimated {{convert|1500|C|F|sigfig=2}}, greatly complicated victim identification. However, by 28 June, the remains of all 260 victims had been identified, primarily through [[DNA profiling|DNA analysis]]. Among the casualties was [[Vijay Rupani]], the [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] from 2016 to 2021, whose body was identified by DNA on 15 June.<ref name="g384">{{cite web |last1=Raj |first1=Suhasini |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |last3=K.B. |first3=Pragati |date=15 June 2025 |title=Heat of Air India Crash Hinders DNA Identification, Agonizing Relatives |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/15/world/asia/air-india-crash.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630041030/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/15/world/asia/air-india-crash.html |archive-date=30 June 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="z832">{{cite web |last=Pathak |first=Maulik |date=28 June 2025 |title=Last victim identified in Air India Flight 171 crash; death toll reaches 260 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/last-victim-identified-in-air-india-flight-171-crash-death-toll-reaches-260-101751087884058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630104608/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/last-victim-identified-in-air-india-flight-171-crash-death-toll-reaches-260-101751087884058.html |archive-date=30 June 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

At least 50 medical students in the hostel buildings at the time of the crash were injured and required hospitalisation.<ref name="BBCLive" /> The dean of the medical college said that "most of the students escaped, but 10 or 12 were trapped in the fire".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raj |first1=Suhasini |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |last3=Kumar |first3=Hari |last4=Nierenberg |first4=Amelia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/12/world/asia/air-india-plane-crash-site.html |title=Medical Students Were Eating Lunch When Plane Hit Their Dining Hall |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |archive-date=17 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617210305/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/12/world/asia/air-india-plane-crash-site.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:The Union Minister for Home Affairs and Cooperation, Shri Amit Shah meets the injured sole survivor of the Air India Flight 171 crash.jpg|thumb|Home minister [[Amit Shah]] visits the sole survivor in hospital]]
The [[List of sole survivors of aviation accidents and incidents|sole survivor]] of the crash was 40-year-old British citizen Viswash Kumar Ramesh, who had been seated in 11A, next to an emergency exit. Ramesh said that the section of the aircraft where he was seated detached and came to rest on the ground floor of the hostel, and he escaped through an opening created when the emergency exit broke open. He was filmed walking away from the wreckage before being led to an ambulance. Ramesh sustained multiple minor injuries, including facial cuts and burns to his left hand, and was discharged from the hospital after five days. Six days after the crash, he attended the funeral of his brother, who had also been on the flight.<ref name="g462">{{cite web |last1=Radford |first1=Antoinette |last2=Mitra |first2=Esha |last3=Sangal |first3=Aditi |last4=Rios |first4=Michael |date=12 June 2025 |title=A miracle in seat 11A: What we know about Air India crash survivor Vishwash Kumar Ramesh |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/12/india/air-india-crash-survivor-vishwash-kumar-ramesh-intl-latam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717021656/https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/12/india/air-india-crash-survivor-vishwash-kumar-ramesh-intl-latam |archive-date=17 July 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="a098">{{cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=19 June 2025 |title=Sole survivor of Air India crash lays his brother to rest after leaving hospital |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/19/india/air-india-plane-crash-survivor-brother-funeral-intl-hnk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624195412/https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/19/india/air-india-plane-crash-survivor-brother-funeral-intl-hnk |archive-date=24 June 2025 |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2025 |title=Air India: Lone survivor lays brother to rest at emotional funeral |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvg8591rpjyo.amp |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=BBC News |archive-date=19 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919201147/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvg8591rpjyo.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of the crash, he has [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD).<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India plane crash survivor: 'I'm luckiest man alive' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cp85zvne1m3o |access-date=3 November 2025 |work=BBC News |date=3 November 2025 |archive-date=3 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103073610/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cp85zvne1m3o |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Investigation ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 200
| direction = vertical
| image1 =
| class1 =
| alt1 =
| image2 =
| class2 =
| alt2 =
| footer = The aircraft's aft (top) and forward (bottom) [[flight recorder]]s
}}
India's [[Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (India)|Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau]] (AAIB) was tasked with the investigation of the crash.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2025 |title=Air India plane crashes in Gujarat's Ahmedabad after take-off |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2550500/indian-airline-flight-crashes-in-gujrats-ahmedabad-after-take-off |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |archive-date=13 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613001138/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2550500/indian-airline-flight-crashes-in-gujrats-ahmedabad-after-take-off |url-status=live}}</ref> The British [[Air Accidents Investigation Branch]] dispatched a team of four investigators,<ref>{{cite web |date=13 June 2025 |title=Update on the fatal accident which occurred in Ahmedabad, India on 12 June 2025 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/aaib-update-air-india-flight-ai171 |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=[[Air Accidents Investigation Branch]] |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614161328/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/aaib-update-air-india-flight-ai171 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the United States [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) sent a "go team" to assist with the investigation.<ref name="ABP-2025" /> The US [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) said that it "[stood] ready to launch a team immediately" in support of the NTSB.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAA Statement on Air India Flight AI171 |url=https://www.faa.gov/newsroom/faa-statement-air-india-flight-ai171 |publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] |access-date=13 June 2025 |date=12 June 2025 |archive-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612194820/https://www.faa.gov/newsroom/faa-statement-air-india-flight-ai171 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[GE Aerospace]], which manufactured the aircraft's engines, said it would send a team to India and analyse cockpit data.<ref name="z162">{{cite web |last1=Khanna |first1=Sumit |last2=Patel |first2=Shivam |last3=Shah |first3=Aditi |date=13 June 2025 |title=Air India Dreamliner crashes into Ahmedabad college hostel, kills over 240 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/plane-crashes-indias-ahmedabad-airport-tv-channels-report-2025-06-12/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref>

On 13 June, the first of the aircraft's two [[Flight recorder#Combined units|enhanced airborne flight recorders]] (EAFR), each of which performs the functions of both a [[flight data recorder]] and a [[cockpit voice recorder]], was recovered from the mess hall rooftop. The second EAFR was recovered from the crash debris on 16 June. The data from the front recorder was successfully downloaded on 24 June at the AAIB laboratory in Delhi; the rear recorder was substantially damaged, preventing data recovery via the usual methods.<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|pages=12–13}}

India's [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA) and Air India opened parallel inquiries into the accident.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lavanya |first=R |title=PM Modi calls Ahmedabad Air India crash 'heart-breaking beyond words'; DGCA launches probe, 242 were onboard Boeing 787 |url=https://www.newsx.com/india/pm-modi-calls-ahmedabad-air-india-crash-heartbreaking-beyond-words-dgca-launches-probe-242-were-onboard-boeing-787/ |work=NewsX World |publisher=ABP News Group |access-date=12 June 2025 |date=12 June 2025 |archive-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612203217/https://www.newsx.com/india/pm-modi-calls-ahmedabad-air-india-crash-heartbreaking-beyond-words-dgca-launches-probe-242-were-onboard-boeing-787/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 June, the DGCA ordered additional pre-departure technical inspections for the airline's Boeing 787 fleet, starting on 15 June.<ref name="BBCLive" /> The DGCA also directed Air India to execute additional maintenance and inspections on fuel-parameter monitoring and associated systems, cabin air compressor and associated systems, electronic engine control system test, engine fuel driven actuator-operational test, and oil-system checks for the Boeing 787–8 and 787-9 aircraft in its fleet.<ref>{{cite news |title=DGCA orders enhanced inspection of Air India's Boeing 787 Dreamliner fleet |url=https://statetimes.in/dgca-orders-enhanced-inspection-of-air-indias-boeing-787-dreamliner-fleet/ |work=Statetimes |access-date=14 June 2025 |date=13 June 2025 |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614072545/https://statetimes.in/dgca-orders-enhanced-inspection-of-air-indias-boeing-787-dreamliner-fleet/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In late November 2025, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported tensions between American and Indian investigators stemming from the view amongst American government and industry officials that the evidence suggests the captain of the flight, Sumeet Sabharwal, [[Suicide by aircraft|deliberately crashed the airliner]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tangel |first1=Andrew |date=27 November 2025 |title=Officials Clashed in Investigation of Deadly Air India Crash |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/airlines/air-india-investigation-conflict-crash-36aed1ee?st=ZeEhqL&reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=The Wall Street Journal |archive-date=29 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129162824/https://www.wsj.com/business/airlines/air-india-investigation-conflict-crash-36aed1ee?st=ZeEhqL&reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Preliminary report ===
[[File:Air India Flight 171 CCTV RAT deployment still.png|thumb|A CCTV still showing the deployed ram air turbine (RAT) (in between the main wheels)]]
[[File:787 Dreamliner throttle control module.jpg|thumb|The fuel control switches on a [[Boeing 787-8]] are located beneath the throttles, with the RUN and CUTOFF positions labelled in white.]]
On 12 July, the AAIB released a preliminary report outlining its initial findings. After a 62-second takeoff roll, the aircraft [[Rotation (aeronautics)|rotated]] at an airspeed of {{convert|155|kn|km/h mph|0}}, and lifted off 4 seconds later at 13:38:39 IST. As the aircraft reached its maximum recorded airspeed of {{convert|180|knots}} 3 seconds after lifting off the runway, both [[Fuel control unit|fuel control]] switches sequentially moved from RUN to CUTOFF, 1 second apart. Both engines immediately shut down and stopped producing thrust. Airport CCTV showed no significant bird activity in the flight path, and the aircraft began losing altitude before crossing the airport perimeter.<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|pages=14–15}}

One pilot was heard on the cockpit voice recording asking the other why he had "cut off", with the other pilot answering that he "did not"; the report did not specify who said what. According to flight recorder data and airport CCTV footage, the [[ram air turbine]] (RAT) deployed automatically<ref name="o496" /> and began producing emergency hydraulic and electric power 5 seconds after the first switch moved. The first switch returned to RUN about 10 seconds after it had moved to CUTOFF, and the second switch returned to RUN about 4 seconds after that. Each engine's full authority digital engine control ([[FADEC]]) then automatically attempted to restart them.<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|page=15}}

About 9 seconds after the second switch returned to RUN, one of the pilots issued a [[mayday]] call, reporting a loss of thrust.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |date=15 June 2025 |title='Unable to lift': Pilot's desperate mayday call as Air India plane went down |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/bulletin/news/air-india-plane-crash-pilot-mayday-b2769718.html |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=[[The Independent]] |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614234027/https://www.independent.co.uk/bulletin/news/air-india-plane-crash-pilot-mayday-b2769718.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An air traffic controller requested the flight's call sign, but received no response. The cockpit voice and flight data recordings ended 6 seconds after the mayday call, 32 seconds after takeoff, at 13:39:11. At that point in time, the first engine had re-lit and was beginning to spool up. The second engine had also re-lit, but its core speed continued to fall while its FADEC introduced additional fuel in an attempt to recover thrust.<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|page=15}}

The preliminary report noted that the FAA had issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (SAIB) in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2018 |title=Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin NM-18-33: Engine Fuel and Control |url=https://ad.easa.europa.eu/ad/NM-18-33 |work=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] |access-date=1 July 2025 |quote=This Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (SAIB) is to advise registered owners and operators of The Boeing Company [..] Model 787-8, −9, and −10 airplanes [..] of the potential for disengagement of the fuel control switch locking feature.}}</ref> warning that fuel switches similar to those on the 787 had been installed on [[Boeing 737]] aircraft with the stop-lock mechanisms disengaged, the exact nature of which was not described.<ref name="o496" /> Air India said it had not performed the recommended inspections because they were not mandatory. The incident aircraft's maintenance records showed that its throttle control module had been replaced in 2019 and 2023 for reasons unrelated to the fuel switches, and that no fuel switch defects had been reported since then.<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|page=6}}

The throttle levers were found in the idle position when recovered after the crash; however, the flight recorder data showed that both had been kept at takeoff thrust until impact. The recovered [[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]] controls and flight recorder data showed that flaps had been properly set for takeoff at five degrees.<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|page=10}} The report did not identify any mechanical faults nor recommend safety actions for operators or manufacturers of the 787 or its GEnx engines.<ref name="Preliminary report" />{{Reference page|page=15}}

== Responses ==
[[File:The Union Minister of Home Affairs and Cooperation, Shri Amit Shah visiting the crash site of Air India Flight 171.jpg|thumb|Home minister Amit Shah (left) and [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]], the [[chief minister of Gujarat]] (right), both in white, surveying the crash site.]]

Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the crash site on 13 June. He also visited the hospital, where he met the lone survivor from the plane crash and those who had been injured on the ground.<ref name="Roy-2025">{{Cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Rajesh |last2=Ganguly |first2=Shonal |last3=Hussain |first3=Aijaz |date=13 June 2025 |title=Air India black box recovered after crash that killed 241 onboard and several others on the ground |url=https://apnews.com/article/air-india-plane-crash-ahmedabad-survivor-boeing-787-18a1e45cb65bd716d6529b8922cc94b7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613093932/https://apnews.com/article/air-india-plane-crash-ahmedabad-survivor-boeing-787-18a1e45cb65bd716d6529b8922cc94b7 |archive-date=13 June 2025 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[Associated Press News]] |location=Ahmedabad}}</ref> Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] spoke with the Gujarat chief minister, [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]], following the incident.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/ahmedabad-plane-crash-live-updates-over-200-people-onboard-flight-casualty-numbers-awaited-liveblog-13896455.html |title=Ahmedabad Plane Crash Updates: DGCA orders enhanced inspection of Air India's Boeing 787 Dreamliner fleet |date=12 June 2025 |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |archive-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612215459/https://www.firstpost.com/india/ahmedabad-plane-crash-live-updates-over-200-people-onboard-flight-casualty-numbers-awaited-liveblog-13896455.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Patel stated that officials had been instructed to carry out "immediate rescue and relief operations" and to make arrangements on a "war footing".<ref>{{cite news |date=12 June 2025 |title=Air India Ahmedabad-London flight crashes near airport shortly after takeoff; 274 dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/plane-crashes-in-ahmedabads-meghani-area/articleshow/121798487.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613040231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/plane-crashes-in-ahmedabads-meghani-area/articleshow/121798487.cms |archive-date=13 June 2025 |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

UK prime minister [[Keir Starmer]] expressed his condolences,<ref>{{cite news |date=12 June 2025 |title=India plane crash: Starmer says scenes from incident 'absolutely devastating' |url=https://news.sky.com/video/india-plane-crash-starmer-says-scenes-from-incident-absolutely-devastating-13382807 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612192119/https://news.sky.com/video/india-plane-crash-starmer-says-scenes-from-incident-absolutely-devastating-13382807 |archive-date=12 June 2025 |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=Sky News}}</ref> and the [[UK Foreign Office]] arranged crisis teams in India and the UK.<ref name="BBCLive" /> [[Charles III|King Charles III]] requested that senior royals wear black armbands and that a minute of silence be observed in honour of the victims at the 14 June [[Trooping the Colour]] ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=13 June 2025 |title=Royals to honour air crash victims at Trooping the Colour |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c3d4g5eeemro |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614102924/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c3d4g5eeemro |url-status=live }}</ref>

On the day of the crash, Air India chairman [[Natarajan Chandrasekaran]] issued a statement expressing the "deepest condolences" to those affected, and that the airline was focused on supporting victims and their families, and assisting emergency response teams at the site.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2025 |title=Air India plane crash: Chairman Chandrasekaran says 'primary focus on helping victims, families' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/air-india-ahmedabad-plane-crash-chairman-chandrasekaran-says-primary-focus-on-helping-victims-families-11749720647312.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703114857/https://www.livemint.com/news/air-india-ahmedabad-plane-crash-chairman-chandrasekaran-says-primary-focus-on-helping-victims-families-11749720647312.html |archive-date=3 July 2025 |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=mint}}</ref> Speaking to the airline's 700 staff on 17 June, he said that crash was "the most heartbreaking one, which I thought I would never see", and that the incident should serve "as a driving force to create a safer airline".<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2025 |title=Ahmedabad plane crash: Have seen several crises, this one's most heartbreaking, says Air India chairman N Chandrasekaran; encourages staff to stay strong amid crisis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ahmedabad-plane-crash-have-seen-several-crises-this-ones-most-heartbreaking-says-air-india-chairman-n-chandrasekaran-encourages-staff-to-stay-strong-amid-crisis/articleshow/121900162.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708095807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ahmedabad-plane-crash-have-seen-several-crises-this-ones-most-heartbreaking-says-air-india-chairman-n-chandrasekaran-encourages-staff-to-stay-strong-amid-crisis/articleshow/121900162.cms |archive-date=8 July 2025 |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Air India CEO [[Campbell Wilson]] stated that "this is a difficult day for all of us at Air India", saying that special teams of caregivers would be mobilised for additional support and adding that the investigations would take time.<ref>{{YouTube|oFObIFPoFfA|'This is a difficult day for all of us': Air India CEO Campbell Wilson on Ahmedabad plane crash }}</ref> Air India Flight 143, flying from [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]] to [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris]] with Wilson aboard, returned to Delhi for him to assist the airline with the crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schlappig |first=Ben |date=12 June 2025 |title=Air India Jet With CEO Onboard Diverts To Delhi, Following Crash |url=https://onemileatatime.com/news/air-india-jet-ceo-diverts-following-crash/ |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=One Mile at a Time |archive-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612165138/https://onemileatatime.com/news/air-india-jet-ceo-diverts-following-crash/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

One week after the crash, about two weeks before the AAIB issued its preliminary report, Air India training captains performed a series of 787–8 simulator experiments duplicating what was then known about the flight's weight and balance profile. They found that even with flaps retracted and landing gear left down after takeoff, the aircraft was able to climb safely with only one engine producing thrust. The pilots also attempted to simulate electrical failures that could cause a dual-engine flame-out—which is deemed unrecoverable below the flight's maximum recorded altitude—but were unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Som |first=Vishnu |date=2 July 2025 |title=Pilots Recreated AI-171's Final Moments On Simulator. What They Found |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/air-india-crash-simulation-pilots-recreated-ai-171s-final-moments-on-simulator-what-they-found-8812035 |access-date=9 July 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=11 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711122526/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/air-india-crash-simulation-pilots-recreated-ai-171s-final-moments-on-simulator-what-they-found-8812035 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/have-air-india-pilots-narrowed-in-on-ai171-crash-cause-simulated-flight-finds-key-flaw-101751439219439.html |title=Have Air India pilots narrowed in on AI171 crash cause? Simulated flight finds key flaw |first=Nayanika |last=Sengupta |date=2 July 2025 |access-date=9 July 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=11 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711122525/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/have-air-india-pilots-narrowed-in-on-ai171-crash-cause-simulated-flight-finds-key-flaw-101751439219439.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the release of the preliminary report, the Indian Commercial Pilots' Association criticised what it called "reckless and unfounded insinuation of pilot suicide", while the Airline Pilots' Association of India said it was "surprised at the secrecy surrounding these investigations" and that "suitably qualified personnel were not taken on board for the probe".<ref>{{Cite news |first=Geeta |last=Pandey |date=14 July 2025 |title=Don't vilify Air India crash crew: Indian pilots' association |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cddzp0g5l25o |access-date=14 July 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=14 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714075608/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cddzp0g5l25o |url-status=live }}</ref> On 17 July, the AAIB released an appeal discouraging speculation from the public and the media.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yugandhar |first=GVG |date=17 July 2025 |title=Appeal VT-ANB |url=https://aaib.gov.in/What%27s%20New%20Assets/APPEAL%20VT-ANB%2017-07-2025.pdf |access-date=17 July 2025 |work=[[Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (India)|Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau]] |archive-date=17 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717133907/https://aaib.gov.in/What%27s%20New%20Assets/APPEAL%20VT-ANB%2017-07-2025.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
On the day of the crash, [[Tata Group]], the parent company of Air India, announced [[Ex gratia|voluntary]] payments of {{INRConvert|10|m|lk=on|year=2025|to=USD}} to the families of each deceased passenger, along with coverage of medical expenses for those injured.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 June 2025 |title=Tata Group announces Rs 1 crore compensation for victims of Air India plane crash |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/tata-group-announces-rs-1-crore-compensation-for-victims-of-air-india-plane-crash-480217-2025-06-12 |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 June 2025 |title=Air India announces additional Rs 25 lakh compensation, on top of Rs 1 crore, to fast-track relief for victims' families |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/ahmedabad-plane-crash-air-india-announces-additional-rs-25-lakh-compensation-on-top-of-rs-1-crore-to-fast-track-relief-for-victims-families/articleshow/121849426.cms |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614142900/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/ahmedabad-plane-crash-air-india-announces-additional-rs-25-lakh-compensation-on-top-of-rs-1-crore-to-fast-track-relief-for-victims-families/articleshow/121849426.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Times of India-2025a">{{Cite news |date=14 June 2025 |title=Ahmedabad plane crash: Hand payouts to kin of medical college victims too, says IMA to Tatas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ahmedabad-plane-crash-hand-payouts-to-kin-of-medical-college-victims-too-says-ima-to-tatas/articleshow/121841105.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615011933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ahmedabad-plane-crash-hand-payouts-to-kin-of-medical-college-victims-too-says-ima-to-tatas/articleshow/121841105.cms |archive-date=15 June 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Under the terms of the [[Montreal Convention]] of 1999, Air India is liable to pay approximately {{INRConvert|15|m|year=2025|to=USD}} to the families of each deceased passenger.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathew |first=George |date=13 June 2025 |title=Air India plane crash: Victims' kin may get up to Rs 1.5 cr each as insurance compensation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/air-india-plane-crash-victims-kin-may-get-up-to-rs-1-5-cr-each-as-insurance-compensation-10063788/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614004853/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/air-india-plane-crash-victims-kin-may-get-up-to-rs-1-5-cr-each-as-insurance-compensation-10063788/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Rakesh |date=12 June 2025 |title=Air India may have to pay Rs 1.8 crore to kin of each of the Ahmedabad crash victims |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2025/Jun/12/air-india-may-have-to-pay-rs-18-crore-to-kin-of-each-of-the-ahmedabad-crash-victims |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614050046/https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2025/Jun/12/air-india-may-have-to-pay-rs-18-crore-to-kin-of-each-of-the-ahmedabad-crash-victims |url-status=live }}</ref> The Tata Group later extended the same compensation to the families of on-ground victims who were killed or injured,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathew |first=George |date=23 June 2025 |title=Air India Dreamliner crash: Five ways families can claim compensation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/air-india-dreamliner-crash-families-compensation-10082041/ |access-date=29 June 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=29 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629114258/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/air-india-dreamliner-crash-families-compensation-10082041/ |url-status=live }}</ref> following a request by the [[Indian Medical Association]].<ref name="The Times of India-2025a" /> The company also announced plans to assist in rebuilding the five damaged college buildings, all of which were declared unsafe by authorities. More than 150 resident doctors, including some who resided with their families, were moved to faculty and staff quarters or other temporary accommodation on campus.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keshav |first=Gopal |date=13 June 2025 |title=In 34 seconds: 3 photos that tell the full horror of Ahmedabad-London Air India flight AI-171's final moments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/in-34-seconds-3-photos-that-tell-the-full-horror-of-ahmedabad-london-air-india-flight-ai-171s-final-moments/articleshow/121817176.cms |access-date=16 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=16 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616122841/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/in-34-seconds-3-photos-that-tell-the-full-horror-of-ahmedabad-london-air-india-flight-ai-171s-final-moments/articleshow/121817176.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 June 2025 |title=Ahmedabad plane crash aftermath: 5 medical hostel buildings vacated; over 150 resident docs relocated |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/06/14/ahmedabad-plane-crash-aftermath-5-medical-hostel-buildings-vacated-over-150-resident-docs-relocated/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725210407/https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/06/14/ahmedabad-plane-crash-aftermath-5-medical-hostel-buildings-vacated-over-150-resident-docs-relocated/ |archive-date=25 July 2025 |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=The Shillong Times}}</ref>

Immediately after the crash, Air India suspended 83 wide-body flights for six weeks to perform government-mandated safety checks on its Boeing 787 fleet. The airline began gradually restoring routes in mid-July, with a full recovery planned by October.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Update on Air India's international operations |date=15 July 2025 |publisher=[[Air India]] |url=https://www.airindia.com/in/en/newsroom/press-release/Air-India-International-Operations-Update.html |access-date=19 July 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715163517/https://www.airindia.com/in/en/newsroom/press-release/Air-India-International-Operations-Update.html |archive-date=15 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Rajesh |date=18 June 2025 |title=Air India faces disruptions as crash prompts deeper checks and flight delays |url=https://apnews.com/article/air-india-crash-ahmedabad-dreamliner-boeing-tata-25102fbb58822ea572b00fa3da048682 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703200625/https://apnews.com/article/air-india-crash-ahmedabad-dreamliner-boeing-tata-25102fbb58822ea572b00fa3da048682 |archive-date=3 July 2025 |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=AP News}}</ref> The airline also announced that it plans to run three weekly flights between Ahmedabad and [[Heathrow Airport]] from 1 August to 30 September,<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2025 |title=Air India restores international flights; temporarily scales back Ahmedabad-Gatwick route |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/air-india-restores-international-flights-temporarily-scales-back-ahmedabad-gatwick-route/cid/2113333 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807073319/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/air-india-restores-international-flights-temporarily-scales-back-ahmedabad-gatwick-route/cid/2113333 |archive-date=7 August 2025 |access-date=2 September 2025 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> replacing the five weekly flights between Ahmedabad and Gatwick in the previously existing schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Labanauskaite |first=Goda |date=16 July 2025 |title=Air India resumes flights post-AI171, adds Heathrow route |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/air-india-resumes-flights-post-ai171-adds-heathrow-route |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=Aerotime |archive-date=16 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716222411/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/air-india-resumes-flights-post-ai171-adds-heathrow-route |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="newschedules">{{Cite web |last=Casey |first=David |date=16 July 2025 |title=Air India Begins Rebuilding International Schedule, Adds Ahmedabad–Heathrow |url=https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airlines-lessors/air-india-begins-rebuilding-international-schedule-adds-ahmedabad |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=Aviation Week Network |archive-date=16 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716223018/https://aviationweek.com/air-transport/airlines-lessors/air-india-begins-rebuilding-international-schedule-adds-ahmedabad |url-status=live }}</ref>

Air India retired flight number AI171 and its reciprocal AI172, and began to use the flight numbers AI159 and AI160 respectively on the Ahmedabad–London Gatwick route until its initial pause in July 2025,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parikh |first1=Niyati |title=Plane crash: Ahmedabad-London direct flights resume; Air India retires flight number AI 171 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/4-days-after-tragedy-air-india-renumbers-ahmedabadgatwick-flight-ai-171-retired-to-ease-trauma-for-flyers-and-crew/articleshow/121871517.cms |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 June 2025 |location=[[Ahmedabad, India]]}}</ref><ref name="newschedules"/> when the airline decided to switch to London Heathrow from August to October.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 January 2026 |date=28 July 2025 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250728-ains25intl |website=aeroroutes.com |title=Air India August – October 2025 International Service Changes |last=Liu |first=Jim |archive-date=30 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730154927/https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250728-ains25intl |url-status=live }}</ref> By late-October 2025, however, the Ahmedabad–London Gatwick route was reinstated and still used AI159 and AI160, the replacement flight numbers for AI171 and AI172.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=15 January 2026|date=5 September 2025|url= https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250905-ainw25inc|website=aeroroutes.com|last=Liu|first=Jim|title=Air India NW25 Intercontinental Service Changes}}</ref> Air India subsidiary [[Air India Express]] also retired the flight number IX171 for similar reasons.<ref name="The Times of India-2025b">{{cite news |title=Ahmedabad plane crash: Air India, AI Express drop flight number '171' – report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ahmedabad-plane-crash-air-india-ai-express-drop-flight-number-171-report/articleshow/121845745.cms |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 June 2025 |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614094528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ahmedabad-plane-crash-air-india-ai-express-drop-flight-number-171-report/articleshow/121845745.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 July, Air India said that it had concluded inspections of its fleet of Boeing planes and had not found any problems with the locking mechanisms of their fuel switches.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gross |first=Jenny |date=22 July 2025 |title=Air India Finds 'No Issues' After Inspections of Boeing Fuel Switches |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/22/world/europe/air-india-crash-report-boeing.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="n152">{{cite press release |title=Statement on completion of Fuel Control Switch inspections |date=22 July 2025 |publisher=Air India |url=https://www.airindia.com/in/en/newsroom/press-release/Statement-on-Fuel-Control-Switch-inspections.html |access-date=10 August 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922170117/https://www.airindia.com/in/en/newsroom/press-release/Statement-on-completion-of-Fuel-Control-Switch-inspections.html |archive-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>

[[Boeing]] CEO [[Kelly Ortberg]] cancelled his plans to attend the [[Paris Air Show]] and offered his condolences to the victims. Ortberg also said he would send a team of experts to aid the investigators at the crash site.<ref name="z162" /> The company's [[share price]] sank almost 9% in [[Extended-hours trading|pre-market trading]] following the crash,<ref name="Solanki-2025" /> and reached a post-crash low in regular trading on 12 June before rising over 13% in just over a month by 14 July.<ref name="IBD_20250714">{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Harrison |date=14 July 2025 |title=Boeing Stock Rises, Analysts Adjust Targets After Air India Crash Progress |url=https://www.investors.com/news/boeing-stock-ba-price-target-hike-air-india-crash-investigation-transdigm-tdg-stock/ |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=Investor's Business Daily |archive-date=25 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725150534/https://www.investors.com/news/boeing-stock-ba-price-target-hike-air-india-crash-investigation-transdigm-tdg-stock/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Analysts noted that the stock rose 1.6% that day{{Em dash}}the first trading day since the AAIB released its preliminary report on 12 July{{Em dash}}attributing the rise to the AAIB and FAA concluding that it was unlikely a flaw in the fuel switch design had caused the crash, and also had not issued any airworthiness directives to manufacturers or operators of 787 aircraft.<ref name="MarketWatch_20250714">{{cite news |last=Kollmeyer |first=Barbara |date=14 July 2025 |title=Boeing shares rise. Air India crash probe focuses on fuel switches. |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-boeing-rally-continues-air-india-crash-probe-focuses-less-on-plane-more-on-fuel-switches-c67f1d24 |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=MarketWatch |archive-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930021921/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-boeing-rally-continues-air-india-crash-probe-focuses-less-on-plane-more-on-fuel-switches-c67f1d24 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AvationBrief_20250716">{{cite news |date=16 July 2025 |title=Boeing Stock Movement After the Air India AI171 Crash: From Market Jitters to a 52-Week High |url=https://theaviationbrief.com/boeing-stock-movement-after-air-india-crash/ |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=The Aviation Brief |archive-date=17 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917195750/https://theaviationbrief.com/boeing-stock-movement-after-air-india-crash/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cash settlements were offered by Air India (of undisclosed amounts) to families of the victims, on the condition that they do not initiate legal action against the airline and the aircraft manufacturer.<ref name=BelleKhaleej/>

== See also ==
{{portal|Aviation|India}}
* [[2025 in aviation]]
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft]]
* [[List of aircraft accidents and incidents by number of ground fatalities]]
* [[List of aviation accidents and incidents with a sole survivor]]
* [[List of deadliest aircraft accidents and incidents]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{ASN accident|518859}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 2025}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}
{{Disasters in India in 2025}}
{{Ahmedabad topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Air India}}

[[Category:2020s in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2025 disasters in India]]
[[Category:21st century in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 787]]
[[Category:Air India accidents and incidents|171]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2025]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Filmed deaths during aviation accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Filmed deaths in India]]
[[Category:June 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in buildings and structures in Asia]]
[[Category:Disasters in schools]]

Dahanu Road–Vadodara Superfast Express

2026-04-30T22:45:23Z

MonteZaleski33: starting a data.

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = BB0080
| name = Dahanu Road–Vadodara Superfast Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Gujarat]] & [[Maharashtra]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Dahanu Road}} (DRD)
| stops = 14
| end = {{stnlnk|Vadodara}} (BRC)
| distance = {{convert|273|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 4 hrs 55 mins
| frequency = Daily{{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = Monthly Season Ticket 1st Class, Monthly Season Ticket 2nd Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = No
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22929 / 22930
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Vadodara Dahanu Road SF Express Route Map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 22929 / 22930 '''Dahanu Road–Vadodara Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Dahanu Road}} and {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 22929/22930 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/news/the-three-coaches-derailed-freight-train/1142386.html |title=The three coaches derailed freight train |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224060002/http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/news/the-three-coaches-derailed-freight-train/1142386.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2058&did=1402054669949B7EAE2B21F8673C0223F2BAB36C00055.web91 SOME WR TRAINS TO RUN AS SUPERFAST WITH NEW NUMBER]</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/clear-skies-no-fog-passengers-want-cancelled-shatabdi-back-on-tracks/story-VJFY1LDvAXbZ4X3CVXy6hM.html Clear skies, no fog: Passengers want cancelled Shatabdi back on tracks]</ref>

==Service==

*22929/Dahanu Road–Vadodara Superfast Express has an average speed of {{convert|55|km/h|abbr=on}} and covers {{convert|273|km|abbr=on}} in 4 hrs 55 mins.
*22930/Vadodara–Dahanu Road Superfast Express has an average speed of {{convert|58|km/h|abbr=on}} and covers {{convert|273|km|abbr=on}} in 4 hrs 45 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Dahanu Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Umargam Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhilad}}
* {{stnlnk|Vapi}}
* {{stnlnk|Valsad}}
* {{stnlnk|Bilimora Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Navsari}}
* {{stnlnk|Surat}}
* {{stnlnk|Kim}}
* {{stnlnk|Kosamba Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ankleshwar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bharuch Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Palej}}
* {{stnlnk|Miyagam Karjan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vishvamitri}}
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has LHB rakes with max speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 13 coaches:

* 1 First Class Non-AC
* 10 General Unreserved
* 2 SLR cum EoG.

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Valsad|Valsad Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Dahanu Road to Vadodara and vice versa.

== See also ==

* [[Dahanu Road railway station]]
* [[Vadodara Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/2826 22929/Dahanu Road–Vadodara Superfast Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/2829 22930/Vadodara–Dahanu Road Superfast Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhilad-Vadodara Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Mohammed Sanan

2026-04-30T22:34:50Z

MonteZaleski33:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Mohammed Sanan K
| fullname = Mohammed Sanan Kundoyi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|04|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| height = 1.66 m
| currentclub = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| clubnumber = 11
| position = [[Winger (association football)|Winger]]
| youthyears1 = 2016–2023
| youthclubs1 = [[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports#Reliance Foundation Young Champs|RFYC]]
| years1 = 2023–
| clubs1 =[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps1 = 57
| goals1 = 7
| nationalyears1 = 2024–
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 9
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 1
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| club-update = 23:34, 25 April 2026 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 21:30, 8 November 2025 (UTC)
}}

'''Mohammed Sanan Kundoyi''' (born 5 April 2004) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Winger (association football)|winger]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] and the [[India national football team]].

== Early life ==
Sanan was born in [[Malappuram]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jamshedpur FC sign Mohammed Sanan from Reliance Foundation Young foundation
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/jamshedpur-fc-sign-mohammed-sanan-from-reliance-foundation-young-champs-team/articleshow/102412323.cms|access-date=2023-08-14 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Reliance Foundation Young Champs===
Sanan represented [[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports|Reliance Foundation Young champs]] at [[2022 Reliance Foundation Development League]] where he made six appearances and provided assist for opening goal against [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City B]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/news/red-hot-rf-young-champs-breeze-past-mumbai-city-fc-2-0|date=23 April 2022|title=Red-hot RF Young Champs breeze past Mumbai City FC 2–0}}</ref> He again represented the club at [[2023 Reliance Foundation Development League]] where scored four goals in fourteen appearances as RFYC topped their regional and national group but finished fourth overall which sealed their qualification spot for [[Next Generation Cup|Next Gen Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/atk-mohun-bagan-seal-third-place-in-rfdl-with-a-comfortable-win-over-reliance-foundation-young-champs/|date=14 May 2023|title=ATK Mohun Bagan seal third-place in RFDL with a comfortable win over Reliance Foundation Young Champs}}</ref>

=== Jamshedpur FC ===
On 3 August 2023, He penned a three-year deal with [[Jamshedpur FC]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-03 |title=Jamshedpur FC adds Mohammed Sanan to its attacking ranks from Reliance Foundation Young Champs |url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-adds-mohammed-sanan-to-its-attacking-ranks-from-reliance-foundation-young-champs |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Jamshedpur Football Club |language=en}}</ref> 5 days later, he made his debut in a 5–0 loss to [[Mumbai City FC]] at [[2023 Durand Cup]] where he played the full first half.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-mumbai-city-jamshedpur-group-b-pereyra-diaz-indian-football-match-report-news/article67173287.ece/amp/|date=8 August 2023|title=Durand Cup 2023: Mumbai City FC crushes Jamshedpur FC 5–0}}</ref> On 25 September, Sanan made his [[Indian Super League]] debut coming in as a substitute in a goalless draw against [[East Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-vs-jamshedpur-fc-live-score-isl-2023-24-eb-v-jfc-updates-streaming-goals-highlights/article67342235.ece|date=25 September 2023|title=East Bengal vs Jamshedpur FC highlights, ISL 2023-24: Poor finishing leads to goalless draw between EB and JFC in their season opener}}</ref> On 1 November, he made his first league start against [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]] and scored his first goal in an eventual 3–2 loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/match-report-jamshedpur-fc-2---3-mohun-bagan-super-giant|date=1 November 2023|title=Match Report: Jamshedpur FC 2–3 Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2025}}

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|match played 25 April 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|sanan-mohammed-k/928470}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[AIFF Super Cup]]}}
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|{{nowrap|[[2023–24 Jamshedpur FC season|2023–24]]}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian Super League]]
|20||2||3||1|| colspan="2" |—||1{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0||24||3
|-
|[[2024–25 Jamshedpur FC season|2024–25]]
|27||3||4||0||colspan="2" |—||3{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||2||34||5
|-
|[[2025–26 Jamshedpur FC season|2025–26]]
|10||2||3||0||colspan="2" |—||4{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||1||17||3
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!57!!7!!10!!1!!0!!0!!8!!3!!75!!11
|}
{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{{updated|18 November 2025}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2025||1||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!1!!0
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanan, Mohammed}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Men's association football wingers]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur FC players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

B. C. Gowrishankar

2026-04-25T06:22:30Z

MonteZaleski33: created new pg...

{{Short description|Indian (Kannada-cinema) cinematographer, and director (1950-2004)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = B. C. Gowrishankar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1950|02|26}}
| birth_place = Bangalore, [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]), India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2004|11|16|1950|02|26}}
| death_place = Bangalore, India
| other_names =
| occupation = Cinematographer, film director, screenwriter
| known_for =
| years_active= 1977–2004
| spouse = Mamatha Rao
| children = [[Rakshita]]
}}

'''B. C. Gowrishankar''' (25 February 1950 – 16 November 2004) was an Indian [[cinematographer]] and occasional film director and screenwriter who worked primarily in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]. He was known for his unorthodox style as a cinematographer and was recognised for his work in both art and commercial films.<ref>{{cite web |title=B.C. Gowrishankar dead |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/17/stories/2004111717030300.htm |website=The Hindu |access-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207222012/http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/17/stories/2004111717030300.htm |archive-date=7 February 2005 |date=17 November 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gowrishankar won six [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] during his career as a cinematographer.<ref name="DH">{{cite news |title= Camera was his magic wand |url= http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/dec052004/enter1.asp |newspaper= Deccan Herald |date= 5 December 2004 |accessdate= 30 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160113032624/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/dec052004/enter1.asp |archive-date= 13 January 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 1988 he directed the fairly successful ''[[Elu Suttina Kote]]'' with [[Ambareesh]], [[Gautami]] and a young [[Ramesh Aravind]].

==Personal life==
=== Early life ===
Gowrishankar was born on 26 February 1950 to B. Channabasappa and Shashimukhi in Bangalore. He received the Diploma in Cinematography from Jayachamarajendra Polytechnic and worked in the [[Kanteerava Studios]], Bangalore for some time.

===Married life===
Gowrishankar married Mamatha Rao, a Kannada actress who acted in movies like Hosa Belaku, Praaya Praaya Praaya and Antharala.
His daughter [[Rakshita]] was a popular actress during the 2000s.

== Career ==
Gowrishankar debuted as a cinematographer in the 1977 [[Kannada language]] film ''Anuroopa''. Along with ''Anuroopa'', his work in 1970s films like ''Spandana'' (1978) and ''Arivu'' (1979) won his critical acclaim.<ref name="DH" />

In the 1995 critically acclaimed mafia film ''[[Om (Kannada film)|Om]]'' (1995), he used filters to capture the mood of the underworld. His work in ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]'' (1987) and ''[[Mungarina Minchu]]'' (1998) was appreciated. In the 1996 film ''[[Janumada Jodi]]'', he picturised the song "Mani Mani Manigondu Daara" on [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Chippy (actress)|Shilpa]] and Pavithra Lokesh with the sunset in the backdrop, for nine days, as the sunset would last only for a few minutes. The song "Deepavu Ninnade Gaaliyu Ninnade" from the film ''Mysore Mallige'' (1992) was picturised by him on [[Sudharani]] in the light of one small lamp. His work in the film won him his fifth [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|State Film Award]].

== Death ==
In November 2004, Gowrishankar died at a private clinic, where he had been admitted with lung and liver problems three days ago.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2004-11-17 |title=Award winning cameraman Gowrishankar passes away |url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/award-winning-cameraman-gowrishankar-passes-away-041117 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer]]
** ''Spandana'' (1977–78)
** ''Arivu'' (1979–80)
** ''[[Minchina Ota (1980 film)|Minchina Ota]]'' (1979–80)
** ''[[Dhruva Thare]]'' (1985–86)
** ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]'' (1991–92)
** ''[[Om (Kannada film)|Om]]'' (1995–96)

==Filmography==
===As cinematographer ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Anuroopa'' (1977)
* ''Huli Banthu Huli'' (1978)
* ''Aparichitha'' (1978)
* ''Spandana'' (1978)
* ''Khandavideko Mamsavideko'' (1979)
* ''Madhu Chandra'' (1979)
* ''Ene Barali Preethi Irali'' (1979)
* ''Arivu'' (1979)
* ''[[Minchina Ota (1980 film)|Minchina Ota]]'' (1980)
* ''Prema Anuraga'' (1980)
* ''Doddamane Estate'' (1980)
* ''[[Janma Janmada Anubandha]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Gaali Maathu]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Geetha (1981 film)|Geetha]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Muniyana Madari]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Aalemane]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Hosa Belaku]]'' (1982)
* ''Amara Madhura Prema'' (1982)
* ''[[Nanna Devaru]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]'' (1982)
* ''Antharala'' (1982)
* ''Betthale Seve'' (1982)
* ''[[Kaamana Billu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Gayathri Maduve]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Eradu Nakshatragalu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Samayada Gombe]]'' (1984)
* ''Prema Sakshi'' (1984)
* ''[[Ramapurada Ravana]]'' (1984)
* ''Shrungara Masa'' (1984)
* ''Marali Goodige'' (1984)
* ''[[Apoorva Sangama]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Bettada Hoovu]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Jwaalamukhi]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Dhruva Thare]]'' (1985)
* ''Bangalore Rathriyalli'' (1985)
* ''[[Anand (1986 film)|Anand]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Ondu Muttina Kathe]]'' (1987)
* ''Vijayotsava'' (1987)
* ''[[Manamecchida Hudugi]]'' (1987)
* ''Kendada Male'' (1987)
* ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Elu Suttina Kote]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Ade Raaga Ade Haadu]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Aasegobba Meesegobba]]'' (1990)
* ''Kadina Veera'' (1990)
* ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Aata Bombata]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Hrudaya Haadithu]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Gandu Sidigundu]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Kalyana Mantapa]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Belliyappa Bangarappa]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Mannina Doni]]'' (1992)
* ''Angaili Apsare'' (1993)
* ''Urvashi Kalyana'' (1993)
* ''[[Chinnari Mutha]]'' (1993)
* ''Roopayi Raja'' (1993)
* ''[[Odahuttidavaru]]'' (1994)
* ''Sagara Deepa'' (1994)
* ''[[Om (Kannada film)|Om]]'' (1995)
* ''Police Power''(1995)
* ''Soothradhara'' (1996)
* ''[[Janumada Jodi]]'' (1996)
* ''Chikka'' (1997)
* ''[[Mungarina Minchu]]'' (1997)
* ''Vimochane'' (1997)
* ''[[Swasthik]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Bhoomi Thayiya Chochchala Maga]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Janumadatha]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Tuvvi Tuvvi Tuvvi]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Hrudaya Hrudaya]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Aryabhata (film)|Aryabhata]]'' (1999)
* ''Mahatma'' (2000)
* ''[[Krishna Leele]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'' (2001)
* ''Premi No.1'' (2001)
* ''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]'' (2001)
* ''Love Lavike'' (2002)
* ''[[Prema (2002 film)|Prema]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Singaaravva]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Chigurida Kanasu]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Kanchana Ganga (2004 film)|Kanchana Ganga]]'' (2004)
{{div col end|3}}

===As director===
* ''Kendada Mele'' (1987)
* ''[[Elu Suttina Kote]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Aata Bombata]]'' (1990)

===As screenwriter===
* ''[[Elu Suttina Kote]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Aata Bombata]]'' (1990)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1389583}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowrishankar, B. C.}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Sikandar Ka Muqaddar

2026-04-24T10:27:50Z

MonteZaleski33: Creating Data

{{Short description|2024 film by Neeraj Pandey}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sikandar Ka Muqaddar
| image = Sikandar Ka Muqaddar.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| alt =
| director = [[Neeraj Pandey]]
| producer = [[Shital Bhatia]]
| writer =
| story = Neeraj Pandey
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* [[Neeraj Pandey]]
* [[Vipul K. Rawal]]}}
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Avinash Tiwary]]
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
* [[Jimmy Shergill]]
* [[Rajeev Mehta]]
* [[Divya Dutta]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Payal Dev]]
| cinematography = Arvind Singh
| editing = Praveen Kathikuloth
| studio = Friday Storytellers
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2024|11|29}}
| runtime = 143 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2024 |title=''Sikandar Ka Muqaddar'' (12) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi2ndgw |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Sikandar Ka Muqaddar''''' ({{Translation|The Fate of Sikandar}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Heist film|heist]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Neeraj Pandey]], starring [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Avinash Tiwary]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Rajeev Mehta]] and [[Divya Dutta]]. The film is produced by [[Shital Bhatia]] under the banner of Friday Storytellers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India Today Entertainment Desk |date=23 October 2024 |title=Sikandar ka Muqaddar: Jimmy Sheirgill, Tamannaah promise a thrilling crime-drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-jimmy-sheirgill-tamannaah-bhatia-avinash-tiwary-neeraj-pandey-netflix-2621701-2024-10-23 |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=23 October 2024 |title='Sikandar ka Muqaddar': Jimmy Shergill, Tamannaah, Avinash Tiwary tease a heist drama |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-jimmy-shergill-tamannaah-avinash-tiwary-tease-a-heist-drama-1503356941.html |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> It was released on [[Netflix]] on 29 November 2024 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar, starring Jimmy Shergill, Avinash Tiwary, and Tamannaah Bhatia, to stream from November 29 on Netflix |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-starring-jimmy-shergill-avinash-tiwary-tamannaah-bhatia-stream-november-29-netflix/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108215119/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-starring-jimmy-shergill-avinash-tiwary-tamannaah-bhatia-stream-november-29-netflix/ |archive-date=8 November 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HT Entertainment Desk |date=11 November 2024 |title=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar trailer: Jimmy Shergill, Tamannaah Bhatia, Avinash Tiwary pull off a diamond heist |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-trailer-jimmy-shergill-tamannaah-bhatia-avinash-tiwary-pull-off-a-diamond-heist-101731318023884.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111112554/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-trailer-jimmy-shergill-tamannaah-bhatia-avinash-tiwary-pull-off-a-diamond-heist-101731318023884.html |archive-date=11 November 2024 |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Plot ==
At a diamond expo in [[Mumbai]] with heavy police presence, five red [[Solitaire (jewellery)|solitaires]] worth ₹50–60 crore go missing during the chaos of a heist gone awry. Investigation Officer Jaswinder Singh suspects Mangesh Desai, Kamini Singh (both employees of a diamond shop), and Sikandar Sharma (an IT technician) on instinct but finds no evidence that can prove their guilt. In remand custody, the police try to beat a confession out of Sikandar but he maintains his innocence. He makes Jaswinder promise him that once Sikandar is proven innocent, Jaswinder will look him in the eye and apologise. At a preliminary hearing, all three accused are granted bail.

Jaswinder sets about ruining Sikandar's life, causing him to lose his income and apartment and become ostracised in society. Sikandar grows close to Kamini, a single mother, marries her, and forms a family with Kamini, her infant son, and his younger sister. When an opportunity arises in [[Agra]], Kamini pawns off a minor diamond she had stolen at the expo to generate funds, but Jaswinder catches her in the act. He coerces her to spy on Sikandar, but she stops reporting back to him once the family reach Agra.

Eventually, all three accused are acquitted due to lack of evidence and Jaswinder is reprimanded for leading an unprofessional investigation. Enraged, he tracks Sikandar to Agra and once again causes him to lose his job and his house, and has him mugged and beaten by local goons. Sikandar contemplates suicide, but senses Jaswinder's hand behind his misfortunes and resolves to fight him. The missing solitaires are not recovered and the unresolved case haunts both Jaswinder and Sikandar.

Fifteen years later, Sikandar is a successful project manager in [[Abu Dhabi]] due to his grit, determination, and support from Kamini. Meanwhile, Jaswinder has spiraled into obsession and alcoholism, and is kicked out of the police force on the same day that his divorce is finalised. Losing his purpose in life, he calls Sikandar to apologise, but Sikandar reminds him of the old promise and insists that Jaswinder apologise to him in person. In Mumbai, Jaswinder sets up a face-to-face meeting in which he admits that his instinct was wrong and details how he manipulated events to heap misery upon Sikandar and his family in an attempt to make him desperate enough to cash in on the solitaires Jaswinder believed he had stolen. Sikandar goes to his Mumbai home and breaks off the relationship with Kamini, but promises to make financial arrangements for her and the family.

Sikandar then travels to a rural conservatory operated by childhood friend Priya, where he retrieves a [[bonsai]] pot containing the hidden solitaires. But Jaswinder, who had faked the apology after realising that Sikandar would only seek the solitaires after he was convinced that Jaswinder has given up on the case, tracks him down and holds him at gunpoint at a remote location. Now cornered, Sikandar explains how he pulled off the robbery. He had discovered the plan to carry out a large-scale heist at the diamond expo by chance, and hatched his own plan. He anonymously tipped off the police to the heist, and took advantage of his knowledge of the security protocols to steal the solitaires in the chaos. Due to Sikandar's tip, the heist was stopped and the conspirators gunned down by police. Priya, who was a nurse on duty at a nearby hospital, arrived to retrieve the bodies of the conspirators, and Sikandar passed off the stolen solitaires to her before he could be strip searched, and Priya had kept them hidden at her conservatory for years.

The film ends with Sikandar vowing to make Jaswinder an offer. But the viewers are left to script their own ending of the story, since some viewers may prefer an ending in which he does take the offer, while others may choose the one where Jaswinder smilingly rejects the offer.

== Cast ==
Adapted from closing credits:<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/81750030 |title=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar |language=hi |publisher=Friday Storytellers |year=2024 |place=India |access-date=29 November 2024 |via=[[Netflix]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as IO Jaswinder Singh
* [[Avinash Tiwary]] as Sikandar Sharma
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Kamini Singh
* [[Rajeev Mehta]] as Mangesh Desai
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Kaushalya Singh
* [[Ridhima Pandit]] as Priya Sawant
* [[Zoya Afroz]] as Tabbasum Khan
* Praful Joshi as Inspector Santosh Kamble
* Santanu Ghatak as Anoop Das
* Rashmi Shukla as Judge Sushila
* Anil Pandey as Judge
* Ashrut Jain as Manish Shukla, Sikandar's friend
* K. S. Krishnan as Anna
* Shivraj Walwekar as ACP Shrikant Wagh
* Arpit Mishra as Mama ji
* Bharat Jha as Tiwari ji, landlord
* Ashutosh Kushwaha as waiter
* Aparna Upadhyay as Sikandar's mother
* Abhishek Mishra as a man in tenement
* Amrita Kumari as lady constable
* Allinson Aranha as informer
* [[Ravi Kothari]]
}}

== Production ==
In February 2024, [[Netflix]] announced another collaboration with [[Neeraj Pandey]] and revealed the film's title through a motion poster.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundaresan |first=Satish |date=29 February 2024 |title=Netflix India announces Neeraj Pandey's Sikandar Ka Muqaddar... minutes after Khakee: The Bengal Chapter |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/netflix-india-announces-neeraj-pandeys-sikandar-ka-muqaddar-minutes-after-khakee-the-bengal-chapter/32df6ce7fe496 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418020146/https://www.ottplay.com/news/netflix-india-announces-neeraj-pandeys-sikandar-ka-muqaddar-minutes-after-khakee-the-bengal-chapter/32df6ce7fe496 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Tamal |date=4 March 2024 |title=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar Release Date Rumors: When Is It Coming Out? |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-release-date-144309574.html |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=Yahoo Entertainment}}</ref> The star cast was later revealed in a [[behind-the-scenes]] video released by Netflix in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=23 October 2024 |title=Netflix drops FIRST glimpse of Neeraj Pandey's Sikandar Ka Muqaddar featuring Tamannaah Bhatia, Avinash Tiwary and Jimmy Shergill, watch : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/netflix-drops-first-glimpse-neeraj-pandeys-sikandar-ka-muqaddar-featuring-tamannaah-bhatia-avinash-tiwary-jimmy-shergill-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112232446/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/netflix-drops-first-glimpse-neeraj-pandeys-sikandar-ka-muqaddar-featuring-tamannaah-bhatia-avinash-tiwary-jimmy-shergill-watch/ |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Thehre Rahen
| length1 = 3:51
| lyrics1 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| music1 = [[Payal Dev]]
| extra1 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
}}

== Reception ==
''Sikandar Ka Muqaddar'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar on OTT: When and where to watch Tamannaah Bhatia's action-thriller |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-on-ott-heres-where-to-watch-tamannaah-bhatias-action-thriller-film-movie-neeraj-pandey-diamond-11733045689053.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210071429/https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-on-ott-heres-where-to-watch-tamannaah-bhatias-action-thriller-film-movie-neeraj-pandey-diamond-11733045689053.html |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |quote=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar on OTT: Neeraj Pandey's latest thriller, Sikandar Ka Muqaddar, has garnered mixed reviews.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|70|5.8|10|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sikandar_ka_muqaddar |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' awarded the film three and a half out of five stars, remarking, "Jimmy Shergill, Tamannaah Bhatia, Avinash Tiwary starrer heist thriller is unique to the core. The movie shines because of the plot and brilliant performances of each of the actors." She described it as a captivating thriller with intelligent twists, maintaining an engaging pace throughout its runtime and offering a clever, suspense-filled experience that ends on a cliffhanger.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Lachmi Deb |date=29 November 2024 |title=Netflix's Sikandar Ka Muqaddar Movie Review: Tamannaah Bhatia, Jimmy Shergill, Avinash Tiwary's heist thriller is filled with suspense |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-sikandar-ka-muqaddar-movie-review-jimmy-shergill-tamannaah-bhatia-avinash-tiwarys-heist-thriller-is-filled-with-suspense-13840011.html |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film three out of five stars, stating, "Neeraj Pandey’s Netflix film is a rare beast in Bollywood, a pulpy character study with twists you don’t see coming." She highlighted that the film is driven by a strong ensemble cast and a plot that continues to surprise, despite its contrivances and occasional plot holes, and praised its focus on storytelling over star power, making it a refreshing OTT offering.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=29 November 2024 |title=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar movie review: Neeraj Pandey's Netflix film is a rare beast in Bollywood, a pulpy character study with twists you don't see coming |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-movie-review-neeraj-pandey-netflix-tamannaah-bhatia-avinash-tiwary-jimmy-shergill-9696635/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130045322/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-movie-review-neeraj-pandey-netflix-tamannaah-bhatia-avinash-tiwary-jimmy-shergill-9696635/ |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film three out of five stars, describing it as "A Humane Thriller With Twists Aplenty." He noted that the film is a slow-burn thriller with standout performances by Jimmy Sheirgill and Avinash Tiwary, despite some loose ends, uneven pacing, and a far-fetched climax. Neeraj Pandey crafts a compelling narrative with shades of noir, making it an interesting watch for fans of the genre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=29 November 2024 |title=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar Movie Review: A Humane Thriller With Twists Aplenty |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-movie-review-69947.html |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Filmfare.com}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed the film, stating, "Jimmy Shergill is on target in this ho-hum heist flick." He suggested that the film presents a compelling premise with a strong performance from Shergill but falls short due to excessive melodrama and predictable twists. While the film begins with promise, its slow pacing and lack of suspense lead to a missed opportunity, making it a superficial thriller stretched beyond its potential.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=29 November 2024 |title='Sikandar Ka Muqaddar' movie review: Jimmy Shergill is on target in this ho-hum heist flick |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-movie-review-jimmy-shergill-is-on-target-in-this-ho-hum-heist-flick/article68926677.ece |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

Chirag Sehgal of ''[[Network18 Group|News18]]'' awarded the film three and a half out of five stars, noting, "Avinash Tiwary Shines, Tamannaah Bhatia Has Little To Do In This Twisted Mystery." He pointed out that the film keeps viewers on edge with its surprising twists and compelling storytelling, although it underutilises its talented cast. While Avinash Tiwary excels, the film serves as a light, one-time watch, leaving room for a potential sequel.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mazumdar |first1=Shreyanka |last2=Sehgal |first2=Chirag |date=29 November 2024 |title=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar Review: Avinash Tiwary Shines, Tamannaah Bhatia Has Little To Do In This Twisted Mystery |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-review-avinash-tiwary-shines-tamannaah-bhatia-has-little-to-do-in-this-twisted-mystery-9139372.html |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=News18}}</ref> Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars, writing, "Neeraj Pandey’s heist-thriller struggles to maintain tension, despite strong performances." She noted that the film starts with an intriguing diamond heist and showcases strong performances, particularly by Jimmy Shergill and Avinash Tiwary, with Tamannaah Bhatia adding emotional depth as a single mother. While visually striking with moments of brilliance, its sluggish pacing and predictable twists make it a one-time watch for fans of the genre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khurana |first=Archika |date=29 November 2024 |title=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar Review: Neeraj Pandey's heist-thriller struggles to maintain tension, despite strong performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/sikandar-ka-muqaddar/ottmoviereview/115798075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130142814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/sikandar-ka-muqaddar/ottmoviereview/115798075.cms |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reviewed the film, describing it as "Neeraj Pandey’s Tom and Jerry-esque thriller is decent, far from perfect." He pointed out that it offers a strong start with an intriguing heist and compelling performances. However, the film falters due to a shift in tone midway, slow pacing, melodrama, and a predictable twist, preventing it from fully delivering on its thriller potential.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=29 November 2024 |title=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar review: Neeraj Pandey's Tom and Jerry-esque thriller is decent, far from perfect |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-review-neeraj-pandey-s-tom-and-jerry-esque-thriller-is-decent-far-from-perfect-101732864929490.html |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Sonil Dedhia from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film two and a half out of five stars, calling it an "Underwhelming Thriller." He argued that it offers an intriguing premise and strong performances but struggles with uneven pacing and underdeveloped character arcs. While it has moments of suspense and moral ambiguity, the film fails to sustain tension, making it a one-time watch for fans of Neeraj Pandey’s work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dedhia |first=Sonil |date=29 November 2024 |title=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar Review: Underwhelming Thriller |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-review/20241129.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130012236/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-review/20241129.htm |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Rediff}}</ref>

Zinia Bandyopadhyay of ''[[India Today]]'' awarded the film three out of five stars, commenting, "Runtime hampers the fate of Avinash Tiwary's drama." She noted that it offers a solid premise with strong performances, particularly from Avinash Tiwary and Jimmy Shergill, but falters due to its stretched runtime, uneven pacing, and underdeveloped screenplay. While it starts strong, the film ultimately becomes more of a melodrama than the gripping heist thriller it could have been, leaving hope for a more refined sequel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Zinia |date=29 November 2024 |title=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar review: Runtime hampers fate of Avinash Tiwary drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-review-neeraj-panday-avinash-tiwary-tamannaah-jimmy-shergill-2642208-2024-11-29 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Netflix India originals]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31522415}}
* {{Netflix title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | sikandar_ka_muqaddar }}
*''[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sikandar-ka-muqaddar/ Sikandar Ka Muqaddar]'' at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2024 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Neeraj Pandey]]

Dombivli Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:06Z

MonteZaleski33: starting a entry.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dombivli
| constituency_no = 143
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 143-Dombivli.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency|Kalyan]]
| district = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Ravindra Chavan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image = Ravinchav.png
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =313,180
}}

'''Dombivli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Thane district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of [[Kalyan taluka]] that is Ward Nos. 57 to 65, 68 and 78 to 96 of [[Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-09}}</ref>

==List of Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Ravindra Chavan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dombivli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ravindra Chavan|Ravindra Dattatray Chavan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 123,815 |percentage = 71.24% |change={{increase}}10.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dipesh Pundlik Mhatre |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 46,709 |percentage = 26.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,745 |percentage = 1.58% |change={{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Soniya Sanjay Ingole |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,574 |percentage = 0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 77,106 |percentage = 44.37% |change= {{increase}}15.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 176,534 |percentage = 56.37% |change= {{increase}}15.84 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 173,789}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 313,180|ref = |change= {{decrease}}12.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dombivli<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ravindra Chavan|Ravindra Dattatray Chavan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 86,227 |percentage = 61.07% |change={{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mandar Shrikant Halbe |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 44,916 |percentage = 31.81% |change={{increase}}23.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Radhika Milind Gupte (Ketkar) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 6,613 |percentage = 4.68% |change={{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,134 |percentage = 2.93% |change={{increase}}1.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Damodar Dnyanba Kakde |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,311 |percentage = 1.64% |change={{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 41,311 |percentage = 29.26% |change= {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 145,351 |percentage = 40.82% |change= {{decrease}}4.47 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,198}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 356,082|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dombivli<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ravindra Chavan|Ravindra Dattatray Chavan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 83,872 |percentage = 56.19% |change={{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dipesh Pundlik Mhatre |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 37,647 |percentage = 25.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harishchandra Kacharu Patil |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 11,978 |percentage = 8.02% |change={{decrease}}29.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kene Santosh Arjun |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 7,048 |percentage = 4.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vikas Gajanan Mhatre |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 6,346 |percentage = 4.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,013 |percentage = 1.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kiratkar Dayanand Tulshiram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,495 |percentage = 1.00% |change={{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,225 |percentage = 30.97% |change= {{increase}}21.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,316 |percentage = 44.72% |change= {{increase}}0.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 149,270}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 338,330|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dombivli<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ravindra Chavan|Ravindra Dattatray Chavan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 61,104 |percentage = 47.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajesh Shantaram Kadam |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 48,777 |percentage = 38.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarlal Motilal Patel |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 9,064 |percentage = 7.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Comred Kalu Komaskar |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 4,607 |percentage = 3.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mangala Deepak Sule |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,450 |percentage = 1.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kiratkar Dayanand Tulshiram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,370 |percentage = 1.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,327 |percentage = 9.60% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,374 |percentage = 43.60% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,372}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 294,420|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.21|73.09|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Thane district]]
[[Category:Kalyan-Dombivli]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Thane district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Alwar Rural Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:48Z

MonteZaleski33: created details...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Alwar Rural
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-65-Alwar Rural.svg
| mla = [[Tika Ram Jully]]
|incumbent_image = Tika Ram Jully.jpg
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Alwar district|Alwar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:262695}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 65
}}
'''Alwar Rural Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Alwar district|Alwar]] district and is reserved for candidates of the [[Scheduled Castes]]. As of 2023, its representative is [[Tika Ram Jully]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="election2023"/>{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| [[Tika Ram Jully]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|[[Jairam Jatav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan=2|[[Tika Ram Jully]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Alwar Rural<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tikaram Jully
|votes = {{formatnum:108584}}
|percentage = 55.21
|change = +6.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jairam Jatav
|votes = {{formatnum:81251}}
|percentage = 41.31
|change = +7.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1252}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27333}}
|percentage = 13.9
|change = -1.27
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196680}}
|percentage = 74.87
|change = -0.84
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Alwar Rural<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Tikaram Jully
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:85752}}
|percentage = 49.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Master Ramkishan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:59275}}
|percentage = 33.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rinky Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:25379}}
|percentage = 14.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1236}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26477}}
|percentage = 15.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:174506}}
|percentage = 75.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Alwar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.52|76.73|display=title}}

[[Category:Alwar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Alwar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Nirayana system

2026-04-18T12:18:07Z

MonteZaleski33: Adding A Post!

{{Short description|Indian calendar system}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
The '''''nirayana'' system''' is a traditional Indian system of [[Calendar|calendrical]] computations in which the phenomenon of [[precession of equinoxes]] is not taken into consideration.<ref name="Reform">{{cite book |last1=Govt of India |title=Report of the calendar reform committee |date=1955 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Reseaarch |location=New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/calendar_reform_comittee_report/page/258/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=30 December 2023|page=259}}</ref> In Indian astronomy, the precession of equinoxes is called ''ayana-calana'' which literally means shifting of the solstices and so ''nirayana'' is ''nir- + ayana'' meaning without ''ayana''.<ref>Article titled "Precession of the Equinoxes" and authored by K. V. Sarma in: {{cite book |author= Helaine Selin |author-link=Helaine Selin |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures]] |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2 |pages=1830–1831}}</ref> ''Ayanacalana'' refers to the continuous backward movement of the point of intersection of the ecliptic (which is a fixed circle) and the celestial equator (which keeps on moving backward). In contrast, the Indian systems of calendrical computations which take into consideration the effects of precession of equinoxes are called ''sayana'' systems.

==''Nirayana'' year==

The ''nirayana'' year is the [[sidereal year]], that is, is the actual time required for the Earth to revolve once around the Sun with respect to a fixed point on the ecliptic, and its duration is approximately 365.256363 days (365 days 6 hours 9 minutes 10 seconds). In the ''nirayana'' system, this fixed point is taken as that point 180° from the bright star [[Spica|Citrā]] (Spica). The starting point of the ''nirayana'' year coincided with the [[March equinox]] in the year 285 CE. Since the stars are fixed with respect to the ecliptic, the starting point remains unchanged, hence the name ''nirayana''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=S. K. Chatterjee |title=Uniform all-India nirayan solar calendar |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |date=2004 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=519-514 |url=https://cahc.jainuniversity.ac.in/assets/ijhs/Vol39_4_7_CmdSKChatterjee.pdf |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="PAC">{{cite web |title=Indian calendars |url=http://www.packolkata.gov.in/INDIAN_CALADAR_PAC.pdf |website=www.packolkata.gov.in |publisher=Positional Astronomy Center |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" align=right cellpadding=2
|+Duration of the ''nirayana'' months and year.<ref name="Sewell">{{cite book |last1=Robert Sewell |title=The Indian Calendar |date=1896 |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co |location=London |page=10 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwithtablesofconversionrobertsewellsankarabalkrishnadikshit_587_x/page/n25/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>{{ref|units|a}}
! rowspan="2"|Month
! colspan="8" |per ''Ārya-Sinddhānta''
! colspan="8" |per ''Sūrya-Siddhānta''
|-
! days !! gh !! pa !! vp !! days !! hr !! min !! sec !! days !! gh !! pa !! vp !! days !! hr !! min !! sec
|-
! scope="row"|{{Hindu masa|2}}{{Hindu time|month=|30|55|30|0}}{{Hindu time|month=|30|56|7|0}}
|-
! scope="row"|{{Hindu masa|3}}{{Hindu time|month=|31|24|4|0}}{{Hindu time|month=|31|25|13|0}}
|-
! scope="row"|{{Hindu masa|4}}{{Hindu time|month=|31|36|26|0}}{{Hindu time|month=|31|38|41|0}}
|-
! scope="row"|{{Hindu masa|5}}{{Hindu time|month=|31|28|4|0}}{{Hindu time|month=|31|28|31|0}}
|-
! scope="row"|{{Hindu masa|6}}{{Hindu time|month=|31|2|5|0}}{{Hindu time|month=|31|1|7|0}}
|-
! scope="row"|{{Hindu masa|7}}{{Hindu time|month=|30|27|24|0}}{{Hindu time|month=|30|26|29|0}}
|-
! scope="row"|{{Hindu masa|8}}{{Hindu time|month=|29|54|12|0}}{{Hindu time|month=|29|53|36|0}}
|-
! scope="row"|{{Hindu masa|9}}{{Hindu time|month=|29|30|31|0}}{{Hindu time|month=|29|29|25|0}}
|-
! scope="row"|{{Hindu masa|10}}{{Hindu time|month=|29|21|2|0}}{{Hindu time|month=|29|19|4|0}}
|-
! scope="row"|{{Hindu masa|11}}{{Hindu time|month=|29|27|24|0}}{{Hindu time|month=|29|26|53|0}}
|-
! scope="row"|{{Hindu masa|12}}{{Hindu time|month=|29|48|30|0}}{{Hindu time|month=|29|49|18|0}}
|-
! scope="row"|{{Hindu masa|1}}{{Hindu time|month=|30|20|19|15}}{{Hindu time|month=|30|21|12|31.4}}
|-
! scope="row"|year{{Hindu time|month=|365|15|31|15}}{{Hindu time|month=|365|15|31|31.4}}
|-
| colspan = 17| {{note|units|a}}The abbreviations ''gh'', ''pa'', and ''vp'' stand for ''ghaṭikā'' (24 minutes), ''pala'' (also called ''vighatikā,'' 24 seconds), and ''vipala'' (0.4 seconds).
|}

=== Months===

In the calendars that follow the ''nirayana'' system, a month is an artificial unit of time. In the ''nirayana'' system, the ecliptic is divided into 12 parts of 30° and each part is called a ''rāśi''. The first ''rāśi'' starts from the same point as that of the start the ''nirayana'' year. The beginning of a ''nirayana'' month is the moment at which the Sun enter into a ''rāśi''. The length of a ''nirayana'' month is the duration of time taken by the Sun to travel completely in a ''rāśi'', that is, to travel 30° of its elliptical orbit.<ref name="PAC"/> Since the speed at which the Sun is traversing its elliptical orbit around the sun is not constant, the durations of the sidereal months are also not constant. The mean length of a ''nirayana'' month is about 30.4369 days, but its actual length can vary from 29.45 days to 31.45 days. Calendar makers of different regions of India follow different computational systems, so, the duration of a ''nirayana'' month may vary from region to region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=S.K. Uma, Padmaja Venugopal, K. Rupa and S. Balachandra Rao |title=The solar ingress according to makarandasarini and other Indian astronomical texts |journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage |date=2018 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=202–210 |url=https://www.narit.or.th/files/JAHH/2018JAHHvol21/2018JAHH...21..202U.pdf |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

Since the ''nirayana'' months are defined artificially, there are no astronomical phenomena associated with the beginning of a ''nirayana'' month. The exact moment at which a new ''nirayana'' month begins can occur at any time of day, early morning, evening or night. To facilitate dating of days, the first day of a month has to be properly defined in terms of ''saṃkrānti'', the time at which the Sun enters a new ''rāśi''. Unfortunately, there is no consensus among calendar-makers, and tradition varies from region to region. A few of these are:<ref name="PAC"/>

*''The Orissa rule'': The month begins on the same day as the ''saṃkrānti''.
*''The Tamil rule'': The month begins on the same day as the ''saṃkrānti'' if the ''saṃkrānti'' falls before sunset. Otherwise the month begins on the following day.
*''The Kerala rule'': The month begins on the same day as the ''saṃkrānti'' if the ''saṃkrānti'' occurs before ''aparahna''. Otherwise the month starts on the following day. (Aparahna is the time at 3/5th duration of the period from sunrise to sunset. For example, if the times of sunrise and sunset are 6am and 6pm, the aparahna is [(3/5) x (18 – 6) + 6]am = 1.12pm.)
*''The Bengal rule'': When ''saṃkrānti'' takes place between sunrise and midnight on that day, the month begins on the following day. If it occurs between midnight and sunrise, the month begins on the third day. (In some special circumstances, there are some deviations from this rule.)

==Major deficiency==

The most important deficiency of the ''nirayana'' calendar is that the predictions of the dates of the onsets of the various seasons as per the ''nirayana'' system do not correspond to the actual dates on which they occur. This is because the seasons depend on the position of the sun on the [[ecliptic]] relative to the [[celestial equator]]. In particular, they depend on the positions of the equinoxes. Since, the positions of the equinoxes are slowly moving, the predictions of the seasons which ignore this movement of the equinoxes will be definitely erroneous.

To be more specific, the winter season begins on the [[winter solstice]] day which date is marked by sun's entry into [[Makara]] constellation. This event occurs on 22 December. But in the ''nirayana system'', this happens not on 22 December but on 14 January and the winter season is also supposed to begin on that date. Similar is the case with other seasons also. The result is that there is a clear difference of 23 days in the reckoning of seasons.<ref name="Reform"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|uvd_yc0sSho|What is ayanamsha? What is the difference between sayana and nirayana systems?}}
* YouTube channel [https://www.youtube.com/@ahargana Ahargana] (The videos in the channel explain the various elements of the Hindu calendar by means of astronomical simulations created using [[Stellarium (software)|Stellarium]].)
* [http://dspace.rri.res.in/jspui/handle/2289/3838 Medieval mistake - The story of India's faulty calendars]

{{calendars}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{Indian astronomy}}
{{India topics}}
{{Astronomy navbox}}
{{Indianscience}}
{{Hindu calendar}}
}}

[[Category:Calendars]]
[[Category:Units of time]]
[[Category:Hindu astronomy|*]]
[[Category:Astronomy in India]]
[[Category:History of astronomy]]

National Film Award for Best Manipuri Feature Film

2026-04-17T15:59:53Z

MonteZaleski33: Created a details

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = National Film Award for Best Manipuri Feature Film
| firstawarded = 1972
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| description = Best [[Manipuri cinema|Manipuri feature film]] of the year
| former name = National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri (1972{{ndash}}2021)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''[[Eikhoigi Yum]]'' (2021)
}}

The '''National Film Award for Best Manipuri Feature Film''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] presented annually by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus). Since the [[70th National Film Awards]], the name was changed to "Best Manipuri Feature Film".<ref>{{cite web|author=Under Secretary to the Government of India|title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India|url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]|access-date=28 August 2024|date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

The [[National Film Awards]], established in 1954, are the most prominent film awards in India that merit the best of the [[Indian cinema]]. The ceremony also presents awards for films in various [[Languages of India|regional languages]].

Awards for films in seven regional language ([[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]) started from [[2nd National Film Awards]] which were presented on December 21, 1955. Three awards of "President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film", "Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film" and "Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film" were instituted. The later two certificate awards were discontinued from [[15th National Film Awards]] (1967).

It was instituted in 1972 and awarded at [[20th National Film Awards]]<ref name="20thaward"/> and lately awarded at [[59th National Film Awards]] in 2011.<ref name="59thaward"/> Per [[Constitution of India]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri language]] is among the languages specified in the [[Languages with official status in India#Eighth Schedule to the Constitution|Schedule VIII of the Constitution]].

== Winners ==

Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus Award) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;width:40%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"| Awards legends
|-
| style="background-color:#F4F4F4;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#EFECD1;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#D6E0CC;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#EDF3F3;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Best Feature Film}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="5" | List of films, showing the year (award ceremony), producer(s) and director(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:12%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:22%;" | Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:22%;" | Producer(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:22%;" | Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%;" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[20th National Film Awards|1972 {{small|(20th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Matamgi Manipur]]''
| Karam Monomohan Singh
| Deb Kumar Bose
| align="center" |<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|title=20th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|accessdate=September 26, 2011|archive-date=November 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[24th National Film Awards|1976 {{small|(24th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Saaphabee]]''
| G. Narayan Sharma
| [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1976 |title=National Film Awards (1976) |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-date=16 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316201442/http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1976 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[27th National Film Awards|1979 {{small|(27th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Olangthagee Wangmadasoo]]''
| G. Narayan Sharma
| [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Reviews/Milestones_Of_Manipuri_Film_Public_Convention_on_Film_and_Television.php|title=Milestones of Manipuri Film|website=e-pao.org}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[29th National Film Awards|1981 {{small|(29th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Imagi Ningthem]]''
| K. Ibohal Sharma
| [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
| align="center" |<ref name="29thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/29th_nff_1982.pdf|title=29th National Film Awards|format=PDF|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=October 4, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[31st National Film Awards|1983 {{small|(31st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sanakeithel]]''
| Th. Doren
| M. A. Singh
| align="center" |<ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|title=31st National Film Awards|format=PDF|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=December 9, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[The Chosen One (1990 film)|Ishanou]]''
| [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
| [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
| align="center" |<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=January 9, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sambal Wangma]]''
| Sobita Devi
| K. Ibohal Sharma
| align="center" |<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|format=PDF|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=March 3, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mayophygee Macha]]''
| Thouyangba and Thoungamba
| [[Oken Amakcham]]
| align="center" |<ref name="42ndaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|format=PDF|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=5 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sanabi]]''
| NFDC
| [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
| align="center" |<ref name="43rdaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|format=PDF|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=March 6, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Chatledo Eidi]]''
| [[Makhonmani Mongsaba]]
| [[Makhonmani Mongsaba]]
| align="center" |<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=March 13, 2012|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Phijigee Mani]]''
| Takhelchangbam Ongbi Medha Sharmi
| [[Oinam Gautam Singh]]
| align="center" |<ref name="59thaward">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Leipaklei]]''
| [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
| [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
| align="center" |<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press_release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Eibusu Yaohanbiyu]]''
| Yunman Hitalar (Neta) Singh
| Maipaksana Haorongbam
| align="center" |<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press_release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=28 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Eigi Kona]]''
| Luwang Apokpa Mamikol Productions
| [[Bobby Wahengbam]] and Maipaksana Haorongbam
| align="center" |<ref name="67thaward">{{cite press release|title=67th National Film Awards, 2019|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1706663|publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=22 March 2021|access-date=23 March 2021|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Eikhoigi Yum]]''
| Chingsubam Sheetal
| [[Romi Meitei]]
| align="center" |<ref name="69thaward">{{cite press release|title=69th National Film Awards, 2021|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1951758|publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=22 March 2021|access-date=23 March 2021|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]

{{National Film Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Film Award For Best Feature Film In Manipuri}}
[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Regional Manipuri]]

Alang Ship Breaking Yard

2026-04-13T20:55:55Z

MonteZaleski33:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Ship breaking yard in Alang, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India}}
[[File: Shipwrecking in Alang, India, 2017-03-23 by Planet Labs.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of ships beached at the Alang Ship Breaking Yard]]
The '''Alang Ship Breaking Yard''' is the world's largest [[ship breaking]] yard, responsible for dismantling more than a third of retired freight and cargo ships salvaged from around the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Langewiesche |first=William |title=The Shipbreakers |url=http://www.wesjones.com/shipbreakers.htm |access-date=2012-09-22 |work=August 2000;; Volume 286, No. 2; page 31-49 |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=How world's largest graveyard of ships turned the tide - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/alang-how-worlds-biggest-shipbreaking-yard-turned-the-tide/articleshow/81205429.cms |access-date=2021-07-09 |website=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413235319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/alang-how-worlds-biggest-shipbreaking-yard-turned-the-tide/articleshow/81205429.cms |archive-date=2021-04-13 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-30 |title=India plans to double Alang shipbreaking capacity • Recycling International |url=https://recyclinginternational.com/ferrous-metals/india-plans-to-double-alang-shipbreaking-capacity/36295/ |access-date=2021-07-09 |website=Recycling International |language=en-US}}</ref> It is located on the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] by the town of [[Alang]], in the district of [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]].

N. Sundaresan was the founder of Alang Ship Recycling Yard in 1983,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India |url=https://shipbreakingplatform.org/our-work/the-problem/india |access-date=2021-07-10 |website=NGO Shipbreaking Platform |language=en-US}}</ref> the shipyard is believed to have acquired a total of {{US$|110.6}}{{nbsp}}billion in aggregate value, including total assets. Its growth has prompted its extension northeast towards Sosiya in Gujarat, and it is now often referred to as the Alang-Sosiya Yard.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2018 |title=Ship Recycling in Alang – The Changing Scenario |url=https://safety4sea.com/ship-recycling-in-alang-the-changing-scenario/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/gujarat-lockdown-relaxation-first-vessel-beached-at-one-of-biggest-ship-recycling-yards-828992.html|title=Gujarat lockdown relaxation: First vessel beached at one of biggest ship recycling yards|date=23 April 2020|website=Deccan Herald|accessdate=15 May 2023}}</ref>

== Salvaging ==
[[File:Calendar 2020 (64).jpg|thumb|Removing steel plates from a ship using cranes]]
The Alang facility consists of 183 ship breaking yards along {{convert|14|km|mi}} of coast that total 4.5{{nbsp}}million light displacement tonnage (LDT) of capacity.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=Ship recycling in Alang: What is its capacity, and can it attract more aging ships from Europe & Japan? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ship-recycling-alang-capacity-ageing-ships-europe-japan-7174436/ |access-date=2021-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Large [[Supertanker|super-tankers]], [[Ferry|car ferries]], [[container ship]]s and [[ocean liner]]s are beached on the mud flats during high tide. As the tide recedes, manual labourers move onto the beach to dismantle each ship, salvaging what they can and reducing the rest to scrap.<ref>{{Cite web |title=500px |url=https://500px.com/photo/253376215/alang-001-ship-breaking-yard-by-am |access-date=2021-07-10 |website=500px.com}}</ref>

The first ship broken down at Alang, MV ''Kota Tenjong'', was beached on 13 February 1983. Alang's processing peaked between 2011 and 2012 at 415 vessels per year, and has been declining since. In 2020, Alang Ship Breaking Yard recycled 196 ships.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manoj |first=P. |title=Alang goes green |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/worlds-largest-shipbreaking-stretch-alang-goes-green/article33542154.ece |access-date=2021-07-10 |website=@businessline |date=10 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ongoing upgrade plans ==
The governments of [[Japan]] and [[Gujarat]] signed a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] in 2010, which focused on technology transfer and financial assistance from Japan to upgrade the yard's operations to meet international standards.<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-02-06 |title=Japan,Guj govt tie up to upgrade Alang shipyard |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/japan-guj-govt-tie-up-to-upgrade-alang-shipyard |access-date=2021-05-21 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The project aimed to make Alang the largest [[International Maritime Organization]]-compliant ship recycling yard in the world. This evolved as part of the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor, an international industrial development project supported by the governments of India and Japan and carried out as a public-private partnership.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

Improvement efforts started in 2017, with the Japanese International Cooperation Agency providing a [[soft loan]] of $76{{nbsp}}million and the Gujarati Maritime Board providing $35{{nbsp}}million toward improvements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan Gives $76m to Improve Alang Shipbreaking Yards |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/japan-gives-76m-to-improve-alang-shipbreaking-yards |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable ships scrapped ==
In 2004, ''Regal V'', famous for a deadly fire in 1990 when she was known as ''[[Scandinavian Star]]'', was broken up at Alang.

On 31 December 2005, the French aircraft carrier ''[[French aircraft carrier Clemenceau|Clemenceau]]'' left Toulon to be dismantled in Alang, despite protests about improper disposal and mismanagement of toxic waste at the facility.<ref>{{cite news |author=Zubair Ahmed |date=2006-01-06 |title=Stay out, India tells toxic ship |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4588922.stm |access-date=2009-03-05}}</ref> In January 2006, the [[Supreme Court of India]] temporarily prohibited the ''Clemenceau'' from entering the port.<ref>{{cite web |date=2006-01-06 |title=Stay out, India tells toxic ship |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4588922.stm |access-date=2007-11-24 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Attempts to reach a settlement were unsuccessful, and ''Clemenceau'' was sent to a ship-breaking harbour in Britain instead. On 15 January, a court ruling by France's ''[[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]]'' ordered ''Clemenceau'' to return to French waters.<ref>{{cite news |date=2006-01-16 |title=Chirac orders 'toxic' ship home |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4716472.stm |access-date=2009-03-05}}</ref> Shortly after, [[Able UK]], based at the [[Graythorp]] yard near [[Hartlepool]], received a disassembly contract to use accepted practices in scrapping the ship.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2010 |title=Praise for 'toxic' ship scrapping |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/8439308.stm |quote=The dismantling of the former Clemenceau is a positive and pioneering operation in Europe}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |date=2009-02-08 |title=Ghost ship arrives in north-east |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tees/7877204.stm |access-date=2009-03-05}}</ref> Disassembly began on 18 November 2009 and was completed by the end of 2010.<ref name=":2" />

In December 2009, the longest ship ever built, ''[[Seawise Giant]]'', was broken up at Alang.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=FSX Seawise Giant Ultra Tanker |url=https://flyawaysimulation.com/downloads/files/6185/fsx-seawise-giant-ultra-tanker/ |access-date=2021-07-09 |website=Fly Away Simulation |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2012, ''[[Oriental Nicety]]'', famous for an [[Exxon Valdez oil spill|oil spill in Prince William sound]] when she was known as ''[[Exxon Valdez]]'', was scrapped at Alang.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-02 |title=23 years after one of history's worst oil spills,Exxon Valdez 'rests' in Gujarat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat/23-years-after-one-of-historys-worst-oil-spills-exxon-valdez-rests-in-gujarat/ |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Environment, health and safety issues ==
The salvage yards at Alang have generated controversies about numerous environmental, health and safety issues, including working conditions, workers' living conditions and environmental impact and frequent accidents and death of workers. Between January 2009 and October 2012, at least 54 workers were said to have died in work-related accidents at the Alang shipbreaking yards, according to a local workers union. This has attracted concern and scrutiny from the [[IndustriALL Global Union]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-08 |title=Again, workers are killed at shipbreaking yard in India |url=https://www.industriall-union.org/again-workers-are-killed-at-shipbreaking-yard-in-india |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=IndustriALL |language=en}}</ref> and the EU.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin_ec |date=2019-09-10 |title=Press Release - Two fatal accidents at Indian yards under EU scrutiny |url=https://shipbreakingplatform.org/fatal-accidents-at-indian-yards-under-eu-scrutiny/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=NGO Shipbreaking Platform |language=en-US}}</ref>

The recycling activities pollute the beach and surrounding areas, including the water, with heavy metals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demaria |first=Frederico |date=2010-12-01 |title=Shipbreaking at Alang–Sosiya (India): An ecological distribution conflict |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223707497 |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> Additionally, in the past, the nearest full-service hospital was 50 km (31 miles) away in Bhavnagar. In March 2019, the Alang Hospital, a multi-speciality hospital at Alang, was inaugurated by [[Vijay Rupani]], the Chief Minister of Gujarat. This hospital was set up by the [[Gujarat Maritime Board]], is operated by the [[Indian Red Cross Society]], and is able to provide immediate medical services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-MAT-multi-specialty-hospital-will-be-started-by-alang-in-indian-red-cross-society-and-new-collector-sage-cash-lash-counter-by-gmb-035654-4036006-NOR.html|title=અલંગમાં ઇન્ડિયન રેડક્રોસ સોસાયટી અને જી.એમ.બી.દ્વારા નવા કલેવર સજી કેશ લેશ કાઉન્ટર સાથે મલ્ટી સ્પેશ્યાલિટી હોસ્પીટલ શરૂ થશે|date=3 March 2019|website=Divya Bhaskar|accessdate=15 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-11 |title=Alang, Gujarat: The World's Biggest Ship Breaking Yard & A Dangerous Environmental Time Bomb |url=
https://www.marineinsight.com/environment/alang-gujarat-the-world%E2%80%99s-biggest-ship-breaking-yard-a-dangerous-environmental-time-bomb/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615223330/https://www.marineinsight.com/environment/alang-gujarat-the-world%E2%80%99s-biggest-ship-breaking-yard-a-dangerous-environmental-time-bomb/|archive-date=June 15, 2021|website=Marine Insight |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Competition ==
Other large facilities on the scale of Alang Ship Breaking Yard include the [[Aliaga Ship Breaking Yard]] (Turkey), [[Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard]] (Bangladesh) and [[Gadani ship-breaking yard]] (Pakistan).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-29 |title=Carnival Fantasy arrived at Turkey's Aliaga shipbreaking yard for scrapping {{!}} Cruise News |url=https://www.cruisemapper.com/news/7722-carnival-fantasy-arrives-grave-aliaga-ship-recycling-facility-turkey |access-date=2021-07-09 |website=CruiseMapper |language=en-EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-29 |title=Carnival Fantasy arrived at Turkey's Aliaga shipbreaking yard for scrapping {{!}} Cruise News |url=https://www.cruisemapper.com/news/7722-carnival-fantasy-arrives-grave-aliaga-ship-recycling-facility-turkey |access-date=2021-07-10 |website=CruiseMapper |language=en-EN}}</ref> In the 1980s, Gadani was the largest ship breaking yard; however, competition from newly established yards such as Alang resulted in a significant reduction in output, with Gadani today{{when|date=January 2024}} producing less than one-fifth of the scrap it produced in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gadani Ship-breaking Yard |url=https://www.meezanbank.com/wp-content/themes/mbl/images/Calendar/Calendar2020/December.pdf |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710103226/https://www.meezanbank.com/wp-content/themes/mbl/images/Calendar/Calendar2020/December.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-10 }}</ref>

== Documentaries ==
2004: ''[[Shipbreakers (film)|Shipbreakers]]'' is a documentary on the industry in Alang by Michael Kot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SHIPBREAKERS (2004) |url=https://wickedjosie.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/shipbreakers.pdf |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710104934/https://wickedjosie.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/shipbreakers.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-10 }}</ref>

2005: ''On the Road to Alang'',<ref name="RoadToAlang">{{Cite web |title=On The Road To Alang |url=http://www.midshipcentury.com/videoalang1.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112201513/http://www.midshipcentury.com/videoalang1.shtml |archive-date=12 January 2008 |access-date=23 January 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> by Peter Knego of ''Maritime Matters'', is a documentary on passenger ships scrapped at Alang.<ref name="PK">{{Cite web |title=Peter Knego |url=http://www.maritimematters.com/PK.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213183949/http://www.maritimematters.com/PK.html |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=23 January 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of ship breaking yards]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Shiplife}}{{waste}}{{recycling}}
{{Coord|21|24|36|N|72|11|51|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Ship breaking]]
[[Category:Ship disposal]]
[[Category:Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Economy of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]

Kandra (caste)

2026-04-08T21:47:24Z

MonteZaleski33: Added

{{Short description|Dalit community in Odisha}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
'''Kandra''', also known as '''Kandara''' or '''Kodama''' is a [[Scheduled Castes list|Scheduled Caste]] community in [[East India]], primarily in [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kandra |url=https://www.scstrti.in/index.php/communities/sc-communities/108-sc-communities/370-kandra |access-date=8 April 2026 |website=SC & ST Department (Odisha) |publisher=Ministry of Social Justice and Tribal Affairs |place=Odisha, India}}</ref> They were traditionally engaged in the profession of fishing and artisan, though in the modern times many of the members of community have integrated in society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Socio-Political status of Kandra community in Puri district |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/Sept2004/englishPdf/sociopolitical.pdf |website=Magazine Odisha |publisher=Government of Odisha}}</ref>

== History ==
Kandra were historically nomadic community who were artisans, primarily in profession of [[Bamboo textile|Bamboo-making business]] and selling them in different parts of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Robert Vane |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Tribes_and_Castes_of_the_Central_Pro/7BNiEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=kandra+caste&pg=PT277&printsec=frontcover |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India: Ethnological Study of the Caste System |date=2022-01-04 |publisher=e-artnow |language=en}}</ref> Besides being artisans, they were heavily involved in the fishing due to presence in the coastal regions of the state and with time due to socio-economically backward. It is said that they were originated from the [[Sambalpur State]] and have also migrated to adjacent states of [[Bengal|West Bengal]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India Office of the Registrar |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bibliography_on_Scheduled_Castes_Schedul/6JguAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=kandra+caste&pg=PA522&printsec=frontcover |title=Bibliography on Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Selected Marginal Communities of India: A-K series.-[2]L-Z series |date=1970 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=India Census |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Census_of_India_1901/MlJFAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=kandra+caste&pg=PA305&printsec=frontcover |title=Census of India, 1901 |date=1902 |publisher=Printed at the Government central Press |language=en}}</ref> They are considered as similar to the [[Basor]] and [[Turi (caste)|Turi]] community due to similarity of being bamboo workers and documented by various names such as Kodma (in [[Mayurbhanj State]]), Kodama and Kadara.

== Demographics ==
They are recognized as Scheduled Caste inWest Bengal and Odisha, where they are sixth largest Scheduled Caste community with a population of 5,29,717 (as of 2011).
{| class="wikitable"
!State
!Category
([[Schedule Caste|SC]] or [[Backward Classes|BC]])
!Caste
!Population
(2011)
!Ref
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|OBC (or BC)
|Kandra
|
|<ref>http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYBtdZSrP4uO%2bploAhiJHMitEMCkgxxsH%2f7oa9L5Zf2o2HH3BmrgcE</ref>
|-
|[[List of Scheduled Castes in Odisha|Odisha]]
|SC
|Kandra, Kandara, Kadama, Kuduma, Kodma, Kodama
|5,29,717
|
|-
|[[Telangana]]
|OBC
|Kadara, Kandra
|
|
|-
|[[List of Scheduled Castes in West Bengal|West Bengal]]
|SC
|Kandra
|1,12,038
|
|}

== See also ==

* [[Basor]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Fishing communities in India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Odisha]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of West Bengal]]

Asif Ahmad (politician)

2026-04-04T03:31:29Z

MonteZaleski33: created a info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Asif Ahmad
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bisfi Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| predecessor = [[Haribhushan Thakur]] Bachaul
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Asif Ahmad''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]], currently serving as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bisfi]]. He was elected to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Bisfi Assembly constituency]] in the 2025 state elections as a candidate of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. He defeated outgoing MLA [[Haribhushan Thakur]] Bachaul by a margin of 8,107 votes, securing 1,00,771 votes against Haribhushan's 92,664.<ref>{{cite news |title=बिस्फी से राजद के युवा नेता आसिफ अहमद ने मारी बाजी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-asif-ahmad-wins-first-election-in-bisfi-defeating-current-mla-by-8107-votes-201763143564342.html |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Live Hindustan]] |date=15 November 2025 |location=Madhubani}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NDA की सुनामी के बीच RJD ने कब्जाई बिस्फी विधानसभा सीट, BJP की करारी हार |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-bisfi-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2025-rjd-asif-ahmad-vs-bjp-haribhushan-thakur-vs-sonu-kumar-janshakti-janta-dal-vs-jan-suraj-sanjay-kumar-mishra-winner-loser-and-latest-update-40038814.html |publisher=[[Jagran Prakashan|Jagran]] |date=14 November 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmad, Asif}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Raghu Dakat (soundtrack)

2026-04-03T12:08:36Z

MonteZaleski33: Adding A Data

{{Short description|2025 soundtrack album by Nilayan Chatterjee and Rathijit Bhattacharjee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Raghu Dakat
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Nilayan Chatterjee]] and Rathijit Bhattacharjee
| cover = Raghu Dakat (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2025|09|21|df=y}}
| recorded = 2025
| venue =
| studio = {{ubl|Sound Symphony Studios, [[Mumbai]]|Sunshine Studio, Mumbai|BBay Studios, Mumbai|Kailasa Studios}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]], [[Music of India|Indian conventional music]], [[Music of West Bengal|Bengali folk]], [[soft rock]]
| length = {{Duration|m=15|s=25}}
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]]
| producer = Nilayan Chatterjee Rathijit Bhattacharjee
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Nilayan Chatterjee]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]
| prev_year = 2025
| title = Raghu Dakat
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Mon Maaney Na]]
| next_year = 2026
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = Rathijit Bhattacharjee
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Sonar Kellay Jawker Dhan]]
| prev_year = 2025
| title = Raghu Dakat
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Projapati 2]]
| next_year = 2025
}}
{{Singles
| name = Raghu Dakat
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Joy Kaali
| single1date = 27 August 2025
| single2 = Jhilmil Laage Re
| single2date = 6 September 2025
| single3 = Raghu Raghu
| single3date = 24 September 2025
| single4 = Agunpakhi
| single4date = 1 October 2025
}}
}}
'''''Raghu Dakat''''' is the soundtrack album composed by [[Nilayan Chatterjee]] and Rathijit Bhattacharjee, to the 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Historical drama|period]] [[Action-adventure film|action-adventure]] film [[Raghu Dakat|of the same name]], directed by Dhrubo Banerjee. The film stars [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] in the [[Title character|titular role]] of a legendary folk hero set against the backdrop of the [[Indigo revolt]] (1859–1860), alongside [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Sohini Sarkar]] and [[Idhika Paul]]. The film is produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films|Shrikant Mohta]] and Dev under the banners of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and Dev Entertainment Ventures.

The album was released on 21 September 2025, under the [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]] label, ahead of the film's theatrical release during [[Durga Puja]]. Lyrics were penned by Chatterjee himself with Sugata Guha, Prasen and Barish. The soundtrack contains four singles—"Joy Kaali", "Jhilmil Laage Re", "Raghu Raghu" and "Agunpakhi".

== Background ==

Initially [[Bickram Ghosh]] was approached to compose for ''Raghu Dakat'', in his fifth collaboration with Dhrubo Banerjee after ''[[Guptodhoner Sandhane]]'' (2018), ''[[Durgeshgorer Guptodhon]]'' (2019), ''[[Golondaaj]]'' (2021) and ''[[Karnasubarner Guptodhon]]'' (2023). On 5 January 2025, [[Nilayan Chatterjee]] and Rathijit Bhattacharjee were featured during [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] of the film, thereby confirming their inclusion to the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-10 |title='কিশোরী'র রেশ 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এও? দেবের ছবির গানের দায়িত্ব নিয়ে ফের জুটিতে রথীজিৎ-নীলায়ন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/singer-composer-rathijit-bhattacharya-and-nilayan-chatterjee-may-join-team-raghu-dakat-as-music-directors-duo-dgtl/cid/1587390 |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=bn}}</ref> It marks Nilayan and Rathijit's collaborations with [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] for the sixth time after ''[[Kishmish]]'' (2022), ''[[Kachher Manush]]'' (2022), ''[[Bagha Jatin (2023 film)|Bagha Jatin]]'' (2023), ''[[Khadaan]]'' (2024) and ''[[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]'' (2025), and ''[[Projapati]]'' (2022), ''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]'' (2023) and ''Khadaan'' respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ডেস্ক |first=আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |title='কিশমিশ' থেকে 'খাদান'— দেবের সঙ্গে জুটিতে সাফল্য, তবু তাল কাটল সুরকার নীলায়নের জীবনে! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/devs-film-khadaan-music-composer-nilayan-chatterjees-ex-wife-rj-ayantika-got-hitched-for-the-second-time-dgtl/cid/1577878 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250426202650/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/devs-film-khadaan-music-composer-nilayan-chatterjees-ex-wife-rj-ayantika-got-hitched-for-the-second-time-dgtl/cid/1577878 |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2026-01-11 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-31 |title=দেবদা, ধ্রুবদা থাকতে বলেছিল, কাজের চাপে পারিনি! 'জয় কালী' ধ্বনি দিয়েও কেন আফসোস রথীজিতের? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/what-instruments-did-rathijit-bhattacharya-use-in-the-songs-of-the-movie-raghu-dakat-dgtl/cid/1629692 |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=bn}}</ref>

Nilayan stated that when the film began production, expectations were high for both the film's story and its music, aiming to create a soundscape that captured the "rebel spirit" of 19th-century colonial Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghu Dakat new song starring Dev and Idhika paul Jhilmil laage re teaser released |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/raghu-dakat-new-song-starring-dev-and-idhika-paul-jhilmil-laage-re-teaser-released-110832 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref> Rathijit, who also provided its score, was designed to reflect the duality of the protagonist—his spiritual devotion to the goddess [[Kali]] and his role as a formidable outlaw fighting British oppression.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghu Dakat: First song Joy Kali from Dev's upcoming film |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/raghu-dakat-first-song-joy-kali-from-dev-s-upcoming-film-unveiled/ar-AA1Lju9x |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Much of the compositions were inspired from [[mantra]]s, with full focus on ancient instruments such as [[Veena]], [[Mridangam]] and [[Nadaswaram]], and the [[alap]] that reflected Bengali traditions.<ref name=":0" /> Rathijit focused on high-energy, percussive arrangements for the action sequences, using traditional instruments such as the [[Dhak (instrument)|Dhak]], [[Dhol]], and [[Taal (instrument)|Kartal]]. A key feature of the soundtrack is the "Raghu Raghu," which was promoted as a "Folk Rock×Trap Fusion Anthem," combining electric guitar riffs with rhythmic trap beats to appeal to a contemporary audience while maintaining the film's period authenticity. Banerjee insisted on using the Dhak not just as a festive instrument, but as a war drum. This led the composers to collaborate with traditional ''Dhaki'' (Dhak players) troupes from [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] and [[Bankura]], recording raw, high-tempo rhythms that would eventually form the backbone of the film's action sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dev and Idhika paul starrer Raghu Dakats new song Jhilmil laage re released |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/dev-and-idhika-paul-starrer-raghu-dakats-new-song-jhilmil-laage-re-released-125994 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref> Apart from it, "Jhilmil Laage Re" uses acoustic arrangements, featuring the [[Esraj]], [[Sarod]] and Flute, as a tribute to the [[Thumri]] style prevalent in 19th-century zamindari households.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=Dev unveils Jhilmil Laage Re in Malda as Raghu Dakat's carnival begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-unveils-jhilmil-laage-re-in-malda-as-raghu-dakats-carnival-begins/articleshow/123760645.cms |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Kailash Kher]]'s raw, high-pitched delivery was paired with Nilayan's contemporary composition "Agunpakhi," a blend of [[Semi-classical music|semi-classical]] Indian music and the early stages of the Bengali [[Folk music|folk]] musical. Conversely, the selection of Ishan Mitra for "Joy Kaali" was based on his ability to transition from a soft devotional baritone to a powerful high-octane crescendo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-20 |title='আমার সব নায়িকা উদ্‌যাপনে শামিল', 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এর ট্রেলারমুক্তিতে খাঁড়া হাতে নাচ দেবের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dev-and-idhika-paul-starrer-movie-trailer-launch-event-became-a-celebration-of-bengali-cinema-dgtl/cid/1634683 |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-28 |title=Joy Kali sets the stage for Raghu Dakat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/joy-kali-sets-the-stage-for-raghu-dakat/articleshow/123560124.cms |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Unlike many contemporary soundtracks that rely heavily on [[MIDI]] and samples, the ''Raghu Dakat'' score was recorded with a live 40-piece orchestra for the background score. The recording sessions took place in [[Kolkata]]. To capture the authentic "forest" atmosphere of the protagonist's hideout, several percussive tracks were recorded in open-air environments to use natural reverberation, a technique rarely used in modern Bengali film production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dev and Srikant Mohta announced their planning for Raghu Dakat |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/dev-and-srikant-mohta-announced-their-planning-for-raghu-dakat-118593 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref>

== Release ==
The soundtrack preceded with five singles: "Joy Kaali" was the first to be released on 27 August 2025,<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2025 |title='Joy Kali': Dev is a fierce devotee of Maa Kali in the first song from 'Raghu Dakat' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/first-song-from-dev-starrer-period-drama-is-out/cid/2119968 |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> followed by "Jhilmil Laage Re" on 6 September 2025,<ref>{{cite news |date=6 September 2025 |title='Jhilmil Laage Re: Dev romances Idhika Paul in the forests of Krabi in new song from 'Raghu Dakat' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/romantic-song-jhilmil-laage-re-from-dev-starrer-period-drama-is-out/cid/2121632 |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> "Raghu Raghu" on 24 September, and "Agunpakhi" on 1 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-03 |title=Agunpakhi soars with Kailash Kher's soul-stirring voice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/agunpakhi-soars-with-kailash-khers-soul-stirring-voice/articleshow/124286800.cms |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The soundtrack album was released on 21 September 2025, four days before the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-21 |title=Raghu Dakat reimagines a rebel's legend through action and visual splendour. Glimpses from a special screening... |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/raghu-dakat-reimagines-a-rebel-s-legend-through-action-and-visual-splendour--glimpses-from-a-special-screening---/2001590 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:25
| title1 = Joy Kaali
| length1 = 3:45
| lyrics1 = Sugata Guha
| music1 = Rathijit Bhattacharjee
| extra1 = Ishan Mitra Shreya Bhattacharjee Rathijit Bhattacharjee
| title2 = Jhilmil Laage Re
| length2 = 3:39
| lyrics2 = Prasen
| music2 = [[Nilayan Chatterjee]]
| extra2 = Ishan Mitra Shuchismita Chakraborty
| title3 = Raghu Raghu
| length3 = 2:48
| lyrics3 = Barish
| extra3 = Rathijit Bhattacharjee
| title4 = Agunpakhi
| length4 = 4:13
| lyrics4 = Nilayan Chatterjee
| extra4 = [[Kailash Kher]] Nilayan Chatterjee
}}

== Personnel ==

=== Backing Vocals ===
Crowd chorus: Ankit Malakar, Soumyabrata banerjee, Suman Das, Ayan Dhar, Sohan Bhattacharjee, Ritwik Paul, Mahul Nath, Debarghya Sengupta, Pralay Halder, Silajit Konar, Souparna Sarkar, Meghasree Mukherjee, Patrali Pramanik, Devjit

=== Personnel ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Song
!Personnel
|-
|"Joy Kaali"
|Ethnic Winds: Nirmalyo Humtoo Dey Ethnic percussions: Dipesh Varma Guitar, [[Oud]]: Jakiruddin Khan
|-
|"Jhilmil Laage Re"
|Flute: Subhamoy Ghosh
|-
|"Raghu Raghu"
|Ethnic percussion: Dipesh Verma
|-
|"Agunpakhi"
|Flute: Subhamoy Ghosh Traditional string instruments: Shamik Chakravarty
|}

=== Production ===
* Music Directors: [[Nilayan Chatterjee]], Rathijit Bhattacharjee
* Background Score: Rathijit Bhattacharjee
* Lyricists: Sugata Guha, Prasen, Barish, Nilayan Chatterjee
* Programming & Arrangement: Shamik Chakraborty, Kalam
* Rhythm Design: Rupam Percussionist, Arnab Das
* Mixing & Mastering: Shiladittiya Sarkar (BBay Studios, [[Mumbai]])
* Live Percussions: Birbhum Dhaki ensemble
* Music Label: [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Bengali film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Epic film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Adventure film soundtracks]]

Škoda Kylaq

2026-04-02T17:19:45Z

MonteZaleski33:

{{Short description|Subcompact crossover SUV}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Škoda Kylaq
| image = 2025 Skoda Kylaq.png
| caption =
| manufacturer = [[Škoda Auto]]
| model_code =
| aka =
| production = December 2024 – present
| assembly = India: [[Chakan, Pune|Chakan]] ([[Škoda Auto Volkswagen India|Škoda VW India]])
| designer =
| class = [[Subcompact crossover SUV]]
| body_style = 5-door [[SUV]]
| layout =
| platform = [[Volkswagen Group MQB A0]]
| related = {{ubl
| [[Škoda Kushaq]]
| [[Volkswagen Taigun]]
}}
| engine = 1.0 L ''TSI''
| transmission = {{ubl
| 6-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
}}
| wheelbase = {{cvt|2566|mm|in|1}}
| length = {{cvt|3995|mm|in|1}}
| width = {{cvt|1783|mm|in|1}}
| height = {{cvt|1619|mm|in|1}}
| weight = {{cvt|NNNN|-|NNNN|kg|lb|0}}
| predecessor =
| successor =
| sp = uk
}}

The '''Škoda Kylaq''' is a [[subcompact crossover SUV]] manufactured by the Czech automaker [[Škoda Auto]] in India. It is smaller than the [[Škoda Kushaq|Kushaq]], and closely related to the [[Volkswagen Tera]] produced in Brazil.

Škoda chose the name of the model through a campaign on social media, where people voted.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2024/08/new-kaylaq-coming-to-india-as-skodas-smallest-suv-yet/ |title=New Kaylaq Coming To India As Skoda’s Smallest SUV Yet |website=Carscoops}}</ref>

[[File:4th International Auto Show, Bangalore (2025) 81.jpg|thumb|right|Kylaq at 4th International Auto Show, Bangalore (2025)]]

== Overview ==
The car was unveiled on 6 November 2024. Bookings for the Kylaq commenced on 2 December 2024, and the Kylaq surpassed 10,000 bookings within 10 days of its launch.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in//auto/cars/story/skoda-kylaq-price-features-bookings-deliveries-all-important-details-2632826-2024-11-13|title=Skoda Kylaq: Price, features, bookings, deliveries, all important details|date=2024-11-13|access-date=2024-11-13|website=India Today}}</ref>

== Safety ==
{{Bharat NCAP
|year=2025
|description=Skoda Kylaq
|reference_code=skoda-kylaq
|adult_stars=5
|adult_points=30.88
|child_stars=5
|child_points=45.00
}}

== Powertrain ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
! colspan="5" |Petrol engines
|-
!Model
!Displacement
!Power
!Torque
!Transmission
|-
|'''1.0 TSI'''
|999 cc I3
|{{Convert|115|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|178|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}}
|6-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] or 6-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
|}

{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|https://www.skoda-auto.co.in/models/kylaq/kylaq}}

{{Škoda}}
{{Škoda vehicles}}

[[Category:Škoda automobiles|Kylaq]]
[[Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Mini sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2024]]
[[Category:Cars of India]]

{{modern-auto-stub}}

Teachings of Ramakrishna

2026-03-30T20:33:41Z

MonteZaleski33: Creating New Post

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:Ramakrishna at studio.jpg|thumb|right|Ramakrishna ('''1881''', Calcutta)]]
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
[[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] (1836–1886) is a famous nineteenth-century Bengali mystic. Ramakrishna was a teacher of popular appeal, speaking in rustic Bengali with stories and parables.<ref name="ninian">Smart, Ninian ''The World’s Religions'' (1998) p.409, Cambridge</ref> Ramakrishna's main teachings included God realization as the supreme goal of life, renunciation of ''Kama-Kanchana'', Harmony of Religions and ''Jiva is Shiva''. Key concepts in Ramakrishna's teachings included the [[wikt:oneness|oneness]] of [[existence]] and the unity and truth of all religions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flood|first=Gavin|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/256 256–257]|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0}}</ref>

==God-realisation==
Ramakrishna noted that God-realisation is the supreme goal of all living beings.<ref>''Kathamrita'', 1/10/6</ref> Ramakrishna's mystical experiences through different religions led him to teach that various religions are different means to reach absolute knowledge and bliss—and that the different religions cannot express the totality of absolute truth, but can express aspects of it.<ref>Flood, p. 257.</ref>

==''Kama-Kanchana''==
Ramakrishna taught that the primal bondage in human life is ''Kama-Kanchana'' (lust and gold). When speaking to men, Ramakrishna warned them against ''kamini-kanchana'', or "women and gold",<ref>Jackson, pp. 20–21.</ref>
{{Blockquote|"Through the discipline of constant practice one is able to give up attachment to 'woman and gold'. That is what the [[Bhagavad Gita|Gita]] says. By practice one acquires uncommon power of mind. Then one doesn't find it difficult to subdue the sense-organs and to bring anger, lust, and the like under control. Such a man behaves like a tortoise, which, once it has tucked in its limbs, never puts them out. You cannot make the tortoise put its limbs out again, though you chop it to pieces with an axe."<ref>{{cite book | title = The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna | chapter = Chapter 7 – The Master and Vijay Goswami}}</ref>
"The renunciation of 'woman and gold' is the true renunciation."<ref>{{cite book | title = The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna | chapter = Chapter 9 – Advice to Brahmos}}</ref>
}}

When speaking to women, he warned them against ''purusha-kanchana'', or "man and gold." [[Gauri Ma]], one of Ramakrishna's prominent women disciples, said that:
{{Blockquote|[Ramakrishna] has uttered this note of warning, against gold and sensuality, against a life of enjoyment, but surely not against women. Just as he advised the ascetic-minded men to guard themselves against women's charms, so also did he caution pious women against men's company. The Master's whole life abounds with proofs to show that he had not the slightest contempt or aversion for women; rather he had intense sympathy and profound regard for them.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Chetanananda
| first = Swami
| title = They Lived with God
| year = 1989
| pages = 146–147
| publisher = Vedanta Society of St. Louis
| place = St. Louis
| isbn = 0-916356-83-3
}}
</ref>}}

==''Avidyamaya'' and ''vidyamaya''==
{{see also|Avidyamaya and vidyamaya}}
Devotees believe that Ramakrishna's realisation of ''nirvikalpa samadhi'' also led him to an understanding of the two sides of ''[[Maya (illusion)|maya]]'', or illusion, to which he referred as ''[[Avidyamaya and vidyamaya]]''. He explained that ''avidyamaya'' represents dark forces of creation (e.g. sensual desire, evil passions, greed, [[lust]] and [[cruelty]]), which keep people on lower planes of consciousness. These forces are responsible for human entrapment in [[karma|the cycle of birth and death]], and they must be fought and vanquished. ''Vidyamaya'', on the other hand, represents higher forces of creation (e.g. spiritual virtues, enlightening qualities, [[kindness]], [[Virtue|purity]], [[love]], and devotion), which elevate human beings to the higher planes of consciousness.<ref>Neevel, p. 82.</ref>

==Harmony of religions==

Ramakrishna recognised differences among religions but realised that in spite of these differences, all religions lead to the same ultimate goal, and hence they are all valid and true.<ref name="cohen">{{cite journal
| last = Cohen
| first = Martin
| title = Spiritual Improvisations: Ramakrishna, Aurobindo, and the Freedom of Tradition
| journal = Religion and the Arts
| volume = 12
| issue = 1–3
| pages =277–293
| publisher = BRILL
| year = 2008
| doi = 10.1163/156852908X271079
}}</ref> Amiya P. Sen writes that the deep foundations in ''[[bhakti]]'' or devotion and faith in God makes Ramakrishna's teachings look universalistic and not his culturally determined forms.<ref name="A.P.Sen">
{{cite journal
| last = Sen
| first = Amiya P.
| title = Sri Ramakrishna, the ''Kathamrita'' and the Calcutta middle classes: an old problematic revisited
| journal = Postcolonial Studies
| volume = 9
| issue = 2
| pages =165–177
| date = June 2006
| doi = 10.1080/13688790600657835| s2cid = 144046925
}}
</ref> The distinguished British historian [[Arnold J. Toynbee]] has written: “... [[Mahatma Gandhi]]’s principle of non-violence and Sri Ramakrishna’s testimony to the harmony of religions: here we have the attitude and the spirit that can make it possible for the human race to grow together into a single family–and in the [[Atomic Age]], this is the only alternative to destroying ourselves.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.belurmath.org/sriramakrishna.htm#Contributions |title=Contributions of Sri Ramakrishna to World Culture |access-date=17 October 2008 |archive-date=28 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328025520/http://belurmath.org/sriramakrishna.htm#Contributions |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[[Walter Russell|Lao Russell]] ''God Will Work With You But Not For You'', pp. 3–12, University of Science and Philosophy, 1981 {{ISBN|1-879605-20-1}}; first ed. 1955</ref>

Regarding Harmony of Religions, Ramakrishna said,<ref name="rr_rtm">
{{cite book
| last = Rolland
| first = Romain
| title = The Life of Ramakrishna
| year = 1929
| pages = 49–62
| chapter = The Return to Man
| publisher = Advaita Ashrama
| isbn = 81-85301-44-1
}}
</ref>
{{Blockquote|"I have practised all religions—Hinduism, Islam, Christianity—and I have also followed the paths of the different Hindu sects. I have found that it is the same God toward whom all are directing their steps, though along different paths. You must try all beliefs and traverse all the different ways once. Wherever I look, I see men quarrelling in the name of religion—Hindus, Mohammedans, Brahmos, Vaishnavas, and the rest. But they never reflect that He who is called Krishna is also called Siva, and bears the name of the Primal Energy, Jesus, and Allah as well—the same Rama with a thousand names..."}}

==''Jiva is Shiva'' and other teachings==
Ramakrishna's proclamation of ''jatra jiv tatra Shiv'' (wherever there is a living being, there is [[Shiva]]) stemmed from his Advaitic perception of Reality. This taught his disciples, "Jive daya noy, Shiv gyane jiv seba" (not kindness to living beings, but serving the living being as Shiva Himself). According to scholars, Vivekananda derived his inspiration from this message and took initiative in social activities like [[famine relief]], pm on maintenance of orphanages, opening of training centers, educational institutions, dispensaries and the like—"Where should you go to seek for God? Are not all the poor, the miserable, the weak, god? Why not worship them first?...Let these people be your God..."<ref>
{{cite book
| author = Y. Masih
| title = A Comparative Study of Religions
|page=203
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| year = 2000
| isbn = 81-208-0815-0
}}
</ref> Ramakrishna did not directly participate in social service, but entrusted the task to his chief disciple Vivekananda.<ref>
{{cite book
| author = Y. Masih
| title = A Comparative Study of Religions
|page=207
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| year = 2000
| isbn = 81-208-0815-0
}}
</ref>

Ramakrishna, though not formally trained as a [[philosopher]], had an intuitive grasp of complex philosophical concepts.<ref name="lh">Hixon, Lex, ''Great Swan: Meetings with Ramakrishna'', (New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1992, 2002), p. xvi</ref> According to him ''brahmanda'', the visible universe and many other universes, are mere bubbles emerging out of ''[[Brahman]]'', the supreme ocean of [[consciousness]] and intelligence.<ref>''Gospel of Ramakrishna'', vol. 4</ref>

Like [[Adi Sankara]] had done more than a thousand years earlier, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa revitalised Hinduism which had been fraught with excessive [[ritualism]] and [[superstition]] in the nineteenth century and helped it become better-equipped to respond to challenges from [[Islam]], [[Christianity]] and the dawn of the modern era.<ref name="br">Das, Prafulla Kumar, "Samasamayik Banglar adhymatmik jibongothone Sri Ramakrishner probhab", in ''Biswachetanay Ramakrishna'', (Kolkata: Udbodhon Karyaloy, 1987,1997– 6th rep.), pp.299–311</ref> However, unlike [[Adi Sankara]], Ramakrishna developed ideas about the post-''samadhi'' descent of consciousness into the phenomenal world, which he went on to term "''[[Vijñāna]]''". While he asserted the supreme validity of [[Advaita Vedanta]], he also stated that "I accept both the ''Nitya'' and the ''[[Lila (divine play)|Leela]]'', both the Absolute and the Relative."<ref>{{cite book|last=Long|first=Jeffrey D.|title=A Vision for Hinduism: Beyond Hindu Nationalism|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2007|page=126|isbn=978-1-84511-273-8}}</ref>

==Parables==
[[Parable]]s formed a very important part of Ramakrishna's teachings.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Smart
| first = Ninian
| title = The World's Religions: old traditions and modern transformations
| date = 25 February 1989
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
|page=410
| quote = Ramakrishna was a teacher with some popular appeal, speaking in vivid images and stories and parables.
| isbn = 0-13-968041-1
}}</ref> Ramakrishna conveyed his [[Spirituality|spiritual]] and [[moral]] messages through [[Folklore|tale]]s and [[parable]]s.<ref>
{{cite book
| title = Studies on Sri Ramakrishna
|page=109
| publisher = Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture (Original from the University of Michigan)
| year = 1988
}}
</ref>

''The Parable of the Greatest Devotee'', is one of his famous parables—
{{Cquote|Once upon a time conceit entered into the heart of [[Narada]] and he thought there was no greater devotee than himself. Reading his heart, the Lord said, "Narada, go to such and such a place, a great devotee of mine is living there. Cultivate his acquaintance; for he is truly devoted to me." [[Narada]] went there and found a farmer who rose early in the morning, pronounced the name of [[Hari]] (God) only once, and taking his [[plough]], went out and tilled the ground all day long. At night,. he went to bed after pronouncing the name of [[Hari]] once more. [[Narada]] said to himself "How can this rustic be a lover of God? I see him busily engaged in worldly duties and he has no signs of a pious man about him." Then [[Narada]] went back to the Lord, and spoke what he thought of his new acquaintance. There upon the Lord said, "Narada, take this cup of oil and go round this city and come back with it. But take care that you do not spill even a single drop of it." [[Narada]] did as he was told, and on his return the Lord asked him, "Well, [[Narada]], how many times did you remember me in the course of your walk round the city?" "Not once, my Lord," said Narada, "and how could I, when I had to watch this cup brimming over with oil?" The Lord then said, "This one cup of oil did so divert your attention that even you did forget me altogether. But look at that rustic, who, though carrying the heavy burden of a family, still remembers me twice every day."
}}

''The Parable of the Pandit who could not swim'' is another famous parable of Ramakrishna, a story akin to the fable of ''[[The Fox and the Cat (fable)|the Fox and the Cat]]''—
{{Cquote|Once several men were crossing the [[Ganges]] in a boat. One of them, a [[pandit]], was making a great display of his erudition, saying that he has studied various books—the [[Vedas]], the [[Vedanta]], the six systems of [[philosophy]]. He asked a fellow passenger, 'Do you know the [[Vedanta]]?' 'No, revered sir.' 'The [[Samkhya]] and the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Patanjala]]?' 'No, revered sir.' 'Have you read no [[philosophy]] whatsoever?' 'No, revered sir.' The pandit was talking in this vain way and the passenger sitting in silence, when a great storm arose and the boat was about to sink. The passenger said to the pandit, 'Sir, can you swim?' 'No', replied the pundit. The passenger said, 'I don't know the Samkhya or the Patanjala, but I can swim.'<ref>{{cite book | title = The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna | chapter = The Master and his Injured Arm | chapter-url = http://www.belurmath.org/gospel/chapter19.htm | archive-date = 3 March 2016 | access-date = 17 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230945/http://www.belurmath.org/gospel/chapter19.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
}}

==See also==
* [[Sri-Sri-Ramakrisna-kathamrta]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna Mission]]

Charles III

2026-03-29T16:11:15Z

MonteZaleski33: quick adjust section based on references also and corrected details

{{Short description|King of the United Kingdom since 2022}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles||Charles, Prince of Wales (disambiguation)|and|Prince Charles (disambiguation)|and|Charles III (disambiguation)}}
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{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Head of the Commonwealth]]{{efn|Ceremonial and non-hereditary title conferred by the [[Commonwealth heads of government]] to symbolise the voluntary association of nations in the Commonwealth. Charles was chosen to succeed Elizabeth II at the [[2018 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43840710 |title=Charles 'to be next Commonwealth head' |work=BBC News |date=20 April 2018 |access-date=20 April 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420141358/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43840710 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| image = King Charles III (July 2023).jpg
| alt = Photograph of Charles III
| caption = Charles in 2023
| succession = {{Br separated entries|[[King of the United Kingdom]]|and the other [[Commonwealth realm]]s{{efn|name=realms}}}}
| moretext = 
| reign = 8 September 2022{{sndash}}present
| cor-type = [[Coronation of Charles III and Camilla|Coronation]]
| coronation = 6 May 2023
| predecessor = [[Elizabeth II]]
| suc-type = {{nowrap|[[Heir apparent]]}}
| successor = [[William, Prince of Wales]]
| birth_name = Prince Charles of Edinburgh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|11|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Buckingham Palace]], London, England
| spouses = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Diana Spencer]]|29 July 1981|28 August 1996|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Camilla Parker Bowles]]|9 April 2005}}}}
| issue-link = #Issue
| issue = {{ubl|[[William, Prince of Wales]]|[[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex]]}}
| full name = Charles Philip Arthur George{{efn|As the reigning monarch, Charles does not usually use a family name, but when one is needed, it is [[Mountbatten-Windsor]].<ref name="royal_family_name">{{Cite web |title=The Royal Family name |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/ThecurrentRoyalFamily/TheRoyalFamilyname/Overview.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215182305/http://www.royal.gov.uk/ThecurrentRoyalFamily/TheRoyalFamilyname/Overview.aspx |archive-date=15 February 2009 |access-date=3 February 2009 |website=Official website of the British monarchy}}</ref>}}
| house = [[House of Windsor|Windsor]]
| father = [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]
| mother = [[Elizabeth II]]
| signature = King Charles.svg
| signature_alt = Charles's signature in black ink
| religion = [[Protestantism in the United Kingdom|Protestant]]{{efn|{{Windsor monarchs religion|Charles|He|current=yes}}}}
| module = {{Infobox person | embed=yes
| education = {{ubl|[[Cheam School]]|[[Gordonstoun School]]|[[University of Cambridge]] ([[Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin)|MA]])}}
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{{Infobox military person | embed = yes
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = {{plainlist|
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* [[Royal Air Force]]}}
| serviceyears = 1971–1976
| serviceyears_label = Years of active service
| rank = [[List of titles and honours of Charles III|Full list]]
| commands = {{HMS|Bronington|M1115|6}}
| module = {{Listen voice
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| description = Speech to the [[Scottish Parliament]] following the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II
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{{British Royal Family}}

'''Charles III''' (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is [[King of the United Kingdom]] and 14 other [[Commonwealth realm]]s{{efn|name=realms|The 14 other realms are [[Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Monarchy of Australia|Australia]], [[Monarchy of the Bahamas|The Bahamas]], [[Monarchy of Belize|Belize]], [[Monarchy of Canada|Canada]], [[Monarchy of Grenada|Grenada]], [[Monarchy of Jamaica|Jamaica]], {{nowrap|[[Monarchy of New Zealand|New Zealand]]}}, [[Monarchy of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]], [[Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]], [[Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], the [[Monarchy of Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]] and [[Monarchy of Tuvalu|Tuvalu]].}} since 8 September 2022.

Charles was born during the reign of his maternal grandfather, [[King George VI]], and became [[heir apparent]] when his mother, [[Queen Elizabeth II]], acceded to the throne in 1952. He was created [[Prince of Wales]] in 1958 and [[Investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales|his investiture]] was held in 1969. Charles was educated at [[Cheam School]] and [[Gordonstoun]], and later spent six months at the [[Timbertop]] campus of [[Geelong Grammar School]] in Victoria, Australia. After completing a history degree from the [[University of Cambridge]], he served in the [[Royal Air Force]] and the [[Royal Navy]] from 1971 to 1976. [[Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer|He married]] [[Lady Diana Spencer]] in 1981 and they had two sons, [[William, Prince of Wales|William]] and [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex|Harry]]. Charles and Diana divorced in 1996 after years of estrangement and well-publicised extramarital affairs. [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana died]] the following year from injuries sustained in a car crash. In 2005, [[Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles|Charles married]] his long-time partner, [[Camilla Parker Bowles]].

As heir apparent, Charles undertook official duties and engagements on behalf of his mother and represented the United Kingdom on visits abroad. He founded the [[Prince's Trust]]{{Efn|The Prince's Trust was renamed to the King's Trust following his accession to the throne.}} in 1976, sponsored [[the Prince's Charities]] and became patron or president of more than 800 other charities and organisations. He advocated for the conservation of historic buildings and the importance of traditional architecture in society. In that vein, he generated the experimental new town of [[Poundbury]]. An environmentalist, Charles supported [[organic farming]] and action to prevent [[climate change]] during his time as the manager of the [[Duchy of Cornwall]] estates, [[List of awards received by Charles III|earning him awards and recognition]] as well as criticism. He is also a prominent critic of the adoption of [[genetically modified food]], while his support for [[alternative medicine]] has been criticised. He has [[Bibliography of Charles III|authored or co-authored 17 books]].

Charles became king upon [[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|his mother's death]] in 2022. At the age of 73 he was the oldest person to accede to the British throne, after having been the longest-serving heir apparent and Prince of Wales in British history. Significant events in his reign have included [[Coronation of Charles III and Camilla|his coronation]] in 2023; his cancer diagnosis in 2024, which temporarily suspended planned public engagements; and the removal of his brother [[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor|Andrew]]'s remaining titles, styles, and honours in 2025.

== Early life, family, and education ==
[[File:Prince Charles Christening Family Portrait.jpg|thumb|Christening of Charles (centre, wearing the [[royal christening gown]]) in 1948: (from left to right) his grandfather King George VI; his mother, Princess Elizabeth, holding him; his father, Philip; and his grandmother [[Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]]|alt=An infant Charles in a white christening gown with his parents and grandparents]]

Charles was born at 9:14{{nbsp}}pm on 14 November 1948<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=38455 |date=15 November 1948 |page=1}}</ref> by [[caesarean section]] at [[Buckingham Palace]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2023/may/01/king-charles-from-excessively-shy-boy-to-monarch-in-waiting|title=King Charles: 71 facts about his long road to the throne|work=The Guardian|first=Archie|last=Bland|date=1 May 2023|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227221026/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2023/may/01/king-charles-from-excessively-shy-boy-to-monarch-in-waiting|archive-date=27 February 2024}}</ref> during the reign of his maternal grandfather, [[King George VI]]. He was the first child of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (later [[Queen Elizabeth II]]), and [[Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]].{{sfn|Brandreth|p=120|2007}} He was [[Infant baptism|christened]] Charles Philip Arthur George on 15 December in the Music Room at Buckingham Palace by the [[archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Geoffrey Fisher]].{{efn|He was reportedly named "Charles" after his godfather [[Haakon VII of Norway]] (born Prince Carl of Denmark), who was called "Uncle Charles" by [[Elizabeth II]].<ref>{{cite book|page=68|title=Charles, Prince of Wales|year=1980|first=Anthony|last=Holden|isbn=978-0-330-26167-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royalcourt.no/nyhet.html?tid=215550&sek=27262&scope=27248|title=Close ties through the generations|date=8 September 2022|work=The Royal House of Norway|access-date=23 September 2023|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923095304/https://www.royalcourt.no/nyhet.html?tid=215550&sek=27262&scope=27248|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{efn|Prince Charles's godparents were: the [[George VI|King of the United Kingdom]] (his maternal grandfather); the [[Haakon VII of Norway|King of Norway]] (his paternal cousin twice removed and maternal great-great-uncle by marriage, for whom Charles's great-great-uncle the [[Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone|Earl of Athlone]] stood proxy); [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] (his maternal great-grandmother); [[Princess Margaret]] (his maternal aunt); [[Prince George of Greece and Denmark]] (his paternal great-uncle, for whom the Duke of Edinburgh stood proxy); the [[Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine|Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven]] (his paternal great-grandmother); the [[Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Lady Brabourne]] (his cousin); and the Hon [[David Bowes-Lyon]] (his maternal great-uncle).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Christening of Prince Charles |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/hrh-the-prince-of-wales-an-exhibition-to-celebrate-his-sixtieth-0/the |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217142032/https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/hrh-the-prince-of-wales-an-exhibition-to-celebrate-his-sixtieth-0/the |archive-date=17 December 2021 |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=Royal Collection Trust}}</ref>}}<ref name="PoWsite">{{Cite web |title=HRH The Prince of Wales |url=https://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/biographies/hrh-prince-wales |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409101949/https://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/biographies/hrh-prince-wales |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=13 September 2022 |publisher=Clarence House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Book of the Baptism Service of Prince Charles |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/royal-childhood/buckingham-palace/the-book-of-the-baptism-service-of-prince-charles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420021106/https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/royal-childhood/buckingham-palace/the-book-of-the-baptism-service-of-prince-charles |archive-date=20 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=Royal Collection Trust}}</ref> He has three younger siblings: [[Anne, Princess Royal|Anne]] (born 1950), [[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor|Andrew]] (born 1960), and [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|Edward]] (born 1964).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Russian |first=Ale |last2=Stutsman |first2=Samantha |date=19 February 2024 |title=What to Know About King Charles' 3 Siblings, Princess Anne, Ex‑Prince Andrew and Prince Edward |url=https://people.com/everything-to-know-about-king-charles-siblings-11909570 |access-date=23 February 2026 |magazine=People}}</ref>

[[George VI died]] on 6 February 1952, after which Charles's mother acceded to the throne as Elizabeth II and he became [[heir apparent]]. Under a charter issued by [[Edward III]] in 1337, and as the monarch's eldest son, he automatically assumed the titles of [[Duke of Cornwall]] and, in the Scottish peerage, [[Duke of Rothesay]], [[Earl of Carrick]], [[Baron of Renfrew (title)|Baron of Renfrew]], [[Lord of the Isles]], and [[Prince and Great Steward of Scotland]].{{sfn|Brandreth|p=127|2007}} He attended [[Coronation of Elizabeth II|his mother's coronation]] at [[Westminster Abbey]] on 2 June 1953.<ref>{{cite news|title=Charles made history when he watched the Queen's coronation aged four|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/prince-charles-mother-princess-anne-buckingham-palace-british-b2326908.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426035608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/prince-charles-mother-princess-anne-buckingham-palace-british-b2326908.html|first=Laura|last=Elston|date=26 April 2023|access-date=27 May 2024|archive-date=26 April 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

When Charles was five, Catherine Peebles was appointed as his [[governess]] to oversee his education at Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRye55LCNFYC&pg=PA215 |title=Royal Education: Past, Present, and Future |last2=Lawton |first2=Denis |date=2003 |publisher=F. Cass |isbn=978-0-7146-8386-7 |page=215 |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref> He began attending [[Hill House School]] in [[West London]] in November 1956,<ref>{{cite news|title=Name etched in gold, King Charles' school remembers him|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/prince-charles-ap-london-elizabeth-ii-buckingham-palace-b2330092.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525084745/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/prince-charles-ap-london-elizabeth-ii-buckingham-palace-b2330092.html|first=Danica|last=Kirka|date=1 May 2023|access-date=27 May 2024|archive-date=25 May 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> becoming the first heir apparent to be educated at a school rather than by private tutors.<ref name="time 1988">{{Cite magazine |last1=Johnson |first1=Bonnie |last2=Healy |first2=Laura Sanderson |last3=Thorpe-Tracey |first3=Rosemary |last4=Nolan |first4=Cathy |date=25 April 1988 |title=Growing Up Royal |url=http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/diana/readingroom/8191/4_25.html |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050331004503/http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/diana/readingroom/8191/4_25.html |archive-date=31 March 2005 |accessdate=4 June 2009}}</ref> He did not receive preferential treatment from the school's founder and headmaster, [[Stuart Townend (headmaster)|Stuart Townend]], who encouraged the Queen to have Charles train in [[Association football|football]], noting that boys on the pitch were never deferential to anyone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2002 |title=Lieutenant Colonel H. Stuart Townend |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/inspiration/ski-holiday/lieutenant-colonel-h-stuart-townend-l8pgv825p7r |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622192950/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lieutenant-colonel-h-stuart-townend-l8pgv825p7r |archive-date=22 June 2018 |access-date=29 May 2009 |work=[[The Times]] |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> Charles later attended two of his father's former schools: [[Cheam School]] in [[Hampshire]]<ref name=debrett/> from 1958,<ref name="schooling">{{Cite web |date=26 December 2018 |title=About the Prince of Wales |url=https://www.royal.uk/the-prince-of-wales |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509124719/https://www.royal.uk/the-prince-of-wales |archive-date=9 May 2016 |publisher=Royal Household}}</ref> followed by [[Gordonstoun]] in [[Moray]], where he began classes in April 1962.<ref name="schooling" />{{sfn|Brandreth|p=139|2007}} He became patron of Gordonstoun in May 2024.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/king-charles-becomes-patron-former-school-scotland-gordonstoun-8654073|first=Bailey|last=Richards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526225948/https://people.com/king-charles-becomes-patron-former-school-scotland-gordonstoun-8654073|title=King Charles becomes patron of his former Scottish school depicted in The Crown as 'absolute hell'|magazine=People|date=25 May 2024|archive-date=26 May 2024|access-date=27 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Jonathan Dimbleby]]'s [[The Prince of Wales: A Biography|authorised 1994 biography]] described Elizabeth and Philip as physically and emotionally distant parents, and criticised Philip for disregarding Charles's sensitive nature, including insisting that Charles attend Gordonstoun, where he was bullied.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rocco |first=Fiammetta |date=18 October 1994 |title=Flawed Family: This week the Prince of Wales disclosed still powerful resentments against his mother and father |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/flawed-family-this-week-the-prince-of-wales-disclosed-still-powerful-resentments-against-his-mother-and-father-but-they-also-suffered-in-their-early-years-fiammetta-rocco-delves-into-the-royal-childhoods-that-went-1443791.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216032258/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/flawed-family-this-week-the-prince-of-wales-disclosed-still-powerful-resentments-against-his-mother-and-father-but-they-also-suffered-in-their-early-years-fiammetta-rocco-delves-into-the-royal-childhoods-that-went-1443791.html |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022 |work=[[The Independent (UK)]] |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media Ltd |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487}}</ref> Although Charles reportedly referred to the school as "[[Oflag IV-C|Colditz]] in [[kilt]]s",<ref name="debrett">{{Cite web |title=HRH The Prince of Wales |url=http://www.debretts.com/people/royal-family/royal-portraits/prince-charles.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704195647/http://www.debretts.com/people/royal-family/royal-portraits/prince-charles.aspx |archive-date=4 July 2012 |access-date=27 August 2012 |publisher=Debrett's}}</ref> he later praised Gordonstoun for teaching him "a great deal about myself and my own abilities and disabilities". In a 1975 interview Charles said he was "glad" to have attended the school and that its "toughness" had been "much exaggerated".<ref name="Colditz_kilts">{{Cite news |last=Rudgard |first=Olivia |date=10 December 2017 |title=Colditz in kilts? Charles loved it, says old school as Gordonstoun hits back at The Crown |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/10/prince-charles-school-hits-back-crown-colditz-kilts-portrayal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620040626/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/10/prince-charles-school-hits-back-crown-colditz-kilts-portrayal |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=13 December 2017 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |issn=0307-1235 |oclc=49632006}}</ref>

In 1966, Charles spent two terms at the [[Timbertop]] campus of [[Geelong Grammar School]] in Victoria, Australia, during which he visited Papua New Guinea on a school trip with his history tutor, Michael Collins Persse.<ref name="powedu">{{Cite web |title=The Prince of Wales – Education |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/biography/education |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113072216/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/biography/education |archive-date=13 November 2012 |access-date=8 December 2012 |publisher=Clarence House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 1966 |title=The New Boy at Timbertop |volume=33 |page=7 |work=[[The Australian Women's Weekly]] |issue=37 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51384379 |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401092057/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/51384379 |archive-date=1 April 2021 |via=[[National Library of Australia]]|postscript=;}} {{Cite news |date=1966 |title=Timbertop – Prince Charles Australia |publisher=[[British Pathé]] |format=Video with audio, 1 min 28 secs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1AMDaaiHQ4 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311031256/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1AMDaaiHQ4 |archive-date=11 March 2021 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Charles later described his time at Timbertop as the most enjoyable part of his education.<ref>{{Cite news |work=Australian Associated Press |date=31 January 1973 |title=Prince had happy time at Timbertop |volume=47 |page=11 |publisher=[[The Canberra Times]] |issue=13,346 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110705075 |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401092105/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110705075 |archive-date=1 April 2021 |via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}</ref> On returning to Gordonstoun, he became [[head boy]], and left in 1967 with six [[GCE O-levels]] and two [[A-level]]s in history and French, at grades B and C respectively.<ref name=powedu/>{{sfn|Brandreth|p=145|2007}} Reflecting on his schooling, Charles later remarked that he "didn't enjoy school as much as I might have", adding that he was "happier at home than anywhere else".<ref name=Colditz_kilts/>

Breaking royal tradition, Charles proceeded directly to university after completing his A‑levels rather than joining the [[British Armed Forces]].<ref name=debrett/> In October 1967, he was admitted to the [[University of Cambridge]] to study [[archaeology]] and [[anthropology]] for the first part of the [[Tripos]] at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], later switching to [[Faculty of History, University of Cambridge|history]].<ref name="PoWsite" /><ref name="powedu" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Brandreth|p=151|2007}}</ref> During his second year he spent one term at the [[University College of Wales]] in [[Aberystwyth]], studying [[Welsh history]] and [[Welsh language]].<ref name=powedu/> Charles became the first British heir apparent to earn a university degree, graduating from Cambridge in June 1970 with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree with [[British undergraduate degree classification#Lower second-class honours|lower second-class honours]] (2:2).<ref name=powedu/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Holland |first=Fiona |date=10 September 2022 |title=God Save The King! |url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/god-save-the-king |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914213129/https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/god-save-the-king |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=Trinity College Cambridge}}</ref> Following standard practice, his BA was promoted to a [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|Master of Arts]] (MA Cantab) in August 1975.<ref name=powedu/>[[File:Elizabeth, Philip, Charles and Anne.jpg|thumb|left|With his parents and sister [[Anne, Princess Royal|Anne]], October 1957|alt=A young Prince Charles with his mother, Elizabeth II; his father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; and his sister, Princess Anne]]

== Prince of Wales ==
Charles was created [[Prince of Wales]] and [[Earl of Chester]] on 26 July 1958,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=41460 |page=4733 |date=29 July 1958|postscript=;}} {{Cite web |title=The Prince of Wales – Previous Princes of Wales |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/abouttheprince/previousprincesofwales |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011215745/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/abouttheprince/previousprincesofwales |archive-date=11 October 2008 |access-date=12 October 2008 |publisher=Prince of Wales}}</ref> although [[Investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales|his investiture]] did not take place until 1 July 1969, when he was crowned by his mother in a televised ceremony at [[Caernarfon Castle]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Prince of Wales – Investiture |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/biography/investiture |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020021713/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/biography/investiture |archive-date=20 October 2008 |access-date=12 October 2008 |publisher=Clarence House}}</ref> The [[Controversy of the Prince of Wales title|event was controversial]] in Wales amid rising [[Welsh nationalist]] sentiment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Craig Owen |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/songs-of-malice-and-spite-wales-prince-charles-and-an-anti.pdf?c=mp;idno=9460447.0007.203;format=pdf |title="Songs of Malice and Spite"?: Wales, Prince Charles, and an Anti-Investiture Ballad of Dafydd Iwan |publisher=[[Michigan Publishing]] |year=2013 |edition=7th |pages=1 |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222061102/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/songs-of-malice-and-spite-wales-prince-charles-and-an-anti.pdf?c=mp;idno=9460447.0007.203;format=pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> He [[Introduction (House of Lords)|took his seat]] in the [[House of Lords]] the following year,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 1970 |title=H.R.H. The Prince of Wales Introduced |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1970/feb/11/hrh-the-prince-of-wales-introduced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019025738/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1970/feb/11/hrh-the-prince-of-wales-introduced |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=Hansard |page=HL Deb vol 307 c871 |no-pp=y|postscript=;}} {{cite web |title=The Prince of Wales – Biography |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109142006/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/biography |archive-date=9 November 2012 |access-date=12 October 2008 |publisher=Prince of Wales}}</ref> delivering his [[maiden speech]] on 13 June 1974,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 1974 |title=Sport and Leisure |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1974/jun/13/sport-and-leisure#S5LV0352P0-01354 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018220808/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1974/jun/13/sport-and-leisure#S5LV0352P0-01354 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=Hansard |page=HL Deb vol 352 cc624–630 |no-pp=y}}</ref> the first royal to speak from the floor since the future [[Edward VII]] in 1884.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shuster |first=Alvin |date=14 June 1974 |title=Prince Charles Speaks in Lords |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/14/archives/prince-charles-speaks-in-lords-prince-charles-speaks-in-lords-with.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429033659/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/14/archives/prince-charles-speaks-in-lords-prince-charles-speaks-in-lords-with.html |archive-date=29 April 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522}}</ref> He addressed the House again in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 1975 |title=Voluntary Service in the Community |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1975/jun/25/voluntary-service-in-the-community-1#S5LV0361P0-04601 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727203121/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1975/jun/25/voluntary-service-in-the-community-1#S5LV0361P0-04601 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=Hansard |page=HL Deb vol 361 cc1418–1423 |no-pp=y}}</ref>

Charles increasingly undertook public duties, founding [[the Prince's Trust]] in 1976<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Prince's Trust |url=http://princescharities.org/princes-trust |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921102217/http://princescharities.org/princes-trust |archive-date=21 September 2008 |access-date=12 October 2008 |publisher=The Prince's Charities}}</ref> and travelling to the United States in 1981.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ferretti |first=Fred |date=18 June 1981 |title=Prince Charles pays a quick visit to city |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/18/nyregion/prince-charles-pays-a-quick-visit-to-city.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429033701/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/18/nyregion/prince-charles-pays-a-quick-visit-to-city.html |archive-date=29 April 2020 |oclc=1645522}}</ref> In the mid-1970s he expressed interest in serving as [[Governor-General of Australia]], following a suggestion by the [[Australian prime minister]], [[Malcolm Fraser]]. The proposal was ultimately abandoned owing to a lack of public enthusiasm.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daley |first=Paul |date=9 November 2015 |title=Long to reign over Aus? Prince Charles and Australia go way back |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/nov/09/long-to-reign-over-aus-prince-charles-and-australia-go-way-back |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613085229/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/nov/09/long-to-reign-over-aus-prince-charles-and-australia-go-way-back |archive-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> Charles later remarked, "so, what are you supposed to think when you are prepared to do something to help and you are just told you're not wanted?"<ref>{{Cite news |first=David |last=Murray |date=24 November 2009 |title=Next governor-general could be Prince Harry, William |work=The Australian |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/next-governor-general-could-be-prince-harry-william/news-story/43d5a6aa26f65e692ca31062ba9202ba |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429033659/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/next-governor-general-could-be-prince-harry-william/news-story/43d5a6aa26f65e692ca31062ba9202ba?nk=79072f8c83515c42c53f132c2debb7a3-1588131419 |archive-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>[[File:County class, 1970 (IWM).jpg|thumb|(Front to back) {{HMS|Norfolk|D21|6}}, {{HMS|London|D16|2}}, and {{HMS|Antrim|D18|2}} in the [[English Channel]] following joint exercises with the RAF in December 1971. Charles was serving aboard ''Norfolk'' at this time.|alt=Three county-class destroyers sailing in the English Channel]]

===Military training and career===
Charles served in the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and the [[Royal Navy]] during the 1970s. His military training began in 1969, in his second year at Cambridge, when he joined the [[Cambridge University Air Squadron]] and learned to fly the [[De Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk|Chipmunk]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Brandreth|pp=169–170|2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Military Career of the Prince of Wales |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/biography/military-career#na |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514194400/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/biography/military-career#na |archive-date=14 May 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=Prince of Wales}}</ref> He was presented with his [[Aircrew brevet|RAF wings]] in August 1971.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vintage plane King learned to fly in takes to the sky for Coronation air show|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/coronation-prince-charles-raf-bedford-prince-b2334640.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120211942/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/coronation-prince-charles-raf-bedford-prince-b2334640.html|first=Alana|last=Calvert|date=8 May 2023|access-date=27 May 2024|archive-date=20 January 2024|url-status=live}}; {{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-53435538|title=Prince Charles attends RAF Cranwell ceremony|work=BBC News|date=16 July 2020|access-date=5 October 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005223308/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-53435538|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the [[Passing out (military)|passing-out]] parade that September, Charles embarked on a naval career and undertook a six-week course at the [[Royal Naval College, Dartmouth]]. He subsequently served from 1971 to 1972 on the guided-missile destroyer {{HMS|Norfolk|D21|6}}, and on the frigates {{HMS|Minerva|F45|6}} from 1972 to 1973 and {{HMS|Jupiter|F60|6}} in 1974. That same year he qualified as a helicopter pilot at [[RNAS Yeovilton]], and during his helicopter training completed commando instruction at the [[Commando Training Centre Royal Marines]] at Lympstone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2024 |title=King Charles III revisits Devon commando base where he trained |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c86qvd6y82go |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Charles then joined [[845 Naval Air Squadron]], a [[Royal Marines]] air support unit of the Fleet Air Arm, serving as a pilot aboard {{HMS|Hermes|R12|6}} and flying the Royal Marines commando variant of the [[Westland Wessex#Variants|Westland Wessex]] helicopter.{{Sfn|Brandreth|p=170|2007}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=The Pilot King |url=https://vintageaviationnews.com/warbird-articles/the-pilot-king.html |access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref>

Charles spent his final ten months of active naval service commanding the coastal minehunter {{HMS|Bronington|M1115|6}}, beginning on 9 February 1976.{{sfn|Brandreth|p=170|2007}} He retired from active service later that year with the rank of [[Commander (Royal Navy)|Commander]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=King Charles III: A look at the Commander-in-Chief's time in the forces |url=https://www.forcesnews.com/king-charles/king-charles-iii-look-new-forces-commander-chiefs-military-career |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=www.forcesnews.com }}</ref> Two years later he undertook the parachute training course at [[RAF Brize Norton]], having been appointed colonel-in-chief of the [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]] in 1977, and was a member of Parachute Course 841a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2021 |title=Prince Charles: Video shows 'upside down' parachute jump |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-dorset-57852894 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008065553/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-dorset-57852894 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=His majesty King Charles III |url=https://www.paradata.org.uk/people/his-majesty-king-charles-iii#:~:text=The%20King%20holds%20honorary%20rank,Forces%20on%208th%20December%202008. |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=www.paradata.org.uk }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Charles gave up flying after crash-landing a [[BAe 146]] in [[Islay]] in 1994, when, as a passenger invited to fly the aircraft, he was at the controls; a board of inquiry found the crew negligent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Occurrence # 187927 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=187927 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027130641/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=187927 |archive-date=27 October 2017 |access-date=3 May 2023 |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation|postscript=;}} {{Cite news |last=Boggan |first=Steve |date=20 July 1995 |title=Prince gives up flying royal aircraft after Hebrides crash |work=The Independent (UK) |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/prince-gives-up-flying-royal-aircraft-after-hebrides-crash-1592247.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324085302/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/prince-gives-up-flying-royal-aircraft-after-hebrides-crash-1592247.html |archive-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>

===Relationships and marriages===
====Bachelorhood====
In his youth, Charles was romantically linked to several women. His girlfriends included Georgiana Russell, the daughter of [[Sir John Russell]], who was the [[British ambassador to Spain]];{{sfn|Brandreth|p=192|2007}} [[Lady Jane Wellesley]];{{sfn|Brandreth|p=193|2007}} Davina Sheffield;{{sfn|Brandreth|p=194|2007}} [[Lady Sarah Spencer]];{{sfn|Brandreth|p=195|2007}} and [[Camilla Shand]], who later became his second wife.{{sfn|Brandreth|pp=15–17, 178|2007}}
[[File:HRH Prince Charles Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Photograph by [[Allan Warren]], 1972|alt=Portrait of Charles seated]]

Charles's great-uncle [[Lord Mountbatten]] advised him to "sow his wild oats and have as many affairs as he can before settling down", but, for a wife, he "should choose a suitable, attractive, and sweet-charactered girl before she has met anyone else she might fall for ... It is disturbing for women to have experiences if they have to remain on a pedestal after marriage".{{sfn|Junor|p=72|2005}} Early in 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding with 25-year-old Charles about a potential marriage to his granddaughter, [[Amanda Knatchbull]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Dimbleby|pp=204–206|1994}}; {{Harvnb|Brandreth|p=200|2007}}</ref> Charles wrote to Amanda's mother, [[Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Lady Brabourne]], who was also his godmother, expressing interest in her daughter. Lady Brabourne replied approvingly, but suggested that a courtship with a 16-year-old was premature.{{sfn|Dimbleby|p=263|1994}}

Four years later, Mountbatten arranged for Amanda and himself to accompany Charles on his 1980 visit to India. Both fathers, however, objected: Prince Philip feared that his famous uncle{{efn|Mountbatten had served as the last British [[viceroy]] and first [[governor-general of India]].}} would eclipse Charles, while [[John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne|Lord Brabourne]] warned that a joint visit would concentrate media attention on the cousins before they could decide whether to become a couple.{{sfn|Dimbleby|pp=263–265|1994}}

In August 1979, before Charles was due to depart alone for India, [[Assassination of Lord Mountbatten|Mountbatten was assassinated]] by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]. When Charles returned, he proposed to Amanda. But in addition to her grandfather, she had lost her [[Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne|paternal grandmother]] and [[Nicholas Knatchbull|younger brother]] in the bomb attack, and was now reluctant to join the royal family.{{sfn|Dimbleby|pp=263–265|1994}}

====Lady Diana Spencer====
{{Further|Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer}}
[[File:Charles and Di. Uluru. March 83.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|With Diana during their visit to [[Uluru]] in Australia, March 1983]]

Charles first met [[Lady Diana Spencer]] in 1977, while he was visiting her home, [[Althorp]]. He was then the companion of her elder sister Sarah and did not consider Diana romantically until mid-1980. While Charles and Diana were sitting together on a bale of hay at a friend's barbecue in July, she mentioned that he had looked forlorn and in need of care at the [[funeral of Lord Mountbatten]]. Soon, according to Dimbleby, "without any apparent surge in feeling, he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride" and she accompanied him on visits to [[Balmoral Castle]] and [[Sandringham House]].{{sfn|Dimbleby|p=279|1994}}

Charles's cousin [[Norton Knatchbull, 8th Baron Brabourne|Norton Knatchbull]] and his wife told Charles that Diana appeared awestruck by his position and that he did not seem to be in love with her.{{sfn|Dimbleby|pp=280–282|1994}} Meanwhile, the couple's continuing courtship attracted intense attention from the press and paparazzi. When Charles's father told him that the media speculation would injure Diana's reputation if Charles did not come to a decision about marrying her soon, and realising that she was a suitable royal bride (according to Mountbatten's criteria), Charles construed his father's advice as a warning to proceed without further delay.{{sfn|Dimbleby|pp=281–283|1994}} He proposed to Diana in February 1981, with their engagement becoming official on 24 February; the wedding took place at [[St Paul's Cathedral]] on 29 July. Upon his marriage, Charles reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the profits of the Duchy of Cornwall from 50 per cent to 25 per cent.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2009 |title=Royally Minted: What we give them and how they spend it |volume=138 |work=[[New Statesman]] |issue=4956–4968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPdNAQAAIAAJ |access-date=7 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516181019/https://books.google.com/books?id=VPdNAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple lived at [[Kensington Palace]] and [[Highgrove House]], near [[Tetbury]], and had two children: [[William, Prince of Wales|William]], in 1982, and [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex|Harry]], in 1984.<ref name="time 1988"/> As of 2025, Charles has an estranged relationship with his son Harry, who relinquished his royal family obligations and moved to the United States in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|first=Victoria|last=Ward|date=14 May 2025|title=Prince Harry's popularity sinks after BBC interview attacking King|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/05/14/prince-harrys-popularity-sinks-after-attack-king-bbc/|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Mark|last=Landler|date=11 May 2025|title=Can King Charles Heal a Royal Family Crisis Before It's Too Late?|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/11/world/europe/charles-harry-royal-family-crisis.html?smid=url-share|access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Royal Visit of Prince Charles and Princess Diana to Edmonton, Alberta - Prince Charles speaking at the Alberta Legislature, 30 June 1983 - 52679621118.jpg|thumb|left|With Diana at the [[Alberta Legislature Building]] in Edmonton, Canada, June 1983|alt=Charles giving a speech at a podium, with Diana standing to his right]]

Within five years, the marriage was in trouble due to the couple's incompatibility and near 13-year age difference.{{sfn|Brown|p=720|2007}}{{sfn|Smith|p=561|2000}} In 1986 Charles had fully resumed his affair with former girlfriend, Camilla Parker Bowles.<ref name="RadioTimes01">{{Cite web |last=Griffiths |first=Eleanor Bley |date=1 January 2020 |title=The truth behind Charles and Camilla's affair storyline in The Crown |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/the-crown-charles-affair-camilla-cheating |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908213027/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/the-crown-charles-affair-camilla-cheating |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |publisher=Radio Times}}</ref> In a video tape recorded by [[Peter Settelen]] in 1992, Diana admitted that, from 1985 to 1986, she had been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment."<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2004 |title=Diana 'wanted to live with guard' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4074545.stm |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731164728/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4074545.stm |archive-date=31 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph_12Dec2004">{{Cite news |last=Langley |first=William |date=12 December 2004 |title=The Mannakee file |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1478804/The-Mannakee-file.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731210646/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1478804/The-Mannakee-file.html |archive-date=31 July 2017}}</ref> It was assumed that she was referring to [[Barry Mannakee]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawson |first=Mark |date=7 August 2017 |title=Diana: In Her Own Words – admirers have nothing to fear from the Channel 4 tapes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/06/diana-in-her-own-words-burnishes-rather-than-tarnishes-her-image |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920223352/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/06/diana-in-her-own-words-burnishes-rather-than-tarnishes-her-image |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=22 October 2017 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> who had been transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in 1986, after his managers determined his relationship with Diana had been inappropriate.<ref name="Telegraph_12Dec2004"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Cahal |date=8 December 2004 |title=Conspiracy theorists feast on inquiry into death of Diana's minder |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/conspiracy-theorists-feast-on-inquiry-into-death-of-dianas-minder-8002517.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801031824/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/conspiracy-theorists-feast-on-inquiry-into-death-of-dianas-minder-8002517.html |archive-date=1 August 2017 |access-date=31 July 2017 |work=The Independent (UK) |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media Ltd |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487}}</ref> Diana later commenced a relationship with Major [[James Hewitt]], the family's former riding instructor.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Duboff |first=Josh |date=13 March 2017 |title=Princess Diana's Former Lover Maintains He Is Not Prince Harry's Father |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/03/james-hewitt-prince-harry-father-princess-diana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626210124/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/03/james-hewitt-prince-harry-father-princess-diana |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=25 November 2018 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref>

Charles and Diana's evident discomfort in each other's company led to them being dubbed "[[Take It from Here#The Glums|The Glums]]" by the press.<ref name="Quest">{{Cite web |last=Quest |first=Richard |date=3 June 2002 |title=Royals, Part 3: Troubled times |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/29/people.royals.3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715061326/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/29/people.royals.3 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=22 January 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Diana exposed Charles's affair with Parker Bowles in a book by Andrew Morton, ''[[Diana: Her True Story (book)|Diana: Her True Story]]''. Audio tapes of [[Squidgygate|her own extramarital flirtations]] also surfaced,<ref name=Quest/> as did persistent suggestions that Hewitt is Prince Harry's father, based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry. However, Harry had already been born by the time Diana's affair with Hewitt began.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2002 |title=Hewitt denies Prince Harry link |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2273498.stm |url-status=live |access-date=24 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215161416/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2273498.stm |archive-date=15 February 2009}}</ref>

In December 1992, the [[British prime minister]], [[John Major]], announced the couple's legal separation in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]. Early the following year, the British press published transcripts of a passionate, bugged telephone conversation between Charles and Parker Bowles that had taken place in 1989, which was dubbed "[[Tampongate]]" and "Camillagate".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 1989 |title=The Camillagate Tapes |url=http://www.textfiles.com/phreak/camilla.txt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701002359/http://www.textfiles.com/phreak/camilla.txt |archive-date=1 July 2010 |website=Textfiles.com |series=Phone Phreaking |type=phone transcript|postscript=;}} {{Cite news |date=29 November 2006 |title=Royals caught out by interceptions |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5258604.stm |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828024600/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5258604.stm |archive-date=28 August 2017 }}; {{Cite magazine |last=Dockterman |first=Eliana |date=9 November 2022 |title=The True Story Behind Charles and Camilla's Phone Sex Leak on The Crown |url=https://time.com/6226657/crown-charles-camilla-tampongate |access-date=17 November 2022 |magazine=Time |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116194130/https://time.com/6226657/crown-charles-camilla-tampongate |url-status=live }}</ref> Charles subsequently sought public understanding in a television film with Dimbleby, ''[[Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role]]'', broadcast in June 1994. In an interview in the film, Charles confirmed his own extramarital affair with Parker Bowles, saying that he had rekindled their association in 1986, only after his marriage to Diana had "irretrievably broken down".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Princess and the Press |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/royals/etc/cron.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310043520/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/royals/etc/cron.html |archive-date=10 March 2017 |access-date=7 January 2017 |website=PBS|postscript=;}} {{Cite news |date=6 April 2005 |title=Timeline: Charles and Camilla's romance |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4410551.stm |url-status=live |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202161625/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4410551.stm |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Dimbleby|p=395|1994}} This was followed by Diana's own admission of marital troubles in [[An Interview with HRH The Princess of Wales|an interview]] on the [[BBC]] current affairs programme ''[[Panorama (British TV programme)|Panorama]]'', broadcast in November 1995.<ref>{{Cite news |title=1995: Diana admits adultery in TV interview |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/20/newsid_4341000/4341436.stm |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126055307/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/20/newsid_4341000/4341436.stm |archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> Referring to Charles's relationship with Parker Bowles, she said, "well, there were three of us in this marriage. So, it was a bit crowded." She also expressed doubt about her husband's suitability for kingship.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 November 1995 |title=The Panorama Interview with the Princess of Wales |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/diana/panorama.html |url-status=dead |access-date=8 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304163240/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/diana/panorama.html |archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref> Charles and Diana divorced on 28 August 1996,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 1995 |title='Divorce': Queen to Charles and Diana |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/20/newsid_2538000/2538985.stm |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223152102/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/20/newsid_2538000/2538985.stm |archive-date=23 December 2010}}</ref> after being advised by the Queen in December 1995 to end the marriage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 1995 |title=Charles and Diana to divorce |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=85e31961323ecc3686d0e7324b12170b&mediatype=video&query=UK+ROYALS%C2%A4t=8&orderBy=Relevance&hits=147&search=%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3DUK%2520ROYALS%26allFilters%3DMedia%2520and%2520entertainment%3ASubject&allFilters=Media+and+entertainment%3ASubject&productType=IncludedProducts&page=1 |url-status=live |access-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160109/http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/UK-Various-Queen-Orders-Charles-amp-Diana-To-Divorce/85e31961323ecc3686d0e7324b12170b?query=UK+ROYALS&current=8&orderBy=Relevance&hits=147&search=%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3DUK%2520ROYALS%26allFilters%3DMedia%2520and%2520entertainment%3ASubject&allFilters=Media+and+entertainment%3ASubject&productType=IncludedProducts&page=1 |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> The couple shared custody of their children.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Neville |first=Sarah |date=13 July 1996 |title=Charles and Diana Agree to Terms of Divorce |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/07/13/charles-and-diana-agree-to-terms-of-divorce/9e3bbdab-5f04-4edc-a395-1b64f6ea888d |url-status=live |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033200/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/07/13/charles-and-diana-agree-to-terms-of-divorce/9e3bbdab-5f04-4edc-a395-1b64f6ea888d |archive-date=26 March 2023}}</ref>

Diana [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|died following a car crash]] in Paris on 31 August 1997. Charles flew to Paris with Diana's sisters to accompany her body back to Britain.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Whitney |first=Craig R. |date=31 August 1997 |title=Prince Charles Arrives in Paris to Take Diana's Body Home |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/diana/uk-diana-crash-updated.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206170457/http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/diana/uk-diana-crash-updated.html |archive-date=6 December 2013 |oclc=1645522}}</ref> In 2003, Diana's butler [[Paul Burrell]] published a note that he claimed had been written by Diana in 1995, in which there were allegations that Charles was "planning 'an accident' in [Diana's] car, brake failure and serious head injury", so that he could remarry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2003 |title=Diana letter 'warned of car plot' |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/10/20/diana.letter |url-status=dead |accessdate=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031212002303/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/10/20/diana.letter |archive-date=12 December 2003}}; {{Cite news |last=Eleftheriou-Smith |first=Loulla-Mae |date=30 August 2017 |title=Princess Diana letter claims Prince Charles was 'planning an accident' in her car just 10 months before fatal crash |work=The Independent (UK) |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/princess-diana-death-letter-prince-charles-accident-plan-car-paris-tunnel-crash-10-months-a7918671.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012172116/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/princess-diana-death-letter-prince-charles-accident-plan-car-paris-tunnel-crash-10-months-a7918671.html |archive-date=12 October 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She had allegedly expressed similar concerns in October 1995 to [[Lord Mishcon]], her solicitor, that "reliable sources" had told her "that she and Camilla would be put aside" for Charles to marry [[Tiggy Legge-Bourke]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rayner |first=Gordon |date=20 December 2007 |title=Princess Diana letter: 'Charles plans to kill me' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1573170/Princess-Diana-letter-Charles-plans-to-kill-me.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1573170/Princess-Diana-letter-Charles-plans-to-kill-me.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=28 November 2020 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> When questioned by the [[Metropolitan Police]] inquiry team as a part of [[Operation Paget]], Charles told the authorities that he did not know about his former wife's note from 1995 and could not understand why she had those feelings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Badshah |first=Nadeem |date=19 June 2021 |title=Police interviewed Prince Charles over 'plot to kill Diana' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jun/19/former-met-chief-interviewed-prince-charles-over-alleged-plot-to-kill-diana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619105520/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jun/19/former-met-chief-interviewed-prince-charles-over-alleged-plot-to-kill-diana |archive-date=19 June 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> The allegations were later revealed to have been among the smears spread by journalist [[Martin Bashir]] to secure an interview with Diana for the BBC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/03/19/princess-diana-source-smears-accused-claims-martin-bashir/|title=Princess Diana is the source of 'smears' I am accused of, claims Martin Bashir|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Robert|last=Mendick|date=19 March 2021|access-date=21 March 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

====Camilla Parker Bowles====
{{Main|Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles}}

[[File:Charles Camilla Jamaica 2008.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|With Camilla in Jamaica, March 2008|alt=Charles and Camilla stand next to each other.]]

Because Charles and Parker Bowles were romantically involved periodically, both before and during their respective first marriages, their relationship received criticism from the public and the media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles and Camilla: a long friendship |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/265150.stm |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bates |first=Stephen |date=2022-09-09 |title=From 'marriage wrecker' to Queen Consort: the rehabilitation of Camilla |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/09/from-marriage-wrecker-to-queen-consort-the-rehabilitation-of-camilla |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Following both of their divorces, Charles declared his relationship with Parker Bowles was "non-negotiable" and appointed [[Mark Bolland]] to enhance Parker Bowles's public profile.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McLaren |first=Leah |date=11 May 2002 |title=An honest woman at last? |url=http://mattoid.com/data/People/Camilla_an_honest_woman_at_last.htm |work=The Globe and Mail |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623180803/http://mattoid.com/data/People/Camilla_an_honest_woman_at_last.htm |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=6 March 2012|postscript=;}} {{Cite magazine |last=McAllister |first=J.F.O. |date=13 February 2005 |title=The 34-Year Courtship |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1027460,00.html |url-status=dead |access-date=18 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930075941/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1027460,00.html |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2005 |title=Mark Bolland: Marital aide |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/mark-bolland-marital-aide-6149523.html |url-status=dead |access-date=9 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511110051/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/mark-bolland-marital-aide-6149523.html |archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2019 |title=20 years on from Operation Ritz, Charles and Camilla's public debut as a couple |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2019-01-27/20-years-on-from-operation-ritz-charles-and-camillas-public-debut-as-a-couple |url-status=live |access-date=27 January 2019 |website=ITV News}}</ref>

In 1999 Charles and Parker Bowles made their first public appearance as a couple at the [[Ritz London Hotel]] and the following year, she met Queen Elizabeth II at the 60th birthday party of former [[Constantine II of Greece|King Constantine II of Greece]], which was seen as an apparent seal of approval by the Queen on the relationship.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McVeigh |first=Tracy |last2=Ahmed |first2=Kamal |date=2000-06-03 |title=Queen and Camilla meet at royal party |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/jun/04/tracymcveigh.kamalahmed |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In 2003, Parker Bowles moved into Charles's official residence, [[Clarence House]] <ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 1999 |title=Charles and Camilla go public |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/264574.stm |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505171500/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/264574.stm |archive-date=5 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="clarence">{{Cite news |date= 2 August 2003 |title= Prince Charles moves into Clarence House |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3119473.stm |access-date= 17 June 2024 |work= The BBC |archive-date= 20 August 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220820200116/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3119473.stm |url-status= live }}</ref> and she accompanied Charles on almost all of his official events, including the annual [[Highland games|Highland Games]] in Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles and Camilla {{!}} Gallery |url=https://www.theguardian.com/gall/0,8542,1409821,00.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> Former Archbishop of Canterbury, [[George Carey]], told The Times that Charles and Parker Bowles should marry, "He is heir to the throne and he loves her. The natural thing is that they should get married."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-06-02 |title=Charles should wed Camilla, Church of England leader says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5120595 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Their engagement was announced on 10 February 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2012 |title=Profile: Duchess of Cornwall |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-17655725 |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503190714/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-17655725 |archive-date=3 May 2023}}</ref>  The Queen's consent to the marriage{{snd}}as required by the [[Royal Marriages Act 1772]]{{snd}}was recorded in a [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] meeting on 2 March.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2005 |title=Order in Council |url=http://www.privy-council.org.uk/output/Page496.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101103140224/http://www.privy-council.org.uk/output/Page496.asp |archive-date=3 November 2010 |access-date=20 February 2012 |publisher=The National Archives}}</ref> In Canada, the [[Department of Justice (Canada)|Department of Justice]] determined the consent of the [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada]] was not required, as the union would not produce any heirs to the [[Canadian throne]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Valpy |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Valpy |date=2 November 2005 |title=Scholars scurry to find implications of royal wedding |work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/scholars-scurry-to-find-implications-of-royal-wedding/article18215344 |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727201657/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/scholars-scurry-to-find-implications-of-royal-wedding/article18215344 |archive-date=27 July 2020}}</ref>

Charles was the only member of the royal family to have a [[civil marriage|civil]], rather than a church, wedding in England. British government documents from the 1950s and 1960s, published by the BBC, stated that such a marriage was illegal; these claims were dismissed by Charles's spokesman<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 February 2005 |title=Panorama Lawful impediment? |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/4262963.stm |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929214358/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/4262963.stm |archive-date=29 September 2009}}</ref> and explained by the sitting government to have been repealed by the Registration Service Act 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |author=The Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs and Lord Chancellor (Lord Falconer of Thoroton) |date=24 February 2005 |title=Royal Marriage; Lords Hansard Written Statements 24 Feb 2005 : Column WS87 (50224-51) |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200405/ldhansrd/vo050224/text/50224-51.htm#50224-51_head0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152718/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200405/ldhansrd/vo050224/text/50224-51.htm#50224-51_head0 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=12 October 2008 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk}}</ref>

The union was scheduled to take place in a civil ceremony at [[Windsor Castle]], with a subsequent religious blessing at the castle's [[St George's Chapel]]. The wedding venue was changed to [[Windsor Guildhall]] after it was realised a civil marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the venue to be available to anyone who wished to be married there. Four days before the event, it was postponed from the originally scheduled date of 8 April until the following day in order to allow Charles and some of the invited dignitaries to attend the [[funeral of Pope John Paul II]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2005 |title=Pope funeral delays royal wedding |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4409507.stm |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020183050/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4409507.stm |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref>

Charles's parents did not attend the marriage ceremony; the Queen's reluctance to attend possibly arose from her position as [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2005 |title=Q&A: Queen's wedding decision |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4289417.stm |url-status=live |access-date=17 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111223817/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4289417.stm |archive-date=11 January 2009}}</ref> However, his parents did attend the [[church service|service]] of [[blessing]] and held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2005 |title=Charles And Camilla Finally Wed, After 30 Years Of Waiting, Prince Charles Weds His True Love |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/04/09/world/main686994.shtml |url-status=dead |access-date=12 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112201734/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/04/09/world/main686994.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2010}}</ref> The blessing by Archbishop of Canterbury [[Rowan Williams]] was televised.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oliver |first=Mark |date=9 April 2005 |title=Charles and Camilla wed |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/apr/09/monarchy.markoliver |access-date=22 August 2013}}</ref>

Since their marriage in 2005, Charles has paid tribute to Camilla repeatedly in public letters, speeches and interviews, thanking her for "steadfast support" and referring to her as "my darling wife".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foster |first=Max |date=2015-03-12 |title=Prince Charles opens up about love and life |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/03/12/world/prince-charles-interview |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=King Charles and his 'darling' Queen Camilla mark 20th wedding anniversary |url=https://news.sky.com/story/king-charles-and-his-darling-wife-as-they-celebrate-20th-wedding-anniversary-13103843 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-10 |title=King pays tribute to 'steadfast devotion to duty' of his 'darling wife' Camilla |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/camilla-parker-bowles-the-king-duchess-of-cornwall-buckingham-palace-platinum-jubilee-b2164036.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Grierson |first=Jamie |date=2022-02-06 |title=Prince Charles pays tribute to 'darling wife' and future queen Camilla |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/feb/06/prince-charles-pays-tribute-to-darling-wife-and-future-queen-camilla |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Official duties ===
{{See also|List of official overseas trips made by Charles III}}
[[File:1980 His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales with HM Dalaya visits Amul 3.jpg|thumb|With [[Harichand Megha Dalaya]] at [[Amul]], in [[Anand, Gujarat]], December 1980|alt=Black and white photograph of Charles in Gujarat with a crowd of people]]
In 1965, Charles undertook his first public engagement by attending a student garden party at the [[Palace of Holyroodhouse]].<ref name="coronation-facts">{{Cite web |title=100 Coronation facts |url=https://www.royal.uk/100-coronation-facts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501155413/https://www.royal.uk/100-coronation-facts |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |publisher=Royal Household}}</ref> During his time as Prince of Wales, he undertook official duties on behalf of the Queen,<ref name="nytimes-charlesgothrone-sept82022"/> completing 10,934 engagements between 2002 and 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 2023|title=King Charles averages 521 royal engagements per year, but Princess Anne does even more, according to a new report|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/princess-anne-more-royal-engagements-than-king-charles-report-2023-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326031304/https://www.businessinsider.com/princess-anne-more-royal-engagements-than-king-charles-report-2023-4 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]]|url-status=live}}</ref> He officiated at [[investiture]]s and attended the funerals of foreign dignitaries.{{Sfn|Brandreth|p=325|2007}} Charles made regular tours of Wales, fulfilling a week of engagements each summer, and attending important national occasions, such as opening the [[Senedd building|Senedd]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opening of the Senedd |url=http://www.assemblywales.org/visiting/about_us-assembly_history_buildings/senedd_history/sen-projecthistory/sen-project-history-subpage/sen-project-history-openeing-the-senedd.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810023045/http://www.assemblywales.org/visiting/about_us-assembly_history_buildings/senedd_history/sen-projecthistory/sen-project-history-subpage/sen-project-history-openeing-the-senedd.htm |archive-date=10 August 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |publisher=National Assembly for Wales}}</ref> The six trustees of the [[Royal Collection Trust]] met three times a year under his chairmanship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administration |url=http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/about/administration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006030309/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/about/administration |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=The Royal Collection Trust}}</ref> Charles also represented his mother at the independence celebrations in Fiji in 1970,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trumbull |first=Robert |date=10 October 1970 |title=Fiji Raises the Flag of Independence After 96 Years of Rule by British |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/10/10/archives/fiji-raises-the-flag-of-independence-after-96-years-of-rule-by.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910004715/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/10/10/archives/fiji-raises-the-flag-of-independence-after-96-years-of-rule-by.html |archive-date=10 September 2022 |oclc=1645522}}</ref> The Bahamas in 1973,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 1973 |title=1973: Bahamas' sun sets on British Empire |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/9/newsid_2498000/2498835.stm |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201022831/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/9/newsid_2498000/2498835.stm |archive-date=1 February 2008}}</ref> Papua New Guinea in 1975,<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 1975 |title=Papua New Guinea Celebrates Independence |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/16/archives/papua-new-guinea-celebrates-independence-papua-new-guinea-is.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910033448/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/16/archives/papua-new-guinea-celebrates-independence-papua-new-guinea-is.html |archive-date=10 September 2022 |oclc=1645522}}</ref> Zimbabwe in 1980<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ross |first=Jay |date=18 April 1980 |title=Zimbabwe gains independence |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/04/18/zimbabwe-gains-independence/185c3573-e9e4-4d3a-9dce-5fe89bf04605 |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204220551/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/04/18/zimbabwe-gains-independence/185c3573-e9e4-4d3a-9dce-5fe89bf04605 |archive-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> and Brunei in 1984.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wedel |first=Paul |date=22 February 1984 |title=Brunei celebrated its independence from Britain Thursday with traditional... |publisher=[[United Press International|UPI]] |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/02/22/Brunei-celebrated-its-independence-from-Britain-Thursday-with-traditional/6194446274000 |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219232834/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/02/22/Brunei-celebrated-its-independence-from-Britain-Thursday-with-traditional/6194446274000 |archive-date=19 February 2022}}</ref>

In 1983, a man named [[Christopher John Lewis]], who had fired a shot with a [[.22 rifle]] at the Queen in 1981, attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital in order to assassinate Charles, who was visiting New Zealand with Diana and William.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ainge Roy |first=Eleanor |date=13 January 2018 |title='Damn ... I missed': the incredible story of the day the Queen was nearly shot |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/13/queen-elizabeth-assassination-attempt-new-zealand-1981 |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301120257/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/13/queen-elizabeth-assassination-attempt-new-zealand-1981 |archive-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> While Charles was visiting Australia on [[Australia Day]] in January 1994, [[David Kang]] fired two shots at him from a [[starting pistol]] in protest against the treatment of several hundred Cambodian asylum-seekers held in detention camps.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=John |date=12 May 1994 |title=Cambodian Refugees |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA19940512014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120531/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA19940512014 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |website=New South Wales Legislative Assembly Hansard |publisher=Parliament of New South Wales|postscript=;}} {{Cite news |date=27 January 1994 |title=Student fires 2 blanks at Prince Charles |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-01-27-mn-15986-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812170551/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-01-27/news/mn-15986_1_britain-s-prince-charles |archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> In 1995 Charles became the first member of the royal family to visit the Republic of Ireland in an official capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2015 |title=Archive: Prince Charles visits Ireland in 1995 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-northern-ireland-32397345/archive-prince-charles-visits-ireland-in-1995 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511050222/http://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-northern-ireland-32397345/archive-prince-charles-visits-ireland-in-1995 |archive-date=11 May 2018 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=[[BBC News]]|postscript=;}} {{cite web |last1=McCullagh |first1=David |last2=Milner |first2=Cathy |title=Prince Charles Makes First Royal Visit to Ireland 1995 |url=http://www.rte.ie/archives/2015/0529/704766-prince-charless-first-visit-to-ireland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415063559/http://www.rte.ie/archives/2015/0529/704766-prince-charless-first-visit-to-ireland |archive-date=15 April 2018 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]}}</ref> In 1997 he represented the Queen at the [[Hong Kong handover ceremony]].{{sfn|Brendon|p=660|2007}}{{sfn|Brown|p=594|1998}}
[[File:20151104 OH H1013410 0003 (22461157447).jpg|thumb|left|Charles's ninth tour of New Zealand, November 2015|alt=Charles shaking hands with a crowd]]

At the funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005, Charles caused controversy when he shook hands with Zimbabwean president [[Robert Mugabe]], who had been seated next to him. Charles's office subsequently released a statement saying that he could not avoid shaking Mugabe's hand and that he "finds the current Zimbabwean regime abhorrent".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2005 |title=Charles shakes hands with Mugabe at Pope's funeral |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/europe-travel/italy/charles-shakes-hands-with-mugabe-at-popes-funeral-tkbbw0dwx2m |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622192720/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/charles-shakes-hands-with-mugabe-at-popes-funeral-tkbbw0dwx2m |archive-date=22 June 2018}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

Charles represented the Queen at [[2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|the opening ceremony]] of the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] in Delhi, India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2010 |title=The Prince of Wales opens the Commonwealth Games |publisher=Clarence House |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/news-and-diary/the-prince-of-wales-opens-the-commonwealth-games |url-status=dead |access-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521095222/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/news-and-diary/the-prince-of-wales-opens-the-commonwealth-games |archive-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> In November 2010 he and Camilla were indirectly involved in [[2010 UK student protests|student protests]] when their car was attacked by protesters.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/dec/09/charles-camilla-car-attacked-fees-protest | title=Prince Charles and Camilla caught up in London violence after student fees vote | first1=Patrick | last1=Wintour | first2=Nicholas | last2=Watt | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=9 December 2010|postscript=;}} {{Cite news |title=Royal car attacked in protest after MPs' fee vote |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11954333 |url-status=live |access-date=10 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210045010/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11954333 |archive-date=10 December 2010|postscript=;}} {{Cite news |date=9 December 2010 |title=Prince Charles and Duchess of Cornwall unhurt in attack |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11965454 |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223074043/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11965454 |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> In November 2013 he represented the Queen for the first time at a [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]], in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suroor |first=Hasan |date=8 May 2013 |title=Queen to miss Colombo CHOGM |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/queen-to-miss-colombo-chogm/article4695677.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809205952/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/queen-to-miss-colombo-chogm/article4695677.ece |archive-date=9 August 2013|postscript=;}} {{Cite news |date=7 May 2013 |title=Queen to miss Commonwealth meeting for first time since 1973 |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/may/07/queen-miss-commonwealth-meeting |url-status=live |access-date=7 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021093826/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/may/07/queen-miss-commonwealth-meeting |archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>

Charles and Camilla made their first joint trip to the Republic of Ireland in May 2015. The British Embassy called the trip an important step in "promoting peace and reconciliation".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Urquart |first=Conal |date=13 May 2015 |title=Prince Charles Shakes the Hand of Irish Republican Leader Gerry Adams |url=https://time.com/3888516/prince-charles-gerry-adams/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521014543/http://time.com/3888516/prince-charles-gerry-adams |archive-date=21 May 2015 |access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> During the trip, he shook hands in [[Galway]] with [[Gerry Adams]], leader of [[Sinn Féin]] and widely believed to be the leader of the [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]], the militant group that had assassinated Lord Mountbatten in 1979. The event was described by the media as a "historic handshake" and a "significant moment for [[Anglo-Irish relations]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=McDonald |first=Henry |date=19 May 2015 |title=Prince Charles and Gerry Adams share historic handshake |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/may/19/prince-charles-and-gerry-adams-share-historic-handshake |url-status=live |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521013218/http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/may/19/prince-charles-and-gerry-adams-share-historic-handshake |archive-date=21 May 2015|postscript=;}} {{Cite news |title=Historic handshake between Prince Charles and Gerry Adams |work=The Independent (UK) |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/historic-handshake-between-prince-charles-and-gerry-adams-31235024.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519215751/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/historic-handshake-between-prince-charles-and-gerry-adams-31235024.html |archive-date=19 May 2015|postscript=;}} {{Cite news |last=Adam |first=Karla |date=19 May 2015 |title=Prince Charles, in Ireland, meets with Sinn Fein party leader Gerry Adams |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/prince-charles-in-ireland-meets-with-sinn-fein-party-leader-gerry-adams/2015/05/19/5dc4259c-fe28-11e4-8c77-bf274685e1df_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522142025/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/prince-charles-in-ireland-meets-with-sinn-fein-party-leader-gerry-adams/2015/05/19/5dc4259c-fe28-11e4-8c77-bf274685e1df_story.html |archive-date=22 May 2015}}</ref>
[[File:President Trump and First Lady Melania Trump's Trip to the United Kingdom (48007684456).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|With Queen Elizabeth II and other world leaders to mark the 75th anniversary of [[D-Day]] on 5 June 2019|alt=A seated portrait of Prince Charles, Queen Elizabeth II, and various world leaders]]

Commonwealth heads of government decided at their [[2018 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|2018 meeting]] that Charles would be the next Head of the Commonwealth after the Queen.<ref name="ny-times-charlesiiichosen">{{Cite news |date=10 September 2022 |title=Queen's Funeral Set for Sept. 19 at Westminster Abbey |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/09/10/world/queen-elizabeth-king-charles |url-status=live |access-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920181535/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/09/10/world/queen-elizabeth-king-charles |archive-date=20 September 2022 |oclc=1645522 |quote="The state funeral for Queen Elizabeth II will be held at 11 a.m. Monday, Sept. 19, at Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace announced on Saturday."}}</ref> The head is chosen and therefore not hereditary.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adam |first=Karla |date=20 April 2018 |title=Commonwealth backs Prince Charles as its next leader |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/04/20/commonwealth-backs-prince-charles-as-its-next-leader |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806024750/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/04/20/commonwealth-backs-prince-charles-as-its-next-leader |archive-date=6 August 2018}}</ref> In March 2019, at the request of the British government, Charles and Camilla went on an official tour of Cuba, making them the first British royals to visit the country. The tour was seen as an effort to form a closer relationship between Cuba and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 March 2019 |title=Prince Charles and Camilla make history in Cuba |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47688610 |url-status=live |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402091019/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47688610 |archive-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

Charles contracted [[COVID-19]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|pandemic]] in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Reynolds |first1=Emma |last2=Foster |first2=Max |last3=Wilkinson |first3=David |date=25 March 2020 |title=Prince Charles tests positive for novel coronavirus |agency=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/25/europe/prince-charles-coronavirus-gbr-intl/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325110903/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/25/europe/prince-charles-coronavirus-gbr-intl/index.html |archive-date=25 March 2020|postscript=;}} {{Cite news |last1=Furness |first1=Hannah |last2=Johnson |first2=Simon |date=25 March 2020 |title=Prince Charles tests positive for coronavirus: These are his most recent engagements |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2020/03/25/prince-charles-tests-positive-coronavirus |url-status=live |accessdate=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325112945/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2020/03/25/prince-charles-tests-positive-coronavirus |archive-date=25 March 2020 |issn=}}</ref><ref name="BBC-virus">{{Cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Prince Charles tests positive but 'remains in good health' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52033845 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325120442/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52033845 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |access-date=25 March 2020 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Several newspapers were critical that Charles and Camilla were tested promptly at a time when many [[National Health Service]] doctors, nurses and patients had been unable to be tested expeditiously.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2020 |title=Warning to all as Prince Charles catches coronavirus amid 'queue jump' claims – The Yorkshire Post says |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/opinion/columnists/warning-all-prince-charles-catches-coronavirus-amid-queue-jump-claims-yorkshire-post-says-2517535 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326110610/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/opinion/columnists/warning-all-prince-charles-catches-coronavirus-amid-queue-jump-claims-yorkshire-post-says-2517535 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |access-date=26 March 2020 |website=[[The Yorkshire Post]]}}</ref> He tested positive for COVID-19 for a second time in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ott |first=Haley |date=10 February 2022 |title=Britain's Prince Charles tests positive for COVID-19 for the 2nd time |publisher=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/britains-prince-charles-tests-positive-for-covid-19-for-the-2nd-time |url-status=live |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606214457/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/britains-prince-charles-tests-positive-for-covid-19-for-the-2nd-time |archive-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> He and Camilla, who also tested positive, had received doses of a [[COVID-19 vaccine]] in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2021 |title=Covid: Prince Charles and Camilla get first vaccine |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56008436 |url-status=live |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421054642/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56008436 |archive-date=21 April 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Queen’s Speech - 52063897843.jpg|thumb|Delivering the [[Speech from the throne|Queen's Speech]] to the British Parliament on behalf of his mother, May 2022|alt=Charles seated on a throne during the 2022 state opening of the British Parliament. Next to him is the Imperial State Crown.]]

Charles attended the November 2021 ceremonies to mark [[Republicanism in Barbados#2021 Constitutional amendment|Barbados's transition into a parliamentary republic]], abolishing the position of [[monarch of Barbados]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mills |first=Rhiannon |date=30 November 2021 |title=Barbados: Prince Charles acknowledges 'appalling' history of slavery as island becomes a republic |url=https://news.sky.com/story/prince-charles-acknowledges-appalling-history-of-slavery-as-barbados-becomes-a-republic-12482796 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130052708/https://news.sky.com/story/prince-charles-acknowledges-appalling-history-of-slavery-as-barbados-becomes-a-republic-12482796 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=Sky News}}</ref> He was invited by Prime Minister [[Mia Mottley]] as the future Head of the Commonwealth;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Victoria |date=28 November 2021 |title=All About Prince Charles's Visit to Barbados as the Country Cuts Ties with the Monarchy |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a38366303/prince-charles-visit-to-barbados-2021-details |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034439/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a38366303/prince-charles-visit-to-barbados-2021-details |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023 |magazine=Town & Country}}</ref> it was the first time that a member of the royal family attended the transition of a realm to a republic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikkhah |first=Roya |date=28 November 2021 |title=Regretful Prince Charles flies to Barbados to watch his realm become a republic |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/royal-family/article/regretful-prince-charles-flies-to-barbados-to-watch-his-realm-become-a-republic-c2vnz7k5v |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034440/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/regretful-prince-charles-flies-to-barbados-to-watch-his-realm-become-a-republic-c2vnz7k5v |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023 |newspaper=Sunday Times}}</ref> In May of the following year, Charles attended the [[2022 State Opening of Parliament|State Opening of the British Parliament]], delivering the Queen's Speech on behalf of his mother, as a [[counsellor of state]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=10 May 2022 |title=Queen remains 'very much in charge' even as Charles makes speech |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/may/10/queen-remains-very-much-in-charge-even-as-charles-makes-speech |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510143837/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/may/10/queen-remains-very-much-in-charge-even-as-charles-makes-speech |archive-date=10 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

== Reign ==
[[File:Charles III Scottish Parliament 2022.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|Addressing the [[Scottish Parliament]] on 13 September 2022|alt=Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament Alison Johnstone is seated next to the King.]]
Charles acceded to the British throne on [[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|his mother's death]] on 8 September 2022. He was the longest-serving British heir apparent, having surpassed Edward VII's record of 59 years on 20 April 2011.<ref name="apparent">{{Cite news |date=20 April 2011 |title=Prince Charles becomes longest-serving heir apparent |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-13133587 |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718054032/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-13133587 |archive-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Charles was the oldest person to succeed to the British throne, at the age of 73, surpassing the previous record holder, [[William IV]], who was 64 when he became king in 1830.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rayner |first=Gordon |date=19 September 2013 |title=Prince of Wales will be oldest monarch crowned |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/10320264/Prince-of-Wales-will-be-oldest-monarch-crowned.html |access-date=19 September 2013}}</ref>

Charles gave his first speech to the nation at 6 pm on 9 September, in which he paid tribute to his mother and announced the appointment of his elder son, William, as Prince of Wales.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2022 |title=King Charles III pays tribute to his 'darling mama' in first address |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/uk-62842089 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910075943/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/uk-62842089 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The following day, the [[Accession Council]] publicly [[Proclamation of accession of Charles III|proclaimed Charles as king]], the ceremony being televised for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 September 2022 |title=Charles formally confirmed as king in ceremony televised for first time |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-62860893 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910192001/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-62860893 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |access-date=10 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=ny-times-charlesiiichosen/> Attendees included Queen Camilla, Prince William and the British prime minister, [[Liz Truss]], along with her six living predecessors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ratcliffe |first=Rebecca |date=10 September 2022 |title=Charles III is proclaimed King |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/live/2022/sep/10/king-charles-iii-proclaimed-st-james-palace-accession-council-latest-updates |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910095507/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/live/2022/sep/10/king-charles-iii-proclaimed-st-james-palace-accession-council-latest-updates |archive-date=10 September 2022}}</ref> The proclamation was also read out by local authorities around the United Kingdom. Other realms signed and read their own proclamations, as did Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, the [[British Overseas Territories]], the [[Crown Dependencies]], [[Canadian provinces]] and [[Australian states]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Torrance |first=David |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9621/CBP-9621.pdf |title=The Accession of King Charles III |date=29 September 2022 |publisher=House of Commons Library |page=21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421205507/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9621/CBP-9621.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2023 |url-status=live |accessdate=25 April 2023}}</ref>

[[File:2023 Coronation Balcony.jpg|thumb|Charles and Camilla after their coronation|alt=Charles and Camilla wearing their crowns and coronation robes waving from the balcony of Buckingham Palace]]In November 2022, the King and Queen hosted the [[South African president]], [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], during the first official state visit to Britain of Charles's reign.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirka |first=Danica |date=22 November 2022 |title=King Charles III welcomes S. African leader for state visit |url=https://apnews.com/article/british-politics-king-charles-iii-queen-elizabeth-ii-entertainment-london-3de1a8b0b71935a6ab53b6e2be561dc4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325082032/https://apnews.com/article/british-politics-king-charles-iii-queen-elizabeth-ii-entertainment-london-3de1a8b0b71935a6ab53b6e2be561dc4 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=21 September 2023 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> The following March, they undertook a state visit to Germany, where Charles became the first British monarch to address the [[Bundestag]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Said-Moorhouse |first1=Lauren |last2=Foster |first2=Max |date=30 March 2023 |title=King Charles becomes first British monarch to address German parliament |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/30/europe/king-charles-germany-day-two-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927195727/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/30/europe/king-charles-germany-day-two-intl/index.html |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=21 September 2023 |work=CNN}}</ref> On 6 May 2023, [[Charles and Camilla's coronation]] took place at Westminster Abbey,<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2022 |title=Coronation on 6 May for King Charles and Camilla, Queen Consort |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-63172425 |url-status=live |access-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011170432/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-63172425 |archive-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> in a ceremony planned for many years under the code name ''Operation Golden Orb.''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahler |first=Kevin |date=14 February 2022 |title=Ghosts? Here's the true tale of things that go bump in the night |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/ghosts-heres-the-true-tale-of-things-that-go-bump-in-the-night-66z03ktfc |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028081448/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ghosts-heres-the-true-tale-of-things-that-go-bump-in-the-night-66z03ktfc |archive-date=28 October 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Pepinster|2022}} Prior to Charles's accession, reports suggested that the coronation would be "shorter, smaller, less expensive, and more representative of different faiths and community groups than that of his mother in 1953, reflecting the King's wish to acknowledge the ethnic diversity of modern Britain".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arasteh |first=Amira |date=23 September 2022 |title=King Charles III coronation: When is he officially crowned and what happens next? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/09/23/king-charles-iii-coronation-when-officially-crowned-what-happens |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923062731/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/09/23/king-charles-iii-coronation-when-officially-crowned-what-happens |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}; {{cite news |last1=Dixon |first1=Hayley |last2=Gurpreet |first2=Narwan |date=13 September 2022 |title=Coronation for the cost of living crisis as King expresses wish for 'good value' |work=The Times |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/09/13/charles-coronation-prince-king-monarchy-when-plans-cost-living |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925093146/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/09/13/charles-coronation-prince-king-monarchy-when-plans-cost-living |archive-date=25 September 2022}}</ref> Nonetheless, the coronation remained a [[Church of England]] rite, including the [[coronation oath]], the [[anointing]], crowning, investing with the [[regalia]], and [[enthronement]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2022 |title=King Charles III, the new monarch |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59135132 |url-status=live |access-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920002123/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59135132 |archive-date=20 September 2022}}</ref>

In July 2023, the royal couple attended a [[Presentation of the Honours of Scotland to Charles III|national service of thanksgiving]] at [[St Giles' Cathedral]], where Charles was presented with the [[Honours of Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2023 |title=King Charles III: Special Edinburgh day ends with gun salute and flypast |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-66098124 |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801060822/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-66098124 |url-status=live }}</ref> That same month, he asked for the profits from Britain's growing fleet of offshore wind-farms to be used for the "wider public good" rather than as extra funding for the monarchy, and it was announced that the monarchy's share of [[Crown Estate]] net profits would be reduced to 12 per cent.<ref>{{Cite news|date= 29 June 2023 |title= Windfarms help drive record profit for crown estate |url= https://theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/jun/29/crown-estate-enjoys-huge-rise-in-profits-thanks-to-offshore-wind|access-date= 23 July 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= 20 July 2023 |title= Sovereign Grant recalculated as offshore wind profits rise |url= https://www.gov.uk/government/news/sovereign-grant-recalculated-as-offshore-wind-profits-rise |access-date= 23 July 2024 |work= GOV.UK |archive-date= 19 July 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240719141400/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/sovereign-grant-recalculated-as-offshore-wind-profits-rise |url-status= live }}</ref> In September, Charles became the first British monarch to give a speech from the [[French Senate]] chamber during a [[State visit by Charles III to France|state visit to France]]. The following month [[State visit by Charles III to Kenya|he visited Kenya]], where he faced calls to apologise for colonial abuses; at a state banquet he acknowledged "abhorrent and unjustifiable acts of violence" but did not issue a formal apology.<ref name="KenyaBanquetSpeech">{{cite web |last1=Foster |first1=Max |last2=Feleke |first2=Bethlehem |last3=Said-Moorhouse |first3=Lauren |title=King Charles acknowledges Kenya's colonial-era suffering but stops short of apologizing |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/01/africa/king-charles-kenya-colonial-suffering-intl/index.html|work=CNN |date=November 2023|access-date=6 February 2024|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201053501/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/01/africa/king-charles-kenya-colonial-suffering-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2024, the British prime minister, [[Rishi Sunak]], asked the King to call [[2024 United Kingdom general election|a general election]]; subsequently, royal engagements that could divert attention from the election campaign were postponed.<ref>{{cite news|work=Sky News|title=General election: Royal family postpones engagements that 'divert attention' from campaign|url=https://news.sky.com/story/royal-family-postpones-engagements-to-not-divert-attention-from-general-election-campaign-13141453|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602073647/https://news.sky.com/story/royal-family-postpones-engagements-to-not-divert-attention-from-general-election-campaign-13141453|date=22 May 2024|access-date=26 June 2024|archive-date=2 June 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2024, Charles and Camilla travelled to [[Normandy]] to attend the 80th anniversary commemorations of [[D-Day]].<ref>{{Cite news |date= 6 June 2024|title= D-Day 80 years on: King speaks of 'profound sense of gratitude' at Normandy commemoration |work=ITV News|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2024-06-06/d-day-80-years-on-world-leaders-and-veterans-gather-in-commemoration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609002250/https://www.itv.com/news/2024-06-06/d-day-80-years-on-world-leaders-and-veterans-gather-in-commemoration|access-date=6 June 2024|archive-date=9 June 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> The same month, the King received [[Emperor Naruhito of Japan]] during his state visit to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|work=ABC News|title=Emperor and Empress of Japan arrive in the UK ahead of a long-awaited state visit|url=https://abcnews.go.com/amp/International/wireStory/emperor-empress-japan-arrive-uk-ahead-long-awaited-111341174|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624032814/https://abcnews.go.com/amp/International/wireStory/emperor-empress-japan-arrive-uk-ahead-long-awaited-111341174|date=22 June 2024|archive-date=24 June 2024|access-date=26 June 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> In July, the annual Holyrood Week, which is usually spent in Scotland, was shortened so that Charles could return to London and appoint a new prime minister following the general election.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://news.sky.com/story/king-charles-takes-part-in-ceremony-of-the-keys-in-edinburgh-as-holyrood-week-begins-13162353|title=King Charles takes part in Ceremony of the Keys in Edinburgh as Holyrood Week begins|work=Sky News|date=2 July 2024|access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref> After Sunak's [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] lost the election to the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] led by [[Sir Keir Starmer]], Charles appointed Starmer as prime minister.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2024 |title=U.K. wakes up to new government as Labour Party looks set to win election: Follow live |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/uk-general-election-live-results-britain-starmer-win-labour-rcna160339 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=NBC News |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712101540/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/uk-general-election-live-results-britain-starmer-win-labour-rcna160339 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:2024 Royal Visit Sydney (4).jpg|thumb|With Camilla in front of the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]], October 2024|alt=Charles and Camilla standing in front of a bridge]]
In October 2024, [[2024 royal tour of Australia|the King and Queen toured Australia]] and [[Samoa]]; Australia was the first Commonwealth realm Charles visited since his accession.<ref>{{cite news|title=King Charles III and Queen Camilla land in Sydney, marking first visit by reigning king to Australia|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-10-18/king-charles-queen-camilla-arrive-australia-sydney-tour-royal/104478594|work=ABC News|date=18 October 2024|access-date=18 October 2024|archive-date=20 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241020174120/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-10-18/king-charles-queen-camilla-arrive-australia-sydney-tour-royal/104478594|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Perry |first1=Simon |title=King Charles and Queen Camilla Arrive in Australia for Historic First Tour to Commonwealth Realm |url=https://people.com/king-charles-and-queen-camilla-arrive-in-australia-for-historic-first-tour-to-commonwealth-realm-8729663 |magazine=People |date=18 October 2024 |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref> In Samoa, he attended the [[2024 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] for the first time as Head of the Commonwealth.<ref>{{cite news |title=King Charles acknowledges 'painful' history amid calls for slavery reparations at Commonwealth summit |url=https://cnn.com/2024/10/25/asia/king-charles-commonwealth-leaders-meeting-intl |work=CNN |first1=Max |last1=Foster |first2=Alex |last2=Stambaugh |first3=Lauren |last3=Said-Moorhouse |date=25 October 2024 |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-date=10 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110133910/https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/25/asia/king-charles-commonwealth-leaders-meeting-intl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The tour was significantly scaled back owing to his cancer diagnosis, with a planned visit to New Zealand among the cancelled events. Charles temporarily paused his cancer treatment during the tour.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Relph |first1=Daniela |title=King of Australia's royal tour nearly didn't happen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c93y2r75ky7o |work=BBC News |date=18 October 2024 |access-date=20 October 2024 |archive-date=24 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224120550/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c93y2r75ky7o |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2025, the King received Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] at [[Sandringham House]], just days after the [[Trump–Zelenskyy Oval Office meeting]]. Zelenskyy later told ''[[The Guardian]]'' that Charles played a quiet but influential role in altering US president [[Donald Trump]]'s attitude toward Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harding |first=Luke |date=2025-11-09 |title=Volodymyr Zelenskyy: why should I be afraid of Donald Trump? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/09/volodymyr-zelenskyy-why-should-i-be-afraid-donald-trump |access-date=2025-11-12 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kramer |first=Korbinian |date=10 November 2025 |title=Zelensky Says King Charles Helped Sway Trump's Stance on Ukraine |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/63949 |access-date=10 November 2025 |website=Kyiv Post}}</ref>

The King and Queen initially cancelled a planned visit to [[Vatican City]] during [[State visit by Charles III to Italy|their state visit to Italy]], but on 9 April 2025{{snd}}their 20th wedding anniversary{{snd}}they visited [[Pope Francis]] at [[Domus Sanctae Marthae]] as he was recovering from pneumonia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/09/king-charles-queen-camilla-visit-pope-francis|title=King Charles and Queen Camilla pay recovering Pope Francis surprise visit|first=Angela|last=Giuffrida|work=The Guardian|date=9 April 2025|accessdate=10 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1drr40xwgro|title=King and Queen meet Pope Francis at Vatican on their anniversary|first=Sean|last=Coughlan|work=BBC News|date=9 April 2025|accessdate=10 April 2025}}</ref> Francis died 12 days later.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-04/pope-francis-dies-on-easter-monday-aged-88.html|title=Pope Francis has died on Easter Monday aged 88|first=Devin|last=Watkins|website=[[Vatican News]]|publisher=[[Dicastery for Communication]]|date=21 April 2025|access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Donald Trump & Charles III 2025-09-17 (crop).jpg|thumb|With Donald Trump at [[Windsor Castle]], September 2025|alt=Charles stands next to Trump]]
The King, accompanied by the Queen, made his first visit to Canada as monarch in May 2025 at the invitation of Prime Minister [[Mark Carney]], a trip that took place during a period of tension with the United States after President Trump made comments questioning Canada's sovereignty.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=26 May 2025 |title=King Charles travels to support Canada as it fends off Trump |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgkdnmm8k2no |access-date=8 February 2026 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref> During the visit, [[2025 Speech from the Throne|he opened]] the [[45th Canadian Parliament]] and delivered the Speech from the Throne, the first time a Canadian monarch had done so in person since 1977.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 27, 2025 |title=King Charles hails 'incredible opportunity' for Canada in throne speech |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/livestory/king-charles-hails-incredible-opportunity-for-canada-in-throne-speech-9.6774177 |access-date=May 27, 2025 |work=CBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=May 27, 2025 |title= IN PHOTOS King Charles opens 45th Parliament of Canada|url= https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/photos/in-photos-king-charles-opens-45th-parliament-of-canada-1.7544613 |access-date=May 27, 2025 |work=CBC News}}</ref>

In June 2025, the King approved the decommissioning of the [[British Royal Train]] ahead of its maintenance contract ending in 2027. Described by the [[Keeper of the Privy Purse]] as part of a commitment to "fiscal discipline", the decision marked the end of 180 years of the royal family's use of a dedicated royal train.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Tony |date=2025-06-30 |title=Royal Family have travelled by train for more than 180 years |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/victoria-elizabeth-ii-british-rail-prince-albert-royal-family-b1235709.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=Evening Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mills |first=Rhiannon |date=2025-06-30 |title=Royal train to be decommissioned with family to rely on two new helicopters – as annual accounts revealed |url=https://news.sky.com/story/royal-train-to-be-decommissioned-with-family-to-rely-on-two-new-helicopters-as-annual-accounts-revealed-13390688 |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=Sky News}}</ref>

In October 2025, during [[State visit by Charles III to the Holy See|his state visit to the Holy See]], Charles became the first British monarch to pray alongside a pope since the [[Reformation]], joining [[Pope Leo XIV]] for a church service in the [[Sistine Chapel]] of the [[Apostolic Palace]] in Vatican City.<ref>{{cite news |title=Charles makes history as first British monarch to pray with a pope since Henry VIII split church |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2025-10-23/king-charles-prays-with-pope-leo-in-vatican-in-historic-first |work=ITV News |date=23 October 2025 |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref> Later that month, Charles undertook his first official engagement in support of the [[LGBT+ community]], unveiling "An Opened Letter", the UK's first national memorial honouring LGBT armed forces veterans, at the [[National Memorial Arboretum]] in [[Staffordshire]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Parry |first=Josh |date=27 October 2025 |title=King Charles unveils LGBT+ veterans memorial at National Memorial Arboretum |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cr7m8kzgy77o |access-date=28 October 2025 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=27 October 2025 |title=King Charles lays flowers at national memorial to LGBT+ armed forces veterans |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/27/king-charles-lays-flowers-at-national-memorial-to-lgbt-armed-forces-veterans |access-date=28 October 2025 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> On 30 October, amid continuing controversy surrounding his brother Andrew's association with the American financier and child sex offender [[Jeffrey Epstein]], Charles initiated a formal process to remove his style, titles and honours.<ref>{{cite web |title=A statement from Buckingham Palace |url=https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-31/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace |work=The Royal Family |date=31 October 2025 |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref> Following Andrew's arrest on 19 February 2026 on suspicion of [[misconduct in public office]], he expressed his "deepest concern" and stated that "the law must take its course".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2026 |title=A Statement from His Majesty The King |url=https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2026-02-19/a-statement-from-his-majesty-the-king |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=The Royal Family}}</ref>

== Health ==
In March 1998, Charles had laser [[keyhole surgery]] on his right knee<ref name="health-issues">{{cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/kings-cancer-diagnosis-health-issues-charles-has-faced-over-the-years-13064984|title=King Charles cancer diagnosis: Health issues monarch has faced over the years|work=Sky News|date=5 February 2024|access-date=5 February 2024|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205200640/https://news.sky.com/story/kings-cancer-diagnosis-health-issues-charles-has-faced-over-the-years-13064984|url-status=live}}</ref> and in March 2003, he underwent surgery at [[King Edward VII's Hospital]] to treat a [[hernia]] injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2894175.stm|title=Charles has hernia operation|work=BBC News|date=29 March 2003|access-date=22 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121133037/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2894175.stm|archive-date=21 January 2024}}</ref> In 2008, a non-cancerous growth was removed from his [[nasal bridge]].<ref name="health-issues"/>

In January 2024, Charles underwent a "corrective procedure" at [[the London Clinic]] to treat benign [[prostate enlargement]], which resulted in the postponement of some of his public engagements.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68055575|title=King Charles in hospital for prostate treatment|work=BBC News|first=Sean|last=Coughlan|date=26 January 2024|access-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126151446/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68055575|archive-date=26 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> In February Buckingham Palace announced that cancer had been discovered during the treatment, but that it was not [[prostate cancer]]. Although his public duties were postponed, it was reported Charles would continue to fulfil his constitutional functions during his [[outpatient]] treatment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 February 2024 |title=King Charles III diagnosed with cancer, Buckingham Palace says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68208157 |access-date=5 February 2024 |work=BBC News|first=Sean|last=Coughlan |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205180516/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68208157 |url-status=live}}</ref> He released a statement espousing his support for cancer charities and that he "remain[ed] positive" on making a full recovery.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Trapper |first1=James |title=King Charles expresses 'lifelong admiration' for cancer charities |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/feb/10/king-charles-thanks-cancer-charities-tribute-disease |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 February 2024 |access-date=11 February 2024 |archive-date=10 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210223751/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/feb/10/king-charles-thanks-cancer-charities-tribute-disease |url-status=live }}</ref> In March, Camilla deputised for him in his absence at the [[Commonwealth Day]] service at Westminster Abbey and at the [[Royal Maundy]] at [[Worcester Cathedral]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/king-charles-hails-commonwealth-misses-annual-celebrations-2024-03-11/ |title= King Charles hails Commonwealth but misses annual celebrations |work=Reuters|first=Michael|last=Holden|date=11 March 2024|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=ITV News|title=Queen Camilla steps in for King at Royal Maundy Service in Worcester|url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2024-03-28/queen-camilla-steps-in-for-king-at-royal-maundy-service-in-worcester|date=28 March 2024|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328161302/https://www.itv.com/news/central/2024-03-28/queen-camilla-steps-in-for-king-at-royal-maundy-service-in-worcester|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his first major public appearance since his cancer diagnosis at the Easter service held at [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]], on 31 March.<ref>{{cite news|title=King Charles appears in public at Easter Sunday church service|work=BBC News|first1=Suzanne|last1=Leigh |first2=Charlotte|last2=Gallagher|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68700415|date=31 March 2024|access-date=31 March 2024|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331002633/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68700415|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2024, it was announced that he would resume public-facing duties after making progress in his cancer treatment.<ref>{{cite news|title=King Charles to resume public duties after progress in cancer treatment|work=BBC News|first=Sean|last=Coughlan|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68906421|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426232314/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68906421|date=26 April 2024|archive-date=26 April 2024|access-date=26 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=King Charles returns to public duties in visit to cancer treatment center|work=BBC News|first=Lauren|last=Said-Moorhouse|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/30/uk/king-charles-cancer-center-intl-gbr-scli/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509112839/https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/30/uk/king-charles-cancer-center-intl-gbr-scli/index.html|date=30 April 2024|archive-date=9 May 2024|access-date=28 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2025, Charles was briefly admitted to hospital after experiencing temporary side effects from his cancer treatment.<ref name="Mar25-se">{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=King postpones visit after temporary side effects of ongoing cancer treatment|first1=James|first2=Sean |last1=Gregory|last2=Coughlan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3vwgq24klxo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328141143/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3vwgq24klxo|date=27 March 2025|access-date=27 March 2025|archive-date=28 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> He subsequently postponed several planned engagements.<ref name="Mar25-se"/> In December, as part of the [[Stand Up to Cancer UK]] campaign hosted by [[Cancer Research UK]] and [[Channel 4]], he announced that his treatment schedule would be reduced the following year.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=King says he can 'share the good news' his cancer treatment will be reduced|first=Sean|last=Coughlan|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c14vvv8pnpmo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212205248/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c14vvv8pnpmo|date=12 December 2025|access-date=12 December 2025|archive-date=12 December 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> The King's openness about his illness, contrasting with the traditionally guarded approach of earlier monarchs, was described by the media as unprecedented and as bringing him closer to the public.<ref>{{cite news|work=AP News|title=King Charles III's openness about cancer has helped him connect with people in year after coronation|first=Danica|last=Kirka|url=https://apnews.com/article/king-charles-iii-coronation-cancer-54f27cc73f383bd7b69e93ceddd9d538|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504043416/https://apnews.com/article/king-charles-iii-coronation-cancer-54f27cc73f383bd7b69e93ceddd9d538|date=5 May 2024|access-date=12 December 2025|archive-date=4 May 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Sky News|title=Why King Charles's openness on cancer treatment is huge step change from past|first=Rhiannon|last=Mills|url=https://news.sky.com/story/why-king-charless-openness-on-cancer-treatment-is-huge-step-change-from-past-13337274|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213045856/https://news.sky.com/story/why-king-charless-openness-on-cancer-treatment-is-huge-step-change-from-past-13337274|date=28 March 2025|access-date=12 December 2025|archive-date=13 December 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=King's cancer has changed relationship with his people|work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Hannah |last=Furness|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/12/12/king-charles-cancer-palace-public-relationship/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213003222/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/12/12/king-charles-cancer-palace-public-relationship/|date=12 December 2025|access-date=12 December 2025|archive-date=13 December 2025|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Diet===
As early as 1985, Charles was questioning meat consumption. In the ''1985 Royal Special'' television programme'','' he told the host, [[Alastair Burnet]], that "I actually now don't eat as much meat as I used to. I eat more fish." He also pointed out the societal double standard whereby eating meat is not questioned but eating less meat means "all hell seems to break loose."<ref>{{Cite magazine |first1=Emma |last1=Dooney |date=6 June 2023 |title=King Charles hailed 'ahead of his time' for passionate statement on his dietary preferences |url=https://www.womanandhome.com/life/royal-news/king-charles-hailed-ahead-of-his-time-for-passionate-statement-on-his-dietary-preferences/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |magazine=Woman and Home |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704083949/https://www.womanandhome.com/life/royal-news/king-charles-hailed-ahead-of-his-time-for-passionate-statement-on-his-dietary-preferences/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, Charles spoke to the BBC about the environment and revealed that, two days per week, he eats no meat nor fish and, one day per week, he eats no dairy products.<ref>{{Citation |title=Prince Charles and His Battle for Our Planet |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p09y7bzx/prince-charles-and-his-battle-for-our-planet |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208105203/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p09y7bzx/prince-charles-and-his-battle-for-our-planet |url-status=live |publisher=BBC World News |archive-date=8 December 2021 |mode=cs1|postscript=;}} {{Cite news |last=Garlick |first=Hattie |date=11 October 2021 |title=How to do the Prince Charles diet – and eat the perfect amount of meat and dairy |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/body/do-prince-charles-diet-eat-perfect-amount-meat-dairy |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/body/do-prince-charles-diet-eat-perfect-amount-meat-dairy |archive-date=10 January 2022 |issn=}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2022, it was reported that he eats a breakfast of fruit salad, seeds, and tea. He does not eat lunch, but takes a break for tea at 5:00 pm and eats dinner at 8:30 pm, returning to work until midnight or later.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=White |first1=Stephen |last2=Tetzlaff-Deas |first2=Benedict |last3=Munday |first3=David |date=12 September 2022 |title=King Charles doesn't eat lunch and works until midnight |url=https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/celebs-tv/king-charles-iii-doesnt-eat-7574575 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005081348/https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/celebs-tv/king-charles-iii-doesnt-eat-7574575 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=5 October 2022 |work= The Cornishman}}</ref> Ahead of [[Christmas dinner#United Kingdom|Christmas dinner]] in 2022, Charles confirmed to the animal rights group [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] that [[foie gras]] would not be served at any royal residences; he had stopped the use of foie gras at his own properties for more than a decade before becoming king.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2022 |title=King Charles: Foie gras banned at royal residences |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63676759 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215104430/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63676759 |archive-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> During a September 2023 state banquet at the [[Palace of Versailles]], it was reported that he did not want foie gras or out-of-season asparagus on the menu. Instead, he was served lobster.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Burchfield |first=Rachel |date=20 September 2023 |title=King Charles Has "A Strict List of Culinary Demands" for Banquet Tonight at Palace of Versailles During State Visit to France |url=https://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/royals/king-charles-culinary-demands-france/ |access-date=22 October 2023 |magazine=Marie Claire |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029173849/https://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/royals/king-charles-culinary-demands-france/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Charity work ==
Since founding the [[Prince's Trust]] in 1976, using his £7,500 of [[severance pay]] from the Royal Navy,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Smout |first1=Alistair |last2=Mills |first2=Sarah |last3=Gumuchian |first3=Marie-louise |date=16 September 2022 |title=With Charles king, his Prince's Trust youth charity goes on |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/with-charles-king-his-princes-trust-youth-charity-goes-2022-09-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126225815/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/with-charles-king-his-princes-trust-youth-charity-goes-2022-09-16 |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Charles has established 16 more charitable organisations and now serves as president of each.<ref name="Charities">{{Cite web |title=The Prince's Charities |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/atwork/theprincescharities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926171824/http://princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/atwork/theprincescharities |archive-date=26 September 2010 |access-date=16 October 2012 |publisher=Clarence House}}</ref><ref name=nytimes-charlesgothrone-sept82022/> Together they form a loose alliance, [[the Prince's Charities]], which describes itself as "the largest multi-cause charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom, raising more than £100 million annually ... [and is] active across a broad range of areas including education and young people, environmental sustainability, the built environment, responsible business and enterprise, and international".<ref name=Charities/> [[King Charles III Charitable Fund]] has donated over £73 million to various causes since 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/news/kings-charity-donate-ps195m-good-causes|title=King's Charity to donate £1.95M to good causes|work=The Wildlife Trust|date=31 January 2023 |accessdate=31 January 2023}}</ref> By September 2020 the Prince's Trust had supported over 1,000,000 young people and created 125,000 entrepreneurs.<ref>{{Cite web |last1= Ward |first1=Victoria |date=10 November 2023 |title= Prince's Trust rebranded to avoid 'confusion' with William's charities |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2023/11/10/princes-trust-renamed-king-charles-confusion-prince-william/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |work= The Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Callander |first=Rebecca Burn |title=Prince's pride as charities inspire 125,000 to start their own business |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/yourbusiness/10293727/Princes-pride-as-charities-inspire-125000-to-start-their-own-business.html |access-date=14 September 2013 |work=[[The Sunday Telegraph]] |date=7 September 2013 |archive-date=25 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225135000/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/yourbusiness/10293727/Princes-pride-as-charities-inspire-125000-to-start-their-own-business.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As Prince of Wales, Charles became [[patron]] or president of more than 800 other charities and organisations.<ref name="coronation-facts"/>

Charles has been known to donate his blood to raise awareness for health causes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Guy D. |title=People: Mar. 18, 1985 |url=https://time.com/archive/6708227/people-mar-18-1985/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250524005129/https://time.com/archive/6708227/people-mar-18-1985/ |archive-date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2026-02-19 |work=TIME |language=en}}</ref>

[[The Prince's Charities Canada]] was established in 2010, in a similar fashion to its namesake in Britain.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mackreal |first=Kim |date=18 May 2012 |title=Prince Charles rallies top-level support for his Canadian causes |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/prince-charles-rallies-top-level-support-for-his-canadian-causes/article2437881 |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520170839/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/prince-charles-rallies-top-level-support-for-his-canadian-causes/article2437881 |archive-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> Charles uses [[Royal tours of Canada|his tours]] of Canada as a way to help to draw attention to youth, the disabled, the environment, the arts, medicine, the elderly, heritage conservation and education.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |work=Department of Canadian Heritage |title=His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales |url=http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/special/royalvisit/biography.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922153922/http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/special/royalvisit/biography.htm |archive-date=22 September 2008 |access-date=12 October 2008 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> He has also set up [[the Prince's Charities Australia]], based in [[Melbourne]], to provide a co-ordinating presence for his Australian and international charitable endeavours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact Us |url=http://www.princescharitiesaustralia.org.au/contact-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809232135/http://www.princescharitiesaustralia.org.au/contact-us |archive-date=9 August 2014 |access-date=22 January 2013 |publisher=The Prince's Charities Australia}}</ref>
[[File:Charles (17292383035).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|With Camilla visiting the African American Heritage Center in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], United States, March 2015]]

Charles has supported humanitarian projects; for example, he and his sons took part in ceremonies that marked the 1998 [[International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]].<ref name=autogenerated2/> Charles expressed strong concerns about the human rights record of the Romanian dictator [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]].{{Sfn|Dimbleby|p=250|1994}} After Ceaușescu was deposed, he supported the FARA Foundation,<ref name=PoWsite/> a charity for Romanian orphans and abandoned children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=http://www.faracharity.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012011936/http://faracharity.org |archive-date=12 October 2010 |access-date=25 September 2012 |publisher=FARA Enterprises}}</ref> Charles has also supported humanitarian causes in Israel, including a private donation to the [[Peres Center for Peace|Peres Center for Peace and Innovation]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chemla |first1=Sarah |title=Prince Charles makes a donation to Israel's Peres Center |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/prince-charles-makes-a-donation-to-israels-peres-centre-648742 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111205722/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/prince-charles-makes-a-donation-to-israels-peres-centre-648742 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=21 June 2025 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=11 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Investigations of donations ===
{{Main|The King's Foundation#Cash for honours allegations and other donations|King Charles III Charitable Fund#Qatari donations}}

Two of Charles's charities, [[the Prince's Foundation]] and [[the Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund]] (later renamed the King's Foundation and King Charles III Charitable Fund), came under scrutiny in 2021 and 2022 for accepting donations many in the media deemed inappropriate. In August 2021 it was announced that the Prince's Foundation was launching an investigation into the reports,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Quinn |first=Ben |date=29 August 2021 |title=Prince of Wales charity launches inquiry into 'cash for access' claims |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/aug/29/prince-of-wales-charity-princes-foundation-launches-inquiry-into-cash-for-access-claims |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829150826/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/aug/29/prince-of-wales-charity-princes-foundation-launches-inquiry-into-cash-for-access-claims |archive-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> with Charles's support.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Foster |first1=Max |last2=Said-Moorhouse |first2=Lauren |date=6 September 2021 |title=Former aide to Prince Charles steps down over cash-for-honors scandal |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/05/uk/prince-charles-aide-michael-fawcett-intl-gbr/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907032152/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/05/uk/prince-charles-aide-michael-fawcett-intl-gbr/index.html |archive-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> The [[Charity Commission]] also launched an investigation into allegations that the donations meant for the Prince's Foundation had been instead sent to the [[Mahfouz Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Butler |first=Patrick |date=18 November 2021 |title=Inquiry into foundation linked to Prince of Wales launched |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/nov/18/inquiry-into-foundation-linked-to-prince-of-wales-launched |url-status=live |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118125504/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/nov/18/inquiry-into-foundation-linked-to-prince-of-wales-launched |archive-date=18 November 2021}}</ref> In February 2022, the Metropolitan Police launched an investigation into the cash-for-honours allegations linked to the foundation,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Montebello |first=Leah |date=16 February 2022 |title=Breaking: Met Police investigate cash-for-honours allegations against Prince Charles' charity |url=https://www.cityam.com/breaking-met-police-investigate-cash-for-honours-allegations-against-prince-charles-charity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216143136/https://www.cityam.com/breaking-met-police-investigate-cash-for-honours-allegations-against-prince-charles-charity |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=16 February 2022 |publisher=[[City A.M.]]|postscript=;}} {{cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Mary |date=16 February 2022 |title=Police to investigate Prince Charles' charity |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60404077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216223956/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60404077 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref> passing their evidence to the [[Crown Prosecution Service]] for deliberation in October.<ref name="timesnov22">{{Cite news |last1=Gadher |first1=Dipesh |last2=Gabriel Pogrund |last3=Megan Agnew |date=19 November 2022 |title=Cash-for-honours police pass file on King's aide Michael Fawcett to prosecutors |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/law/article/cash-for-honours-police-pass-file-on-kings-aide-michael-fawcett-to-prosecutors-hmmb3wmf0 |url-status=live |access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328182402/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/cash-for-honours-police-pass-file-on-kings-aide-michael-fawcett-to-prosecutors-hmmb3wmf0 |archive-date=28 March 2023}}</ref> In August 2023 the Metropolitan Police announced that they had concluded their investigations and no further action would be taken.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2023/08/21/michael-fawcett-police-alleged-cbe-honour-saudi-donor/|title=Cash-for-honours investigation into King Charles's charity dropped|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Victoria|last=Ward|date=21 August 2023|accessdate=21 August 2023|archive-date=21 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821114245/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2023/08/21/michael-fawcett-police-alleged-cbe-honour-saudi-donor/|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[The Times]]'' reported in June 2022 that, between 2011 and 2015, Charles accepted €3 million in cash from the [[Prime Minister of Qatar]], [[Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani]].<ref name="charlestimes">{{Cite news |last1=Pogrund |first1=Gabriel |last2=Keidan |first2=Charles |last3=Faulkner |first3=Katherine |date=25 June 2022 |title=Prince Charles accepted €1m cash in suitcase from sheikh |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/charles-accepted-1m-cash-in-suitcase-from-sheikh-j2pgnfsgx |url-status=live |access-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625171348/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/charles-accepted-1m-cash-in-suitcase-from-sheikh-j2pgnfsgx |archive-date=25 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="guardiancharles">{{Cite news |last=Connett |first=David |date=25 June 2022 |title=Prince Charles is said to have been given €3m in Qatari cash |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jun/25/prince-charles-is-said-to-have-been-given-3m-in-qatari-cash |url-status=live |access-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625222114/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jun/25/prince-charles-is-said-to-have-been-given-3m-in-qatari-cash |archive-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> There was no evidence that the payments were illegal or that it was not intended for the money to go to the charity,<ref name=guardiancharles/> although the Charity Commission stated it would review the information<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2022 |title=Prince Charles: Charity watchdog reviewing information over reports royal accepted carrier bag full of cash as a charity donation from Qatar ex-PM |url=https://news.sky.com/story/prince-charles-charity-watchdog-reviewing-information-over-reports-royal-accepted-carrier-bag-full-of-cash-as-a-charity-donation-from-qatar-ex-pm-12640980 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627103929/https://news.sky.com/story/prince-charles-charity-watchdog-reviewing-information-over-reports-royal-accepted-carrier-bag-full-of-cash-as-a-charity-donation-from-qatar-ex-pm-12640980 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=[[Sky News]]}}</ref> and announced in July 2022 that there would be no further investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=20 July 2022 |title=Prince Charles: No inquiry into £2.5m cash donation to his charity |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62011791 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720223151/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62011791 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In the same month, ''The Times'' reported that the Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund received a donation of £1 million from [[Bakr bin Laden]] and Shafiq bin Laden{{snd}}both half-brothers of [[Osama bin Laden]]{{snd}}during a private meeting in 2013.<ref name="Times-Bin-Laden">{{Cite news |last1=Pogrund |first1=Gabriel |last2=Charles Keidan |date=30 July 2022 |title=Prince Charles accepted £1m from family of Osama bin Laden |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/royal-family/article/prince-charles-accepted-1m-from-family-of-osama-bin-laden-7pd55sgn6 |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730173254/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/prince-charles-accepted-1m-from-family-of-osama-bin-laden-7pd55sgn6 |archive-date=30 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Guardian-Bin-Laden">{{Cite news |date=13 October 2001 |title=Prince Charles dined with Bin Laden's brother |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/oct/13/monarchy.afghanistan |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730183519/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/oct/13/monarchy.afghanistan |archive-date=30 July 2022 |quote="The Prince of Wales had dinner with a brother of Osama bin Laden two weeks after the September 11th attacks, St James' Palace said today."}}</ref> The Charity Commission described the decision to accept donations as a "matter for trustees" and added that no investigation was required.<ref name="Telegraph-Bin-Laden">{{Cite web |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=1 August 2022 |title=Prince Charles's charity won't be investigated for accepting bin Laden family £1m donation |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/08/01/prince-charless-charity-wont-investigated-accepting-bin-laden |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801173816/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/08/01/prince-charless-charity-wont-investigated-accepting-bin-laden |archive-date=1 August 2022 |access-date=1 August 2022 |website=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>

== Personal interests ==
[[File:Prime Minister Boris Johnson attends CHOGM 2022 (52169710654).jpg|thumb|With [[Boris Johnson]] at the [[2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] in [[Kigali]], Rwanda|alt=Charles standing next to Johnson with the flag of the Commonwealth of Nations behind them]]

From young adulthood, Charles encouraged the understanding of [[Indigenous peoples|Indigenous voices]], saying they held crucial messages about preservation of the land, respecting community and shared values, resolving conflict, and recognising and making good on past iniquities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fraser |first=John |date=26 April 2023 |title=What the reign of King Charles III means for Canada |url=https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/a-new-era |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427054936/https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/a-new-era |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=29 April 2023 |magazine=Canadian Geographic}}</ref> He dovetailed this view with his efforts against climate change,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dulcie |first=Lee |date=20 May 2022 |title=Prince Charles: We must learn from indigenous people on climate change |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61517750 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429165148/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61517750 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |access-date=29 April 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> as well as [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada|reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples]] and his charitable work in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2022 |title=Prince Charles commits to 'listening' to Indigenous peoples as Canadian royal tour begins |url=https://globalnews.ca/video/8842597/prince-charles-commits-to-listening-to-indigenous-peoples-as-canadian-royal-tour-begins |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429165149/https://globalnews.ca/video/8842597/prince-charles-commits-to-listening-to-indigenous-peoples-as-canadian-royal-tour-begins |archive-date=29 April 2023 |access-date=29 April 2023 |publisher=Global News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Katawazi |first=Miriam |date=27 June 2017 |title=Prince Charles's charities work to undo past wrongs against Indigenous people through reconciliation |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-150/prince-charles-canada-150-charity-indigenous/article35476084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429165148/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-150/prince-charles-canada-150-charity-indigenous/article35476084 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |access-date=29 April 2023 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> At the [[2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] Charles, who was representing his mother, raised that reconciliation process as an example for dealing with the history of [[Slavery in Britain#Enslaved Africans|slavery in the British Empire]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brewster |first=Murray |date=24 June 2022 |title=Commonwealth countries could learn from Canada's reconciliation efforts, Prince Charles says |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/commonwealth-indigenous-reconcilliation-1.6500076 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429165149/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/commonwealth-indigenous-reconcilliation-1.6500076 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |access-date=29 April 2023 |work=CBC News}}</ref> for which he expressed his sorrow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=Prince Charles tells Commonwealth of sorrow over slavery |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61919514 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624033738/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61919514 |archive-date=24 June 2022 |access-date=29 April 2023 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

Letters sent by Charles to British government ministers in 2004 and 2005 expressing his concerns over various policy issues{{snd}}known as the [[black spider memos]]{{snd}}presented potential embarrassment following a challenge by ''[[The Guardian]]'' to release the letters under the [[Freedom of Information Act 2000]]. In March 2015 the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]] decided that Charles's letters must be released.<ref name="Guardian20150326">{{Cite news |last=Evans |first=Rob |date=26 March 2015 |title=Supreme court clears way for release of secret Prince Charles letters |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/26/supreme-court-clears-way-release-secret-prince-charles-letters-black-spider-memos |url-status=live |access-date=26 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327040226/http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/26/supreme-court-clears-way-release-secret-prince-charles-letters-black-spider-memos |archive-date=27 March 2015}}</ref> The [[Cabinet Office]] published the letters in May that year.<ref>{{Cite news|work=The Independent|title=Prince Charles' 'black spider' memos: What are they and what impact will their publication have?|first=Loulla-Mae|last=Eleftheriou-Smith|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-charles-black-spider-memos-what-are-they-and-what-impact-will-their-publication-have-a64441.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910034527/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-charles-black-spider-memos-what-are-they-and-what-impact-will-their-publication-have-a64441.html|date=13 May 2015|archive-date=10 September 2022|access-date=29 May 2024|url-status=live}}; {{Cite news |title=Prince Charles's black spider memos in 60 seconds |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/11603875/Prince-Charless-black-spider-memos-in-60-seconds.html |url-status=dead |access-date=15 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516011756/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/11603875/Prince-Charless-black-spider-memos-in-60-seconds.html |archive-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> The reaction was largely supportive of Charles, with little criticism of him;<ref name="post">{{Cite news |date=14 May 2015 |title=Prince Charles, the toothfish and the toothless 'black spider' letters|author-first1=Fred|author-last1=Barbash|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/05/14/prince-charles-and-the-disappointing-black-spider-letters |url-status=live |access-date=23 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406040518/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/05/14/prince-charles-and-the-disappointing-black-spider-letters |archive-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> the press variously described the memos as "underwhelming"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spector |first=Dina |date=13 May 2015 |title=There are 3 reasons why Britain might be completely underwhelmed by Prince Charles' black spider memos |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/prince-charles-black-spider-memos-may-be-disappointing-2015-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423054457/https://www.businessinsider.com/prince-charles-black-spider-memos-may-be-disappointing-2015-5 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=23 May 2015 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> and "harmless",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jenkins |first=Simon |date=13 May 2015 |title=The black spider memos: a royal sigh of woe at a world gone to the dogs |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/13/black-spider-memos-prince-charles |url-status=live |access-date=23 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614172232/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/13/black-spider-memos-prince-charles |archive-date=14 June 2018}}</ref> and concluded that their release had "backfired on those who seek to belittle him".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |date=13 May 2015 |title=All the 'black spider memos' expose is the passion and dignity of Prince Charles |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/11604099/All-the-black-spider-memos-expose-is-the-passion-and-dignity-of-Prince-Charles.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515233332/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/11604099/All-the-black-spider-memos-expose-is-the-passion-and-dignity-of-Prince-Charles.html |archive-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> It was revealed in the same year that Charles had access to confidential Cabinet papers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Booth |first=Robert |date=15 December 2015 |title=Revealed: Prince Charles has received confidential cabinet papers for decades |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/15/revealed-prince-charles-has-received-confidential-cabinet-papers-for-decades |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110031007/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/15/revealed-prince-charles-has-received-confidential-cabinet-papers-for-decades |archive-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>

In October 2020, a letter sent by Charles to the Governor-General of Australia, [[Sir John Kerr]], after [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|Kerr's dismissal]] of Prime Minister [[Gough Whitlam]] in 1975, was released as part of the collection of [[palace letters]] regarding the Australian constitutional crisis.<ref name="Guardian-Oct2020">{{Cite web |last=Boseley |first=Matilda |date=24 October 2020 |title=Prince Charles's letter to John Kerr reportedly endorsing sacking of Whitlam condemned |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/oct/24/prince-charless-letter-to-john-kerr-reportedly-endorsing-sacking-of-whitlam-condemned |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213022243/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/oct/24/prince-charless-letter-to-john-kerr-reportedly-endorsing-sacking-of-whitlam-condemned |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> In the letter, Charles was supportive of Kerr's decision, writing that what Kerr "did last year was right and the courageous thing to do".<ref name=Guardian-Oct2020/>[[File:Scottish party leaders with Prince Charles.jpg|thumb|Meeting with [[Ruth Davidson]] and [[Nicola Sturgeon]] after the [[Kirking of the Scottish Parliament]], May 2016|alt=Charles greeting Davidson, Sturgeon, and other members of the Scottish Parliament]]

''The Times'' reported in June 2022 that Charles had privately described the British government's [[Rwanda asylum plan]] as "appalling" and he feared that it would overshadow the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Rwanda that same month.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Dathan |first1=Matt |last2=Low |first2=Valentine |date=10 June 2022 |title=Prince Charles: Flying migrants to Rwanda is 'appalling' |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/royal-family/article/prince-charles-flying-migrants-to-rwanda-is-appalling-l6jzklfhm |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709030718/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/prince-charles-flying-migrants-to-rwanda-is-appalling-l6jzklfhm |url-status=live|url-access=subscription |postscript=;}} {{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Harry|date=10 June 2022 |title=Prince Charles criticises 'appalling' Rwanda migrant scheme – reports|work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jun/10/prince-charles-criticises-appalling-rwanda-scheme-reports|access-date=28 May 2024|archive-date=20 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520114336/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jun/10/prince-charles-criticises-appalling-rwanda-scheme-reports|url-status=live|postscript=;}} {{Cite news|date=11 June 2022 |title=Rwanda deportation plan: Prince Charles 'says policy is appalling' as court rules first asylum seekers can be sent away |url=https://news.sky.com/story/rwanda-deportation-plan-prince-charles-says-policy-is-appalling-as-court-rules-first-asylum-seekers-can-be-sent-away-12631489 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611000307/https://news.sky.com/story/rwanda-deportation-plan-prince-charles-says-policy-is-appalling-as-court-rules-first-asylum-seekers-can-be-sent-away-12631489 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=[[Sky News]]}}</ref> It was later claimed that Cabinet ministers had warned Charles to avoid making political comments, as they feared a constitutional crisis could arise if he continued to make such statements once he became King.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Wheeler |first1=Caroline |last2=Shipman |first2=Tim |last3=Nikkah |first3=Roya |date=12 June 2022 |title=Charles won't be Prince Charming if he keeps on meddling, say ministers |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/royal-family/article/charles-wont-be-prince-charming-if-he-keeps-on-meddling-say-ministers-bnz0n00bs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702225054/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/charles-wont-be-prince-charming-if-he-keeps-on-meddling-say-ministers-bnz0n00bs |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |work=[[The Times]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=18 June 2022 |title=Prince Charles faces awkward trip after Rwanda row|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61808445|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523025823/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61808445|archive-date=23 May 2023|access-date=28 May 2024 |work=BBC News|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Built environment ===
Charles has openly expressed his views on architecture and [[urban planning]]; he fostered the advancement of [[New Classical architecture]] and asserted that he "care[s] deeply about issues such as the environment, architecture, inner-city renewal, and the quality of life."<ref name="planetizen">{{Cite web |date=13 September 2009 |title=Charles, Prince of Wales |url=http://www.planetizen.com/topthinkers/charles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316103521/http://www.planetizen.com/topthinkers/charles |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=31 March 2012 |publisher=Planetizen}}</ref> In a speech given for the 150th anniversary of the [[Royal Institute of British Architects]] in May 1984, he described a proposed extension to the [[National Gallery in London]] as a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved friend" and deplored the "glass stumps and concrete towers" of modern architecture.<ref name="RIBA speech">{{Cite web |date=30 May 1984 |title=A speech by HRH The Prince of Wales at the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), Royal Gala Evening at Hampton Court Palace |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/speechesandarticles/a_speech_by_hrh_the_prince_of_wales_at_the_150th_anniversary_1876801621.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213205/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/speechesandarticles/a_speech_by_hrh_the_prince_of_wales_at_the_150th_anniversary_1876801621.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=17 June 2012 |website=Prince of Wales}}</ref> Charles called for local community involvement in architectural choices and asked, "why has everything got to be vertical, straight, unbending, only at right angles{{snd}}and functional?"<ref name="RIBA speech"/> Charles has "a deep understanding of [[Islamic art]] and [[Islamic architecture|architecture]]", according to the Oxford professor Mohammed Talib,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim |first=Azeem |date=2022-09-12 |title=King Charles likely to be a friend of the Middle East |url=https://arab.news/zcz97 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231210202858/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2161106 |archive-date=2023-12-10 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> and has been involved in the construction of a building and garden at the [[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]] that combine Islamic and Oxford architectural styles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024 |title=HM King Charles III continues as the Patron of the Centre |url=https://www.oxcis.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-11/Special%20Issue%20HM%20King%20Charles%20III.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260302235034/https://www.oxcis.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-11/Special%20Issue%20HM%20King%20Charles%20III.pdf |archive-date=2026-03-02 |access-date=2026-03-02 |publisher=Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies}}</ref>
[[File:Prince Charles 2000.jpg|thumb|upright=1|left|At the newly opened [[At-Bristol]], June 2000|alt=Charles at the science and arts centre and educational charity At-Bristol, now called We the Curious, in 2000]]

In Charles's 1989 book ''[[A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture|A Vision of Britain]]'', and in speeches and essays, he has been critical of [[modern architecture]], arguing that traditional designs and methods should guide contemporary ones.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Capps |first=Kriston |date=9 September 2022 |title=King Charles III, City Maker |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-09/king-charles-iii-was-once-a-prince-with-a-passion-for-urban-planning |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=Bloomberg |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516070348/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-09/king-charles-iii-was-once-a-prince-with-a-passion-for-urban-planning |url-status=live }}</ref> He has continued to campaign for traditional urbanism, human scale, restoration of historic buildings, and sustainable design<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Prince of Wales Accepts Vincent Scully Prize |work=artdaily.com |url=http://www.artdaily.com/index.asp?int_sec=11&int_new=15419&int_modo=1 |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523221124/http://www.artdaily.com/index.asp?int_sec=11&int_new=15419&int_modo=1 |archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> despite criticism in the press.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harper |first=Phineas |date=21 September 2022 |title=King Charles's endless meddling in architectural politics has accomplished nothing |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/sep/21/king-charles-architectural-politics-prince-profit-poundbury-paisley-perspectives |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020104323/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/sep/21/king-charles-architectural-politics-prince-profit-poundbury-paisley-perspectives |archive-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> Two of his charities{{snd}}[[the Prince's Regeneration Trust]] and [[the Prince's Foundation for Building Community]], which were later merged into one charity{{snd}}promote his views. The village of [[Poundbury]] was built on land owned by the [[Duchy of Cornwall]] to a master plan by [[Léon Krier]], under the guidance of Charles and in line with his philosophy.<ref name=planetizen/> In 2013 developments for the suburb of [[Nansledan]] began on the estate of the Duchy of Cornwall with Charles's endorsement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Graham |first=Hugh |date=30 June 2019 |title=Exclusive: Prince Charles, the new Poundbury and his manifesto to solve the housing crisis |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/royal-family/article/exclusive-prince-charles-the-new-poundbury-and-his-manifesto-to-solve-the-housing-crisis-6v57bz09m |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806144113/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/exclusive-prince-charles-the-new-poundbury-and-his-manifesto-to-solve-the-housing-crisis-6v57bz09m |url-status=live }}</ref> Charles helped purchase [[Dumfries House]] and its complete collection of 18th century furnishings in 2007, taking a £20 million loan from his charitable trust to contribute towards the £45 million cost.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cramb |first=Auslan |date=28 June 2007 |title=Charles saves Dumfries House at 11th hour |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1555879/Charles-saves-Dumfries-House-at-11th-hour.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613032918/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1555879/Charles-saves-Dumfries-House-at-11th-hour.html |archive-date=13 June 2008}}</ref> The house and gardens remain property of the Prince's Foundation and serve as a museum and community and skills training centre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foyle |first=Johnathan |date=27 June 2014 |title=Dumfries House: training the unemployed |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8e7fbb8a-f7c9-11e3-90fa-00144feabdc0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213123428/https://www.ft.com/content/8e7fbb8a-f7c9-11e3-90fa-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=4 May 2023 |newspaper=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2017 |title=Prince Charles to build wellbeing centre at Dumfries House |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/people/prince-charles-build-wellbeing-centre-dumfries-house-1444993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007062410/https://www.scotsman.com/news/people/prince-charles-build-wellbeing-centre-dumfries-house-1444993 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=4 May 2023 |newspaper=The Scotsman}}</ref> This led to the development of [[Knockroon]], called the "Scottish Poundbury".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Freyberg |first=Annabel |date=27 May 2011 |title=Dumfries House: a Sleeping Beauty brought back to life by the Prince of Wales |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/8533968/Dumfries-House-a-Sleeping-Beauty-brought-back-to-life-by-the-Prince-of-Wales.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530002701/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/8533968/Dumfries-House-a-Sleeping-Beauty-brought-back-to-life-by-the-Prince-of-Wales.html |archive-date=30 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marrs |first=Colin |date=16 September 2016 |title=Prince Charles's stalled 'Scottish Poundbury' under scrutiny |url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/prince-charless-stalled-scottish-poundbury-under-scrutiny |access-date=4 May 2023 |magazine=Architect's Journal |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206083826/https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/prince-charless-stalled-scottish-poundbury-under-scrutiny |url-status=live }}</ref>

After lamenting in 1996 the unbridled destruction of many of Canada's historic urban cores, Charles offered his assistance to the [[Department of Canadian Heritage]] in creating a trust modelled on Britain's [[National Trust]], a plan that was implemented with the passage of the [[2007 Canadian federal budget|federal budget in 2007]].<ref>{{Cite book |series=Department of Finance |url=http://www.budget.gc.ca/2007/pdf/bp2007e.pdf |title=The Budget Plan 2007: Aspire to a Stronger, Safer, Better Canada |date=19 March 2007 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |page=99 |access-date=1 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612210045/http://www.budget.gc.ca/2007/pdf/bp2007e.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999 Charles agreed to the use of his title for the [[Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership]], awarded by the [[National Trust for Canada]] to municipal governments that have committed to the conservation of historic places.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heritage Services |url=http://www.heritagecanada.org/eng/services/winners.html#pow |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914170352/http://www.heritagecanada.org/eng/services/winners.html |archive-date=14 September 2008 |access-date=12 October 2008 |publisher=Heritage Canada Foundation}}</ref>

Whilst visiting the US and surveying the damage caused by [[Hurricane Katrina]], Charles received the [[National Building Museum]]'s [[Vincent Scully Prize]] in 2005 for his efforts in regard to architecture; he donated US$25,000 of the prize money towards restoring storm-damaged communities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hales |first=Linda |date=26 October 2005 |title=Prince Charles to Accept Scully Prize at Building Museum |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/25/AR2005102501514.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002651/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/25/AR2005102501514.html |archive-date=5 March 2016|postscript=;}} {{Cite web |title=The Prince of Wales Accepts Vincent Scully Prize |url=http://www.artdaily.com/index.asp?int_sec=11&int_new=15419&int_modo=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523221124/http://www.artdaily.com/index.asp?int_sec=11&int_new=15419&int_modo=1 |archive-date=23 May 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=artdaily.com}}</ref> For his work as patron of New Classical architecture, Charles was awarded the 2012 [[Driehaus Architecture Prize]] from the [[University of Notre Dame]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2012 |title=Prince Charles honored for his architectural patronage |url=https://news.nd.edu/news/prince-charles-honored-for-his-architectural-patronage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824124603/https://news.nd.edu/news/prince-charles-honored-for-his-architectural-patronage |archive-date=24 August 2020 |access-date=4 October 2017 |publisher=Notre Dame News}}</ref> The [[Worshipful Company of Carpenters]] installed Charles as an Honorary Liveryman "in recognition of his interest in London's architecture."<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.thecarpenterscompany.co.uk/pages/about_us/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717001302/http://www.thecarpenterscompany.co.uk/pages/about_us/default.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=17 June 2012 |website=Carpenters' Company website}}</ref>

Charles has occasionally intervened in projects that employ architectural styles such as [[modernism]] and [[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalism]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2009 |title=Prince Charles Faces Opponents, Slams Modern Architecture |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601117&sid=aZWgmQ.WDjtM |access-date=20 June 2009 |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] }}</ref><ref name="ArchCon14">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2009 |title=Architects urge boycott of Prince Charles speech |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna30686547 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102172302/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/30686547 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |access-date=20 June 2009 |website=[[NBC News]]|postscript=;}} {{Cite news |date=12 May 2009 |title=Architects to hear Prince appeal |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8045027.stm |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202111706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8045027.stm |archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> In 2009 he wrote to the [[Qatari royal family]]{{snd}}the financier of the redevelopment of the [[Chelsea Barracks]] site{{snd}}labelling [[Lord Rogers]]'s design for the site "unsuitable". Rogers claimed that Charles had also intervened to block his designs for the [[Royal Opera House]] and [[Paternoster Square]].<ref name="ArchCon2">{{Cite news |last=Booth |first=Robert |date=15 June 2009 |title=Prince Charles's meddling in planning 'unconstitutional', says Richard Rogers |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/jun/15/prince-charles-richard-rogers-architecture |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224162932/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/jun/15/prince-charles-richard-rogers-architecture |archive-date=24 December 2013}}</ref> CPC Group, the project developer, took a case against [[Qatari Diar]] to the [[High Court of Justice|High Court]].<ref name="BBC-CPC group">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2010 |title=Chelsea Barracks developer apologises to Prince Charles |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-10750914 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626081117/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-10750914 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref> After the suit was settled, the CPC Group apologised to Charles "for any offence caused{{nbsp}}... during the course of the proceedings".<ref name="BBC-CPC group"/>

=== Natural environment ===
[[File:H.R.H the Prince of Wales addresses the opening of the Paris Climate Change Conference (23128701230).jpg|thumb|Addressing the opening of the [[Paris Climate Change Conference]], November 2015|alt=Charles delivers a speech at a podium with the French and United Nations flags behind him]]

Since the 1970s Charles has promoted environmental awareness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2007 |title=Prince Charles honored with HMS's Global Environmental Citizen Award |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/02/prince-charles-honored-with-hmss-global-environmental-citizen-award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310231535/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/02/prince-charles-honored-with-hmss-global-environmental-citizen-award |archive-date=10 March 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[The Harvard Gazette]]}}</ref> At the age of 21 he delivered his first speech on [[Environmental issues in the United Kingdom|environmental issues]] in his capacity as the chairman of the Welsh Countryside Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Valentine |date=19 February 2020 |title=No one is calling my fears over the climate dotty now, says Prince Charles |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/royal-family/article/no-one-is-calling-my-fears-over-the-climate-dotty-now-says-prince-charles-kslhjxj7x |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808225104/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/no-one-is-calling-my-fears-over-the-climate-dotty-now-says-prince-charles-kslhjxj7x |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=The Times}}</ref> Charles was named one of [[Time Magazine]]'s 100 most influential climate leaders of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Simmone |date=30 October 2025 |title=King Charles III: The 100 Most Influential Climate Leaders of 2025 |url=https://time.com/collections/time-100-climate-2025/7326570/king-charles-iii/ |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=Time Magazine}}</ref> An avid gardener, Charles has also emphasised the importance of [[talking to plants]], stating that "I happily talk to the plants and trees, and listen to them. I think it's absolutely crucial".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferran |first=Lee |date=20 September 2010 |title=Prince Charles Eavesdrops on Tourists, Speaks to Plants |url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/prince-charles-eavesdrops-tourists-speaks-plants/story?id=11679656 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601013004/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/prince-charles-eavesdrops-tourists-speaks-plants/story?id=11679656 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> His interest in gardening began in 1980 when he took over the Highgrove estate.<ref name="Guardian-garden">{{Cite web |last=Vidal |first=John |date=15 May 2002 |title=Charles designs 'healing garden' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/may/16/monarchy.johnvidal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215204436/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/may/16/monarchy.johnvidal |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> His "healing garden", based on sacred geometry and ancient religious symbolism, went on display at the [[Chelsea Flower Show]] in 2002.<ref name="Guardian-garden"/>

Upon moving into Highgrove House, Charles developed an interest in [[organic farming]], which culminated in the 1990 launch of his own organic brand, [[Duchy Originals]],<ref name="duchyoriginals">{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=http://www.duchyoriginals.com/our_story.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005065906/http://www.duchyoriginals.com/our_story.php |archive-date=5 October 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=Duchyoriginals.com}}</ref> which sells more than 200 different sustainably produced products; the profits (more than £6 million by 2010) are donated to the Prince's Charities.<ref name="duchyoriginals"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rainey |first=Sarah |date=12 November 2013 |title=Why Prince Charles's Duchy Originals takes the biscuit |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/10433884/Why-Prince-Charless-Duchy-Originals-takes-the-biscuit.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401092056/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/10433884/Why-Prince-Charless-Duchy-Originals-takes-the-biscuit.html |archive-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> Charles became involved with farming and various industries within it, regularly meeting with farmers to discuss their trade. A prominent critic of the practice,<ref>Spandenburg and Moser 2004, p. 32</ref> Charles has also spoken against the use of [[genetically modified crops]], and in a letter to [[Tony Blair]] in 1998 he criticised the development of [[genetically modified food]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenbaum |first=Martin |date=23 January 2019 |title=Prince Charles warned Tony Blair against GM foods |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-46844454 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510230259/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-46844454 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

The Sustainable Markets Initiative{{snd}}a project that encourages putting [[sustainability]] at the centre of all activities{{snd}}was launched by Charles at the [[World Economic Forum]]'s annual meeting in [[Davos]] in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Myers |first=Joe |date=22 January 2020 |title=This member of the British Royal Family has a vital message if we are to save the planet |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/prince-charles-the-crucial-lesson-we-have-to-learn-from-the-climate-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102060214/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/prince-charles-the-crucial-lesson-we-have-to-learn-from-the-climate-crisis |archive-date=2 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> In May of the same year, the initiative and the World Economic Forum initiated the [[Great Reset]] project, a five-point plan concerned with enhancing sustainable economic growth following the global recession caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inman |first=Phillip |date=3 June 2020 |title=Pandemic is chance to reset global economy, says Prince Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jun/03/pandemic-is-chance-to-reset-global-economy-says-prince-charles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117152600/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jun/03/pandemic-is-chance-to-reset-global-economy-says-prince-charles |archive-date=17 November 2020 |access-date=3 June 2020 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>
[[File:PoW & DoC visiting the Hackney City Farm 08.jpg|thumb|left|With Camilla visiting [[Hackney City Farm]] in East London, May 2009]]

The holy [[chrism]] oil used at Charles's coronation was vegan, made from oils of olive, sesame, rose, jasmine, cinnamon, neroli and benzoin, along with amber and orange blossom. His mother's chrism oil contained animal-based oils.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2023 |title=Holy oil to be used to anoint King during Coronation is vegan friendly |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/alice-jerusalem-mother-church-of-england-victoria-b2294169.html|author-first1=Ted|author-last1=Hennessey|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328152131/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/alice-jerusalem-mother-church-of-england-victoria-b2294169.html|archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=The Independent (UK)}}</ref>

Charles delivered a speech at the [[2021 G20 Rome summit]], describing [[COP26]] as "the last chance saloon" for preventing climate change and asking for actions that would lead to a green-led, sustainable economy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Peter |date=31 October 2021 |title=Cop26 'literally the last chance saloon' to save planet – Prince Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/31/cop26-literally-the-last-chance-saloon-to-save-planet-prince-charles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031120640/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/31/cop26-literally-the-last-chance-saloon-to-save-planet-prince-charles |archive-date=31 October 2021 |access-date=31 October 2021 |website=The Guardian |oclc=60623878}}</ref> In his speech at the opening ceremony for COP26, he repeated his sentiments from the previous year, stating that "a vast military-style campaign" was needed "to marshal the strength of the global private sector" for tackling climate change.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elbaum |first=Rachel |date=1 November 2021 |title=Prince Charles calls for 'warlike footing' in climate fight as world leaders gather |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/cop26-prince-charles-warn-world-act-climate-change-rcna4217 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102003601/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/cop26-prince-charles-warn-world-act-climate-change-rcna4217 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=[[NBC]]}}</ref> In 2022 the media alleged that Liz Truss had advised Charles against attending [[COP27]], to which advice he agreed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title=King Charles will not attend climate summit on Truss advice |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63105522 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213150741/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63105522 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Charles delivered the opening speech at [[COP28]], saying among others he prayed "with all my heart that COP28 will be a critical turning point towards genuine transformational action."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paddison |first1=Laura |title=King Charles says world heading for 'dangerous uncharted territory' at global leaders summit |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/01/climate/king-charles-cop28-uae-investment-unsg-climate-intl/index.html |access-date=19 December 2023 |agency=CNN |date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219155202/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/01/climate/king-charles-cop28-uae-investment-unsg-climate-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Charles, who is patron of the [[Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership]], introduced the Climate Action Scholarships for students from small island nations in partnership with the [[University of Cambridge]], the [[University of Toronto]], the [[University of Melbourne]], [[McMaster University]] and the [[University of Montreal]] in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=The Prince of Wales launches climate action scholarships for small island nation students |url=https://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/prince-wales-launches-climate-action-scholarships-small-island-nation-students |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314122504/https://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/prince-wales-launches-climate-action-scholarships-small-island-nation-students |archive-date=14 March 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Prince of Wales}}</ref> In 2010, he funded the Prince's Countryside Fund (renamed [[the Royal Countryside Fund]] in 2023), a charity that aims for a "confident, robust and sustainable agricultural and rural community".<ref name="Prince">[http://www.princescountrysidefund.org.uk/who-we-are/about-us about-us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517141213/https://www.princescountrysidefund.org.uk/who-we-are/about-us |date=17 May 2021 }} The Prince's Countryside Fund – 26 December 2018</ref>

=== Alternative medicine ===
Charles has controversially championed [[alternative medicine]], including [[homeopathy]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Feder |first=Barnaby J. |date=9 January 1985 |title=More Britons Trying Holistic Medicine |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/09/garden/more-britons-trying-holistic-medicine.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601212116/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/09/garden/more-britons-trying-holistic-medicine.html |archive-date=1 June 2013 |oclc=1645522}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He first publicly expressed his interest in the topic in December 1982, in an address to the [[British Medical Association]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bower |first=Tom |title=The Rebel Prince, The Power, Passion and Defiance of Prince Charles |date=2018 |publisher=William Collins |isbn=978-0-00-829173-0|chapter="Chapter 6" |author-link=Tom Bower}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=The Prince of Wales |date=December 2012 |title=Integrated health and post modern medicine |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=496–498 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2012.12k095 |pmc=3536513 |pmid=23263785 | issn=0141-0768 |postscript=;}} {{Cite web |last=Hamilton-Smith |first=Anthony |date=9 April 1990 |title=Medicine: Complementary and Conventional Treatments |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1990-04-09/debates/6296182a-aae3-4b12-af8d-725a4f1f5325/MedicineComplementaryAndConventionaltreatments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913190402/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1990-04-09/debates/6296182a-aae3-4b12-af8d-725a4f1f5325/MedicineComplementaryAndConventionaltreatments |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022|postscript=;}} {{cite web |last=Rainey |first=Sarah |date=12 November 2013 |title=Prince Charles and homeopathy: crank or revolutionary? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/10433939/Prince-Charles-and-homeopathy-crank-or-revolutionary.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214095738/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/10433939/Prince-Charles-and-homeopathy-crank-or-revolutionary.html |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |quote=}}</ref> This speech was seen as "combative" and "critical" of modern medicine and was met with anger by some medical professionals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Rawlins |first=Richard |date=March 2013 |title=Response to HRH |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=79–80 |doi=10.1177/0141076813478789 |pmc=3595413 |pmid=23481428 |quote=|postscript=;}} {{Cite book |last=Ernst |first=Edzard |title=Charles, the alternative prince an unauthorised biography |date=2022 |publisher=Imprint Academic |isbn=978-1-78836-070-8|postscript=;}} {{Cite journal |last=Weissmann |first=Gerald |date=September 2006 |title=Homeopathy: Holmes, Hogwarts, and the Prince of Wales |journal=The FASEB Journal |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=1755–1758 |doi=10.1096/fj.06-0901ufm |pmid=16940145 |s2cid=9305843 |quote=|doi-access=free }}</ref> Similarly, [[the Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health]] (FIH) attracted opposition from the scientific and medical community over its campaign encouraging [[general practitioner]]s to offer [[Herbal medicine|herbal]] and other alternative treatments to NHS patients.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carr-Brown |first=Jonathon |date=14 August 2005 |title=Charles's 'alternative GP' campaign stirs anger |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/healthcare/article/charless-alternative-gp-campaign-stirs-anger-zlq9rbk9ndf |url-status=live |access-date=11 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622192659/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/charless-alternative-gp-campaign-stirs-anger-zlq9rbk9ndf |archive-date=22 June 2018}} {{Subscription required}}</ref><ref name="guardian-coffee-cancer">{{Cite news |last=Revill |first=Jo |date=27 June 2004 |title=Now Charles backs coffee cure for cancer |work=[[The Observer]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/jun/27/themonarchy.medicineandhealth |url-status=live |access-date=19 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927115424/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/jun/27/themonarchy.medicineandhealth |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>

In April 2008, ''[[The Times]]'' published a letter from [[Edzard Ernst]], professor of [[complementary medicine]] at the [[University of Exeter]], which asked the FIH to recall two guides promoting alternative medicine. That year, Ernst published a book with [[Simon Singh]] called ''[[Trick or Treatment: Alternative Medicine on Trial]]'' and mockingly dedicated to "HRH the Prince of Wales". The last chapter is highly critical of Charles's advocacy of complementary and alternative treatments.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Simon |title=Trick or Treatment: Alternative Medicine on Trial |title-link=Trick or Treatment? |last2=Ernst |first2=Edzard |date=2008 |publisher=[[Bantam Press]] |author-link=Simon Singh |author-link2=Edzard Ernst}}</ref>

Charles's Duchy Originals produced a variety of complementary medicinal products, including a "Detox Tincture" that Ernst denounced as "financially exploiting the vulnerable" and "outright [[quackery]]".<ref name="TelegraphAltMed">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Tim |date=31 October 2009 |title=Prince Charles lobbies Andy Burnham on complementary medicine for NHS |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mandrake/6474595/Prince-Charles-lobbies-Andy-Burnham-on-complementary-medicine-for-NHS.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327154332/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mandrake/6474595/Prince-Charles-lobbies-Andy-Burnham-on-complementary-medicine-for-NHS.html |archive-date=27 March 2010}}</ref> Charles personally wrote at least seven letters<ref>{{Cite web |last=Colquhoun |first=David |author-link=David Colquhoun |date=12 March 2007 |title=HRH 'meddling in politics' |url=http://www.dcscience.net/?p=89 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115065128/http://www.dcscience.net/?p=89 |archive-date=15 November 2010 |access-date=6 November 2009 |publisher=DC's Improbable Science}}</ref> to the [[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] shortly before it relaxed the rules governing labelling of such herbal products, a move that was widely condemned by scientists and medical bodies.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hawkes |first1=Nigel |last2=Henderson |first2=Mark |date=1 September 2006 |title=Doctors attack natural remedy claims |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/healthcare/article/doctors-attack-natural-remedy-claims-mchf8nkw22j |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622193109/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/doctors-attack-natural-remedy-claims-mchf8nkw22j |archive-date=22 June 2018}} {{subscription required}}</ref> It was reported in October 2009 that Charles had lobbied the health secretary, [[Andy Burnham]], regarding greater provision of alternative treatments in the NHS.<ref name=TelegraphAltMed/>

Following accounting irregularities, the FIH announced its closure in April 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |work=FIH |date=30 April 2010 |title=Statement from the Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health |url=http://www.fih.org.uk/media_centre/closure_of_fih.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202063318/http://www.fih.org.uk/media_centre/closure_of_fih.html |archive-date=2 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="GuardianCollege">{{Cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=2 August 2010 |title=College of Medicine born from ashes of Prince Charles's holistic health charity |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/aug/02/prince-charles-college-medicine-holistic-complementary |url-status=live |access-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803055156/http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/aug/02/prince-charles-college-medicine-holistic-complementary |archive-date=3 August 2010 |oclc=60623878}}</ref> The FIH was re-branded and re-launched later in 2010 as [[the College of Medicine]],<ref name=GuardianCollege/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Colquhoun |first=David |author-link=David Colquhoun |date=29 October 2010 |title=Don't be deceived. The new "College of Medicine" is a fraud and delusion |url=http://www.dcscience.net/?p=3632 |url-status=live |access-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911051401/http://www.dcscience.net/?p=3632 |archive-date=11 September 2012|postscript=;}} {{Cite journal |last=Hawkes |first=Nigel| url-access=subscription|date=29 October 2010 |title=Prince's foundation metamorphoses into new College of Medicine |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c6126.full |url-status=live |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=341 |issue=1 |page=6126 |doi=10.1136/bmj.c6126 |issn=0959-8138 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202052820/http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c6126.full |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=17 December 2010 |s2cid=72649598}}</ref> of which Charles became a patron in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2019 |title=HRH The Prince of Wales is announced as College of Medicine Patron |url=https://collegeofmedicine.org.uk/hrh-the-prince-of-wales-is-announced-as-college-of-medicine-patron |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625044939/https://collegeofmedicine.org.uk/hrh-the-prince-of-wales-is-announced-as-college-of-medicine-patron |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=College of Medicine}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
[[File:2005 chakravarty day teams, Ham Polo Club.jpg|thumb|Charles (at front) at the 2005 Chakravarty Cup Match at Ham Polo Club, June 2005|alt=Charles and others on horseback during a game of polo]]

From his youth until 2005, Charles was an avid player of competitive [[polo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2005 |title=Charles decides to retire from polo playing at 57 |url=https://theguardian.com/uk/2005/nov/18/monarchy.uknews2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514135234/https://theguardian.com/uk/2005/nov/18/monarchy.uknews2 |archive-date=14 May 2023 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=The Guardian |oclc=60623878}}</ref> Charles also frequently took part in [[fox hunting]] until [[Hunting Act 2004|the sport was banned in the United Kingdom]], also in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Revesz |first=Rachel |date=24 July 2017 |title=Prince Charles secret letters to Tony Blair over fox hunting get information commissioner's green light for publishing |work=The Independent (UK) |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-charles-tony-blair-fox-hunting-letters-published-information-commissioner-public-read-royal-wales-a7856651.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421154411/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-charles-tony-blair-fox-hunting-letters-published-information-commissioner-public-read-royal-wales-a7856651.html |archive-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> By the late 1990s opposition to the activity was growing when Charles's participation was viewed as a "political statement" by those who were opposed to it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 1999 |title=Prince Charles takes sons hunting |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/496138.stm |url-status=live |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726204121/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/496138.stm |archive-date=26 July 2008}}</ref> Charles suffered several polo- and hunting-related injuries throughout the years, including a two-inch scar on his left cheek in 1980, a broken arm in 1990, a torn cartilage in his left knee in 1992, a broken rib in 1998, and a fractured shoulder in 2001.<ref name="health-issues"/>

Charles has been a keen salmon angler since youth and supported [[Orri Vigfússon]]'s efforts to protect the North Atlantic salmon. He frequently fishes the [[River Dee, Aberdeenshire|River Dee]] in [[Aberdeenshire]], and claims his most special angling memories are from his time spent in [[Vopnafjörður]], Iceland.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Celebration of Salmon Rivers: The World's Finest Atlantic Salmon Rivers |date=2007 |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-1-873674-27-7 |editor-last=Ashton |editor-first=John B. |page=7 |editor-last2=Latimer |editor-first2=Adrian}}</ref> Charles is a supporter of [[Burnley F.C.]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2012 |title=Prince of Wales supports Burnley football club |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/9085234/Prince-of-Wales-supports-Burnley-football-club.html |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406123947/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/9085234/Prince-of-Wales-supports-Burnley-football-club.html |archive-date=6 April 2012}}</ref>

Apart from hunting, Charles has also participated in target rifle competitions, representing the House of Lords in the Vizianagram Match (Lords vs. Commons) at [[Bisley Camp|Bisley]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://nra.org.uk/who-are-we/history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901113347/https://nra.org.uk/who-are-we/history |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=National Rifle Association}}</ref> He became President of the British [[National Rifle Association (United Kingdom)|National Rifle Association]] in 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Rifle Association |url=https://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/patronage/national-rifle-association |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804145526/https://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/patronage/national-rifle-association |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=Prince of Wales}}</ref>

=== Visual, performing, and literary arts ===
Charles has been involved in performance since his youth, and appeared in [[sketch comedy|sketches]] and [[revue]]s while studying at Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hallemann |first=Caroline |date=5 November 2019 |title=Vintage Photos of Prince Charles at Cambridge Prove Meghan Markle Isn't the Only Actor in the Royal Family |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/g28690847/prince-charles-cambridge-trinity-college-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523030911/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/g28690847/prince-charles-cambridge-trinity-college-photos |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=Town & Country}}</ref>

[[File:Rsc president prince charles.jpg|thumb|left|upright|At a performance of ''[[Henry V (play)|Henry V]]'' at the [[Courtyard Theatre]] in 2007|alt=Charles in a brown coat attending a performance of Henry V in Stratford-upon-Avon]]
Charles is president or patron of more than 20 performing arts organisations, including the [[Royal College of Music]], [[the Royal Opera|Royal Opera]], [[English Chamber Orchestra]], [[Philharmonia Orchestra]], [[Welsh National Opera]], [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] (attending performances in [[Stratford-Upon-Avon]], supporting fundraising events, and attending the company's annual general meeting),<ref name="arts">{{Cite web |title=Performing Arts |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/interests/performingarts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621194042/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/interests/performingarts |archive-date=21 June 2012 |access-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=Prince of Wales official website}}</ref> [[British Film Institute]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2018 |title=The Prince of Wales visits the BFI Southbank |url=https://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/prince-wales-visits-bfi-southbank |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929021537/https://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/prince-wales-visits-bfi-southbank |archive-date=29 September 2021 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Prince of Wales official website}}</ref> and [[Purcell School]]. In 2000 he revived the tradition of appointing [[Official Harpist to the Prince of Wales|an official harpist to the Prince of Wales]], in order to foster Welsh talent at playing the national instrument of Wales.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRH continue their annual tour of Wales |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/trh_continue_their_annual_tour_of_wales_820.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119023007/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/trh_continue_their_annual_tour_of_wales_820.html |archive-date=19 November 2007 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=Prince of Wales website}}</ref> The role, now referred to as King's Harpist, is currently held by [[Mared Pugh Evans]].<ref name="Pugh-Evans">{{cite web|title=Presenting the King's Harpist: RWCMD grad Mared Pugh-Evans|url=https://www.rwcmd.ac.uk/our-stories/presenting-the-kings-harpist-rwcmd-grad-mared-pugh-evans|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

Charles is a keen [[watercolour]]ist, having published books on the subject and exhibited and sold a number of his works to raise money for charity; in 2016 it was estimated that he had sold lithographs of his watercolours for a total of £2 million from a shop at his Highgrove House residence. For his 50th birthday 50 of his watercolours were exhibited at [[Hampton Court Palace]] and, for his 70th birthday, his works were exhibited at the [[National Gallery of Australia]].<ref name="CNN-Watercolours">{{Cite news |last=Holland |first=Oscar |date=12 January 2022 |title=Prince Charles exhibits dozens of his watercolors, saying painting 'refreshes the soul' |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/prince-charles-paintings-watercolors/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112195916/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/prince-charles-paintings-watercolors/index.html |archive-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> Charles founded the [[Royal Drawing School]] in 2000, which offers drawing classes to children and the public.<ref>{{Cite news |date= 18 Nov 2014 |title= Art school founded by Prince Charles to be renamed Royal Drawing School |work=[[The Guardian ]] |url= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/nov/18/art-school-founded-prince-charles-renamed-royal-drawing-school |access-date= 18 Nov 2014 }}</ref> In 2001, 20 [[lithographs]] of his watercolour paintings illustrating his country estates were exhibited at the [[Florence Biennale|Florence International Biennale of Contemporary Art]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2001 |title=Prince Charles wins art award |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1701844.stm |url-status=live |access-date=22 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928071947/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1701844.stm |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> and 79 of his paintings were put on display in London in 2022. To mark the 25th anniversary of his investiture as Prince of Wales in 1994, the [[Royal Mail]] issued a series of postage stamps that featured his paintings.<ref name=CNN-Watercolours/> Charles is Honorary President of the [[Royal Academy]] of Arts Development Trust<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Royal Academy Development Trust |url=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/royal-academy-trust |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321092725/https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/royal-academy-trust |archive-date=21 March 2019 |access-date=25 January 2019 |website=[[Royal Academy]]}}</ref> and, in 2015, 2022 and 2023, commissioned paintings of 12 D-Day veterans, [[Seven Portraits: Surviving the Holocaust |seven Holocaust survivors]], and ten members of the [[Windrush generation]], respectively, which went on display at the Queen's Gallery in Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2015 |title=D-Day portraits commissioned by Prince Charles go on display |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-33033550 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122205114/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-33033550 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=10 January 2022 |title=Prince Charles commissions Holocaust survivor portraits |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59957260 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111224834/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59957260 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2023 |title=The King commissions 'Windrush: Portraits of a Pioneering Generation' |url=https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2023-06-06/the-king-commissions-windrush-portraits-of-a-pioneering-generation |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=The Royal Family |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606113736/https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2023-06-06/the-king-commissions-windrush-portraits-of-a-pioneering-generation |url-status=live }}</ref>

Charles [[Bibliography of Charles III|is the author of several books]] and has contributed a [[foreword]] or [[preface]] to numerous books by others. He has also been featured in a variety of documentary films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HRH the Prince of Wales : A Vision of Britain |url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/418089 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910053540/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/418089 |archive-date=10 September 2011 |access-date=1 May 2012 |publisher=BFI|postscript=;}} {{cite web |title=Harmony Movie Website |url=http://www.theharmonymovie.com/aboutfilm.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501213358/http://www.theharmonymovie.com/aboutfilm.php |archive-date=1 May 2012 |access-date=1 May 2012 |publisher=The Harmony Movie|postscript=;}} {{Cite AV media |title=The Prince and the Composer |publisher=BBC Four |date=1 May 2012|postscript=;}} {{cite web |title=Modern TV: The Princes Welsh Village |url=http://www.moderntv.co.uk/index.php/productions/the-princes-welsh-village |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014041/http://www.moderntv.co.uk/index.php/productions/the-princes-welsh-village |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>

=== Religion and philosophy ===
Shortly after his accession to the throne, Charles publicly described himself as "a committed [[Anglican]] Christian";<ref name="Davies16Sep22">{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=16 September 2022 |title=King tells faith leaders he has personal 'duty to protect diversity of our country' |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/16/king-tells-faith-leaders-he-has-personal-duty-to-protect-diversity-of-our-country |url-status=live |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115062151/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/16/king-tells-faith-leaders-he-has-personal-duty-to-protect-diversity-of-our-country |archive-date=15 January 2023}}.</ref> at age 16, during Easter 1965, he had been [[confirmed]] into the [[Anglican Communion]] by Archbishop of Canterbury [[Michael Ramsey]] in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.{{sfn|Holden |pp=141–142|1979}} The King is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Queen, the Church and other faiths |url=https://www.royal.uk/queens-relationship-churches-england-and-scotland-and-other-faiths |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810162529/https://www.royal.uk/queens-relationship-churches-england-and-scotland-and-other-faiths |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=Official website of the British monarchy |date=7 January 2016 }}</ref> and a member of the [[Church of Scotland]]; he swore an oath to uphold that church immediately after he was proclaimed King.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=King Charles vows to protect the security of the Church of Scotland |date=10 September 2022 |publisher=The Church of Scotland |url=https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/news-and-events/news/2022/articles/king-charles-vows-to-protect-the-security-of-the-church-of-scotland |access-date=14 September 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914074809/https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/news-and-events/news/2022/articles/king-charles-vows-to-protect-the-security-of-the-church-of-scotland |archive-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> He attends services at various Anglican churches close to Highgrove<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2005 |title=Prince and Camilla attend church |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/gloucestershire/4262155.stm |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804192306/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/gloucestershire/4262155.stm |archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> and attends the Church of Scotland's [[Crathie Kirk]] with the rest of the royal family when staying at Balmoral Castle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Graham |date=2025-09-14 |title=King and Queen attend church service near Balmoral days before Trump state visit |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/6850192/king-charles-queen-camilla-crathie-kirk/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Press and Journal |language=en-GB}}</ref>
[[File:Otec Jaroslav a JKV Charles.jpg|thumb|left|With [[Czech Orthodox]] priest {{ill|Jaroslav Šuvarský|cs}} in [[Prague]], Czech Republic, March 2010|alt=Charles conversing with Jaroslav Šuvarský]]

[[Laurens van der Post]] became a friend of Charles in 1977; he was dubbed Charles's "spiritual guru" and was godfather to Prince William.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garner |first=Clare |date=17 December 1996 |title=Prince's guru dies aged 90 |work=The Independent (UK) |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/princes-guru-dies-aged-90-1314900.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220174006/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/princes-guru-dies-aged-90-1314900.html |archive-date=20 December 2012}}</ref> From van der Post, Charles developed a focus on philosophy and an interest in other religions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 1996 |title=S African author Laurens van der Post dies in London |publisher=Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/s-african-author-laurens-van-der-post-dies-in-london-1.116819 |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308220846/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/s-african-author-laurens-van-der-post-dies-in-london-1.116819 |archive-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Charles expressed his philosophical views in his 2010 book, ''[[Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2012 |title=Review: In Harmony with a Philosopher King |publisher=Wessex School Of Philosophy |first1=Raymond |last1=Payne |url=http://www.philosophyinwessex.org/in-harmony-with-a-philosophy-king |url-status=dead |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808035942/http://www.philosophyinwessex.org/in-harmony-with-a-philosophy-king |archive-date=8 August 2014 |postscript=; }} {{Cite news |date=29 March 2013 |title=It's time for harmony between science and spirituality |publisher=Positive News |first1=Paul |last1=Fletcher |url=http://positivenews.org.uk/2013/wellbeing/spirit/11760/its-time-harmony-science-spirituality |url-status=dead |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808033717/http://positivenews.org.uk/2013/wellbeing/spirit/11760/its-time-harmony-science-spirituality |archive-date=8 August 2014 |postscript=; }} {{Cite news |date=6 December 2010 |title=Books of the Year – Harmony and Farundell |website=Philip Carr-Gomm |url=https://philipcarr-gomm.com/books-of-the-year-harmony-and-farundell/ |access-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200924011005/https://philipcarr-gomm.com/books-of-the-year-harmony-and-farundell/ |archive-date= 24 September 2020 }}</ref> which won a Nautilus Book Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 Nautilus Awards Gold Winners |work=nautilusbookawards |url=http://www.nautilusbookawards.com/2011_GOLD_Winners.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219163149/http://nautilusbookawards.com/2011_GOLD_Winners.html |archive-date=19 December 2011 |access-date=11 May 2013 |publisher=Nautilus Book Awards |last1=Belknap |first1=Mary }}</ref> He has also visited [[Eastern Orthodox]] monasteries on [[Mount Athos]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Helena |date=12 May 2004 |title=Has Prince Charles found his true spiritual home on a Greek rock? |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,1214522,00.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401092057/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/may/12/monarchy.helenasmith |archive-date=1 April 2021 |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878}}</ref> in Romania,<ref name="ref1">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2003 |title=Prinţul Charles, fermier de Fălticeni |trans-title=Prince Charles, farm owner in Fălticeni |url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/printul-charles-fermier-de-falticeni-616319.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105061103/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/printul-charles-fermier-de-falticeni-616319.html |archive-date=5 November 2013 |website=[[Evenimentul Zilei]] |language=ro}}</ref> and in Serbia,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Princ Čarls u manastiru Kovilj |trans-title=Prince Charles in the Kovilj monastery |url=https://www.ekspres.net/drustvo/princ-carls-u-manastiru-kovilj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926035631/https://www.ekspres.net/drustvo/princ-carls-u-manastiru-kovilj |archive-date=26 September 2017 |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=Ekspres.net |language=sr-Latn}}</ref> and met with Eastern Church leaders in Jerusalem in 2020, during a visit that culminated in an ecumenical service in the [[Church of the Nativity]] in Bethlehem and a walk through the city accompanied by Christian and Muslim dignitaries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Prince Charles wishes Palestinians 'freedom, justice and equality' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jan/24/prince-charles-wishes-palestinians-freedom-justice-and-equality-west-bank |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326161121/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jan/24/prince-charles-wishes-palestinians-freedom-justice-and-equality-west-bank |archive-date=26 March 2020 |access-date=27 March 2020 |newspaper=The Guardian}} {{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Charles arrives in Bethlehem during historic Palestinian visit |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2020-01-24/charles-arrives-in-bethlehem-during-historic-palestinian-visit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327044648/https://www.itv.com/news/2020-01-24/charles-arrives-in-bethlehem-during-historic-palestinian-visit |archive-date=27 March 2020 |access-date=27 March 2020 |publisher=ITV News}}</ref> Charles also attended the consecration of Britain's first [[Syriac Orthodox]] cathedral, [[St Thomas Cathedral, Acton]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2016 |title=Britain's first Syriac Orthodox Cathedral consecrated |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/britains-first-syriac-orthodox-cathedral-consecrated.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126162550/https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2016/11/britains-first-syriac-orthodox-cathedral-consecrated.aspx |archive-date=26 November 2016 |access-date=9 April 2021 |website=Anglican Communion News Service}}</ref> Charles is patron of the [[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]] at the [[University of Oxford]] and attended the inauguration of the [[Markfield Institute of Higher Education]], which is dedicated to Islamic studies in a multicultural context.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-01-24 |title=Charles pays tribute to Muslims |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2690305.stm |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About OCIS |url=http://www.oxcis.ac.uk/about.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028192204/http://www.oxcis.ac.uk/about.html |archive-date=28 October 2007 |publisher=[[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]]}} {{cite web |publisher=MarkfieldInstitute |title=Introduction to MIHE |date=29 January 2009 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIZHXhVfBEs&t=51s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308163533/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIZHXhVfBEs&t=51s |access-date=29 April 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In his 1994 documentary with Dimbleby, Charles said that, when king, he wished to be seen as a "defender of faith", rather than the British monarch's traditional title of ''[[Defender of the Faith]]'', "prefer[ring] to embrace all religious traditions and 'the pattern of the divine, which I think is in all of us.{{'"}}<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Kevin |last2=Boorstein |first2=Michelle |date=13 September 2022 |title=King Charles III may bring new approach to 'Defender of the Faith' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/13/king-charles-religion-faith |url-status=live |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913152120/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/13/king-charles-religion-faith |archive-date=13 September 2022}}</ref> This attracted controversy at the time, as well as speculation that the [[Coronation oath of the British monarch|coronation oath]] might be altered.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sherwood |first=Harriet |date=9 September 2022 |title=King Charles to be Defender of the Faith but also a defender of faiths |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/09/king-charles-to-be-defender-of-the-faith-but-also-a-defender-of-faiths |url-status=live |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912175237/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/09/king-charles-to-be-defender-of-the-faith-but-also-a-defender-of-faiths |archive-date=12 September 2022 |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878}}</ref> He stated in 2015 that he would retain the title of ''Defender of the Faith'', whilst "ensuring that other people's faiths can also be practised", which he sees as a duty of the Church of England.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Charles vows to keep "Defender of the Faith" title as King |publisher=secularism.org.uk |url=http://www.secularism.org.uk/news/2015/02/charles-vows-to-keep-defender-of-the-faith-title-as-king |url-status=live |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715203555/http://www.secularism.org.uk/news/2015/02/charles-vows-to-keep-defender-of-the-faith-title-as-king |archive-date=15 July 2015}}</ref> Charles reaffirmed this theme shortly after his accession and declared that his duties as sovereign included "the duty to protect the diversity of our country, including by protecting the space for faith itself and its practice through the religions, cultures, traditions, and beliefs to which our hearts and minds direct us as individuals."<ref name="Davies16Sep22" /> Although the text of the coronation oath was not altered, because the process of passing new legislation through Parliament would be lengthy and liable to raise divisive issues, a [[preamble]] spoken by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] was added to the text:<ref>{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Charles |date=8 May 2023 |title=The service deftly proved the King's power to unite 'neighbours in faith' |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/features/20230508/textview |work=The Daily Telegraph – Coronation Special|pages=6–7}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Your Majesty, the Church established by law, whose settlement you will swear to maintain, is committed to the true profession of the Gospel, and, in so doing, will seek to foster an environment in which people of all faiths and beliefs may live freely.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/the-kings-coronation-oath-an-explainer-for-catholics/ |title=The King's coronation oath: an explainer for Catholics |last=McDonagh |first=Melanie |date=2 May 2023 |website=catholicherald.co.uk |publisher= Catholic Herald |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>}}

His inclusive, multi-faith approach and his own Christian beliefs were expressed in his first [[Christmas message]] as king. In line with his multi-faith approach, Charles has served as a patron of the [[Council of Christians and Jews]] and of the [[Jewish Museum London]].<ref name="Jewish-Museum">{{Cite web |last=Prinsley |first=Jane |title=King Charles renews patronage of Jewish Museum London |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/king-charles-renews-patronage-of-jewish-museum-london-ugwzyewt |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=thejc.com |date=18 June 2024 |quote=Originally appointed patron of the museum in 2008, the King's renewed patronage is a "huge vote of confidence in reiterating the importance of the Jewish Museum London," a spokesperson for the museum said.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2024 |title=HM The King to be Patron of the Council of Christians and Jews |url=https://www.cbcew.org.uk/king-charles-iii-patron-of-ccj/ |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Catholic Bishops' Conference |archive-date=7 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107121835/https://www.cbcew.org.uk/king-charles-iii-patron-of-ccj/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Media image and public opinion ==
{{further|Cultural depictions of Charles III}}
Since his birth, Charles has received close media attention, which increased as he matured. It has been an ambivalent relationship, largely impacted by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and their aftermath, but also centred on his future conduct as king.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bartlett |first=Mike |title=King Charles III |publisher=Almeida Theatre |url=http://www.almeida.co.uk/event/kingcharles3 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802205539/http://www.almeida.co.uk/event/kingcharles3 |archive-date=2 August 2014}}</ref>
[[File:President Ronald Reagan, Nancy Reagan, Prince Charles, and Princess Diana in the Yellow Oval Room.jpg|thumb|With his first wife, Diana, and [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald]] and [[Nancy Reagan]] in the [[White House]], November 1985]]

Described as the "[[Eligible bachelor|world's most eligible bachelor]]" in the late 1970s,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 1979 |title=The Man Who Will Be King |publisher=[[The Milwaukee Journal]] |agency=Google News |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19791001&id=PSwpAAAAIBAJ&pg=4563,324963 |url-status=dead |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423003801/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19791001&id=PSwpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6CoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4563,324963 |archive-date=23 April 2016}}</ref> Charles was subsequently overshadowed by Diana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=Patrick Jephson: Prince Charles Was Unable to Reconcile with Princess Diana's Extraordinary Popularity |url=http://www.independent.mk/articles/36006/Patrick+Jephson+Prince+Charles+Was+Unable+to+Reconcile+with+Princess+Diana's+Extraordinary+Popularity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010930/http://www.independent.mk/articles/36006/Patrick+Jephson+Prince+Charles+Was+Unable+to+Reconcile+with+Princess+Diana%27s+Extraordinary+Popularity |archive-date=21 February 2017 |access-date=2 February 2017 |work=The Independent|issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487}}</ref> After her death the media regularly breached Charles's privacy and printed exposés. Known for expressing his opinions, when asked during an interview to mark his 70th birthday whether this would continue in the same way once he is King, he responded "No. It won't. I'm not that stupid. I do realise that it is a separate exercise being sovereign. So, of course, you know, I understand entirely how that should operate."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=7 November 2018 |title=Prince Charles: 'Me, meddle as a king? I'm not that stupid' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/08/prince-charles-me-meddle-as-a-king-im-not-that-stupid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108023237/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/08/prince-charles-me-meddle-as-a-king-im-not-that-stupid |archive-date=8 November 2018 |access-date=22 June 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> In September 2025, ''[[The Economist]]'' analysed all Charles's public speeches over the past 30 years and concluded that he has mellowed over the past three decades.<ref>{{Cite news |title=King Charles III has mellowed over the past 30 years |url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2025/09/16/king-charles-iii-has-mellowed-over-the-past-30-years |date=2025-09-16 |access-date=2025-10-05 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

In 2009, Charles was named the world's best-dressed man by ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' magazine. Fashion magazine ''[[British GQ]]'' described Charles as "the true guardian of traditional British menswear" in 2012 and named him one of the most stylish people of 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|date= 5 March 2009|title= Prince Charles named world's best dressed man|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-03-05/prince-charles-named-worlds-best-dressed-man/1610184|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526184723/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-03-05/prince-charles-named-worlds-best-dressed-man/1610184|archive-date=26 May 2024|access-date= 26 May 2009|work=ABC News|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prince |first=Bill |date=2012-07-19 |title=Prince Charles: the true guardian of traditional British menswear |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/prince-charles-best-dressed-gentleman |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=British GQ |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-22|title= The 50 Most Stylish People Alive |url= https://www.gq.com/story/the-50-most-stylish-people-alive |access-date=2025-10-22|website=British GQ}}</ref> Italian designer [[Donatella Versace]] once said Charles "is an archetype of style".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-30 |title=Tinie Tempah is Britain's best dressed man but Duke of Cambridge fails to rank |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/9048501/Tinie-Tempah-is-Britains-best-dressed-man-but-Duke-of-Cambridge-fails-to-rank.html |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> In 2023 the ''[[New Statesman]]'' named Charles as the fourth-most-powerful right-wing figure of the year, describing him as a "[[Traditionalism (perennialism)|romantic traditionalist]]" and "the very last [[reactionary]] in public life" for his support of various traditionalist [[think tank]]s and previous writings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=The New Statesman's right power list |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2023/09/the-new-statesmans-right-power-list |access-date=14 December 2023 |work=New Statesman |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214100018/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2023/09/the-new-statesmans-right-power-list |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also named one of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people]] of 2023 by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 13 April 2023 |title= King Charles III makes TIME 100 Most Influential People list |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/king-charles-time-100-most-influential-b2319202.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=The Independent }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 13 April 2023 |title= King Charles Is on the 2023 TIME 100 List |url= https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/6269819/king-charles/ |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=Time magazine }}</ref> Charles and Camilla topped ''Tatler''{{'}}s Social Power Index for 2022 and 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date= 27 June 2023 |title= King and Queen top Tatler's Social Power Index |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/prince-hugh-grosvenor-charles-iii-tatler-wales-b2364980.html |access-date= 27 June 2023 |work= The Independent |archive-date= 27 June 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230627132500/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/prince-hugh-grosvenor-charles-iii-tatler-wales-b2364980.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

A 2018 BMG Research poll found that 46 per cent of Britons wanted Charles to abdicate immediately on his mother's death, in favour of William.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Tom |date=2 January 2019 |title=Almost half of British public want Prince Charles to give throne to William upon Queen's death, survey finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-charles-heir-throne-abdicated-william-queen-dies-death-next-in-line-public-opinion-a8704316.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908182957/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-charles-heir-throne-abdicated-william-queen-dies-death-next-in-line-public-opinion-a8704316.html |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The Independent |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487}}</ref> However, a 2021 opinion poll reported that 60 percent of the British public had a favourable opinion of him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=Isabelle |title=Public opinion of Prince Charles improves in latest royal favourability poll |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2021/12/02/public-opinion-prince-charles-improves-latest-roya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202155651/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2021/12/02/public-opinion-prince-charles-improves-latest-roya |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[YouGov]]}}</ref> On his accession to the throne, ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' reported an opinion poll that put Charles's popularity with the British people at 42 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II passes away, Prince Charles succeeds as king |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/world/queen-elizabeth-death-1503109316.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908183307/https://www.thestatesman.com/world/queen-elizabeth-death-1503109316.html |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=[[The Statesman (India)]]}}</ref> More recent polling suggested that his popularity increased sharply after he became King.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=13 September 2022 |title=Britons' first impressions of King Charles III |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/09/13/britons-first-impressions-king-charles-iii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214180051/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/09/13/britons-first-impressions-king-charles-iii |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=YouGov}}</ref> As of August 2025, Charles continues to hold majority support with an approval rating of 59 per cent, and 62 percent of the public say "he is doing a good job", according to [[YouGov]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Charles III popularity and fame |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/explore/public_figure/King_Charles_III |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=YouGov |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824034158/https://yougov.co.uk/ratings/politics/popularity/royalty/all |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal family favourability trackers, August 2025 |url=https://yougov.co.uk/politics/articles/52737-royal-family-favourability-trackers-august-2025 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=yougov.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref>

=== Reaction to press treatment ===
In 1994, the German tabloid ''[[Bild]]'' published nude photos of Charles that were taken while he was vacationing in [[Le Barroux]]; they had reportedly been put up for sale for £30,000.<ref name="Independent-Sept94">{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Rhys |date=7 September 1994 |title='Hunky' Prince is exposed to public gaze |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/hunky-prince-is-exposed-to-public-gaze-1447414.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718040840/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/hunky-prince-is-exposed-to-public-gaze-1447414.html |archive-date=18 July 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=The Independent (UK) |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media Ltd |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487}}</ref> Buckingham Palace reacted by stating that it was "unjustifiable for anybody to suffer this sort of intrusion".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 1994 |title=German Tabloid Publishes Photo of Nude Prince Charles |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-09-08-mn-36022-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718040840/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-09-08-mn-36022-story.html |archive-date=18 July 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

Charles, "so often a target of the press, got his chance to return fire" in 2002, when addressing "scores of editors, publishers, and other media executives" gathered at [[St Bride's Fleet Street]] to celebrate 300 years of journalism.{{efn|London's first daily newspaper, the ''[[Daily Courant]]'', was published in 1702.}}<ref name="Woods">{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Audrey |date=11 March 2002 |title=Prince Charles addresses editors |url=https://apnews.com/92deb09f64410b55cdfc261db024282b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918060017/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2002/Prince-Charles-Addresses-Editors/id-92deb09f64410b55cdfc261db024282b |archive-date=18 September 2012 |access-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=AP News Archive}}</ref> Defending public servants from "the corrosive drip of constant criticism", he noted that the press had been "awkward, cantankerous, cynical, bloody-minded, at times intrusive, at times inaccurate, and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals and to institutions."<ref name=Woods/> But, he concluded, regarding his own relations with the press, "from time to time we are probably both a bit hard on each other, exaggerating the downsides and ignoring the good points in each."<ref name=Woods/>
[[File:FEMA - 18543 - Photograph by Marvin Nauman taken on 11-04-2005 in Louisiana.jpg|thumb|right|With Camilla (centre left) in front of the media pack in the [[French Quarter]] of [[New Orleans]], United States, as part of [[Hurricane Katrina]] recovery efforts, November 2005|alt=Charles and Camilla amidst a crowd of people, mostly reporters and photographers, in New Orleans]]

In 2006, Charles [[Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd|filed a court case]] against ''[[The Mail on Sunday]]'', after excerpts of his personal journals were published, revealing his opinions on matters such as the [[transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong]] to China in 1997, in which Charles described the Chinese government officials as "appalling old waxworks".<ref name="BBCjournals">{{Cite news |date=21 February 2006 |title=Charles 'adopted dissident role' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4734798.stm |url-status=live |access-date=2 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202181743/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4734798.stm |archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="nytimes-charlesgothrone-sept82022">{{Cite news |last=Landler |first=Mark |date=8 September 2022 |title=Long an Uneasy Prince, King Charles III Takes On a Role He Was Born To |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/08/world/europe/charles-king-uk.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920024032/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/08/world/europe/charles-king-uk.html |archive-date=20 September 2022 |oclc=1645522}}</ref> Charles and Camilla were named in 2011 as [[List of news media phone hacking scandal victims|individuals whose confidential information was reportedly targeted or actually acquired]] in conjunction with the [[news media phone hacking scandal]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rainey |first1=Sarah |last2=Blenkinsop |first2=Andrew |date=13 July 2011 |title=Phone hacking: who's who in the News International scandal |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/phone-hacking/8635999/Phone-hacking-whos-who-in-the-News-International-scandal.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219183123/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/phone-hacking/8635999/Phone-hacking-whos-who-in-the-News-International-scandal.html |archive-date=19 December 2022}}</ref>

''[[The Independent]]'' noted in 2015 that Charles would only speak to broadcasters "on the condition they have signed a 15-page contract, demanding that Clarence House attends both the 'rough cut' and 'fine cut' edits of films and, if it is unhappy with the final product, can 'remove the contribution in its entirety from the programme'."<ref name="I.Burrell15">{{Cite news |last=Burrell |first=Ian |date=2 December 2015 |title=The 15-page contract that reveals how Charles tries to control the media |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-charles-the-15page-contract-that-reveals-how-the-prince-of-wales-tries-to-control-the-media-a6756541.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421210152/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-charles-the-15page-contract-that-reveals-how-the-prince-of-wales-tries-to-control-the-media-a6756541.html |archive-date=21 April 2022 |access-date=21 April 2022 |work=The Independent |issn=1741-9743|oclc=185201487}}</ref> This contract stipulated that all questions directed at Charles must be pre-approved and [[vetted]] by his representatives.<ref name=I.Burrell15/>

== Residences and finance ==
{{further|Finances of the British royal family}}

In 2023, ''[[The Guardian]]'' estimated Charles's personal wealth at £1.8 billion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Pegg |first=David |title=Revealed: King Charles's private fortune estimated at £1.8bn |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/ng-interactive/2023/apr/20/revealed-king-charless-private-fortune-estimated-at-almost-2bn |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420091007/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/ng-interactive/2023/apr/20/revealed-king-charless-private-fortune-estimated-at-almost-2bn |archive-date=20 April 2023 |oclc=60623878}}</ref> This estimate includes the assets of the [[Duchy of Lancaster]] worth £653 million (and paying Charles an annual income of £20 million), jewels worth £533 million, real estate worth £330 million, shares and investments worth £142 million, [[Royal Philatelic Collection|a stamp collection]] worth at least £100 million, racehorses worth £27 million, artworks worth £24 million and cars worth £6.3 million.<ref name=":0"/> Most of this wealth, which he inherited from his mother, [[Elizabeth II]], was exempt from inheritance tax.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Boffey |first=Daniel |date=13 September 2022 |title=King Charles will not pay tax on inheritance from the Queen |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/13/king-charles-will-not-pay-tax-on-inheritance-from-the-queen |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423100639/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/13/king-charles-will-not-pay-tax-on-inheritance-from-the-queen |archive-date=23 April 2023 |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878}}</ref>[[File:Clarence house.jpg|thumb|[[Clarence House]], Charles's London residence since 2003|alt=Photograph of Clarence House, a white building with a Union flag flying over it]]

Clarence House, previously the residence of the Queen Mother, was Charles's official London residence from 2003, after being renovated at a cost of £6.1 million.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=Clarence House makeover in grand hotel manner|first=Maev|last=Kennedy|url=https://theguardian.com/uk/2003/aug/06/monarchy.arts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528075305/https://theguardian.com/uk/2003/aug/06/monarchy.arts|date=6 August 2003|access-date=28 May 2024|archive-date=28 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> He previously shared apartments eight and nine at Kensington Palace with Diana before moving to [[York House, St James's Palace|York House]] at St James's Palace, which remained his principal residence until 2003.<ref name=clarence/> Highgrove House in Gloucestershire is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, having been purchased for Charles's use in 1980, and which he rented for £336,000 per annum.{{sfn|Temple|2012}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bates |first=Stephen |date=28 July 2005 |title=MPs tell Prince of Wales: Open up |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/jul/28/monarchy.immigrationpolicy |access-date=19 May 2023 |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523030646/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/jul/28/monarchy.immigrationpolicy |url-status=live }}</ref> Since William became [[Duke of Cornwall]], Charles is expected to pay £700,000 per annum for use of the property.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Cosmopolitan|title=King Charles has to pay Prince William £700,000 in rent to keep his Highgrove home|first=Mehera|last=Bonner|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a41131938/king-charles-pay-prince-william-rent-highgrove/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016202710/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a41131938/king-charles-pay-prince-william-rent-highgrove/|date=9 September 2022|access-date=28 May 2024|archive-date=16 October 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Charles also owns a property near the village of [[Viscri]] in Romania.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muir |first=Ellie |date=31 May 2023 |title=A fireplace, CD player and a 'little wooden bed': Inside King Charles's Romanian hideaway that you can rent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/king-charles-romania-transylvania-royal-rent-property-b2348995.html |access-date=3 June 2023 |work=The Independent|archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601151243/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/king-charles-romania-transylvania-royal-rent-property-b2348995.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=BBC News|title=Romanian tourists swamp village loved by Prince Charles|first=Stephen|last=McGrath|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53984239|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528165522/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53984239|date=6 September 2020|access-date=3 June 2023|archive-date=28 May 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

As Prince of Wales, Charles's primary source of income was generated from the Duchy of Cornwall, which owns 133,658 acres of land (around 54,090 hectares), including farming, residential, and commercial properties, as well as an investment portfolio. Since 1993, he has paid tax voluntarily under the ''Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation'', updated in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sovereign Grant Act 2011: guidance |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sovereign-grant-act-2011-guidance/sovereign-grant-act-2011-guidance#tax |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127195311/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sovereign-grant-act-2011-guidance/sovereign-grant-act-2011-guidance#tax |archive-date=27 January 2016 |access-date=3 December 2017 |publisher=www.gov.uk}}</ref> [[Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs]] were asked in December 2012 to investigate alleged tax avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Booth |first=Robert |date=14 December 2012 |title=Prince Charles's £700m estate accused of tax avoidance |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/dec/14/prince-charles-estate-tax-avoidance |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112114506/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/dec/14/prince-charles-estate-tax-avoidance |archive-date=12 November 2013 |oclc=60623878}}</ref> The Duchy was named in the [[Paradise Papers]], a set of confidential electronic documents relating to [[offshore investment]] that were leaked to the German newspaper ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Osborne |first=Hilary|work=The Guardian|date=7 November 2017|archive-date=7 May 2024|access-date=28 May 2024|title=Prince Charles's estate made big profit on stake in friend's offshore|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/07/prince-charles-profit-best-friend-hugh-van-cutsem-offshore-firm-paradise-papers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507080201/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/07/prince-charles-profit-best-friend-hugh-van-cutsem-offshore-firm-paradise-papers|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Washington |first=Stuart |date=8 November 2017 |title=Paradise Papers: Prince Charles's estate, the Duchy of Cornwall, invested through Caribbean tax havens |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-08/paradise-papers-prince-charles-invested-through-tax-havens/9129830 |url-status=live |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421154947/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-08/paradise-papers-prince-charles-invested-through-tax-havens/9129830 |archive-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>

== Titles, styles, honours, and arms ==
{{Main|List of titles and honours of Charles III}}

{{See also|List of awards received by Charles III}}
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Royal Cypher of Charles III.svg
| alt1 = A logo with "CR III" and a crown (coloured)
| caption1 = [[Royal cypher]] of Charles III, surmounted by the [[Tudor Crown]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=26 September 2022 |title=King Charles: New royal cypher revealed |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63034255 |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926211057/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63034255 |archive-date=26 September 2022}}</ref>
| image2 = Royal Cypher of King Charles III (Scotland).svg
| alt2 = A logo with "CR III" and a crown
| caption2 = Scottish royal cypher of Charles III, surmounted by the [[Crown of Scotland]]<ref name="auto"/>
| image3 = Canadian Royal Cypher of Charles III.svg
| alt3 = A logo with "CR III" and a crown
| caption3 = Canadian royal cypher of Charles III, surmounted by the [[Canadian Royal Crown]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heritage |first=Canadian |date=11 August 2017 |title=Canadian Royal Crown and Royal Cypher |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-symbols-titles/royal-crown-cypher.html |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=www.canada.ca |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929225100/https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-symbols-titles/royal-crown-cypher.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

=== Titles and styles ===
Charles has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, is sovereign of many orders in his own countries and has received honours and awards from around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Prince of Wales visits the Royal Gurkha Rifles and Knole House |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/news-and-diary/the-prince-of-wales-visits-the-royal-gurkha-rifles-and-knole-house |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003443/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/news-and-diary/the-prince-of-wales-visits-the-royal-gurkha-rifles-and-knole-house |archive-date=2 May 2014 |access-date=1 May 2014 |publisher=Prince of Wales}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2012 |title=The Queen Appoints the Prince of Wales to Honorary Five-Star rank |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/mediacentre/pressreleases/the_queen_appoints_the_prince_of_wales_to_honorary_five_star_1126275880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629032823/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/mediacentre/pressreleases/the_queen_appoints_the_prince_of_wales_to_honorary_five_star_1126275880.html |archive-date=29 June 2012 |access-date=27 June 2012 |publisher=The Prince of Wales website|postscript=;}} {{cite web |date=16 June 2012 |title=Prince Charles awarded highest rank in all three armed forces |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/9335960/Prince-Charles-awarded-highest-rank-in-all-three-armed-forces.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616180559/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/9335960/Prince-Charles-awarded-highest-rank-in-all-three-armed-forces.html |archive-date=16 June 2012 |access-date=7 June 2012 |work=The Daily Telegraph|postscript=;}} {{London Gazette
| issue = 60350
| date = 7 December 2012
| page = 23557
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 1948 |title=The London Gazette, Issue 38452, Page 5889 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38452/page/5889 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912205719/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38452/page/5889 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2021 |title=HRH The Duke of Edinburgh |url=https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/news/item/187-hrh-the-duke-of-edinburgh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411005304/https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/news/item/187-hrh-the-duke-of-edinburgh |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=[[College of Arms]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malloch |first=Russell |date=24 April 2023 |title=King Charles III and The Gazette: Commonwealth awards |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/all-notices/content/104162 |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=The Gazette |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509021155/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/all-notices/content/104162 |url-status=live }}</ref> In each of his realms he has a distinct title that follows a similar formula: ''King of Saint Lucia and of His other Realms and Territories'' in [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]], ''King of Australia and His other Realms and Territories'' in Australia, etc. In the [[Isle of Man]], which is a [[Crown Dependency]] rather than a separate realm, he is known as [[Lord of Mann]]. Charles is also styled ''Defender of the Faith''.

There had been speculation throughout Elizabeth II's reign as to what [[regnal name]] Charles would choose upon his accession; instead of ''Charles III'', he could have chosen to reign as ''George VII'' or used one of his other given names.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Guy |last=Jones |date=28 November 1958 |title=Motto may be more to Charles than to any of predecessors |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119946285/the-journal-herald |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301094745/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119946285/the-journal-herald |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=Newspapers.com |page=15}} {{Cite web |title=Prince seeks to uphold popularity of monarchy |author-first1=David Gaddis|author-last1=Smith|work=[[The Newport Daily News|Newport News]] |via=Newspapers.com |date=3 May 1981 |access-date=1 March 2023 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119946396/daily-press |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301094744/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119946396/daily-press |url-status=live }} {{Cite web |title=Londoner's Diary: Princely glove is not picked up |author= |via=Newspapers.com |work=Evening Standard |date=29 April 1987 |access-date=1 March 2023 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119946346/evening-standard |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301094744/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119946346/evening-standard |url-status=live }} {{Cite web |title=Charles prefers George VII for his kingly title |first=Christopher |last=Morgan |via=Newspapers.com |work=Calgary Herald |date=13 February 2000 |access-date=1 March 2023 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119946417/calgary-herald |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301094747/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119946417/calgary-herald |url-status=live }} {{Cite web |title=Here's Why Prince Charles Could Be Called George VII When He's King |first=Phil |last=Boucher |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=15 August 2018 |access-date=1 March 2023 |url=https://people.com/royals/heres-why-prince-charles-could-be-called-george-vii-when-hes-king |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301094745/https://people.com/royals/heres-why-prince-charles-could-be-called-george-vii-when-hes-king |url-status=live }}</ref> It was reported that he might use George in honour of his grandfather George VI and to avoid associations with previous controversial kings named Charles.{{efn|Namely, the [[House of Stuart|Stuart]] kings [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], who [[Execution of Charles I|was beheaded]], and [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], who was known for his promiscuous lifestyle. [[Charles Edward Stuart]], once a Stuart pretender to the English and Scottish thrones, was called ''Charles III'' by [[Jacobitism|his supporters]].<ref name="CallMeGeorge">{{Cite news |last=Pierce |first=Andrew |date=24 December 2005 |title=Call me George, suggests Charles |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/register/article/call-me-george-suggests-charles-xqqg2th2r23 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622193059/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/call-me-george-suggests-charles-xqqg2th2r23 |archive-date=22 June 2018}}</ref>}}<ref name=CallMeGeorge/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cruse |first=Beth |date=23 May 2021 |title=The 4 names Prince Charles could choose when he becomes king |url=https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/4-names-prince-charles-could-5446836 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228190148/https://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/4-names-prince-charles-could-5446836 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=[[Nottingham Post]] |issn=2044-3331 |oclc=749994959}}</ref> Charles's office asserted in 2005 that no decision had yet been made.<ref>{{Cite news |last=White |first=Michael |date=27 December 2005 |title=Charles denies planning to reign as King George |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/dec/27/monarchy.michaelwhite |url-status=live |access-date=2 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002150016/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/dec/27/monarchy.michaelwhite |archive-date=2 October 2013 |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote="Clarence House yesterday issued a pained denial of claims that the Prince of Wales has held private discussions with "trusted friends" about the possibility of reigning as George VII rather than risk the negative connotations attached to the name King Charles."}}</ref> Speculation continued for a few hours following his mother's death,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Accession of Charles III: 'A monarch's choice of name is not a trivial thing' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2022/09/18/accession-of-charles-iii-a-monarch-s-choice-of-name-is-not-a-trivial-thing_5997394_23.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301095656/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2022/09/18/accession-of-charles-iii-a-monarch-s-choice-of-name-is-not-a-trivial-thing_5997394_23.html |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=Le Monde}}</ref> until Prime Minister Liz Truss announced and Clarence House confirmed that Charles had chosen the regnal name ''Charles III''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2022 |title=Charles chooses Charles III for his title as King |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/mother-liz-truss-downing-street-prince-george-christian-b2163145.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909080336/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/mother-liz-truss-downing-street-prince-george-christian-b2163145.html |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=16 April 2023 |work=The Independent (UK) |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487 |quote="Charles has become King Charles III – with his title as monarch a personal choice that was entirely his own."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Britain's new monarch to be known as King Charles III |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/britains-new-monarch-be-known-king-charles-iii-2022-09-08 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908183620/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/britains-new-monarch-be-known-king-charles-iii-2022-09-08 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |quote="Clarence House confirmed on Thursday that Britain's new monarch will be known as King Charles III, following the death of Queen Elizabeth, PA Media reported on Thursday."}}</ref>

Charles, who left active military service in 1976, was awarded the highest rank in all three armed services in 2012 by his mother: [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]], [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]], and [[Marshal of the Royal Air Force]].<ref name=ward>{{cite web | last=Ward | first=EJ | title=King Charles military service and career: What medals does he have? | website=LBC | date=5 May 2023 | url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/explained/king-charles-medals-military-uniform-rank/ | access-date=7 December 2023 | archive-date=12 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212181030/https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/explained/king-charles-medals-military-uniform-rank/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Arms ===
{{Further|Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales|Coat of arms of the United Kingdom|Coat of arms of Canada}}

As Prince of Wales, Charles's coat of arms was based on the arms of the United Kingdom, differenced with a white label and an [[inescutcheon]] of the Principality of Wales, surmounted by the heir apparent's crown, and with the motto {{lang|de|Ich dien}} ({{IPA|de|ɪç ˈdiːn|lang}}, "I serve") instead of ''[[Dieu et mon droit]]''.

When Charles became king, he inherited the royal coats of arms of the United Kingdom and of Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Coats of Arms |url=https://www.royal.uk/coats-arms |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=The Royal Family |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922084041/https://www.royal.uk/coats-arms |url-status=live }}</ref> The design of his royal cypher, featuring a depiction of the [[Tudor Crown]] instead of [[St Edward's Crown]], was revealed on 27 September 2022. The College of Arms envisaged that the Tudor crown will be used in new arms, uniforms and crown badges as they are replaced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Cypher |url=https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/news/item/205-royal-cypher |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927145228/https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/news/item/205-royal-cypher |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |publisher=College of Arms}}</ref> On 10 October 2024, designed by artist Timothy Noad, the new [[Royal Arms]], alongside the new Lesser Arms, used by the UK government were officially unveiled, with both arms reflecting the stylistic changes made after Charles's accession.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gcs.civilservice.gov.uk/news/new-coat-of-arms/|access-date=30 December 2025 |website=[[GOV.UK]] |archive-date=11 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211193347/https://gcs.civilservice.gov.uk/news/new-coat-of-arms/ |title=New Coat of Arms|date=10 October 2024|url-status=live }}</ref>{{Clear}}

{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 700
| perrow =
| image1 = Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales.svg
| caption1 = Coat of arms as Prince of Wales (1958–2022)
| image2 = Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, variant 2).svg
| caption2 = Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom
| image3 = Coat of arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland (2022).svg
| caption3 = Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland
| image4 = Royal Coat of Arms of Canada.svg
| caption4 = Royal coat of arms of Canada
| footer =
}}

=== Banners, flags, and standards ===
{{See also|Flags of Charles III}}

==== As heir apparent ====
The banners used by Charles as Prince of Wales varied depending upon location. His personal standard for the United Kingdom was the [[Royal Standard of the United Kingdom]] differenced as in his arms, with a label of three points ''argent'' and the escutcheon of the arms of the Principality of Wales in the centre. It was used outside Wales, Scotland, Cornwall and Canada, and throughout the entire United Kingdom when Charles was acting in an official capacity associated with the British Armed Forces.<ref name="flags">{{Cite web |title=Standards |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/titles-and-heraldry/standards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607014357/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/titles-and-heraldry/standards |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=31 August 2016 |publisher=Prince of Wales}}</ref>

The personal flag for use in Wales was based upon the [[Royal Badge of Wales]].<ref name=flags/> In Scotland the personal banner used between 1974 and 2022 was based upon three ancient Scottish titles: [[Duke of Rothesay]] (heir apparent to the [[King of Scots]]), [[High Steward of Scotland]], and Lord of the Isles. In Cornwall, the banner was the arms of the Duke of Cornwall.<ref name=flags/>

In 2011, the [[Canadian Heraldic Authority]] introduced a [[Royal standards of Canada#Other members of the royal family|personal heraldic banner]] for the [[Prince of Wales]] for Canada, consisting of the shield of the [[Royal Coat of Arms of Canada]] defaced with both a blue [[roundel (heraldry)|roundel]] of the [[Prince of Wales's feathers]] surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves and a white label of three points.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Prince of Wales |url=http://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=2281 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185440/http://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=2281 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges |publisher=Office of the Governor General of Canada: Canadian Heraldic Authority}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 700
| perrow =
| header = [[Banner of arms|Banners of arms]]
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Royal Standard of the Prince of Wales.svg
| caption1 = Royal standard of the Prince of Wales for the United Kingdom
| image2 = Personal Banner of the Prince of Wales.svg
| caption2 = Standard for Wales
| image3 = Personal Banner of the Duke of Rothesay.svg
| caption3 = Standard for Scotland
| image4 = Flag of the Duke of Cornwall.svg
| caption4 = Banner of arms of the Duke of Cornwall
| image5 = Royal Standard of the Prince of Wales (in Canada).svg
| caption5 = Royal standard of the Prince of Wales for Canada
| footer =
}}

==== As sovereign ====
{{Main|Royal Standard of the United Kingdom|Royal standards of Canada|King's Flag for Australia}}

The royal standard of the United Kingdom is used to represent the King in the United Kingdom and on official visits overseas, except in Australia and Canada. It is the royal arms in banner form undifferentiated, having been used by successive British monarchs since 1702. The royal standard of Canada is used by the King in Canada and while acting on behalf of Canada overseas. It is the ''[[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]]'' of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada in banner form undifferentiated.

{{Multiple image
| perrow = 4
| total_width = 700
| align = center
| header = Royal Standards
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Royal standard of the United Kingdom.svg
| caption1 = United Kingdom (outside Scotland)
| image2 = Royal Standard of the United Kingdom (in Scotland).svg
| caption2 = Scotland
| image3 = Royal Standard of Canada.svg
| caption3 = Canada
| image4 = Royal Standard of Australia.svg
| caption4 = Australia
}}

{{clear}}

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes
|align=center
|ref={{sfn|Paget|1977}}
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Charles III of the United Kingdom'''
|2= 2. [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]
|3= 3. [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom]]
|4= 4. [[Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark]]
|5= 5. [[Princess Alice of Battenberg]]
|6= 6. [[George VI of the United Kingdom]]
|7= 7. [[Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]]
|8= 8. [[George I of Greece]]
|9= 9. [[Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia]]
|10= 10. [[Prince Louis of Battenberg]]
|11= 11. [[Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine]]
|12= 12. [[George V of the United Kingdom]]
|13= 13. [[Princess Victoria Mary of Teck]]
|14= 14. [[Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]]
|15= 15. [[Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck]]
}}

== Published works ==
{{Further|Bibliography of Charles III}}
As Prince of Wales, Charles wrote four books and was a co-author of other works.

*''[[The Old Man of Lochnagar]]''. Illustrated by [[Sir Hugh Maxwell Casson]]. London: [[Hamish Hamilton]], 1980. Hardcover: {{ISBN|0-241-10527-7}}.
*''[[A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture]]''. [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 1989. Hardcover: {{ISBN|978-0-385-26903-2}}.
*''Rain Forest Lecture''. [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens]], 1990. Paperback: {{ISBN|0-947643-25-7}}.
*''HRH the Prince of Wales Watercolours''. [[Little, Brown and Company]], 1991. Hardcover: {{ISBN|0-8212-1881-6}}.

== See also ==
* [[List of current monarchs of sovereign states]]
* [[List of covers of Time magazine (1960s)|List of covers of ''Time'' magazine (1960s)]], [[List of covers of Time magazine (1970s)|(1970s)]], [[List of covers of Time magazine (1980s)|(1980s)]], [[List of covers of Time magazine (2010s)|(2010s)]], [[List of covers of Time magazine (2020s)|(2020s)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brandreth |first=Gyles |url=https://archive.org/details/charlescamillapo00bran |title=Charles and Camilla: Portrait of a Love Affair |date=2007 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-09-949087-6 |author-link=Gyles Brandreth }}
* {{Cite book |last=Brendon |first=Piers |title=The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997 |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-224-06222-0 |author-link=Piers Brendon}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Judith |title=The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-924679-3 |author-link=Judith M. Brown}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Tina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781846053122 |title=The Diana Chronicles |date=2007 |publisher=Century Random House |isbn=978-1-84605-312-2|url-access=registration }}
* {{Cite book |last=Dimbleby |first=Jonathan |url=https://archive.org/details/princeofwalesbio00dimb |title=The Prince of Wales: A Biography |date=1994 |publisher=William Morrow and Company |isbn=0-6881-2996-X |author-link=Jonathan Dimbleby }}
* {{Cite book |last=Holden |first=Anthony |url=https://archive.org/details/princecharles0000unse |title=Prince Charles |date=1979 |publisher=Atheneum |isbn=978-0-593-02470-6 |author-link=Anthony Holden |url-access=registration }}
* {{Cite book |last=Junor |first=Penny |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312352745 |title=The Firm: The Troubled Life of the House of Windsor |date=2005 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-35274-5 |oclc=59360110 |author-link=Penny Junor }}
* {{Cite book |last=Paget |first=Gerald |title=The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales ''(2 vols)'' |publisher=Charles Skilton |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-284-40016-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pepinster |first=Catherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBhbEAAAQBAJ |title=Defenders of the Faith: Queen Elizabeth II's funeral will see Christianity take centre stage |date=2022 |publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] |isbn=978-1-3998-0006-8|access-date=26 October 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621062745/https://books.google.com/books?id=yBhbEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Sally Bedell |url=https://archive.org/details/dianainsearchofh00sall |title=Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess |date=2000 |publisher=Signet |isbn=978-0-451-20108-9 |author-link=Sally Bedell Smith }}
* {{Cite book |last=Temple |first=Jon |title=Living off the State: A Critical Guide to UK Royal Finance |year=2012 |publisher=Progress Books |isbn=978-0-9558311-1-9 |edition=2nd}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Benson |first=Ross |url=https://archive.org/details/charlesuntoldsto00bens |title=Charles: The Untold Story |date=1994 |publisher=St Martins Press |isbn=978-0-312-10950-9 |author-link=Ross Benson}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Michèle |title=Prince Charles |date=1980 |publisher=Crown |isbn=978-0-517-54019-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=J. |url=https://archive.org/details/charlesprinceofo0000camp |title=Charles: Prince of Our Times |date=1981 |publisher=Smithmark |isbn=978-0-7064-0968-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cathcart |first=Helen |url=https://archive.org/details/princecharlesbio00newy |title=Prince Charles: The biography |date=1977 |publisher=Taplinger Pub. Co; Ltd |isbn=978-0-8008-6555-9 |edition=illustrated}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_070916095x |title=Charles: The Man and the Prince |last2=Fisher |first2=Heather |date=1977 |publisher=Robert Hale |isbn=978-0-7091-6095-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gilleo |first=Alma |title=Prince Charles: Growing Up in Buckingham Palace |date=1978 |publisher=Childs World |isbn=978-0-89565-029-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Graham |first=Caroline |url=https://archive.org/details/camillacharleslo0000grah |title=Camilla and Charles: The Love Story |date=2005 |publisher=John Blake |isbn=978-1-84454-195-9 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Heald |first1=Tim |title=The Man Who Will Be King H.R.H. (Prince of Wales Charles) |last2=Mohrs |first2=Mayo |date=1979 |location=New York |publisher=Arbor House}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hedley |first=Olwen |title=Charles, 21st Prince of Wales |date=1969 |publisher=Pitkin Pictorials |isbn=978-0-85372-027-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Howard |title=Charles: The Man Who Will Be King |date=2007 |publisher=John Blake Publishing |isbn=978-1-84454-306-9 |edition=illustrated}}
* {{Cite book |last=Holden |first=Anthony |url=https://archive.org/details/kingcharlesiiibi00hold |title=King Charles III: A Biography |date=1988 |publisher=Grove |isbn=978-1-55584-309-0 |author-link=Anthony Holden}}
*: {{Cite book |last=Holden |first=Anthony |url=https://archive.org/details/charlesatfifty00hold |title=Charles at Fifty |date=1998 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-375-50175-3 |author-mask=1 |url-access=registration}}
*: {{Cite book |last=Holden |first=Anthony |title=Charles: A Biography |date=1999 |publisher=Corgi Books |isbn=978-0-552-99744-7 |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jencks |first=Charles |url=https://archive.org/details/princearchitects0000jenc |title=Prince, Architects & New Wave Monarchy |date=1988 |publisher=Rizzoli |isbn=978-0-8478-1010-9 |author-link=Charles Jencks |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jobson |first=Robert |title=Charles at Seventy – Thoughts, Hopes & Dreams: Thoughts, Hopes and Dreams |date=2018 |publisher=John Blake |isbn=978-1-78606-887-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Junor |first=Penny |url=https://archive.org/details/charlesvictimorv0000juno |title=Charles: Victim or Villain? |date=1998 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0-00-255900-3 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lacey |first=Robert |title=Monarch: The Life and Reign of Elizabeth II |date=2008 |publisher=Free Press |isbn=978-1-4391-0839-0 |author-link=Robert Lacey}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lane |first=Peter |title=Prince Charles: a study in development |date=1988 |publisher=Robert Hale |isbn=978-0-7090-3320-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Liversidge |first=Douglas |url=https://archive.org/details/princecharlesmon00live |title=Prince Charles: monarch in the making |date=1975 |publisher=A. Barker |isbn=978-0-213-16568-0 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Christopher |title=Prince Charles and the Architectural Debate (Architectural Design Profile) |date=1990 |publisher=St Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-04048-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mayer |first=Catherine |url=https://archive.org/details/borntobekingprin0000maye |title=Born to Be King: Prince Charles on Planet Windsor |date=2015 |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |isbn=978-1-62779-438-1 |author-link=Catherine Mayer |url-access=registration}}
*: {{Cite book |last=Mayer |first=Catherine |url=https://archive.org/details/charlesheartofki0000maye |title=Charles: The Heart of a King |date=2015 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-7535-5593-4 |author-mask=1 |author-link=Catherine Mayer}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nugent |first=Jean |title=Prince Charles, England's Future King |date=1982 |publisher=Dillon |isbn=978-0-87518-226-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Regan |first=Simon |title=Charles, the Clown Prince |date=1977 |publisher=Everest Books |isbn=978-0-905018-50-8 |author-link=Simon Regan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Sally Bedell |title=Prince Charles: The Passions and Paradoxes of an Improbable Life |date=2017 |publisher=Random House Trade Paperbacks |isbn=978-0-8129-7980-0}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Spangenburg |first1=Ray |title=Open For Debate: Genetic Engineering |last2=Moser |first2=Diane |publisher=Benchmark Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8129-7980-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Veon |first=Joan M. |title=Prince Charles: The Sustainable Prince |date=1997 |publisher=Hearthstone |isbn=978-1-57558-021-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wakeford |first=Geoffrey |title=Charles, Prince of Wales |date=1962 |publisher=Associated Newspapers}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.royal.uk/the-king The King] at the Royal Family website
* [https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-family/members-royal-family/king-charles-iii.html King Charles III] at the website of the [[Government of Canada]]
* [https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/charles-iii-king-of-the-united-kingdom-b-1948#/type/subject Charles III] at the website of the [[Royal Collection Trust]]
* {{NPG name|name=King Charles III}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0697608|name=King Charles III}}
* {{C-SPAN|12967}}

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Madhavrao I

2026-03-28T19:19:09Z

MonteZaleski33:

{{short description|Peshwa of Maratha Empire from 1761 to 1772}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{peacock|date=September 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{copyedit|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = ''[[Peshwa|Shrimant Peshwa]]''
| name = Madhavrao I
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Madhavrao I Peshwa.png
| caption = Portrait of Madhavrao I by Bhoj Raj at the [[Yale Center for British Art]]
{{Circa|1763}}
| office1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|33x30px]] 9th [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]
| term_start1 = 23 June 1761
| term_end1 = 18 November 1772
| monarch1 = [[Rajaram II]]
| predecessor1 = [[Balaji Baji Rao]]
| successor1 = [[Narayanrao]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1745|2|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Savanur]], [[Savanur State]] (modern day [[Karnataka]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1772|11|18|1745|2|15|df=yes}}
| profession =
| death_place = [[Theur]], [[Pune]], [[Maratha Confederacy]] (modern day [[Pune district]], Maharashtra, India)
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Ramabai Peshwa|Ramabai]]|1758}}
| birth_name = Madhavrao Bhat
| relatives = [[Vishwasrao]] (elder brother) [[Narayanrao]] (younger brother) [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] (uncle) [[Raghunathrao]] (uncle) [[Shamsher Bahadur I (Krishna Rao)|Shamsher Bahadur I]] (uncle) [[Bajirao I]] (grandfather) [[Kashibai]] (grandmother)
| father = [[Balaji Baji Rao]]
| mother = [[Gopikabai]]
| residence = [[Shaniwar Wada]], [[Pune]], [[Maratha Confederacy]]
| signature = Handwriting of Madhavrao I.png
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Maratha–Mysore wars]]
** [[Capture of Delhi (1771)]]
** [[Battle of Alegaon]]
** Battle of Rakshasbhuvan
{{tree list/end}}
}}
'''Madhavrao I''' (15 February 1745 – 18 November 1772), also known as '''Madhavrao Ballal Bhat''' (''[[Marathi language|marathi]]: माधवराव पेशवे''), was the ninth [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], ruling from 1761 until his death in 1772. He was the second son of [[Balaji Baji Rao]] and the grandson of [[Bajirao I]]. Madhavrao assumed the office of Peshwa at the age of sixteen following the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]' defeat in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761. His reign marked a period of political and administrative recovery known as the "Maratha Resurrection", during which the empire reasserted authority over territories lost following the [[Third Battle of Panipat]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madhavrao I and Maratha Resurrection|url=https://history-maps.com/story/Maratha-Confederacy/event/Madhavrao-I-and-Maratha-Resurrection|website=HistoryMaps|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref>

Madhavrao restructured the administration, reduced corruption, and revived the empire’s finances. Under his leadership, the [[Marathas]] reasserted their authority over several regions of [[Western India|western]] and southern [[Indian subcontinent]], notably the [[Carnatic region]], [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] through administrative reforms and military campaigns.

Madhavrao has been credited for maintaining unity within the Maratha [[Confederation|Confederacy]] through diplomacy and political negotiation. He promoted trade, sought to improve revenue collection, and introduced measures aimed at supporting agricultural stability during his time as the prime minister.

==Early life and ascendancy to Peshwa==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2025}}

Madhavrao I was the second son of [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Baji Rao|Balaji Bajirao]], also known as Nanasaheb, and his wife [[Gopikabai]]. He was born in [[Savnur]] on 15 February 1745.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-15 |title=Reviver of the Maratha Empire: Peshwa Madhavrao I |url=https://hindupost.in/history/reviver-of-the-maratha-empire-peshwa-madhavrao-i/#
|access-date=2025-03-18 |website=hindupost.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He was the grandson of [[Bajirao I]] and [[Kashibai]], as the younger brother of [[Vishwasrao]] and the elder brother of [[Narayanrao]].

Madhavrao's early years were marked by the political turbulence that followed the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761, during which his elder brother Vishwasrao and uncle [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] were killed. His father Balaji Baji Rao died shortly afterward.

Following his father’s death, Madhavrao, while only sixteen years old, was declared the next Peshwa of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]] on 21 June 1761.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |title=The Maratha Supremacy |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1991 |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai |pages=201}}</ref> His paternal uncle [[Raghunathrao]] (also known as Raghoba Dada) initially served as regent and exercised considerable influence in the early years of his rule.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

In 1753, Madhavrao married Ramabai, the daughter of Trimbakrao Bapusaheb Patwardhan, a respected Maratha noble from the [[Patwardhan dynasty|Pathwardhan]] family. When Madhavrao died in 1772 after a prolonged illness, Ramabai chose to perform [[sati (practice)|sati]], immolating herself on his funeral pyre at [[Theur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=New History of the Marathas, Volume III: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772–1848) |publisher=Phoenix Publications |year=1948 |page=10}}</ref>

==Disputes with Raghunath Rao==
{{Main|Battle of Alegaon|}}
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2022}}
On 22 August 1762, Raghunath Rao moved to [[Vadgaon Maval]] and assembled an army in opposition to the Peshwa. To finance his campaign, Raghunath Rao’s forces reportedly plundered nearby villages. In response to these developments, Madhavrao declared war on his uncle on 7 November 1762. However, he soon proposed a peace treaty in an effort to avoid prolonged civil conflict.

Raghunath Rao initially agreed to the terms, but shortly after the treaty was signed, he broke the treaty and attacked Madhavrao's camp. Madhavrao was defeated in the [[Battle of Alegaon]] on 12 November 1762 and subsequently surrendered near Alegaon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peshwa Madhav Rao [1745–1772]: Maratha–Mysore Wars, Rohilkhand Campaign, Hyder Ali |url=https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/peshwa-madhav-rao-1745-1772/
|access-date=2025-03-12 |website=BYJU’S |language=en}}</ref>

Following the surrender, Raghunath Rao assumed control of the Peshwa administration with the assistance of [[Sakharam Bapu Bokil]]. He sought to strengthen his position by forming an alliance with the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], but this alliance proved short-lived, as the Nizam began encroaching upon Maratha territories. Recognising the growing threat, Madhavrao appealed to his uncle to take action, but when diplomacy failed, he resumed command of the Maratha forces.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Under Madhavrao’s leadership, the Peshwa army marched toward [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] on 7 March 1763, targeting the Nizam’s domains. After several months of maneuvering , the opposing forces met at the Battle of [[Rakshasbhuvan]] near Aurangabad on 10 August 1763.<ref>{{cite book |last1=SarDesai |first1=D.R. |title=India: The Definitive History |date=2007 |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colo. |isbn=9780813343525 |pages=194–195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbpiBAAAQBAJ&q=peshwa+madhavrao&pg=PR11}}
</ref> The Nizam’s army suffered heavy losses and was forced to retreat, marking a decisive victory for Madhavrao and a significant step in restoring Maratha authority in the Deccan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallik |first=Samar Kumar |title=Adhunik Bharoter Dersho Bochor (1707–1857) |publisher=New West Bengal Publishers |year=2018 |edition=18th |location=Kolkata |pages=82 |language=Bengali}}</ref><gallery>
File:Madhavrao Peshwa's handwritten letter 01.jpg|A handwritten letter by Madhavrao I
File:Madhavrao Peshwa's handwritten letter 02.jpg|Continued letter by Madhavrao I
</gallery>

==The war against Hyder Ali and Mysore==
{{See also|Maratha–Mysore War|Battle of Jadi Hanwati|Battle of Rattihalli}}

On January 1764, Madhavrao I reorganised his forces and launched a renewed campaign against [[Hyder Ali]] Of [[Mysore]]. This expedition was commanded by several prominent Maratha generals, including Gopalrao Patwardhan, [[Murarirao Ghorpade]], Vinchurkar, and Naro Shankar. Although Raghunath Rao was invited to participate in the campaign, he declined and instead withdrew to [[Nashik]]. The campaign lasted for nearly a year and extended across large parts of the former [[Sira Subah]] in present-day [[Karnataka]].

Hyder Ali avoided capture during the campaign, though the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] gained territory in the region. In November 1764, with the assistance of Gopalrao and Anand Rao Patwardhan, the Marathas captured the Dharwad Fort, leaving only [[Bankapura]] under Hyder Ali’s control. Madhavrao’s forces also defeated [[Hyder Ali]] in several other engagements, including the Battle of Jadi Hanvatti and the Battle of Rattihalli.

As the campaign continued, Madhavrao sought additional support from Raghunath Rao, but his uncle instead entered into a separate peace agreement with [[Hyder Ali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Peshwa Madhav Rao – The Man Who Revived the Maratha Power |url=https://ambiladharma.com/2023/09/peshwa-madhav-rao-resurgence-of-great-maratha-empire-after-3rd-battle-of-panipat.html
|access-date=2023-09-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1767, Madhavrao launched a second expedition against Mysore. Supported by defectors from [[Hyder Ali]]’s camp, Madhavrao won notable victories at [[Sira, Karnataka|Sira]] and [[Madhugiri]]. During the siege of Madhugiri, he discovered Queen Virammaji, the last ruler of the [[Keladi Nayaka Kingdom]], and her young son, who had been imprisoned by [[Hyder Ali]]. Madhavrao arranged for their release and sent them to [[Pune]] for protection.<ref name="ReferenceA">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). ''Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813''. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p.458.</ref> The Marathas subsequently incorporated the [[Sira Subah]] into their dominions, consolidating their authority over large parts of southern India.<ref name="rice-1897b-166">{{harvnb|Rice|1897b|p=166}}</ref>

==Alliance with Nizam==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2017}}

[[File:Madhavrao Peshwa.JPG|thumb|250px|Memorial commemorating Madhavrao I at Peshwe Park in [[Pune]], India|left]]

During Madhavrao’s reign, the Maratha Empire continued its efforts to reassert control and expand its territories in northern Indian subcontinent. Raghunath Rao, along with the [[House of Holkar|Holkars]] and [[Shinde|Shindes (Scindias)]], led a northern expedition toward [[Delhi]] to extend Maratha influence in the region.

Meanwhile, Madhavrao sought to consolidate the empire’s position in the Deccan by reconciling with his former adversary, [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=History of India. Part III: Modern India.|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3035476|journal=Pacific Affairs|date=March 1956|issn=0030-851X|pages=87|volume=29|issue=1|doi=10.2307/3035476|first=Holden|last=Furber|first2=K. A. Nilakanta|last2=Sastri|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Nizam also expressed willingness to improve relations with the Marathas, and the two leaders met at Kurumkhed on 5 February 1766, marking the beginning of a period of relative peace between the two powers.

==Relations with the East India Company==
On 3 December 1767, a representative of the [[East India Company]], [[Thomas Mostyn]], arrived at Pune with a proposal to establish British military presence in [[Vasai]] and [[Salsette Island|Sashti]] in exchange for the territories of [[Bidnur]] and [[Sonda, Karnataka|Sonda]], but the offer was declined by Madhavrao.<ref>{{cite book |author=Anil Chandra Banerjee |title=Peshwa Madhav Rao I |publisher=A. Mukherjee & Bros |date=1943 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3tCAAAAIAAJ}}
</ref>

==Raghunath Rao faces house arrest==
Although [[Raghunathrao|Raghunath Rao]] led an expedition northward in an attempt to expand the Maratha Empire, the campaign did not achieve its intended success. Upon returning to Anandvalli, Raghunath Rao once again sought to consolidate power by forming alliances with certain generals and officials to challenge his nephew, Madhavrao I. His repeated efforts to undermine Madhavrao’s authority created significant instability within the Peshwa administration.

In response to Raghunath Rao's maneuvers, Madhavrao mobilised forces on June 10, 1768 and confronted Raghunath Rao. Raghunath Rao was defeated, captured, and placed under house arrest at the [[Shaniwar Wada]]. His key advisor and minister, [[Sakharam Bapu Bokil]], was also detained.

This decisive action allowed Madhavrao to reassert his authority over the Maratha administration. It also sent a clear message to other factions within the empire that attempts to challenge the young Peshwa would not be tolerated. Following Raghunath Rao’s confinement, Madhavrao focused on consolidating internal governance; strengthening administrative institutions; and continuing military campaigns to recover Maratha territories lost after the Third Battle of Panipat.

The capture of Raghunath Rao marked a turning point in Madhavrao’s reign, as it neutralised a major internal threat and enabled him to pursue both northern and southern campaigns without fear of immediate internal rebellion.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A History of the Maratha People. By C. A. Kincaid and D. B. Parasnis. 8½ × 5½, pp. xi + 503, 17 ills., 3 maps. London: Oxford University Press, 1931. 16''s''.|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00154383|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|date=October 1932|issn=1356-1863|pages=1062–1064|volume=64|issue=4|doi=10.1017/s0035869x00154383|last=R. E. E.|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Northern campaign==
{{See also|Capture of Delhi (1771)}}

In 1769, Peshwa Madhavrao I sent a large Maratha army under the command of Ramchandra Ganesh Kanade and [[Visaji Krushna Biniwale]] to recover territories lost in the north following the Third Battle of Panipat. They were joined by prominent generals [[Mahadji Shinde]] and [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]]. The Maratha forces marched towards [[Udaipur]], where the local [[Rajput]] rulers agreed to pay a tribute of 60 lakh rupees. On 5 April 1770, the Marathas defeated the [[Jats]] of [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]].

In October 1770, the Marathas defeated [[Najib Khan]] [[Rohilla]], one of the primary opponents of the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat. In November 1771, [[Visaji Krushna Biniwale]] was appointed in charge of the Maratha Northern Front by Peshwa Madhavrao I. In February 1772, Biniwale and Mahadji Shinde defeated the [[Rohilla]]s of Rohilkhand led by Zabita Khan at Shukratal. They desecrated Najib Khan’s tomb, looted artillery and an additional tribute of 40 lakh rupees. Mahadji Shinde emerged as an important military leader during this campaign.<ref>Rathod, N. G. (1994). The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons.</ref>

During the northern campaign, Biniwale persuaded the Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] to return to Delhi in 1771 and reclaim his throne.<ref>Duff, James Grant (1873). A History of the Mahrattas. Times of India. p. 350.</ref> Pleased with Biniwale’s victories in Rohilkhand, Madhavrao reportedly stated in his will that golden flowers should be showered upon Biniwale upon his arrival at Pune’s borders.

The Maratha capture of Delhi in 1771, led by Mahadji Shinde, restored Mughal emperor Shah Alam II to the throne at the [[Red Fort]] under Maratha protection.<ref>Kadiyan, Chand Singh (2019). "Panipat in History: A Study of Inscriptions." Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 64: 403–419.</ref><ref>Rathod, N. G. (1994). The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. Sarup & Sons. p. 8.</ref> The Marathas captured Delhi from Najib Khan’s son Zabita Khan, who had been appointed by the [[Afghans]]. This campaign re-established Maratha supremacy in northern India and recovered much of the territory lost after the Third Battle of Panipat.

Shah Alam II, who had spent six years in [[Allahabad Fort]], was escorted to Delhi under Maratha protection. During their stay, the Marathas constructed two temples in Allahabad, including the [[Alopi Devi Mandir]].

In January 1772, Shah Alam II, perceiving Maratha territorial ambitions, ordered his general [[Mirza Najaf Khan|Najaf Khan]] to expel them from Delhi. In response, Tukoji Rao Holkar and Visaji Krushna Biniwale attacked and defeated Mughal forces. The Marathas received imperial ''[[sanad]]s'' for Kora and Allahabad. They then attempted to extend influence over [[Oudh]], but faced resistance from [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] and the British. In the ensuing Battle of Ramghat, the Marathas were forced to withdraw due to the sudden death of Peshwa Madhavrao I and the civil war in Pune over his succession.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Death==
[[File:The Sati of Ramabai.jpg|thumb|250px|Cremation of Madhavrao I and sati of his wife [[Ramabai Peshwa|Ramabai]]]]

In June 1770, the Peshwas planned a third campaign against Hyder Ali, but at the age of 27 Madhavrao I’s health began to decline due to [[tuberculosis]],{{cn|date=March 2026}}{{or|date=March 2026}} also referred to in contemporary sources as "''Raj-Yakshma''" or the "prince of diseases".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-20 |title=Concept of Disease in Ayurveda – Ayurvedic Disease Synonyms |url=https://www.siddhiyoga.com/ayurveda/treatment/disease-according-to-ayurveda
|website=siddhiyoga.com |access-date=2025-03-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Madhavrao was forced to return from [[Miraj]] as the disease progressed. An English physician was consulted, and Madhavrao followed the recommended treatment, but his condition did not improve. He spent his final days at the [[Chintamani Temple, Theur|Ganesha Chintamani Temple]] in [[Theur]]. Historian James Grant Duff argued that the death of Madhavrao I had a more significant impact on the Maratha Empire's decline than the defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Madhavrao I died on 18 November 1772, around 8 a.m., at the temple premises of Chintamani in Theur. His funeral was attended by thousands to pay their last respects. He was cremated on the banks of the nearby river, approximately half a mile from the temple. A small stone memorial was laid there.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} His wife, [[Ramabai Peshwa|Ramabai]], committed [[Sati (practice)|''sati'']] during the cremation.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

==Character and legacy==
Contemporary accounts often describe Madhavrao I as having focused on administrative efficiency and internal stability. He was known for his openness, shrewd decisions, and efforts to resolve internal disputes within the Maratha Confederacy. Under his leadership, the Maratha Empire recovered from the devastating losses of the Third Battle of Panipat and regained supremacy in northern Indian subcontinent.

He personally participated in military campaigns and administrative reforms, earning the loyalty and respect of generals such as Mahadaji Shinde, Tukoji Rao Holkar, and Visaji Krushna Biniwale. Madhavrao’s diplomatic acumen was evident in his ability to balance relations with the Nizam of Hyderabad and navigate the growing influence of the East India Company without ceding significant control over Maratha territories.

Historian R. C. Majumdar described him as one of the most effective Peshwas of the Maratha state.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==In popular culture==
* In the 1987 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] TV series ''Swami'', Madhavrao's character was portrayed by [[Ravindra Mankani|Ravindra Mannkani]].
* In the 1994 [[Hindi]] TV series ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', Madhavrao's character was portrayed by Rahul Awasthee.
* [[Alok Rajwade]] portrayed Madhavrao in the 2014 Indian Marathi-language historical drama, ''[[Rama Madhav]]''
* Chinmay Patwardhan plays Madhavrao in the Indian Marathi-language television serial ''[[Swamini]]'' which airs on [[Colors Marathi]].

==See also==
* [[Mahadaji Pant Guruji]]
* [[Maratha Peshwa and Generals from Bhat Family]]
* [[Maratha emperors]]

==Further reading==
* ''Swami'', a Marathi book written by [[Ranjit Desai]] on the life of Madhavrao.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bookganga.com/eBooks/Books/details/5158042450242834250?BookName=Swami |title = स्वामी-Swami by Ranjeet Desai - Mehta Publishing House - BookGanga.com}}</ref><ref>''Swami'', Mehta Publishing House {{ISBN|978-817-766-644-1}}</ref>
* ''The Mastery of Hindustan - Triumphs & Travels of Madhavrao Peshwa'', a book written by Uday S. Kulkarni on the life and tenure of Madhavrao Peshwa. ({{ISBN|978-8192076935}}; published in 2022)<ref>{{cite book| title=Buy The Mastery of Hindustan – Triumphs & Travails of Madhavrao Peshwa Book Online at Low Prices in India | id={{ASIN|8192076938|country=in}}}}</ref>
* ''Pratishodh Panipatcha'', a Marathi novel written by Kaustubh Kasture on the life of Madhavrao Peshwa. (published in 2019)<ref>{{cite web | title=Pratishodha Panipatcha | website=BookGanga.com | url=https://www.bookganga.com/ebooks/Books/details/5350184858427366306?BookName=Pratishodha%20Panipatcha | access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Citation|last=Rice|first=Lewis|authorlink=Lewis Rice|title=Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for the Government, Volume II, Mysore, By Districts|year = 1897b|publisher=Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company. Pp. xii, 581|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FR1CAAAAIAAJ}}
* [[Ranjit Desai]], ''Swami'' (26th Edition March 2007, published by Mehta Publishers, Marathi Literature).
* Govind Sakharam Sardesai, ''A New History of Marathas''
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Duff.html James Grant Duff, ''History of the Marathas'' London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green (1826)]
* [http://m.maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune/madhavrao-peshve-drawings/articleshow/50690281.cms ''Maharashtra Times'', ''माधवराव पेशव्यांचे चित्र आले उजेडात'']
* [https://www.amazon.in/dp/9390129028/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_apa_glt_fabc_BTPK3WNAQ04XM3JTRPXC श्रीमंत माधवराव पेशवा:व्यक्ति आणि कार्य, लेखक: गुरुप्रसाद कानिटकर, पराग पिंपळखरे]

{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Peshawe family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhavrao 01}}
[[Category:Peshwa dynasty]]
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:1745 births]]
[[Category:1772 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Pune district]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Maratha generals]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]

Latin Church

2026-03-28T03:07:37Z

MonteZaleski33: cleanup

{{Short description|Largest autonomous particular Catholic church}}
{{Redirect|Latin Christian|the music genre|Latin Christian music}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox religion
| icon = Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg
| icon_width = 25px
| icon_alt = Emblem of the Holy See
| name = Latin Church
| founder =
| native_name = {{lang|la|Ecclesia Latina}}
| native_name_lang = la
| image = San Giovanni in Laterano 2021.jpg
| imagewidth = 300px
| alt = Façade of the Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran during the daytime
| caption = [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]] in [[Rome]], Italy
| type = [[Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites|Particular church]] ({{lang|la|[[sui iuris]]}})
| main_classification = [[Catholic]]
| orientation = [[Western Christianity]]
| scripture = [[Nova Vulgata]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Houghton |first=H. A. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXQqCwAAQBAJ&q=sixtine+vulgate&pg=PA132 |title=The Latin New Testament: A Guide to Its Early History, Texts, and Manuscripts |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198744733 |pages=132 |language=en |quote=The standard Bible of the Roman Catholic Church until 1979 was the Clementine Vulgate, prepared for Pope Clement VIII in 1592.}}</ref>
| theology = [[Catholic theology]]
| polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]<ref name=Episcopal_Polity>{{cite book |last=Marshall |first=Thomas William |date=1844 |title=Notes of the Episcopal Polity of the Holy Catholic Church |location=London |publisher=Levey, Rossen and Franklin}}</ref>
| governance = [[Holy See]]
| leader_title = [[Pope]]
| leader_name = {{incumbent pope}}
| language = [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] and native languages
| liturgy = [[Latin liturgical rites]]
| headquarters = [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]], [[Rome]], Italy
| territory = Worldwide
| founded_date = [[Christianity in the 1st century|1st century]]
| founded_place = [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], [[Roman Empire]]
| full_communion = [[Catholic Church]]
| area = Mainly in [[Western Europe]], [[Central Europe]], the [[Americas]], the [[Philippines]], pockets of [[Africa]], [[Madagascar]], [[Oceania]], with several [[episcopal conference]]s around the world
| branched_from = Catholic Church
| separations = {{indented plainlist|
*[[Marcionism]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harnack|first1=Adolf|author-link=Adolf von Harnack|title=Marcion: The Gospel of the Alien God|year=1921|translator-last1=Steely|translator-first1=John E.|translator-last2=Bierma|translator-first2=Lyle D.|publisher=Baker|location=Grand Rapids|isbn=978-1-55635-703-9}}</ref>
*[[Donatism]]<ref name=britannicaa>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa/Christianity-and-the-Donatist-controversy|title=Christianity and the Donatist controversy|website=
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref>
*[[Protestantism]]{{efn|(initially [[Lutheranism]], [[Calvinism]], [[Anglicanism]] and [[Anabaptism]] in the 16th century)}}
*[[Old Catholicism]]
*[[Sedevacantism]]
}}
| members = 1.3 billion (2015)<ref>{{cite book|url= https://brill.com/previewpdf/display/book/9789004411173/BP000001.xml|title= Children's Rights and Obligations in Canon Law: The Christening Contract|first=Mary|last=McAleese|date=2019|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-41117-3}}</ref>
| other_names = {{ublist|''Western Church''|''Latin Catholic Church''|''Roman Church''}}
| website = [https://www.vatican.va/ vatican.va]
}}
{{Particular churches sui iuris}}
{{Catholic Church sidebar}}
{{Christianity sidebar}}

The '''Latin Church''' ({{langx|la|Ecclesia Latina}}) is the largest autonomous ({{lang|la|[[sui iuris]]}}) [[particular church]] within the [[Catholic Church]], whose members constitute the vast majority of the 1.3 billion Catholics. The Latin Church is one of 24 [[Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Churches|''sui iuris'' churches]] in [[full communion]] with the [[pope]]; the other 23 are collectively referred to as the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], and they have approximately 18 million members combined.<ref name=witness>{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Jon|url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/magazine/the-beautiful-witness-of-the-eastern-catholic-churches/|title=The beautiful witness of the Eastern Catholic Churches|date=7 March 2019|website=Catholic Herald|access-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929010556/https://catholicherald.co.uk/magazine/the-beautiful-witness-of-the-eastern-catholic-churches/|archive-date=29 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Latin Church is directly headed by the pope in his role as the [[bishop of Rome]], whose ''[[cathedra]]'' as a bishop is located in the [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]] in [[Rome]], Italy. The Latin Church both developed within and strongly influenced [[Western culture]]; as such, it is sometimes called the '''Western Church''' ({{langx|la|Ecclesia Occidentalis}}), which is reflected in one of the pope's traditional titles in some eras and contexts, the [[Patriarch of the West]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Mancini|first=Marco|title=Patriarca d'Occidente? No grazie, disse Benedetto XVI|trans-title=Patriarch of the West? No thanks, said Benedict XVI|url=https://www.acistampa.com/story/patriarca-doccidente-no-grazie-disse-benedetto-xvi-6621|work=ACI Stampa|date=2017-08-11|access-date=2023-11-28|location=Vatican City|language=it}}</ref> It is also known as the '''Roman Church''' ({{langx|la|Ecclesia Romana}}),<ref>{{cite book|first=Paul |last=Turner|year=2007 |title=When other Christians become Catholic. |publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-6216-8|page=141|quote="When other Christians become Catholic: the individual becomes Eastern Catholic, not Roman Catholic"}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopaedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09022a.htm |first=Adrian |last=Fortescue|author-link=Adrian Fortescue|title=Latin Church"|encyclopaedia=Catholic Encyclopedia|year=1910|quote=no doubt, by a further extension Roman Church may be used as equivalent to Latin Church for the patriarchate}}</ref> the '''Latin Catholic Church''',<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Faris|first=John D.|author-link=John D. Faris |year=2002 |title=The Latin Church ''Sui Iuris'' |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/juristcu62&id=286&div=&collection= |journal=Jurist |volume=62 |pages=280}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ashni |first1=A. L. |last2=Santhosh |first2=R. |date=December 2019 |title=Catholic Church, Fishers and Negotiating Development: A Study on the Vizhinjam Port Project |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0972266119883165 |journal=Review of Development and Change |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=187–204 |doi=10.1177/0972266119883165 |s2cid=213671195 |issn=0972-2661|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and in some contexts as the '''Roman Catholic Church''' (though this name can also refer to the Catholic Church as a whole).<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Paul |title=When other Christians become Catholic |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8146-6216-8 |page=141 |quote="When other Christians become Catholic: the individual becomes Eastern Catholic, not Roman Catholic"}}</ref>{{Efn|The term ''Roman Catholic Church'' is also used to refer to the [[Catholic Church]] as a whole, especially in a non-Catholic context, while also occasionally used in reference to the Latin Church vis-à-vis the Eastern Catholic Churches. {{Cite web |date=2011-11-30 |title=Do you know differences between Roman, Byzantine Catholic Churches? |url=https://www.thecompassnews.org/2011/11/do-you-know-differences-between-roman-byzantine-catholic-churches/ |access-date=2021-04-08 |website=The Compass |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416102436/https://www.thecompassnews.org/2011/11/do-you-know-differences-between-roman-byzantine-catholic-churches/ |url-status=dead }}}}

The Latin Church was in full communion with what is referred to as the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] until the [[East–West Schism]] of [[Holy See|Rome]] and [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Constantinople]] in 1054. From that time, but also before it, it became common to refer to Western Christians as ''[[Latins (Middle Ages)|Latins]]'' in contrast to [[Eastern Christians|Byzantines or Greeks]].

The Latin Church employs the [[Latin liturgical rites]], which since the mid-20th century are very often translated into the [[vernacular]]. The predominant [[Ritual family|liturgical rite]] is the [[Roman Rite]], elements of which have been practiced since the fourth century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fortescue|first=Adrian|title=The Mass: A Study of the Roman Liturgy|series=The Westminster Library|editor-last1=Ward|editor-first1=Bernard|editor-last2=Thurston|editor-first2=Herbert|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|location=London|year=1914|edition=New|url=https://archive.org/details/massstudyofroman00fort/mode/2up|page=167}}</ref> There exist and have existed since ancient times additional Latin liturgical rites and [[use (liturgy)|use]]s, including the currently used [[Mozarabic Rite]] in restricted use in Spain, the [[Ambrosian Rite]] in parts of Italy, and the [[Anglican Use]] in the [[personal ordinariate]]s.

In the [[early modern period]] and subsequently, the Latin Church carried out [[Catholic missions|evangelizing missions]] to the [[Americas]], and from the [[Modern history|late modern period]] to [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] and [[East Asia]]. The [[Protestant Reformation]] in the 16th century resulted in [[Protestantism]] breaking away, resulting in the fragmentation of [[Western Christianity]], including not only Protestant offshoots of the Latin Church, but also smaller groups of 19th-century break-away [[Independent Catholic denominations]].

==Terminology==
{{see also|Catholic Church#Name|Catholic (term)|Roman Catholic (term)}}

===Name===
The historical part of the Catholic Church in the West is called the Latin Church to distinguish itself from the Eastern Catholic Churches which are also under the pope's [[papal primacy|primacy]]. In historical context, before the [[East–West Schism]] in 1054 the Latin Church is sometimes referred to as the ''Western Church''. Writers belonging to various Protestant denominations sometime use the term ''Western Church'' as an implicit claim to legitimacy.{{clarify|date=November 2023}}

The term ''Latin Catholic'' refers to followers of the [[Latin liturgical rites]], of which the [[Roman Rite]] is predominant. The Latin liturgical rites are contrasted with the liturgical rites of the Eastern Catholic Churches.

==="Church" and "rite"===
{{further|Catholic liturgical rites and particular churches}}
The 1990 [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]] defines the use within that code of the words "church" and "rite".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html#CANONES_PRAELIMINARES|title=CCEO, canon 27|website=w2.vatican.va|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref>CCEO, canon 28 §1</ref> In accordance with these definitions of usage within the code that governs the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], the Latin Church is one such group of Christian faithful united by a hierarchy and recognized by the supreme authority of the [[Catholic Church]] as a ''sui iuris'' particular Church. The "Latin Rite" is the whole of the patrimony of that distinct particular church, by which it manifests its own manner of living the faith, including its own liturgy, its theology, its spiritual practices and traditions and its canon law. A Catholic, as an individual person, is necessarily a member of a particular church. A person also inherits, or "is of",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P1E.HTM#BC|title= Code of Canon Law, canons 383 §2|website=The Holy See|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P1L.HTM#7U 450 §1]</ref><ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P1O.HTM#3F 476 ]</ref><ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P1O.HTM#B7 479 §2]</ref><ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3O.HTM#FY 1021]</ref> a particular patrimony or rite. Since the rite has liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary elements, a person is also to worship, to be catechized, to pray and to be governed according to a particular rite.

Particular churches that inherit and perpetuate a particular patrimony are identified by the [[metonymy]] "church" or "rite". Accordingly, "Rite" has been defined as "a division of the Christian Church using a distinctive liturgy",<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rite |title=Rite |date=3 October 2023 |publisher=Merriam Webster Dictionary}}</ref> or simply as "a Christian Church".<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/rite |title=Rite |publisher=Collins English Dictionary}}</ref> In this sense, "Rite" and "Church" are treated as synonymous, as in the glossary prepared by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and revised in 1999, which states that each "Eastern-rite (Oriental) Church ... is considered equal to the Latin rite within the Church".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.usccb.org/comm/glossary.shtml|title=Glossary of Church Terms|website=usccb.org|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706194635/http://old.usccb.org/comm/glossary.shtml|archive-date=6 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Second Vatican Council likewise stated that "it is the mind of the Catholic Church that each individual Church or Rite should retain its traditions whole and entire and likewise that it should adapt its way of life to the different needs of time and place"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_orientalium-ecclesiarum_en.html|title=Decree on the Eastern Rite ''Orientalium Ecclesiarum''|date=1964-11-21|author=Pope Paul VI|author-link=Pope Paul VI|location=Rome}}</ref> and spoke of patriarchs and of "major archbishops, who rule the whole of some individual Church or Rite".<ref>''Orientalium Ecclesiarum'', 10</ref> It thus used the word "Rite" as "a technical designation of what may now be called a particular Church".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiJnrTwWRqcC&pg=PA73|last=Bassett|first=William W.|title=The Determination of Rite, an Historical and Juridical Study|publisher=Gregorian University Press|location=Rome|year=1967|isbn=978-88-7652129-4|volume=157|issue=21|series=Analecta Gregoriana|page=73}}</ref> "Church or rite" is also used as a single heading in the [[United States]] Library of Congress classification of works.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/KBS%20Table%202.pdf|title=Library of Congress Classification – KBS Table 2|website=loc.gov|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>

==History==
Historically, the governing entity of the Latin Church (i.e. the [[Holy See]]) has been viewed as one of the five [[patriarchates]] of the [[Pentarchy]] of [[early Christianity]], along with the patriarchates of [[Patriarchate of Constantinople|Constantinople]], [[Patriarchate of Alexandria|Alexandria]], [[Patriarchate of Antioch|Antioch]], and [[Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]. Due to geographic and cultural considerations, the latter patriarchates developed into churches with distinct [[Eastern Christian]] traditions. This scheme, tacitly at least accepted by Rome, is constructed from the viewpoint of Greek Christianity and does not take into consideration other churches of great antiquity which developed in the East outside the frontiers of the Roman Empire. The majority of Eastern Christian Churches broke full communion with the Bishop of Rome and the Latin Church, following various theological and jurisdictional disputes in the centuries following the [[Council of Chalcedon]] in AD 451. These included notably the [[Nestorian Schism]] (431–544) ([[Church of the East]]), [[Chalcedonian Schism]] (451) ([[Oriental Orthodoxy]]), and the [[East-West Schism]] (1054) ([[Eastern Orthodoxy]]).<ref name=AFortescue>{{CE1913|wstitle=Latin Church|first=Adrian|last=Fortescue|year=1910|prescript=}}</ref> The [[Protestant Reformation]] of the 16th century saw a schism which was not analogous since it was not based upon the same historical factors and involved far more profound theological dissent from the teaching of the totality of previously existing historical Christian churches. Until 2006, the pope claimed the title "[[patriarch of the West]]"; [[Benedict XVI]] set aside this title. In 2024, [[Pope Francis]] reinstated patriarch of the West as one of the official [[papal titles]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=Why is Pope Francis embracing the patriarchy (of the West)? |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/why-is-pope-francis-embracing-the |access-date= |website=[[The Pillar]] |language=en}}</ref>

Following the [[Early Muslim conquests|Islamic conquests]], the [[Crusades]] were launched by the West from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the [[Holy Land]] against [[persecution of Christians|persecution]]. In the long term the Crusaders did not succeed in re-establishing political and military control of Palestine, which like former Christian North Africa and the rest of the Middle East remained under Islamic control. The names of many former Christian dioceses of this vast area are still used by the Catholic Church as the names of [[Catholic titular sees]], irrespective of the question of liturgical families.

In the [[High Middle Ages]] began the development of [[Scholasticism]] in the Latin Church, which saw to reconcile the rediscovery of [[Transmission of the Greek Classics|Classical Greek works]] such as those of [[Aristotle]] with Christianity. Under that came new theologians such as [[Thomas Aquinas]] and [[Anselm of Canterbury]] who believed that faith and reason could exist without any contradiction.<ref name=GilsonP>{{cite book|last=Gilson|first=Etienne|title=The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy (Gifford Lectures 1933–35)|year=1991|publisher=University of Notre Dame Press|location=Notre Dame, IN|isbn=978-0-268-01740-8|pages=490}}</ref><ref>Grant, Edward. ''God and Reason in the Middle Ages.'' Cambridge University Press, 2004, 56</ref><ref name=SEP3>{{cite book |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/aquinas/ |title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |last1=McInerny |first1=Ralph |last2=O'Callaghan |first2=John |chapter=Saint Thomas Aquinas |date=5 February 2018 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |via=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref>

During the Age of Discovery, the Latin Church spread to the Americas and the Philippines under the colonial powers of [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]], which [[Pope Alexander VI]] in the [[papal bull]] [[Inter caetera]] awarded colonial rights to.<ref name="Koschorke13">[[Klaus Koschorke|Koschorke, K.]] ''A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America'' (2007), pp. 13, 283</ref> The [[French colonization of the Americas]] beginning in the 16th century established the French Latin Church in [[Quebec]].<ref>Lyons (2013), p. 17</ref>

== Membership ==
In the Catholic Church, in addition to the Latin Church{{Em dash}}directly headed by the pope as Latin patriarch and notable within [[Western Christianity]] for its [[sacred tradition]] and [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|seven sacraments]]{{Em dash}} there are 23 [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], self-governing [[particular church]]es [[sui iuris]] with their own hierarchies. Most of these churches trace their origins to the other four patriarchates of the ancient [[pentarchy]], but either never historically broke full communion or returned to it with the Papacy at some time. These differ from each other in [[liturgical rite]] (ceremonies, vestments, chants, language), devotional traditions, [[Catholic theology|theology]], [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]], and [[Clergy in the Catholic Church|clergy]], but all maintain the same faith, and all see full communion with the pope as [[bishop of Rome]] as essential to being Catholic as well as part of the [[one true church]] as defined by the [[Four Marks of the Church]] in [[Catholic ecclesiology]].

The approximately 18 million Eastern Catholics represent a minority of Christians in communion with the pope,<ref name=witness/> compared to well over 1 billion Latin Catholics. Additionally, there are roughly 250 million [[Eastern Orthodox]] and 86 million [[Oriental Orthodox]] around the world that are not in union with Rome. Unlike the Latin Church, the pope does not exercise a direct patriarchal role over the Eastern Catholic churches and their faithful, instead encouraging their internal hierarchies, which while separate from that of the Latin Church and function analogously to it, and follow the traditions shared with the corresponding Eastern Christian churches in Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy.<ref name=AFortescue />

==Organisation==
{{further|Holy See}}

===Liturgical patrimony===
[[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Joseph Ratzinger]] (later Pope Benedict XVI) described the [[Latin liturgical rites]] on 24 October 1998:<ref>{{cite book| title= Ratzinger's Faith: The Theology of Pope Benedict XVI | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z-c-D6N0u3cC&q=ratzinger+%E2%80%9Cthe+ambrosian+rite%E2%80%9D&pg=PT190 | access-date = 24 November 2017 | first= Tracey | last= Rowland | date= 2008 | publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn = 9780191623394}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Several forms of the Latin rite have always existed, and were only slowly withdrawn, as a result of the coming together of the different parts of Europe. Before the Council there existed, side by side with the [[Roman rite]], the [[Ambrosian rite]], the [[Mozarabic rite]] of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], the [[rite of Braga]], the [[Carthusian rite]], the [[Carmelite]] rite, and best known of all, the [[Dominican order|Dominican]] rite, and perhaps still other rites of which I am not aware.|title=|source=}}

Today, the most common Latin liturgical rites are the [[Roman Rite]]—either the post-[[Vatican II]] Mass promulgated by [[Pope Paul VI]] in 1969 and revised by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 2002 (the [[Mass of Paul VI|"Ordinary Form"]]), or the 1962 form of the [[Tridentine Mass]] (the "Extraordinary Form"); the [[Ambrosian Rite]]; the [[Mozarabic Rite]]; and variations of the Roman Rite (such as the [[Anglican Use]]). The 23 [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] employ five different families of liturgical rites. The Latin liturgical rites are used only in a single ''[[sui iuris]]'' particular church.

Of other liturgical families, the main survivors are what is now referred to officially as the [[Mozarabic Rite|Hispano-Mozarabic Rite]], still in restricted use in Spain; the [[Ambrosian Rite]], centred geographically on the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archdiocese of Milan]], in [[Italy]], and much closer in form, though not specific content, to the Roman Rite; and the [[Carthusians#Liturgy|Carthusian Rite]], practised within the [[Carthusians|strict Carthusian monastic Order]], which also employs in general terms forms similar to the Roman Rite, but with a number of significant divergences which have adapted it to the distinctive way of life of the Carthusians.

There once existed what is referred to as the Gallican Rite, used in Gaulish or Frankish territories. This was a conglomeration of varying forms, not unlike the present [[Mozarabic Rite|Hispano-Mozarabic Rite]] in its general structures, but never strictly codified and which from at least the seventh century was gradually infiltrated, and then eventually for the most part replaced, by liturgical texts and forms which had their origin in the diocese of Rome. Other former "Rites" in past times practised in certain religious orders and important cities were in truth usually partial variants upon the [[Roman Rite]] and have almost entirely disappeared from current use, despite limited nostalgic efforts at revival of some of them and a certain indulgence by the Roman authorities.

===Disciplinary patrimony===
{{main|1983 Code of Canon Law}}

{{canon law}}
Canon law for the Latin Church is codified in the ''[[1983 Code of Canon Law|Code of Canon Law]]'', of which there have been two codifications, the first promulgated by [[Pope Benedict XV]] in 1917 and the second by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/cdc/index.htm|title=Codes of Canon Law – Archive|website=The Holy See|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>

In the Latin Church, the norm for administration of [[confirmation]] is that, except when in danger of death, the person to be confirmed should "have the use of reason, be suitably instructed, properly disposed, and able to renew the baptismal promises",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|title=Code of Canon Law, canon 889 §2|website=The Holy See|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> and "the administration of the Most Holy [[Eucharist]] to children requires that they have sufficient knowledge and careful preparation so that they understand the mystery of Christ according to their capacity and are able to receive the body of Christ with faith and devotion."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P39.HTM|title=Code of Canon Law, canon 913 §1|website=The Holy See|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> In the Eastern Churches these sacraments are usually administered immediately after [[baptism]], even for an infant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-2_lt.html|title=Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canons 695 §1 and 710|website=w2.vatican.va|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>

[[Clerical celibacy|Celibacy]], as a consequence of the duty to observe perfect continence, is obligatory for [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priest]]s in the Latin Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PY.HTM|title=Code of Canon Law, canon 277 §1|website=The Holy See|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> An exception is made for married clergy from other churches, who join the Catholic Church; they may continue as married priests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|title= ''Anglicanorum coetibus'', VI §§1–2|website=w2.vatican.va|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> In the Latin Church, a married man may not be admitted even to the diaconate unless he is legitimately destined to remain a deacon and not become a priest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3S.HTM#6O|title=Code of Canon Law, canon 1042|website=The Holy See|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> Marriage after ordination is not possible, and attempting it can result in canonical penalties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Y.HTM|title=Code of Canon Law, canon 1087|website=The Holy See|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> The Eastern Catholic Churches, unlike the Latin Church, have a married clergy.

At the present time, [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishop]]s in the Latin Church are generally [[Appointment of Catholic bishops|appointed]] by the [[pope]] after hearing the advice of the various [[dicasteries]] of the [[Roman Curia]], specifically the [[Congregation for Bishops]], the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]] (for countries in its care), the [[Section for Relations with States]] of the [[Secretariat of State (Holy See)|Secretariat of State]] (for appointments that require the consent or prior notification of civil governments), and the [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches]] (in the areas in its charge, even for the appointment of Latin bishops). The Congregations generally work from a "terna" or list of three names advanced to them by the local church, most often through the Apostolic Nuncio or the Cathedral Chapter in those places where the Chapter retains the right to nominate bishops.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

==Theology and philosophy==
===Augustinianism===
{{See also|Augustinianism|New Jerusalem|The City of God|Neoplatonism}}
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens - St Augustine.JPG|thumb|upright|left|''St. Augustine'' by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], 1636–1638]]
[[Augustine of Hippo]] was a [[Roman Africans|Roman African]], [[philosopher]] and [[bishop in the Catholic Church]]. He helped shape [[Latin Christianity]], and is viewed as one of the most important [[Church Fathers]] in the Latin Church for his writings in the [[Patristics|Patristic Period]]. Among his works are ''[[The City of God]]'', ''[[De doctrina Christiana]]'', and ''[[Confessions (Augustine)|Confessions]]''.

In his youth he was drawn to [[Manichaeism]] and later to [[neoplatonism]]. After his baptism and conversion in 386, Augustine developed his own approach to philosophy and theology, accommodating a variety of methods and perspectives.<ref>{{cite book |title=Augustine the Theologian |last=TeSelle |first=Eugene |year=1970 |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/augustinetheolog0000tese/page/347 347–349] |isbn=978-0-223-97728-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinetheolog0000tese/page/347 }} 2002: {{ISBN|1-57910-918-7}}.</ref> Believing that the [[Grace in Christianity|grace of Christ]] was indispensable to human freedom, he helped formulate the doctrine of [[original sin]] and made seminal contributions to the development of [[just war theory]]. His thoughts profoundly influenced the medieval worldview. The segment of the church that adhered to the concept of the [[Trinity]] as defined by the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]] and the [[First Council of Constantinople|Council of Constantinople]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilken |first=Robert L. |title=The Spirit of Early Christian Thought |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=New Haven |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-300-10598-8 |page=291}}</ref> closely identified with Augustine's ''[[On the Trinity]]''

When the [[Western Roman Empire]] began to disintegrate, Augustine imagined the church as a spiritual [[New Jerusalem#Christianity|City of God]], distinct from the material Earthly City.<ref name="CC">{{cite book |last=Durant |first=Will |title=Caesar and Christ: a History of Roman Civilization and of Christianity from Their Beginnings to A.D. 325 |publisher=MJF Books |location=New York |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-56731-014-6 |author-link=Will Durant|title-link=Ancient Rome }}</ref> in his book ''On the city of God against the pagans'', often called ''[[The City of God]]'', Augustine declared its message to be spiritual rather than political. Christianity, he argued, should be concerned with the mystical, heavenly city, the [[New Jerusalem]], rather than with earthly politics.

''The City of God'' presents human [[history]] as a conflict between what Augustine calls the Earthly City (often colloquially referred to as the City of Man, but never by Augustine) and the City of God, a conflict that is destined to end in victory for the latter. The City of God is marked by people who forego earthly pleasure to dedicate themselves to the eternal truths of God, now revealed fully in the Christian faith. The Earthly City, on the other hand, consists of people who have immersed themselves in the cares and pleasures of the present, passing world.
[[File:Saint Augustine by Philippe de Champaigne.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Augustine by [[Philippe de Champaigne]], 17th century]]
For Augustine, the [[Logos]] "took on flesh" in Christ, in whom the logos was present as in no other man.<ref>Augustine, Confessions, Book 7.9.13–14</ref><ref>De immortalitate animae of Augustine: text, translation and commentary, By Saint Augustine (Bishop of Hippo.), C. W. Wolfskeel, introduction</ref><ref>1 John 1:14</ref> He strongly influenced [[Medieval philosophy#Early medieval Christian philosophy|Early Medieval Christian Philosophy]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Handboek Geschiedenis van de Wijsbegeerte I, Article by Douwe Runia</ref>

Like other Church Fathers such as [[Athenagoras of Athens|Athenagoras]],<ref>{{cite web | title = A Plea for the Christians |first = Athenagoras | last = the Athenian | url = http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0205.htm | publisher = New advent}}</ref> [[Tertullian]],<ref>Flinn, Frank K. and Melton, J. Gordon (2007) [https://books.google.com/books?id=gxEONS0FFlsC&pg=PA4 ''Encyclopedia of Catholicism'']. Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Religions. {{ISBN|978-0-8160-5455-8}}), p. 4</ref> [[Clement of Alexandria]] and [[Basil of Caesarea]],<ref>Kristin, Luker (1985) [https://books.google.com/books?id=-SZnZTSQV9EC&pg=PA12 ''Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood'']. University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-5209-0792-8}}), p. 12</ref> Augustine "vigorously condemned the practice of induced [[abortion]]", and although he disapproved of an abortion during any stage of pregnancy, he made a distinction between early abortions and later ones.<ref name="Fitzgerald, 1">{{Cite encyclopedia| publisher = Wm B Eerdmans | isbn = 978-0-8028-3843-8| page = 1| editor-first = Allan D | editor-last = Fitzgerald | last = Bauerschmidt | first = John C |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcVhAGpvTQ0C&pg=PA1 |title=Abortion |encyclopedia = Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia| year = 1999}}</ref> He acknowledged the distinction between "formed" and "unformed" fetuses mentioned in the [[Septuagint]] translation of {{bibleverse||Exodus|21:22–23}}, which is considered as wrong translation of the word "harm" from the original Hebrew text as "form" in the Greek Septuagint and based in Aristotelian distinction "between the fetus before and after its supposed 'vivification'", and did not classify as murder the abortion of an "unformed" fetus since he thought that it could not be said with certainty that the fetus had already received a soul.<ref name="Fitzgerald, 1"/><ref>[http://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/human-life-and-dignity/abortion/respect-for-unborn-human-life.cfm Respect for Unborn Human Life: the Church's Constant Teaching]. U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops</ref>

Augustine also used the term "[[Catholic (term)|Catholic]]" to distinguish the "[[One true church|true]]" church from heretical groups:
<blockquote>In the Catholic Church, there are many other things which most justly keep me in her bosom. The consent of peoples and nations keeps me in the Church; so does her authority, inaugurated by miracles, nourished by hope, enlarged by love, established by age. The succession of priests keeps me, beginning from the very seat of the [[Apostle Peter]], to whom the Lord, after His resurrection, gave it in charge to feed His sheep (Jn 21:15–19), down to the present [[historical episcopate|episcopate]].</blockquote>
<blockquote>And so, lastly, does the very name of Catholic, which, not without reason, amid so many heresies, the Church has thus retained; so that, though all heretics wish to be called Catholics, yet when a stranger asks where the Catholic Church meets, no heretic will venture to point to his own chapel or house.</blockquote>
<blockquote>Such then in number and importance are the precious ties belonging to the Christian name which keep a believer in the Catholic Church, as it is right they should. ...With you, there is none of these things to attract or keep me. ...No one shall move me from the faith which binds my mind with ties so many and so strong to the Christian religion. ...For my part, I should not believe the gospel except as moved by the authority of the Catholic Church. 
:— St. Augustine (354–430): ''Against the Epistle of Manichaeus called Fundamental'', chapter 4: Proofs of the Catholic Faith.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf104.iv.viii.vi.html?|title=Chapter 5.—Against the Title of the Epistle of Manichæus|publisher=Christian Classics Ethereal Library|access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref></blockquote>
[[File:Gerard Seghers (attr) - The Four Doctors of the Western Church, Saint Augustine of Hippo (354–430).jpg|thumb|''Saint Augustine of Hippo'' by [[Gerard Seghers]] (attributed)]]
In both his philosophical and theological reasoning, Augustine was greatly influenced by [[Stoicism]], [[Platonism]] and [[Neoplatonism]], particularly by the work of [[Plotinus]], author of the ''[[Enneads]]'', probably through the mediation of [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] and [[Gaius Marius Victorinus|Victorinus]] (as [[Pierre Hadot]] has argued). Although he later abandoned Neoplatonism, some ideas are still visible in his early writings.<ref>[[#Russel|Russell]], Book II, Chapter IV</ref> His early and influential writing on the [[Will (philosophy)|human will]], a central topic in [[ethics]], would become a focus for later philosophers such as [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]], and [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]. He was also influenced by the works of [[Virgil]] (known for his teaching on language), and [[Cicero]] (known for his teaching on argument).<ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite encyclopedia| last=Mendelson| first=Michael| title=Saint Augustine| url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/augustine/| encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy| access-date=21 December 2012| date=2000-03-24}}</ref>

In the East, his teachings are more disputed, and were notably attacked by [[John Romanides]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = Some Underlying Positions of This Website| url = http://www.romanity.org/htm/rom.00.en.some_underlying_positions_of_this_website.htm| website = romanity.org| access-date = 2015-09-30}}</ref> But other theologians and figures of the Eastern Orthodox Church have shown significant approbation of his writings, chiefly [[Georges Florovsky]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = Limits of Church| url = http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/limits_church.htm| website = fatheralexander.org| access-date = 2015-09-30}}</ref> The most controversial doctrine associated with him, the filioque,<ref name="Rev. Dr.">Papademetriou, George C. [http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8153 "Saint Augustine in the Greek Orthodox Tradition"]. goarch.org {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105045903/http://goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8153 |date=5 November 2010 }}</ref> was rejected by the Orthodox Church<ref>{{Cite book|last=Siecienski|first=Anthony Edward|year=2010|title=The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=auT8VbgOe48C|isbn=978-0195372045|pages=53–67}}</ref> as heretical.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} Other disputed teachings include his views on original sin, the doctrine of grace, and [[predestination]].<ref name="Rev. Dr."/> Nevertheless, though considered to be mistaken on some points, he is still considered a saint, and has even had influence on some Eastern Church Fathers, most notably the Greek theologian Gregory Palamas.<ref>{{Cite document| title = Gregory Palamas' Use of Augustine's De Trinitate for Original Sin and its Application to the Theotokos & Scholarius' Palamitico-Augustinianism of the Immaculate Conception (Stockholm 28.VI.15)| publisher= Stockholm University Press | date = 2015-09-30| last1 = Kappes| first1 = Christiaan}}</ref> In the Orthodox Church his feast day is celebrated on 15 June.<ref name="Rev. Dr."/><ref>{{cite journal | last =[[Archimandrite]] | title = Book Review: ''The Place of Blessed Augustine in the Orthodox Church'' | journal =Orthodox Tradition | volume =II | issue =3&4 | pages =40–43 | url =http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/bless_aug.aspx#rose | access-date =28 June 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070710012506/http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/bless_aug.aspx| archive-date= 10 July 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Historian [[Diarmaid MacCulloch]] has written: "[Augustine's] impact on Western Christian thought can hardly be overstated; only his beloved example [[Paul the Apostle|Paul of Tarsus]] has been more influential, and Westerners have generally seen Paul through Augustine's eyes."<ref name="MacCulloch2010">{{cite book|author=Diarmaid MacCulloch|title=A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1eTZKpJVS4C&pg=PT319|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-102189-8|page=319}}</ref>

In his autobiographical book ''Milestones'', [[Pope Benedict XVI]] claims Augustine as one of the deepest influences in his thought.

===Scholasticism===
{{See also|René Descartes|Cartesianism}}
[[File:Laurentius de Voltolina Vorlesung vor Studenten - Min 1233 - Kupferstichkabinett Berlin.jpg|thumb|14th-century image of a university lecture]]
[[Scholasticism]] is a method of critical [[thought]] which dominated teaching by the [[Academic staff|academics]] ("scholastics", or "schoolmen"{{anchor|Schoolmen}}) of [[medieval university|medieval universities]] in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, The 13th and early 14th centuries are generally seen as the high period of scholasticism. The early 13th century witnessed the culmination of the [[recovery of Aristotle|recovery of Greek philosophy]]. Schools of translation grew up in Italy and Sicily, and eventually in the rest of Europe. Powerful Norman kings gathered men of knowledge from Italy and other areas into their courts as a sign of their prestige.<ref>{{cite book |title=Science in the Middle Ages |last=Lindberg |first=David C. |year=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-48232-3 |pages=70–72}}</ref> [[William of Moerbeke]]'s translations and editions of Greek philosophical texts in the middle half of the thirteenth century helped form a clearer picture of Greek philosophy, particularly of Aristotle, than was given by the Arabic versions on which they had previously relied. [[Edward Grant]] writes: "Not only was the structure of the Arabic language radically different from that of Latin, but some Arabic versions had been derived from earlier Syriac translations and were thus twice removed from the original Greek text. Word-for-word translations of such Arabic texts could produce tortured readings. By contrast, the structural closeness of Latin to Greek permitted literal, but intelligible, word-for-word translations."<ref name=institutions>Grant, Edward, and Emeritus Edward Grant. The foundations of modern science in the Middle Ages: their religious, institutional and intellectual contexts. Cambridge University Press, 1996, 23–28</ref>

[[university|Universities]] developed in the large cities of Europe during this period, and rival clerical orders within the church began to battle for political and intellectual control over these centers of educational life. The two main orders founded in this period were the [[Franciscans]] and the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]]. The Franciscans were founded by [[Francis of Assisi]] in 1209. Their leader in the middle of the century was [[Bonaventure]], a traditionalist who defended the theology of [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] and the philosophy of [[Plato]], incorporating only a little of [[Aristotle]] in with the more neoplatonist elements. Following Anselm, Bonaventure supposed that reason can only discover truth when philosophy is illuminated by religious faith.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Hammond|editor-first1=Jay|editor-last2=Hellmann|editor-first2=Wayne|editor-last3=Goff|editor-first3=Jared|title=A companion to Bonaventure|publisher=Brill|year=2014|series=Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition|volume=48|page=122|isbn=978-90-04-26072-6|doi=10.1163/9789004260733}}</ref> Other important Franciscan scholastics were [[Duns Scotus]], [[Peter Auriol]] and [[William of Ockham]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Evans|first=Gillian Rosemary|title=Fifty key medieval thinkers|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|series=Routledge Key Guides|isbn=9780415236638|pages=93, 147–149, 164–169}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Gracia|editor-first1=Jorge J. E.|editor-last2=Noone|editor-first2=Timothy B.|title=A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages|isbn=978-0-631-21673-5|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2005|pages=353–369, 494–503, 696–712}}</ref>

====Thomism====
{{further|Thomism|Thought of Thomas Aquinas|Summa Theologica}}
[[File:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg|thumb|During the 13th century, Saint Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy with Augustinian theology, employing both reason and faith in the study of metaphysics, moral philosophy, and religion. While Aquinas accepted the existence of God on faith, he offered five proofs of God's existence to support such a belief.]]
[[File:Gentile da Fabriano 052.jpg|thumb|Detail from ''[[Valle Romita Polyptych]]'' by [[Gentile da Fabriano]] (c. 1400) showing Thomas Aquinas]]
[[File:Benozzo Gozzoli 004a.jpg|thumb|Detail from ''Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas over [[Averroes]]'' by [[Benozzo Gozzoli]] (1420–97)]]
Saint [[Thomas Aquinas]],<ref name="RBV">{{cite book|title=The Life and Labours of St. Thomas of Aquin|volume=1|last=Vaughan|first=Roger Bede|year=1871|place=London}}</ref><ref name="JPC">{{cite book|title=Saint Thomas Aquinas|url=https://archive.org/details/saintthomasaquin00conwuoft|series=Friar Saints|volume=1|last=Conway|first=Placid|year=1911|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|place=London}}</ref> an [[Italians|Italian]] [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[friar]], [[Philosophy|philosopher]] and [[Catholic priest|priest]], was immensely influential in the tradition of scholasticism, within which he is also known as the ''Doctor Angelicus'' and the ''Doctor Communis''.<ref>See Pius XI, ''Studiorum Ducem'' 11 (29 June 1923), AAS, XV ("non modo Angelicum, sed etiam Communem seu Universalem Ecclesiae Doctorem"). The title ''Doctor Communis'' dates to the fourteenth century; the title ''Doctor Angelicus'' dates to the fifteenth century, see Walz, ''Xenia Thomistica'', III, p. 164 n. 4. [[Tolomeo da Lucca]] writes in ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (1317): "This man is supreme among modern teachers of philosophy and theology, and indeed in every subject. And such is the common view and opinion, so that nowadays in the [[University of Paris]] they call him the ''Doctor Communis'' because of the outstanding clarity of his teaching." ''Historia Eccles.'' xxiii, c. 9.</ref>

Aquinas emphasized that "[[Synderesis]] is said to be the law of our mind, because it is a habit containing the precepts of the natural law, which are the first principles of human actions."<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/conscience-medieval/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|title=Medieval Theories of Conscience|first=Douglas|last=Langston|editor-first=Edward N.|editor-last=Zalta|date=5 February 2015|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|edition=Fall 2015}}</ref><ref>Summa Theologica, First Part of the Second Part, Question 94 Reply Obj. 2</ref>

According to Aquinas "…all acts of virtue are prescribed by the natural law, since each one's reason naturally dictates to him to act virtuously. But if we speak of virtuous acts, considered in themselves, i.e., in their proper species, not all virtuous acts are prescribed by the natural law for many things are done virtuously to which nature does not incline at first; but that, through the inquiry of reason, have been found by men to be conducive to well living." Therefore, we must determine if we are speaking of virtuous acts as under the aspect of virtuous or as an act in its species.<ref>Summa Question 94, A.3</ref>

Thomas defined the four [[cardinal virtues]] as [[prudence]], [[temperance (virtue)|temperance]], [[justice]], and [[courage|fortitude]]. The cardinal virtues are natural and revealed in nature, and they are binding on everyone. There are, however, three [[theological virtues]]: [[faith]], [[hope]], and [[charity (virtue)|charity]]. Thomas also describes the virtues as imperfect (incomplete) and perfect (complete) virtues. A perfect virtue is any virtue with charity, which completes a cardinal virtue. A non-Christian can display courage, but it would be courage with temperance. A Christian would display courage with charity. These are somewhat supernatural and are distinct from other virtues in their object, namely, God:

{{blockquote|Now the object of the theological virtues is God Himself, Who is the last end of all, as surpassing the knowledge of our reason. On the other hand, the object of the intellectual and moral virtues is something comprehensible to human reason. Wherefore the theological virtues are specifically distinct from the moral and intellectual virtues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa.FS_Q62_A2.html#FS_Q62_A2-p6 |title=''Summa'', Q62a2 |publisher=Ccel.org |access-date=2012-02-02}}</ref>}}

Thomas Aquinas wrote: "[Greed] is a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things."<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/a/aquinas/summa/SS/SS118.html Summa Theologica], Second Part of the Second Part, Question 118, Article 1. Retrieved 26 October 2018.</ref>

Aquinas also contributed to [[History of economic thought#Economic thought in the Middle Ages (500–1500 AD)|economic thought]] as an aspect of ethics and justice. He dealt with the concept of a [[just price]], normally its market price or a regulated price sufficient to cover seller [[costs of production]]. He argued it was immoral for sellers to raise their prices simply because buyers were in pressing need for a product.<ref>Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica. "Of Cheating, Which Is Committed in Buying and Selling". Translated by The Fathers of the English Dominican Province [http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ECON301-2.1.2-1st.pdf] Retrieved 19 June 2012</ref><ref>Barry Gordon (1987). "Aquinas, St Thomas (1225–1274)", v. 1, p. 100</ref>

Aquinas later expanded his argument to oppose any unfair earnings made in trade, basing the argument on the [[Ethic of reciprocity|Golden Rule]]. The Christian should "do unto others as you would have them do unto you", meaning he should trade value for value. Aquinas believed that it was specifically immoral to raise prices because a particular buyer had an urgent need for what was being sold and could be persuaded to pay a higher price because of local conditions:

:If someone would be greatly helped by something belonging to someone else, and the seller not similarly harmed by losing it, the seller must not sell for a higher price: because the usefulness that goes to the buyer comes not from the seller, but from the buyer's needy condition: no one ought to sell something that doesn't belong to him.<ref>''Si vero aliquis multum iuvetur ex re alterius quam accepit, ille vero qui vendidit non damnificatur carendo re illa, non debet eam supervendere. Quia utilitas quae alteri accrescit non est ex vendente, sed ex conditione ementis, nullus autem debet vendere alteri quod non est suum. . .''</ref>
::— ''[[Summa Theologica|Summa Theologiae]]'', 2-2, q. 77, art. 1

Aquinas would therefore condemn practices such as raising the price of building supplies in the wake of a [[natural disaster]]. Increased demand caused by the destruction of existing buildings does not add to a seller's costs, so to take advantage of buyers' increased willingness to pay constituted a species of [[fraud]] in Aquinas's view.<ref>Aquinas, ''Summa Theologica'', [http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth3061.html#42226 2ª-2ae q. 77 pr.]: "''Deinde considerandum est de peccatis quae sunt circa voluntarias commutationes. Et primo, de fraudulentia quae committitur in emptionibus et venditionibus ...''"</ref>

=====Five Ways=====
{{further|Five Ways (Aquinas)}}

In his {{lang|la|[[Summa Theologica]]}} and {{lang|la|[[Summa contra Gentiles]]}}, Aquinas laid out five arguments for the [[existence of God]], known as the {{lang|la|[[quinque viae]]}} ("five ways").<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1002.htm#article1|title=Summa Theologiae: The existence of God (Prima Pars, Q. 2)|website=New Advent}}</ref><ref>Summa of Theology I, q.2, The Five Ways Philosophers Have Proven God's Existence</ref> He also enumerated five divine qualities, all [[negative theology|framed as negatives]].<ref>Kreeft, pp. 74–112.</ref>

=====Impact=====
Aquinas shifted Scholasticism away from [[neoplatonism]] and towards [[Aristotle]]. The ensuing school of thought, through its influence on Latin Christianity and the ethics of the Catholic school, is one of the most influential philosophies of all time, also significant due to the number of people living by its teachings.

In theology, his ''[[Summa Theologica]]'' is one of the most influential documents in [[Medieval philosophy#Theology|medieval theology]] and continued into the 20th century to be the central point of reference for the philosophy and theology of Latin Christianity. In the 1914 encyclical ''Doctoris Angelici'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/doctoris.htm |title=Doctoris Angelici |access-date=2009-11-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831110620/http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/doctoris.htm |archive-date=31 August 2009 |df=dmy-all }} Accessed 25 October 2012</ref> [[Pope Pius X]] cautioned that the teachings of the Catholic Church cannot be understood without the basic philosophical underpinnings of Aquinas' major theses: {{blockquote|The capital theses in the philosophy of St. Thomas are not to be placed in the category of opinions capable of being debated one way or another, but are to be considered as the foundations upon which the whole science of natural and divine things is based; if such principles are once removed or in any way impaired, it must necessarily follow that students of the sacred sciences will ultimately fail to perceive so much as the meaning of the words in which the dogmas of divine revelation are proposed by the magistracy of the Church.<ref>[[Pope Pius X]], ''Doctoris Angelici'', 29 June 1914.</ref>}}

The [[Second Vatican Council]] described Aquinas' system as the "Perennial Philosophy".<ref>[[Second Vatican Council]], ''[[Optatam Totius]]'' (28 October 1965) 15.</ref>

====Actus purus====
{{further|Palamism|Hesychast controversy|Hesychasm|Barlaam of Seminara|Essence–energies distinction}}
''[[Actus purus]]'' is the absolute perfection of [[God]]. According to Scholasticism, created beings have [[Potentiality and actuality|potentiality]]—that is not actuality, imperfections as well as perfection. Only God is simultaneously all that He can be, infinitely real and infinitely perfect: 'I am who I am' ([[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] {{bibleref2-nb|Gen|3:14}}). His attributes or His operations are really identical with His [[essence]], and His essence necessitates His [[existence]].

=====Lack of essence-energies distinction=====
Later, the Eastern Orthodox ascetic and archbishop of Thessaloniki, (Saint) [[Gregory Palamas]] argued in defense of [[hesychast]] spirituality, the [[Tabor Light|uncreated character of the light of the Transfiguration]], and the [[Essence–energies distinction|distinction between God's essence and energies]]. His teaching unfolded over the course of three major controversies, (1) with the Italo-Greek [[Barlaam of Seminara|Barlaam]] between 1336 and 1341, (2) with the monk [[Gregory Akindynos]] between 1341 and 1347, and (3) with the philosopher [[Nicephorus Gregoras|Gregoras]], from 1348 to 1355. His theological contributions are sometimes referred to as [[Palamism]], and his followers as Palamites.

Historically Latin Christianity has tended to reject Palamism, especially the essence-energies distinction, some times characterizing it as a heretical introduction of an unacceptable division in the Trinity and suggestive of [[polytheism]].<ref name=Meyendorff1>John Meyendorff (editor), [https://books.google.com/books?id=8jcjtUbwptwC&q=%22Palamas+is+a+saint%22&pg=PR11 ''Gregory Palamas – The Triads''], p. xi. Paulist Press, 1983, {{ISBN|978-0809124473}}, although that attitude has never been universally prevalent in the Catholic Church and has been even more widely criticised in the catholic theology for the last century (see section 3 of this article). Retrieved 12 September 2014.</ref><ref name=Vailhe>"No doubt the leaders of the party held aloof from these vulgar practices of the more ignorant monks, but on the other hand they scattered broadcast perilous theological theories. Palamas taught that by asceticism one could attain a corporal, i.e. a sense view, or perception, of the Divinity. He also held that in God there was a real distinction between the Divine Essence and Its attributes, and he identified grace as one of the Divine propria making it something uncreated and infinite. These monstrous errors were denounced by the Calabrian Barlaam, by Nicephorus Gregoras, and by Acthyndinus. The conflict began in 1338 and ended only in 1368, with the solemn canonization of Palamas and the official recognition of his heresies. He was declared the 'holy doctor' and 'one of the greatest among the Fathers of the Church', and his writings were proclaimed 'the infallible guide of the Christian Faith'. Thirty years of incessant controversy and discordant councils ended with a resurrection of polytheism" {{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06752a.htm|author=Simon Vailhé|title=Greek Church|publisher=Catholic Encyclopedia, New York: Robert Appleton Company|year=1909}}</ref> Further, the associated practice of [[hesychasm]] used to achieve [[Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)|theosis]] was characterized as "magic".<ref name=Fortescue>{{Citation | last = Fortescue | first = Adrian | title = Hesychasm | publisher = Robert Appleton Company | year = 1910 | location = New York | volume = VII | url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07301a.htm | access-date = 2008-02-03}}</ref><ref name=Vailhe2>"No doubt the leaders of the party held aloof from these vulgar practices of the more ignorant monks, but on the other hand they scattered broadcast perilous theological theories. Palamas taught that by asceticism one could attain a corporal, i.e. a sense view, or perception, of the Divinity. He also held that in God there was a real distinction between the Divine Essence and Its attributes, and he identified grace as one of the Divine propria making it something uncreated and infinite. These monstrous errors were denounced by the Calabrian Barlaam, by Nicephorus Gregoras, and by Acthyndinus. The conflict began in 1338 and ended only in 1368, with the solemn canonization of Palamas and the official recognition of his heresies. He was declared the 'holy doctor' and 'one of the greatest among the Fathers of the Church', and his writings were proclaimed 'the infallible guide of the Christian Faith'. Thirty years of incessant controversy and discordant councils ended with a resurrection of polytheism" ([http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06752a.htm Simon Vailhé, "Greek Church" in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909)]</ref> More recently, some Roman Catholic thinkers have taken a positive view of Palamas's teachings, including the essence-energies distinction, arguing that it does not represent an insurmountable theological division between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy,<ref name="Michael J. Christensen pp. 243–244">Michael J. Christensen, Jeffery A. Wittung (editors), ''Partakers of the Divine Nature''(Associated University Presses 2007 {{ISBN|0-8386-4111-3}}), pp. 243–244</ref> and his feast day as a saint is celebrated by some [[Byzantine Rite|Byzantine]] [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Catholic]] churches in communion with Rome.<ref>[https://melkite.org/tag/sunday-of-gregory-palamas The Search For Sacred Quietude (melkite.org)]</ref><ref>[http://sspp.ca/our-faith/liturgical-year/movable-feasts/the-second-sunday-gregory-palamas/ Second Sunday of the Great Fast Gregory Palamas (sspp.ca)]</ref>

The rejection of Palamism by the West and by those in the East who favoured union with the West (the "Latinophrones"), actually contributed to its acceptance in the East, according to Martin Jugie, who adds: "Very soon Latinism and Antipalamism, in the minds of many, would come to be seen as one and the same thing".<ref>{{cite web |title=Martin Jugie, The Palamite Controversy |date=13 June 2009 |url=http://bekkos.wordpress.com/martin-jugie-the-palamite-controversy/6-palamism-as-official-church-doctrine/ |access-date=2010-12-27}}</ref>

===''Filioque''===
{{further|History of the Filioque controversy}}
{{Annotated image 4
| caption = The "[[Shield of the Trinity]]" or ''Scutum Fidei'' diagram of traditional medieval Western Christian symbolism
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{{Annotation|20|27|'''<big>[[God the Father#Christianity|The Father]]</big>'''}}
{{Annotation|240|27|'''<big>[[God the Son|The Son]]</big>'''}}
{{Annotation|130|202|'''<big>[[God the Holy Spirit|The Holy Spirit]]</big>'''}}
}}
''[[Filioque]]'' is a Latin term added to the original [[Nicene Creed]], and which has been the subject of great controversy between Eastern and Western Christianity. It is not in the original text of the Creed, attributed to the [[First Council of Constantinople]] (381), the [[second ecumenical council]], which says that the [[Holy Spirit]] proceeds "from the [[God the Father|Father]]", without additions of any kind, such as "and the Son" or "alone".<ref>{{cite book|author=Reformed Church in America. Commission on Theology|year=2002|chapter=The Nicene Creed and the Procession of the Spirit|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1mZXIGNqCgC&pg=PA70|editor-last=Cook|editor-first=James I.|title=The Church speaks: papers of the Commission on Theology, Reformed Church in America, 1959–1984|series=Historical series of the Reformed Church in America|volume=40|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Eerdmans|isbn=978-0-80280980-3}}</ref>

The phrase ''Filioque'' first appears as an anti-[[Arianism|Arian]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=C2akvQfa-QMC&q=Filioque+Toledo+anti-Arian Dale T. Irvin, Scott Sunquist, History of the World Christian Movement (2001)], Volume 1, p. 340</ref><ref name=Dix>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zTdm1WjdfKUC&q=Filioque+Toledo+anti-ArianGregory&pg=PA487 Dix, The Shape of the Liturgy (2005), p, 487]</ref> interpolation in the Creed at the [[Third Council of Toledo]] (589), at which [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic Spain]] renounced [[Arianism]], accepting Catholic Christianity. The addition was confirmed by subsequent local councils in Toledo and soon spread throughout the West, not only in Spain but also in the kingdom of the Franks, who had adopted the Catholic faith in 496,<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/496clovis.html The Conversion of Clovis]</ref> and in England, where the [[Council of Hatfield]] imposed it in 680 as a response to [[Monothelitism]].<ref name=Plested>Plested, "Filioque" in John Anthony McGuckin, ''The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity'' (Wiley, John & Sons 2011 {{ISBN|978-1-4051-8539-4}}), vol. 1, p. 251</ref> However, it was not adopted in Rome.

In the late 6th century, some Latin churches added the words "and from the Son" (''Filioque'') to the description of the procession of the Holy Spirit, in what many Eastern Orthodox Christians have at a later stage argued is a violation of Canon VII of the [[Council of Ephesus]], since the words were not included in the text by either the [[First Council of Nicaea]] or that of Constantinople.<ref>For a different view, see e.g. [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.xi.html Excursus on the Words πίστιν ἑτέραν]</ref> This was incorporated into the liturgical practice of Rome in 1014,<ref name="Catholic Greek-Latin">{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/PCCUFILQ.HTM|title=Greek and Latin Traditions on Holy Spirit|website=Ewtn.com}}</ref> but was rejected by Eastern Christianity.

Whether that term ''Filioque'' is included, as well as how it is translated and understood, can have important implications for how one understands the doctrine of the [[Trinity]], which is central to the majority of Christian churches. For some, the term implies a serious underestimation of [[God the Father]]'s role in the Trinity; for others, denial of what it expresses implies a serious underestimation of the role of [[God the Son]] in the Trinity.

The ''Filioque'' phrase has been included in the Creed throughout all the Latin liturgical rites except where [[Greek language|Greek]] is used in the liturgy,<ref name=PCPCU>[http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/PCCUFILQ.HTM Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity: The Greek and the Latin Traditions regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit] and [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=1176&CFID=34190325&CFTOKEN=32054876 same document on another site]</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Ρωμαϊκό Λειτουργικό (Roman Missal), Συνοδική Επιτροπή για τη θεία Λατρεία 2005, I, p. 347</ref> although it was never adopted by Eastern Catholic Churches.<ref name=Brest>[http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TREATBR.HTM Article 1 of the Treaty of Brest]</ref>

===Purgatory===
{{further|History of purgatory|Three states of the Church}}
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 172.jpg|thumb|Impression of purgatory by Peter Paul Rubens]]
Another doctrine of Latin Christianity is [[purgatory]], about which Latin Christianity holds that "all who die in God's grace and friendship but still imperfectly purified" undergo the process of purification which the Catholic Church calls purgatory, "so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of [[Heaven in Christianity|heaven]]". It has formulated this doctrine by reference to biblical verses that speak of purifying fire ({{bibleverse|1 Corinthians|3:15}} and {{bibleverse|1 Peter|1:7}}) and to the mention by Jesus of forgiveness in the age to come ({{bibleverse|Matthew|12:32}}). It bases its teaching also on the practice of praying for the dead in use within the church ever since the church began and which is mentioned even earlier in [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Maccabees+12%3A43-46&version=DRA 2 Macc 12:46].<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM Catechism of the Catholic Church, "The Final Purification, or Purgatory"]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TRENT25.HTM#1|title=Pius IV Council of Trent-25|website=ewtn.com}}</ref>

The idea of purgatory has roots that date back into antiquity. A sort of proto-purgatory called the "celestial [[Hades]]" appears in the writings of Plato and Heraclides Ponticus and in many other pagan writers. This concept is distinguished from the Hades of the underworld described in the works of Homer and Hesiod. In contrast, the celestial Hades was understood as an intermediary place where souls spent an undetermined time after death before either moving on to a higher level of existence or being reincarnated back on earth. Its exact location varied from author to author. Heraclides of Pontus thought it was in the Milky Way; the Academicians, the [[Stoics]], Cicero, [[Virgil]], [[Plutarch]], the [[Hermetica|Hermetical writings]] situated it between the Moon and the Earth or around the Moon; while Numenius and the Latin Neoplatonists thought it was located between the sphere of the fixed stars and the Earth.<ref>Adrian Mihai, "L'Hadès céleste. Histoire du purgatoire dans l'Antiquité"(Garnier: 2015), pp.185–188</ref>

Perhaps under the influence of Hellenistic thought, the intermediate state entered Jewish religious thought in the last centuries before Christ. In Maccabees, we find the practice of prayer for the dead with a view to their after life purification,<ref>cf. {{bibleverse|2|Maccabees|12:42–44|NRSV}}</ref> [[Split of early Christianity and Judaism|a practice accepted by some Christians]]. The same practice appears in other traditions, such as the medieval Chinese [[Buddhist]] practice of making offerings on behalf of the dead, who are said to suffer numerous trials.<ref name="EB">[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061946/purgatory Purgatory] in Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Among other reasons, Western Catholic teaching of purgatory is based on the pre-Christian (Judaic) practice of [[prayer for the dead|prayers for the dead]].<ref>[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]], [https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p123a12.htm#III 1032]</ref>

[[File:Carracci-Purgatory.jpg|thumb|left|Image of a fiery purgatory by [[Ludovico Carracci]]]]
Specific examples of belief in a purification after death and of the communion of the living with the dead through prayer are found in many of the [[Church Fathers]].<ref>[[Gerald O'Collins]] and Edward G. Farrugia, ''A Concise Dictionary of Theology'' (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000) p. 27.</ref> [[Irenaeus]] ({{circa|130–202}}) mentioned an abode where the souls of the dead remained until the universal judgment, a process that has been described as one which "contains the concept of ... purgatory".<ref>''Christian Dogmatics'' vol. 2 (Philadelphia : Fortress Press, 1984) p. 503; cf. Irenaeus, ''[[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Against Heresies]]'' 5.31.2, in ''The Ante-Nicene Fathers'' eds. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979) 1:560 cf. 5.36.2 / 1:567; cf. George Cross, "The Differentiation of the Roman and Greek Catholic Views of the Future Life", in ''The Biblical World'' (1912) p. 107</ref> Both [[Clement of Alexandria]] ({{circa|150–215}}) and his pupil [[Origen of Alexandria]] ({{circa|185–254}}) developed a view of purification after death;<ref>Gerald O'Collins and Edward G. Farrugia, ''A Concise Dictionary of Theology'' (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000) p. 27; cf. Adolph Harnack, ''History of Dogma'' vol. 2, trans. Neil Buchanan (London, Williams & Norgate, 1995) p. 337; Clement of Alexandria, ''Stromata'' [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/clement-stromata-book6.html 6:14]</ref> this view drew upon the notion that fire is a divine instrument from the [[Old Testament]], and understood this in the context of [[New Testament]] teachings such as [[baptism|baptism by fire]], from the Gospels, and a purificatory trial after death, from [[Paul of Tarsus|St. Paul]].<ref>Jacques Le Goff, ''The Birth of Purgatory'' (University of Chicago Press, 1984) p. 53; cf. {{bibleverse||Leviticus|10:1–2}}, {{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|32:22}}, {{bibleverse||1Corinthians|3:10–15}}</ref> Origen, in arguing against [[soul sleep]], stated that the souls of the elect immediately entered paradise unless not yet purified, in which case they passed into a state of punishment, a penal fire, which is to be conceived as a place of purification.<ref>[[Adolf von Harnack|Adolph Harnack]], ''History of Dogma'' vol. 2, trans. Neil Buchanan (London: Williams & Norgate, 1905) p. 377. [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/dogma2.ii.iv.iii.v.html#ii.iv.iii.v-Page_377 read online].</ref> For both Clement and Origen, the fire was neither a material thing nor a metaphor, but a "spiritual fire".<ref>Jacques Le Goff, ''The Birth of Purgatory'' (University of Chicago Press, 1984) pp. 55–57; cf. Clement of Alexandria, ''Stromata'' 7:6 and 5:14</ref> The early Latin author [[Tertullian]] ({{circa|160–225}}) also articulated a view of purification after death.<ref>Gerald O'Collins and Edward G. Farrugia, ''A Concise Dictionary of Theology'' (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000) p. 27; cf. Adolph Harnack, ''History of Dogma'' vol. 2, trans. Neil Buchanan (London, Williams & Norgate, 1995) p. 296 n. 1; George Cross, "The Differentiation of the Roman and Greek Catholic Views of the Future Life", in ''The Biblical World'' (1912); Tertullian ''De Anima''</ref> In Tertullian's understanding of the afterlife, the souls of [[martyr]]s entered directly into eternal blessedness,<ref name="J. Visser 1967 p. 13">A. J. Visser, "A Bird's-Eye View of Ancient Christian Eschatology", in ''Numen'' (1967) p. 13</ref> whereas the rest entered a generic realm of the dead. There the wicked suffered a foretaste of their eternal punishments,<ref name="J. Visser 1967 p. 13"/> whilst the good experienced various stages and places of bliss wherein "the idea of a kind of purgatory … is quite plainly found," an idea that is representative of a view widely dispersed in antiquity.<ref>[[Adolf von Harnack|Adolph Harnack]], ''History of Dogma'' vol. 2, trans. Neil Buchanan (London: Williams & Norgate, 1905) p. 296 n. 1. [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/dogma2.ii.iv.ii.ii.html#ii.iv.ii.ii-Page_296 read online]; cf. Jacques Le Goff, ''The Birth of Purgatory'' (University of Chicago Press, 1984) pp. 58–59</ref> Later examples, wherein further elaborations are articulated, include [[Cyprian of Carthage|St. Cyprian]] (d. 258),<ref>Cyprian, ''Letters'' [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/050651.htm 51:20]; Gerald O'Collins and Edward G. Farrugia, ''A Concise Dictionary of Theology'' (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000) p. 27</ref> [[John Chrysostom|St. John Chrysostom]] ({{circa|347–407}}),<ref>John Chrysostom, ''Homily on First Corinthians'' [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/220141.htm 41:5]; ''Homily on Philippians'' [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/230203.htm 3:9–10]; Gerald O'Collins and Edward G. Farrugia, ''A Concise Dictionary of Theology'' (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000) p. 27</ref> and [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]] (354–430),<ref>Augustine, ''Sermons'' 159:1, 172:2; ''City of God'' [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120121.htm 21:13]; ''Handbook on Faith, Hope, and Charity'' 18:69, 29:109; ''Confessions'' 2.27; Gerald O' Collins and Mario Farrugia, ''Catholicism: the story of Catholic Christianity'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003) p. 36; Gerald O'Collins and Edward G. Farrugia, ''A Concise Dictionary of Theology'' (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000) p. 27</ref> among others.

[[Pope Gregory the Great]]'s ''Dialogues'', written in the late 6th century, evidence a development in the understanding of the afterlife distinctive of the direction that Latin [[Christendom]] would take:
<blockquote>As for certain lesser faults, we must believe that, before the Final Judgment, there is a purifying fire. He who is truth says that whoever utters blasphemy against the Holy Spirit will be pardoned neither in this age nor in the [[World to Come|age to come]]. From this sentence we understand that certain offenses can be forgiven in this age, but certain others in the age to come.<ref>Gregory the Great, ''Dialogues'' 4, 39: PL 77, 396; cf. {{bibleverse||Matthew|12:31}}</ref></blockquote>

====Speculations and imaginings about purgatory====
[[File:Dante03.jpg|thumb|Dante gazes at purgatory (shown as a mountain) in this 16th-century painting.]]
Some Catholic saints and theologians have had sometimes conflicting ideas about purgatory beyond those adopted by the Catholic Church, reflecting or contributing to the popular image, which includes the notions of purification by actual fire, in a determined place and for a precise length of time. [[Paul J. Griffiths]] notes: "Recent Catholic thought on purgatory typically preserves the essentials of the basic doctrine while also offering second-hand speculative interpretations of these elements."<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1XYXMTe1jYC&q=Griffiths+purgatory+second-order&pg=PA436 |author=Paul J. Griffiths |chapter=Purgatory |editor=Jerry L. Walls |title=The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=436|isbn=9780199742486 }}</ref> Thus [[Joseph Ratzinger]] wrote: "Purgatory is not, as [[Tertullian]] thought, some kind of supra-worldly concentration camp where man is forced to undergo punishment in a more or less arbitrary fashion. Rather it is the inwardly necessary process of transformation in which a person becomes capable of Christ, capable of God, and thus capable of unity with the whole communion of saints."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AfomsX5KtYkC&q=supra-worldly+concentration&pg=PA230 |author=Joseph Ratzinger |title=Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life |publisher=CUA Press |year=2007 |page=230|isbn=9780813215167 }}</ref>

In ''Theological Studies'', John E. Thiel argued that "purgatory virtually disappeared from Catholic belief and practice since Vatican II" because it has been based on "a competitive spirituality, gravitating around the religious vocation of ascetics from the late Middle Ages". "The birth of purgatory negotiated the eschatological anxiety of the laity. [...] In a manner similar to the ascetic's lifelong lengthening of the temporal field of competition with the martyr, belief in purgatory lengthened the layperson's temporal field of competition with the ascetic."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thiel|first=John E.|year=2008|title=Time, Judgment, and Competitive Spirituality: A Reading of the Development of the Doctrine of Purgatory|url=http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/69/69.4/69.4.1.pdf|journal=Theological Studies|volume=69|issue=4|pages=741–785|doi=10.1177/004056390806900401|s2cid=170574571|access-date=2020-07-05|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108134951/http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/69/69.4/69.4.1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The speculations and popular imaginings that, especially in late medieval times, were common in the Western or Latin Church have not necessarily found acceptance in the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], of which there are 23 in [[full communion]] with the pope. Some have explicitly rejected the notions of punishment by fire in a particular place that are prominent in the popular picture of purgatory. The representatives of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] at the [[Council of Florence]] argued against these notions, while declaring that they do hold that there is a cleansing after death of the souls of the saved and that these are assisted by the prayers of the living: "If souls depart from this life in faith and charity but marked with some defilements, whether unrepented minor ones or major ones repented of but without having yet borne the fruits of repentance, we believe that within reason they are purified of those faults, but not by some purifying fire and particular punishments in some place."<ref>[https://archive.org/details/patrologiaorient15pariuoft/page/40 "First Speech by Mark, Archbishop of Ephesus, on Purifying Fire" in ''Patrologia Orientalis'', vol. 15, pp. 40–41]</ref> The definition of purgatory adopted by that council excluded the two notions with which the Orthodox disagreed and mentioned only the two points that, they said, were part of their faith also. Accordingly, the agreement, known as the [[Union of Brest]], that formalized the admission of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] into the full [[communion (Christian)|communion]] of the Roman Catholic Church stated: "We shall not debate about purgatory, but we entrust ourselves to the teaching of the Holy Church".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1595brest.html|title=Treaty of Brest, Article 5}}</ref>

===Mary Magdalene of Bethany===
{{further|Mary of Bethany#Medieval Western identification with Mary Magdalene}}
{{See also|Mary Magdalene}}
[[File:Guido Reni - The Penitent Magdalene - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|The Penitent Magdalene by [[Guido Reni]]]]
In the medieval Western tradition, [[Mary of Bethany]] the sister of [[Lazarus of Bethany|Lazarus]] was identified as [[Mary Magdalene]] perhaps in large part because of a [[homily]] given by Pope Gregory the Great in which he taught about several women in the [[New Testament]] as though they were the same person. This led to a conflation of Mary of Bethany with Mary Magdalene as well as with another woman (besides Mary of Bethany who anointed Jesus), the woman caught in adultery. Eastern Christianity never adopted this identification. In his article in the 1910 ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', [[Hugh Pope]] stated, "The [[Church Fathers#Greek Fathers|Greek Fathers]], as a whole, distinguish the three persons: the 'sinner' of {{Bibleverse|Luke|7:36–50}}; the sister of Martha and Lazarus, {{Bibleverse|Luke|10:38–42}} and {{Bibleverse|John|11}}; and Mary Magdalen.<ref name="Pope">Pope, H. (1910). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09761a.htm St. Mary Magdalen], in The [[Catholic Encyclopedia]]. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>

French scholar Victor Saxer dates the identification of Mary Magdalene as a prostitute, and as Mary of Bethany, to a sermon by Pope Gregory the Great on September 21, AD 591, where he seemed to combine the actions of three women mentioned in the New Testament and also identified an unnamed woman as Mary Magdalene. In another sermon, Gregory specifically identified Mary Magdalene as the sister of Martha mentioned in Luke 10.<ref>referenced in {{cite book|last=Jansen|first=Katherine Ludwig |title=The making of the Magdalen: preaching and popular devotion in the later Middle Ages|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=2001|isbn=978-0-691-08987-4}}</ref> But according to a view expressed more recently by theologian Jane Schaberg, Gregory only put the final touch to a legend that already existed before him.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rivera |first=John |url=http://wwrn.org/articles/3488/?&section=general |title=John Rivera, "Restoring Mary Magdalene" in "Worldwide Religious News", ''The Baltimore Sun'', April 18, 2003 |publisher=Wwrn.org |date=2003-04-18 |access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>

Latin Christianity's identification of Mary Magdalene and Mary of Bethany was reflected in the arrangement of the [[General Roman Calendar]] until this was altered in 1969,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ly4DgtT3LkC&dq=%22Mary+of+Bethany%22+%22Mary+Magdalene%22+Catholic&pg=PA447 Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley (editors), ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity'', Volume 3 (Eerdmans 2003] {{ISBN|978-90-0412654-1}}), p. 447</ref> reflecting the fact that by then the common interpretation in the Catholic Church was that Mary of Bethany, Mary Magdalene and the sinful woman who anointed the feet of Jesus were three distinct women.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=b7kcK5YGvWkC&dq=%22Mary+of+Bethany%22+%22Mary+Magdalene%22+Catholic&pg=PA80 John Flader, ''Question Time: 150 Questions and Answers on the Catholic Faith'' (Taylor Trade Publications, 2010] {{ISBN|978-1-58979594-5}}), pp. 79–81</ref>

===Original sin===
{{further|Original sin}}
{{See also|Hamartiology}}
The ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' says:

<blockquote>
By his sin [[Adam]], as the first man, lost the original holiness and justice he had received from God, not only for himself but for all humans.

Adam and [[Eve]] transmitted to their descendants human nature wounded by their own first sin and hence deprived of original holiness and justice; this deprivation is called "original sin".

As a result of original sin, human nature is weakened in its powers, subject to ignorance, suffering and the domination of death, and inclined to sin (this inclination is called "concupiscence").<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1C.HTM |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText |website=Vatican.va |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref>
</blockquote>

[[File:Michelangelo, Fall and Expulsion from Garden of Eden 00.jpg|thumb|upright=2|[[Michelangelo]]'s painting of the sin of Adam and Eve from the [[Sistine Chapel ceiling]]]]
The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by St [[Irenaeus]], [[Bishop of Lyon]] in his controversy with certain [[dualistic cosmology|dualist]] [[Gnosticism|Gnostics]].<ref>"In the person of the first Adam we offend God, disobeying His precept" (Haeres., V, xvi, 3).</ref> Other church fathers such as [[Augustine]] also shaped and developed the doctrine,<ref>Patte, Daniel. The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity. Ed. Daniel Patte. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 892.</ref><ref name="ODCC">{{cite book
|editor1-last=Cross
|editor1-first=Frank Leslie
|editor1-link=Frank Leslie Cross
|editor2-last=Livingstone
|editor2-first=Elizabeth A.
|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
|chapter=Original sin
|year=2005
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|location=Oxford
|isbn=978-0-19-280290-3
|edition=3rd rev.
}}</ref> seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of [[Paul the Apostle]] ([[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] {{bibleref2-nb|Romans|5:12–21}} and [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1 Corinthians]] {{bibleref2-nb|1 Corinthians|15:21–22}}) and the [[Old Testament]] verse of [[Psalms|Psalm]] {{bibleref2-nb|Psalm|51:5}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Peter Nathan |url=http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=227 |title=The Original View of Original Sin |website=Vision.org |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/num54.htm |title=Original Sin Explained and Defended: Reply to an Assemblies of God Pastor |website=Philvaz.com |access-date=24 January 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729225730/http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/num54.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/ Preamble and Articles of Faith] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020030856/http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/ |date=20 October 2013 }} – V. Sin, Original and Personal – Church of the Nazarene. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php Are Babies Born with Sin?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173528/http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php |date=21 October 2013 }} – Topical Bible Studies. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55992/original-sin Original Sin] – Psalm 51:5 – Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</ref> [[Tertullian]], [[Cyprian]], [[Ambrose]] and [[Ambrosiaster]] considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation. [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine's]] formulation of original sin after AD 412 was popular among [[Protestant Reformation|Protestant reformers]], such as [[Martin Luther]] and [[John Calvin]], who equated original sin with [[concupiscence]] (or "hurtful desire"), affirming that it persisted even after [[baptism]] and completely destroyed freedom to do good. Before 412, Augustine said that free will was weakened but not destroyed by original sin.<ref name="ODCC"/> But after 412 this changed to a loss of free will except to sin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Kenneth |title=Augustine's Conversion from Traditional Free Choice to "Non-free Free Will": A Comprehensive Methodology |date=2018 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |location=Tübingen |isbn=9783161557538 |pages=16–18, 157–187}}</ref> Modern Calvinism holds the later [[Augustinian soteriology]] view. The [[Jansenism|Jansenist]] movement, which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical, also maintained that original sin destroyed [[Free will|freedom of will]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08285a.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jansenius and Jansenism |website=Newadvent.org |date=1 October 1910 |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> Instead the Western Catholic Church declares: "Baptism, by imparting the life of [[Divine grace|Christ's grace]], erases original sin and turns a man back towards God, but the consequences for nature, weakened and inclined to evil, persist in man and summon him to spiritual battle."<ref>Catechism of the Catholic Church 405.</ref> "Weakened and diminished by Adam's fall, free will is yet not destroyed in the race."<ref>Council of Trent (Sess. VI, cap. i and v).</ref>

[[St. Anselm]] says: "The sin of Adam was one thing but the sin of children at their birth is quite another, the former was the cause, the latter is the effect."<ref>De conceptu virginali, xxvi.</ref> In a child, original sin is distinct from the fault of Adam, it is one of its effects. The effects of Adam's sin according to the Catholic Encyclopedia are:
# Death and Suffering: "One man has transmitted to the whole human race not only the death of the body, which is the punishment of sin, but even sin itself, which is the death of the soul."
# Concupiscence or Inclination to sin. Baptism erases original sin but the inclination to sin remains.
# The absence of sanctifying grace in the new-born child is also an effect of the first sin, for Adam, having received holiness and justice from God, lost it not only for himself but also for us. Baptism confers original sanctifying grace, lost through the Adam's sin, thus eliminating original sin and any personal sin.<ref name="originalsin">{{cite web|title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Original Sin|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11312a.htm|website=New Advent|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref>

Eastern Catholics and Eastern Christianity, in general, do not have the same theology of [[Fall of man|the Fall]] and original sin as Latin Catholics.<ref name="From East to West">"[https://east2west.org/sp_faq/original-sin/ Original Sin]", From East to West.</ref> But since Vatican II there has been development in Catholic thinking. Some warn against taking Genesis 3 too literally. They take into account that "God had the church in mind before the foundation of the world" (as in Ephesians 1:4).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Holy Spirit and the Trinity (Part One) (Sermon)|url=https://www.bibletools.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Audio.Details/ID/463/Holy-Spirit-Trinity-Part-1.htm|access-date=2020-05-06|website=Bible Tools |first=John W. |last=Ritenbaugh |date=May 31, 1998 }}</ref> as also in 2 Timothy 1:9: ". . . his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus ''before'' the world began."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Before the World Began|url=https://www.icr.org/article/before-world-began/|access-date=2020-05-06|website=The Institute for Creation Research |date=Dec 6, 2018 |first=Henry M. |last=Morris |language=en}}</ref> And [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in his book ''In the Beginning ...'' referred to the term "original sin" as "misleading and unprecise".<ref>"Cardinal" Joseph Ratzinger, ''In the Beginning'', 1986, p. 72.</ref> Benedict does not require a literal interpretation of Genesis, or of the origin or evil, but writes: "How was this possible, how did it happen? This remains obscure. ...Evil remains mysterious. It has been presented in great images, as does chapter 3 of Genesis, with the vision of two trees, of the serpent, of sinful man."<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Audience of 3 December 2008: Saint Paul (15). The Apostle's teaching on the relation between Adam and Christ {{!}} BENEDICT XVI|url=http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2008/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20081203.html|access-date=2020-05-06|website=The Holy See}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pope ponders original sin, speaks about modern desire for change|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/14509/pope-ponders-original-sin-speaks-about-modern-desire-for-change |date=Dec 3, 2008 |access-date=2020-05-06|agency=Catholic News Agency|language=en}}</ref>

===Immaculate Conception===
[[File:Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante. Inmaculada Concepción.jpg|thumb|''Inmaculada Concepción'' by [[Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante]]]]
The [[Immaculate Conception]] is the [[Human fertilization|conception]] of the [[Titles of Mary|Blessed]] [[Virgin Mary]] free from original sin by virtue of the merits of her son [[Jesus]]. Although the belief has been widely held since [[Late Antiquity]], the doctrine was [[dogma]]tically defined in the Catholic Church only in 1854 when [[Pope Pius IX]] declared it ''[[Papal infallibility#Ex cathedra|ex cathedra]]'', i.e., using papal infallibility, in his [[papal bull]] ''[[Ineffabilis Deus]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p122a3p2.htm|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – "Conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary"|website=The Holy See}}</ref>

It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly noted before the 12th century. It is also agreed that "no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from [[Bible|Scripture]]".<ref name=Holweck>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07674d.htm Frederick Holweck, "Immaculate Conception" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' 1910]</ref> But it is claimed that the doctrine is implicitly contained in the teaching of the Fathers. Their expressions on the subject of the sinlessness of Mary are, it is pointed out, so ample and so absolute that they must be taken to include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries, such epithets as "in every respect holy", "in all things unstained", "super-innocent", and "singularly holy" are applied to her; she is compared to Eve before the fall, as ancestress of a redeemed people; she is "the earth before it was accursed". The well-known words of St. [[Augustine]] (d. 430) may be cited: "As regards the mother of God," he says, "I will not allow any question whatever of sin." It is true that he is here speaking directly of actual or personal sin. But his argument is that all men are sinners; that they are so through original depravity; that this original depravity may be overcome by the grace of God, and he adds that he does not know but that Mary may have had sufficient grace to overcome sin "of every sort" (''omni ex parte'').<ref name=EB1911/>

[[Bernard of Clairvaux]] in the 12th century raised the question of the Immaculate Conception. A feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin had already begun to be celebrated in some churches of the West. St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of [[Lyon]] for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See. In doing so, he takes occasion to repudiate altogether the view that the conception of Mary was sinless, calling it a "novelty". Some doubt, however, whether he was using the term "conception" in the same sense in which it is used in the definition of [[Pope Pius IX]]. Bernard would seem to have been speaking of conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation, for in his argument he says: "How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (''libido'')?" and stronger expressions follow, which could be interpreted to indicate that he was speaking of the mother and not of the child. Yet, Bernard also decries those who support the feast for trying to "add to the glories of Mary", which proves he was indeed talking about Mary.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Immaculate Conception, The |volume=14 |pages=334–335 |first=John |last=Hedley |author-link=John Hedley (bishop)}}</ref>

The theological underpinnings of Immaculate Conception had been the subject of debate during the [[Middle Ages]] with opposition provided by figures such as Saint [[Thomas Aquinas]], a Dominican. However, supportive arguments by Franciscans [[William of Ware]] and [[Pelbartus Ladislaus of Temesvár]],<ref>Z. J. Kosztolnyik, ''Some Hungarian Theologians in the Late Renaissance'', ''Church History. Volume: 57''. Issue: 1, 1988. Z. J. Kosztolnyik, ''Pelbartus of Temesvar: a Franciscan Preacher and Writer of the Late Middle Ages in Hungary'', ''Vivarium'', 5/1967. Kenan B. Osborne, O.F.M., ''The History of Franciscan Theology'', The Franciscan Institute St. Bonaventure, [[New York City|New York]], 1994. Franklin H. Littell (ed.), ''Reformation Studies'', John Knox Press, [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[Virginia]], 1962.</ref> and general belief among Catholics, made the doctrine more acceptable so that the [[Council of Basel]] supported it in the 15th century, but the [[Council of Trent]] sidestepped the question. [[Pope Sixtus IV]], a Franciscan, had tried to pacify the situation by forbidding either side to criticize the other, and placed the feast of the Immaculate Conception on the [[Calendarium Romanum|Roman Calendar]] in 1477, but [[Pope Pius V]], a Dominican, changed it to the feast of the Conception of Mary. [[Clement XI]] made the feast universal in 1708, but still did not call it the feast of the Immaculate Conception.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/firstlettertove00pusegoog/page/n377  Edward Bouverie Pusey, ''First letter to the Very Rev. J. H. Newman'' (J. Parker & Co. 1869), p. 379]</ref> Popular and theological support for the concept continued to grow and by the 18th century it was widely depicted in art.<ref>''Mary in the Christian tradition'' by Kathleen Coyle 1996 {{ISBN|0-85244-380-3}} page 38</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Volume 2'' by André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson 2001 {{ISBN|1-57958-282-6}} page 348</ref><ref>Burke, Raymond L.; et al. (2008). ''Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons'' {{ISBN|978-1-57918-355-4}}, pp. 642–644</ref><ref>''The Catholic Reformation'' by Michael A. Mullett 1999 {{ISBN|0-415-18914-4}}, p. 5</ref>

==== Duns Scotus ====
{{See also|Scotism|Duns Scotus}}
[[File:JohnDunsScotus - full.jpg|thumb|John Duns Scotus was one of the Scholastic philosophers that argued most for the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary.]]
The [[Beatification|Blessed]] [[John Duns Scotus]] (d. 1308), a [[Order of Friars Minor|Friar Minor]] like Saint Bonaventure, argued, that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered.<ref name=EB1911/> Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ, he argued that Mary's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ; rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.<ref>''Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi'' by Karl Rahner 2004 {{ISBN|0-86012-006-6}}, pp. 896–898</ref>

The arguments of Scotus, combined with a better acquaintance with the language of the early Fathers, gradually prevailed in the schools of the Western Church. In 1387 the university of Paris strongly condemned the opposite view.<ref name=EB1911/>

Scotus's arguments remained controversial, however, particularly among the Dominicans, who were willing enough to celebrate Mary's ''sanctificatio'' (being made free from sin) but, following the Dominican Thomas Aquinas' arguments, continued to insist that her sanctification could not have occurred until after her conception.<ref name=Holweck/>

Scotus pointed out that Mary's Immaculate Conception enhances Jesus' redemptive work.<ref>[http://www.americancatholic.org/features/saints/saint.aspx?id=1223 Foley OFM, Leonard. "Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception", ''Saint of the Day'', (revised by Pat McCloskey OFM), AmericanCatholic.org]</ref>

Scotus's argument appears in [[Pope Pius IX]]'s 1854 declaration of the [[dogma]] of the Immaculate Conception, "at the first moment of Her conception, Mary was preserved free from the stain of original sin, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ."<ref name="Life">{{cite web |title=The Life of Blessed John Duns Scotus|publisher=EWTN|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/scotus.htm}}</ref> Scotus's position was hailed as "a correct expression of the faith of the Apostles."<ref name="Life"/>

====Dogmatically defined====
The complete defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception states:
{{blockquote|We declare, pronounce, and define that the doctrine which holds that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin, is a doctrine revealed by God and therefore to be believed firmly and constantly by all the faithful.<ref>{{cite web |title=INEFFABILIS DEUS (The Immaculate Conception) Pope Pius IX |url=http://www.ewtn.com/LIBRARY/PAPALDOC/P9INEFF.htm |website=ewtn.com}}</ref>

''Declaramus, pronuntiamus et definimus doctrinam, quae tenet, beatissimam Virginem Mariam in primo instanti suae Conceptionis fuisse singulari omnipotentis Dei gratia et privilegio, intuitu meritorum Christi lesu Salvatoris humani generis, ab omni originalis culpae labe praeservatam immunem, esse a Deo revelatam, atque idcirco ab omnibus fidelibus firmiter constanterque credendam. Quapropter si qui secus ac a Nobis.''}}

Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime. He stated that Mary, rather than being cleansed after sin, was completely prevented from contracting original sin in view of the foreseen merits of Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race. In {{Bibleverse||Luke|1:47}}, Mary proclaims: "My spirit has rejoiced in God my Saviour." This is referred to as Mary's pre-redemption by Christ. Since the [[Second Council of Orange]] against [[Semipelagianism|semi-pelagianism]], the Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the [[Garden of Eden]] and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.<ref>[http://www.catecheticsonline.com/SourcesofDogma2.php Council of Orange II, Canon 19 ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113162800/http://www.catecheticsonline.com/SourcesofDogma2.php |date=2009-01-13}} "That no one is saved except by God's mercy. Even if human nature remained in that integrity in which it was formed, it would in no way save itself without the help of its Creator; therefore, since without the grace of God it cannot guard the health which it received, how without the grace of God will it be able to recover what it has lost?"</ref><ref>''Theology for Beginners'' by Francis Joseph Sheed 1958 {{ISBN|0-7220-7425-5}}, pp. 134–138</ref>

The definition concerns original sin only, and it makes no declaration about the church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin.<ref name=EB1911/> The doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary, being always free from original sin, received the [[sanctifying grace]] that would normally come with baptism after birth.

Eastern Catholics and Eastern Christianity, in general, believe that Mary was [[sinless]] but they do not have the same theology of [[Fall of man|the Fall]] and original sin as Latin Catholics.<ref name="From East to West"/>

===Assumption of Mary===
[[File:Peter Paul Rubens - Assumption of Mary.jpg|thumb|''The Assumption of Mary'', [[Peter Paul Rubens]], {{circa|1626}}]]
The [[Assumption of Mary]] into Heaven (often shortened to ''the Assumption'') is the [[Entering heaven alive|bodily taking up]] of the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]] into [[Heaven (Christianity)|Heaven]] at the end of her earthly life.

On 1 November 1950, in the Apostolic Constitution {{lang|la|[[Munificentissimus Deus]]}}, Pope [[Pius XII]] declared the Assumption of Mary as a dogma:

{{blockquote|By the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ, of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and by our own authority, we pronounce, declare, and define it to be a divinely revealed dogma: that the Immaculate Mother of God, the ever Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory.<ref>Apostolic Constitution ''[[Munificentissimus Deus]]'' [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html item 44 at the Vatican web site] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904181017/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html |date=4 September 2013 }}</ref>}}

In Pius XII's dogmatic statement, the phrase "having completed the course of her earthly life", leaves open the question of whether the Virgin Mary died before her assumption or not. Mary's assumption is said to have been a divine gift to her as the "Mother of God". Ludwig Ott's view is that, as Mary completed her life as a shining example to the human race, the perspective of the gift of assumption is offered to the whole human race.<ref>Ludwig Ott's ''Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma'', pp. 250 ff.</ref>

Ludwig Ott writes in his book ''Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma'' that "the fact of her death is almost generally accepted by the Fathers and Theologians, and is expressly affirmed in the Liturgy of the Church", to which he adds a number of helpful citations. He concludes: "for Mary, death, in consequence of her freedom from [[original sin]] and from personal sin, was not a consequence of punishment of sin. However, it seems fitting that Mary's body, which was by nature mortal, should be, in conformity with that of her [[Jesus|Divine Son]], subject to the general law of death".<ref name=Ott6>''Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma'', Ludwig Ott, Book III, Pt. 3, Ch. 2, §6, {{ISBN|0-89555-009-1}}</ref>

[[File:Tizian 041.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Assumption of the Virgin (Titian)|Titian's Assumption]]'' (1516–1518)]]
The point of her bodily death has not been infallibly defined by any pope. Many Catholics believe that she did not die at all, but was assumed directly into Heaven. The dogmatic definition within the Apostolic Constitution {{lang|la|[[Munificentissimus Deus]]}} which, according to Roman Catholic dogma, infallibly proclaims the doctrine of the Assumption leaves open the question of whether, in connection with her departure, Mary underwent bodily death. It does not dogmatically define the point one way or the other, as shown by the words "having completed the course of her earthly life".<ref name="Vatican-deus_en">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html |title=Apostolic Constitution Munificentissimus Deus, no 44 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904181017/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html |archive-date=4 September 2013 }}</ref>

Before the dogmatic definition in ''[[Deiparae Virginis Mariae]]'' Pope Pius XII sought the opinion of Catholic Bishops. A large number of them pointed to the [[Book of Genesis]] ([[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Genesis#3:15|3:15]]) as scriptural support for the dogma.<ref name="IntroM75">''Introduction to Mary'' by Mark Miravalle (1993) Queenship Pub. Co. {{ISBN|978-1-882972-06-7}} pp. 75–78</ref> In {{lang|la|[[Munificentissimus Deus]]}} (item 39) Pius XII referred to the "struggle against the infernal foe" as in Genesis 3:15 and to "complete victory over the sin and death" as in the [[Letters of Paul]] as a scriptural basis for the dogmatic definition, Mary being assumed to heaven as in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians#15:54|1 Corinthians 15:54]]: "then shall come to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory".<ref name="IntroM75"/><ref name="Mariology pages 328-350">Paul Haffner in ''Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, seminarians, and Consecrated Persons'' (2008) {{ISBN|9781579183554}} edited by M. Miravalle, pp. 328–350</ref>

====Assumption vs. Dormition====
{{See also|John of Damascus}}
The Western Feast of the Assumption is celebrated on 15 August, and the Eastern Orthodox and [[Greek Catholic]]s celebrate the [[Dormition of the Mother of God]] (or Dormition of the [[Theotokos]], the falling asleep of the Mother of God) on the same date, preceded by a 14-day [[fasting|fast]] period. Eastern Christians believe that Mary died a natural death, that her soul was received by Christ upon death, and that her body was resurrected on the third day after her death and that she was taken up into heaven bodily in anticipation of the general [[resurrection]]. Her tomb was found empty on the third day.

[[File:Theofanus uspenie.jpg|thumb|Icon of the Dormition by [[Theophan the Greek]], 1392]]
{{blockquote|Orthodox tradition is clear and unwavering in regard to the central point [of the Dormition]: the Holy Virgin underwent, as did her Son, a physical death, but her body—like His—was afterwards raised from the dead and she was taken up into heaven, in her body as well as in her soul. She has passed beyond death and judgement, and lives wholly in the Age to Come. The Resurrection of the Body ... has in her case been anticipated and is already an accomplished fact. That does not mean, however, that she is dissociated from the rest of humanity and placed in a wholly different category: for we all hope to share one day in that same glory of the Resurrection of the Body which she enjoys even now.<ref>Bishop Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia, in: Festal Menaion [London: Faber and Faber, 1969], p. 64.</ref>}}

Many Catholics also believe that Mary first died before being assumed, but they believe that she was miraculously resurrected before being assumed. Others believe she was assumed bodily into Heaven without first dying.<ref>''The Catholicism Answer Book: The 300 Most Frequently Asked Questions'' by John Trigilio, Kenneth Brighenti 2007 {{ISBN|1-4022-0806-5}} p. 64</ref><ref>Shoemaker 2006, p. 201</ref> Either understanding may be legitimately held by Catholics, with [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholics]] observing the Feast as the Dormition.

Many theologians note by way of comparison that in the Catholic Church, the Assumption is dogmatically defined, while in the Eastern Orthodox tradition, the Dormition is less dogmatically than liturgically and mystically defined. Such differences spring from a larger pattern in the two traditions, wherein Catholic teachings are often dogmatically and authoritatively defined—in part because of the more centralized structure of the Catholic Church—while in Eastern Orthodoxy, many doctrines are less authoritative.<ref>See "[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/johndamascus-komesis.html Three Sermons on the Dormition of the Virgin]" by [[John of Damascus]], from the Medieval Sourcebook</ref>

===Ancient of Days===
{{See also|God the Father in Western art}}
[[File:Europe a Prophecy, copy D, object 1 (Bentley 1, Erdman i, Keynes i) British Museum.jpg|thumb|''[[The Ancient of Days]]'', watercolor etching from 1794 by [[William Blake]]]]
''[[Ancient of Days]]'' is a [[names of God|name for God]] that appears in the [[Book of Daniel]].

In an early Venetian school ''[[Coronation of the Virgin]]'' by [[Giovanni d'Alemagna]] and [[Antonio Vivarini]], ({{circa|1443}}), God the Father is shown in the representation consistently used by other artists later, namely as a patriarch, with benign, yet powerful countenance and with long white hair and a beard, a depiction largely derived from, and justified by, the description of the [[Ancient of Days]] in the [[Old Testament]], the nearest approach to a physical description of God in the Old Testament:<ref>Bigham Chapter 7</ref><blockquote>... the Ancient of Days did sit, whose garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like the pure wool: his throne was like the fiery flame, and his wheels as burning fire. ([[Book of Daniel|Daniel]] 7:9) </blockquote>

St Thomas Aquinas recalls that some bring forward the objection that the Ancient of Days matches the person of the Father, without necessarily agreeing with this statement himself.<ref>Summa Theologica III.59.1 obj 2, ad 2</ref>

By the twelfth century depictions of a figure of God the Father, essentially based on the [[Ancient of Days]] in the [[Book of Daniel]], had started to appear in French manuscripts and in stained glass church windows in England. In the 14th century the illustrated [[Naples Bible]] had a depiction of God the Father in the [[Burning bush]]. By the 15th century, the [[Rohan Book of Hours]] included depictions of God the Father in human form or [[anthropomorphic]] imagery, and by the time of the [[Renaissance]] artistic representations of God the Father were freely used in the Western Church.<ref>George Ferguson, 1996 ''Signs & symbols in Christian art'' {{ISBN|0195014324}} p. 92</ref>

[[File:Damian. The Ancient of Days.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|left|''The Ancient of Days'', a 14th-century fresco from [[Ubisi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]]]
Artistic depictions of God the Father were uncontroversial in Catholic art thereafter, but less common depictions of the [[Trinity]] were condemned. In 1745 [[Pope Benedict XIV]] explicitly supported the [[Throne of Mercy]] depiction, referring to the "Ancient of Days", but in 1786 it was still necessary for [[Pope Pius VI]] to issue a [[papal bull]] condemning the decision of an Italian church council to remove all images of the Trinity from churches.<ref>Bigham, 73–76</ref>

The depiction remains rare and often controversial in Eastern Orthodox art. In Eastern Orthodox Church hymns and [[icon]]s, the Ancient of Days is most properly identified with [[God the Son]] or Jesus, and not with God the Father. Most of the eastern church fathers who comment on the passage in Daniel (7:9–10, 13–14) interpreted the elderly figure as a prophetic revelation of the son before his physical incarnation.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_early_christian_studies/summary/v007/7.1mckay.html|title = The Eastern Christian Exegetical Tradition of Daniel's Vision of the Ancient of Days|last = McKay|first = Gretchen K.|year = 1999|journal = Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume = 7|pages = 139–161|doi = 10.1353/earl.1999.0019|s2cid = 170245894|url-access = subscription}}</ref> As such, Eastern Christian art will sometimes portray Jesus Christ as an old man, the Ancient of Days, to show symbolically that he existed from all eternity, and sometimes as a young man, or wise baby, to portray him as he was incarnate. This [[iconography]] emerged in the 6th century, mostly in the Eastern Empire with elderly images, although usually not properly or specifically identified as "the Ancient of Days".<ref>Cartlidge and Elliott, 69–72</ref> The first images of the Ancient of Days, so named with an inscription, were developed by iconographers in different manuscripts, the earliest of which are dated to the 11th century. The images in these manuscripts included the inscription "Jesus Christ, Ancient of Days," confirming that this was a way to identify Christ as pre-eternal with the God the Father.<ref>The manuscripts that include an image of the Ancient of Days are discussed in the unpublished dissertation by Gretchen Kreahling McKay, "Imaging the Divine: A Study of the Representations of the Ancient of Days in Byzantine Manuscripts," University of Virginia, 1997.</ref> Indeed, later, it was declared by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] at the [[Stoglavy Sobor|Great Synod of Moscow]] in 1667 that the Ancient of Days was the Son and not the Father.<ref>The Tome of the Great Council of Moscow (1666–1667 A.D.), Ch. 2, 43–45; tr. [[Hierodeacon]] Lev Puhalo, ''Canadian Orthodox Missionary Journal''</ref>

==See also==
* [[Early African church]]
* [[General Roman Calendar]]
* [[East–West Schism]]
** [[Eastern Christianity]]
* [[Latin Church in the Middle East]]
* [[Latin liturgical rites]]
** [[Ecclesiastical Latin]]
** [[Liturgical use of Latin]]
* [[Pontifical Academy for Latin]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Roman Catholic Church|Latin Church}}
* [https://www.vatican.va/ Official website of the Holy See]
* [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09022a.htm Latin Church] (in the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'')

{{Latin Church footer}}
{{Mass of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church}}
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{{Sacraments, rites, and liturgies of the Catholic Church}}
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[[Category:Latin Church| ]]

Dhruv Sharma

2026-03-27T17:42:51Z

MonteZaleski33:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer and actor}}
{{for|the singer|Dhruv (singer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhruv Sharma
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1982
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|8|1|1982|8|1|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names = Dhruva Sharma<ref name="S">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudeep-on-dhruva-sharmas-film-kichchu/articleshow/63999153.cms|title=I wish Kichchu brings all the accolades that Dhruva Sharma truly deserves: Sudeep |website=The Times of India|date=3 May 2018 |access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=2022-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131094210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudeep-on-dhruva-sharmas-film-kichchu/articleshow/63999153.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor, cricketer
| years_active = 1994; 2002–2018
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Dhruv Sharma''' (1982 – 1 August 2017) was an Indian Kannada-language actor and cricketer.

== Career ==
=== Acting career ===
Dhruv Sharma played a small role in ''[[Yahoo (film)|Yahoo]]'' (2004).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deepak |first1=S. N. |title=Yahoo |url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep122004/mr4.asp |work=Deccan Herald |accessdate=9 October 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304125939/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep122004/mr4.asp |archivedate=4 March 2006 |date=12 September 2004 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> He made his debut as a lead actor with ''Snehanjali'' (2007), which won the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Record]] for the first film to have a deaf-mute person in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayasarathy |first=R. G. |author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy |date=8 November 2007 |title=Kannada film with deaf-dumb hero in Guinness Book |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/kannada-film-with-deaf-dumb-hero-in-guinness-book/12668/story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601112930/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/kannada-film-with-deaf-dumb-hero-in-guinness-book/12668/story.htm |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |via=Nowrunning}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews but Dhruv's performance was praised.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayasarathy |first=R. G. |author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy |date=10 November 2007 |title=Watch Snehanjali for Dhruv |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/10sne.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225083225/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/10sne.htm |archive-date=25 February 2008 |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> His next film was the Malayalam-Kannada film ''[[The Hitlist]]'' (2012) in which he played the antagonist. The film had a low-key release and notably featured [[Mohanlal]] in a voiceover.<ref>{{cite news|last=K.|first=Aswathy|title='Direction is pure destiny'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2012/oct/13/direction-is-pure-destiny-414975.html|access-date=30 August 2022|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=13 October 2012}}</ref> The film released to negative reviews with a critic opining that his performance was one of the saving graces.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 December 2012 |title='Hitlist' Review: This Malayalam film is disappointing |work=Indiaglitz |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hitlist-review-this-malayalam-film-is-disappointing-526785.html |access-date=15 October 2023 |via=[[CNN-News18]] |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014223545/https://www.news18.com/news/india/hitlist-review-this-malayalam-film-is-disappointing-526785.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2013, he co-starred [[Soumya Bollapragada]] and Venkatesh Prasad in the romantic comedy ''Neenandre Ishta Kano''. A critic felt that Dhruv was good but that Venkatesh Prasad outshone him.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Neenandre Ishta Kano Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/neenandre-ishta-kano/movie-review/18891930.cms |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He played a minor role opposite Neha Patil and co-starring his father in ''[[Thippaji Circle]]'' (2015), a film based on the life of a [[devadasi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Thippaji Circle Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/thippaji-circle/movie-review/49616606.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 May 2016|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930154556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Thippaji-Circle/movie-review/49616606.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He played one of the leads in the cricket film ''[[Bangalore 560023]]'' (2015) co-starring [[Karthik Jayaram]], [[Chandan Kumar]], Rajeev and [[Chikkanna]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-01 |title=Looking back at Dhruv Sharma's films |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/looking-back-at-dhruv-sharmas-films/articleshow/59860878.cms |access-date=2023-10-15 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804162037/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/looking-back-at-dhruv-sharmas-films/articleshow/59860878.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, he starred posthumously in ''[[Kicchu]]'' (2018), which was based on the issue of deforestation and featured [[Sudeep]] in a cameo.<ref name="S"/> The film was notable for also featuring [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]], another deaf-mute actor.<ref>{{Cite news |title=It was a dream to act with Dhruv Sharma, and it got fulflled with Kicchu |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/may/02/it-was-a-dream-to-act-with-dhruv-sharma-which-got-fulflled-with-kicchu-5814.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202080129/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/may/02/it-was-a-dream-to-act-with-dhruv-sharma-which-got-fulflled-with-kicchu-5814.html |archive-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> The film released to mixed reviews with a critic writing that the film "might not be a drama that keeps you in the edge of your seat, but it has its heart set in the right place".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=4 May 2018 |title=Kichchu Movie Review {3/5}: Go ahead and watch the film |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kichchu/movie-review/64026596.cms |accessdate=15 October 2023}}</ref> His final film ''[[Looty (2018 film)|Looty]]'' (2018), which featured him opposite Shweta Pandit, released to highly negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=1 December 2018 |title=Beware! Looty can loot your money |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/dec/01/beware-looty--can-loot-your-money-1905580.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201115534/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/dec/01/beware-looty--can-loot-your-money-1905580.html |archive-date=1 December 2018 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Cricket career ===
In 2005, he played for India at the Deaf Cricket World Cup.<ref name="T"/> In 2011, he joined the Karnataka Bulldozers of the [[Celebrity Cricket League]] after being noticed by [[Salman Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/actor-cricketer-dhruv-sharma-no-more/articleshow/59856791.cms |title=Actor-cricketer Dhruv Sharma no more |newspaper=The Times of India |date=August 2017 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014034337/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/actor-cricketer-dhruv-sharma-no-more/articleshow/59856791.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, he was the vice captain of the team, which was headed by Sudeep.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PIX: Bipasha, Genelia, Venkatesh at CCL finals |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-pix-venkatesh-loses-sudeep-wins-ccl-finals/20130311.htm |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=Rediff}}</ref> He was named the Man of the Tournament in a 2016 game that his team won against the Telugu Warriors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.india.com/sports/celebrity-cricket-league-ccl-2016-final-live-score-updates-telugu-warriors-vs-karnataka-bulldozers-946739/ |title=CCL 2016 Winner: Telugu Warriors Beat Karnataka Bulldozers To Win Celebrity Cricket League (CCL) 2016 Final – As It Happened|access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206090336/https://www.india.com/sports/celebrity-cricket-league-ccl-2016-final-live-score-updates-telugu-warriors-vs-karnataka-bulldozers-946739/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Dhruv Sharma was born to businessman and actor Suresh Sharma.<ref name="T">{{Cite news |date=10 June 2007 |title=Deaf-mute but still a hero |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deaf-mute-but-still-a-hero/articleshow/2112100.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515051228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Deaf-mute-but-still-a-hero/articleshow/2112100.cms |archive-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> He is [[deaf-mute]] in Bangalore and found it difficult to follow college lectures after taking some computer science classes.<ref name="T"/> Dhruv died on 1 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2017 |title=Kannada actor Dhruv Sharma dies after suffering cardiac arrest, celebs mourn loss |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kannada-actor-dhruv-sharma-dies-after-suffering-a-cardiac-arrest-industry-shocked/story-2vVVUH0I68HlmdmJdGs3yO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027032915/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kannada-actor-dhruv-sharma-dies-after-suffering-a-cardiac-arrest-industry-shocked/story-2vVVUH0I68HlmdmJdGs3yO.html |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dhruv-sharma-consumed-poison/articleshow/59860336.cms |title=Dhruv Sharma consumed poison |newspaper=The Times of India |date=August 2017 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014075009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dhruv-sharma-consumed-poison/articleshow/59860336.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1994 || ''Prema Simhasana'' || || Child artist
|-
| 2002 || ''Joot'' || ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Yahoo (film)|Yahoo]]'' || Sneha's lover ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Snehanjali'' || Prem ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[The Hitlist]]'' || Dhruv || [[Malayalam]]-Kannada film
|-
| 2013 || ''Neenandre Ishta Kano'' || Sanjay ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Thippaji Circle]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Bangalore 560023]]'' || Dhruva ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Kicchu]]'' || Suri || Posthumous film
|-
|''[[Looty (2018 film)|Looty]]'' || Jaggi || Posthumous film
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Dhruv}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male deaf actors]]
[[Category:Actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian deaf people]]
[[Category:Mute people]]

Konda Polam

2026-03-26T22:37:17Z

MonteZaleski33: Done

{{short description|2021 film directed by Krish}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Konda Polam
| image = Konda Polam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Krish Jagarlamudi]]
| screenplay = Krish Jagarlamudi
| based_on = {{Based on|''Konda Polam'' (novel)|Rami Reddy}}
| producer = Saibabu Jagarlamudi Yeduguru Rajeev Reddy
| story = Sannapureddy Venkata Rami Reddy
| starring = [[Panja Vaisshnav Tej]] [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[Gnana Shekar V. S.]]
| editing = Shravan Katikaneni
| studio = [[First Frame Entertainments]]
| distributor = Bridge Films (India) Great India Films (United States) Dreamz Entertainment Limited (United Kingdom)
| released = {{Film date|2021|10|8|df=y}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = ₹8.1 crore{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}
}}

'''''Konda Polam''''' ({{translation|Hillside farm}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Jungle]] [[adventure]] film<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kondapolam-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mzqwntq |title=Kondapolam |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |quote=KONDAPOLAM is a Telugu language action thriller in which a man recalls his time living in the wild as he interviews for a job that would help him protect the forest that he loves.}}</ref> directed by [[Krish Jagarlamudi]]. Produced by [[First Frame Entertainments]], it stars [[Panja Vaisshnav Tej]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]] while [[Sai Chand]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] play supporting roles. The film is an adaptation of the eponymous novel by Sannapureddy Venkata Rami Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vaishnav-tej-rakul-preet-singh-movie-titled-konda-polam-154151 |title=Vaishnav Tej-Rakul Preet Singh movie titled Konda Polam |date=20 August 2021 |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> ''Konda Polam'' was released on 8 October 2021 and ended up as a commercial failure.<ref name="rps:indiatoday">{{Cite web |author=Janani K |date=23 August 2021 |title=Rakul Preet unveils her character Obulamma from director Krish's Konda Polam. Watch promo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rakul-preet-unveils-her-character-obulamma-from-director-krish-s-konda-polam-watch-promo-1844127-2021-08-23 |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=14 October 2021 |title=Box-Office Report: Konda Polam encounters big losses! |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/box-office/box-office-report-konda-polam-encounters-big-losses-710933 |website=The Hans India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kataru Ravindra Yadav "Ravi" has passed the [[Indian Forest Service]] exam conducted by [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] with top marks. During the interview in Delhi, the panel asks him why he wants to join the Indian Forest Service.

In the past, Ravi was the only educated man in his village of shepherds, but he could not find a job despite searching for four years in Hyderabad due to his lack of confidence. Finally, upon his grandfather's insistence, he decided to help his father Guruvappa's profession because his father did not allow Ravi's newly married elder brother to do so. So he allowed Ravi to come with him.

During the drought, the situation forces them to take the sheep to forests for pastures to feed the sheep and water to drink for 40 days (this system is called Kondapolam). At first, he is a scared fish out of water amidst the shepherds in the forests and hills they travel through. However, he meets Obulamma "Obu," a fearless and kind young orphan woman staying with her grandfather, who helps him learn about shepherding and nature along with the other shepherds. Their journey is hazardous as they face tigers, sandalwood smugglers, goat thieves, limited food and water supplies, and the risk of not being able to find a suitable environment for the goats to graze. Ravi learns quickly and uses his newfound skills to fight these threats.

Eventually, Ravi and Obu fall in love, but Ravi's father insists that he stay away from her due to his unemployment and remembers him, her grandfather's wish that Obu should be married to a stable job person, so he rejects her advances.

Finally, Ravi comes face to face with the tiger and, reflecting on his previous lack of initiative, bravely stands up to it and makes it flee.

Back in the interview, Ravi explains that the tiger is very quick to nab the neck of an animal that is bending its spine. But coming to humans, it became a puzzle to the tiger because for a human who always stands straight and confident, the tiger doesn't know how to catch the human's neck. Like the way he also came from, the past four years bended in front of the world with the fear and lack of confidence. With this experience, the tiger gave him a confidence that was not in his life before.

Later, he got the corporate job he dreams for, but he was not satisfied with the job. He resigns it and prepares for [[Indian Forest Service|IFoS]] because he wants to serve in the forest to help his village, solve their problems, and protect the forest from the thieves legally. Leaving the interviewers pleased and impressed, he becomes a [[Indian Forest Service|Divisional Forest Officer]] (DFO) and returns to his village amidst pomp and splendor. Ravi declares his love for Obu, and the two embrace.

==Cast==

{{cast listing|
* [[Panja Vaisshnav Tej]] as Kataru Ravindranath Yadav "Ravi" later becomes an [[Indian Forest Service|IFoS]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/konda-polam-title-and-first-look-of-panja-vaishnav-tej-and-rakul-preet-singhs-film-revealed/articleshow/85479993.cms |title=Konda Polam: Title and first look of Panja Vaishnav Tej and Rakul Preet Singh's film revealed |access-date=24 August 2021 |date=20 August 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Obulamma "Obu"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rakul-preet-unveils-first-look-her-character-director-krish-s-konda-polam-154297 |title=Rakul Preet unveils first look of her character in director Krish's Konda Polam |date=24 August 2021 |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>
* [[Sai Chand]] as Guravappa, Ravi's father
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Ravi's grandfather
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Head of [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] Interview panel (Cameo Appearance)
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Ravi's grandmother
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as a villager
* Anthony
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Ankayenna
* Syamala as Subhadra, Ankayenna's wife (Cameo Appearance)
* Mahesh Vitta as Bhaskar
* Racha Ravi as Siripellu
* Ashok Vardhan
* Anand Vihari
* Pranitha as Ravi's sister
* Udhbav Raghunandhan as Ravi's elder brother
* [[Siddharth Gollapudi]] as Interviewer}}

==Production==

''Konda Polam'' novel was recommended to [[Krish Jagarlamudi|Krish]] by Director [[Mohan Krishna Indraganti]]. After reading this novel he decided to make a film on this. In 2020, Krish acquired the rights of novel by Sannapureddi Venkata Ramireddy. He adapted the novel into a theatrical extravaganza, casting Panja Vaishnav Tej and Rakul Preet Singh in the lead.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} In September 2020, it was reported that Rakul Preet Singh resumed the shooting of the film which was being shot in [[Vikarabad]], [[Telangana]] forest. This film's major part was shot during lockdown 1 under biobubble with limited cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rakul-preet-resumes-shoot-for-krish-s-film-in-vikarabad-see-leaked-photos-from-the-sets-1724522-2020-09-23 |title=Rakul Preet resumes shoot for Krish's film in Vikarabad. See leaked photos from the sets |author=Janani K |date=23 September 2020 |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In an interview Krish said, “During famines, many people from the shepherding community go to forest areas along with their sheep for their livelihood. This process is called 'Konda Polam'. We will be showcasing this adventurous journey very clearly in this film.” In the novel there is no character called Obulamma; he wrote the character for the film, to get into a commercial template he added.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rajeswari Parasa |date=5 October 2021 |title=Konda Polam is about an adventurous journey undertaken by shepherds: Dir Krish intv |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/konda-polam-about-adventurous-journey-undertaken-shepherds-dir-krish-intv-156112 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Konda Polam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 October 2021
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:10
| language = Telugu
| label = Mango Music
| producer =
| prev_title = [[12 'O' Clock (film)|12 'O' Clock]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Pelli SandaD#Soundtrack|Pelli SandaD]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|8svFMWcswdI|Konda Polam - Full Album}}
}}}}

The soundtrack is composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] and lyrics are penned by Keeravaani, [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], and [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]. "Obulamma", the first track of the soundtrack, released on 27 August 2021 by Mango Music.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=JiqIa5uzYGk |title=Obulamma Video Song - Kondapolam Movie - Vaisshnav Tej - Rakul Preet Singh - M M Keeravaani - Krish |work=Mango Music |via=YouTube |date=27 August 2021}}</ref> "Shwaasalo", the second track, was released on 30 September.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kondapolam/uB2,eno11NY_ |title=Kondapolam Album by M. M. Keeravani |date=2 October 2021 |publisher=Jiosaavn |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002140341/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kondapolam/uB2,eno11NY_ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The soundtrack album was launched in an event held at [[Kurnool]], Andhra Pradesh on 2 October 2021.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=w55ogsHxFjo |title=Kondapolam Audio Launch Event - Vaisshnav Tej - Rakul Preet Singh - Krish - MM Keeravani - Oct 8th |work=First Frame Entertainments |via=YouTube |date=2 October 2021}}</ref>

The film marks [[Shreya Ghoshal]] collaborating with Keeravani after over a decade, as their last collaboration was ''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]'', where Ghoshal sung the song "Chiranjeeva". The song "Dham Dham Dham" from the film won [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] the [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]] at the [[69th National Film Awards]].

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 25:10
| all_lyrics =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Obulamma
| lyrics1 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| extra1 = Satya Yamini, [[P V N S Rohit]]
| length1 = 3:36
| title2 = Tala Etthu
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra2 = [[M. M. Keeravani]], Harika Narayan, Sri Soumya Varanasi
| length2 = 3:09
| title3 = Dham Dham Dham
| note3 =
| lyrics3 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra3 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]], Damini Bhatla
| length3 = 4:38
| title4 = Kadhalu Kadhaluga
| note4 =
| lyrics4 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| extra4 = [[Kailash Kher]], Yamini Ghantasala
| length4 = 3:56
| title5 = Daarulu Daarulu
| note5 =
| lyrics5 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra5 = [[M. M. Keeravani]], Harika Narayan
| length5 = 2:48
| title6 = Shwaasalo
| lyrics6 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| extra6 = [[Yamini Ghantasala]], PVNS Rohit
| length6 = 3:31
| title7 = Chettekki
| lyrics7 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra7 = [[Kaala Bhairava]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length7 = 3:32
}}

== Reception ==
The film received mixed-to-positive reviews, with praise for the unique story, visuals, and acting, with the use of body language and eyes being particularly noticed. However, the pacing and length were criticized, with the need for certain scenes and a musical duet being questioned.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Sangeetha Devi |last1=Dundoo |access-date=13 December 2021 |title='Konda Polam' movie review: Life lessons from the wild |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/konda-polam-movie-review-krish-jagarlamudis-film-starring-vaisshnav-tej-rakul-preet-singh-needed-more-depth/article36895440.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 October 2021 |issn=0971-751X }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=13 December 2021 |title=Konda Polam review: Multiple conflicts, shoehorned romance dilute the effect of Krish's man vs wild movie |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/konda-polam-review-multiple-conflicts-shoehorned-romance-dilute-the-effect-of-krish-s-man-vs-wild-movie-101633772517691.html |date=9 October 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Konda Polam Movie Review: A unique tale of a boy and a tiger |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/konda-polam/movie-review/86863937.cms}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=80|count=5|average=7|ref=yes}}

Neeshita Nyayapati of The Times of India gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "Konda Polam might have its moments where it misses the mark but it gets more things right than wrong."<ref>{{cite web |first=Neeshita |last=Nyayapati |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/konda-polam/movie-review/86863937.cms?from=mdr?utm_source=Wikipedia&utm_medium=October7&utm_campaign=KondaPolamReview |title=Konda Polam Movie Review: A unique tale of a boy and a tiger |website=The Times of India |date=7 October 2021 |accessdate=23 June 2025}}</ref> Sankeertana Varma of Firstpost gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "While Konda Polam is definitely a story of a man coming of age and realising his priorities, it lacks the ‘epicness’ it foretells."<ref>{{cite web |first=Sankeertana |last=Varma |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/konda-polam-movie-review-a-promising-feature-that-suffers-at-execution-10038001.html?from=mdr?utm_source=Wikipedia&utm_medium=October8&utm_campaign=KondaPolamReview |title=Konda Polam movie review: A promising feature that suffers at execution |date=8 October 2021 |website=Firstpost |accessdate=23 June 2025}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of Hindustan Times wrote, "The only downside of Konda Polam is that it tries to address multiple conflicts. In the process, the impact that it intends to make is diluted."<ref>{{cite web |first=Haricharan |last=Pudipeddi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/konda-polam-review-multiple-conflicts-shoehorned-romance-dilute-the-effect-of-krish-s-man-vs-wild-movie-101633772517691.html?from=mdr?utm_source=Wikipedia&utm_medium=October9&utm_campaign=KondaPolamReview |title=Konda Polam review: Multiple conflicts, shoehorned romance dilute the effect of Krish's man vs wild movie |website=Hindustan Times |date=9 October 2021 |accessdate=23 June 2025}}</ref>

===Box office===
Commercially, the film lost money in theatres but recovered its budget from satellite and streaming rights, with [[Amazon Prime Video]] buying the film's streaming rights for {{INR|3.5 [[crore]]}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vyas |access-date=13 December 2021 |title=OTT Saved Konda Polam! |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ott-saved-konda-polam-711874 |date=21 October 2021 |website=thehansindia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15263698}}
{{Krish (director)}}
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 adventure films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krish Jagarlamudi]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on adventure novels]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]

Out of Control (2003 film)

2026-03-26T22:03:34Z

MonteZaleski33:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Out of Control
| image = Out_of_Control_(2003_film).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Apurva Asrani]] Ramanjit "Tony" Juneja
| producer = [[Vashu Bhagnani]]
| writer = Rakesh Bakshi Aman Jaffery Bjolu Khan
| starring = [[Riteish Deshmukh]] [[Hrishitaa Bhatt]] [[Brande Roderick]]
| music = [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| cinematography = Neelaabh Kaul
| editing = Anthony Gonsalves
| studio = [[Pooja Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Fox Star Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2003|11|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 128 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/out-of-control-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndczmzm|title=Out Of Control|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Out of Control''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film starring [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Hrishitaa Bhatt]] and American actress and model [[Brande Roderick]].

==Plot==
Jaswinder ([[Ritesh Deshmukh]]) goes to the United States, promising his parents that he will return soon and his sister's marriage will be set. In America, he meets an American girl named Sally ([[Brande Roderick]]) and marries her for his visa.

He forgets the promise he made to his parents. Meanwhile, in India, his parents have found him a new bride, Richa ([[Hrishitaa Bhatt]]). His sister calls him to India by telling him that their father has had a heart attack. He returns to India and gets engaged to Richa.

He strongly detests the idea but marries her and escapes to the United States and tells Sally that everything and everyone was fine in India. Back in India, his parents are amazed at his behaviour and Richa is surprised that her husband left soon after marriage, as he was supposed to take her to New York. Jaswinder's father ([[Amrish Puri]]) and Richa follow him to New York. As they reach New York, they are met by Flower ([[Satish Shah]]), who tells and inspires Richa to become a modern girl in her appearance. Jaswinder doesn't tolerate her and soon chucks her out. Sally does not know anything about this. But after some time, Jaswinder ends up falling in love with Richa and does not want to be separated from her. Will Sally find out? Will Jaswinder and Richa end up leading a happy life in the end? This plot forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
*[[Riteish Deshmukh]] as Jaswinder Singh Bedi / Jimmy
*[[Hrishitaa Bhatt]] as Richa Bedi
*[[Brande Roderick]] as Sally
*[[Anand Raj Anand]]
*[[Amrish Puri]] as Jatta Singh Bedi
*[[Satish Shah]] as Flower
*[[Satish Kaushik]] as Mango Singh
*Kenneth Mergen as Philip J. Roberts

==Soundtrack==
All songs are written by Dev Kohli.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "India Se"
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
| 2
| "Jodiyan Ban Gayi"
| [[Adnan Sami]], [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| 3
| "Kudi Vi Soni"
| [[Babul Supriyo]], Udit Narayan
|-
| 4
| "Meri Jaan Mujhe Choo Le"
| Remona
|-
| 5
| "Tera Chand Sa Ye Chehra"
| Babul Supriyo, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| 6
| "Tu Mera Pyar Hai Sanam"
| Babul Supriyo, Suzanne
|-
| 7
| "USA Wich LA"
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|}

== Reception ==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' opined that "On the whole, ''OUT OF CONTROL'' is a decent entertainer that will attract cinegoers in good numbers initially".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/out-of-control/critic-review/out-of-control-movie-review/ |title=Out of Control Review 2/5 | Out of Control Movie Review | Out of Control 2003 Public Review | Film Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127084227/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/out-of-control/critic-review/out-of-control-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' said that "The film reeks of that 'been there, done that' feeling".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/21out.htm |title=Can we have a new storyline please? |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127084222/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/21out.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0388315|Out of Control}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Raj Anand]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Kaniha

2026-03-26T18:58:50Z

MonteZaleski33: cleanup layout and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian Tamil actress}}
{{For|the village in Assam|Kaniha, Kamrup}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanika
| image = Kanihaa.jpg
| birth_name = Divya Venkatasubramaniam Iyer
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|07|03}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = [[BITS Pilani]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Voice actor|Playback singer|TV anchor}}
| yearsactive = 2002-present
| image_size = 200px
| other names = Kaniha, Sravanthi
| spouse = {{Marriage|Shyam Radhakrishnan|2008}}
| children = Sai Rishi
}}

'''Divya Venkatasubramaniam Iyer''', better known by her stage name '''Kaniha''', is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] cinema along with a few [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] movies.<ref name="Kaniha turns hot in Mollywood">{{cite web |title=Kaniha turns hot in Mollywood |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Kaniha-turns-hot-in-Mollywood-imagegallery-malayalam-jlvmW5ijjhg.html?html=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905070218/http://www.sify.com/movies/Kaniha-turns-hot-in-Mollywood-imagegallery-malayalam-jlvmW5ijjhg.html?html=5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="Kaniha to play female lead in Mammooty starrer Cobra">{{cite web |title=Kaniha to play female lead in Mammooty starrer Cobra |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/kaniha-play-female-lead-mammooty-starrer-cobra-197 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211132640/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/kaniha-play-female-lead-mammooty-starrer-cobra-197 |archive-date=11 December 2011}}</ref> Kaniha made her debut in the 2002 Tamil film ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm |title=The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji |access-date=8 June 2009 |archive-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916132230/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kanika was born 3 July 1982<ref>{{cite web|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kaniha-rings-in-40-with-zeal-says-bring-it-on-40s/articleshow/92646745.cms|title=Kaniha rings in 40 with zeal, says, 'bring it on 40s' |date=4 July 2022 }}</ref> as Divya Venkata Subramaniam in [[Madurai]]. Her father Venkata Subramaniam Iyer was an [[engineer]]. She won the Tamil Nadu State Award for Educational Excellence in 1999. She pursued her [[Mechanical engineering]] degree from 1999 to 2003 at [[BITS Pilani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nambidi |first=Parvathy |date=24 February 2013 |title=Topper meets her match |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2013/Feb/25/topper-meets-her-match-453402.html |access-date=28 April 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Sandpaper - The BITSAA Magazine |url=https://sandpaper.bitsaa.org/archives/links/SandpaperSpring2006/03_coverstory/Creative%20Arts.htm |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=BITSAA International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2003 |title=Srikanth's new movie details |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news232.html |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

Having improved her singing talent since childhood by participating in pop music and light music shows, Divya was interested in performing arts. While she was still studying, she gave stage performances as a pop singer from time to time. When she was scheduled to perform at the [[Miss Chennai|Miss Chennai beauty pageant]] in 2001, she was selected to participate in the pageant after a model had backed out at the last minute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm |title=The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=7 June 2009 |archive-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916132230/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite lack of experience, she emerged victorious in the contest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vibamisschennai.com/home2001.htm |title=Miss Chennai 2001 |publisher=vibamisschennai.com |access-date=7 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204123516/http://vibamisschennai.com/home2001.htm |archive-date=4 February 2009}}</ref>

==Career==

[[Susi Ganesan]] spotted Kanika on a magazine cover page and insisted on her performing the lead female role in his second feature film. Divya eventually entered the [[Film industry]], accepting the offer, while her name was changed to Kanika. Her debut film was the [[Mani Ratnam]]-produced ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]'' (2002) with [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], who made his acting debut as well, in which Kaniha portrayed a traditional village girl. She completed the entire film during her summer holidays, since she was a student.<ref name="rediff2007">[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916132230/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm |date=16 September 2015 }}. Rediff.com (31 December 2004). Retrieved 27 February 2012.</ref>

Kanika turned down all projects that were subsequently offered to her, including films by [[S. Shankar]] and [[P. C. Sreeram]],<ref name="rediff2007"/> and went on to complete her graduation. Even before she finished her graduation, she completed her Telugu debut film ''[[Ottesi Cheputunna]]'' during her winter vacations, acting under another stage name Sravanthi.<ref>{{cite web |work=Deccan Herald |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec21/mr4.asp |date=21 December 2003 |title=Annavaru - Kannada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031230184004/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec21/mr4.asp |archive-date=30 December 2003 |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="idlebrain1">[http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-naaautograph.html Telugu cinema Review – Naa Autograph – Sweet Memories – Ravi Teja, Bhumika Chawla, Gopika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706052121/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-naaautograph.html |date=6 July 2017 }}. Idlebrain.com (11 August 2004). Retrieved 27 February 2012.</ref> In regard to her performance, ''Idlebrain'' wrote: "Sravanthy looks homely in the film and suited the character. She performed well. She is good at dances as well".<ref>[http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-ottesi.html Telugu Cinema – Review – Ottesi Cheputunna – Srikanth, Sivaji – E Sathi Babu – Vidya Sagar – Anil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127033654/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-ottesi.html |date=27 January 2022 }}. Idlebrain.com (11 April 2003). Retrieved 27 February 2012.</ref>

After completing her studies, Kanika decided to give herself a go at the Tinsel towns. She starred in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] ''Annavaru'' (2004), a remake of [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Thalapathi]]'' (1991), stepping into Kannada filmdom, too. She followed the movie with a cameo role in [[Cheran (director)|Cheran's]] ''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]].'' Kaniha next appeared in a comedy oriented role in a commercial film by [[K. S. Ravikumar]], ''[[Aethiree]]'' along with [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], [[Sadha|Sada]], in which she portrayed a "naughty [[Brahmin]] girl".<ref name="rediff2007"/> ''Sify'' labelled her performance in the film as "outstanding".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140906050811/http://www.sify.com/movies/aethiree-review-tamil-13461125.html Movie Review:Aethiree]. Sify.com. Retrieved 27 February 2012.</ref> She returned to Telugu cinema, accepting to reprise her role in the Telugu remake of ''Autograph'', ''[[Naa Autograph]]'', playing the same role as in the original version.<ref name="idlebrain1"/>

Kanika has ventured into playback singing and dubbing as well. Having a vast experience and being a professional singer before turning actress, Kanika got the offer to sing the theme song of her debut film ''Five Star''. She then became a dubbing artiste, dubbing for actresses [[Genelia D'Souza]] in ''[[Sachein]]'' (2005), [[Sadha]] in ''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005) and [[Shriya Saran]] in ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' (2007).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm |title=The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=11 June 2009 |archive-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916132230/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

After her marriage, when she was supposed to bid adieu to the film industry, Kanika returned to [[Malayalam cinema]] in 2009, with the films ''[[Bhagyadevatha]]'', directed by veteran [[Sathyan Anthikkad]] and starring [[Jayaram]] and [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as well, and ''[[Pazhassi Raja (2009 film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'', directed by reputed director [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] and starring [[Mammootty]], [[Sarath Kumar]] and [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] among others. While the former one, in which she played the role of a homely Christian girl, was highly successful at the box office, the latter one, a biographical [[historical film]], in which she played the role of a queen opposite [[Mammootty]]. Her performance in ''Bhagyadevatha'' led to her winning several awards.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100204071427/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/010110-2.shtml Dailynews – 8 Best Actor awards in one year for Kanika!]. Cinesouth.com (31 January 2010). Retrieved 27 February 2012.</ref>

She was starred with [[Mammootty]] in ''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]'' (2018) and ''[[Mamangam (film)|Mamangam]]'' (2018). She working with [[Mohanlal]] and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] in the comedy drama ''[[Bro Daddy]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kaniha-joins-the-cast-of-bro-daddy/articleshow/84754119.cms|title =Kaniha joins the cast of 'Bro Daddy'|newspaper =The Times of India|date =26 July 2021}}</ref>

She is best known for her stellar performance in the hit TV serial [[Ethirneechal (TV series)|''Ethirneechal'']] (2022-2024), has once again captivated audiences with her acting versatility. In a lesser-known but significant role, Kaniha made a cameo appearance in director [[Venkat Prabhu]]’s much-talked-about film ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' (2024), starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-ethirneechal-actress-kaniha-acted-in-vijays-film-goat/articleshow/113285278.cms|title =Did you know Ethirneechal actress Kaniha acted in Vijay's film Goat?|newspaper =The Times of India|date =12 September 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kanika married Shyam Radhakrishnan, brother of [[Jayashree (Tamil actress)|Jayashree]] on 15 June 2008 who works as a US-based software engineer. They have a son Sai Rishi born in November 2010. Initially she had decided to leave the film industry, finishing her career as an actress, and to settle down in the US, stating that she, however, would complete her hitherto signed films.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} In January 2009 then, Kanika, unexpectedly, announced her comeback with the [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]-directed [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] ''[[Bhagyadevatha]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/actress-kaniha-makes-her-comeback/ |title=Kanika makes her comeback |date=30 January 2009 |publisher=kollywoodtoday.com |access-date=11 June 2009 |archive-date=4 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104032102/http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/actress-kaniha-makes-her-comeback/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ia.rediff.com/www/movies/2009/apr/15s2-interview-with-kaniha.htm |title=Kanika, the next big thing in Malayalam cinema |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=11 June 2009 |archive-date=21 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021063808/http://ia.rediff.com/www/movies/2009/apr/15s2-interview-with-kaniha.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/09sld4-a-look-at-sathyan-anthikkads-bhagyadevatha.htm |title=The hottest summer release in Malayalam |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=11 June 2009 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021140738/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/09sld4-a-look-at-sathyan-anthikkads-bhagyadevatha.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===As actress===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]'' || Eashwari || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003 || ''[[Ottesi Cheputunna]]'' || Divya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || rowspan="2"| Credited as Sravanthi
|-
|''[[Annavru (2003 film)|Annavaru]]'' || Subbulakshmi || [[Kannada]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || | ''[[Aethiree]]'' || Gayathri Iyer || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]'' || Thenmozhi Senthil ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Dancer (2005 film)|Dancer]]'' || Divya ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2006 || ''[[Naa Autograph]]'' || Sandhya || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Sye (2005 film)|Sye]]'' || Renu || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Varalaru (film)|Varalaru]]'' || Gayathri || Tamil ||{{Nominated}} – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Ennittum]]'' || Sneha || rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2009 || ''[[Bhagyadevatha]]'' || Daisy Benny ||
|-
| ''[[Rajakumari (2009 film)|Rajakumari]]'' || Rajakumari || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Pazhassi Raja (2009 film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'' || Kaitheri Maakam || rowspan="12" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[My Big Father]]'' || Ancy ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2010 || ''[[Drona 2010]]'' || Tulasimani ||
|-
|| 2011 || ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]'' || Stella ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''[[Cobra (2012 film)|Cobra]]'' || Annie ||
|-
| ''[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]'' || Meera ||
|-
| ''[[Bavuttiyude Namathil]]'' || Mariam ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2013 || ''[[Orissa (film)|Orissa]]'' || Chandrabhaga ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''[[To Noora with Love]]'' ||Sainaba ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/on-location-to-noora-with-love-all-about-noora/article5809735.ece |title=On location: To Noora with Love – All about Noora |first=P. K. Ajith |last=Kumar |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 March 2014 |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219210817/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/on-location-to-noora-with-love-all-about-noora/article5809735.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]'' || Susan David || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu]]'' || Waahida ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Rudra Simhasanam]]'' || Mohini ||
|-
| ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' ||Pregnant women
|Tamil|| Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2016 ||''[[10 Kalpanakal]]''|| Sara || rowspan="9" |Malayalam||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
|''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]''||Diana Joseph ||
|-
|''[[Drama (2018 film)|Drama]]''|| Mercy John Chacko (Kunjumol) ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 ||''[[Lonappante Mamodeesa]]''||Neelima||
|-
|''[[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]]''
| Chirudevi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022
|''[[Bro Daddy]]''||Elsy Kurian||<ref>{{cite news |last=Palisetty |first=Ramya |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran announces his second directorial Bro Daddy with Mohanlal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prithviraj-sukumaran-announces-his-second-directorial-bro-daddy-with-mohanlal-1816663-2021-06-18 |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=[[India Today]] |date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619201702/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prithviraj-sukumaran-announces-his-second-directorial-bro-daddy-with-mohanlal-1816663-2021-06-18 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[CBI 5: The Brain]]''||Susan George / Ambika Unnithan||
|-
|''[[Paappan]]''|| Susan||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/15/suresh-gopi-to-reunite-with-joshiy-for-paapan-22836.html |title=Suresh Gopi to reunite with Joshiy for Paapan |work=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305040654/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/15/suresh-gopi-to-reunite-with-joshiy-for-paapan-22836.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Perfume: Her Fragnance''
|Abhirami
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir]]'' ||Kanagarani|| rowspan="5" |Tamil||
|-
|rowspan=3|2024
| ''[[Weapon (film)|Weapon]]'' || Damini ||
|-
|''[[The Greatest of All Time]]''||Abi Menon ||Special appearance<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-ethirneechal-actress-kaniha-acted-in-vijays-film-goat/articleshow/113285278.cms|title=Did you know Ethirneechal actress Kaniha acted in Vijay's film Goat?|website=timesofindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Once Upon A Time in Madras]]'' || Kowsi || Special appearance
|-
|2025 ||''[[Niram Marum Ulagil]]'' ||Fathima ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Aadukalam Naren, Suresh Menon's character names in Natty-starrer Niram Marum Ulagil revealed! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aadukalam-naren-suresh-menons-character-names-in-natty-starrer-niram-marum-ulagil-revealed/articleshow/118025055.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As dubbing artist===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! For !! Language
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Sachein]]'' || [[Genelia D'Souza]] || rowspan="3" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Anniyan]]'' || [[Sadha]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' || [[Shriya Saran]]
|}

===As playback singer===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title!! Film !! Language!! Composer!! Notes
|-
| 2002 || "Engalukku" || ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Parasuram-Radha ||
|-
| 2021 || "Thiruppavai" || ''Margazhi Thingal'' || Ravi G || Also actress in the music album
|}

==Television==
===Shows===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Program !! Role !! Channel!! Language
|-
|2006||''Kalakka Povathu Yaaru''|| rowspan="3" | Host||[[Vijay TV]]||rowspan="3"| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2007–2008||''Mega Thangavettai''|| rowspan="2" | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2008||''Annual Chutti Vikatan Children's Quiz Show''
|-
|2013||''Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njanum''|| rowspan="5" | Judge||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||rowspan="8"| [[Malayalam]]
|-
|2015||''Uggram Ujjwalam''||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|2016||'' comedy stars season 2''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2017||''Grand Magical Circus''|| rowspan="2" | [[Amrita TV]]
|-
|2019||''Kerala Dance League''
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2020||''Snehathode Veetil Ninnu''|| rowspan="2" | Herself||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|''Health Desk''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2021||''Red Carpet''||Mentor||[[Amrita TV]]
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2022||''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''|| Guest ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||Tamil
|-
|''Cook with Comedy ''||Judge||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2023
|''Pongal Vilayattu''
|Participant
|rowspan="3"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2024–2025
|''Naanga Ready Neenga Ready Ah''
|Judge
|-
|2025
|''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''|| Guest
|-
|2025
|''Single Pasanga''
|Judge
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|}

===Serials===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Program !! Role !! Channel!!Language
!Notes
|-
|2008||''Thiruvillayadal''||Devi||rowspan="2"| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||rowspan="4"| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|2022–2024
|''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]''
|Eshwari Gunasekaran
|{{Won}} - [[Tamil Nadu State Awards|Tamil Nadu State Television Awards]] for Best Character Actress
|-
|2022
|''[[Mad Company]]''||Podhum Ponnu
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| [[Web series]]
|-
|2024– 2025
|''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal Thodargiradhu]]''
|Eshwari Gunasekaran||Sun TV
|
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=November 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film & TV shows
!Award
!Category
!Result
|-
|2007
|''[[Varalaru]]''
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2010||''[[Pazhassiraja]]''||[[Asianet Film Awards]]||Special Jury Award||{{Won}}
|-
|2013
|''[[Bavuttiyude Namathil]]''
|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
| rowspan="3" |''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]''
| Behindwoods Gold Icons
|Best Lead Cast On Television
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]]
|Thanga Mangai
|{{Won}}
|-
|2024
|[[Ananda Vikatan Awards|Ananda Vikatan Television Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{Won}}
|-
|2025
|''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal Thodargirathu]]''
|[[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]]
|Thanga Mangai
|{{Won}}
|-
|2026
|''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]''
|[[Tamil Nadu State Awards|Tamil Nadu State Awards – Television]]
|Best Charector Actress –2022
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards 2016-2022 and TV Awards 2014-2022 announced {{!}} Full list|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/southern_cinema/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-2016-2022-and-tv-awards-2014-2022-announced-full-list-1503548795.html|website=The Statesman|date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-02-02|language=en-US|first=Statesman News|last=Service}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of BITS Pilani alumni]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1701016|name=Kanika}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150325161718/http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/celeb/kanika.asp Kanika's profile] at Nilacharal
* [http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm Interview to rediff.com in May 2007]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110929230703/http://www.flixster.com/actor/kanika Flixster Profile]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Actresses from Madurai]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:1980 births]]

Thomas Parry (Chennai merchant)

2026-03-26T12:24:53Z

MonteZaleski33: Created First Pg Initial Version

{{Short description|Merchant based in India (1768–1824)}}
[[File:Thomas Parry.jpg|thumb|Thomas Parry c. 1805]]
'''Thomas Parry''' (1768 – 14 August 1824) was a [[Wales|Welsh]] merchant based in [[British India|India]]. He was instrumental in establishing a trading company in Madras, [[India]]. Parry joined John William Dare to establish Parry & Dare in 1819 and this later became [[EID Parry|EID Parry company]] whose building gives the name of [[Parry's Corner]], a well-known [[central business district]] of [[Chennai]].<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3404384.ece|title=NSC Bose Road: Thoroughfare of George Town|author=T. Madhavan|date=12 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=14 January 2013|location=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite ODNB| author=Law, Philip K. |chapter=Parry, Thomas (1768–1824)|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/60927 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |pages=ref:odnb/60927 |editor-last=Matthew |editor-first=H. C. G. |place=Oxford |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/60927 |access-date=2022-05-04 |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=B.}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Parry was the third son and seventh child of Edward Parry and Anne Vaughan of [[Leighton Hall, Powys|Leighton Hall]] near [[Welshpool]]. The Parrys traced their ancestry to Elystan Glodrudd and Edward of Leighton Hall was a wealthy squire.<ref>Hodgson:5.</ref> Thomas's father Edward died when Thomas was five years old and his early life is untraced but for his sailing to India at the age of 19. A cousin and brother-in-law, Gilbert Ross Jr. (1755–1815), married to Thomas's sister Elizabeth (1759–1825) and son of an aunt Aunt Ann Ross (née Parry), had connections in Madras. Colonel Patrick Ross was Chief Engineer at Fort St. George. Gilbert Ross Sr. was a partner in Ross & Burgie on Mark Lane<ref>Hodgson:9-12.</ref> and died on 4 March 1788. His will was probated March 14th, 1788 (Source National Archives) and contains an affidavit signed by Thomas Parry 'of Billiter Lane', suggesting that Thomas was tutored to be a merchant under the guidance of his uncle, alongside his cousin Gilbert Ross Jr who inherited his father's business. Parry appears to have set out to India to expand the business of Ross who had an agent, Thomas Case in Chennai. Sailing from Deal on 4 March, Parry arrived in Madras on 27 June 1788.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=C.H.P.|date=June 1940|title=Thomas Parry. Free Merchant, Madras, 1768–1824. By G. H. Hodgson, pp. xiii + 357, plates 17, maps 5. Madras: Higginbothams, 1938. 7s. 6d.|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=10|issue=2|pages=482|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00087668|issn=0041-977X}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Thomas_Parry_Memorial,_St._George's_Cathedral.jpg|Memorial to Thomas Parry, St. George's Cathedral, Madras. The cup resembles the one gifted him in 1824.|thumb]]
Parry was licensed by the Governor of Madras as a Free Merchant on 12 February 1789,<ref>Hodgson:34.</ref> free from the controls of the [[East India Company]]. He established a business on 17 July 1788, selling goods and providing banking services. On 1 November 1789 he entered into a partnership with Thomas Chase and formed Chase and Parry.<ref>Hodgson:38-39.</ref> Parry was involved in leather business with a tannery in San Thome. In 1807 he noted that he sold 100 pairs of boots to the 22nd Dragoons in Bangalore with the boots costing Rs 1000 and the transport being Rs 1800. On 1 May 1790 they incorporated a partner Henry Sewell, a former naval officer and brother-in-law of Thomas Chase. This increased overall earnings but Parry's share of profits declined. On 1 January 1792 he began his own business of shipping which saw growth thanks to Lord Cornwallis and his actions against Tipu. Parry was an admirer of the Whig Charles James Fox.<ref>Hodgson:55.</ref> In 1794 Parry married Mary Pearce, widow of a civil servant and merchant Thomas Pearce and daughter of James West. They had a daughter Eliza and a son John but both died young. Parry sought to start a newspaper in 1794 as there was just one, the Madras Courier founded in 1785. This was however not granted permission by the Government. In 1795 he began to trade under the name of Thomas Parry & Co. Around 1797 it went by the name of Parry, Garrow and Co. with partner George Garrow.<ref>Hodgson:58.</ref> In 1796 he became a secretary of the Carnatic Insurance Company.<ref>Hodgson:59.</ref> He purchased land for a garden house from Colonel Braithwaite, and built Parry's Castle, now called Leith Castle, in 1796. Parry joined the service of the Nawab Omdat-ul-Omrah at the end of 1796 receiving a salary of 2100 pounds a year. In 1809 he purchased Pycroft's Garden in Nungambakkam.<ref>Hodgson:65.</ref> His connection to the Nawab led to his being dismissed by the Court of Directors at Fort St. George who wrote a letter on 20 May 1800 that he would not be protected anymore and told to return to Britain at the earliest.<ref>Hodgson:78-79.</ref> He however attempted appeals and in 1801 his partner Garrow left having taken up a covenanted post. John King Lane joined as a new partner and Parry and Lane was established in 1801. In 1803 they set up their office in George Town.<ref>Hodgson:88-90.</ref>[[File:Thomas Parry .jpg|thumb|upright|Gravestone in Cuddalore]]In 1805 the banishment order was taken back and he established a tannery.<ref>Hodgson:93-94.</ref> When his partner Lane joined the Government Bank, the partnership was again dissolved and he then joined John Neill and A. T. Gibbons of Ceylon and formed Parry Neill & Co. Their main business was with the navy in Ceylon.<ref>Hodgson:105-106.</ref> He suffered a major loss when a ship, ''Marquis Wellesley'', that he owned shares in caught fire off Calicut. The Captain of the ship John Grant received a large sum in insurance and apparently made good profits without the knowledge of Parry.<ref>Hodgson:114-116.</ref> He then moved out of shipping and began to take an interest in indigo cultivation in Cuddalore and Chidambaram. He then began to take an interest in sugarcane and tea. He also began to trade to Southeast Asia with cargo despatched via the General Wellesley under Captain Dalrymple who had received a letter of introduction to Captain Bligh, Governor of Botany Bay. This shipment however was ill-fated with Bligh being imprisoned resulting in further losses.<ref>Hodgson:118-121.</ref> Parry and his family suffered poor health and in 1806 they sailed to England where he contracted smallpox but recovered.<ref>Hodgson:124-126.</ref> In 1808 the partnership with John Neill was dissolved and in 1809 his nephew David Pugh joined to form Parry and Pugh.<ref>Hodgson:143.</ref> In the same year Parry was caught up with the Carnatic Debts scandal which involved forged bonds issued by the Nawab Wallajah and his son.<ref>Hodgson:150-167.</ref> In 1810, J. W. Dare joined Parry as partner. Parry and Dare purchased a ship ''General Palmer'' in 1819. In 1813, Parry began another partnership under the name of Parry, Pugh & Breithaupt which earned profits of Rs 86000 in their fifth year.<ref>Hodgson:183, 191.</ref> In 1824 he was gifted a gold cup by his friends in Madras in appreciation of his work.<ref>Hodgson:241-243.</ref>

In 1822 Parry had a son, Thomas William, by Mary Ann Carr who died young. Another son with the middle name Moorat suggest that the mother may have been a daughter of the Armenian merchant E. S. Moorat.<ref>Hodgson:194.</ref>

== Death ==
Parry died of cholera along with George Parry Gibson, a ten-year old relative, while on a visit to his indigo works in August 1824. Parry was buried at [[Parangipettai|Porto Novo]] in what is now the C.S.I. Christ Church (also called as missionary church) [[Cuddalore]] Port, India. His will included monthly payments for his servants, a blind woman who lived under his care. The executors were J. W. Dare, David and Joseph Pugh.

==See also==
*[[EID Parry]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book|title=Thomas Parry. Free Merchant Madras 1768-1824.|author=Hodgson, G.H.|publisher=Higginbothams|place= Madras|year=1938|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.163918}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1983-0618-1 The Parry Cup in the British Museum]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parry, Thomas}}
[[Category:1768 births]]
[[Category:1824 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Welsh businesspeople]]
[[Category:19th-century Welsh businesspeople]]
[[Category:19th-century British merchants]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]

Gair Kanooni

2026-03-25T18:20:35Z

MonteZaleski33: typo fix

{{short description|1989 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gair Kaanooni
| image = Gair Kanooni.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Prayag Raj
| writer = Prayag Raj [[Kader Khan]]
| starring = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Sridevi]] [[Kimi Katkar]]
| producer = Chetna M. Modi
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = [[Lawrence D'Souza]]
| editing = A. Paul Durai Singham
| released = {{Film date|1989|03|24|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Gair Kaanooni''''' ({{translation|Illegal}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed and written by Prayag Raj. The film stars [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Sridevi]]. [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Ranjeet]] and [[Kader Khan]] are featured in supporting role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/gair-kanooni|title=Gair Kanooni on Moviebuff.com|website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref> [[Rajinikanth]] features in a special appearance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/gair-kaanooni-6785|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301044252/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/gair-kaanooni-6785|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2021|title=Gair Kaanooni (1989) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/reel/694382/seven-classic-scenes-prove-why-nobody-can-do-what-rajinikanth-does | title=These seven classic scenes prove why nobody can do what Rajinikanth does | date=11 December 2014 }}</ref> The film was a hit at the box office. It was later dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Rakkamma Kaiyathattu''.<ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/t9CMXne8Aic| archive-date = 2021-12-11| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9CMXne8Aic| title = Rakkamma Kaiyathattu | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Plot==
Officer Kapil Khanna was a strict enforcer of the law. In order to gain evidence against the local mafia don D'Costa he sought a favour from his underworld friend Azam Khan, a man with a golden heart. Azam Khan was successful in securing evidence against D'Costa but the mafia got wise to it and before Azam Khan could reach the law, D'Costa with the help of his friend Dalpat Dalal liquidated him. The blame of Azam Khan's death was owned by a petty driver Nathulal for a price paid by Dalpat Dalal. Azam Khan's little son Akbar swore vengeance against Police Officer Kapil Khanna as he felt him responsible. Kapil Khanna's wife delivered a baby boy in the hospital of D'Costa, so did Dalpat Dalaal's wife to a baby girl. D'Costa returned Dalpat's favour by interchanging the two on Dalpat's insistence. Kapil Khanna was enraged at this and he took to a legal battle against the hospital authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://antarrasramblings.blogspot.com/2009/01/gair-kanooni-1989.html|title = Antarra's ramblings: Gair Kanooni (1989)|date = 22 January 2009}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Om Narayan
* [[Sridevi]] as Laxmi
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] as Police Commissioner Kapil Khanna Special Appearance
* [[Rajinikanth]] in a dual special appearance as
**Azam Khan
**Akbar Khan
* [[Kimi Katkar]] as Rita D'Costa
* [[Ranjeet]] as Robert D'Costa
* [[Kader Khan]] as Dalpat Dalaal
* [[Tej Sapru]] as Tony D'Costa
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Bantho
* [[Satyen Kappu]] as Nathulal
* [[Mukri]] as Chinnappa Malappa Shetty
* [[Viju Khote]] as Police Inspector Damodar
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Judge Dwarka Bhargav
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Shanti , Kapil Khanna's wife.
}}

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics: [[Indeevar]]

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Sare Shahar Mein Ek Ladka, Sare Shahar Mein Ek Ladki"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Jai Laxmi, Jai Laxmi, Jai Jai Bolo, Jai Laxmi"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|-
| "Nakko Baba, Nakko Baba, Pyar Ka Yeh Rog"
| Asha Bhosle, Bappi Lahiri
|-
| "Tik Tik Bole Dil Ki Ghadi, Pyar Karo Ghadi Ghadi"
| [[Alisha Chinai]], Bappi Lahiri
|-
| "Tum Jo Parda Rakhoge Hamara Abhi"
| [[Aparna Mayekar]], Bappi Lahiri
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0187043}}

[[Category:1980s action drama films]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

List of things named after Narendra Modi

2026-03-22T17:32:40Z

MonteZaleski33: Created a post

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
[[File:Official portrait of Narendra Modi 2022.jpg|thumb]]
{{Narendra Modi series}}

'''[[Narendra Modi]]''' is an Indian politician who is currently serving as the fourteenth [[Prime Minister of India]], since 2014. Places and institutions named after him include:

==Educational institutions==
* [[Narendra Modi Medical College]]

==Stadiums==
* [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]

==Parks==
* [[NaMo Grand Central Park]]

==Roads==
* Narendra Modi Marg, [[Sikkim]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikkim Governor Ganga Prasad inaugurates road named after Prime Minister Modi|work=The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/sikkim-governor-ganga-prasad-inaugurates-road-named-after-prime-minister-modi/articleshow/88561419.cms|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 December 2021|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>

==Organisms==
===Animals===
* Modi (a male [[Indian elephant]] in [[Kerala]])<ref>{{cite web|title=In Kollam's famous elephant village, 'Modi' is all the rage|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Apr/08/in-kollams-famous-elephant-villagemodi-is-all-the-rage-2563754.html|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=8 April 2023|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[Pseudozaphanera]] narendramodii'' (a [[whitefly]] [[species]] in [[Tamil Nadu]])<ref>{{cite journal|title=Pseudozaphanera narendramodii sp. n. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) with New Record of the Genus from the Oriental Region, India|url=https://indianforester.co.in/index.php/indianforester/article/view/145155|first=Ragupathy|last=Ethiraj|author2=R., Radhakrishnan|journal=[[The Indian Forester]]|volume=145|issue=4|date=4 April 2019|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pseudozaphanera narendramodii sp. n. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) with New Record of the Genus from the Oriental Region, India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333261471|first=Ragupathy|last=Ethiraj|author2=R., Radhakrishnan|publisher=Research Gate|date=May 2019|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Animal Discoveries in 2019 New Species New Records|url=https://zsi.gov.in/uploads/documents/importantLinks/hindi/Animal_Discovery_2019.pdf|publisher=[[Zoological Survey of India]]|date=June 2020|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fauna of India Checklist|url=https://zsi.gov.in/uploads/documents/checklist/hindi/097_Insecta_HEMIPTERA.pdf|publisher=Zoological Survey of India|date=July 2024|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>

===Flowers===
* [[Cymbidium]] Namo (an [[orchid]] [[Cultivar|variety]] in Sikkim)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cymbidium Namo: PM's floral namesake tickles Twitter|date=19 January 2016 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/cymbidium-namo-pm-s-floral-namesake-tickles-twitter/story-AP0kQVvNjAzI41CMvH4cLK.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
* [[Dendrobium]] Narendra Modi (an orchid [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] in [[Singapore]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Orchid named after Narendra Modi in Singapore|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/orchid-named-after-narendra-modi-in-singapore/article24064770.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 June 2018 |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
* MODI (a [[chrysanthemum]] [[Strain (biology)|strain]] in [[Israel]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Chrysanthemum flower named after Narendra Modi|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/VtW1AnDTLMo8O2CfCe4gVM/New-Israeli-flower-Crysanthumun-named-after-Narendra-Modi.html|publisher=[[Livemint]]|date=5 July 2017|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
* Modi rose (a [[rose]] variety in [[Maharashtra]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Now, a 'Modi Rose' blooms!|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/now-a-modi-rose-blooms-114081300311_1.html|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|date=13 August 2014|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>
* Namoh 108 (a [[Nelumbonaceae|lotus]] variety in [[Uttar Pradesh]])<ref>{{cite web|title=CSIR's new lotus variety 'Namoh 108' a 'grand gift' to PM Modi: Science Minister|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/csirs-new-lotus-variety-namoh-108-a-grand-gift-to-pm-modi-science-minister/article67213837.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 August 2023|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>

===Fruits===
* Modi (a [[mango]] variety in Uttar Pradesh)<ref>{{cite web|title='Khaas' variety for 'aam' lovers: Gorge on Modi mango this summer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/khaas-variety-for-aam-lovers-gorge-on-modi-mango-this-summer/articleshow/100405424.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 May 2023|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>
* Modi-1, Modi-2, and Modi-3 (mango varieties in [[Bihar]])<ref>{{cite web|title='Mango Man' develops Modi-3 variety in Bihar's Bhagalpur|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/mango-man-develops-modi-3-variety/articleshow/99572954.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 April 2023|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>
* NaMo (a mango variety in [[Madhya Pradesh]])<ref>{{cite web|title=MP: 'Mango man' names new variety after NaMo|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/mp-mango-man-names-new-variety-after-namo/story-mavxEtXuWAYfIhlDUiptSM.html?utm_source=ht_site_copyURL&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ht_site|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=7 May 2015|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>

==Food and beverages==
* Modi burger (a type of burger) <ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=From Modizza to NaMo Dhokla, Checkout these dishes named after PM Modi|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/from-modizza-to-namo-dhokla-checkout-these-dishes-named-after-pm-modi/modi-mania-foods-named-after-pm-narendra-modi/slideshow/101125958.cms|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=20 June 2023|access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>
* Modi [[masala chai]] (a type of flavoured tea)<ref name="auto"/>
* Modi [[thali]] (a type of meal)<ref name="auto"/>
* NaMo [[vada pav]] (a type of fast food)<ref name="auto"/>
* Modizza (a type of pizza)<ref name="auto"/>
* NaMo [[dhokla]] (a type of sweet snack)<ref name="auto"/>

==Fashion==
* Modi [[kurta]] (a type of kurta popularised by Modi)<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Modi's Kurta has become famous world over?|url=https://www.earlytimes.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=265851#:~:text=According%20to%20The%20New%20York%20Times%2C%20known,)%20Kurta%20has%20become%20famous%20world%20over.|publisher=[[Early Times (newspaper)|Early Times]]|access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bharat’s Timeless Fashion Influencer|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/bharats-timeless-fashion-influencer-1816426#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20most%20recognizable%20elements%20of,no%2Dnonsense%2C%20and%20deeply%20connected%20to%20Indian%20culture.|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=15 August 2024|access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>

==Arts and media==
===Television===
* [[India: The Modi Question]]
* Le monde selon Modi: La nouvelle puissance indienne<ref>{{cite web|title=Le monde selon Modi|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt14206146/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_6_tt_3_nm_2_in_0_q_PM%2520Narendra%2520Modi|publisher=[[IMDb]]|date=4 October 2025}}</ref>
* [[Modi: Journey of a Common Man]]
* NaMo TV<ref>{{cite web|title=NaMo TV disappears as campaigning for Lok Sabha elections end|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/namo-tv-disappears-as-campaiging-for-lok-sabha-elections-end-5739507/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=21 May 2019|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>

===Films===
* Hu Narendra Modi Banva Mangu Chu<ref>{{cite web|title=Hu Narendra Modi Banva Mangu Chu|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt9403776/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_5_tt_3_nm_5_in_0_q_Narendra%2520Modi|publisher=[[IMDb]]|date=4 October 2025}}</ref>
* Modi Ji Ki Beti<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-08 |title=खुद को PM Modi की बेटी बता चुकी अवनी मोदी की लेटेस्ट PHOTOS वायरल, विवादों से रहा है पुराना रिश्ता! |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/model-and-actor-avani-modi-latest-photos-who-said-i-am-narendra-modi-daughter-bhojpuri-south-ditish-3551639.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>
* Modi Kaka Ka Gaon<ref>{{cite web|title=Modi Kaka Ka Gaon Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Modi Kaka Ka Gaon by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/modi-kaka-ka-gaon/movie-review/62314057.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 June 2021|last1=Noorani |first1=Reza}}</ref>
* [[PM Narendra Modi]]

===Literature===
* [[Price of the Modi Years]]
* [[Swarnim Bharat Ke Swapnadrishta Narendra Modi]]
* [[The Modi Effect]]

==Policies and schemes==
* [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana|Modicare]]
* [[Economic policy of the Narendra Modi government|Modinomics]]
* [[Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|Modi doctrine]]

==Others==
* [[Howdy Modi]]
* [[NaMo Kabaddi]]
* Narendra Modi Panchayati Raj Evam Gramin Vikas Sansthan, [[Gandhinagar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Panchayat training institute in Gujarat's Gandhinagar to be named after PM Modi|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/gujarat/panchayat-training-institute-in-gujarats-gandhinagar-to-be-named-after-pm-modi-2707795|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=30 September 2023|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of awards and honours received by Narendra Modi]]
* [[List of things named after prime ministers of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Narendra Modi}}

[[Category:Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi-related lists|T]]
[[Category:Lists of things named after Indian politicians|M]]

Jore (film)

2026-03-20T21:52:44Z

MonteZaleski33: Pg

{{More plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Jore film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Selvaa (director)|Selvaa]]
| producer = C. Swarupa Lakshmi C. Sarat Babu
| writer = Selvaa G. K. Gopinath (dialogues)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Sibiraj]]|[[Gajala]]|[[Bhanupriya]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = [[U. K. Senthil Kumar|U.K. Senthil Kumar]]
| editing = Rahubob
| studio = Sena Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2004|06|11}}
| country = India
| runtime = 140 min
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Jore''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Selvaa (director)|Selvaa]], starring [[Sathyaraj]] along with his son [[Sibiraj]]. It was released on 11 June 2004.

== Plot ==
Sabapathy ([[Sathyaraj]]) is a widower who owns a cinema theater and a school. He treats his son Sakthi ([[Sibiraj]]) like his friend. In college, he falls for Shalini ([[Gajala]]), the daughter of a corrupt politician named Lingam ([[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]). Afterwards, Lingam's son Vijay ([[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]]) clashes against Sakthi at the college election. Despite having support from his father, Vijay loses the election. Lingam then enters into the conflict. In the end, Sakthi kills both Lingam and Vijay.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Sabapathy
*[[Sibiraj]] as Sakthi
*[[Gajala]] as Shalini
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Meenakshi
*[[Vadivelu]] as Thirupathi
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Lingam
*[[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]] as Vijay
*[[Sathyapriya]] as Lingam's wife
*Sharmili as Pamela
*[[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]]
*[[Viji Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Theni Kunjarammal]]
*[[Bala Singh]]
*[[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]]
*[[Besant Ravi]]
*Swathi Shanmugam
*[[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Police inspector
*Cheran Raj
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]]
*[[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]]
*[[Chelladurai]]
*Vijay Ganesh
*[[Nellai Siva]]
}}

== Production ==
After his debut film ''[[Student Number 1]]'', Sibiraj signs his second film with the same production banner, Sena Films. And this time sharing frames with him is father Satyaraj, the duo carrying their real-life roles into reel-life and playing father and son. While Gajala plays the romantic interest of Sibiraj, Bhanupriya plays Satyaraj's wife in the film. The film was launched on 18 August 2003 at Prasad Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2003 |title=Sathyaraj-Sibiraj and 'Jore'! Another father-son team |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/20082003-3.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031216235522/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/20082003-3.shtml |archive-date=16 December 2003 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

The cast also includes Telugu villain [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] (of 'Saamy' fame) and Vadivelu among others. Shooting commenced at Pollachi on 25 December, with a schedule of about 30 days at locations in Udumalaipettai and Marayur. The songs are to be shot abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=21 Jan 2004 |title=Jor |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/jor.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040625205428/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/jor.asp |archive-date=25 June 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jore (2005) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0000824.html |access-date=2012-01-11 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |archive-date=6 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206063642/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0000824.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Lyrics!! Duration
|-
| "Bad Boya" || [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Prasanna Rao || Annamalai || 5:02
|-
| "Jore Bada Jore" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || rowspan=2|[[Na. Muthukumar]] || 4:48
|-
| "Mummy Chellama" || [[Srikanth Deva]], [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]] || 4:14
|-
| "Muttikkalama" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Manikka Vinayagam]] || [[Piraisoodan]] || 4:12
|-
| "Un Uthattukku" || Tippu, [[Pop Shalini]] || [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]] ||5:14
|}

== Reception ==
''BizHat'' described "It's interesting to watch the father – son combination together in Jore. Sibi Raj has matched up to his father's acting and gives a good account as an actor".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jore |url=http://movies.bizhat.com/review_jore.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023344/http://movies.bizhat.com/review_jore.php |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2012-01-11 |website=BizHat}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Incidentally, makers shouldn't give titles that lend themselves to rhyme or pun. You are so tempted to call "Jore" a bore. The shallow storyline, loose screenplay and inept direction — all by Selva — are the bane of "Jore"".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=18 June 2004 |title=Jore |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/06/18/stories/2004061801440300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040630055115/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/06/18/stories/2004061801440300.htm |archive-date=30 June 2004 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Selva (director)}}

[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 action films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Selva (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pearle Maaney

2026-03-13T20:11:31Z

MonteZaleski33: brief improve lead and added references

{{short description|Indian actress and YouTuber}}
{{Indian name|Pearle|Maaney}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox social media personality
| name = Pearle Maaney
| image = File:Pearle Maaney.jpg
| caption = Pearle in 2015
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|05|28|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Happy Birthday my 'ideal wife and friend', says Srinish as he shares a love-filled birthday wish for wife Pearle Maaney |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/happy-birthday-my-ideal-wife-and-friend-says-srinish-as-he-shares-a-love-filled-birthday-wish-for-wife-pearle-maaney/articleshow/76060406.cms |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=The Times of India|date=28 May 2020 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Aluva]], [[Kerala]], India
| other names =
| alma_mater = [[Christ University]], Bangalore
| occupation = {{hlist |Actress|lyricist|Singer|[[YouTuber]]|[[television presenter]]}}
| years_active = 2011{{endash}}present
| notable_works =
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Srinish Aravind]]|2019}}
| children = 2
| youtube_handle = PearleMaaneyShow
| youtube_display_name = Pearle Maaney

| youtube_years_active =
| youtube_genre = Celebrity interviews, Lifestyle, Motivation, Web series, Couple Vlogs
| youtube_subscribers = 4.4 million
| youtube_views = 1.7 billion
| stats_update = February 11, 2026
}}
'''Pearle Maaney''' ([[Help:IPA/Malayalam|/maːɳi/]]; born 28 May 1989) is an Indian actress, lyricist, [[YouTuber]], and [[television presenter]] who works in [[Malayalam]] shows. She is known for co-hosting three seasons of the Malayalam dance reality show ''[[D 4 Dance]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Pearle-Maaney-in-Sameer-Thahirs-next-film/articleshow/20365776.cms |title=Pearle Maaney in Sameer Thahir's next film |work=The Times of India |date=1 June 2013 |access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> Pearle emerged as the first runner-up of the [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 1)|''Big Boss'' Malayalam season 1]].<ref name="FilmibeatSabumon2018">Bigg Boss Malayalam Season 1 Grand Finale: Sabumon Emerges As The Big Winner!, *Filmibeat*, 1 October 2018. Retrieved from https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2018/bigg-boss-malayaam-season-1-grand-finale-sabumon-emerges-as-the-big-winner-277895.html</ref>

== Early life ==
Pearle Maaney was brought up in a [[Syro-Malabar]] [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2019 |title=In pics: 'Bigg Boss' Malayalam stars Pearle Maaney and Srinish get married |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pics-bigg-boss-malayalam-stars-pearle-maaney-and-srinish-get-married-101307 |access-date=23 October 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> joint family based in [[Kochi]] with roots in [[Chowara]].<ref name="auto"/> She did her schooling at [[Holy Angel's Convent Thiruvananthapuram]], and Rajagiri Public School, [[Kalamassery]], and completed her graduation in [[Media Studies]] from [[Christ University]], [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malayalimag.com/articles/oct2013_22/ |title=Catching up with Pearle Maaney |publisher=MalayaliMag.com |date=7 October 2013 |access-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095410/http://www.malayalimag.com/articles/oct2013_22/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her parents are based in Thrissur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Very Pearle – WtzUp Kochi |url=http://issuu.com/fwdlife/docs/wtzup_kochi_dec_for_issuu/1 |website=WtzUp Kochi |date=4 January 2015 |access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=People think I'm of Arab origin: Pearle Maaney|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/People-think-Im-of-Arab-origin-Pearle-Maaney/articleshow/35517293.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 May 2014 |access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Pearle Maaney in November 2020.png|thumb|upright|Pearle in November 2020]]
Pearle has anchored over 250 episodes of the music show ''Yes Jukebox'' on the [[Malayalam]] television channel Yes Indiavision, a subsidiary of [[Indiavision]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearle Maaney Biography |url=http://www.drollydoll.com/pearle-maaney-biography-latest-photo-gallery/ |website=DROLLYDOLL |access-date=25 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127003052/http://www.drollydoll.com/pearle-maaney-biography-latest-photo-gallery/ |archive-date=27 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She hosted ''[[Taste of Kerala]]'', a travel-based cookery show on [[Amrita TV]] under the [[stage name]] Serah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serah Profile on Amrita TV |url=http://tasteofkerala.amritatv.com/serah.html |publisher=Amrita TV |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042004/http://tasteofkerala.amritatv.com/serah.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Taste of Kerala – With SALT & PEPPER Team 1/3 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ca8xSruX-G4 |via=YouTube |access-date=22 August 2015}}</ref>

In October 2014, she started hosting the dance reality show ''GumOn D2'' on [[Mazhavil Manorama]], replacing host [[Jewel Mary]]. Her co-host was [[Govind Padmasoorya]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pearle Maaney replaces Jewel in D for Dance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Pearle-Maaney-replaces-Jewel-in-D-for-Dance/articleshow/44969535.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 October 2014 |access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref> She also hosted season 2 of the [[Kaumudy TV]] programme ''Cinema Company''. In 2018, she contested in the [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 1)|first season]] of the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and emerged as the runner-up. She was the only female contestant to complete 100 days.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

== Personal life ==
During season one of the ''Bigg Boss'' reality show in 2018, she got involved in a romantic relationship with her co-contestant [[Srinish Aravind]], and both of them expressed their wish to get married.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/tv/pearly-maaney-srinish-aravind-sreenish-love-big-boss-malayalam-sabumon-mohanlal--1.3186360 |title=ഞാന്‍ ശ്രീനിയെ ശരിക്കും സ്‌നേഹിക്കുന്നു; ബിഗ് ബോസിന് പുറത്തും പേളി പറയുന്നു |work=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2 October 2018 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002102352/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/tv/pearly-maaney-srinish-aravind-sreenish-love-big-boss-malayalam-sabumon-mohanlal--1.3186360 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 17 January 2019, Maaney got engaged to [[Srinish Aravind]] at a private ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://keralaweddingtrends.com/malayalam-actor-srinish-aravind-pearle-maaney-engagement-photos/ |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam runner-up Pearle Maaney engaged to Srinish |work=Kerala Wedding Trends |access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref> On 5 May 2019, the couple got married as per [[Christianity|Christian]] customs and on 8 May 2019, they had a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] wedding ceremony as well.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/movie-news/pearle-and-srinish-make-it-official-see-wedding-pics-here-1.3773833 |title=Pearle and Srinish make it official; see wedding pics here |work=Mathrubhumi |access-date=24 January 2021}}{{dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They have two daughters, Nila and Nitara, born on 20 March 2021 and 13 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/its-a-baby-girl-for-ludo-actress-pearle-maaney-see-pic-2395618?amp=1&akamai-rum=off |title=It's A Baby Girl For Ludo Actress Pearle Maaney. |publisher=NDTV |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/its-a-baby-girl-for-tv-couple-pearle-maaney-and-srinish-aravind-the-latter-says-both-big-baby-and-small-baby-are-adipoli/articleshow/81612676.cms |title=Its a baby girl for TV couple Pearle Maaney and Srinish Aravind; the latter says 'both big baby and small baby are adipoli' |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/tv-couple-pearle-maaney-and-srinish-aravind-welcome-their-second-baby-girl/articleshow/106820719.cms |title=TV couple Pearle Maaney and Srinish Aravind welcome their second baby girl ,nitara srinish |date=13 January 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]'' || Biker Girl || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Pearle-Maaney-in-Sameer-Thahirs-next-film/articleshow/20365776.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103043414/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-01/news-and-interviews/39656442_1_film-sameer-thahir-last-supper |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Pearle Maaney in Sameer Thahir's next film |access-date=13 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[The Last Supper (2014 film)|The Last Supper]]'' || Pearley || || <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2014 |title=The Last Supper |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/the-last-supper-review-malayalam-pcmbqlbejbffg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401093944/https://www.sify.com/movies/the-last-supper-review-malayalam-pcmbqlbejbffg.html |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Njaan]]'' || Valli || ||<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies|title=Watch Latest Full Movies Online in HD for Free: All Genres & Languages streaming on jiocinema.com|website=www.jiocinema.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''[[Loham]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhika C Pillai |date=8 April 2015 |title=Pearle Maaney to do a cameo in Mohanlal film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Pearle-Maaney-to-do-a-cameo-in-Mohanlal-film/articleshow/46837702.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416052222/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Pearle-Maaney-to-do-a-cameo-in-Mohanlal-film/articleshow/46837702.cms |archive-date=16 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Litty Simon |date=24 August 2015 |title=Curly 'Mane'y on a roll |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/pearle-maaney-on-double-barrel-loham-and-telugu-project.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825230158/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/pearle-maaney-on-double-barrel-loham-and-telugu-project.html |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> || Bride || ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearle Maaney will be part of Ranjith's Loham |url=http://www.cochintalkies.com/malayalam-movie-news/pearle-maaney-will-be-part-of-ranjiths-loham.html |publisher=Cochin Talkies |access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Double Barrel (2015 film)|Double Barrel]]'' || She || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Pearle Maaney is Asif's heroine in Double Barrel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Pearle-Maaney-is-Asifs-heroine-in-Double-Barrel/articleshow/44959379.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 October 2014 |access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jo and the Boy]]'' || Mithu || ||<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]'' || Vaidehi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/kalyanavaibhogame.html|title=Kalyana Vaibhogame review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Naga Shourya & Malavika Nair|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pretham]]''|| Suhannisa || ||<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
|''[[Kappiri Thuruthu]]''|| Yami || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/111216/kappiri-thuruthu-movie-review-peek-into-fort-kochis-music-trove.html|title=Kappiri Thuruthu movie review: Peek into Fort Kochi's music trove|date=2016-12-11|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-01-07}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017||''[[Team 5]]''|| Suresh Aleena || ||{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
|''[[Pullikkaran Staraa]]'' || Angelina || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/pullikkaran-stara/1000196112/watch|title=Watch Pullikkaran Stara|website=Disney+ Hotstar}}</ref>
|-
|2018 ||''[[Who (film)|Who]]'' || Dolores || English/ Malayalam Bilingual film ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/what-is-pearle-maaneys-character-in-who/articleshow/62379847.cms|title=What is Pearle Maaney's character in Who?|date=5 January 2018|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2020 ||''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]'' || Sheeja Thomas || [[Hindi]] film Released on Netflix ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ludo |website=[[Netflix]] |url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/81107576}}</ref>
|-
|2022 ||''[[Valimai]]'' ||Christina || [[Tamil language|Tamil film]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/valimai/0-0-1z5117562|title=Watch Valimai (2022) Full HD Tamil Movie Online on ZEE5|website=ZEE5}}</ref>
|-
|2023||''[[Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)|Queen Elizabeth]]''||Celebrity||
|-
|2025 ||''[[Detective Ujjwalan]]'' || Divya || Cameo||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/detective-ujjwalan-directors-to-make-big-budget-superhero-film-next-exclusive|title=Exclusive {{!}} 'Detective Ujjwalan' Directors To Make Big-Budget Superhero Film Next|date=18 July 2025|work=Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Punchirikku Parasparam]]'' || Biker Girl ||<ref>{{cite news |author=Sanjith Sidhardhan |title=Mammootty, Mohanlal unite for a 'smile' venture |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mammootty-Mohanlal-unite-for-a-smile-venture/articleshow/49630837.cms |access-date=3 December 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2017||''Hand of God''|| Herself (car girl) ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hand of God |date=5 September 2017 |via=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stOX8s3utjg}}</ref>
|-
|2023||''The delay''||Neighbour||

|}

=== Television ===
==== As host ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year!! Show !! Channel !! Notes
|-
|2008|| ''Yes Jukebox'' || [[Indiavision]] ||
|-
|2010–2012|| ''[[Taste of Kerala]]'' || [[Amrita TV]] || Credited as "Serah"
|-
|2014|| ''[[D 4 Dance]]'' || rowspan=2|[[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Replaced [[Jewel Mary]]
Co-host with [[Govind Padmasoorya]]
|-
|2014–2015|| ''[[D 4 Dance|D2 – D4 Dance]]'' ||Co-host with [[Govind Padmasoorya]]
|-
|2015–2016||''Cinema Company'' Season 2 || [[Kaumudy TV]] ||
|-
|2015||''[[IIFA Utsavam]]'' || [[Sun TV Network]] || With [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
|-
|2015||''Ranipadminimar'' || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||
|-
|2015||''Kavyakkoppam GPyum Pearleyum'' || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2016|| ''[[D 4 Dance|D3 – D4 Dance]]'' ||rowspan =2| [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Co-host Adil Ibriham
|-
| ''[[D 4 Dance|D 4 Dance Reloaded]]'' || Co-host Adil Ibriham
|-
|2016–2017||''[[Katturumbu]]''||rowspan=2|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]||
|-
|rowspan=2|2017||''Flowers TV Awards 2017''||Award Show
|-
|''[[2nd IIFA Utsavam]]''||[[Surya TV]]||With [[Tini Tom]]
|-
|2017–2018||''Manya Maha Janangale''||[[Kairali TV]]|| Also as judge
|-
|2018–present||''Pearle Maaney Show''||[[YouTube]]||Pearle Productions
|-
|2017||''Tamaar Padaar''||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]|| Replaced by [[Lakshmi (television host)|Lakshmi Nakshathra]]
|-
|Rowspan=6|2018||''[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]''||rowspan=3|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Award show
|-
|''[[Asianet Comedy Awards]]'' ||Award show
|-
|''Asianet Television Awards 2018'' ||Award show
|-
|''[[Midukki]]''||rowspan=3|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|''Amma Mazhavillu Vilambaram''||
|-
|''[[Nayika Nayakan]]''|| replaced by Aswathy Sreekanth
|-
|2019||''[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]]''||Surya TV||Award show
|-
|2019–2020||''Dance Jodi Dance 3.0''||[[Zee Tamizh]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] reality show Co-host with [[Deepak Dinkar]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2020||''[[Funny Nights with Pearle Maaney]]''||Zee Keralam||Replaced by [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] and relaunched as ''Funny nights''
|-
|''Lockdown talks''||[[YouTube]]||Quarantine special show
|-
|2021
|''[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]''
|[[Surya TV]]
|Award show
with [[Govind Padmasoorya]]
|-
|2022||''Cook with Comedy ''||Asianet||
|}

==== Other roles ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year!!Show !! Role!!Channel !! Notes
|-
|2011–2012||''Chumma''||Serah||[[Amrita TV]]||TV series
|-
|2015||''[[D 4 Dance|Thengakola Mangatholi]]''||Herself with [[Govind Padmasoorya]]|| rowspan="4" |[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Music album
|-
|2015||''Celebrate Happiness''||Herself || Music video
|-
|2016||''[[D 4 Dance|Deshadanakili Karayarila]]''||Herself||Video album
|-
|2017||''[[D 4 Dance|Hand of God]]''||Herself as Car Girl||Short film
|-
|2017||''Minute to Win it''||Participant||Game show
|-
|2018 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 1)]]'' || Herself as a contestant ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Reality show; {{won|1st Runner-up}} <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-live-blog-the-curtain-unveils-for-the-grand-show/articleshow/64722113.cms |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam highlights: Host Mohanlal locks the contestants with 'Manichithra Poottu' in the house |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2019||''Pearlish'' season 1,2||Pearle with [[Srinish Aravind]]||rowspan="2" |[[YouTube]]||Music Album / Web series
|-
|2019||''Oru Kuthu Kadha''||Pearle with [[Srinish Aravind]] / Shiyas Kareem||Music Album / Web series
|-
|2020||''Kitchen, Khanna & Konversation Season 3''||Chef||[[Hotstar]]||Cookery show
|-
|2020||''Plastic&Elastic''||Plas||rowspan=3|YouTube||Web series
|-
|2020||''Avastha''||rowspan=2|Aishwarya||Web series
|-
|2020||''Chellakuttiye''||Tamil Music album
|-
|2021||''Maveli''||Herself||[[Netflix]]||Short film
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:50%;"
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Lyricist
! Singer
! Composer
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2014 || "Belly Song" ||''[[The Last Supper (2014 film)|The Last Supper]]''|| {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||[[Gopi Sundar]] || Arabic
|
|-
| 2016 || "Pal Pal" ||''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]''|| {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||[[Kalyan Koduri]] || Telugu
| [[Rahul Nambiar]] (co-singer)
|-
| rowspan=2|2018 || "Title Song" ||''Pearle Maaney Show'' (web series)|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||[[Gopi Sundar]] || English
|
|-
|| "Fly with You" ||''Pearlish'' (web series)|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||[[Jecin George]] || Tamil
| [[Jecin George]] (co-singer)
|-
| rowspan=3|2019 || "Who are You" ||rowspan=2|''[[Who (film)|Who]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||Mangal Suvarnan || rowspan=2|English
|
|-
|| "Lonely Lake" || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||Manikandan Ayyappa ||
|-
|| "Munnale Ponale" ||''[[Oru Adaar Love]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||[[Shaan Rahman]] || rowspan=3|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2020 || "Chellakuttiye" || ''Avastha'' (web series)|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||[[Jecin George]]
|
|-
|| "Chellakannane" || Music Video|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||[[Jecin George]]
| [[Jecin George]] (co-singer)
|-
| 2021 || "Crazy World" ||Music Video|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||[[Jecin George]] || English
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5807496}}
* {{Instagram|pearlemaany}}
* {{Facebook|PearleMaaneyOnline}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maaney, Pearle}}
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[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Aluva]]
[[Category:Actors from Ernakulam district]]
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Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil

2026-03-13T17:48:38Z

MonteZaleski33: basic fixed article to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian annual film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil
| image = Sivakarthikeyan (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| caption = The 2024 recipient: [[Sivakarthikeyan]]
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role – Tamil
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| year = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] for ''[[Gnana Oli]]'' (1972)
| holder = [[Sivakarthikeyan]] for ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'' ([[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]])
| website =
}}

The '''Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil''' is given by the ''[[Filmfare]]'' as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards South]] for [[Tamil people|Tamil]] film lead actors. The Filmfare Awards South Awards were extended to "Best Actor" in 1972.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-awards-south-tamil-winners | title=Filmfare Awards South Tamil Winners | date=31 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841&view=1up&seq=484 | title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who 1984 | date=1914 }}</ref>

== Superlatives ==
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 200
| image1 = Kamal Haasan at Promotions of 'Vishwaroop' with Videocon (03).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Soorya sivakumar.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = [[Kamal Haasan]] (top) has the record of 11 wins and most nominations with 35 in this category and [[Suriya]] (bottom) has 14 Nominations and has won the award three times.
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Superlative
! Actor
! Record
|-
| Actor with most wins
| rowspan="2" | [[Kamal Haasan]]
| 11 wins
|-
| Actor with most nominations
| 35 nominations
|-
| Actor with most consecutive nominations
| Kamal Haasan (1985–1996)

| 12 nominations
|-
| Oldest winner
| [[Kamal Haasan]]
| 68
|-
| Oldest nominee
| [[Rajinikanth]]
| 73
|-
| Youngest winner
| Kamal Haasan
| rowspan="2" | 21
|-
| Youngest nominee
| [[Dhanush]] and Kamal Haasan
|-
|Actor with most consecutive wins
|Kamal Haasan
|4 wins (1975–1978)
|-
|Actor with most nominations without a win
|[[Joseph Vijay Chandrasekhar|Vijay]]
|8 nominations

|}
* [[Kamal Haasan]] with eleven wins, has most number of awards than any other actor. [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] has six wins, followed by [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Dhanush]] with four wins. Four actors have won the award thrice in chronological order. They are [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Sarath Kumar]], [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Suriya]]. Actors [[Sivakumar]] and [[Vijay Sethupathi]] has two wins each.
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Dhanush]], [[Karthi]], [[Suriya]] and [[R. Madhavan]] are the five actors to win both Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – South|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor]] and [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] is the first actor to win this honour.
* [[Sathyaraj]], [[Suriya]] and [[R. Madhavan]] have won both Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]].
* [[Kamal Haasan]] was the most victorious actor with four wins in the 70s. [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] ruled the 80s with two wins. In the 90s, [[Kamal Haasan]] outperformed every other actors with four wins. [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] was the most successful actor with three wins in the 2000s. [[Dhanush]] was the most successful actor in the 2010s with four wins.
* Seven actors have won the awards in consecutive years; in chronological order, they are [[Sivaji Ganesan]] (1972–1973), [[Kamal Haasan (actor)|Kamal Haasan]] (1975–1978, 1991–1992 and 1995–1996), [[Sivakumar]] (1979–1980), [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] (1988–1990), [[Sarathkumar]] (1997–1998), [[Dhanush]] (2011–2012) and [[Vijay Sethupathi]] (2017–2018).
* [[Suriya]], [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Karthi]] are the three actors to have won [[Filmfare Awards South]] in three major actor categories : Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor, Best Actor Critics which was achieved by them as of 2016 & 2017 & 2024 respectively.
* [[R. Madhavan]] became the first actor and the only actor to have won [[Filmfare Awards South]] in four different acting categories: Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor, Best Actor critics and Best Male Debut awards once each.
* There was only one tie in [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]] between [[Dhanush]] and [[Vijay Sethupathi]].
* [[Karthi]] was the only actor to win the award for his debut performance in Tamil.
* [[Kamal Haasan]] has the most nominations with 35, followed by [[Rajinikanth]] with 18.
* [[Suriya]] and [[Karthi]] are the only siblings to be awarded in this category.

== Multiple wins ==
* '''11 wins''': [[Kamal Haasan]]
* '''6 wins''': [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
* '''4 wins''': [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Dhanush]]
* '''3 wins''': [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarath Kumar]], [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Suriya]]
* '''2 wins''': [[Sivakumar]], [[Vijay Sethupathi]]

== Multiple nominations ==
'''Multiple nominations''' :
* '''35 nominations''': [[Kamal Haasan]]
* '''18 nominations''': [[Rajinikanth]]
* '''14 nominations''': [[Suriya]]
* '''12 nominations''': [[Dhanush]]
* '''11 nominations''': [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
* '''10 nominations''': [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Ajith Kumar]]
* '''8 nominations''': [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
* '''6 nominations''': [[Sivakumar]], [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Vijayakanth]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]
* '''5 nominations''': [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Karthi]]
* '''4 nominations''': [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Sarath Kumar]], [[Arvind Swami]]
* '''3 nominations''': [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Silambarasan]]
* '''2 nominations''': [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Jiiva]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]]

== Winners ==
This is the complete list of the award winners and the films for which they won. The year indicates the year of release of the film.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:blue;"
! Year
! Actor
! Role
! Film
! Ref
|-
| 1972||[[Sivaji Ganesan]]||Anthony ||''[[Gnana Oli]]''||<ref>https://archive.org/details/20th-filmfare-best-actor-award-winners</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-tamil-winners-from-1970-to-1979|title= Collections First Indian film and Video guide}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=20th Annual Filmfare Winners Tamil | date=15 April 2025 | url=https://archive.org/details/20th-annual-filmfare-winners-tamil }}</ref>
|-
| 1973||[[Sivaji Ganesan]]||{{*}}Rajinikanth {{*}}Kannan ||''[[Gauravam (1973 film)|Gauravam]]''||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/21st-annual-filmfare-awards-south-winners | title=21st Annual Filmfare Awards South Winners | date=6 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-tamil-winners-from-1970-to-1979|title= Collections First Indian film and Video guide}}</ref>
|-
| 1974||[[Gemini Ganesan]]|| David Ashirvadham||''[[Naan Avanillai (1974 film)|Naan Avanillai]]''||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-awards-south-tamil-winners | title=Filmfare Awards South Tamil Winners | date=31 July 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| 1975||[[Kamal Haasan]]||Prasanna||''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]''||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-awards-south-tamil-winners | title=Filmfare Awards South Tamil Winners | date=31 July 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| 1976||[[Kamal Haasan]]||Ravi||''[[Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu]]''||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-awards-south-tamil-winners | title=Filmfare Awards South Tamil Winners | date=31 July 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| 1977||[[Kamal Haasan]]||Gopalakrishnan ||''[[16 Vayadhinile]]''||<ref>https://archive.org/details/25th-annual-filmfare-tamil-winners_202601</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-tamil-winners-from-1970-to-1979|title= Collections First Indian film and Video guide}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=25th Annual Filmfare Tamil Winners | date=15 April 2025 | url=https://archive.org/details/25th-annual-filmfare-tamil-winners }}</ref>
|-
| 1978||[[Kamal Haasan]]||Muthu / Dileep||''[[Sigappu Rojakal]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-tamil-winners-from-1970-to-1979|title= Collections First Indian film and Video guide}}</ref>
|-
| 1979||[[Sivakumar]]||Sempattai||''[[Rosaappo Ravikkai Kaari]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-tamil-winners-from-1970-to-1979|title= Collections First Indian film and Video guide}}</ref>
|-
| 1980||[[Sivakumar]]||Gaja||''[[Vandichakkaram]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-tamil-winners-from-1980-to-1986|title=Collections First Indian film and video guide}}</ref>
|-
| 1981||[[Kamal Haasan]]||Raghu||''[[Raja Paarvai]]''|| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/29th-annual-filmfare-awards-south-winners | title=29th Annual Filmfare Awards South Winners | date=19 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/29th-annual-filmfare-awards-south-function | title=29th Annual Filmfare Awards South Function | date=19 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-tamil-winners-from-1980-to-1986|title=Collections First Indian film and video guide}}</ref>
|-
| 1982||[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]||Ravi Kumar||''[[Payanangal Mudivathillai]]''||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/30th-filmfare-awards-winners | title=30th Filmfare Awards Winners | date=2 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-tamil-winners-from-1980-to-1986|title=Collections First Indian film and video guide}}</ref>
|-
| 1983||[[K. Bhagyaraj]]|| Shanmugamani||''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-tamil-winners-from-1980-to-1986|title=Collections First Indian film and video guide}}</ref>
|-
| 1984||[[Rajinikanth (actor)|Rajinikanth]]||Manikkam||''[[Nallavanukku Nallavan]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-tamil-winners-from-1980-to-1986|title=Collections First Indian film and video guide}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/rajanikanth-filmfare-award|title=Rajinikant Filmfare best Tamil actor award and this pic taken by Rajinifans.com}}</ref>
|-
| 1985||[[Sivaji Ganesan]]||Malaichami||''[[Muthal Mariyathai]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-tamil-winners-from-1980-to-1986|title=Collections First Indian film and video guide}}</ref>
|-
| 1986||[[Vijayakanth]]||Chinnamani||''[[Amman Kovil Kizhakale]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-tamil-winners-from-1980-to-1986|title=Collections First Indian film and video guide}}</ref>
|-
| 1987||[[Sathyaraj]]||Balu Thevar||''[[Vedham Pudhithu]]''||<ref>https://archive.org/details/35th-filmfare-south-awards-regional-films</ref><ref>https://archive.org/details/35th-filmfare-south-awards-presentation</ref>
|-
| 1988||[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]||Ashok ||''[[Agni Natchathiram]]''||<ref>https://archive.org/details/36th-annual-filmfare-south-winners</ref><ref name="archive.org">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/FilmfareBestActorActressDirectorTamil |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180501091723/https://archive.org/details/FilmfareBestActorActressDirectorTamil |url-status=dead |title=Filmfare Best Actor Actress Director Tamil : Santosh Kumar : Free Dow... |date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=1 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 1989||[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]||Kannan ||''[[Varusham Padhinaaru]]''||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/37th-annual-filmfare-awards-south-best-actor-winners |title=37th Annual Filmfare Awards South Best Actor Winners |date=31 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/37th_annual_-filmfare_-awards_south_winners |title=37th Annual Filmfare Awards South winners |date=22 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JZZAAAAMAAJ&q=karthik|title=Vidura|date=14 October 1990|publisher=C. Sarkar.}}</ref>
|-
| 1990||[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]||Ponnurangam||''[[Kizhakku Vasal]]''||<ref>{{cite web |title=38th Filmfare Awards South Winners Tamil Malayalam Actors |date=16 April 2025 |url=https://archive.org/details/38th-filmfare-awards-south-winners-tamil-malayalam-actors}}</ref><ref name="archive.org" />
|-
| 1991||[[Kamal Haasan]]||Gunasekharan ||''[[Guna (film)|Guna]]''||<ref>https://archive.org/download/39thAnnualFilmfareTamilBestActorActress/39th%20Annual%20Filmfare%20Tamil%20Best%20Actor%20Actress.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref name="kajol" />
|-
| 1992||[[Kamal Haasan]]||Sakthivelu Thevar||''[[Thevar Magan]]''||<ref>{{cite web |title=40th Awards – Best Director |url=http://ia601506.us.archive.org |format=JPG}}</ref>
|-
| 1993||[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]||Ponnumani||''[[Ponnumani]]''||<ref name="archive.org" />
|-
| 1994||[[R. Sarathkumar]]||{{*}}Shanmugam {{*}}Pasupathi||''[[Nattamai]]''||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/42nd-filmfare-south-tamil-winners | title=42nd Filmfare South Tamil Winners | date=22 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>https://archive.org/download/42ndFilmfareTamilBestActorActressWinners/42nd%20filmfare%20tamil%20best%20actor%20actress%20winners.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 1995||[[Kamal Haasan]]||Adhi Narayanan||''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]''||<ref name="kajol">{{cite web |last=Dave |first=Kajol |title=Filmfare trivia: Kamal Haasan |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-trivia-kamal-haasan-3741.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724234611/http://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-trivia-kamal-haasan-3741.html |archive-date=24 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 1996||[[Kamal Haasan]]||{{*}}Senapathy {{*}}Chandrabose||''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com:80/site/october97/south3f.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991018182845/http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3f.htm |archive-date=18 October 1999 |title=Filmfare – South Special |date=18 October 1999 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/45330DAF8370E87C652569400062014F |title=Kamal wins 17th Film fare award for role in Indian |date=8 July 1997 |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=20 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928001259/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/45330DAF8370E87C652569400062014F |archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 1997||[[R. Sarathkumar]]||{{*}}Sakthivel Gounder {{*}}Chinnarasu||''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]''|| {{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}
|-
| 1998||[[R. Sarathkumar]]||{{*}}Chinnayya {{*}}Muthaiyya||''[[Natpukkaga]]''||<ref>{{cite web|title=46th Awards – Winners |url=http://ia601506.us.archive.org |format=JPG}}</ref>
|-
| 1999||[[Ajith Kumar]]||{{*}}Deva {{*}}Shiva ||''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]''||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/june2000/if3.html |title=Filmfare – Print Edition |website=downloads.movies.indiatimes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040923105612/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/june2000/if3.html |archive-date=23 September 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2000||[[Kamal Haasan]]||Saket Raman Iyengar||''[[Hey Ram]]''||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/03/24/stories/0424401t.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501104755/http://www.hindu.com/2001/03/24/stories/0424401t.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-05-01 |title=Trophy time for tinseldom |date=2001-03-24 |location=Chennai, India |first=Ramya |work=[[The Hindu]] |last=Kannan}}</ref>
|-
| 2001||[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]||Kasi||''[[Kasi (film)|Kasi]]''||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nuvvu-Nenu-wins-4-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/6011249.cms |title=Nuvvu Nenu wins 4 Filmfare awards |date=6 April 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201075354/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nuvvu-Nenu-wins-4-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/6011249.cms?referral=PM |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=1 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2002||[[Ajith Kumar]]||{{*}}Shiva {{*}} Vishnu ||''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]''||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ajit-Simran-bag-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/46685961.cms |title=Ajit, Simran bag Filmfare awards |date=17 May 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415074655/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=747-C1rHALI&feature=relmfu |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=15 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2003||[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]||Chithan ||''[[Pithamagan]]''|| {{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}
|-
| 2004||[[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]]||{{*}} Chinna {{*}}Karthik ||''[[Perazhagan]]''||{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}
|-
| 2005||[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]||Ramanujam / Remo / Anniyan ||''[[Anniyan]]''|| {{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}
|-
| 2006||[[Ajith Kumar]]||{{*}}Shivashankar {{*}} Vishnu {{*}}Jeeva ||''[[Varalaaru]]''|| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/FilmfareawardssouthbestActors2006 | title=FilmfareAwardsSouthBestActors2006 | date=31 January 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| 2007||[[Karthi]]||Paruthiveeran||''[[Paruthiveeran]]''||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-want-to-look-nice-shirtless-Karthi/articleshow/3264584.cms |title=I want to look nice shirtless: Karthi |date=2008-07-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415074655/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=747-C1rHALI&feature=relmfu |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=15 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[56th Filmfare Awards South|2008]]||[[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]]||{{*}}Krishnan {{*}}Suriya Krishnan||''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-glowing-filmfare-night/etarticleshow/4845798.cms |title=The glowing filmfare night! |date=2009-08-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415074655/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=747-C1rHALI&feature=relmfu |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=15 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[57th Filmfare Awards South|2009]]||[[Prakash Raj]]||Vengadam||''[[Kanchivaram]]''||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/prakash-raj-film-got-to-be-good-prakash/articleshow/6319093.cms |title=Prakash Raj film got to be good: Prakash |date=2010-08-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415074655/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=747-C1rHALI&feature=relmfu |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=15 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[58th Filmfare Awards South|2010]]||[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]||Veeraiya||''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]''||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Mani-sir-I-owe-you-one/articleshow/9097062.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921025433/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-04/news-interviews/29735307_1_raavanan-mani-chiyaan-vikram |url-status=live |archive-date=21 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Mani sir, I owe you one |date=4 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|[[59th Filmfare Awards South|2011]]||[[Dhanush]]||K. P. Karuppu||''[[Aadukalam]]''||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list)}}</ref>
|-
|[[60th Filmfare Awards South|2012]]||[[Dhanush]]||Raam||''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/list-of-winners-at-the-60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-3745.html |title=List of Winners at the 60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South)}}</ref>
|-
|[[61st Filmfare Awards South|2013]]||[[Atharvaa]]||Raasa||''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html |title=Winners of 61st Idea Filmfare Awards South}}</ref>
|-
|[[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2014]]||[[Dhanush]]|| Raghuvaran||''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]''||<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South}}</ref>
|-
|[[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]||[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]|| Lingesan||''[[I (2015 film)|I]]''||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)}}</ref>
|-
|[[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]]||[[R. Madhavan]]||Prabhu Selvaraj ||''[[Irudhi Suttru]]''||<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South)}}</ref>
|-
|[[65th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]||[[Vijay Sethupathi]]||Vedha||''[[Vikram Vedha]]''||<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-3.html |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South)}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]
|[[Dhanush]]
|Anbu
|''[[Vada Chennai]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html|title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]
| Ram
|''[['96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]''
|-
| [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020–2021]]||[[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]]|| Nedumaaran Rajangam ||''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''|| <ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2022|title=Winners List : 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory|work=[[Filmfare]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010211808/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.html|archive-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
|Agent Arun Kumar/Vikram
|[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-tamil-2023_-67193.html|title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Tamil) 2023 |website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]||[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]|| Aditha Karikalan|| ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/filmfare-awards-south-2024-full-winners-list-nanis-dasara-siddharths-chithha-win-big-101722757273293.html|title=Filmfare Awards South 2024 full winners list: Nani's Dasara, Siddharth's Chithha win big|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=4 August 2024|access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]||[[Sivakarthikeyan]]||[[Major Mukund Varadharajan]]|| ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Tamil)|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-tamil-81911.html|access-date=23 February 2026|website=[[Filmfare]]|language=en|date=22 February 2026}}</ref>
|}

== Nominations ==
=== 1970s ===
* '''1972 [[Sivaji Ganesan]] – ''[[Gnana Oli]]'''''
* '''1973 [[Sivaji Ganesan]] – ''[[Gauravam (1973 film)|Gauravam]]'''''
* '''1974 [[Gemini Ganesan]] – ''[[Naan Avanillai (1974 film)|Naan Avan Illai]]'''''
** [[M. G. Ramachandran]] – [[Urimai Kural]]
** [[Sivaji Ganesan]] – ''[[Thanga Pathakkam]]''
* '''1975 [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]'''''
** [[M. G. Ramachandran]] – [[Idhayakkani]]
** [[Sivaji Ganesan]] – ''[[Vaira Nenjam]]''
* '''1976 [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu]]'''''
** [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] – [[Thunive Thunai]]
** [[M. G. Ramachandran]] – ''[[Needhikku Thalaivanangu]]''
** [[Sivaji Ganesan]] – ''[[Chitra Pournami (film)|Chitra Pournami]]''
** [[Sivakumar]] – ''[[Annakili]]''
* '''1977 [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'''''
** Kamal Haasan – ''[[Avargal]]''
** [[M. G. Ramachandran]] – ''[[Navarathinam]]''
** [[Sivaji Ganesan]] – ''[[Dheepam]]''
** [[Sivakumar]] – ''[[Aattukara Alamelu]]''
* '''1978 [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Sigappu Rojakkal]]'''''
** Kamal Haasan – ''[[Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Mullum Malarum]]''
** [[Sivaji Ganesan]] – ''[[Thyagam]]''
** [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] – ''[[Kizhakke Pogum Rail]]''
* '''1979 [[Sivakumar]] – ''[[Rosappu Ravikkaikari]]'''''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – [[Ninaithale Inikkum (1979 film)|''Ninaithale Inikkum'']]
** [[Pratap Pothen]] – ''[[Azhiyatha Kolangal]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai]]''
** [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] – ''[[Uthiri Pookkal]]''

=== 1980s ===
* '''1980 [[Sivakumar]] – ''[[Vandichakkaram]]'''''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Varumayin Niram Sigappu]]''
** [[Pratap Pothen]] – ''[[Nenjathai Killathe]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]]''
** [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] – ''[[Kallukkul Eeram]]''
* '''1981 [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Raja Paarvai]]'''''<ref>Filmfare Magazine August 1982, 29th Annual Filmfare Awards - Regional films winners & nominees</ref>
** [[Sivaji Ganesan]] - ''[[Kalthoon]]''
** [[Sivaji Ganesan]] - ''[[Keezh Vaanam Sivakkum]]''
* '''1982 [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] – ''[[Payanangal Mudivathillai]]'''''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Moondram Pirai]]''
** Kamal Haasan – ''[[Vaazhvey Maayam|Vaazhve Mayam]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Moondru Mugam]]''
** [[Sivakumar]] – ''[[Agni Sakshi (1982 film)|Agni Sakshi]]''
* '''1983 [[Bhagyaraj]] – ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]'''''
** [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] – ''[[Mann Vasanai]]''
** [[Sivaji Ganesan]] – ''[[Imaigal]]''
** [[T. Rajendar]] – ''[[Thangaikkor Geetham]]''
** [[Thiagarajan]] – ''[[Malaiyoor Mambattiyan]]''
* '''1984 [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Nallavanukku Nallavan]]'''''
** [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] – ''[[Nooravathu Naal]]''
** [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] – ''[[Achamillai Achamillai]]''
** [[Sivaji Ganesan]] – ''[[Vaazhkai (1984 film)|Vaazhkai]]''
** [[Vijayakanth]] – ''[[Vaidehi Kathirunthal]]''
* '''1985 [[Sivaji Ganesan]] – ''[[Muthal Mariyathai]]'''''
** [[Bhagyaraj]] – ''[[Chinna Veedu]]''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary]]''
** [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] – ''[[Idaya Kovil]]''
** [[Sivakumar]] – ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]''
* '''1986 [[Vijayakanth]] – ''[[Amman Kovil Kizhakale]]'''''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]''
** [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] – ''[[Mouna Ragam]]''
** [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] – ''[[Aruvadai Naal]]''
** [[Visu]] – ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]''
* '''1987 [[Sathyaraj]] – ''[[Vedham Pudhithu]]'''''
** [[Bhagyaraj]] – ''[[Enga Chinna Rasa]]''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Nayakan]]''
** [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] – ''[[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Velaikkaran (1987 film)|Velaikaran]]''
* '''1988 [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] – ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'''''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]''
** [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] – ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]''
** [[Sathyaraj]] – ''[[En Bommukutty Ammavukku]]''
** [[Vijayakanth]] – ''[[Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran]]''
* '''1989 [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] – ''[[Varusham Padhinaaru]]'''''
** [[Bhagyaraj]] – ''[[Aararo Aariraro]]''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – [[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|''Apoorva Sagodharargal'']]
** [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] – ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]''
** [[Ramarajan]] – ''[[Karakattakkaran]]''

=== 1990s ===
* '''1990 [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] – ''[[Kizhakku Vaasal]]'''''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Panakkaran]]''
** [[Sathyaraj]] – ''[[Nadigan]]''
** [[Vijayakanth]] – ''[[Pulan Visaranai]]''
* '''1991 [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Gunaa]]'''''
** [[Mammootty]] – ''[[Azhagan]]''
** [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] – ''[[Idhayam (film)|Idhayam]]''
** [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] – ''[[Chinna Thambi]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Thalapathi]]''
* '''1992 [[Kamal Haasan]]''' – '''''[[Thevar Magan]]'''''
** [[Arvind Swami]] – ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]''
** [[Bhagyaraj]] – ''[[Raasukutti]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Annaamalai]]''
** [[Vijayakanth]] – ''[[Chinna Gounder]]''
* '''1993 [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]''' – '''''[[Ponnumani]]'''''
** [[Arjun Sarja]] – ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Kalaignan]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Uzhaippali]]''
** [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] – ''[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]''
* '''1994 [[R. Sarathkumar]]''' – '''''[[Nattamai]]'''''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]''
** [[Prabhu Deva]] – ''[[Kaadhalan]]''
** [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] – ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]''
** [[Vijayakanth]] – ''[[Honest Raj]]''
* '''1995 [[Kamal Haasan]]''' – '''''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]'''''
** [[Ajith Kumar]] – ''[[Aasai]]''
** [[Arvind Swami]] – ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Baashha]]''
** Rajinikanth – ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]''
* '''1996 [[Kamal Haasan]]''' – '''''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'''''
** [[Ajith Kumar]] – ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]''
** [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] – ''[[Anthimanthaarai]]''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] - [[Avvai Shanmugi]]
* '''1997 [[R. Sarathkumar]]''' – '''''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]'''''
** [[Prakash Raj]] – ''[[Iruvar]]''
** [[R. Parthiban]] – ''[[Bharathi Kannamma]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]''
** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]''
* '''1998 [[R. Sarathkumar]]''' – '''''[[Natpukkaga]]'''''
** [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] – ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]''
** [[Prashanth]] – ''[[Jeans (1998 film)|Jeans]]''
* '''1999 [[Ajith Kumar]]''' – '''''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]'''''
** Ajith Kumar – ''[[Amarkkalam]]''
** [[Arjun Sarja]] – ''[[Mudhalvan]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Padayappa]]''
** [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] – [[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]

=== 2000s ===
* '''2000 [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Hey Ram]]'''''
** [[Ajith Kumar]] – ''[[Mugavaree]]''
** [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] – ''[[Alaipayuthey]]''
** [[Prashanth]] – ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]''
** [[Sayaji Shinde]] – ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]''
* '''2001 [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] – ''[[Kasi (film)|Kasi]]'''''
** [[Ajith Kumar]] – ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]''
** Ajith Kumar – ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Aalavandhan]]''
** [[Suriya]] – ''[[Nandhaa]]''
* '''2002 [[Ajith Kumar]]''' – '''''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'''''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Panchatanthiram]]''
** [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] – ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''
** [[Suriya]] – ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]''
* '''2003 [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]''' – '''''[[Pithamagan]]'''''<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=747-C1rHALI&feature=relmfu|title=Filmfare Awards 2004 ( Best Actor in Tamil )|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415074655/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=747-C1rHALI&feature=relmfu|archive-date=15 April 2016}}</ref>
** [[Dhanush]] – ''[[Kadhal Kondein]]''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Anbe Sivam]]''
** [[Suriya]] – ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]''
* '''2004 [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]]''' – '''''[[Perazhagan]]'''''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]''
** [[Silambarasan]] – ''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]''
** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – ''[[Ghilli]]''
* '''2005 [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]''' – '''''[[Anniyan]]'''''
** [[Jiiva]] – ''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]''
** [[Sarath Kumar]] – ''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]''
** [[Suriya]] – ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]''
* '''2006 [[Ajith Kumar]]''' – '''''[[Varalaru]]'''''
** [[Dhanush]] – ''[[Pudhupettai]]''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]''
** [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] – ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi]]''
* '''2007 [[Karthi]]''' – '''''[[Paruthiveeran]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|title=The 55th Filmfare South Awards in Chennai on July 12|url=http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2008/newsfullstory.php?id=1215499358|work=Televisionpoint|publisher=Bhash Media Private Limited|access-date=28 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731133530/http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2008/newsfullstory.php?id=1215499358|archive-date=31 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
** [[Ajith Kumar]] – ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]''
** [[Sathyaraj]] – ''[[Onbathu Roopai Notu]]''
** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – ''[[Pokkiri (2007 film)|Pokkiri]]''
* '''2008 [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]]''' – '''''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'''''
** [[Dhanush]] – ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]''
** [[Jayam Ravi]] – ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Dasavathaaram]]''
** [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] – ''[[Anjathe]]''
* '''2009 [[Prakash Raj]]''' – '''''[[Kanchivaram]]'''''
** [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] – ''[[Naan Kadavul]]''
** [[Jayam Ravi]] – ''[[Peraanmai]]''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]''
** [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]] – ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]''

=== 2010s ===
* '''2010''' – '''[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]''' – '''''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'''''
** [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] – ''[[Madrasapattinam]]''
** [[Karthi]] – ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]''
** [[Karthi]] – ''[[Paiyaa]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Enthiran]]''
** [[Silambarasan Rajendar|Silambarasan]] – ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]''
** [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]] – ''[[Singam]]''
* '''2011''' – '''[[Dhanush]]''' – '''''[[Aadukalam]]'''''
** [[Ajith Kumar]] – ''[[Mankatha]]''
** [[Jiiva]] – ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]''
** [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]] – ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]''
** [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] – ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]''
* '''[[60th Filmfare Awards South|2012]]''' – '''[[Dhanush]]''' – '''''[[3 (2012 Tamil film)|3]]'''''
** [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]] – ''[[Maattrraan]]''
** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – ''[[Thuppakki]]''
** [[Vijay Sethupathi]] – ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]''
** [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] – ''[[Thandavam (2012 film)|Thandavam]]''
* '''[[61st Filmfare Awards South|2013]]''' – '''[[Atharvaa]]''' – '''''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'''''
** [[Ajith Kumar]] – ''[[Arrambam]]''
** [[Dhanush]] – ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Vishwaroopam]]''
** [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] – ''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]''
** [[Suriya]] – ''[[Singam 2]]''
* '''[[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2014]]''' – '''[[Dhanush]]''' – '''''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'''''
** [[Ajith Kumar]] – ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]''
** [[Karthi]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
** [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] – ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – ''[[Kaththi]]''
* '''[[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]''' – '''[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]''' – '''''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'''''
** [[Ajith Kumar]] – ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]''
** [[Dhanush]] – ''[[Anegan]]''
** [[Jayam Ravi]] – ''[[Thani Oruvan]]''
** [[Kamal Haasan]] – ''[[Papanasam]]''
* '''[[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]]''' – '''[[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]]''' – '''''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'''''
** [[Dhanush]] – ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Kabali]]''
** [[Suriya]] – '' [[24 (2016 film)|24]]''
** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''
** [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] – ''[[Iru Mugan]]''
* '''[[65th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]''' – '''[[Vijay Sethupathi]]''' – '''''[[Vikram Vedha]]'''''
** [[Karthi]] – ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]'' / ''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]''
** [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] – ''Vikram Vedha''
** [[Rajkiran]] – ''[[Power Paandi]]''
** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]''
* '''[[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]''' – '''[[Dhanush]]''' – '''''[[Vada Chennai]]''''' and '''[[Vijay Sethupathi]]''' – '''''[[96 (film)|96]]'' (tie)'''
** [[Arvind Swami]] – ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]''
** [[Jayam Ravi]] – ''[[Adanga Maru]]''
** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]''

=== 2020s ===
* '''[[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020–2021]]''' – '''[[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]]''' – '''''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'''''
** [[Arvind Swami]] – '' [[Thalaivi]]''
** [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] – ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]''
** [[Ashok Selvan]] – ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]''
** [[Dhanush]] – ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]''
** [[Dulquer Salman]] – ''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]''
** [[K. Manikandan]] – ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]] ''
** [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]] – ''Jai Bhim ''
* '''[[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]''' – '''[[Kamal Haasan]]''' – '''''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'''''
**[[Dhanush]] – ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]''
**[[Karthi]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
**[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] – ''Ponniyin Selvan: I''
**[[Silambarasan]] – ''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]''
**[[R. Madhavan]] – ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''
**[[R. Parthiban]] – ''[[Iravin Nizhal]]''
* '''[[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]''' – '''[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]''' – '''''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'''''
**[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] – ''[[Chithha]]''
**[[Vadivelu]] – ''[[Maamannan]]''
**[[Sivakarthikeyan]] – ''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]''
**[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] – ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
* '''[[70th Filmfare Awards|2024]]''' – '''[[Sivakarthikeyan]]''' – '''''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'''''
**[[Arvind Swamy]] – ''[[Meiyazhagan]]''
**[[Attakathi Dinesh]] – ''[[Lubber Pandhu]]''
**[[Dhanush (actor)|Dhanush]] – ''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]''
**[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] – ''[[Garudan (2024 film)|Garudan]]''
**[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] – ''[[Thangalaan]]''
**[[Vijay Sethupathi]] – ''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book|last=Ramachandran|first=T.M.|title=Film world|year=1973|volume=9|ref=Tmr}}
* {{cite book|title=Collections|year=1991|publisher=Update Video Publication|ref=Collections}}
* {{cite book|title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who|year=1984|publisher=Times of India Press|ref=Toi}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil}}
{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Tamil}}
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South (Tamil)|Actor]]

Okhla

2026-03-13T10:57:25Z

MonteZaleski33:

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in South Delhi, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Okhla
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighbourhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline = Night View of Zakir Nagar.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Night view of Zakir Nagar, a residential area located in Okhla
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|34|N|77|17|E|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South East Delhi]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Okhla Village
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[English language|English]]<ref name="OLA 2000">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|title=Official Language Act 2000|date=2 July 2003|publisher=Government of Delhi|access-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> }}
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = {{hlist| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]<ref name="OLA 2000" /> }}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110025
| registration_plate = DL
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|MCD]]
| leader_title = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[Amanatullah Khan]]
| leader_party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
}}

'''Okhla''' is an [[Urban area|urban]] neighbourhood located by the [[Okhla barrage]] in [[South Delhi district|South East Delhi]], near the border between [[Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Okhla has lent its name to the nearby township of New Okhla Industrial Development Authority or [[Noida]]. Okhla is an [[Okhla (Delhi Assembly constituency)|assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituencies {{!}} District Magistrate South East {{!}} India |url=https://dmsoutheast.delhi.gov.in/constituencies/ |website=dmsoutheast.delhi.gov.in |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref>

==About==
Okhla is one of the oldest inhabited areas in Delhi near the bank of [[Yamuna River]]. This can be judged from the making of Okhla canal ([[Agra Canal]]) by the [[British people|British]] in 1874, presently known as Okhla Head.

==History==
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Agra canal headworks1871a.jpg|right|thumb|[[Agra Canal]] headworks at Okhla, 1871]]

The area gets its name from the village of Okhla, which the site currently sits on. The village was originally inhabited by the [[Gurjar]], [[Jats|Jat]], and [[Yadav]] communities.<ref>{{cite journal |last= |first= |title=Urban Transformation and Demographic Changes in Delhi: A Case Study of Okhla |journal=Management Insight International |volume=1–2 |year=2022 |page=22|url=https://www.arfjournals.com/image/catalog/Journals%20Papers/MII/2022/No.%201-2/02.pdf}}</ref>
The [[Okhla barrage]] is a [[Barrage (dam)|barrage]] that was developed by the British. It is also the starting point of the [[Agra Canal]] built in 1874. Today it is also the location of the [[Okhla Bird Sanctuary]], and further down the canal towards [[Agra]], the [[Keetham Lake]] National Bird Sanctuary.

The present campus of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], a central university, was established here in 1925. Also located in the neighbourhood are the [[National Small Industries Corporation|NSIC]], [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology|IIIT Delhi]], [[G. B. Pant Engineering College, New Delhi|Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College]], [[Lotus Temple]], and the [[Okhla railway station]].

==Okhla Industrial Estate==
Okhla Industrial Estate, an industrial domain of New Delhi in South Delhi was established by National Small Industries Corporation and was one of the 12 such estates being developed across India to encourage small industries. Construction work at the site began in 1952 and it was finally inaugurated in 1958,<ref>{{cite book |title=The city of hope: the Faridabad story|last=Jain|first=L. C.|year=1998|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=81-7022-748-8|page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrLNEnirPfwC&q=Okhla&pg=PA100 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Correspondence and Select Documents, Vol. 6|last=Prasad |first=Rajendra|author-link= Rajendra Prasad|year=1995 |publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=81-7023-002-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmZfr6ERN64C&q=Okhla&pg=PA212 |quote= March 21, 1958}}</ref> and in time became synonymous to growth of small scale industries in region. Today it is divided in three phases.<ref>{{cite book |title=Industrialization through industrial estates: a pattern of economic decentralization |last=Bandyopadhyaya|first=Kalyani|year=1969 |publisher=Bookland|page=94}}</ref>

=== Phases ===
'''Okhla Industrial Estate Phase I and Phase II''' is one of the 28 industrial areas of Delhi, as per the Master Plan of 2001. Revenue earners from this base include ready-made garment exporters and leather garment exporters, besides other segments of the industry such as pharmaceutical manufacturing units, plastic and packaging industries, printing presses, machinery manufacturers, call centers, MNCs Office, Bank, and others.

'''Okhla Industrial Estate Phase III''' spreads over {{convert|110|acre|km2}} and is a modest industrial foundation laid out by the British architect Walter George, who was famous for the planning and construction of Parliament House, North, and South Blocks.

==Overview==
The whole industrial area was named after the main Okhla town, in [[South Delhi]]. Nearby areas have now extensively grown into neighbourhoods like Jogabai extension, Batla House, [[Okhla Vihar]], Zakir Nagar, Jamia Nagar, Abul Fazal Enclave, [[Shaheen Bagh]], Kalindi Colony, and [[Kalindi Kunj]].

Okhla has a heavily [[Muslim]] population and shows a high linguistic literacy rate.<ref>{{cite book |title=Muslims in India: National capital territory of Delhi |last=Ahmad|first=Aijazuddin |author2=Hamdard Education Society|year=1993|publisher=Inter-India Publications|isbn= 81-210-0346-6|pages= 111–112}}</ref> It is a state assembly constituency, part of the [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]]. Most of the Muslim families currently living in Okhla are migrants from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.<ref>{{cite journal |last= |first= |title=Urban Transformation and Demographic Changes in Delhi: A Case Study of Okhla |journal=Management Insight International |volume=1–2 |year=2022 |page=22|url=https://www.arfjournals.com/image/catalog/Journals%20Papers/MII/2022/No.%201-2/02.pdf}}</ref> From the 1990s, Muslim migrants from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and other areas of north India started coming and settling in the localities."<ref>{{cite web |last=Rashid |first=Atikh |title=How Muslim ghettos came about in Delhi |website=The Indian Express |date=3 March 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/muslim-ghettos-of-delhi-6297633/
|access-date=9 November 2025}}</ref>

== Neighbourhoods ==
[[East of Kailash]], [[New Friends Colony]], [[Nehru Place]], [[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]], Abul Fazal Enclave, Sukhdev Vihar, [[Greater Kailash]], [[Govindpuri]], [[Sriniwaspuri]], [[Tuglaqabad]], [[Sarita Vihar]], [[Jasola Apollo metro station|Jasola]], [[Shaheen Bagh]], Jaitpur, [[Madanpur Khadar Village|Madanpur]], [[Badarpur, Delhi|Badarpur]], Zakir Nagar, [[Okhla Vihar]], Ghaffar Manzil Colony, Haji colony, Ishwar Nagar and Harkesh Nagar are the surrounding areas. The area is surrounded by Okhla Mandi -- one of Delhi’s largest wholesale vegetable and fruit markets.

== Educational Institutions ==
[[Jamia Millia Islamia]] is the biggest landmark — a central university with a long history since 1920. There are also schools, coaching centers, and research institutes in the area.

== Wildlife sanctuaries ==
[[Okhla Bird Sanctuary]] is a nearby Bird Park and Wildlife Sanctuary located in Noida, where during the month of September thousands of migratory birds including shovellers, pintail, common teal, gadwall, and blue-winged teal visit the area every year. The Okhla Bird Sanctuary lies on its edge near Kalindi Kunj Barrage. Despite pollution and urban encroachment, it’s a biodiversity hotspot in Delhi NCR.

== Hospitals ==
There are many hospitals in the area, including [[Indraprastha Apollo Hospital]], Al-Shifa, Cribs Hospital, Holy Family Hospital, [[Fortis Healthcare|Fortis Escorts]], and other small hospitals and clinics.

==Hygiene==
[[File:Garbage heap in Batla House, New Delhi, 18 June 2024.jpg|thumb|Garbage heap in Batla House, Okhla]]
Civic hygiene has been a concern in Okhla and people struggle with overflowing garbage. The overused landfills in the area have been termed as dark spots.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Vibha |title=What a waste! Delhi voters question |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/voters-question-parties-failure-to-clean-up-sanitation-mess/articleshow/110188581.cms |work=Times of India |date=17 May 2024}}</ref> New Indian Express, in a July 2021 report stated, "The 22km stretch of [[Yamuna]] from Wazirabad to Okhla in Delhi, which is less than two per cent of the river length, accounts for about 80 per cent of the pollution in the river."<ref>{{cite news |title=Yamuna not fit for bathing, says govt report |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2021/Jul/27/yamuna-not-fit-for-bathing-says-govt-report-2336014.html |work=New Indian Express |date=27 July 2021}}</ref>

==Connectivity==
Okhla is well connected via roadways and railways and is not too far away from the [[IGI Airport]]. Business districts such as [[Nehru Place]], [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] and [[Lajpat Nagar]] are considerably close resulting in good access to public services.

Okhla is also connected to the Delhi Metro [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line Network]] - [[Jasola Vihar Shaheen Bagh metro station|Jasola Vihar-Shaheen Bagh]], [[Okhla Vihar metro station|Okhla Vihar]], [[Jamia Millia Islamia metro station|Jamia Millia Islamia]] and [[Sukhdev Vihar metro station|Sukhdev Vihar]].

[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] buses via various Bus stops and terminus are operating from Okhla.

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Kaushalya Dam]] in [[Pinjore]]
* [[Bhakra Dam]]
* [[Hathni Kund Barrage]]
* [[Tajewala Barrage]]
* [[Surajkund]] barrage
* [[List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=A study of the export potential of Okhla industrial estate|last= Ram|first=Paras |year=1967|publisher=[[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]] }}

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:Villages in South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Noida]]

Narendra Chanchal

2026-03-12T20:38:15Z

MonteZaleski33: corrected page for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian singer (1940–2021)}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1940|10|16}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], British India {{small|(present day - [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|01|22|1940|10|16}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/bhajan-singer-narendra-chanchal-passes-away-at-delhi-hospital/articleshow/80405073.cms | title=Narendra Chanchal death: Bhajan singer Narendra Chanchal | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=22 January 2021 | access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1973–2021
| spouse = {{marriage|Namrata Chanchal|1976|2021}}
}}
'''Narendra Chanchal''' (16 October 1940 – 22 January 2021) was an Indian singer who specialized in religious songs and [[hymns]]. Besides several ''[[bhajan]]s,'' Chanchal had also sung songs in [[Hindi films]] as well. He was the singer of many iconic bhajans & Hindi film songs in history.

Some of the popular [[Hinduism|Hindu]] devotional songs sung by '''Narendra Chanchal''' include: ''Chalo Bulawa Aaya Hai, Tune Mujhe Bulaya Sherawaliye, [[Ambe Tu Jai Jagdambe Kaali|Ambe Tu Hai Jagadambe Kali]], [[Hanuman Chalisa]], Sankat Mochan Naam Tiharo, Ram Se Bada Ram Ka Naam'' among others.

==Personal life==
Chanchal was born in a religious [[Punjabi Hindu]] family in Namak Mandi, [[Amritsar]] on 16 October 1940.<ref>{{cite news |title=Narendra Chanchal Death: 'चलो बुलावा आया है' फेम सिंगर नरेंद्र चंचल का निधन, हर साल जाते थे वैष्णों देवी |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bhajan-samrat-narendra-chanchal-is-no-more-1735718 |access-date=23 January 2021 |publisher=abplive.com}}</ref>
He grew up in a religious atmosphere which inspired him to start singing [[bhajan]]s and [[aarti]]s. He married Namrata Chanchal in 1976. He has 1 daughter named Kapila Puri married to Hemant Puri & 2 Sons named Siddharth Chanchal & Mohit Chanchal. His Grandchildren are Aadya, Hemang, Arya, Kyra..

==Career==
After years of struggle, Chanchal sang a [[Bollywood]] song ''Beshak Mandir Masjid'' for the 1973 film [[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]] and won [[Filmfare Best Male Playback Award]]. He made a mark in the world of devotional songs. He also earned honorary citizenship of the US state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].

Chanchal has released a biography called ''Midnight Singer'' which narrates his life, struggles and hardships leading to achievements. He visited [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra Vaishno Devi]] every year on 29 December and performed on the last day of the year.

==Death==
Chanchal died at age 80 on 22 January 2021 at [[Apollo Hospital, Indraprastha|Apollo Hospital]] in New Delhi, due to [[age-related illness]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/singer-narendra-chanchal-passes-away-7157237/lite/|title=Singer Narendra Chanchal passes away|work=The Indian Express|date=22 January 2021|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/bhajan-singer-narendra-chanchal-dies-at-80-daler-mehndi-and-harbhajan-singh-pay-tributes-101611306789540.html | title=Bhajan singer Narendra Chanchal dies at 80 | work= Hindustan Times |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Song
!Film
!Year released
!Language
!Additional information
|-
|"Beshak Mandir Masjid Todo"
|''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]''
|1973
|Hindi
|Won [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]]
|-
|"main benaam ho gayaa.."
|''[[Benaam (1974 film)|Benaam]]''
|1974
|Hindi
|
|-
|"Baki Kuchh Bacha To Mahangayi Maar Gayi"
|[[Roti Kapda Aur Makan]]
|1974
|Hindi
|With [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] and [[Jaani Babu Qawwal]]
|-
|"MAIN HA JATT PUNJAB DA”
|Dharam Jeet
|1975
|Punjabi
|solo
|-
|"Vehrey Vich Vairi Vasde”
| Yamla Jatt
|1977
|Punjabi
|solo
|-
| "Fulla da banaia harr"
| Jai Mata Di
| 1977
| Punjabi
|cameo appearance
|-
|Tu Ne Mujhe Bulaya
|[[Aasha (1980 film)|Aasha]]
|1980
|Hindi
|With [[Mohammad Rafi]]
|-
|"Chalo Bulawa Aaya Hain Mata Ne Bulaya Hain"
|[[Avtaar]]
|1983
|Hindi
|With [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
|"Do Ghut Pila De Sakia"
|[[Kala Suraj]]
|1985
|Hindi
|
|-
|"Huye Hain Kuchh Aise Wo Humse Paraye"
|Anjaane
|1994
|Hindi
|With [[Kumar Sanu]] and [[Sadhna Sargam]]
|-
|-
|}

==Special appearance==
Devotional Singer Special Appearance in [[Zee Tv]], Television Serial [[12/24 Karol Bagh]] for [[Jagdamba]], Maa Ambe "JAGRAATA" (Maha Episode No 30), (Episode No 31)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0151267}}
* {{Discogs artist|Narendra Chanchal}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer }}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chanchal, Narendra}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Musicians from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

Smitri Kumar Sinha

2026-03-08T18:23:14Z

MonteZaleski33: Creating Bio

{{Short description|Indian academic (born 1962)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Smirti Kumar Sinha
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1962|10|8}}
| fields = [[Computer science]]
| workplaces = [[Pragjyotishpur University]], [[Tezpur University]]
| alma_mater = [[Tezpur University]] [[PhD]], [[Gauhati University]]
| thesis_title =
| doctoral_advisor =
| known_for = [[Network security]], [[web technology]], [[social network analysis]], [[Computational linguistics]]
| website =
}}

'''Smitri Kumar Sinha '''(born 8 October 1962) is an Indian academic and [[Academic administration|education administrator]] currently serving as the [[Vice chancellor|Vice Chancellor]] of [[Pragjyotishpur University|Pragjyotishpur University, Assam]]. Previously, he served as a professor of Computer Science and Dean at [[Tezpur University|Tezpur University, Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NPTEL IITm |url=https://nptel.ac.in/localchapter/statistics/3154 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=nptel.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smitri Kumar Sinha |url=https://www.tezu.ernet.in/dcompsc/people/ex_faculty/ex_faculty.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2023-06-14 |title=Nua-Dristi gives away awards at Gauhati Press Club - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/nua-dristi-gives-away-awards-at-gauhati-press-club-653552 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=says |first=Putul Sinha |title=Smriti Kumar Sinha {{!}}{{!}} স্মৃতিকুমার সিংহ |url=https://smritikumarsinha.wordpress.com/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Smriti Kumar Sinha {{!}}{{!}} স্মৃতিকুমার সিংহ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smriti Kumar Sinha |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=xJxSYV8AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=scholar.google.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kaay Ghadla Tya Ratri?

2026-03-07T09:27:51Z

MonteZaleski33:

{{Short description|Indian Marathi-language crime series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kaay Ghadla Tya Ratri?.jpg
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| director = Paresh Patil
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Crime]] [[Suspense]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| language = Marathi
| country = India
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|12|31|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|04|23|df=yes}}
| num_episodes = 50
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| producer = Sunil Bhosale
| company = Someel Creations
| runtime = 45 minutes
}}

'''''Kaay Ghadla Tya Ratri?''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] [[Suspense]], [[Crime]] and [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=TV show 'Kaay Ghadla Tya Ratri?' to launch soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tv-show-kay-ghadla-tya-ratri-to-launch-soon/articleshow/79776894.cms|access-date=2020-12-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 31 December 2020, replacing ''[[Dancing Queen (2020 Indian TV series)|Dancing Queen]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=जवळपास १३ वर्षांनी मराठीत कमबॅक करतेय दमदार अभिनेत्री, खास आहे मालिका|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/mansi-salvi-new-marathi-serial-kay-ghadla-tya-ratri-on-zee-marathi/articleshow/79817083.cms|access-date=2020-12-20|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref> The show went abruptly off aired on 23 April 2021 without completing its story.<ref>{{Cite web|title=तेरा वर्षांनंतर...|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/actress-mansi-salvi-in-new-marathi-serial-kay-ghadla-tya-ratri-on-zee-marathi-zws-70-2365886/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref> It starred [[Manasi Salvi]] and Gaurav Ghatnekar in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=मानसी साळवीचे १३ वर्षांनी मराठी टेलिव्हिजनवर कमबॅक, साकारणार आय.पी.एस. ऑफिसरची भूमिका|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/mansi-salvi-to-make-a-comeback-on-marathi-television-after-13-years-the-role-of-the-officer-in-kai-ghadala-tya-ratri-128025452.html|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Siddhant tells his friends that he is going to work in the upcoming movie of Kapoor films. At the event of Gopalkala, Siddhant speaks against Rajan Parvate. Kapoor's statement on the call shocks Siddhant. Siddhant worries as he has no money for his medical treatment. On Ajay's behest, Siddhant asks Sanjana for money. Sanjana agrees, but on the condition that he apologises to Rajan. While Shivani and Siddhant are partying with Ajay and Kuldeep, Siddhant gets in an argument with them. After that, Siddhant found murder. Inspector Wadkar reveals before journalists that Siddhant's death might be a murder. He interrogates Ajay and Kuldeep. Wadkar assures Pardeshi that he will solve Siddhant's case by tomorrow. Pardeshi chides Wadkar for having a press conference. Revati poses as journalist and interacts with Shivani as Sanjana and later, reveals true identity to Wadkar. A question asked by Revati leaves Sanjana stunned and Dhanraj tells Revati that he won't take Siddhant's body until justice is served. The journalists question about Siddhant enrage Chaya. Dhanraj, Ajay and Kuldeep makes allegations against Karina and search her house. Revati asks to handle the case with Wadkar. Dhavale tells Revati that Karina and her mother have fled. Then, Sanjana makes a plan with Karina and her mother against Revati that Revati forced Karina to accept that she murdered Siddhant Chhaya that night.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Manasi Salvi]] as IPS Revati Borkar<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mansi Salvi makes her comeback on Marathi television after 13 years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/mansi-salvi-makes-her-comeback-on-marathi-television-after-13-years/articleshow/79811331.cms|access-date=2020-12-19|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=‘मानसी साळवी’चे १३ वर्षांनी मराठी टेलिव्हिजनवर कमबॅक, या मालिकेत साकारणार भूमिका!|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/manasi-salvis-comeback-on-marathi-television-after-13-years-347378.html|access-date=2020-12-18|website=[[TV9 Marathi]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* Gaurav Ghatnekar as Siddhant Dhanraj Bhalekar (Sid)<ref>{{Cite web|title='काय घडलं त्या रात्री' मध्ये होणार संजय जाधवची एण्ट्री, मालिकेत येणार नवं वळण|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/sanjay-jadhav-will-seen-in-marathi-serial-kay-ghadla-tya-ratri/articleshow/80574039.cms|access-date=2021-01-29|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* [[Smita Gondkar]] as Sanjana Raghav (Actress)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaay Ghadla Tya Ratri?: A New Thriller Marathi TV Show Starring The Best Of Best Coming Soon|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/kay-ghadla-tya-ratri-a-new-thriller-marathi-tv-show-starring-the-best-of-best-coming-soon/5fe4a5c890c45f1dda8ed442|access-date=2020-12-24|website=SpotboyE}}</ref>
* Sushant Shelar as Ajay Deshmukh (Actor)
* Chetan Vadnere as Kuldeep More (Sid's friend)
* Jaywant Wadkar as Ramakant Dhavale (Sub-inspector)
* [[Kishor Kadam]] as Rajan Parvate (Politician)
* Vijay Nikam as Dhanraj Bhalekar (Sid's father)
* Rekha Bade as Chhaya Dhanraj Bhalekar (Sid's mother)
* Kajal Patil as Karina (Sid's maid)
* Sunny Bhushan as Dattatray Navangule (Dattu)
* Swapnil Dinkar as Rohan Nare (News Reporter)
* Swati Limaye as Shivani Desai (News Reporter)
* Dnayesh Wadekar as Shailesh Wadkar (Inspector)
* Shivraj Walvekar as Avinash Pardeshi (Police Commissioner)
* Apurva Choudhari as Laxmi (Lady Inspector)
* [[Sanjay Jadhav]] as Vishwajeet Chandra; Revati's husband (Advocate)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kay Ghadla Tya Ratri fame Mansi Salvi is excited to team up with friend Sanjay Jadhav after 16 years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/kay-ghadla-tya-ratri-fame-mansi-salvi-is-excited-to-team-up-with-friend-sanjay-jadhav-after-16-years-read-post/articleshow/80627382.cms|access-date=2021-02-01|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sanjay Jadhav to play an advocate in Kay Ghadla Tya Ratri?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sanjay-jadhav-to-play-an-advocate-in-kay-ghadla-tya-ratri/articleshow/80568986.cms|access-date=2021-01-29|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Vandana Marathe as Chiu's caretaker
* Sakshi Paranjape as Minakshi Parvate (Rajan's wife)
* Aabha Velenkar as Karina's mother
* Shubham Sapre as Police Constable
* Mahesh Kulkarni as Divakar (Chhaya's brother)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/kaay-ghadla-tya-ratri/0-6-3139 ''Kaay Ghadla Tya Ratri?''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt13660726}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]

Pardesi (1957 film)

2026-03-04T05:20:18Z

MonteZaleski33: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Short description|1957 Indo-Russian film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pardesi
| image = Journey Beyond Three Seas Indian poster.jpg
| caption = Indian poster
| director = [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] Vasili Pronin
| producer = Naya Sansar [[Mosfilm]] Studio
| writer = [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] ''Mariya Smirnova''
| starring = [[Oleg Strizhenov]] [[Nargis]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] [[Balraj Sahni]]
| music = [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]]
 [[Boris Chaikovsky]]
| cinematography = Ramchandra V. V. Nikolaev [[Yevgeniy Nikolayevich Andrikanis]]
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1957}}
| runtime = 110 min.
| country = [[India]] [[Soviet Union]]
| language = [[Hindi]] [[Russian language|Russian]]
}}

'''''Pardesi''''' ({{langx|hi|Pardesi|italics=yes|lit=Foreigner}}; {{langx|ru|Хождение за три моря|Khozhdenie za tri morya|Journey Beyond the Three Seas}}) is a 1957 film jointly directed by [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] and Vasili Pronin.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KP0vAAAAMAAJ|chapter=Pardesi fourth Ind-Soviet co-production|title=The Kaleidoscope of Indian Cinema|first=Hameeduddin|last=Mahmood |publisher=Affiliated East-West Press|year=1974 |pages=17, 74, 84}}</ref>

It was made in two versions, Hindi and Russian, and is based on the travelogues of Russian traveller [[Afanasy Nikitin]], called ''[[A Journey Beyond the Three Seas]]'', which is now considered a Russian literary monument.<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

Made during the high time of Indo-Russian amity, ''Pardesi'' is an Indo-Soviet [[Co-production (media)|co-production]] between the state-owned [[Mosfilm]] and Khwaja Ahmad Abbas's Naya Sansar International production house.<ref name=NYT>{{Cite news|last=Thompson|first=Howard|date=1960-04-11|title=Screen: Adventure Story:' Journey Beyond Three Seas' at the Cameo (film review of Pardesi (1957 film))|url-status=dead|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/11/archives/screen-adventure-story-journey-beyond-three-seas-at-the-cameo.html|access-date=2025-07-24|archive-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250724231342/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/11/archives/screen-adventure-story-journey-beyond-three-seas-at-the-cameo.html}}</ref><ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=citwf/>

The film has music by [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]],<ref name=citwf/><ref name=Upperstall/> and had some memorable hits such as ''Rasiya Re Man Basiya Re'', by [[Meena Kapoor]], ''Na Dir Dhin Tana Dere Na'', by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and was danced to by [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]].<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|url=http://citwf.com/film262294.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2016|access-date=24 July 2025|author=Alan Goble|website=Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website|title=Pardesi (1957) - cast and crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703163840/http://citwf.com/film262294.htm}}</ref> The film was in SovColor, though no colour print of the Hindi version is known to survive in India. Only a black and white copy of the Hindi film survives.<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

==Synopsis==
The film tells the story of [[Afanasy Nikitin]] ([[Oleg Strizhenov]]), a 15th-century Russian trader from [[Tver]] who travelled to India (1466–1472) and falls in love with an Indian girl, ''Champa'' ([[Nargis]]).<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=Upperstall/>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Oleg Strizhenov]] as [[Afanasy Nikitin]]<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=NYT/><ref name=citwf/>
* [[Nargis]] as Champa<ref name=Cinemaazi>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/pardesi|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2021|access-date=24 July 2025|title=Pardesi (1957 film)|website=Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation (Cinemaazi.com) website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924123220/https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/pardesi}}</ref><ref name=NYT/><ref name=citwf/>
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Laxmi<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=NYT/><ref name=citwf/>
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] as Mahmood Gawan<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=NYT/><ref name=citwf/>
* [[Balraj Sahni]] as Sakharam<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=Upperstall>{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/films/1957/pardesi|url-status=dead|title=Pardesi (1957 film) - Cast and Crew|website=Upperstall.com website|archive-date=1 October 2012|access-date=25 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001112310/http://www.upperstall.com/films/1957/pardesi}}</ref>
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]] as Asad Khan<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=citwf/>
* [[Achala Sachdev]] as Champa's Mother<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
* [[Manmohan Krishna]] as Champa's Father<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
* [[Paidi Jairaj]] as Hassan Beg Khurasani
* [[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]] as Scribe
* [[Stepan Kayukov]] as Yevsey Ivanovich
{{div col end}}

==Music==
Film's music is by Anil Biswas and film songs were written by [[Prem Dhawan]] and [[Ali Sardar Jafri]].<ref name=Upperstall/>
# "Rasiyaa Re Man Basiyaa Re" – [[Meena Kapoor]]<ref name=Upperstall/>
# "Na Dir Dhin Tana Dere Na, Na Ja Na Ja Balam" – [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<ref name=Upperstall/>
# "Phir Milenge Jane Wale Yar Dusvidaniya" – [[Manna Dey]]
# "So Ja Re Lalna So Ja Re Lalna" – [[Meena Kapoor]]
# "Rim Jhim Rim Jhim Barse Pani Re" – [[Meena Kapoor]], [[Manna Dey]]<ref name=Upperstall/>
# "Jai Jai Ramkrishna Hari, Tujh Me Ram Mujh Me Ram" – [[Manna Dey]]
# "Arre Zara Suno Lagakar Dhyan" (2) – [[Manna Dey]]
# "Arre Zara Suno Lagakar Dhyan, Yahan Jan Me Log Mahan" – [[Manna Dey]]<ref name=Upperstall/>

==Awards==
* [[1958 Cannes Film Festival]] – [[Golden Palm]] – Nomination<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1958/allSelections.html|archive-date=25 December 2013|access-date=24 July 2025|url-status=dead|title=Festival de Cannes: Official Selection 1958 : All the Selection - Competition (film Pardesi included)|work=festival-cannes.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225140703/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1958/allSelections.html}}</ref>
* 1958 [[Filmfare Best Art Direction Award]] – [[M.R. Acharekar]]<ref name=Filmfare>{{cite web|url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Filmfare Awards List (scroll down to 1957 for Pardesi (1957 film)|website=Googlepages.com website|archive-date=12 June 2009|access-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0050820|Pardesi (1957)}}
* [https://archive.today/20130128041443/http://www.lovefilm.com/product/80813-Pardesi.html Pardesi remembered 50 years on]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061017195252/http://www.aksharamala.com/hindi/isb/search/?f=Pardesi Rasiya Re Man Basiya Re (Meena Kapoor) - Pardesi Song ARCHIVED]

{{K. A. Abbas}}

[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:1950s historical films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1460s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1470s]]
[[Category:1957 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Soviet multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:Soviet historical adventure films]]
[[Category:Soviet biographical films]]
[[Category:1957 Soviet films]]
[[Category:1957 Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Russian-language historical adventure films]]
[[Category:Russian-language biographical films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. A. Abbas]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anil Biswas]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]]
[[Category:1957 multilingual films]]

{{1950s-USSR-film-stub}}

Butterflies (1993 film)

2026-03-03T21:26:49Z

MonteZaleski33: quick update

{{short description|1993 film by Rajiv Anchal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Butterflies
| image = Butterflies (1993 film) poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Rajiv Anchal]]
| producer = [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
| writer = [[A. K. Sajan]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] [[Jagadish]]
| music = [[Raveendran]] [[S. P. Venkatesh]] {{small|(Score)}}
| cinematography = [[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]]
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = [[Revathy Kalamandhir]]
| distributor = Surya Cini Arts Sudev Release
| released = {{Film date|1993|07|09|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Butterflies''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Rajiv Anchal]] and written by [[A. K. Sajan]]. It was produced by [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] and was the debut film of their production house [[Revathy Kalamandhir]]. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], and [[Jagadish]]. The film was extensively shot in [[Bangalore]]. The songs were composed by [[Raveendran]] Master, while [[S. P. Venkatesh]] provided the background score.

The film was a box office hit and Mohanlal's role as Prince became popular in 1993

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=May 2020}}
Prince is an amateur [[race car driver]] and the son of industrialist Bharathan Menon and Sreedevi Menon. He lives a happy-go-lucky life style spending time racing cars, entertaining his nephews in his farm house and hanging out with his friend Vettikkal Sadashivan. He is also involved in fights with the local goons in [[Bangalore]], which lands him in trouble with local police. His brothers Jayan Menon IAS and Dr. Balan Menon, though openly criticize him, come to his aid to release him from the police station. His father disapproves his lifestyle and seeks a suitable alliance for him.

One day, Sadasivan introduces Prince to his relative Pavithran, who seeks help in kidnapping his girlfriend for them to elope. In a comedy of errors, Prince and Sadasivan sedate and kidnap another girl with the same name, Anju. On realizing the mistake the next morning, Prince drops the girl back at her hostel. The ladies' hostel matron does not allow Anju to continue her stay there after her disappearance. Anju returns to Prince's farm house for abode, it becomes difficult for Prince and Sadasivan to handle. Prince's entire family learn that Anju lives on the farm house and they desert Prince.

One morning, Sadasivan and Prince find an obituary in the newspaper with the photo of Anju. They trace the news reporter responsible for the obituary. The news reporter Das and his wife Maya reveal that Anju is the daughter of Colonel Devan Nambiar and that the dead girl was her twin sister, Manju. Two years ago in [[Ooty]], Manju was raped by a few men taking her father as a hostage. After that, she killed herself in front of her father.

Later, Nambiar killed her daughter's rapists and he was sentenced to death by the court. Anju plans to kill herself at the same time her father is executed, but Prince prevents this. Prince gets a mercy petition for Nambiar and his death sentence is reduced to life imprisonment. Anju and Prince confess their love at the end.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as Prince
* [[Jagadish]] as Vettikkal Sadashivan
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Anju Nambiar and Manju Nambiar
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Colonel Devan Nambiar
* [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Dineshan, Member of Parliament
* [[N. F. Varghese]] as Balan Menon
* [[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Jayan Menon
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Krishnan Eradi
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Parukkutty
* [[K. P. Ummer]] as Bharathan Menon
* [[Sukumari]] as Sreedevi Menon
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Pavithran
* [[Rudra (actress)|Rudra]] as Maya Das
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as Das
* Mubarak as Pappu
}}

==Production==
[[Rajiv Anchal]] and [[Mohanlal]] were supposed to make a film titled ''Australia''. Based on a script by [[P. Balachandran]], it was the story of a car racer who meets an accident and suffers serious burns on one side of his face. Filming began at [[Sriperumbudur]] with a [[Formula One]] car race sequence featuring Mohanlal that was shot with six cameras. After a week's shoot the project was dropped, reportedly due to budget constraints. However, in a TV show in 2020, Anchal recalled that the film was cancelled due to superstitious reasons when some people persuaded Mohanlal to opt out from the film supposing that the role of a disfigured person may bring jinx, Mohanlal eventually opted out, dropping the film altogether.<ref>{{Citation|title=Rajiv Anchal 07 {{!}} Charithram Enniloode 1690 {{!}} SafariTV| date=23 June 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWYN_GallU8|language=en|access-date=2020-06-27|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805225135/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWYN_GallU8|url-status=live}}</ref> His character in ''Australia'' was inspired by Formula One race driver [[Niki Lauda]].

The car race scenes shot for ''Australia'' was later used in the opening titles of ''Butterflies'' (in the song "Minnaminni Koodum Thedi").<ref>{{cite news|title=The Silver Screen Jinx|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article340875.ece|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2013-12-29|date=27 December 2013|archive-date=24 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224184711/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article340875.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] took place in [[Bangalore]], where there was a 60-day long shoot. [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] had worked in [[Priyadarshan]]'s ''[[Gardish]]'', the same crew was working in ''Butterflies'' and Aishwarya was also invited for the film. In fact, Aishwarya was keen on working with Mohanlal and was a fan of his work.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Warrier |first1=Shobha |title=Aiswarya speaks about Mohanlal |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/29aisw.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=26 May 2020 |date=29 August 2000 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105221627/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/29aisw.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>Some of the challenging shots in action scenes by the late cinematographer [[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]] have received recognition.<ref>{{Cite news|title=സ്ഫടികവും ബട്ടർഫ്ലൈസും ബൽറാമും; വില്യംസിന്റെ റിസ്കി ഷോട്ടുകൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/09/14/kaloor-dennis-about-cameraman-j-williams.html|author=Kaloor Dennis| publisher=Manorama Online|date=14 September 2022}} </ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film has six songs composed by [[Raveendran]]. All songs except 'Aha manoranjini' were written by K. Jayakumar. The songs were distributed by the label, Lahari. The [[film score]] was composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]].

;Track list
# "Aaha Manoranjini": [[M. G. Sreekumar]]. Lyrics : [[Raveendran]]
# "Minnaminni Koodum Thedi": [[Unni Menon]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
# "Kanyasudha": M. G. Sreekumar, [[Sujatha Mohan]]
# "Pon Thidambu": [[Mohanlal]], [[Raveendran]], Pradeep
# "Koottinilam Kili": Unni Menon, K. S. Chithra
# "Paal Nilavile": [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0291781}}

[[Category:1993 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 romance films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raveendran]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajiv Anchal]]

Laati

2026-03-03T18:23:06Z

MonteZaleski33: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Laati.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Gunasekhar]]
| producer = M. V. Muralikrishna
| starring = [[Prashanth]] Samyuktha Singh [[Raghuvaran]]
| cinematography = [[K. C. Diwakar]]
| editing = Shankar
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| studio = Murali Krishna Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|11|5}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Laati''''' ({{translation|[[Lathi (stick)|Lathi]]}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action romance film]] directed by [[Gunasekhar]] in his debut,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanmayi |first=Bhawana |date=April 16, 2023 |title='Shaakuntalam' director Gunasekhar: 'I wanted to tell a story of love and values' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/shaakuntalam-director-gunasekhar-interview-10420781.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125083933/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/shaakuntalam-director-gunasekhar-interview-10420781.html |archive-date=25 November 2024 |access-date=1 January 2025 |website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> starring [[Prashanth]], Samyuktha Singh, and [[Raghuvaran]]. The film won three [[Nandi Awards]]. The film was released on 5 November 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laati |url=https://indiancine.ma/AGYG/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250101145237/https://indiancine.ma/AGYG/info |archive-date=1 January 2025 |access-date=1 January 2025 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> It was later dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Dawood Ibrahim''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dawood Ibrahim Tamil Film Audio cassette by Maragathamani ( Oscar award winner MM keeramani) |url=https://mossymart.com/product/dawood-ibrahim-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-maragathamani-oscar-award-winner-mm-keeramani/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417150729/https://mossymart.com/product/dawood-ibrahim-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-maragathamani-oscar-award-winner-mm-keeramani/ |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=1 January 2025 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2025}}
Srinivas is a young boy ([[Prashanth]]) who dreams of becoming a police officer. He eventually joins a police training college and gets posted as a [[Constable|police constable]] in an area, where don Avinash ([[Raghuvaran]]) rules over the area. Srinivas wins over Avinash, encountering ordeals. He falls in love with Sangeetha (played by debutant Samyuktha).Avinash traps Srinivas in a fake case that removes Srinivas from police post. At the end Srinivas strikes back ending Avinash reign as underworld don.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prashanth]] as Srinivas
* Samyuktha Singh as Sangeetha
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Avinash
* [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as Circle Inspector Varma
* [[JD Chakravarthy]] as Ramana
*[[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]] as Babji
* [[Brahmaji]] as Brahmaji
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Gopi
*Vinod Bala as Bhaskar
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Head Constable
*[[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]] as Prithvi
*[[Ravi Teja]] as Avinash's henchman
*[[Narsing Yadav]] as Avinash's goon
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].{{Cn|date=January 2025}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| "Goppa Kathe" || Keeravani
|-
| "Ikkadunnava" || [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
| "Madhura Paragam" || Keeravani
|-
| "Music Bit" ||
|-
| "Parugulu Pette" || Keeravani
|-
| "Parugulu Pette" || [[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]]
|-
| "Ulikipadda Gundelona" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Chitra
|}

== Awards ==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=21 August 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] – Shankar
* [[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Best First Film Director]] – [[Gunasekhar]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] – K. C. Divakar

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{Gunasekhar}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s police films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic action films]]
[[Category:1992 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1992 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gunasekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]

Ennavalle

2026-03-03T04:33:59Z

MonteZaleski33: starting page

{{Short description|2001 film by J. Suresh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ennavale Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[J. Suresh]]
| writer = J. Suresh
| producer = S. Naga Ashok Kumar N. V. Prasad
| starring = [[R. Madhavan]] [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
| cinematography = Ashok Rajan
| editing = V. Jaishankar
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = Sri Saideva Productions
| released = {{film date|df=y|2000|12|21}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Ennavalle''''' ({{translation|Dear Girl}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[J. Suresh]] which stars [[R. Madhavan]] in the lead role. [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] made her Tamil debut through this film. The film also featured [[Manivannan]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]], and [[Charle]] in pivotal roles, while music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]]. The film was released on 21 December 2000 and failed at the box office. Its title is derived from a song from ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' (1994).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2025 |title=Lyricist Vairamuthu criticises Tamil filmmakers for using his verses as film titles without permission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lyricist-vairamuthu-criticises-tamil-filmmakers-for-using-his-verses-as-film-titles-without-permission/article69673753.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250609093054/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lyricist-vairamuthu-criticises-tamil-filmmakers-for-using-his-verses-as-film-titles-without-permission/article69673753.ece |archive-date=9 June 2025 |access-date=9 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=February 2024}}
James Vasanthan and his three friends Ganeshan, Charles, and Mohan, have a music troupe that sings at weddings. They are tenants of Subramani whose daughter Lakshmi shares a good rapport with the youths, helping them in their time of need. Her encouragement puts a new zeal in James, who soon gains recognition as a singer. However, this does not bring any change in the group's lifestyle, for J. Suresh still shows them as strugglers. James finally proposes to Lakshmi who rejects him, as she has her past to reckon with. She is a divorcee, her husband having abandoned her soon after marriage for his girlfriend. When Lakshmi's friend and neighbor Seetha puts some sense into her, she decides to make amends. But misunderstandings pile up between the lovers – the situations are all forced here – until J. Suresh leads the story to a desired happy ending.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Madhavan]] as James Vasanthan
*[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Lakshmi
*[[Manivannan]] as Subramani
*[[Charle]] as Ganeshan
*[[Vaiyapuri]] as Charles
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Mohan
*[[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as Anand
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Neighbour
*[[Venu Arvind]] as Kumar
*[[Kalairani]] as Lakshmi's mother
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Lakshmi's grandmother
*[[Rudra (actress)|Aswini]] as Seetha
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as First House Owner
*[[K. R. Vatsala]]
*[[Kathadi Ramamurthy]]
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]
*[[Crane Manohar]]
*[[Scissor Manohar]]
*[[LIC Narasimhan]]
*[[A. V. Ramanan]]
*[[Pasi Sathya]]
*Jothi
}}

== Production ==
The director [[J. Suresh]] initially approached [[Mani Ratnam]] to produce the film, but Ratnam refused the script. He however introduced Suresh to [[R. Madhavan]], who was signed on to play the lead role.<ref name="Ennavale">{{Cite web |title=Ennavale |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/ennavale.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324015044/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/ennavale.htm |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=Cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref> The film was eventually produced by Sri Sai Deva Productions, a noted Telugu film studio, making their first Tamil film venture. [[Tips Industries]] also entered the Tamil film industry as the soundtrack producers for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How it all began? |url=http://www.rmadhavan.com/filmography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010605223722/http://www.rmadhavan.com/filmography.html |archive-date=5 June 2001 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=rmadhavan.com}}</ref>

The film was tentatively titled ''Sugham'', whilst actress [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] made her debut with the film after calling off schedules for her film, ''[[Virumbugiren]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2000 |title=Masala! |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/07072000/news01.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010515042037/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/07072000/news01.shtml |archive-date=15 May 2001 |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2000 |title=Slap in the face for Kamal |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/18tt.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026011238/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/18tt.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Telugu comedian [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] also made his debut in Tamil films with the project. The film was shot across locations in Kerala, Chennai, Ooty, Hyderabad and Gopichettipalayam and the filming was completed within 18 days.<ref name="Ennavale" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]], with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]] and was released under the [[Tips Industries|Tips]] label in their Tamil debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2000 |title=Ennavale |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ennavale/-6XrdB0LOTU_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026110211/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ennavale/-6XrdB0LOTU_ |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ennavalle.com/trivia.htm|title=Trivia|website=ennavalle.com|archive-date=8 July 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010708011404/http://www.ennavalle.com/trivia.htm|access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref> Venky of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "Madhavan's first movie in Tamil 'Alai Payuthe' and third, 'Minnale' have good songs but unfortunately his second, 'Ennavale', was a big letdown".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venky |title=Music review of 'Ennavale' |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/ennavale.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024013819/http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/ennavale.asp |archive-date=24 October 2004 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;"
|-
! Song title !! Singers
|-
| "Adi Kadhal Enbathu" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| "Chinna Chinna Sugangal" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Krishnaraj
|-
| "Kothu Kottai" || [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|-
| "Ovvoru Padalilum" || [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|-
| "Ra Ra Rajakumara" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| "Ovvoru Padalilum" (sad) || [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Ennavalle'' was released on 21 December 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=என்னவளே / Ennavale (2000) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/ennavale |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221143723/https://screen4screen.com/movies/ennavale |archive-date=21 December 2023 |access-date=23 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "A routine storyline with the first half reminding one of films like '[[Pudhu Vasantham|Puthu Vasantham]]' and the twists and turns already twisted many a time in quite a few recent films, 'Ennavale' gives a sense of déjà vu throughout. There is nothing by way of novelty in script or presentation."<ref name="co">{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Film: Ennavale |url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov88.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511074426/http://archives.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov88.asp |archive-date=11 May 2010 |access-date=13 May 2011 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' critic revealed that the "reeks of melodrama bogs down even a natural performer like Madhavan".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=29 December 2000 |title=Film Review:Ennavale |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/12/29/stories/09290224.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021105094331/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/12/29/stories/09290224.htm |archive-date=5 November 2002 |access-date=19 July 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote if you are looking for solace other than the fact that you can watch it without cringing even if you go with your family, you can only say Madhavan and Sneha's performance.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=14 January 2001 |title=என்னவளே |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-01-14/page/n133/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240223054514/https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-01-14/page/n133/mode/2up |archive-date=23 February 2024 |access-date=19 July 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=132 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film subsequently did not perform well at the box office.<ref name="flop">{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=27 January 2001 |title=On the floors |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/27tamil.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102101302/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/27tamil.htm |archive-date=2 November 2012 |access-date=16 February 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 romance films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by J. Suresh]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

Kiran Hospital

2026-02-24T23:20:15Z

MonteZaleski33: further fix section for consistency and corrected details for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Kiran Hospital
| org_group =
| logo = Kiran logo.jpg
| logo_size = 225
| image =
| image_size = 225
| alt =
| caption =
| coordinates = {{coord| 21.218744 | 72.836676 |type:landmark|display=title,inline|name=Kiran Hospitall}}
| location = [[Surat]]
| region =
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| country = India
| healthcare = 
| funding = Non-profit
| type =
| religious_affiliation =
| affiliation =
| patron =
| network =
| standards =
| emergency = Yes
| beds = 900 <ref name="Kiran Hospital">{{cite news|url=http://kiranhospital.com/index.aspx|title=Kiran Hospital official Website|publisher=Kiran Hospital}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=July 2018}}
| speciality = Multi Super Speciality Hospital
| helipad =
| h1-number =
| h1-length-f =
| h1-length-m =
| h1-surface = 
| founded = 2017
| closed =
| demolished =
| website = {{URL|www.kiranhospital.com}}
| other_links =
| module =
}}
'''Kiran Hospital''' is a [[hospital]] located in [[Katargam, Surat]], [[India]]. The hospital was inaugurated by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Shri Narendra Modi]] on 17 April 2017.<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Modi-may-inaugurate-Patidar-Samajs-hospital-in-city/articleshow/53495246.cms |title=Modi may inaugurate Patidar Samaj's hospital in city |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="financialexpress"/><ref name="narendramodi.in">{{cite news |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-inaugurates-kiran-multispeciality-hospital-in-surat-gujarat-535104 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Kiran Multispeciality Hospital in Surat |publisher=narendramodi.in}}</ref><ref name="News18India">{{cite news |url=https://gujarati.news18.com/news/south-gujarat/surat-gujarati-news-surat-kiran-hospital-nitin-patel-722068.html |title=વડાપ્રધાન નરેન્દ્ર મોદીના હસ્તે અદ્યતન કિરણ હોસ્પિટલનું લોકાપર્ણ |publisher=[[News18 India]]}}</ref> Kiran hospital is managed by Samast Patidar Aarogya Trust (SPAT). The chairman of Kiran hospital is [[Mathur Savani|Mathurbhai M. Savani]].

==Construction==
The hospital was built on a {{cvt|3.53|acre|adj=on}} plot of land in [[Katargam]] area of [[Surat]]. The land for Hospital was allotted by the [[Surat Municipal Corporation|Municipal Corporation of Surat]]. The total cost to build the hospital was Rs 500 crore.<ref name="financialexpress">{{cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-kiran-multispeciality-hospital-in-surat-5-points-you-need-to-know/630493/ |title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Kiran Multispeciality Hospital in Surat |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref><ref name="AbpAsmita">{{cite news |url=https://abpasmita.abplive.in/surat/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-kiran-multispeciality-hospital-148231/#image2 |title=ઇન્ટરનેશનલ સ્તરની સુવિધાઓ ધરાવતી કિરણ હોસ્પિટલ અંદરથી લાગે છે આવી |publisher=[[ABP Asmita]]}}</ref><ref name="Chitralekha">{{cite news |url=http://chitralekha.com/chit/breaking-news/pm-modi-at-the-inauguration-of-the-kiran-hospital-in-surat/ |title=કિરણ હોસ્પિટલની વિશેષતાઓ |publisher=[[Chitralekha (weekly)]]}}</ref><ref name="Phulchhab">{{cite news |url=http://www.phulchhab.com/news/169547|title=સુરતમાં 500 કરોડની હોસ્પિટલનું ઉદ્ઘાટન કરશે વડાપ્રધાન મોદી |publisher=[[Phulchhab]]}}</ref>

==Naming of hospital==
Kiran Gems's Vallabhbhai Patel donated Rs. 52 crores for the christening Kiran Hospital's name. Lavji Daliya, also known as Lavji Badshah donated Rs 11.11 crore for putting up the first brick of the building in his name. Samir Bhansali and his younger brothers donated Rs. 5 cr for construction of the emergency ward of the hospital. [[Savji Dholakia]] and [[Govind Dholakia]] donated Rs 1.2 crore and Rs 0.8 crore respectively for the construction of two floors each in the hospital.<ref name="timesofindia"/><ref name="deshgujarat">{{cite news |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2013/10/21/narendra-modi-to-perform-groundbreaking-of-new-hospital-in-surat/ |title=Modi performed groundbreaking of New Hospital in Surat |publisher=deshgujarat}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.kiranhospital.com/}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Surat]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Healthcare in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2017]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

Fahadh Faasil

2026-02-24T12:07:47Z

MonteZaleski33: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Indian actor and producer (born 1982)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Fahadh|Faasil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Fahadh Faasil
| image = Fahadh Faasil 2019.jpg
| caption = Fahadh in 2019
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|08|08}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-fahadh-faasil-lesser-known-facts-about-the-finest-actor/photostory/77415219.cms|title=Happy Birthday Fahadh Faasil: Lesser known facts about the finest actor|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 August 2020|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201035024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-fahadh-faasil-lesser-known-facts-about-the-finest-actor/photostory/77415219.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| other_names = {{Hlist | FaFa<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/entertainment-news-they-call-him-fafa/304749
|title=They call him FaFa : Meet Fahadh Faasil and Friends
|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]
|accessdate=16 July 2021
|archive-date=29 April 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429215822/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/entertainment-news-they-call-him-fafa/304749
|url-status=live
}}</ref> | Shaanu}}
| birth_place = [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[Sanatana Dharma College|Sanatana Dharma College, Alappuzha]]
* [[University of Miami]]
}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer}}
| years_active = 2002–present
| works = [[Fahadh Faasil filmography|Full list]]
| organization = {{Plainlist|
* [[Fahadh Faasil filmography#Producer|Fahadh Faasil and Friends]]
* [[Dileesh Pothan#As producer|Bhavana Studios]]
}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Nazriya Nazim]]|2014-2025}}
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Fahadh Faasil|Full list]]
| father = [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]
| family = [[List of South Indian film families#Fazil family|Fazil family]]
}}

'''Abdul Hameed Mohammed Fahad Fazil''' (born 8 August 1982), professionally known as '''Fahadh Faasil''', is an Indian actor and producer who primarily works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Kollywood|Tamil]] films. Noted for his diverse portrayals,<ref name="Fahadh G.O.A.T.">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=Anatomy of three scenes that make Fahadh Faasil an absolute GOAT |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/anatomy-of-three-scenes-fahadh-faasil-absolute-goat-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-kumbalangi-nights-njan-prakashan-8877780/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510021339/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/anatomy-of-three-scenes-fahadh-faasil-absolute-goat-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-kumbalangi-nights-njan-prakashan-8877780/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-27 |title=Indian cinema's maverick man: Fahadh Faasil does it again |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/indian-cinema-s-maverick-man-fahadh-faasil-does-it-again-101714210068555-amp.html |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712021339/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/indian-cinema-s-maverick-man-fahadh-faasil-does-it-again-101714210068555-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Fahadh is considered among the finest actors of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=12 August 2021 |title=Is Fahadh Faasil India's finest actor |author=Subhash K Jha |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/special/is-fahadh-faasil-indias-finest-actor/20210810.htm |website=Rediff.com |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921021339/https://m.rediff.com/movies/special/is-fahadh-faasil-indias-finest-actor/20210810.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=30 June 2022 |title=Reasons why Kamal Haasan believes that Fahadh Faasil is one of the finest actors in the film industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/reasons-why-kamal-haasan-believes-that-fahadh-faasil-is-one-of-the-finest-actors-in-the-film-industry/photostory/91958896.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116021339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/reasons-why-kamal-haasan-believes-that-fahadh-faasil-is-one-of-the-finest-actors-in-the-film-industry/photostory/91958896.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the highest-paid and most popular Malayalam actors,<ref name="highest-paid 1" /><ref name="highest-paid 2" /> Fahadh is a recipient of several accolades including a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]], four [[Kerala State Film Awards]] and four [[Filmfare Awards South]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.myworldofmovies.in/2013/03/fahadh-fazils-amazing-second-innings.html |title=Fahad Fazil's Amazing Second Innings |access-date=20 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118123926/http://www.myworldofmovies.in/2013/03/fahadh-fazils-amazing-second-innings.html |archive-date=18 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Born to filmmaker [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]], Fahadh began his career at the age of 20 with his father's 2002 romantic film ''[[Kaiyethum Doorath]]'', which was a critical and commercial failure. Post a hiatus of seven years, Fahadh returned to films with the anthology ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' (2009) and attained public attention for his role in the thrillers ''[[Chaappa Kurishu]]'' (2011) and ''[[Akam (film)|Akam]]'' (2011), winning the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor]] for both these films.

Fahadh further achieved critical acclaim and commercial success with the thriller ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' (2012), romantic-dramas ''[[Diamond Necklace (film)|Diamond Necklace]]'' (2012) and ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]'' (2013), black-comedy ''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]'' (2013), adventure drama ''[[North 24 Kaatham]]'' (2013), drama ''[[Artist (film)|Artist]]'' (2013), and the romantic-comedy ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakadha]]'' (2013). While, ''22 Female Kottayam'' and ''North 24 Kaatham'' won him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam]], ''Artist'' and ''North 24 Kaatham'' won him the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] .<ref>{{Cite book|title=Positions|date=2002|publisher=Continuum|isbn=0-8264-5992-7|oclc=959394212}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Fahad-Lal-Ann-Shyamaprasad-Take-State-Laurels-CR-No.89-is-Best-Film/2014/04/20/article2178594.ece|date=20 April 2014|title=Fahad, Lal, Ann, Shyamaprasad Take State Laurels; CR No.89 is Best Film|author=Express News Service|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314152844/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Fahad-Lal-Ann-Shyamaprasad-Take-State-Laurels-CR-No.89-is-Best-Film/2014/04/20/article2178594.ece|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following this, he starred in one of the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films]], the coming-of-age drama ''[[Bangalore Days]]'' (2014).

Along with few box office failures, Fahadh continued to earn praises for his portrayals in the comedy-drama ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' (2016), survival thriller ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'' (2017), crime drama ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'' (2017), which won him the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and his third Filmfare Best Actor – Malayalam award, satirical comedy ''[[Njan Prakashan]]'' (2018), action thriller ''[[Varathan]]'' (2018) and crime drama ''[[Joji (film)|Joji]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf# | title=64th National Film Awards, 2016 | publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] | date=April 2017 | access-date=9 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf | archive-date=6 June 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Fahadh has since earned national recognition with his performance in the drama ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' (2019), political thriller ''[[Malik (film)|Malik]]'' (2021), action thriller ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022) and action comedy ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fahadh Faasil powers 'Malik'|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/fahadh-faasil-powers-malik/cid/1823144|access-date=2021-07-20|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719215328/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/fahadh-faasil-powers-malik/cid/1823144|url-status=live}}</ref>

Fahadh is a celebrity endorser for several brands and products and is a philanthropist. Fahadh is married to actress [[Nazriya Nazim]]. He co-owns the production company Fahadh Faasil and Friends with his wife and has a digital entertainment company named Bhavana Studios, co-partnered with [[Dileesh Pothan]] and [[Syam Pushkaran]].

==Early life and background==
Fahadh Faasil was born as Abdul Hameed Mohammed Fahad Fazil,<ref>{{cite web|title=Fahadh Faasil: 5 films that will make you a fan of the 'Pushpa' villain|date=9 June 2022|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/fahadh-faasil-5-films-that-will-make-you-a-fan-of-the-pushpa-villain/cid/1869090|work=The Telegraph India|access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref> on 8 August 1982,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Fahadh-Fazil-celebrates-birthday-with-Nazriya-Nazim/articleshow/39881644.cms |title=Fahadh Fazil celebrates birthday with Nazriya Nazim |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112225925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Fahadh-Fazil-celebrates-birthday-with-Nazriya-Nazim/articleshow/39881644.cms |archive-date=12 November 2017 |url-status=live |last1=Pillai |first1=Radhika C. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nazriya's birthday party for hubby Fahadh {{!}} Video|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/08/08/fahadh-fazil-birthday-with-nazriya.html|access-date=8 August 2018|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808115138/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/08/08/fahadh-fazil-birthday-with-nazriya.html|archive-date=8 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], to film director [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] and his wife, Rozina.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/23/stories/2005122301990100.htm|title=His experiments with cinema|author=Prema Manmadhan|date=23 December 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203235735/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/23/stories/2005122301990100.htm|archive-date=3 December 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref> He has two sisters, Ahameda and Fatima, and a brother, [[Farhaan Faasil|Farhaan]], who is also an actor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Im-scared-of-being-compared-to-Fahadh-says-Farhaan-Faasil/articleshow/28952644.cms|title=I'm scared of being compared to Fahadh : says actor Farhaan Faasil|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-28|archive-date=6 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206015902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Im-scared-of-being-compared-to-Fahadh-says-Farhaan-Faasil/articleshow/28952644.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="merepix.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.merepix.com/2013/04/malayalam-actor-fahad-fazil-fahadh-faasil-family-pics.html|title=Malayalam Actor Fahad Fazil (Fahadh Faasil) Family Pics|access-date=20 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109052725/http://www.merepix.com/2013/04/malayalam-actor-fahad-fazil-fahadh-faasil-family-pics.html|archive-date=9 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Fahadh completed his schooling from SDV Central School [[Alappuzha]], [[Lawrence School, Lovedale|Lawrence School Ooty]] and Choice School [[Tripunithura]]. He went on to pursue his [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor's]] from [[Sanatana Dharma College|SD College]], [[Alappuzha]] and [[Master of Arts|Masters]] in [[philosophy]] from [[University of Miami]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/second-innings/article2320287.ece|date=4 August 2011|title=Second innings|author=Nita Sathyendran|work=The Hindu|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530154613/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/second-innings/article2320287.ece|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fahadh Faasil|date=20 December 2019|url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/people/men-of-the-year-2019-the-man-on-a-mission-fahadh-faasil/|work=Man's World India|access-date=21 November 2022|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203174029/https://www.mansworldindia.com/people/men-of-the-year-2019-the-man-on-a-mission-fahadh-faasil/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Debut, sabbatical and breakthrough (2002–2012) ===
Fahadh made his screen debut in 2002, with his father's ''[[Kaiyethum Doorath]]'', opposite [[Nikita Thukral]], under the stage name of Shaanu. The film was a failure at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-new-generation-hero/article3782598.ece|title=The new generation hero|author=Vijay George|work=The Hindu|date=17 August 2012|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-date=5 November 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141105144042/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-new-generation-hero/article3782598.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/after-marriage-my-priority-is-family-fahad-fazil-114020800703_1.html|title=After marriage my priority is family: Fahad Fazil|newspaper=Business Standard India|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|date=8 February 2014|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105134819/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/after-marriage-my-priority-is-family-fahad-fazil-114020800703_1.html|archive-date=5 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Regarding his performance, a critic of ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Shaanu oozes charm and suits the character of Sachin but he has to work hard on his dancing".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kai-ethum-doorathu-review-malayalam-pclut0jbajfgi.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325072841/https://www.sify.com/movies/kai-ethum-doorathu-review-malayalam-pclut0jbajfgi.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 March 2022 | title=Kai Ethum Doorathu |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Post the film's failure, Fahadh stated, "don't blame my father for my failure because it was my mistake and I came into acting without any preparation of my own."<ref>[http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/i-failed-in-my-first-attempt-not-my-father-fahad-624903 "I failed in my first attempt, not my father: Fahad"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105153502/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/i-failed-in-my-first-attempt-not-my-father-fahad-624903 |date=5 November 2014 }}. NDTV (7 May 2012). Retrieved 13 June 2012.</ref> Following this Fahadh took a hiatus from acting and moved to [[United States]] for five years, where he pursued his studies.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/second-innings/article2320287.ece "Second innings"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530154613/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/second-innings/article2320287.ece |date=30 May 2013 }}. The Hindu. Retrieved 23 March 2013</ref> Fahadh returned to films in 2009 with ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'', an anthology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article519897.ece|title=Fahad Fazil, actor|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=5 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221160553/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article519897.ece|archive-date=21 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> At director [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]'s behest, [[Uday Ananthan]] cast Fahadh in his ''Mrityunjayam'', one of the 10 shorts in the film, where he played a journalist.<ref name="Hindu">[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2318800.ece "Second innings"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607125715/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2318800.ece |date=7 June 2012 }}. ''The Hindu'' (3 August 2011). Retrieved 13 June 2012.</ref>

The following year in 2010, Fahadh first appeared in ''[[Pramani]]'', which received mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pramani-review-malayalam-14936620.html |title=Movie Review : Pramani |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810031847/http://www.sify.com/movies/pramani-review-malayalam-14936620.html |archive-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He then played a construction firm owner in ''[[Cocktail (2010 film)|Cocktail]]'', which emerged a sleeper hit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/top-10-malayalam-actors-of-2010-imagegallery-malayalam-km4lKwadegb.html#galname |title=Top 10 Malayalam actors of 2010 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101150834/http://www.sify.com/movies/top-10-malayalam-actors-of-2010-imagegallery-malayalam-km4lKwadegb.html#galname |archive-date=1 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101027085045/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14958397&ctid=5&cid=2428 Sify review]</ref> In ''[[Tournament (film)|Tournament]]'', Fahadh played an aspiring cricketer, in his first lead role post his debut. Critics found his performance to be "polished".<ref>{{Cite web |title= Review: Tournament is a crass comedy |url= https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-tournament/20101227.htm |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210126052508/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-tournament/20101227.htm |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=3 February 2022 |website= Rediff.com}}</ref> Fahadh had only one film release in 2011. He played the head of a construction business, in ''[[Chaappa Kurishu]]'' opposite [[Remya Nambeesan]].<ref>Keerthy Ramachandran. Chappa Kurish was a turning point film in his career (18 July 2011). chalPp [http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/%E2%80%98risque%E2%80%99-taking-remya-nambeesan-373 'Risque'-taking Remya Nambeesan"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011131133/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/%E2%80%98risque%E2%80%99-taking-remya-nambeesan-373 |date=11 October 2012 }}. ''Deccan Chronicle''. Retrieved 19 July 2011.</ref> The film was a success and earned him the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor]] along with a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam]] nomination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/malayalam-directors-usher-new-cinematic-language-860 |title=Malayalam directors usher in a new cinematic language |access-date=29 August 2012 |archive-date=1 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601001255/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/malayalam-directors-usher-new-cinematic-language-860 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Filmfare Editorial |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list) |url=http://filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |work=Filmfare |publisher=Times Internet Limited |access-date=20 July 2012 |date=9 July 2012 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712073106/http://filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Keerthy Ramachandran of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' was appreciative of his performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/chappa-kurishu-engrossing-thriller-239 |title=Chappa Kurishu: Engrossing thriller |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |accessdate=16 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921041527/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/chappa-kurishu-engrossing-thriller-239 |archivedate=21 September 2011 }}</ref>

The year 2012 marked a turning point in Fahadh's career. He first played an actor in ''[[Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar]]'', which was an average grosser at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Look: Padmasree Bharat Dr Saroj Kumar |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-padmasree-bharat-dr-saroj-kumar/20111011.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |accessdate=11 October 2011 |archive-date=12 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012061127/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-padmasree-bharat-dr-saroj-kumar/20111011.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In his next film, ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'', Fahadh played a travel agency worker who cheats his lover opposite [[Rima Kallingal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-14 |title=Revisiting Rima Kallingal's 22 Female Kottayam: An uncompromising film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/rima-kallingal-celebrates-10-years-of-22-female-kottayam-7869055/ |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901131801/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/rima-kallingal-celebrates-10-years-of-22-female-kottayam-7869055/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film earned him his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam]] and became a major box office success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Mollywoods-small-budget-films-that-did-big-wonders-at-the-box-office/photostory/53020290.cms|title=Mollywood's small-budget films that did big wonders at the box office|work=The Times of India|date=2 July 2016|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-date=4 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804143850/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Mollywoods-small-budget-films-that-did-big-wonders-at-the-box-office/photostory/53020290.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Year of small films at southern box-office|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/year-of-small-films-at-southern-box-office_125047.html|agency=[[Zee News]]|author=IANS|date=25 December 2012|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225839/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/year-of-small-films-at-southern-box-office_125047.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic of ''[[News18]]'' noted, "Fahadh shines as a lovable young entrepreneur in a woman oriented film, pulling off a difficult character with reasonable ease."<ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/india/malayalam-review-22-female-kottayam-is-excellent-475683.html Malayalam Review: '22 Female Kottayam' is excellent] ''News18'' Retrieved 29 November 2012</ref> Fahadh then played an oncologist working in Dubai in ''[[Diamond Necklace (film)|Diamond Necklace]]'' opposite [[Anusree]].<ref name=Times>[https://archive.today/20130103125306/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-24/news-interviews/31392122_1_mollywood-intimate-scenes-upcoming-flick "Fahadh Fazil making waves in Mollywood"]. ''The Times of India'' (24 April 2012). Retrieved 13 June 2012.</ref> The film became another commercial success for him that year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the top five show stealers of 2012 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Meet-the-top-five-show-stealers-of-2012/articleshow/17598509.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network |date=14 December 2012 |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614091036/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Meet-the-top-five-show-stealers-of-2012/articleshow/17598509.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A ''[[NDTV]]'' critic termed his performance "outstanding".<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/movie-review-diamond-necklace-604900 Movie Review: Diamond Necklace] ''NDTV'' Retrieved 26 December 2012</ref> In June 2012, a case was registered against Fahadh by the [[Kochi]] Town Central Police for violation of the rule against public display of images of smoking. A poster of ''Diamond Necklace'' that showed him smoking a cigarette had been on display before the Kavitha Theatre in Kochi since the film was released.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3530653.ece "Case against actor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032022/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3530653.ece |date=21 May 2014 }}. ''The Hindu'' (15 June 2012). Retrieved 15 June 2012.</ref> His final film of the year, ''[[Friday (2012 film)|Friday]]'' had him play an auto rickshaw driver.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180511082417/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/fahadh-fasil%e2%80%99s-friday-release-august-18-708 "Fahadh Fasil's Friday to release on August 18"]</ref> The film became an average success and a critic of ''[[The Times of India]]'' found him to be "pleasing and stirring".<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/friday/movie-review/15555639.cms Friday Malayalam Movie Review]</ref><ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/friday-another-with-multi-narrative-aspect/259148-71-210.html "Friday: Another with multi-narrative aspect"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203232618/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/friday-another-with-multi-narrative-aspect/259148-71-210.html |date=3 February 2015 }}. IBN Live. Retrieved 24 February 2015.</ref>

=== Established actor and critical acclaim (2013–2017) ===
Fahadh established himself among the leading Malayalam actors with his twelve film releases in 2013, earning commercial and critical success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/02/08/fahadh-faasil-malayalam-movies-hero-villain-roles.html |title=How Fahadh Faasil broke the hero stereotypes in Malayalam |date=11 December 2020 |accessdate=19 December 2020 |work=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> ''[[Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla]]'', ''[[Red Wine (2013 film)|Red Wine]]'', ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'', ''[[Olipporu]]'' and ''[[D Company (2013 film)|D Company]]'' were average successes, while ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]'', ''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]'', ''[[Immanuel (film)|Immanuel]]'', ''[[Akam (film)|Akam]]'', ''[[Artist (film)|Artist]]'', ''[[North 24 Kaatham]]'' and ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakadha]]'' were commercial successes, ranking among the year's highest grossing films.<ref>Deepa Gauri. The best of Malayalam cinema in 2013 26 December 2013 ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2013/December/citytimes_December198.xml&section=citytimes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102124957/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Fcitytimes%2F2013%2FDecember%2Fcitytimes_December198.xml&section=citytimes|date=2 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="BO">{{cite news|last=Pudippedi|first=Haricharan|title=Comedies reaped gold for southern cinema (2013 In Retrospect)|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/comedies-reaped-gold-for-southern-cinema-2013-in-retrospect-113121700305_1.html|accessdate=16 July 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=17 December 2013|archive-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816185518/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/comedies-reaped-gold-for-southern-cinema-2013-in-retrospect-113121700305_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam-cinema-first-half-of-2013-progress-report-news-malayalam-nhgry4ccbfg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708062540/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam-cinema-first-half-of-2013-progress-report-news-malayalam-nhgry4ccbfg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-07-08|title=Malayalam cinema – First Half of 2013 Progress Report|work=Sify}}</ref> Fahadh first played a Muslim taxi driver in love with a Christian girl in ''Annayum Rasoolum'', opposite [[Andrea Jeremiah]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Shedde|first=Meenakshi|title=Forbes India Magazine - 5 Indian films to look forward to|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/special/5-indian-films-to-look-forward-to/34413/1|work=[[Forbes India]]|access-date=7 October 2019|date=2 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malayalam film Annayum Rasoolum's great response |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/malayalam-film-annayum-rasoolums-great-response-533137.html |access-date=7 July 2016 |work=News18 |date=23 January 2013}}</ref> Anil R. Nair stated that Fahadh's super brilliant performance stands out.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Anil R. |title='Annayum Rasoolum' (Malayalam) |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1435853.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302181528/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1435853.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=15 July 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=31 January 2013}}</ref> He next played dual characters in ''Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla'' opposite [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]], which received mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web|title= VK Prakash's 'Netholi Oru Cheriya Meenala' goes on floor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/VK-Prakashs-Netholi-Oru-Cheriya-Meenala-goes-on-floor/articleshow/17333852.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126051832/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/news-and-interviews/35318208_1_fahadh-faasil-mollywood-poppins|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013|work= [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 6 February 2013 }}</ref> In ''Red Wine'', he played a leftist party local secretary.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130213200822/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/red-wine-malayalam-movie-is-set-to-be-released-on-march-22/371372-71-210.html Red Wine – Release]</ref> Several critics praised his "excellent screen presence".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130326144534/http://www.sify.com/movies/red-wine-review-malayalam-15023973.html "Movie Review:Red Wine"] ''[[Sify]]''</ref> Then, he played a saxophonist in love with a rich girl opposite [[Swathi Reddy]] in ''Amen''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/shotcuts-amen-to-that/article3987946.ece |title=Shotcuts: Amen to that |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 October 2012 |accessdate=22 October 2012 |location=Chennai, India |first=Nita |last=Sathyendran}}</ref> Critics found Fahadh "versatile" and "impactful".<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-amen-is-brilliant/20130325.htm "Amen is brilliant"] ''[[Rediff]]''. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.</ref> Fahadh played an insurance company owner in his next, ''Immanuel'', which received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news|title=On Location: Immanuel - Money matters|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/on-location-immanuel-money-matters/article4364416.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fahadh not a villain in Lal Jose's 'Emmanuel'|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130129/entertainment-mollywood/article/fahadh-not-villain-lal-jose%E2%80%99s-emmanuel|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130408225111/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130129/entertainment-mollywood/article/fahadh-not-villain-lal-jose%E2%80%99s-emmanuel|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2013|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref> Later, in ''Akam'', he played an architect who suspect his wife to be a [[yakshi]], opposite [[Anumol]].<ref>Saraswathy Nagarajan (25 May 2012). [http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3455752.ece "Shanghai beckons"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 15 December 2012.</ref> The film won him the Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala State film awards announced!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-state-film-awards-announced-news-malayalam-mhtosqhaceisi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520125515/http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-state-film-awards-announced-news-malayalam-mhtosqhaceisi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2018|access-date=2021-07-18|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> A critic stated, "Fahadh has very little space to emote, yet he overpowers a much-needed deficiency to startling effect."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Akam Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/akam/movie-review/19765011.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Following this, Fahadh played a businessman opposite [[Asmita Sood]] in the anthology film, ''5 Sundarikal''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Vijay George |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fab-5/article4765885.ece |title=Fab 5 |work=The Hindu|date=2013-05-30 |access-date=2013-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Rima-Fahadh-in-Anwar-Rasheeds-love-anthology/articleshow/18445720.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104165453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/news-and-interviews/37039894_1_fahadh-faasil-anthology-debutants |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-11-04 |title=Fahadh in Anwar Rasheed's love anthology|date=2013-02-12 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-04-12}}</ref> A ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' critic noted that his "presence and the philosophical touch" gives the anthology an edge over others.<ref>{{cite web|author=Vijay George |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/Jul/06/anchu-sundarikal-malayalam-494005.html |title=Anchu Sundarikal (Malayalam) |work=The New Indian Express|date=2013-07-06 |access-date=2013-11-19}}</ref> His next film, ''Olipporu'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/olipporu-review-malayalam-15037118.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829001152/http://www.sify.com/movies/olipporu-review-malayalam-15037118.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-29|title=Olipporu|accessdate=2014-09-29|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Fahadh received the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] for his performance in ''Artist'' and ''North 24 Kaatham''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala State Film Awards: Fahadh Faasil, Joju George, and Biju Menon in the final run for best actor |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kerala-state-film-awards-fahadh-faasil-joju-george-and-biju-menon-in-the-final-run-for-best-actor/articleshow/91832840.cms |access-date=2023-02-07 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207212402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kerala-state-film-awards-fahadh-faasil-joju-george-and-biju-menon-in-the-final-run-for-best-actor/articleshow/91832840.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Artist'', he played a fine arts student opposite [[Ann Augustine]].<ref>{{cite news
| author= P. Anima
| date= 6 September 2013
| title= Being an artist
| newspaper= The Hindu
| location= [[Kozhikode]]
| url= http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/being-an-artist/article5100677.ece
| accessdate=14 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| author= Parvathy S Nayar
| date= 20 February 2013
| title= Shyamaprasad begins filming Artist
| location=
| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-20/news-and-interviews/37199282_1_fahadh-faasil-ann-augustine-shyamaprasad
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131123170925/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-20/news-and-interviews/37199282_1_fahadh-faasil-ann-augustine-shyamaprasad
| url-status= dead
| archive-date= 23 November 2013
| newspaper= The Times of India
| accessdate=14 September 2013}}</ref> Paresh C Palicha noted, "Fahadh who has created a niche for himself by portraying characters with grey shades, has one more winner in this."<ref>{{cite web
| author= Paresh C. Palicha
| date= 2 September 2013
| title= Review: Malayalam movie Artist is worth a watch
| location=
| work=Rediff.com
| url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-malayalam-movie-artist-is-worth-a-watch/20130902.htm
| accessdate=14 September 2013}}</ref> Post this, Fahadh played an IT professional opposite Swathi Reddy in ''North 24 Kaatham''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/north-24-kaatham-review-malayalam-15038577.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919051634/http://www.sify.com/movies/north-24-kaatham-review-malayalam-15038577.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-09-19 |title=Movie Review : North 24 Kaatham |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2013-10-14}}</ref> The film earned him another Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam and Meenakshi D Sivan of ''[[Film Companion]]'' noted: "Fahadh fits into this role brilliantly, his mouth sealed as though for eternity and his face drained of the last trace of tenderness. He redeems a flawed plot with a restraint so natural to him."<ref>{{cite news|title=North 24 Kaatham: Fahadh Faasil's Performance Redeems a Flawed Plot|accessdate=15 September 2014|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/fahadh-faasil-north-24-kaatham-review-performance-redeems-a-flawed-plot-swathi-reddy|work=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-awards-malayalam-winners-from-1972-to-1982 | title=Filmfare Awards Malayalam Winners from 1972 to 1982 | date=August 2024 |accessdate=10 September 2024 |work=Filmfare}}</ref> After this success, he played a doctor in the segment ''The Day of Judgement'', of the film ''D Company'' opposite [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]]. The film received mixed to positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Fahadh-to-play-an-action-hero/articleshow/20043883.cms |title=Fahadh to play an action hero |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 May 2013 |access-date=24 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629031742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Fahadh-to-play-an-action-hero/articleshow/20043883.cms |archive-date=29 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-03/news-and-interviews/40350890_1_m-padmakumar-oru-bolivian-diary-diphan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709200750/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-03/news-and-interviews/40350890_1_m-padmakumar-oru-bolivian-diary-diphan|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2013|title=D Company to hit the screens sans superstars|access-date=27 January 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In his last release of the year, ''Oru Indian Pranayakadha'', Fahadh played a young politician opposite [[Amala Paul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/fahadh-faasil-oru-indian-pranayakadha-aymanam-siddharthan-a-beginning-to-the-fafa-phenomenon|title=Aymanam Sidharthan in Oru Indian Pranayakadha: A beginning to the FaFa phenomenon|work=Film Companion|date=18 April 2021 |accessdate=27 November 2021}}</ref><ref>Vijay George (10 October 2013). [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/on-location-the-politics-of-romance/article5221090.ece/ "On location: The politics of romance"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 21 December 2013.</ref> A critic of ''[[Gulf News]]'' called him "versatile" and added that he was "at ease" while playing the character.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/movie-reviews/review-oru-indian-pranayakatha-malayalam-1.1283454|title=Movie Review: Oru Indian Pranayakatha (Malayalam)|work=Gulf News|date=29 January 2014 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>

Fahadh had five film released in 2014. He first played a circle Inspector in ''[[1 by Two]]'', which earned mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite news|title=One by Two Movie Review-Critic Review of One by Two by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/one-by-two/movie-review/33993019.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Fahadh next appeared as an expatriate opposite [[Isha Talwar]] in ''[[God's Own Country (2014 film)|God's Own Country]]'', which was an average grosser.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/gods-own-country-review-malayalam-pcmbqrbjigajc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125114439/https://www.sify.com/movies/gods-own-country-review-malayalam-pcmbqrbjigajc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2022|title = God?s Own Country|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> Paresh C Palicha found him "stiff and unimpressive".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-gods-own-country-is-cliched-and-predictable-south/20140512.htm|title = Review: God's Own Country is cliched and predictable}}</ref> Later in ''[[Bangalore Days]]'', Fahadh portrayed a workaholic corporate executive opposite [[Nazriya Nazim]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/funny-real-and-surprising-why-bangalore-days-rare-urban-entertainer-71067|work=The News Minute|title=Funny, real, and surprising: Why 'Bangalore Days' is a rare urban entertainer|date=4 November 2017 |accessdate=24 November 2017}}</ref> The film emerged as one of the [[List of highest grossing Malayalam films|highest grossing Malayalam films]] of all time and gained a [[cult]] status.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anjali Menon's 'Bangalore Days' creates history at the box office|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anjali-menons-bangalore-days-creates-history-1562751.html|work=Firstpost|date=9 June 2014|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605090411/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anjali-menons-bangalore-days-creates-history-1562751.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=10 Malayalam films to watch before you die|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-malayalam-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/48436103.cms|access-date=2021-07-18|website=The Times of India|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610062710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-malayalam-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/48436103.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Aswin J Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that Fahadh's performance was "strikingly intense", while ''[[Sify]]'' found him to be in "full form" in his best role of the year.<ref>Aswin J Kumar (1 June 2014). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/35888896.cms "Bangalore Days-Review"]. ''The Times of India''.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140530224204/http://www.sify.com/movies/bangalore-days-review-a-joyous-trip-you-musn-t-miss-review-malayalam-15056866.html "Bangalore Days review: A joyous trip you musn’t miss!"]. Sify. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.</ref> It earned him another Filmfare Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam nomination.<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=27 June 2015 |date=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092825/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> Following this, he played a former naval officer in his co-production ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'', opposite [[Isha Sharvani]], a box office success.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Fahadh-will-now-woo-Isha-Sharvani/articleshow/30795697.cms |title=Fahadh Faasil will now woo Isha Sharvani |work=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=21 February 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref> Mythily Ramachandran of ''[[Gulf News]]'' termed him "brilliant" as the quiet yet determined Aloshy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/movie-reviews/review-iyobinte-pusthakam-is-sheer-poetry-1.1424340 |title=Review: 'Iyobinte Pusthakam' is sheer poetry |work=Gulf News |date=9 December 2014 |access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> ''[[Money Ratnam]]'' was his year's final release, where he played a sales manager opposite [[Nivetha Thomas]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/santosh-nair-to-make-debut-with-money-ratnam/article6317115.ece|title=Diamond in the rough|author=Vijay George|work=The Hindu|date=14 August 2014 |accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref> Pramod Thomas praised his character and noted that he carriers the film "single-handedly".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/An-Engaging-Comic-Outing/2014/09/28/article2453058.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928142433/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/An-Engaging-Comic-Outing/2014/09/28/article2453058.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2014|title=An Engaging Comic Outing|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>

Fahadh's three releases of 2015, were average grosser at the box office – ''[[Mariyam Mukku]]'', ''[[Haram (film)|Haram]]'' and ''[[Ayal Njanalla]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-highest-grossing-mollywood-films-worldwide-2018-tops-with-143-crores-in-20-days-1222765|title=Top highest grossing Mollywood films worldwide; 2018 tops with 143 crores in 20 days|date=25 May 2023|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref> In ''Mariyam Mukku'', he played a fisherman opposite [[Sana Althaf]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Fahadh-will-play-a-fisherman-in-his-next/articleshow/43427395.cms | title=Fahadh will play a fisherman in his next | date=26 September 2014 | agency=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=2 January 2015 | author=Radhika C. Pillai}}</ref> Fahadh played a speech trainer whose wife wants a divorce, in ''Haram'' opposite [[Radhika Apte]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Reality-Check/2015/02/12/article2663975.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214184155/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Reality-Check/2015/02/12/article2663975.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2015|title=Reality Check|publisher=}}</ref> Asha Prakash of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that he has put his heart and soul into the character.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Haram/movie-review/46329925.cms|title=Haram Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> In his final film of the year ''Ayal Njanalla'', Fahadh played a man struggling with mistaken identity opposite [[Mrudula Murali]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Radhika Pillai|title=Mrudula Murali, Fahadh Faasil to act in Ayal Njanalla|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mrudula-Murali-Fahadh-Faasil-to-act-in-Ayal-Njanalla/articleshow/45402997.cms|accessdate=25 January 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 December 2014|archive-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226144117/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mrudula-Murali-Fahadh-Faasil-to-act-in-Ayal-Njanalla/articleshow/45402997.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Reviewer Deepa Soman stated, "The movie is watchable due to Fahad’s acting, some attempts to create refreshing comic situations, enjoyable dialogues and impressive one-liners."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/ayal-njanalla/movie-review/48316084.cms|title=Ayal Njanalla Movie Review|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2016, Fahadh's first release, ''[[Monsoon Mangoes]]'' failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palicha |first=Paresh C. |title=Review: Monsoon Mangoes is pretentious |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-monsoon-mangoes-is-pretentious-/20160118.htm |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505043455/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-monsoon-mangoes-is-pretentious-/20160118.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He played an ambitious filmmaker opposite [[Iswarya Menon]], Cris from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' found his performance "unconvincing".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-01-16 |title=Movie Review 'Monsoon Mangoes': More about characters than content |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/mollywood/160116/movie-review-monsoon-mangoes-more-about-characters-than-content.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504165747/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/mollywood/160116/movie-review-monsoon-mangoes-more-about-characters-than-content.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Fahadh then played a photographer in ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'', opposite [[Aparna Balamurali]], which became a major commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2019-12-19|title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade: 'Premam', 'Maheshinte Prathikaram', 'Kumbalangi Nights' and more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|access-date=2021-07-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nair|first=Sreehari|title=Seeing Red at the Malayalam Movies|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/seeing-red-at-the-movies/20160601.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=23 June 2016|date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613194423/http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/seeing-red-at-the-movies/20160601.htm|archive-date=13 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Deepa Gauri of ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' noted, "Fahadh's performance is top-notch. He outshines the other in his 'natural-ness' quotient."<ref>{{cite news|last=Gauri|first=Deepa|title=Maheshinte Prathikaram: Endearing simplicity|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/movie-reviews/maheshinte-prathikaram-endearing-simplicity|access-date=25 June 2016|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624184223/http://khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/movie-reviews/maheshinte-prathikaram-endearing-simplicity|archive-date=24 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Mythily Ramachandran stated, "Fahadh, not new to playing the common man, effortlessly brings out the highs and lows of Mahesh’s life."<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Mythily|title=Review: 'Maheshinte Prathikaaram'|url=http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/reviews/review-maheshinte-prathikaaram-1.1691747|access-date=25 June 2016|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405092739/http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/reviews/review-maheshinte-prathikaaram-1.1691747|archive-date=5 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> His performance earned him his third Filmfare Best Actor – Malayalam nomination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/64th-filmfare-awards-south-2017-full-nominations-list-983224-2017-06-17|title=64th Filmfare Awards South 2017 Nominations|website=India Today|date=17 June 2017|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218143346/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/64th-filmfare-awards-south-2017-full-nominations-list-983224-2017-06-17|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Fahadh appeared in four films, ''[[Role Models (2017 film)|Role Models]]'', ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'', ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'' and ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'', of which the latter three were major commercial successes.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sudhi|first1=C.J.|title=Where is Malayalam cinema headed? 12 reasons to cheer.|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/08/03/malayalam-top-movies-box-office-collection-report.html|accessdate=14 August 2017|newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=4 August 2017|archive-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815023928/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/08/03/malayalam-top-movies-box-office-collection-report.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''Take Off'', Fahadh played an IFS officer in Iraq. [[Sowmya Rajendran]] stated that his soulful eyes and understated performance complemented the storytelling.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Suresh|first1=Meera|title=''Take Off'' is a thriller, but with emotions|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/feb/21/take-off-is-a-thriller-but-with-emotions-1572765.html|access-date=25 February 2017|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/review-take-powerful-film-based-real-events-iraq-under-isis-must-watch-59196|title=Review: "Take Off", a powerful film based on real events in Iraq under the ISIS is a must-watch|date=24 March 2017}}</ref> His next film, ''Role Models'' opposite [[Namitha Pramod]] garned mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sidhardhan|first1=Sanjith|title=Fahadh's Role Model starts shooting|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Fahadhs-Role-Model-starts-shooting/articleshow/55116190.cms|accessdate=11 December 2016|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 October 2016}}</ref> Fahadh then played a thief in ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'', one of his career's most notable role, which won him the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and his third Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thondimuthalum-drisksakshiyum-releases-on-jun-30-news-malayalam-rg2uM6dacibfg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629080103/http://www.sify.com/movies/thondimuthalum-drisksakshiyum-releases-on-jun-30-news-malayalam-rg2uM6dacibfg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2017|title=Thondimuthalum Drisksakshiyum releases on Jun 30|website=[[Sify]]|date=29 June 2017|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Unless I get...': 'Joji' actor Fahadh Faasil about his much-awaited Bollywood debut|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-joji-actor-fahadh-faasil-about-his-much-awaited-bollywood-debut-says-i-need-to-think-in-hindi-2885311|access-date=18 June 2021|newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]]|date=8 April 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623110344/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-joji-actor-fahadh-faasil-about-his-much-awaited-bollywood-debut-says-i-need-to-think-in-hindi-2885311|url-status=live}}</ref> Sethumadhavan N of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote: "Fahadh plays second fiddle comfortably for the first half of the film. It takes a lot of guts and confidence for a popular star like him to take on such an unconventional role."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-movie-review-head-to-the-fun-station/articleshow/59390711.cms|title=Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum movie review: Head to the fun station|date=30 June 2017|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> [[Anna MM Vetticad]] opined that he is a picture in "understated hilarity".<ref>{{cite news|title=Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum movie review: Fahadh Faasil-Dileesh Pothan-Bijibal team-up rocks... again|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-dileesh-pothan-bijibal-team-up-rocks-again-3767761.html|access-date=28 September 2017|work=Firstpost|date=26 September 2017}}</ref> Fahadh ventured into Tamil films with ''Velaikkaran'', where he played a businessman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/fahadh-faasils-role-velaikaran-has-positive-and-negative-hues-65182|title=Fahadh Faasil's role in 'Velaikaran' has positive and negative hues|date=14 July 2017|website=The News Minute|access-date=3 April 2024|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403054717/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/fahadh-faasils-role-velaikaran-has-positive-and-negative-hues-65182|url-status=live}}</ref> In his review, Haricharan Pudipeddi opined that Fahadh gets to "steal the thunder" in the second half, in a confident debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/velaikkaran-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-fahadh-faasil-shine-in-this-message-heavy-but-impactful-film/story-3Y5MiNM84okDlU44ylkeQO.html|title=Velaikkaran movie review: Sivakarthikeyan, Fahadh Faasil shine in this message-heavy but impactful film|date=22 December 2017|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>

=== Stardom and experimentation of genres (2018–2023) ===
Fahadh had three critical and commercial success in 2018 with ''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]'', ''[[Varathan]]'' and ''[[Njan Prakashan]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sreedhar Pillai|title=Fahadh Faasil is a game-changer for Mollywood with three hit films: Varathan, Njan Prakashan, Kumbalangi Nights|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fahadh-faasil-is-a-game-changer-for-mollywood-with-three-hit-films-varathan-njan-prakashan-kumbalangi-nights-6169871.html/amp|access-date=16 June 2021|work=Firstpost|date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=M. K.|first=Surendhar|title=Exclusive: Fahadh Faasil breaks into Rs 50 crore club for the first time with 'Njan Prakashan'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-exclusive-fahadh-faasil-breaks-into-rs-50-crore-club-for-the-first-time-with-njan-prakashan-2714439|access-date=15 February 2019|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=31 January 2019}}</ref> ''Carbon'' had him play a youngster in search of a goal in life opposite [[Mamta Mohandas]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Mythily|title='Carbon' an adventure thriller in Malayalam|url=https://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/carbon-an-adventure-thriller-in-malayalam-1.2165898|accessdate=30 April 2018|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=31 January 2018}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] found his performance to be "extraordinary empathetic".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/carbon-movie-review|title=Carbon Movie Review|work=[[Film Companion]]|date=22 January 2018 |accessdate=22 January 2018}}</ref> He then played a married man in trouble opposite [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], in ''Varathan'', which he co-produced with his wife.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/fahadh-faasil-s-look-in-amal-neerad-s-varathan-revealed-see-pic/story-wkPornKZhyfNqUeRIsmHtK.html|title=Fahadh Faasil's look in Amal Neerad's Varathan revealed. See pic|date=20 June 2018|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith stated, "Amal gives Fahadh a full-fledged mass avatar befitting his personality."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2018/sep/23/varathan-review-a-blistering-and-immensely-satisfying-revenge-thriller-8000.html|title=Varathan Review: A blistering and immensely satisfying revenge thriller|website=Cinemaexpress.xom|date=23 September 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> Fahadh played a male nurse in one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films, ''Njan Prakashan'', his final release of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/jul/18/fahadh-is-a-blessed-actor-sathyan-anthikad-1844706.html|title=Fahadh is a blessed actor: Sathyan Anthikad|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 July 2018 |access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref> A critic of ''[[Sify]]'' praised his "dedicated performance" but criticised the character.<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title=Njan Prakashan review: Script lacks the punch! (2018)|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/njan-prakashan-review-script-lacks-the-punch-review-malayalam-smwkVdhfaibgd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222123139/http://www.sify.com/movies/njan-prakashan-review-script-lacks-the-punch-review-malayalam-smwkVdhfaibgd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2018|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=22 June 2019|date=22 December 2018}}</ref>

Fahadh portrayed Shammi, a male chauvinist in ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'', his first release of 2019 which he co-produced with Nazriya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fahadh Faasil: Shammi of 'Kumbalangi Nights' is no regular villain|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-shammi-of-kumbalangi-nights-is-no-regular-villain/articleshow/67862504.cms|access-date=2021-07-18|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Soman|first1=Deepa|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421162606/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-shammi-of-kumbalangi-nights-is-no-regular-villain/articleshow/67862504.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed more than {{INR}} 39 crore at the box office. His character and the film has gained a [[cult]] following.<ref>{{cite news|author=Surendhar M. K.|title=Kumbalangi Nights becomes 2019's first Mollywood's blockbuster; Yatra, Dev fail to create impact at box-office|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kumbalangi-nights-becomes-2019s-first-mollywoods-blockbuster-yatra-dev-fail-to-create-impact-at-box-office-6139731.html|access-date=25 June 2019|work=Firstpost|date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609170145/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kumbalangi-nights-becomes-2019s-first-mollywoods-blockbuster-yatra-dev-fail-to-create-impact-at-box-office-6139731.html|archive-date=9 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Vetticad|first=Anna M. M.|title=The Kumbalangi Nights Phenomenon: One small step for Mollywood, a giant leap for Indian cinema|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-kumbalangi-nights-phenomenon-one-small-step-for-mollywood-a-giant-leap-for-indian-cinema-6543241.html|access-date=4 July 2019|work=Firstpost|date=30 April 2019|archive-date=4 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704100113/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-kumbalangi-nights-phenomenon-one-small-step-for-mollywood-a-giant-leap-for-indian-cinema-6543241.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sarath Ramesh Kuniyl was appreciative of his ability to brilliantly slip into "such mind-blowing characters".<ref>{{cite news |last=Kuniyl |first=Sarath Ramesh |title='Kumbalangi Nights' review: This Fahadh Faasil-starrer is a must-watch |website=The Week |date=8 February 2019 |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/02/08/kumbalangi-nights-review-fahadh-faasil-starrer-must-watch.html |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106221945/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/02/08/kumbalangi-nights-review-fahadh-faasil-starrer-must-watch.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sreehari Nair of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' opined that Fahadh played Shammi's rigidity by "acting from his neck up". The film won him [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actor]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Nair | first=Sreehari | title=A small film with lots to say about the world | website=Rediff | date=6 March 2019 | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/a-small-film-with-lots-to-say-about-the-world/20190306.htm | access-date=7 April 2020 | archive-date=7 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407155549/https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/a-small-film-with-lots-to-say-about-the-world/20190306.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> He then played a psychiatrist opposite [[Sai Pallavi]] in ''[[Athiran]]'', which received mixed reviews but performed well at box office.<ref>{{Cite news|last=S.r.praveen|date=2019-04-13|title='Athiran' review: An enticing movie that falls short of expectations|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/athiran-review-an-enticing-movie-that-falls-short-of-expectations/article26827922.ece|access-date=2021-07-18|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718124504/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/athiran-review-an-enticing-movie-that-falls-short-of-expectations/article26827922.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Reviewer of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' found him to be "effortless".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/130419/athiran-movie-review-a-mystery-thriller.html|title=Athiran movie review: A mystery thriller|first=Gokul|last=m.g|date=13 April 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Fahad next played a struggling actor, whose wife cheats on him in ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'' opposite [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasil-on-super-deluxe-vijay-sethupathi-and-thiagarajan-kumararaja/article26160966.ece|title=Fahadh Faasil on Vijay Sethupathi and Thiagarajan Kumararaja's Super Deluxe|first=Vijay|last=George|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 February 2019|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=3 April 2024|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403054717/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasil-on-super-deluxe-vijay-sethupathi-and-thiagarajan-kumararaja/article26160966.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film received critical acclaim with Karthik Kumar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stating that he shine like never before.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=Super Deluxe movie review: This Vijay Sethupathi starrer is dark, funny and eccentric |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/super-deluxe-movie-review-this-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-is-dark-funny-and-eccentric/story-FoScPAO8mITEBKSahXoPvJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729224832/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/super-deluxe-movie-review-this-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-is-dark-funny-and-eccentric/story-FoScPAO8mITEBKSahXoPvJ.html |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2019 |title=Best Tamil movies of 2019: Super Deluxe, Asuran, Peranbu and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/best-tamil-films-of-2019-super-deluxe-asuran-6192738/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729174655/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/best-tamil-films-of-2019-super-deluxe-asuran-6192738/ |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

''[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]'' and ''[[C U Soon]]'' were the two releases Fahadh had in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=6 March 2020|title=Anwar Rasheed's Trance, Starring Fahadh Faasil, Has Its Problems But Is Never Less Than Fascinating|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/anwar-rasheeds-trance-starring-fahadh-faasil-has-its-problems-but-is-never-less-than-fascinating|access-date=19 April 2020|website=Film Companion}}</ref> In ''Trance'', he played an atheist motivational speaker opposite Nazriya Nazim. Goutham V. S. noted: "Fahadh steals the limelight by portraying a character that is hysteric and disturbing at the same time".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-20|title=Trance movie review: Fahadh Faasil elevates Anwar Rasheed's film|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/trance-movie-review-rating-fahadh-faasil-anwar-rasheed-6278084/|access-date=2021-07-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220131435/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/trance-movie-review-rating-fahadh-faasil-anwar-rasheed-6278084/|url-status=live}}</ref> His film, ''C U Soon'' became India's first [[computer screen film]] and saw him playing a cyber security specialist alongside [[Darshana Rajendran]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhatia|first=Akanksha|date=2020-09-14|title=5 Moments In 'C U Soon' That Convinced Us That You Don't Need A Big Budget To Make A Good Film|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/moments-in-c-u-soon-that-convinced-us-you-don-t-need-a-big-budget-props-to-make-a-good-movie/|access-date=2021-07-18|website=www.scoopwhoop.com|language=English|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718153036/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/moments-in-c-u-soon-that-convinced-us-you-don-t-need-a-big-budget-props-to-make-a-good-movie/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] stated, "Fahadh derives strength and thrives on his emphasis on exactitude of expression."<ref>{{Cite web |title=C U Soon Movie Review: Fahadh Faasil's Onam Release Is An Eye-Grabber |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/c-u-soon-movie-review-fahadh-faasils-onam-release-is-an-eye-grabber-4-stars-out-of-5-2288377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003233324/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/c-u-soon-movie-review-fahadh-faasils-onam-release-is-an-eye-grabber-4-stars-out-of-5-2288377 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Fahadh played a serial killer in his first release of 2021, ''[[Irul (film)|Irul]]''. Despite the mixed reviews, Fahadh's performance was well received by [[Shubhra Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 2, 2021|first1=Janani|last1=K.|title=Irul Movie Review: Fahadh Faasil's solid performance let down by complicated story|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/irul-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-s-solid-performance-let-down-by-complicated-story-1786379-2021-04-02|access-date=2021-07-18|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718154402/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/irul-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-s-solid-performance-let-down-by-complicated-story-1786379-2021-04-02|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Irul review: Fahadh Faasil, Darshana Rajendran film let down by a plot that sags and drags |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/irul-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-darshana-rajendran-film-7255438/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=3 April 2021}}</ref> Post this, Fahadh played the titular engineering dropout in ''[[Joji (film)|Joji]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joji Review: Fahadh Faasil Dazzles In Accomplished Shakespeare Spinoff|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/joji-review-fahadh-faasil-dazzles-in-accomplished-shakespeare-spinoff-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2408237|access-date=2021-07-18|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718170119/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/joji-review-fahadh-faasil-dazzles-in-accomplished-shakespeare-spinoff-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2408237|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] termed Fahadh "stunning" and added that he delivers a performance within a performance.<ref>{{cite web|first=Anupama|last=Chopra|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/joji-malayalam-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-amazon-prime-a-deeply-unsettling-adaptation-dileesh-pothan-macbeth-anupama-chopra/|title=Joji Review On Amazon Prime Video: Dileesh Pothan's Loose Adaptation Of Macbeth Is Deeply Unsettling |date=7 April 2021|accessdate=April 7, 2021}}</ref> Nearly a week after the release of ''Joji'', reports came out that the [[Film Exhibitors United Organisation of Kerala|Film Exhibitors United Organisation of Kerala (FEUOK)]] has warned Fahadh against acting in movies made for streaming through OTT platforms, which later turned out to be a rumour.<ref name="mathrubhumi.com">{{Cite web|title=ഫഹദിനെതിരായ വിലക്ക്; വാര്‍ത്തകള്‍ തെറ്റെന്ന് ഫിയോക്ക്|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/remote-stories/feuoks-explantion-about-fahad-fasil-movies-ban-news-1.5588136|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718171430/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/remote-stories/feuoks-explantion-about-fahad-fasil-movies-ban-news-1.5588136|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/feouk-warns-fahadh-faasil-not-to-cooperate-with-ott-platforms-any-more-1.5587968|title=FEOUK warns Fahadh Faasil not to cooperate with OTT platforms any more|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806031814/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/feouk-warns-fahadh-faasil-not-to-cooperate-with-ott-platforms-any-more-1.5587968|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fahadh then earned nation wide recognition with ''[[Malik (film)|Malik]]'', where he played a revolutionary leader opposite Nimisha Sajayan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=Fahadh Fassil's Craze Made 1500 Fans Gather To Watch Him During Malik |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/whoa-fahadh-fassils-craze-made-1500-fans-gather-to-watch-him-during-malik-shoot/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-17|title=Has 'Malik' really established Fahadh Faasil as a pan-India hero|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/has-malik-really-established-fahadh-faasil-as-a-pan-india-hero-1009784.html|access-date=2021-07-20|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718173715/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/has-malik-really-established-fahadh-faasil-as-a-pan-india-hero-1009784.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Several critics termed it his career best performance, while Ramya Palisetty appreciated him for portraying a flawed character with "brilliance", Roktim Rajpal stated that he leaves an "impact with his intensity".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-15|title='Malik' movie review: Fahadh Faasil delivers career-best performance in gripping drama|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/malik-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-delivers-career-best-performance-in-gripping-drama-1008852.html|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718173708/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/malik-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-delivers-career-best-performance-in-gripping-drama-1008852.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-15|title=Malik Movie Review: Fahadh Faasil is simply brilliant in this Amazon Prime film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/malik-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-is-simply-brilliant-in-this-amazon-prime-film-1828275-2021-07-15|access-date=2021-09-18|website=India Today}}</ref> It earned him his fifth Filmfare Best Actor – Malayalam nomination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022_-55551.html |access-date=10 November 2022|website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref> Later, Fahadh expanded to Telugu films with ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'', where he played a cruel police officer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Balachandran|first=Logesh|date=21 March 2021|title=Fahadh Faasil to play antagonist in Allu Arjun's Pushpa|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fahadh-faasil-to-play-antagonist-in-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-1781778-2021-03-21|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=India Today|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042428/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fahadh-faasil-to-play-antagonist-in-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-1781778-2021-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Janani K. |date=August 28, 2021 |title=Fahadh Faasil plays Bhanwar Singh Shekhawat in Allu Arjun's Pushpa. See his stunning makeover|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fahadh-faasil-plays-bhanwar-singh-shekhawat-in-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-see-his-stunning-makeover-1846365-2021-08-28|access-date=11 November 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111155622/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fahadh-faasil-plays-bhanwar-singh-shekhawat-in-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-see-his-stunning-makeover-1846365-2021-08-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Nishad Thaivalappil of ''[[News18]]'' stated: "Fahadh Faasil’s entry towards the end only elevates the whole film. His entry, dialogues and punch lines are surely impactful."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title=Pushpa The Rise Review: Allu Arjun and Rashmika Mandanna's Movie is a Mass Entertainer |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pushpa-the-rise-movie-review-allu-arjun-and-rashmika-mandannas-movie-is-a-mass-entertainer-4563866.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217064905/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pushpa-the-rise-movie-review-allu-arjun-and-rashmika-mandannas-movie-is-a-mass-entertainer-4563866.html |archive-date=17 December 2021 |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The film became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|highest-grossing Telugu films]] of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2022 |title=Pushpa The Rise box office collection: Allu Arjun starrer conquers ticketing booth, crosses Rs 300 crore milestone |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pushpa-the-rise-box-office-collection-allu-arjun-film-crosses-rs-300-crore-milestone-7702204/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103080928/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pushpa-the-rise-box-office-collection-allu-arjun-film-crosses-rs-300-crore-milestone-7702204/ |archive-date=3 January 2022 |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In his first release of 2022, Fahadh played the head of black-ops squad in ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' opposite [[Gayathrie]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2021 |title=Fahadh Faasil is part of Kamal Haasan's 'Vikram' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasil-is-part-of-kamal-haasans-vikram/article34264586.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423202621/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasil-is-part-of-kamal-haasans-vikram/article34264586.ece |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The film eventually emerged as one of the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|highest-grossing Tamil and Indian film]] of all time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2022 |title=Kamal Haasan's Vikram finishes theatrical run as highest grossing film ever in Tamil Nadu, registers record footfall |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kamal-haasan-s-vikram-finishes-theatrical-run-as-highest-grossing-film-ever-in-tamil-nadu-registers-record-footfall-101663821451673.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010000129/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kamal-haasan-s-vikram-finishes-theatrical-run-as-highest-grossing-film-ever-in-tamil-nadu-registers-record-footfall-101663821451673.html |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=the film registered a record footfall and grossed over {{INR}}500 crore worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=10 highest grossing Indian movies worldwide in 2022|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/10-highest-grossing-indian-movies-worldwide-in-2022-1173800.html|website=Deccan Herald|date=21 December 2022|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> Soundarya Athimuthu of ''[[The Quint]]'' felt that Fahadh "steals the show" with an all round performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athimuthu |first=Soundarya |date=3 June 2022 |title=''Vikram'' Review: Kamal, Fahadh & Vijay Sethupathi Shine in Lokesh's Universe |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/vikram-movie-review-kamal-haasan-vijay-sethupathi-fahadh-faasil-lokesh-kanagaraj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605050444/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/vikram-movie-review-kamal-haasan-vijay-sethupathi-fahadh-faasil-lokesh-kanagaraj |archive-date=5 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi stated, "Fahadh gets the second most meaty part among the ensemble cast; and he’s terrific."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=3 June 2022 |title=Vikram review: Kamal Haasan's glorious comeback lays the groundwork for Tamil cinema's most ambitious franchise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/vikram-review-kamal-haasan-s-glorious-comeback-lays-the-groundwork-for-tamil-cinema-s-most-ambitious-franchise-101654229921198.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610090724/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/vikram-review-kamal-haasan-s-glorious-comeback-lays-the-groundwork-for-tamil-cinema-s-most-ambitious-franchise-101654229921198.html |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Fahadh's next release, ''[[Malayankunju]]'' alongside [[Rajisha Vijayan]] saw him play an electronics technician.<ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=25 February 2021 |title=Fahadh Faasil completes first schedule of 'Malayan Kunju' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/feb/25/fahadh-faasil-completes-first-schedule-of-malayan-kunju-2268564.html |website=The New Indian Express|date=25 February 2021 }}</ref> Divya Nair of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted, "''Malayankunju'' triumphs in the integrity and ease of FaFa's portrayal of Anikuttan, with layered expressions and emotions."<ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=28 November 2022 |title=Malayankunju Review |author=Divya Nair |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/malayankunju-review/20220812.htm |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

Fahadh had three film releases in 2023 – He first appeared as a pharmacist in ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]'', which was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The last schedule of Fahadh's 'Paachuvum Albudha Vilakkum' begins |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/09/22/fahadh-pachuvum-albudha-vilakkum-akhil-sathyan-movie-schedule.html |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928213920/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/09/22/fahadh-pachuvum-albudha-vilakkum-akhil-sathyan-movie-schedule.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-29 |title='Paachuvum Athbhutha Vilakkum' box office collection day 1: Fahadh Faasil's film mints Rs 43 lakhs |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/paachuvum-athbhutha-vilakkum-box-office-collection-day-1-fahadh-faasils-film-mints-rs-43-lakhs/articleshow/99869395.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-30 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830104951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/paachuvum-athbhutha-vilakkum-box-office-collection-day-1-fahadh-faasils-film-mints-rs-43-lakhs/articleshow/99869395.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> G. Ragesh of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' opined that he has played similar characters before but added: "the virtues and vulnerabilities of Pachu are safe with the actor in Fahadh".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Pachuvum Athbhutha Vilakkum': Fahadh Faasil impresses in Akhil Sathyan debut |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/04/28/pachuvum-athbhutha-vilakkum-movie-review-fahadh-faasil.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429133257/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/04/28/pachuvum-athbhutha-vilakkum-movie-review-fahadh-faasil.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In his next film, ''[[Dhoomam (2023 film)|Dhoomam]]'', he appeared opposite Aparna Balamurali as a tobacco company head. The film received mixed reviews with [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] calling his character arc "weak".<ref>{{cite web |title=Fahadh Faasil's intriguing first look from Dhoomam wows fans. See it here |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/fahadh-faasils-intriguing-first-look-from-dhoomam-wows-fans-see-it-here/articleshow/99560511.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=17 April 2023 |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606050354/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/fahadh-faasils-intriguing-first-look-from-dhoomam-wows-fans-see-it-here/articleshow/99560511.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M. M. Vetticad |first=Anna |date=2023-06-24 |title=Dhoomam movie review: Not enough zest, heft or Fahadh Faasil magic |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhoomam-movie-review-not-enough-zest-heft-or-fahadh-faasil-magic-12785692.html |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812160003/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhoomam-movie-review-not-enough-zest-heft-or-fahadh-faasil-magic-12785692.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In his final film of the year, Fahadh played a district secretary in ''[[Maamannan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-02 |title=Confirmed! Fahadh Faasil in for Udhayanidhi next with Mari Selvaraj |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/confirmed-fahadh-faasil-in-for-udhayanidhi-next-with-mari-selvaraj/articleshow/89941376.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107073134/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/confirmed-fahadh-faasil-in-for-udhayanidhi-next-with-mari-selvaraj/articleshow/89941376.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 January 2023}}</ref> Bharathy Singaravel of ''[[The News Minute]]'' noted: "Fahadh as the primary antagonist, offers a blood curdling performance. His villainy is shrewd, calculated, and completely believable." The film emerged as a major commercial success and won him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singaravel |first=Bharathy |date=29 June 2023 |title=Maamannan review: Vadivelu is the soul of this superb Mari Selvaraj film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/maamannan-review-vadivelu-soul-superb-mari-selvaraj-film-179130 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629174434/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/maamannan-review-vadivelu-soul-superb-mari-selvaraj-film-179130 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-09 |title='Maamannan' box office collection: Udayanidhi Stalin starrer mints Rs 52 crore! Official announcement! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maamannan-box-office-collection-udayanidhi-stalin-starrer-mints-rs-52-crore-official-announcement/articleshow/101615260.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711115811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maamannan-box-office-collection-udayanidhi-stalin-starrer-mints-rs-52-crore-official-announcement/articleshow/101615260.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 July 2023}}</ref>

=== Expansion and commercial success (2024–present) ===

In his first film of 2024, Fahadh played a kind-hearted Malayali-Kannadiga gangster in ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]'', which he also co-produced.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2023 |title=Fahadh Faasil, Jithu Madhavan, Nazriya Nazim, Sameer Thahir and Anwar Rasheed to collaborate on a new project. Read details here |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan-nazriya-nazim-sameer-thahir-and-anwar-rasheed-to-collaborate-on-a-new-project-read-details-here/articleshow/98517905.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406213143/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan-nazriya-nazim-sameer-thahir-and-anwar-rasheed-to-collaborate-on-a-new-project-read-details-here/articleshow/98517905.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2024-04-06 |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranga in 'Aavesham' is not a spin-off of Chemban Vinod's character in 'Romancham', clarifies director |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/10/aavesham-malayalam-movie-fahadh-faasil-character-romancham-chemban-vinod.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410101626/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/10/aavesham-malayalam-movie-fahadh-faasil-character-romancham-chemban-vinod.html |archive-date=2024-04-10 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Manorama Online}}</ref> The film eventually became the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|sixth highest grossing Malayalam film of all time]] and earned him wider recognition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2024 |title=Aavesham box office collections: Fahadh Faasil starrer becomes third Malayalam film to top 100cr in India |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/aavesham-box-office-collections-fahadh-faasil-starrer-becomes-third-malayalam-film-to-top-100cr-in-india-1305172?amp |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |access-date=14 May 2024 |archive-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514151046/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/aavesham-box-office-collections-fahadh-faasil-starrer-becomes-third-malayalam-film-to-top-100cr-in-india-1305172?amp |url-status=live }}</ref> Janani K from ''[[India Today]]'' opined that he "wonderfully portrayed" the dynamic character, while Nirmal Jovial of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' stated that he "brings out his complete form" only in those climax portions.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aavesham' Review: Fahadh Faasil hits it out of the park in Jithu Madhavan film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/aavesham-review-fahadh-faasil-hits-it-out-of-the-park-jithu-madhavan-film-2526040-2024-04-11 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=India Today |date=11 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411163355/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/aavesham-review-fahadh-faasil-hits-it-out-of-the-park-jithu-madhavan-film-2526040-2024-04-11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Aavesham' review: This Fahadh Faasil movie is a fun ride|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/04/11/aavesham-review-this-fahadh-faasil-movie-wont-disappoint.html|website=The Week|access-date=12 April 2024|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610063415/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/04/11/aavesham-review-this-fahadh-faasil-movie-wont-disappoint.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Fahadh then appeared in the anthology series ''[[Manorathangal]]'', playing a Malayali immigrant.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kamal Haasan, Mohanlal, Mammootty, Fahadh Faasil Lead ZEE5 Global Anthology 'Manorathangal'|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/asia/kamal-haasan-mohanlal-mammootty-fahadh-faasil-zee5-manorathangal-1236073308/|date=16 July 2024|work=Variety|language=ml|access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=മാലിക്കിന് ശേഷം എം.ടിയുടെ ഷെർലക്ക്; മഹേഷ് നാരായണനും ഫഹദും വീണ്ടും ഒന്നിക്കുന്നു|url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/photo/mahesh-narayanan-and-fahad-fazil-sherlock-321629-2021-12-09|date=9 December 2021|work=India Today|language=ml|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716164416/https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/photo/mahesh-narayanan-and-fahad-fazil-sherlock-321629-2021-12-09|url-status=live}}</ref> Arjun Menon of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' found him to be "perfectly cast" as the passive yet cipher-like figure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Manorathangal Review: Anatomy of A Visionary Mindscape |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/manorathangal-review/20240815.htm |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref> Following this, Fahadh played Patrick, a former thief turned police informer in ''[[Vettaiyan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fahadh Faasil poses with 'pillars of Indian cinema' Rajinikanth and Amitabh Bachchan on Vettaiyan set |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/fahadh-faasil-poses-with-pillars-of-indian-cinema-rajinikanth-and-amitabh-bachchan-on-vettaiyan-set-101723123898451.html |date=8 August 2024 |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=He comes running in from somewhere: Rajinikanth praises FaFa's acting in 'Vettaiyan |work=Mathrubhumi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/rajinikanth-praises-fahadh-faasil-vettaiyan-1.9969767 |date=8 October 2024 |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' found him to be "impressive" and was appreciative of his comic timing.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vettaiyan movie review: A gutsy Rajinikanth powers TJ Gnanavel's flawed film on unlawful encounter killings |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vettaiyan-movie-review-a-gutsy-rajinikanth-powers-tj-gnanavels-flawed-film-on-unlawful-encounter-killings/article68740554.ece |date=10 October 2024 |access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref> Despite being a box office failure, it became the [[List of Tamil films of 2024|third highest grossing Tamil film of the year]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vettaiyan box office collection day 2: Rajinikanth film crosses ₹100 crore, is 5th highest-grossing Tamil film of 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/vettaiyan-box-office-collection-day-2-rajinikanth-amitabh-bachchan-film-100-crore-5th-highest-grossing-tamil-film-2024-101728720589783-amp.html |date=12 October 2024 |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> Some commentators bemoaned that Fahadh should take on less supporting parts, owing to his success as a lead actor.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Fahadh Faasil should stop doing villain and side roles after Pushpa 2 and Vettaiyan, given his success as lead in Aavesham? |work=Pinkvilla |author=Goutham S |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/opinion-why-fahadh-faasil-should-stop-doing-villain-and-side-roles-after-pushpa-2-and-vettaiyan-given-his-success-as-lead-in-aavesham-1353599?amp |date=15 October 2024 |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref> After this, he played an IPS officer in ''[[Bougainvillea (film)|Bougainvillea]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2024 |title='Bougainvillea': Amal Neerad's next with Kunchacko Boban, Fahadh Faasil, and Jyothirmayi gets an intriguing title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bougainvillea-amal-neerads-next-with-kunchacko-boban-fahadh-faasil-and-jyothirmayi-gets-an-intriguing-title/articleshow/110833659.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609112209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bougainvillea-amal-neerads-next-with-kunchacko-boban-fahadh-faasil-and-jyothirmayi-gets-an-intriguing-title/articleshow/110833659.cms |archive-date=9 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bougainvillea trailer: Jyothirmayi and Fahadh Faasil promise an intense thriller |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bougainvillea-trailer-jyothirmayi-fahadh-faasil-promise-an-intense-thriller-2615350-2024-10-11 |date=11 October 2024 |access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref> Anandu Suresh called his character "underdeveloped" but added, "Fahadh demonstrates his ability to rise above such limitations in scripts, shining through with his commanding presence."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bougainvillea movie review: Amal Neerad's oddly satisfying mystery psychological thriller |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bougainvillea-review-jyothirmayi-kunchacko-boban-outdo-themselves-in-amal-neerad-movie-9623853/?ref=latestnews_hp |date=17 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> It was a moderate success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bougainvillea Worldwide Box Office Collections: Amal Neerad's film collects an impressive Rs 26 crore in 4 days despite mixed talk |work=Pinkvilla |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/bougainvillea-extended-weekend-worldwide-box-office-collections-amal-neerads-film-collects-an-impressive-rs-26-crore-in-4-days-despite-mixed-talk-1354526 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> In his year's last release, Fahadh reprised his role of a police officer in the sequel ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Fahadh Faasil joins the new schedule of Allu Arjun's Pushpa: The Rule in Hyderabad |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/fahadh-faasil-joins-the-shooting-of-pushpa-the-rule-read-report-1211172 |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312030124/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/fahadh-faasil-joins-the-shooting-of-pushpa-the-rule-read-report-1211172 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2024 |title=He rocked: Allu Arjun praises Fahadh Faasil for his performance in 'Pushpa 2: The Rule' |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/11/28/he-rocked-in-pushpa-allu-arjun-praises-fahadh-faasil-for-his-performance-in-pushpa-2-the-rule.html |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> Taking note of his versatility, Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' stated, "As a talented actor, he inject a comic touch into his character even in the midst of serious scenes, without diminishing their impact."<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2024 |title=Pushpa 2: The Rule Movie Review: Pure Mass Entertainer |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/south-movies/pushpa-2-the-rule-movie-review-70039.amp |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref> The film broke several records emerging as one of the highest grossing Telugu and [[List of highest grossing Indian films|Indian film]] of all time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pushpa 2 creates history: Allu Arjun's magnum opus outshines Baahubali 2 and RRR; smashes global box office with Rs. 270 cr. RECORD OPENING DAY |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/pushpa-2-creates-history-allu-arjuns-magnum-opus-outshines-baahubali-2-rrr-smashes-global-box-office-rs-270-cr-record-opening-day/ |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=6 December 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pushpa 2 worldwide box office collection: The blockbuster eyes Rs 1500 crore, is the third-biggest Indian hit of all time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pushpa-2-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-14-allu-arjuns-blockbuster-eyes-rs-1500-crore-worldwide-is-the-third-biggest-indian-hit-of-all-time-9733382/lite/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=The Indian Express|date=19 December 2024 }}</ref>

Fahadh started 2025 with ''[[Maareesan]]'', where he played a thief on a road trip with an alzheimer patient (played by [[Vadivelu]]).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fahadh Faasil and Vadivelu's next titled 'Maareesan' goes on floors |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasil-and-vadivelus-next-titled-maareesan/article67769110.ece/ |date=23 January 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=4 June 2025 |title=Maareesan Teaser: Vadivelu and Fahadh Faasil's film promises to be a wacky thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/04/maareesan-teaser-vadivelu-and-fahadh-faasils-film-promises-to-be-a-wacky-thriller |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606013534/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/04/maareesan-teaser-vadivelu-and-fahadh-faasils-film-promises-to-be-a-wacky-thriller |archive-date=6 June 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]''{{'}}s Prathyush Parasuraman noted, "Fahadh—who even gets his ‘FaFa’ theme song— is an actor whose presence on screen allows him to conjure whole worlds into words. He has comfortably slipped into the skin of his character."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maareesan Movie Review: Fahadh Faasil, Vadivelu try to save this regressive road film |work=The Hollywood Reporter India |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/maareesan-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-vadivelu-try-to-save-this-regressive-road-film |access-date=24 July 2025 |date=25 July 2025}}</ref> Despite positive reviews, it underperformed commercially.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maareesan box-office day 3: Fahadh Faasil-Vadivelu film completes its opening weekend with ₹3.51 crore |work=Cinema Express b|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/28/maareesan-box-office-day-3-fahadh-faasil-vadivelu-film-completes-its-opening-weekend-with-351-crore |access-date=28 July 2025 |date=30 July 2025}}</ref> His next film ''[[Odum Kuthira Chaadum Kuthira]]'', saw him play a man jilted at his wedding by his lover, opposite [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fahadh Faasil and Kalyani Priyadarshan's 'Odum Kuthira Chadum Kuthira' goes on floors |work=The Hindu |access-date=28 May 2024 |date=29 April 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasil-and-kalyani-priyadarshans-odum-kuthira-chadum-kuthira-goes-on-floors/article68120470.ece/ |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605084059/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasil-and-kalyani-priyadarshans-odum-kuthira-chadum-kuthira-goes-on-floors/article68120470.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-03 |title=Fahadh and Kalyani share a tender moment in new Odum Kuthira Chaadum Kuthira poster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/03/fahadh-and-kalyani-share-a-tender-moment-in-new-odum-kuthira-chaadum-kuthira-poster |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Janani K opined that Fahadh leaves little impact due to a weak story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-29 |title=Odum Kuthira Chaadum Kuthira review: Fahadh Faasil film is an absurd comedy that is painfully unfunny |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/odum-kuthira-chadum-kuthira-review-fahadh-faasil-film-is-an-absurd-comedy-that-is-painfully-unfunny-2778831-2025-08-29 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Fahadh will next appear in the Telugu films ''Oxygen'' and ''Don’t Trouble The Trouble'',<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fahadh Faasil teams up with 'Baahubali' makers for 'Oxygen' and 'Don't Trouble The Trouble'; starts shooting the latter |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fahadh-faasil-teams-up-with-baahubali-makers-for-oxygen-and-dont-trouble-the-trouble/article67968183.ece |date=19 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref> and the Malayalam films: ''Karate Chandran'',<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fahadh Faasil's next is 'Karate Chandran'; Dileesh Pothan shares actor's training pics |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/fahad-faasil-s-next-is-karate-chandran-dileesh-pothan-shares-actor-s-training-pics-1.9318790 |date=12 February 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref> the multi-starrer ''Patriot '',<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fahadh Faasil joins Mahesh Narayanan's next with Mammootty, Mohanlal and Kunchacko Boban |work=Cinema Express |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/21/fahadh-faasil-joins-mahesh-narayanans-next-with-mammootty-mohanlal-and-kunchacko-boban |access-date=21 November 2024 |date=21 November 2024}}</ref> and ''Torpedo''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tharun Moorthy sets sail with Torpedo, featuring Fahadh Faasil and Arjun Das |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/tharun-moorthy-sets-sail-with-torpedo-featuring-fahadh-faasil-and-arjun-das-73491.html |access-date=3 May 2025 |date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{{main|Fahadh Faasil filmography}}

==Personal life==
Fahadh met actress [[Nazriya Nazim]] on the sets of their film ''[[Bangalore Days]]'', in 2013 and they eventually began dating.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/romance-tales-fahadh-faasil-and-nazriya-nazims-beautiful-love-story-that-withstood-all-odds-1212683 |title=Romance Tales: Fahadh Faasil and Nazriya Nazim's beautiful love story that withstood all odds |work=Pinkvilla |date=15 March 2023 |accessdate=12 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/this-is-how-fahadh-faasil-proposed-to-nazriya-and-it-is-beyond-beautiful-read-post-1815833-2021-06-17 |title=This is how Fahadh Faasil proposed to Nazriya and it is beyond beautiful |website=India Today |date=17 June 2021 |accessdate=21 November 2023}}</ref> Following a year courtship, the couple got engaged on 20 January 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140120/entertainment-mollywood/article/mollywood-stars-fahadh-fazil-nazriya-nazim-get-engaged |title=Mollywood stars Fahadh Fazil, Nazriya Nazim get engaged; marriage in August |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=20 January 2014 |accessdate=27 February 2022}}</ref> Fahadh married Nazriya on 21 August 2014, in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/fahad-fazil-weds-nazriya/article6338566.ece |title=Fahadh Faasil weds Nazriya Nazim in Thiruvananthapuram |newspaper=The Hindu |accessdate=21 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/nine-years-us-fahadh-faasil-shares-heartwarming-pic-nazriya-anniversary-181328 |title='Nine years of us': Fahadh Faasil shares heartwarming pic with Nazriya Nazim on anniversary |website=The News Minute |date=21 August 2023 |accessdate=28 September 2023}}</ref>

In 2024, Fahadh revealed that he has been diagnosed with [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title=Fahadh Faasil diagnosed with ADHD at 41, recalls conversation with doctor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fahadh-faasil-diagnosed-with-adhd-at-41-recalls-conversation-with-doctor-2544614-2024-05-28 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722161748/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fahadh-faasil-diagnosed-with-adhd-at-41-recalls-conversation-with-doctor-2544614-2024-05-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Other work and public image==
Fahadh supports various causes and charitable organisations. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], he donated a sum of ₹10 lakhs for FEFKA ([[Film Employees Federation of Kerala]]) workers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/coronavirus-crisis-fahadh-faasil-and-mahesh-narayanan-donate-rs-10-lakh-to-fefka-workers-1729188-2020-10-07 |title=Coronavirus crisis: Fahadh Faasil and Mahesh Narayanan donate Rs 10 lakh to FEFKA workers |work=India Today |date=7 October 2020 |accessdate=11 December 2021}}</ref> In 2024, Fahadh and his wife, Nazriya contributed ₹25 lakhs for the relief work of [[2024 Wayanad landslides|Wayanad landslides]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/08/01/fahadh-faasil-nazriya-contribute-rs-25-lakh-for-relief-works-in-landslides-hit-wayanad.html |title=Fahadh Faasil, Nazriya contribute Rs 25 lakh for relief works in landslides-hit Wayanad |work=The Week |accessdate=10 September 2024}}</ref> Fahadh is a celebrity endorser for brands and products such as [[Titan Company|Titan]], [[Milma]], [[Jos Alukkas]], Adithi Aatta, [[UAE Exchange]], Estilocus, Camerry and Merricrem Icecreams.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/watch-fahadh-faasils-transformation-overweight-man-ad-unbelievable-76390 |access-date=28 February 2021 |title=Fahadh Faasil's transformation into overweight man in this ad is unbelievable |work=The News Minute |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507075201/https://www.thenewsminute.com/amp/story/flix/watch-fahadh-faasils-transformation-overweight-man-ad-unbelievable-76390 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/nazriya-nazim-fahadh-faasil-ice-cream-ad-8164733/lite/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |title=Nazriya Nazim is fed up as Fahadh Faasil 'has nothing to say' in new ad, fans demand Bangalore Days 2 |work=Indian Express |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507075205/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/nazriya-nazim-fahadh-faasil-ice-cream-ad-8164733/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/beef-flavour-to-celebrity-ads-what-it-takes-to-stand-out-in-keralas-ice-cream-market/2194687/?amp |title=Beef flavour to celebrity ads—what it takes to stand out in Kerala's ice cream market |work=The Print |date=28 July 2024 |accessdate=31 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/trivia/nazriya-nazim-fahadh-faasil-advertisement-goes-viral-1.9981048 |title=Nazriya Nazim romances Fahadh Faasil in viral ad; fans say 'both killing us with love' |work=Mathrubhumi |date=12 October 2024 |accessdate=15 October 2024}}</ref>

In the [[Times of India|Kochi Times Most Desirable Men]] list, Fahadh was placed in 5th in 2017, 2nd in 2018, 7th in 2019 and 8th in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Kochi Times Most Desirable Man 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-man-2017-prithviraj/articleshow/62863460.cms |access-date=29 September 2017 |website=Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507105405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-man-2017-prithviraj/amp_articleshow/62863460.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times 25 Most Desirable Men 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-25-most-desirable-men-of-2018/articleshow/68048374.cms |access-date=21 September 2018 |website=Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507105405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-25-most-desirable-men-of-2018/amp_articleshow/68048374.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Men 2019: Prithviraj Sukumaran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-men-of-2019/articleshow/74226674.cms |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=Times of India |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525000118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-men-of-2019/articleshow/74226674.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Men 2019: Dulquer Salmaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-men-of-2020/articleshow/83175935.cms |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507092445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-men-of-2020/amp_articleshow/83175935.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019 and 2022, the Indian edition of ''[[GQ]]'' featured Fahadh among the nation's most influential young people and credited him for "choosing scripts with an edge, and pouring himself into his parts with conviction".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sethi |first=Shikha |date=12 December 2019 |title=Here's the full list of GQ's 50 most influential young Indians of 2019 |work=GQ |url=https://www.gqindia.com/influence-list/content/the-gq-50-most-influential-young-indians-of-2019 |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227115506/https://www.gqindia.com/influence-list/content/the-gq-50-most-influential-young-indians-of-2019 |archive-date=27 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=29 April 2022 |title=Meet GQ's 30 Most Influential Young Indians of 2022 |work=GQ |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/meet-gq-30-most-influential-young-indians-of-2022 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111104722/https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/meet-gq-30-most-influential-young-indians-of-2022 |archive-date=11 November 2022}}</ref> Fahadh was named the Men of the Year by ''[[MW (Indian magazine)|Man's World]]'' in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=23 December 2020 |title=Men of the Year 2020: The Inventive and Unorthodox Fahadh Faasil |work=Man's World |url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/currentedition/men-of-the-year-2020-the-inventive-and-unorthodox-fahadh-faasil |url-status=live |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921104722/https://www.mansworldindia.com/currentedition/men-of-the-year-2020-the-inventive-and-unorthodox-fahadh-faasil |archive-date=21 September 2022}}</ref> In 2024, ''[[Mashable|Mashable India]]'' and ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' placed him in their "Top Performances of the Year" list.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/86911/best-of-2024-hugh-grant-fahad-faasil-diljit-dosanjh-make-our-top-10-performances-of-the-year |title=Best Of 2024; Hugh Grant, Fahad Faasil, Diljit Dosanjh make our Top 10 Performances of the Year |work=Mashable India |date=25 December 2024 |accessdate=25 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/best-acting-performances-of-2024-from-fahadh-faasil-in-aavesham-to-kani-kusruti-in-all-we-imagine-as-light-101734756659019.html |title=Best acting performances of 2024: From Fahadh Faasil in Aavesham to Kani Kusruti in All We Imagine As Light |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 December 2024 |accessdate=26 December 2024}}</ref> Fahadh was placed 12th in ''[[Eastern Eye]]''{{'}}s Top 50 Asian Stars of 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=13 December 2024 |title=Top 50 Asian stars of 2024 |work=Eastern Eye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/top-50-asian-stars-of-2024/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228104722/https://www.easterneye.biz/top-50-asian-stars-of-2024/ |archive-date=28 December 2024}}</ref> He has also appeared on the cover of several magazines including ''[[Vanitha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/fahadh-nazriya-pose-for-vanitha-cover-page.html |title=Fahadh-Nazriya pose for Vanitha cover page |date=27 February 2016 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |accessdate=16 December 2021}}</ref> A research study conducted in 2023 by Indian Institute of Human Brands (IIHB) stated that Fahadh was the highest-ranked celebrity in Malayalam cinema. The study was based on several attributes covering image, personality and other human factors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/research/suriya-is-the-number-one-celebrity-in-south-india-report/97019588 |title=Suriya is the number one celebrity in South India: Report |date=16 January 2023 |website=Economic Times |accessdate=27 January 2023}}</ref> In 2024, Fahadh was placed 81st on [[IMDb]]'s List of 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars.<ref>{{Cite web |accessdate=29 August 2024 |title=Deepika Padukone, Shah Rukh Khan Top IMDb's List of Most Viewed Indian Stars |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122092159/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |archive-date=22 November 2024 |website=Variety |date=29 May 2024 }}</ref>

==Acting style and reception==
[[File:Fahadh_Faasil_at_Kuttanpillayude_Sivarathri_Audio_launch.jpg|thumb|Fahadh at an event in 2018]]

Fahadh is considered among the most popular and highest-paid actors of [[Malayalam cinema]], according to various media reports.<ref name="highest-paid 1">{{Cite web |title=Mammootty to Mohanlal: Highest paid actors in the Malayalam film industry |access-date=21 August 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-to-prithviraj-sukumaran-highest-paid-actors-in-the-malayalam-film-industry/amp_etphotostory/92878791.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 July 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014083321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-to-prithviraj-sukumaran-highest-paid-actors-in-the-malayalam-film-industry/amp_etphotostory/92878791.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="highest-paid 2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/03/mohanlal-mammootty-highest-paid-malayalam-actors-top-list.html |access-date=28 November 2022 |title=Highest paid Malayalam actors, check who tops the list |work=[[Onmanorama]] |archive-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229050820/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/03/mohanlal-mammootty-highest-paid-malayalam-actors-top-list.amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Fahadh is noted for playing a variety of roles in a variety of genres. Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' called him a "force to reckon with".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2024/04/13/fahadh-faasil-malayalam-cinema-mollywood-aavesham-movie-tamil-telugu.html |access-date=20 April 2024 |title=Fahadh Faasil: I am a better producer than actor |work=Onmanorama |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428050820/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2024/04/13/fahadh-faasil-malayalam-cinema-mollywood-aavesham-movie-tamil-telugu.amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for ''[[The News Minute]]'', Fahir Maithutty called him a front-runner of the [[New generation (Malayalam film movement)|New Generation Wave]] and said, "Fahadh possesses traits that set him apart as an actor — his command over dialects and his ability to transform to any character."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/actor-uninterested-stardom-fahadh-faasil-generations-best-malayalam-cinema-64588 |access-date=15 June 2018 |title=An actor uninterested in stardom: Is Fahadh Faasil this generation's best in Malayalam cinema? |work=The News Minute |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811050820/https://www.thenewsminute.com/amp/story/flix/actor-uninterested-stardom-fahadh-faasil-generations-best-malayalam-cinema-64588 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' talked about his career comeback and noted, "The new Fahadh displayed remarkable growth and maturity. His second innings made him one of contemporary Indian cinema’s finest actors."<ref name="Fahadh G.O.A.T." /> Neelima Menon of ''[[HuffPost]]'' stated, "Most of his notable films are character-driven and many of his characters have been flawed, vulnerable heroes. He is a product of new-age Malayalam cinema, where superstardom has begun to wane, and alpha male heroes have been exiled.<ref name="Huffpost19" /> Film critic Aparna Prashanthi opined: "He is an actor in the purest sense. He isn’t addicted to stardom nor is he particular about drawing all the attention to himself in a film. He just wants to be part of good cinema."<ref name="Huffpost19">{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/what-fahadh-faasils-second-coming-changed-for-malayalam-cinema_in_5c5bf2e5e4b00187b558673d/amp |access-date=21 February 2021 |title=Why Fahadh Faasil's second coming changed Malayalam cinema |work=Huffpost |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112050820/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/what-fahadh-faasils-second-coming-changed-for-malayalam-cinema_in_5c5bf2e5e4b00187b558673d/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> Deepak Joy of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' called him "an accomplished actor" and added, "Fahadh is a natural actor like no other. It is said that even his eyes acts before the camera. While stars make fans, Fahadh command a devoted audience."<ref name="Week18">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2018/05/12/fahadh-faasil-where-stardom-dies-actor-born.html |access-date=24 September 2020 |title=Fahadh Faasil: Where stardom dies, an actor is born |work=The Week |archive-date=17 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217050820/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2018/05/12/fahadh-faasil-where-stardom-dies-actor-born.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nidhima Taneja of ''[[The Print]]'' took note of his versatility and added, "Fahadh Faasil won’t play your garden-variety hero. He’s bending the norms, creating his own multiverse and getting pan-Indian acclaim."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/after-mammootty-and-mohanlal-who-fahadh-faasil-is-the-new-poster-boy-of-malayalam-cinema/1068771/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |title=After Mammootty and Mohanlal, who? Fahadh Faasil is the new poster boy of Malayalam cinema |work=The Print |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127050820/https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/after-mammootty-and-mohanlal-who-fahadh-faasil-is-the-new-poster-boy-of-malayalam-cinema/1068771/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a 2018 interview, Fahadh talked about the audience response to his films and said,
{{Blockquote|"I sincerely want people to watch my films. And that is enough for me. After that, they don't have to think about me. They don't have to be concerned about me. Let them watch it if it is a good film. If it is not, they don't have to."<ref name="Week18" />}}

''[[Rediff.com]]'' named Fahad the "Best Malayalam Actor" of 2012 and 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-top-malayalam-actors-of-2012/20130109.htm |access-date=25 November 2021 |title=The Top Malayalam Actors of 2012 |work=Rediff.com |date=9 January 2013 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722133825/https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-top-malayalam-actors-of-2012/20130109.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-top-performances-by-malayalam-actors-in-2013-south/20140110.htm |access-date=23 September 2022 |title=Top Performances by Malayalam Actors in 2013 |work=Rediff.com |date=10 January 2014 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507074629/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-top-performances-by-malayalam-actors-in-2013-south/20140110.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> His performance in ''Maheshinte Prathikaram'' and ''Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum'' is regarded as one of the "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade" by ''[[Film Companion]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade |url=https://filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> Several members of the Indian film industry have appreciated Fahadh's acting style. Actor [[Rajkummar Rao]] expressed his desire to work with him, calling Fahadh "one of the finest actors in the country".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/rajkummar-rao-wish-to-work-with-fahadh-faasil-someday-exclusive-2545826-2024-05-30 |access-date=16 September 2024 |title=Rajkummar Rao: Wish to work with Fahadh Faasil someday |work=India Today |date=30 May 2024}}</ref> Actress [[Vidya Balan]], [[Alia Bhatt]] and actor [[Suriya]] have praised his films, and called him a "fantastic actor".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/vidya-balan-praises-malayalam-actors-urvashi-and-fahadh-faasil-says-they-dont-write-comedy-roles-for-women-in-hindi-cinema-1355451?amp |access-date=6 November 2024 |title=Vidya Balan praises Malayalam actors Urvashi and Fahadh Faasil |work=Pinkvilla |date=26 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/alia-bhatt-expresses-admiration-for-fahadh-faasil-at-cannes-aavesham-is-my-favourite-2730682-2025-05-26 |access-date=28 May 2025 |title=Alia Bhatt expresses admiration for Fahadh Faasil: Aavesham is my favourite |work=India Today |date=26 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/suriya-praises-fahadh-faasils-performance-in-aavesham-hes-pushing-boundaries-for-himself-9116472.html |access-date=11 November 2024 |title=Suriya praises Fahadh Faasil's performance in Aavesham: 'He's pushing boundaries for himself' |work=News18 |date=12 November 2024}}</ref> Actor [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] said, "I am a big Fahadh Faasil fan and if given a chance, I would love to work with him because the kind of cinema he works in resonates with what I do in Hindi cinema."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ayushmann-khurrana-desires-to-work-in-malayalam-cinema-says-i-am-a-huge-fahadh-faasil-fan/articleshow/103420357.cms |access-date=28 March 2024 |title=Ayushmann Khurrana desires to work in Malayalam cinema; says, 'I am a huge Fahadh Faasil fan' |work=The Times of India |date=6 September 2023}}</ref> Director [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]], who worked with him in ''Dhoomam'' said, "Fahadh Faasil does not have any baggage of a star. His filmography has been very diverse and he does not have to cater to any kind of genre, which is what he likes."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/kannada-interview/pawan-kumar-reveals-why-he-decided-to-cast-fahadh-faasil-in-dhoomam-hombale-films-aparna-balamurali-roshan-mathew |access-date=22 November 2023 |title=Pawan Kumar reveals why he decided to cast Fahadh Faasil in Dhoomam |work=Film Companion |date=21 June 2023}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Fahadh Faasil}}

Fahadh has won four [[Filmfare Awards]] — [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor – Malayalam]] for his performance in ''22 Female Kottayam'' (2012), ''North 24 Kaatham'' (2013) and ''Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum'' (2017) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]] for ''Maamannan'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sathyendran |first=Nita |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-dileesh-pothan-is-all-set-to-steal-the-show-with-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum/article19114598.ece |title=Scene stealer |work=The Hindu |date=21 June 2017 |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-the-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-tamil-2024_-67631.amp|title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Tamil) 2024 |work=Filmfare |date=3 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref> ''Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum'' also won him the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]. Additionally, he has also earned four [[Kerala State Film Awards]] — [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] for ''Chaappa Kurishu'' and ''Akam'' (both 2011), [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for ''Artist'' and ''North 24 Kaatham'' (both 2013), [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actor|Best Character Actor]] and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]] for ''Kumbalangi Nights'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/rise-of-the-pan-indian-malayalam-cinema |title=Rise of the pan-Indian Malayalam cinema |first=Deepa |last=Gauri |website=Khaleej Times |accessdate=21 December 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[New generation (Malayalam film movement)|New Generation Films]]
* [[List of Malayalam film actors]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=1335704|name=Fahadh Faasil}}
*[https://www.facebook.com/FahadhFaasil Fahadh Faasil] on [[Facebook]]
{{Commons}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{FilmfareMalayalamBestActor}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faasil, Fahad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:University of Miami alumni]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kochi]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]

Oak Grove School, Mussoorie

2026-02-22T19:55:13Z

MonteZaleski33: cleanup lead per sources per standard format

{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup reorganize|date=November 2013}}
{{primary sources|date=November 2013}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2012}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

{{Infobox school
| name = Oak Grove School
| logo = Oak Grove School 1888 logo.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय
| motto_translation = From Darkness to Enlightenment
| location = Jharipani, [[Mussoorie]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type = Residential public school
| established = {{Start date and age|1888|06|01|df=yes}}
| founder = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| opened =
| closed =
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| principal = Naresh Kumar (IRPS)<ref name="OurHeads">{{cite web|title=Our Heads|url=http://www.oakgrove-jharipani.in/head.php|website=Oak Grove School|accessdate=8 February 2018|language=en|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063349/http://www.oakgrove-jharipani.in/head.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| principal1 = Mr Vinay Kumar<ref name="OurHeads" />
| principal_label1 = Headmaster of Senior Boys School
| principal2 = Mrs. Kusum Kamboj<ref name="OurHeads" />
| principal_label2 = Headmistress of Senior Girls School
| principal3 = Mrs. Archana Sankar <ref name="OurHeads" />
| principal_label3 = Headmistress of Junior School
| teaching_staff = 45<ref name="TeachingStaff">{{cite web|title=Teaching Staff|url=http://www.oakgrovejharipani.in/teachingstaff.php|website=Oak Grove School|accessdate=8 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>
| grades = 3-12
| gender = 
| lower_age = 7
| upper_age = 17
| enrollment = 
| ratio = 15:1<ref name="TeachingStaff" />
| language = English
| campuses = * Oak Grove Estate

* Jharipani
* Mussoorie Hills
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| houses = *Patel
*Ashoka
*Tagore
*Shivaji
| colors = Maroon and White {{color box|Maroon}}{{color box|White}}
| song = Oakgrovians
| nickname = Oakgrovians
| team_name =
| rivals = Wynberg Allen School
| newspaper = Acorn (monthly)
| yearbook = The Oakgrovian
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| alumni = The Oak Grovian Association
| website = {{URL|www.oakgrovejharipani.in}}
| footnotes =
| picture = Ogflag.JPG
| picture_caption = The Oak Grove Flag
}}

'''Oak Grove School, Jharipani, Mussoorie''' is a residential public school, owned and run by the Indian Railways. It is situated on hill tops covering {{convert|256|acre|km2}} in Jharipani, [[Mussoorie]], [[India]].
[[File:Ogauditorium.jpg|thumb|Auditorium]]
The school was started by the [[British Raj]] on 1 June 1888.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oakgrove-jharipani.com/oakgrove-jharipani/viewmypage.php?view=history|title=History|publisher=oakgrove.jharipani.com|accessdate=4 September 2012|archive-date=17 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717051958/http://www.oakgrove-jharipani.com/oakgrove-jharipani/viewmypage.php?view=history|url-status=dead}}</ref> The students predominantly consist of the children of [[Indian Railways]] employees; 25% of seats are reserved for outsiders. At present there are more than 610 students.{{when|date=September 2012}}{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} The school consists of three semi-independent parts — Oak Grove Sr. Boys' School (commenced 1888), Oak Grove Sr. Girls' School (1890s) and Oak Grove Junior School (1912). The buildings were designed by the chief engineer of EIR Mr. Richard Roskell Bayne and are built in [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]] of architecture. LBSNAA ( Lal Bahadur Shashtri National Academy of Administration) conducted its sports day several times in the valley of Oak Grove School.

== Administration ==
The overall functioning of the school is under the control of a Board of Governors, which frames and reviews policies to ensure smooth and efficient functioning of the institution during its annual meetings. The BOG consists of:

Chairman - General Manager, Northern Railway

Executive Governor - The Chief Personnel Officer, Northern Railway

Member - The Chief Engineer, Northern Railway

Member - The F.A. & C.A.O., Northern Railway

Member - The C.M.D., Northern Railway

Member - The S.D.G.M., Northern Railway

Member - The D.R.M., Northern Railway, Moradabad

Secretary - Principal, Oak Grove School

=== Principals' Timeline ===
{| class="wikitable"
|Lt. Col. A.C. Chapman
|1888 – 1912
|24 years
|-
|Mr. H.P. Watts
|1918 – 1946
|28 years
|-
|Mr. G.F. Chunn
|1946 – 1946
|1 year
|-
|Mr. O.G. Sullivan
|1947 – 1948
|2 years
|-
|Mr. K.F. McGowan
|1948 – 1950
|2 years
|-
|Mr. B.L.J. Love
|1950 – 1956
|6 years
|-
|Mr. A K. Bhaduri
|1956 – 1958
|3 years
|-
|Mr. B.R. Pasricha
|1958 – 1970
|13 years
|-
|Mr. L.C. Mathur
|1970 – 1972
|3 years
|-
|Mr. Ratan Kumar Kichlu
|1972 – 1994
|25 years
|-
|Mr. Sunil Mishra (Principal designate)
|1990 – 1991
|2 years
|-
|Mrs. Gita Mishra
|1995 – 1997
|3 years
|-
|Mr. Rajiv Kishore
|1997 – 2001
|4 years
|-
|Mr. Deepak Peter Gabriel
|2001 – 2004
|4 years
|-
|Mr. Surinder Kumar
|2005 – 2008
|4 years
|-
|Mr. Anurag Tripathi
|2008 – 2012
|5 years
|-
|Mr. Sandip Trivedi
|2012 – 2015
|3 years
|-
|Mr. J.P. Pandey
|2015-2019
|5 years
|-
|Mr. Abhishek Kesrwani
|2019-2022
|4 years
|-
|Mr.Naresh Kumar
|2022-
|}

== Oakgrovians at the Olympic games ==
Several Oak Grove students represented pre-independence India (under the British Raj) in field hockey at the Olympics between 1928 Amsterdam to 1936 Berlin Olympics, winning Gold medal each time. These <ref>{{cite web |title=Gold medallist Olympians |url=http://oakgrovians.com/olympians-from-oak-grove-school/}}</ref> were:

'''Amsterdam Olympics – 1928'''

* [[Richard Allen (field hockey)|Richard James Allen]] + - # Goalkeeper
* [[Leslie Hammond|Leslie Charles Hammond]]
* [[Broome Pinniger|Broome Eric Pinniger]]

'''Los Angeles Olympics – 1932'''

* [[Richard Allen (field hockey)|Richard James Allen]] + - # Goalkeeper
* [[Leslie Hammond|Leslie Charles Hammond]]
* [[Broome Pinniger|Broome Eric Pinniger]]
* [[Richard Carr (field hockey)|Richard Carr]]

'''Berlin Olympics – 1936'''

* [[Richard Allen (field hockey)|Richard James Allen]] + - # Goalkeeper

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* Alumni Corner, http://www.oakgrovian.info/
* Oakgrovians Young & Old, http://www.oakgrovians.com

{{coord missing|Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Railway schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Education in Dehradun district]]
[[Category:Mussoorie]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1888]]
[[Category:1888 establishments in India]]

Ek Radha Ek Meera

2026-02-13T08:01:50Z

MonteZaleski33:

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian Marathi film by Mahesh Manjrekar}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Radha Ek Meera
| image = Ek Radha Ek Meera Film Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| writer = Kiran Yadnopavit
| producer = Avinashkumar Prabhakar Ahaley
| story =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Gashmeer Mahajani]]|[[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]|Surbhi Bhosale}}
| music = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ajit Reddy
| editing = Sarvesh Parab
| studio = Ahalay's Movie Magic
| distributor = [[Panorama Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|02|7}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| gross =
| budget =
}}
'''''Ek Radha Ek Meera''''' ({{translation|One Radha, One Meera}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi-language]] romantic drama film directed by [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] and written by Kiran Yadnopavit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मेधा- महेश मांजरेकर त्यांच्या ३० वर्षाच्या प्रवासाबद्दल काय म्हणाले ? |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/video/entertainment/ek-radha-ek-meera-marathi-movie-mahesh-manjrekar-medha-manjrekar-interview-watch-video/videoshow/117242957.cms |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया न |date=15 October 2024 |title=Mahesh Manjarekar Movie {{!}} महेश मांजरेकरांचा 'एक राधा एक मीरा' चित्रपट |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/mahesh-manjarekar-ek-radha-ek-meera |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref> Produced by Avinashkumar Prabhakar Ahaley under the banner of Ahalay's Movie Magic, the film stars [[Gashmeer Mahajani]], [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]], and Surbhi Bhosale in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=मेढे |first=जयदीप |date=8 October 2024 |title=व्हेनियामध्ये दिग्दर्शित झालेला पहिला मराठी सिनेमा, 'एक राधा एक मीरा' चित्रपटाचा टीझर प्रदर्शित |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/mahesh-manjarekar-ek-radha-ek-mira-marathi-movie-teaser-release-movie-will-be-release-on-10-january-2025-entertainment-news-in-marathi-1317992 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref> The story revolves around a guy who falls in love while studying abroad and tries to impress the girl, all while meeting a high-society girl.

== Cast ==

* [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] as Krishna
* [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]] as Manasvi
* Surbhi Bhosale as Sanvi
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Aniruddha
* [[Medha Manjrekar]] as Manasvi's Mother
* [[Sandeep Pathak (actor)|Sandeep Pathak]] as Einstein
* Aroh Welankar as Shail

== Production ==
The film was announced in early 2017. Initially, it was titled ''Rubik's Cube''.<ref name="lokmat">{{Cite web |last=author/online-lokmat |date=6 September 2018 |title=गश्मीर महाजनीचा हा सिनेमा येणार लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/gashmeer-mahajani-new-movie-ek-radha-ek-meera/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref> It is the first Marathi film to be shot in [[Slovenia]] and is considered one of the big-budget productions in [[Marathi cinema]].<ref name="punemirror">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Debarati Palit |date=8 October 2024 |title=Mahesh Manjrekar's directorial 'Ek Radha Ek Meera' teaser unveiled |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/MarathiEntertainment/mahesh-manjrekar-s-directorial-ek-radha-ek-meera-teaser-unveiled/cid1728386881.htm |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music and background score are done by [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 6:06
| title1 = Antaricha
| length1 = 3:23
| lyrics1 = [[Spruha Joshi]]
| extra1 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
| title2 = Jara Jara Mi Zurate
| length2 = 3:06
| lyrics2 = [[Jitendra Joshi]]
| extra2 = Neeti Mohan
}}

== Marketing ==
On 23 February 2017, the music launch event took place in [[Mumbai]], with the cast and crew in attendance, alongside Bollywood superstar [[Salman Khan]] and his fiancée, Iulia Vantur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salman Khan and girlfriend Iulia Vantur go Bold in Black at the music launch of Rubik's Cube! {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/viral/salman-khan-and-girlfriend-iulia-vantur-go-bold-in-black-at-the-music-launch-of-rubiks-cube-1864442/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayyappan |first=R. |date=23 February 2017 |title=Iulia joins Salman as he launches music of Mahesh Manjrekar's film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/gallery/entertainment/230217/iulia-joins-salman-as-he-launches-music-of-mahesh-majrekars-film.html |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> It was also revealed at the event that Khan had provided his voice for one of the songs in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2017 |title=Salman Khan sings for Mahesh Manjrekar film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/salman-khan-sings-in-marathi-film/articleshow/57389468.cms |access-date=2025-01-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In April 2017, just seven days before its release, the film was stalled by the [[Bombay High Court]] due to its title. Rubik's Brand Ltd. filed a case, arguing that the commercial use of the brand name could harm its reputation and associated value.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=9 April 2017 |title=Mahesh Manjrekar's film release stalled by Bombay HC over title |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/090417/mahesh-manjrekars-film-release-stalled-by-hc-over-title.html |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2017 |title=Mahesh Manjrekar's Marathi film Rubik's Cube release stayed by Bombay High Court |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/marathi-film-rubik-cube-release-stayed-bombay-high-court-970439-2017-04-09 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

At the end of August 2018, lead actor [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] announced the new release date and title ''Ek Radha Ek Meera'', along with the film poster.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2018 |title='Ek Raadha Ek Meera': Gashmeer Mahajani shares the poster of the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ek-raadha-ek-meera-gashmeer-mahajani-shares-the-poster-of-the-film/articleshow/65610592.cms |access-date=2025-01-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 3 September 2018, the film's trailer was released on the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Marathi]] YouTube channel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2018 |title='Ek Raadha Ek Meera' trailer: The Gashmeer Mahajani, Mrunmayee Deshpande and Surabhi Bhosale starrer is an intense love triangle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ek-raadha-ek-meera-trailer-the-gashmeer-mahajani-mrunmayee-deshpande-and-surabhi-bhosale-starrer-is-an-intense-love-triangle/articleshow/65731134.cms |access-date=2025-01-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Keyur |title=Ek Raadha Ek Meera trailer: Reveals too much of Mahesh Manjrekar's modern take on the mythology |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/sep/4/15417/ek-raadha-ek-meera-trailer-reveals-too-much-of-mahesh-manjrekar-s-modern-take-on-the-mythology |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> On 8 October 2024, the 1 minute 45 seconds teaser of the film was released, and upon its release, the kissing scene between Mahajani and Deshpande quickly became a much-talked-about moment.<ref name="punemirror"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Ek Radha Ek Meera: गश्मीर आणि मृण्मयीचा रोमॅन्स, 'एक राधा एक मीरा'मधील किसिंग सीनची चर्चा |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gashmeer-mahajani-and-mrunmayee-deshpande-ek-radha-ek-meera-movie-teaser-is-out-141728378534690.html |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> In December 2024, a motion poster featuring the three main leads was unveiled, along with a new release date.<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया न |date=25 December 2024 |title=महेश मांजरेकर दिग्दर्शित 'एक राधा एक मीरा'चे मोशन पोस्टर प्रकाशित |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/ek-radha-ek-meera-motion-poster-mahesh-manjrekar |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref> The makers released the song 'Jara Jara Mee Jhurte,' sung by [[Neeti Mohan]] with lyrics written by [[Jitendra Joshi]], in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=author/online-lokmat |date=10 January 2025 |title=आर्त मनाची प्रेमळ हाक...; गश्मीर-मृण्मयीच्या 'एक राधा एक मीरा' चित्रपटातील नवं गाणं प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/marathi-actor-gashmeer-mahajani-and-mrunmayee-deshpande-starrer-ek-radha-ek-meera-movie-new-song-out-a-a991/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was initially set to release on 14 April 2017, and later on 23 November 2018.<ref name="lokmat"/><ref name="indiatoday"/> After seven years, it was revealed that the release would be on 10 January 2025, but it was subsequently postponed to 7 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Updated |first=CineBuster Online {{!}} |date=8 October 2024 |title='Ek Radha Ek Meera', featuring Gashmeer Mahajani and Mrunmayee Deshpande, gets a release date! - Latest News, Breaking News, National News, World News, India News, Bollywood News, Business News, Politics News, Sports News, Entertainment News - CineBuster |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/ek-radha-ek-meera-featuring-gashmeer-mahajani-and-mrunmayee-deshpande-gets-a-release-date/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2024 |title=गश्मीर महाजनी व मृण्मयी देशपांडे एकत्र झळकणार; 'या' मराठी चित्रपटातून भेटीला येणार, जाणून घ्या रिलीज डेट |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/gashmeer-mahajani-and-mrunmayee-deshpande-will-appear-together-in-new-marathi-movie-reveals-release-date-know-the-name-nsp-98-4784959/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt9024674}}

{{Mahesh Manjrekar}}
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Manjrekar]]

Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty

2026-02-06T07:08:59Z

MonteZaleski33: small edit

{{Short description|Indian merchant and political activist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gajula Lakshminarasu Chetty [[Order of the Star of India|C. S. I.]]
| native_name = గాజుల లక్ష్మీనరసు శెట్టి
| native_name_lang = te
| image = Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = A portrait of Gajula Lakshminarasu Chetty
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1806
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[Company Raj|British India]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = 1868
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| known_for = Political activism, [[publicist]]
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = [[Merchant]]
| title =
| height =
| spouse =
| children =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty''' [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: గాజుల లక్ష్మీనరసు శెట్టి; 1806–1868) was an [[British Raj|Indian]] [[merchant]] and political activist who founded the Madras Native Association, one of the earliest Indian political associations, and the first Indian-owned newspaper in [[Chennai|Madras]], ''The Crescent''. He was also the second Indian to be appointed a member of the Madras Legislative Council, succeeding [[Vembaukum Sadagopacharlu|V. Sadagopacharlu]] on his death.<ref name=Muthiah/> Lakshminarasu Chetty was born in 1806 to a wealthy indigo merchant Sidhulu Chetty in Madras. On completion of his initial education, Chetty entered the family trade and succeeded as a businessman. He entered politics and devoted money for social and philanthropic causes.

== Early life ==
Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty was born in 1806 in [[Periamet]], [[Madras]] in a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Balija]] family.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Alok Kumar Kanungo, Laure Dussubieux |author2=|title=Ancient Glass of South Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections
|volume= |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2021|page=283|isbn=9789811636561|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGxAEAAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=K.H.S.S. Sundar |author2=|title=Origins and growth of political consciousness in Andhra during the nineteenth century
|volume= |publisher=University of Hyderabad |year=1994|page=153|isbn=|quote=| url=https://dspace.uohyd.ac.in/bitstreams/00928d79-a1bd-41e7-982b-cf49ab818e2a/download}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=A. Vijaya Kumari, Sepuri Bhaskar |author2=|title=Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh
|volume= |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |year=1998|page=14|isbn=9788175330726|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-ffeWmj2JUC }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=M.L.Kantha Rao |author2=|title=A study of the socio political mobility of the kapu caste in modern Andhra
|volume= |publisher=University of Hyderabad |year=1999|page=93|isbn=|quote=| url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/25437/ }}
</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Muthiah |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&dq=Gazulu+Lakshminarasu+Chetty+Telugu&pg=PA366 |title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India |date=2008 |publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8 |pages=366 |language=en |author-link=S. Muthiah}}</ref> His father, Sidhulu Chetty (సిద్ధులు శెట్టి), owned a large [[indigo]], dye, and cloth business, and was the first Indian member of the [[Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry|Madras Chamber of Commerce]].<ref name=Muthiah>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/the-holey-dollar/article4935194.ece|title=Activism over business|last=S. Muthiah|date=July 21, 2013|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Due to the poor schooling facilities available in India at the time, Chetty had little formal education. However, even as a boy, Chetty was interested in politics and took part in Debating Societies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 April 2022 |title=అర్జీలే అస్త్రంగా ఆంగ్లేయులపై అలుపెరగని పోరాటం |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/telugu/telangana/bharat/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav-social-reformer-gazulu-lakshminarasu-chetty/na20220415083550127 |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Business ==

On completion of his education, Chetty worked as an apprentice under his father, whose business was soon afterwards renamed Sidhulu Chetty and Co.<ref name=ILG>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liberalsindia.com/indianliberals/profiles/gazulu_lakshminarasu.php|title=Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty|access-date=2008-10-31|publisher=Indian Liberal Group}}</ref> The firm mainly dealt in handkerchiefs and soon grew into a thriving corporation. After Sidhulu Chetty's death, Lakshminarasu Chetty inherited the firm and expanded its network.

When the [[American Civil War]] broke out, cotton trade was temporarily suspended between USA and other countries. Chetty took advantage of the situation and made huge profits by speculating on the price of cotton.<ref name=DoIB>{{cite Wikisource|first=C. E.|last=Buckland|chapter=Chetty, Gazulu Lakshminarasu|wslink=Dictionary of Indian Biography|plaintitle=Dictionary of Indian Biography|year=1906|publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Lim.|wspage=81|scan=Page:Dictionary of Indian Biography.djvu/97}}</ref>

== Anti-proselytization activities ==

During the mid-19th century, [[Christian mission|Christian missionaries]] indulged in open [[Proselytism|proselytisation]] in public institutions in the [[Madras Presidency]]. Their proselytisation activities were allegedly favoured by officials of the British government, who preferred native Christians to Hindus in higher appointments in order to entice Hindu Indians to embrace Christianity. The religious stance of the Madras government was frequently condemned by the Hindu population. Chetty supported their cause, and launched agitations against conversions.<ref>The First Native Voice of Madras written by B.Jagannath</ref>

On 2 October 1844, Chetty founded the ''Crescent'', the first Indian-owned newspaper in the Madras Presidency for the "amelioration of the condition of Hindus".<ref name="indian_nationalism">{{cite book | title=The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century| last=Seal| first=Anil| year=1971| pages=198| publisher=CUP Archive| isbn=0521096529| id=}}</ref> But right from the beginning, the newspaper faced strict government opposition. An advertisement sent to the Madras government for insertion into the government publication ''Fort St George Gazette'' was rejected. Further, the government resolved to enact a law wherein a Hindu convert to Christianity would not lose his ancestral right to own property. This was severely condemned by the Hindu community of Madras who, under the leadership of Chetty, presented a memorial to the Governor on 09 April 1845. The government eventually withdrew its plans after prolonged discussions with the agitators.<ref>The First Native Voice of Madras written by B.Jagannath</ref>

Around this time, the Madras government tried to introduce the [[Bible]] as a standard textbook for the students of the [[Madras University]].<ref name="tercentenaryp348">[[#Madras Tercentenary Commemoration Volume|Madras Tercentenary Commemoration Volume]], Pg 348</ref> Students were often questioned on points connected to [[Christian theology]] and were denied government posts if their knowledge of Christian texts was found wanting. Hindus of the Madras Presidency protested against these measures. Chetty presided over a protest meeting at the [[Pachaiyappa's College]] on 7 October 1846<ref>The First Native Voice of Madras written by B.Jagannath</ref> in which it was resolved to send a memorandum to the Court of Directors of the [[British East India Company]]. Their efforts were successful and moves to introduce Christian theology in the curriculum were disbanded. In 1853, the government once again tried to introduce the Bible into the educational curriculum, but its efforts were thwarted by George and [[John Bruce Norton]] and Chetty.<ref name="tercentenaryp348" />

== Torture Commission ==

Peasants in various parts of the Madras Presidency were often subjected to cruel punishments if they failed to pay taxes on time. In 1854, with the assistance of [[Henry Danby Seymour|H. Danby Seymour]], a member of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|British House of Commons]], Chetty tried to induce the British authorities to investigate the methods of [[torture]] inflicted by the revenue collectors.<ref name=":0" /> In July 1854, Seymour tried to introduce a motion in the British Parliament. [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Sir Charles Wood]], President of the India Board, responded by appointing a Torture Commission in September 1854, to investigate the conduct of revenue officials.<ref>The First Native Voice of Madras written by B.Jagannath</ref> Further pressure was induced by a petition signed by Chetty and other Indians, which was presented in the [[House of Lords]] on 14 April 1856.<ref name=":0" />

Chetty established Madras Native Association on 26 February 1852<ref>The First Native Voice of Madras written by B.Jagannath</ref> as a platform for educated Indians to protest against any injustice on the part of the British. It was the first Indian political organization in the Madras Presidency.<ref>The First Native Voice of Madras written by B.Jagannath</ref> Chetty served as its first president.<ref name=ILG/><ref name="indian_nationalism" /><ref name="tercentenaryp348" /> Initially, his plans had been to establish a branch of the [[British Indian Association]] in Madras; however, a separate organisation was formed instead of a branch.<ref name="indian_nationalism" /> P. Somasundaram Chettiar, a close associate of Chetty, served as the Secretary of the organization.<ref name="indian_nationalism" /> The organization frequently locked horns with Christian missionaries.<ref name="indian_nationalism" />

In 1852, the Madras Native Association presented a detailed list of grievances to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]]. It was read out at the [[House of Lords]] on 25 February 1853 by the Earl of Ellenborough along with a petition from the inhabitants of [[Manchester]] that a minister and council for India be appointed and that they be made responsible directly to the British monarch.<ref>The First Native Voice of Madras written by B.Jagannath</ref> Chetty followed it up with another petition in 1855. This petition signed by over 14,000 people beseached the British Crown to take the administration of India directly under its control.<ref name=":0" /> These petitions resulted in the curtailment of the powers of the British [[East India Company]] eventually culminating in the transfer of sovereignty over India to the British Crown. The organisation was dissolved in 1867, one year before Chetty's death.<ref name=":0" />

== Honours ==

In 1861, Chetty was created [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Star of India]].<ref name=DoIB/><ref name="tercentenaryp348" /> Two years later, in 1863, he was nominated to the [[Madras Legislative Council]] on the death of [[Vembaukum Sadagopacharlu|V. Sadagopacharlu]], the first Indian nominated to the Madras Legislative Council as per the [[Indian Councils Act 1861]].<ref name="tercentenaryp348" />

== Death ==

Chetty died in poverty in 1868, having spent all his money in his social and political activities.<ref name=ILG/><ref name=DoIB/>

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book|title=Representative Indians|url=https://archive.org/details/RepresentativeIndian|pages=[https://archive.org/details/RepresentativeIndian/page/n225 193]–207|year=1897|author=Pillai, G. Paramaswaran|publisher=George Routledge & Sons, Limited|location=London}}
*{{cite book|last=Srinivasachari|first=Rao Sahib C. S.|date=1939|title=History of the City of Madras: Written for the Tercentenary Celebration Committee, 1939|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503257|location=Madras|publisher=P. Varadachary & Co.}}

{{Indian independence movement|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chetty, Gazulu Lakshminarasu}}
[[Category:1806 births]]
[[Category:1868 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian merchants]]
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Tamil people of Telugu descent]]

Purna Swaraj

2026-01-26T22:43:10Z

MonteZaleski33: basic add article as per guidelines additionally and added references based on references

{{Short description|Proclamation of Indian independence from the British Empire published on 26 Jan. 1930}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
[[File:The Indian National Congress moves toward independence.cropped.jpg|thumb|250px|Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the INC Lahore session where the resolution was adopted]]
[[File:1921 India flag.svg|thumb|250px|The tricolour ''Charkha flag'' which was hoisted by Nehru at the banks of Ravi river in Lahore on 31 December 1929]]

The '''Declaration of Purna Swaraj''' or '''Declaration of the Independence of India''' was a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]] which was passed by the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1930 because of the dissatisfaction among the Indian masses regarding the British offer of [[Dominion|Dominion status]] to [[British Raj|India]]. The word Purna Swaraj was derived {{Etymology|Sanskrit|पूर्ण (Pūrṇa)|Complete|5=स्वराज (Svarāja)|6=Self-rule or Sovereignty}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Declaration of Purna Swaraj (Indian National Congress, 1930)|url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical_constitutions/declaration_of_purna_swaraj__indian_national_congress__1930__26th%20January%201930|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-14|website=www.constitutionofindia.net (Constitution of India)|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715113407/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/historical_constitutions/declaration_of_purna_swaraj__indian_national_congress__1930__26th%20January%201930}}</ref> It was promulgated by the [[Indian National Congress]], resolving the Congress and Indian nationalists to fight for ''Purna [[Swaraj]]'', or ''complete self-rule''/total independence from the [[British Raj|British rule]].

The [[Flag of India#Gandhi's activism|tricolour Indian flag]] was hoisted by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 31 December 1929 on the banks of [[Ravi River]], in [[Lahore]]. The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26 January as '''Independence Day''' (see [[Purna Swaraj#Legacy|Legacy]]). The flag of India was hoisted publicly across India by Congress volunteers and the general public who aspired for self-governance and wanted to achieve independence. Two decades later, the 26th day of January became the nation's [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].

==Background==
[[Dadabhai Naoroji]] in his presidential address at the 1886 National Congress in Calcutta advocated for [[Swaraj]] as the sole aim of the nationalist movement, but along the lines of [[Canada]] and [[Australia]], which was [[colonialism|colonial]] self-government under the British crown. In 1907, [[Sri Aurobindo]], as editor of the newspaper [[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bande Mataram]], began writing that the new generation of nationalists would not accept anything less than Purna Swaraj, full independence, as it exists in the United Kingdom. Through his writings and speeches, along with [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] he popularised this idea, making it a core part of the nationalist discourse.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Avatans|date=2020-01-24|title=Sri Aurobindo and Swaraj|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/indic-positive/sri-aurobindo-and-swaraj/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-14|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126060451/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/indic-positive/sri-aurobindo-and-swaraj/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|others=Developed in collaboration by Sri Aurobindo Ashram — Delhi Branch Trust and Savitri Foundation.|title=The Meaning of Swaraj|url=https://incarnateword.in/cwsa/07/the-meaning-of-swaraj?search=swaraj|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-14|website=incarnateword.in|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818042650/https://incarnateword.in/cwsa/07/the-meaning-of-swaraj?search=swaraj}}</ref>

Before 1930, Indian political parties had openly embraced the goal of political independence from the United Kingdom. The [[All India Home Rule League]] had been advocating ''[[Home Rule]]'' for India: [[dominion]] status within the British Empire, as granted to Australia, Canada, the [[Irish Free State]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], New Zealand, and South Africa. The [[All India Muslim League]] favoured dominion status as well, and opposed calls for outright Indian independence. The [[Indian Liberal Party]], by far the most pro-British party, explicitly opposed India's independence and even dominion status if it weakened India's links with the British Empire. The [[Indian National Congress]], the largest Indian political party of the time, was at the head of the national debate. Congress leader and famous poet [[Hasrat Mohani]] was the first activist to demand complete independence (Poorna Swaraj) from the British in 1930 from an All-India Congress Forum. [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]] supported the 'Poorna Swaraj' motion demanded by Hasrat Mohani.<ref name="Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav">{{cite web|last1=Ministry of Culture|first1=Government of India|title=Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138|website=amritmahotsav.nic.in|access-date=2 February 2022|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123094444/https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138|url-status=live}}</ref> Veteran Congress leaders such as [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Sri Aurobindo]] and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] had also advocated explicit Indian independence from the Empire.It is said that the first independence day was celebrated on 1930, by Sitaram Seksaria in his book.

Following the 1919 [[Amritsar Massacre]], there was considerable public outrage against British rule. Europeans, (civilians and officials) were targets and victims of violence across India. In 1920, Gandhi and the Congress committed themselves to ''[[Swaraj]]'', described as political and spiritual independence. At the time, Gandhi described this as the basic demand of all Indians; he specifically said that the question of whether India would remain within the Empire or leave it completely would be answered by the behaviour and response of the British. Between 1920 and 1922, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] led the [[Non-Cooperation movement]]: nationwide [[civil disobedience]] to oppose the [[Rowlatt Acts]] and the exclusion of Indians from the government, and the denial of political and civil freedoms.

==Simon commission and the Nehru report==
In 1927, the British government further outraged people across India by appointing a seven-man, all-European committee led by Sir John Simon, called the [[Simon Commission]] to deliberate on constitutional and political reforms for India. Indian political parties were neither consulted nor asked to involve themselves in the process. Upon arrival in India, Chairman [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|Sir John Simon]] and other commission members were met with angry public demonstrations, which followed them everywhere. The death of a prominent Indian leader, [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], from severe beatings by British police officials further outraged the Indian public.

The Congress appointed an all-Indian commission to propose constitutional reforms for India. Members of other Indian political parties joined the commission led by Congress President [[Motilal Nehru]]. The [[Nehru Report]] demanded that India be granted self-government under the dominion status within the Empire. While most other Indian political parties supported the Nehru commission's work, it was opposed by the Indian Liberal Party and the All India Muslim League. The British ignored the commission, its report and refused to introduce political reform.

==Dominion or republic?==
The [[Nehru Report]] was also controversial within Congress. Younger nationalist leaders like [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and Jawaharlal Nehru demanded that Congress resolve to make a complete and explicit break from all ties with the British. Jawaharlal Nehru also persuaded Congress to vote for total independence for the country with no links with Great Britain.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gandhi, Nehru and Modern India|page=58|author=Elizabeth Mauchline Roberts|date=13 August 2019 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-000-63959-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De2oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT58}}</ref> Now Bose and Nehru opposed dominion status, which would retain the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|King of Great Britain]] as the constitutional [[head of state]] of India (although in the separate capacity as [[Emperor of India]]), and preserve political powers for the British Parliament in Indian constitutional affairs. They were supported in their stand by a large number of rank-and-file Congressmen.

In December 1929, Congress session was held in [[Lahore]] and Mahatma Gandhi proposed a resolution that called for the British to grant dominion status to India within two years. After some time Gandhi brokered a further compromise by reducing the time given from two years to one. Jawaharlal Nehru voted for the new resolution, while Subhash Bose told his supporters that he would not oppose the resolution, and abstained from voting himself. The [[All India Congress Committee]] voted 118 to 45 in its favour (the 45 votes came from supporters of a complete break from the British). However, when Bose introduced an amendment during the open session of Congress that sought a complete break with the British, Gandhi admonished the move:

<blockquote>You may take the name of independence on your lips but all your muttering will be an empty formula if there is no honour behind it. If you are not prepared to stand by your words, where will independence be?<ref>D. G. Tendulkar, ''Mahatma'', [[Bombay]], 1951, p. 441</ref> </blockquote>

The amendment was rejected, by 1350 to 973, and the resolution was fully adopted.

On 31 October 1929, the [[Viceroy of India]], Lord [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Irwin]] announced that the government would meet with Indian representatives in London for a [[Round Table Conference]]. To facilitate Indian participation, Irwin met with Mahatma Gandhi, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and out-going Congress President Motilal Nehru to discuss the meeting. Gandhi asked Irwin if the conference would proceed on the basis of dominion status and Irwin said he could not assure that, resulting in the end of the meeting. There was no set deadline for granting the status, but it was tentatively believed that the process would take more or less than 200 months (around 16 years).<ref name="patel185">R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', p. 185</ref>

[[File:Transfer of power- Volume 9 (Notes by Atlee).png|thumb|250px|The notes written by the then [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British prime minister]] [[Clement Attlee]] in late 1946 clearly described the adverse condition of prolonging British rule and immediately emphasized the need for granting India complete independence]]

By late 1946, the [[British Raj#Organisation|colonial government in India]] under [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Wavell]] and [[India Office|authorities in London]] immediately began reconsidering India's dominion status and later arranged for a [[The Transfer of Power, 1942–47|full transfer of power]]. Thus, an [[Interim Government of India]] was constituted to undertake the transition.

==The declaration==
As a result of the denial of reforms and political rights, and the persistent ignorance of Indian political parties, the Indian National Congress grew increasingly cohesive – unified in the desire to out the British from India completely.<ref name="patel185" /> A very large number of Congress volunteers and delegates, members of other political parties and an especially large public gathering attended the session convened in Lahore. Despite the bitterly cold weather, [[Pattabhi Sitaramayya]] records that:

<blockquote>The heat of passion and excitement, the resentment at the failure of negotiation, the flushing of faces on hearing the war drums – oh, it was all in marked contrast to the weather.<ref>[[Pattabhi Sitaramayya]], ''The History of the Congress'', [[Allahabad]], 1935, p. 600</ref></blockquote>

Jawaharlal Nehru was elected president and veteran leaders like [[Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari]] and [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] returned to the [[Congress Working Committee]]. They approved a declaration of independence, which stated:

<blockquote>The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually.... Therefore...India must sever the British connection and attain '''Purna Swaraj''' or complete independence.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Purna Swaraj: The Demand for Full Independence 26 January 1930|url = http://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/major-events-pre-1950/283-purna-swaraj-the-demand-for-full-independence-26-january-1930-|access-date = 2015-07-06|publisher = India of the Past|archive-date = 8 November 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181108144457/http://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/major-events-pre-1950/283-purna-swaraj-the-demand-for-full-independence-26-january-1930-|url-status = live}}</ref></blockquote>

At midnight on New Year's Eve, President Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the tricolour flag of India upon the banks of the [[Ravi River|Ravi]] in Lahore, which later became part of Pakistan. A pledge of independence was read out, which included a readiness to withhold taxes. The massive gathering of public attending the ceremony were asked if they agreed with it, and the vast majority of people were witnessed to raise their hands in approval. One hundred seventy-two Indian members of central and provincial legislatures resigned in support of the resolution and in accordance with Indian public sentiment.

The Declaration of Independence was officially promulgated on 26 January 1930. Gandhi and other Indian leaders would immediately begin the planning of a massive national non-violence would encourage the common people not to attack Britishers even if they attacked them.<ref name="patel185" /> Subsequently, the ''[[Salt Satyagraha]]'' was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi on 12 March 1930 and what followed gave impetus to the [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] movement.

[[File:1931 Flag of India.svg|thumb|250px|A new ''Swaraj flag'' was later adopted by the Congress party in early 1931]]

The resolution was a short 750-word document; it does not have a legal/constitutional structure – instead, it reads more like a manifesto. The document called for severing ties with the British and claimed 'Purna Swaraj' or completes independence. It indicted British rule and succinctly articulated the resulting economic, political and cultural injustice inflicted on Indians. The document spoke on behalf of Indians and made its intention of launching the civil disobedience movement clear.<ref name=":0" />

==Authorship==
The text of the ''declaration of Independence'' is credited to either Gandhi or Nehru.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 2006-08-10|isbn = 9780521867153|first = Anthony|last = Parel|page = 53|access-date = 21 August 2015|archive-date = 19 February 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170219203819/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBy6BCupe4C|publisher = Oxford University Press, USA|date = 2002-11-28|isbn = 9780195156348|first = Stanley|last = Wolpert|page = 141|access-date = 21 August 2015|archive-date = 18 May 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160518013503/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBy6BCupe4C|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Political Leadership, Nascent Statehood and Democracy: A Comparative Study|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uKbAAwAAQBAJ|publisher = Routledge|date = 2014-06-05|isbn = 9781317673101|first1 = Ulrika|last1 = Möller|first2 = Isabell|last2 = Schierenbeck|page = 62|access-date = 21 August 2015|archive-date = 19 February 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170219112948/https://books.google.com/books?id=uKbAAwAAQBAJ|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Brown | first1=Judith | last2=Parel | first2=Anthony | title=The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-139-82484-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLM8kMZZu-IC&pg=PA162 |quote=Two of his shorter writings are of special importance here: the 'Declaration of Independence (Purna Swaraj)' (1930) and the 'Resolution on Fundamental Rights and Economic Changes' (1931). He was the sole author of the first, and the co-author (with Jawaharlal Nehru) of the second. | page=162}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The Congress regularly observed 26 January as the Independence Day of India – commemorating those who campaigned for Indian independence. In 1947, the British agreed to transfer power and political finesse to India, and 15 August became the official Independence Day. However, the new [[Constitution of India]], as drafted and approved by the [[Constituent Assembly]], was mandated to take effect on 26 January 1950, to commemorate the 1930 declaration. On that day in 1950, India became a republic. 26 January is now celebrated as [[Republic Day of India]] every year.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/major-events-pre-1950/283-purna-swaraj-the-demand-for-full-independence-26-january-1930- Full text of the Declaration]
*[http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/historical_constitutions/declaration_of_purna_swaraj__indian_national_congress__1930__26th%20January%201930 CADIndia — Full text of the Declaration and brief summary]

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Gandhi}}
{{Bal Gangadhar Tilak}}

[[Category:Declarations of independence]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:History of Lahore]]

Hidayatullah National Law University

2026-01-20T14:36:00Z

MonteZaleski33: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|Public school and university in New Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{promotional|date=February 2020}}
{{Cleanup higher education|date=February 2020}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Hidayatullah National Law University
| image_name = HNLU Logo1.png
| caption =
| logo =
| motto = Dharma Sansthapanartham
| mottoeng = For the sake of establishing the primacy of the laws of eternal value.
| established = 2003
| type = [[National Law University]]
| chancellor = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Chhattisgarh High Court]]
| vice_chancellor = V. C. Vivekanandan <ref>{{cite web|title=HNLU|url=https://www.hnlu.ac.in/index.php/17-what-s-new/774-order-of-the-chancellor-regarding-taken-over-the-responsibility-of-office-of-vice-chancellor-hnlu-dt-29-08-2018|website=www.hnlu.ac.in|access-date=29 August 2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| address = opposite Jungle Safari, Sector 40, Uparwara, Atal Nagar-Nava Raipur, Chhattisgarh 493661
| city = [[Naya Raipur]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| postalcode = 493661
| country = [[India]]
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Bar Council of India|BCI]]
| website = {{URL|www.hnlu.ac.in}}
| coordinates = {{coord|21.107|81.759|display=title,inline}}
}}
[[File:Hidayatullah National Law University.jpg|thumb|Academic block of HNLU]]
'''Hidayatullah National Law University''' ('''HNLU''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[law school]] and a [[National Law University]] located in [[Naya Raipur|New Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], India. It was named after the former [[Chief Justice of India]], [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]. It is one of the [[autonomous law schools in India]] and seventh in the series of such national law schools. It was established as a centre for legal excellence by the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]] under the Hidayatullah National University of Law, Chhattisgarh Act (Act No.10 of 2003). The university offers a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] [[LL.B.]] (Hons.) integrated Program, an [[L.L.M.]] Program, and a [[PhD]] Course.

It is a residential university and receives central assistance from the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hnlu.ac.in/home/images/stories/pdf/UGC%20notification%20HNLU%20recognition%202%28f%29%20%26%2012B.pdf|title=HNLU UGC Order|access-date=2012-07-15|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150009/http://hnlu.ac.in/home/images/stories/pdf/UGC%20notification%20HNLU%20recognition%202%28f%29%20%26%2012B.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and recognized by the [[Bar Council of India]].<ref name="About HNLU">{{cite web|title=About HNLU|url=https://www.hnlu.ac.in/index.php/about-us/about-hnlu|publisher=Hidayatullah National Law University|access-date=1 July 2017|archive-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801191526/http://hnlu.ac.in/index.php/about-us/about-hnlu|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{TOC limit}}

==Campus==
===Old campus===
Previously, the university operated from a classical heritage building adjacent to the Raj Bhawan in the heart of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wanderponder.blogspot.in/2009/09/hnlu-death-and-reincarnation.html|title=HNLU: Death & Re-incarnation|website=Blogspot|date=29 September 2009|publisher=Debanshu Mukherjee}}</ref> In 2009, the university shifted to its newly constructed campus at Upparwara, Nava Raipur, about 22 km from the center of [[Raipur]] city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/20090901161/Law-schools/hnlu-four-year-battle-winds-down-students-return-to-new-campus|title=HNLU four-year battle winds down, students return to new campus|publisher=LegallyIndia}}</ref>

===New campus===
The new campus is built over {{convert|65|acre|ha}} of land beside a lake and in a serene and pollution-free environment. The circular academic and administrative building has been built on the design of the [[Parliament of India]]. The academic block consists of a two-storied library with an air-conditioned reading hall, The academic block also houses the Moot Court Halls designed to match the standards of the Supreme Court of India and the High Courts. The campus is Wi-Fi enabled. There are 21 air-conditioned classrooms fitted with modern teaching aids and equipment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://clat.ac.in/pdf/hnlu.pdf|title=Common Law Admission Test 2015 - Brochure - HNLU Raipur|date=15 January 2015|access-date=15 January 2015|website=CLAT|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114213025/http://clat.ac.in/pdf/hnlu.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2015|ref=clat-2015}}</ref><ref name="Moot Court Halls">{{cite web|url=http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/infrastructure/moot-court-hall|title=HNLU|publisher=Moot Court Hall|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051651/http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/infrastructure/moot-court-hall|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The air-conditioned classrooms are fitted with teaching aids such as DLP projectors. It also has a conference hall and an [[amphitheater]]. The halls of residence at the new campus have been constructed to provide single-room accommodation to each student. However, the later construction of the new [[hostels]] for both girls and boys are double occupancy.

===Infrastructure===

====Hostels====
[[File:HNLU HOR.jpg|thumb|alt=HNLU HOR|Residence Halls]]
HNLU provides separate hostels for girls and boys. Each hostel has three blocks which are connected to the mess. There are over 400 single occupancy rooms and 216 double occupancy rooms. The hostels are equipped with separate mess and gymnasium facilities with a resident doctor.<ref name=":2" />

====Academic block and guest house====
In 2013 the university began construction on a second academic block adjacent to the original one, with classrooms built to accommodate the additional students after intake was increased from 100 to 175.

A guest house has been built where parents of students and guests are accommodated. The lake facing guest house has air-conditioned rooms which are available at a nominal fee on application to the registrar.

====Hostel block and auditorium====
Construction began in 2014 for the new hostel blocks for both the boys' and girls' hostels. The new hostels are twin-sharing, contrary to the old single rooms. The [[Chhattisgarh]] Government also allotted a major budget in 2014 for the construction of a state-of-the-art [[auditorium]].

==Administration==
Heading the administration of the university are:<ref name="About HNLU" />
* [[Visitor]]: Hon'ble Mr. Justice C.T. Ravikumar Judge, Supreme Court of India
* [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]]: Hon'ble Shri Justice [[Ramesh Sinha]], Chief Justice of the [[High Court of Chhattisgarh]].
* [[Vice Chancellor]]: Prof. Dr. VC Vivekanandan
* [[Registrar (education)|Registrar]]: Dr. Vipan Kumar (I/c)

==Academics==
===Admission===
Admissions to [[undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate]] courses is made on the basis of merit as assessed through the [[Common Law Admission Test]] (CLAT). Prior to 2008, admissions were conducted through National Entrance Tests which was replaced by the CLAT as per the [[Supreme Court of India]]'s directives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/11/stories/2008011160131400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112100254/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/11/stories/2008011160131400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-01-12|title=Front Page : Common Law Admission Test to be held in May|date=2008-01-11|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2012-02-21}}</ref> Admissions to the [[PhD]] Program is conducted separately by the university.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/component/content/article/8-academic/9-ph-d-programme|title=PhD Programme|access-date=1 January 2015|archive-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101195044/http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/component/content/article/8-academic/9-ph-d-programme|url-status=dead}}</ref> Students belonging to the state domicile [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] and [[OBC (secret society)|Other Backward Class]], and PWD and minorities are provided with scholarships by the state government.<ref name=":2" />

====Common Law Admission Test====
HNLU conducted the [[Common Law Admission Test]] (CLAT) in 2013 & in 2022. The CLAT is conducted for admission into various academic programs (LLB and LLM) of the 24 National Law Universities (NLUs) in India.

===Courses and curriculum===
HNLU currently offers following courses:
* [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[LL.B]] (Hons.) - Integrated Undergraduate Law Degree Program<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hnlu.ac.in/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23&Itemid=48|title=HNLU BA LLB Programme|publisher=Hnlu.ac.in|access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref> (5 years)
* [[LL.M]] - Master of Laws - Postgraduate Program<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hnlu.ac.in/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=54|title=HNLU LLM Programme|publisher=Hnlu.ac.in|access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref> (1 year)
* [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]<ref name="PhD">{{cite web|title=HNLU - PhD Programme|url=http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/component/content/article/28-what-s-new/ph-d/298-ph-d-program-2014|website=hnlu.ac.in|access-date=28 September 2014|archive-date=28 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928152502/http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/component/content/article/28-what-s-new/ph-d/298-ph-d-program-2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Undergraduate====
The university follows a semester system in its undergraduate program, with the students studying a total of 56 papers in 5 years. The university earlier had a system of students declaring a major ([[Political Science]], [[Sociology]] or [[Economics]]), but it currently offers a single major, Political Science. In the 4th and 5th year, students have to choose two honors papers. All students are also required to study six optional papers during their 4th and 5th year.

====Postgraduate====
The university offers a one-year LL.M Program which runs according to a trimester system. The specializations offered are [[corporate law]], [[intellectual property]] law and [[environmental law]].

===Publications===
''HNLU Student Bar Journal'' is the flagship peer review journal of the Students Bar Association of HNLU. In 2014 the university started the ''HNLU Journal of Law & Social Sciences'' (ISSN No. 2347-839X), a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal with an editorial board of experts on law as well as the field of social sciences. This bi-annual journal is being published with the objective to provide a platform to judges, jurists, academics, research scholars and legal practitioners to express their views on topics of contemporary significance in law and social sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/up/papers/Call_for_Paper.pdf|title=HNLU Journal of Law and Social Sciences|publisher=Hidayatullah National Law University|access-date=1 January 2015|archive-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101161702/http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/up/papers/Call_for_Paper.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| OUTLOOK_L_G_2022 = 9
}}
Hidayatullah National Law University was ranked ninth in India by ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "Top 13 Government Law Institutes In India" of 2022".<ref name=Rankings_OUTLOOK_L_G_2022/>

===Academic achievements===
The students of the university have won various awards and accolades. In 2012 the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] Lawyers Welfare Trust, awarded its first annual fellowship, named "The Lawyers Welfare Award" to HNLU alumnus Pallav Mongia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://barandbench.com/content/212/supreme-court-lawyers-welfare-trust-awards-litigation-fellowships-pallav-mongia-and|title=Supreme Court Lawyers Welfare Trust awards Litigation Fellowships to Pallav Mongia & Shivraj Gaonkar|date=2012-11-01|access-date = 2015-01-01}}</ref>

An alumnus of the 2012 graduating batch, Saksham Chaturvedi won the [[American Bar Association|ABA]] Section of International Law's Rona R. Mears Student Writing Competition and Scholarship Award, 2011 for his essay on "The Geneva Conventions: What Past? What futures?" and was awarded the prize in an event hosted by the [[American Bar Association]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]<ref>{{cite web|title=ABA Section of International Law Rona R. Mears Student Writing Competition & Scholarship Awards|url=http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/uncategorized/international_law/aba_student_writing_flyer_2011.authcheckdam.pdf|website=americanbar.org/intlaw/|publisher=American Bar Association|access-date=31 December 2014|archive-date=6 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206180759/http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/uncategorized/international_law/aba_student_writing_flyer_2011.authcheckdam.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Student life==
===Student Bar Association===
The Student Bar Association at HNLU is the representative body of the students. The Association comprises fourteen students who are the conveners of the twelve committees of the university. A president and a vice-president are elected from amongst these fourteen members. The members and officers of the Association hold office for a year. The Association makes all decisions affecting the students and makes recommendations to the Vice-Chancellor. The Association coordinates and supervises the activities of all the committees at the university.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/students/student-bar-association|title=Student Bar Association|publisher=HNLU}}</ref>

The HNLU Students Bar Association consists of fourteen committees: Moot Court Co-ordination Committee, Academic Support Committee, Finance Committee, Legal Service Society, Literary and Debate Society, Library Committee, I.T. Committee, Public Relations Committee, Disciplinary Committee, Mess Committee, Halls of Residence Committee, Cultural Committee, Students Editorial Board and Sports Committee. Each has a convener and co-convener, and at least two faculty advisers. The President and Vice President of the Student Bar Council are elected by popular vote.

===International Law Students Association===
The HNLU [[International Law Students Association|ILSA]] Chapter was established on 11 October 2010, with Aakansha Kumar as its Chief Officer and Shilpa Jain and Neeraj Tiwari as Faculty Advisers.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1u8q3/ILSAQuarterly193/resources/content/86.swf|title=HNLU ILSA Chapter|date=2011-02-01|journal=ILSA Quarterly}}</ref> Through the years the Chapter has tried to forward the study on International Law in HNLU through various initiatives, including a two-day Lecture Series by Prof. David Ambrose from the University of Madras and the HNLU-ILSA Refugee Conference.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://content.yudu.com/Library/A3amfj/ILSAQuarterly232/resources/index.htm?referrerUrl=|title=Campus Happenings: HNLU|last=Sikarwar|first=Mahip|date=1 December 2014|journal=ILSA Quarterly}}</ref>

===Moot courts===
[[File:2nd HNMCC.jpg|thumb|alt=2nd HNMCC|2nd Justice Hidayatullah Memorial National Moot Court Competition]]
[[File:HNLU Moot Court Hall.jpg|thumb|alt=HNLU Moot Court Hall|HNLU Moot Court Hall]]
To familiarize students with the workings of courts, the university conducts courtroom exercises and [[moot court]]s. Courtroom exercises are conducted in every semester. Students are encouraged to participate in moot court competitions so that they get the chance to interact with other law students from all over the country. The Moot Court Committee is the facilitator of the moot court. The committee is guided by the faculty coordinator and three faculty advisers.

====Justice Hidayatullah National Moot Court Competition====

HNLU organizes its flagship moot the [[Mohammad Hidayatullah|Justice Hidayatullah]] Memorial National Moot Court Competition every year in March, in which teams from across the country participate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/HNLUs-moot-court-competition-kicks-off/articleshow/24360165.cms|title=HNLU's moot court competition kicks off|work=newspaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/Watch-out-for-legal-acumen-of-students-at-HNLU-moot-court-contest-today/articleshow/44843832.cms|title=Watch out for legal acumen of students at HNLU moot court contest today|work=newspaper}}</ref> The Moot sees participation from across the country, with the Judges of the [[Chhattisgarh High Court]] officiating over the finals. The competition has been previously sponsored by the [[Competition Commission of India]] and renowned law firms such as Khaitan & Co., J. Sagar & Associates, and Sai Krishna & Associates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/wiki/Justice_Hidayatullah_Memorial_National_Moot_Court_Competition|title=Justice Hidayatullah Memorial National Moot Court Competition|publisher=Legallypedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lexcetera.com/HNMCC%20Brochure.pdf|title=4th Justice Hidayatullah Memorial Moot Court Competition}}</ref> The 1st Edition of the Moot in 2007 was based on Biotechnology Law,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lexcetera.com/HNMCC%20Brochure.pdf|title=HNMCC, 2011|website=Lexcetera}}</ref> the subsequent editions being based on [[Competition law]] (in association with the [[Competition Commission of India]]). The 7th edition of the Competition in 2014 saw the theme being changed from to [[Environmental law]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/The-great-green-debate-begins/articleshow/44872582.cms|title=The Great Green Debate begins|date=2014-10-17|work=newspaper|access-date = 2015-01-01}}</ref> HNMCC is listed as a tier 5 Moot in the Mooting Premier League.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.legallyindia.com/Mooting/ | title=Mooting - Legally India - Career Intelligence for Lawyers, Law Students }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/wiki/MPL_6_rulebook|title=MPL 6 Rulebook|publisher=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Edition
!Year
!Winner
!Runner-up
!Best Speaker
|-
|2nd
|2008<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/wiki/Justice_Hidayatullah_Memorial_National_Moot_Court_Competition|title=2nd Justice Hidayatullah Memorial National Moot Court Competition, 2008|publisher=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
|[[ILS Law College]], Pune
|[[National Law University, Jodhpur]]
|
|-
|3rd
|2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/wiki/Justice_Hidayatullah_Memorial_National_Moot_Court_Competition|title=Justice Hidayatullah Memorial National Moot Court Competition|publisher=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
|[[National Law University, Delhi]]
|[[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi|Campus Law Centre, Delhi]]
|Aditya Singha (NLU, Delhi)
|-
|4th
|2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201110202389/Mooting/mpl-3-nlu-jodhpur-stays-ahead-of-nlsiu-both-shine-at-nani-palkhivala-and-hidayatullah-moots|title=MPL 3: NLU Jodhpur stays ahead of NLSIU, both shine at Nani Palkhivala and Hidayatullah moots|publisher=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
|[[National Law University, Jodhpur]]
|[[West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences]], Kolkata
|Vishal Sagar (NLU Jodhpur)
|-
|5th
|2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201210233212/Mooting/nujs-breaks-it-down-to-nalsar-at-hnlu-justice-hidayatullah-moot|title=NUJS breaks it down to Nalsar at HNLU Justice Hidayatullah Moot|date=2012-10-23|publisher=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
|[[West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences|West Bengal National University Juridical Sciences]], Kolkata
|[[Nalsar University of Law]], Hyderabad
|Akshat Gupta (WBNUJS, Kolkata)
|-
|6th
|2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201310214055/Mooting/weekend-bonanza-christ-wins-amity-gnlu-gets-nliu-juris-corp-nliu-aces-rizvi-nlsiu-wins-hnlu-moot|title=Weekend Mooting Bonanza: NLIU tops MPL after Christ wins Amity, GNLU victory at Bhopal, NLIU aces Rizvi, NLSIU wins HNLU|website=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
|[[National Law School of India University]], Bengaluru
|[[Nalsar University of Law]], Hyderabad
|Pranav Agarwal (NALSAR, Hyderabad)
|-
|7th
|2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.scconline.com/post/2014/10/17/live-reports-hnmcc-2014.aspx|title=Live Reports: HNMCC 2014|publisher=Supreme Court Cases|access-date=1 January 2015|archive-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101180333/http://blog.scconline.com/post/2014/10/17/live-reports-hnmcc-2014.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy|SASTRA University, Thanjavur]]
|[[Symbiosis Law School]], Noida
|Siddhanth Kocchar (UPES Dehradun)
|-
|}

====Achievements====
HNLU has represented India in some of the International Moot Court Competitions like the Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iislweb.org/docs/2006moot.pdf|title=Manfred Lachs Moot, 2006|access-date=2 January 2015|archive-date=25 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625041914/http://iislweb.org/docs/2006moot.pdf|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iislweb.org/docs/2010moot.pdf|title=Manfred Lachs Moot, 2010|access-date=2 January 2015|archive-date=7 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107080901/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/2010moot.pdf|url-status=usurped}}</ref> International Maritime Moot Court Competition, Sydney, the [[LAWASIA Moot]], the Inter-American Human Rights Moot Court Competition at the Washington College of Law, the FDI Moot, Louis M. Brown Client Counseling Competition, Susan J. Ferrell Intercultural Human Rights Moot Court Competition held at [[St. Thomas University School of Law|St. Thomas University - School of Law]], [[Miami]], and the [[Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition|Philip C. Jessup Moot Court Competition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hnlu.ac.in/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=66|title=Student Achievement|publisher=hnlu.ac.in|date=2005-02-28|access-date=2012-02-21}}</ref>

'''International'''
* 17th Foreign Direct Investment International Arbitration Moot, 2024 (World Rounds): Ranked among the top 4 teams in the global oral rounds.<ref>{{cite web | title=The team representing Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur—comprising Aishwarya Tiwari, Ananya Bose, Ashlesha Pandey, Mahi Agrawal, Nishant Kumar and Yash Arjariya—achieved a remarkable feat… | SCC Online | 13 comments | url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/scconline_the-team-representing-hidayatullah-national-activity-7266345797640740864-PlDm/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop&rcm=ACoAADkvZN8B5w2oyA9OZkzET6aKw9PDU0U3XVg }}</ref>
* Philip C. Jessup Moot Court Competition 2022 (World Rounds): Hardy C. Dillard Award for the Best Combined Memorial in the World (Rank 2) & Alona E. Evans Award for Best Memorial at International Rounds (Rank 5).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title=Awards - Jessup 2022 International Rounds |url=https://jessupir.ilsa.org/awards/ |access-date=2022-10-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Competition, Sydney, Australia, 2005: Won the Best Oralist Award (preliminary rounds) at the competition conducted by the [[International Institute of Space Law]]. The team was a semi-finalist and was the only Indian team that advanced to the semi-finals.
* [[Hong Kong Red Cross International Humanitarian Law Moot]] (Sub-continent Rounds), 2010: The team which qualified for the National Rounds through the Henry Dunant Moot Court Competition, won the Sub-continent rounds of the International Red Cross Moot Court Competition and qualified for the International Rounds in 2011.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Hong Kong Red Cross International Humanitarian Law Moot]] (International Round), 2011: The team qualified for the World Finals and went on to secure the Runners-up position.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201103101898/Mooting/hnlu-wins-jackpot-at-hk-red-cross-moot-as-symbi-ils-battle-at-gh-raisoni|title=HNLU wins jackpot at HK Red Cross Moot as Symbi, ILS battle at GH Raisoni|publisher=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
* Asia-Pacific Rounds of Manfred Lachs International Space Law Moot Competition, 2011: Won the Best Memorandum Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/wiki/Mooting_Premier_League_2010-11|title=Mooting Premier League 2010-11}}</ref>
* Represented India at the World Rounds of [[Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition]] after being Runner's Up at the North India Rounds of 2012 event in January 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201201222512/Mooting/mega-mooting-sunday-nlu-delhi-wins-jessup-north-and-kk-luthra-nujs-nls-post-wins-at-christ-anti-trust-and-rizvi-moots|title=Mega Mooting Sunday: NLU Delhi wins Jessup North and KK Luthra; NUJS, NLS post wins at Christ Anti-trust and Rizvi moots|website=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
* 3rd International ADR Mooting Competition, 2012 held at the [[City University of Hong Kong]]: Won Runner up Memoranda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cityu.edu.hk/slw/ADR_Moot/doc/Results_List_2012.pdf|title=The International ADR Mooting Competition 2012 – Results List|publisher=City University, Hong Kong}}</ref>
* 4th International ADR Mooting Competition, 2013 held at the [[City University of Hong Kong]]: Won the Best Team in Mediation, and stood overall Runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cityu.edu.hk/slw/ADR_Moot/doc/Results_List_2013.pdf|title=The International ADR Mooting Competition 2013 – Results List}}</ref>
* 9th Susan J. Ferrell Intercultural Human Rights Moot Court Competition, 2014 held at [[St. Thomas University School of Law|St. Thomas University - School of Law]], [[Miami]]: The Team was adjudged Runner-up and also awarded the Best Memorial Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.stu.edu/SusanJFerrellMootCourtCompetition/tabid/1370/Default.aspx|title=Susan J. Ferrell Intercultural Human Rights Moot Court Competition|access-date=2015-01-01|website=St. Thomas University - School of Law|archive-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101144157/http://web.stu.edu/SusanJFerrellMootCourtCompetition/tabid/1370/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/raipur/hnlu-students-win-moot-court-competition-in-us.html|title=HNLU students win 'Moot Court' competition in US|date=2014-02-17|work=newspaper|access-date = 2015-01-01}}</ref>
* 9th [[LAWASIA Moot]], 2014: The team was awarded the Best Endeavor Award.
* IASLA Space Law Moot Court Competition (Asia-Pacific Rounds), 2014 held at Sydney, Australia: Team was awarded the Best Memorials Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacemoot.org/pdfs/sa201401.pdf|title=The IASLA Space Law Moot Court Competition, 2014|publisher=IASLA}}</ref>
* 11th William C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot, 2014 held at Hong Kong: Semi-Finalists Pan-Asian Award.<ref>{{cite web|title=11th William C. Vis Pan-Asian Awards|url=http://www.cisgmoot.org/docs/11thVisDocs/result/Pan%20Asian%20Awards.pdf|access-date=31 December 2014|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508155048/https://www.cisgmoot.org/docs/11thvisdocs/result/pan%20asian%20awards.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''National'''
* Philip C. Jessup Moot Court Competition 2022 (India Qualifying Rounds): Quarter Finalists (Qualified for World Rounds) & Best Memorial Award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Live Updates : Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition, 2022 – Indian Virtual Rounds |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2022/02/23/live-updates-philip-c-jessup-international-law-moot-court-competition-2022-indian-virtual-rounds/ |website=SCC Online |date=23 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>
* K.L.E. Society's League of Mooters Moot Court Competition, 2005 : Runners' Up and Best Memorial Award.
* 10th All India Moot Court Competition, 2005 held at the [[University Law College, Bangalore]] : Adjudged Runner's Up.
* "Jus Amicus" National Moot Court Competition, 2007, Bharathi Vidyapeeth, Pune: Adjudged Runners Up and Best Lady Advocate.
* Stetson International Environmental Moot Court Competition (North-India Rounds), 2009: Best Orator Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/20091123304/Mooting/stetson-north-pushes-nlu-jodhpur-to-fifth-in-mooting-premier-league|title=NLU Jodhpur wins Stetson North, climbs Mooting Premier League|publisher=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
* The NLIU-Juris Corp Corporate Law National Moot 2010 held at NLIU Bhopal - Winners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201011301571/Mooting/hnlu-beats-nlu-j-in-nliu-juris-corp-moot-nalsar-now-tops-standings-after-best-speaker-award|title=HNLU beats NLU-J in NLIU-Juris Corp Moot; Nalsar now tops standings after best-speaker award|publisher=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
* Henry Dunant India Rounds-2010: Winner and qualified for the Sub-Continent rounds.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201009121297/Mooting/mpl2-moot-2-hnlu-raipur-bests-nlu-delhi-youngsters-to-win-henry-dunant|title=MPL 2, Moot 2: HNLU Raipur bests NLU Delhi youngsters to win Henry Dunant|publisher=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
* Bar Council of India International Law Moot Court Competition, 2011: Best Female Oralist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201102121799/Mooting/nalsar-beats-nls-in-bci-moot-finals-nips-at-nujs-heels-for-mpl-lead|title=Nalsar beats NLS in BCI Moot finals, nips at NUJS heels for MPL lead|publisher=Legally India|date=2011-02-12|access-date=2012-02-21}}</ref>
* NALSAR - NFCG Corporate Governance Moot Court Competition, 2011: Runner-up, Best Speaker Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201104122017/Mooting/jindal-bests-nalsar-for-moot-win-nujs-narrows-mpl-lead-gap-nls-wins-one|title=Jindal bests Nalsar, NLIU for Moot win; NUJS narrows MPL gap; NLS wins one|publisher=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
* ULC Bangalore All India Moot Court Competition, 2011: Best Memorial and Best Researcher Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201102141802/Mooting/nalsar-changes-guard-ahead-of-packed-mpl-field-post-super-sunday-gnlu-bags-dm-harish-trophy|title=Nalsar changes guard ahead of packed MPL field post Super Sunday; GNLU bags DM Harish trophy | Mooting|publisher=Legally India|date=2011-02-14|access-date=2012-02-21}}</ref>
* [[Monroe E. Price Media Law Moot Court Competition|Monroe E. Price Media Law National Moot]] Qualifier Competition held at NLU, Delhi: 3rd Best Team and qualified to represent India at the Oxford [[Monroe E. Price Media Law Moot Court Competition|Monroe E. Price Media Law International Moot]] to be held at Oxford University in March 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201012151609/Mooting/nujs-bests-nlsiu-to-qualify-for-media-moot-in-oxford-with-nlu-jodhpur-hnlu|title=NUJS bests NLSIU to qualify for Media Moot in Oxford with NLU Jodhpur, HNLU|publisher=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
* Nani Palkhiwala Tax Moot Court Competition, 2011: Awarded Best Speaker Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201110202389/Mooting/mpl-3-nlu-jodhpur-stays-ahead-of-nlsiu-both-shine-at-nani-palkhivala-and-hidayatullah-moots|title=MPL 3: NLU Jodhpur stays ahead of NLSIU, both shine at Nani Palkhivala and Hidayatullah moots}}</ref>
* Philip C. Jessups Moot Court Competition (North India), 2012: Second Best Team and 4th Best Memorial.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230731104416/http://www.mootsite.com/pdf/Jessup%202012%20-India%20South%20-%20North%20-%20Results.pdf Results - Philip C. Jessups Moot Court Competition (North India), 2012]</ref>
* 1st D.H. Law National Moot Court Competition, 2012 held at CNLU, Patna: Adjudged Winners.
* [[Surana and Surana Moots|Surana and Surana National Trial Advocacy Moot]], 2012 (North Eastern Rounds): Winner, Best Advocate, Second Best Advocate, Second Best Memorials and Best Speaker in the Finals.<ref name="legallyindia.com">[http://www.legallyindia.com/201212133319/Mooting/rmlnlu-wins-stetson-north-as-nlu-delhi-hnlu-keep-2nd-3rd-in-mooting-premier-league RMLNLU wins Stetson North as NLU Delhi, HNLU keep 2nd, 3rd in Mooting Premier League | Mooting | Law students | Editorial | Legally India]</ref>
* 4th Rizvi Law College Saqib Rizvi Memorial Moot, 2012: Adjudged Runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/wiki/Mooting_Premier_League_4_season_standings|title=Mooting Premier League 4 season standings}}</ref>
* 9th Nani Palkhiwala Tax Moot, 2012: Best Researcher Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201210163195/Mooting/gnlu-wins-nani-palkhivala-tax-moot-shatters-style-over-substance-mooting-myth|title=GNLU wins Nani Palkhivala tax moot, 'shatters' style-over-substance mooting myth|publisher=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
* 17th Stetson International Environmental Moot Court Competition, 2012 (North India rounds): Best Memorial Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/Blogs/Entry/17th-stetson-international-environmental-law-moot-court-competition-north-rounds-1|title=17th Stetson International Environmental Law Moot Court Competition, North Rounds|date=December 2012 }}</ref>
* 6th Pro Bono Moot Court Competition 2012 held at SOEL, Chennai: Runner's up, Best Memorial, Best Speaker and Best Researcher award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201210263219/Mooting/hnlu-raipur-loses-pro-bono-enviro-moot-to-ulc-bangalore-but-sweeps-rest-overtakes-nujs-to-2nd|title=HNLU Raipur loses Pro Bono Enviro moot to ULC Bangalore but sweeps rest, overtakes NUJS to 2nd|publisher=LegallyIndia}}</ref>
* 15th S.C. Javali Memorial National Moot Court Competition, 2012 organized by [[Karnatak University Dharwad|Karnatak University's]] Sir Siddappa Kambali Law College, Dharwad: Adjudged Runner-up.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kiit-school-of-law-wins-moot-court-competition/article4024503.ece|title=KIIT School of Law wins moot court competition|work=newspaper}}</ref>
* KK Luthra Memorial Criminal Law Moot, 2013: Best Memorials Prize.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201301263391/Mooting/nlu-j-defeats-newcastle-to-clinch-winnerrsquos-title-at-kk-luthra-moot-3rd-place-in-mpl|title=NLU-J defeats Newcastle to clinch winner's title at KK Luthra Moot, 3rd place in MPL}}</ref>
* 1st NLS - TIOL Tax Law Moot, 2013 held at [[National Law School of India University]], Bangalore: Adjudged Winners<ref name=":1" />
* [[Surana and Surana Moots|Surana and Surana Trial Advocacy Moot]], 2013 (North Eastern Rounds): Winner, Second Best Memorials and Third Best Speaker<ref>[http://www.moot.in/moot1/case_documents/2/results.pdf Results at the Surana and Surana website].</ref>
* Army Institute of Law National Moot Court Competition, 2013: Adjudged Winners<ref>{{cite news|title=Checkmate-2013 concludes at Army Institute of Law|url=http://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/news/16548-Checkmate-2013-concludes-at-Army-Institute-of-Law.aspx|access-date=31 December 2014|issue=Chandigarh|publisher=Punjab News Express|date=2013-02-24|archive-date=6 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306145708/http://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/news/16548-Checkmate-2013-concludes-at-Army-Institute-of-Law.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 3rd Paras Diwan Memorial National Moot Court Competition, 2013 organized by UPES, Dehradun: Adjudged Winners.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130407/dplus.htm#8|title=HNLU, Raipur, team wins moot court competition|work=newspaper}}</ref>
* ITMU Moot Court Competition, 2013: Adjudged Winners.
* 2nd [[KIIT University]] Moot Court Competition, 2014 held at [[KIIT University]], Bhubaneshwar: Adjudged Winner, Best Speaker.<ref>{{cite news|title=2nd KIIT University National Moot Court competition 2014 – Champion Hidayatullah National Law University wins 1Lakh cash prize|url=http://eodishasamachar.com/en/2nd-kiit-university-national-moot-court-competition-2014-champion-hidayatullah-national-law-university-wins-1lakh-cash-prize/|access-date=31 December 2014|agency=Odisha Samachar/ Dipti Ranjan Kanungo|issue=Bhubaneshwar|publisher=Odisha Samachar|date=2014-09-07|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234612/http://eodishasamachar.com/en/2nd-kiit-university-national-moot-court-competition-2014-champion-hidayatullah-national-law-university-wins-1lakh-cash-prize/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 8th Justice Bodh Raj Sawhney Memorial Moot Court Competition, 2014 held at NALSAR, Hyderabad: Adjudged Winner.<ref>{{cite news|title=HNLU is champs of NALSAR Moot Court|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/hnlu-is-champs-of-nalsar-moot-court/article6455990.ece|access-date=31 December 2014|agency=Special Correspondent|issue=Hyderabad|work=The Hindu|date=2014-09-29}}</ref>
* 5th NLIU Juris-Corp Moot Court Competition, 2014 held at NLIU, Bhopal: Adjudged Runner-up.<ref>{{cite news|title=5th Moot Court Competition held at NLIU|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/5th-moot-court-competition-held-at-nliu.html|access-date=31 December 2014|agency=Staff Reporter|issue=Bhopal|work=The Pioneer|date=2014-09-08}}</ref>
* [[Surana and Surana Moots|Surana and Surana Trial Advocacy Moot]], 2014 (North Eastern Rounds): Adjudged Winners, Best Advocate Prize.
* Dr. B.P. Saraf National Tax Moot Court Competition, 2014 held at NUJS, Kolkata: Adjudged Runner-up.<ref>{{cite web|title=First National Tax Moot Court Competition at Kolkata|url=http://www.aiftponline.org/journal/September%202014/report.html|website=aiftponline.org/|publisher=All India Federation of Tax Practitioners|access-date=31 December 2014|archive-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101201412/http://www.aiftponline.org/journal/September%202014/report.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Events===
====Colossus====
Colossus<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/about-us/photo-gallery/245-colossus-2014|title=Colossus, 2014|publisher=HNLU|access-date=1 January 2015|archive-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101204126/http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/about-us/photo-gallery/245-colossus-2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/about-us/photo-gallery/223-colossus-2013|title=Colossus, 2013|publisher=HNLU|access-date=1 January 2015|archive-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101200551/http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/about-us/photo-gallery/223-colossus-2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> is the flagship sports fest of HNLU which is organized in March every year. The fest was first organized in 2013 and comprises 15 sports events and an equal number of cultural events. The sports events include football, cricket, tennis, table tennis, basketball, throw-ball, volleyball, and chess. The cultural events include a dance contest, singing competitions, fashion show, photography competition, and Mad-ads. The fest initially began with participation from local universities and colleges in Chhattisgarh such as [[NIT Raipur]], BIT Raipur, [[MATS University]], PIE Tech Raipur, APIC, and CIT.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/HNLUs-Colossus-kick-starts-with-a-bang/articleshow/19412151.cms|title=HNLU's Colossus kick-starts with a bang|date=2013-04-06}}</ref>

The second edition in 2014 saw additions like classical dance, solo singing and street plays. Participants included [[Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy|Sastra University, Thanjavur]], [[National Law Institute University]], Bhopal, University Law College, [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Gujarat National Law University|Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/raipur/colossus-2014-begins-at-hnlu.html|title=Colossus-2014 begins at HNLU|date=2014-03-29}}</ref>

====Literary and debating====
The university has an active debating circuit which is supported by the Literary & Debating Committee. The university teams selected on the basis of challengers or benchmarks participate in [[Parliamentary style debate|Parliamentary debates]] across the country including the National Law School Debate, the Mukarji Memorial Debate at [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], the [[Nalsar University of Law|NALSAR]] IV and the [[WBNUJS|NUJS]] Parliamentary Debate at WBNUJS, Kolkata.

Year round activities held on the campus include:
* The Aruna Hyde Memorial Debate: A parliamentary debate held by the L&D Committee and named after the late Aruna Hyde, Faculty of English.
* Literary & Debating Week: Activities include debates, one act plays, Scrabble competitions, quiz contests, and the Hindi Debate.
* The Republic Day Debate: It is an annual tradition to hold a debate on a relevant social issue on Republic Day.
* The India Quiz & Debating Premier League: DPL started in 2014, as a debating equivalent of the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]], where investors buy teams which are pitted against each other.
* Freshers Debate: The inaugural edition was held in 2013, meant for the first-year students of the university.

====Intra-university sporting events====
The university has an endowment cricket tournament, the Sudeep Memorial Cricket Tournament, named after an alumnus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/about-us/photo-gallery/354-sudeep-memorial-annual-cricket-tournament-2014|title=Sudeep Memorial Annual Cricket Tournament- 2014|publisher=HNLU|access-date=1 January 2015|archive-date=1 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101204006/http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/about-us/photo-gallery/354-sudeep-memorial-annual-cricket-tournament-2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is an annual football tournament held in the university known as the Hidayatullah Premier League (HPL). A basketball tournament, Dunkyard, has also been held since 2013.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India|Education}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Autonomous law schools in India}}
{{Universities in Chhattisgarh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Naya Raipur]]
[[Category:Law schools in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Education in Raipur, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:National Law Universities]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]

Devendra Kunwar (politician)

2026-01-16T14:54:02Z

MonteZaleski33: starting post.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Devendra Kunwar''' (born 1958)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Devendra Kunwar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- JARMUNDI(DUMKA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Jharkhand2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1258 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. He is an MLA from [[Jarmundi Assembly constituency]] in [[Dumka district|Dumka District]]. He won the [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-24 |title=Jharkhand election results 2024: Constituency-wise full winners list and key highlights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jharkhand-election-results-2024-constituency-wise-full-winners-list-and-key-highlights/articleshow/115585742.cms |access-date=2024-11-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kunwar is from [[Jarmundi]], Dumka District, Jharkhand. He is the son of late Hari Prasad Kunwar. He passed Class 10 in 1972 at Rani Sonawatee Kumari High School, Nonihat.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kunwar won from Jarmundi Assembly constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 94,892 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Badal Patralekh]] of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 17,546 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Jarmundi (Jharkhand) Assembly Election Result 2024 LIVE: जरमुण्डी विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम लाइव, यहां देखें कौन जीता और कौन हारा |url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/jarmundi-jharkhand-assembly-election-chunav-result-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates/3694493/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref> He was first elected as an MLA winning the [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]. He retained the seat for a second time winning the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] but on the Bharatiya Janata Party ticket. Later, Jharkhand become a state but he could not win the next four elections in [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]], [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]], [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]. He lost the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] to Badal Patralekh of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 3,099 votes. However, he regained the seat after a long gap and won the 2024 Assembly election on BJP ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Jarmundi (Jharkhand) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/jarmundi-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684233/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Jarmundi, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Devendra Kunwar wins Jarmundi with 94892 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/jarmundi-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638429-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunwar, Devendra}}

[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:People from Dumka district]]

Shillong Cherry Blossom Festival

2026-01-14T16:01:17Z

MonteZaleski33: Creating Pg

{{Short description|Cultural festival in India}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox music festival
| name = Shillong Cherry Blossom Festival
| logo = Cherry Blossom Logo.png
| logo_caption = Shillong Cherry Blossom Festival Logo
| image = Shillong-cherry-blossom-2023.jpg
| caption = Shillong Cherry Blossom Festival
| genre = [[Cultural]]
| location = [[Shillong]]
| country = [[India]]
| years_active = 2016-present
| attendance = 60,000+
| organised = [[Government of Meghalaya]], RockskiTickets
}}

'''Shillong Cherry Blossom Festival''' is an annual cultural event held in [[Shillong]], the capital city of [[Meghalaya|Meghalaya, India]]. Celebrated primarily in November, the festival coincides with the blooming of [[cherry blossom]]s, drawing comparisons to similar festivals in [[Japan]] and other regions known for this phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cherry Blossom Festival in Shillong {{!}} Cherry Blossoms in Shillong |url=https://www.hotelpolotowers.com/blogs/cherry-blossom-festival-in-shillong.html |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=www.hotelpolotowers.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=O. T. |date=2023-11-07 |title=All About The Cherry Blossom Festival In Shillong |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/heritage/all-about-the-cherry-blossom-festival-in-shillong |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref>

The festival has featured headliner lineups like [[Akon]], [[R3hab|R3HAB]], [[Jasleen Royal]], [[Kanika Kapoor]], [[Boney M.|Boney M]], [[The Great Society (band)|The Great Society]], [[Jonas Blue]], [[Ne-Yo]] and many more.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-10 |title=Boney M, Akon and SuperM's Lucas to headline Cherry Blossom Festival 2024 in Shillong |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/boney-m-akon-and-superms-lucas-to-headline-cherry-blossom-festival-2024-in-shillong/article68625595.ece |access-date=2024-10-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Singers Ne-Yo, Ronan Keating to perform in Meghalaya's Cherry Blossom Festival |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/singers-ne-yo-ronan-keating-to-perform-in-meghalayas-cherry-blossom-festival-2770702 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
[[File:Cherry Blossom hostel rooms.jpeg|thumb|259x259px|Cherry Blossoms in Shillong]]
The festival typically spans 2–3 days, with each day featuring a diverse range of events, including a music festival that has gained significant attention for its international major lineup.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2024-09-13 |title=Shillong Cherry Blossom Festival to be star-studded this Nov |url=https://nenow.in/entertainment/shillong-cherry-blossom-festival-to-be-star-studded-this-nov.html |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2024-09-09 |title=Shillong Cherry Blossom Festival 2024: Boney M, Akon, Lucas to Perform |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/boney-m-akon-r3hab-shillong-cherry-blossom-festival-2024-lineup/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition to music performances, the festival offers fashion shows, cultural performances, food stalls, exhibitions, and art. Over the years, it has evolved into a vibrant platform that showcases local and international talent, promoting both artistic and cultural exchange.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamei |first=Precious |date=2018-10-30 |title=Shillong Visit the Cherry Blossom Festival |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/explore/nature/shillong-cherry-blossom-festival |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jakhmola |first=Anamika |date=2021-11-15 |title=Your Trip To Japan Can Wait Because India Is Having Its Own Cherry Blossom Festival This Year |url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/cherry-blossom-festival-shillong/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The event has seen over 50,000 attendees per event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Hub |date=2024-09-03 |title=Meghalaya prepares for Cherry Blossom Festival 2024 with international collaborations and star-studded lineup |url=https://hubnetwork.in/meghalaya-prepares-for-cherry-blossom-festival-2024-with-international-collaborations-and-star-studded-lineup/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Hub News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
The Shillong Cherry Blossom Festival was first organized in 2016 as an initiative by the [[Government of Meghalaya]] to promote tourism in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's first Cherry Blossom Festival to be Celebrated in Shillong – GKToday |url=https://www.gktoday.in/indias-first-cherry-blossom-festival-to-be-celebrated-in-shillong/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=www.gktoday.in}}</ref> Led by Forest and Environment Minister [[Prestone Tynsong]], with support from the [[Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development]] (IBSD), The festival has expanded in both size and attendance over the years, gaining attention from the media for its floral displays and a wide variety of cultural events. It attracts visitors from different parts of India as well as international tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-04 |title=Shillong Cherry Blossoms and The Festival around it |url=https://webguy.in/shillong-cherry-blossom-festival/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meghalaya gears up to host Shillong Cherry Blossom Festival 2023 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/meghalaya-gears-up-to-host-shillong-cherry-blossom-festival-202320231114231725/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, The festival was cancelled due to the violence and killings in the West [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] district of [[Assam]], which is close to the border with [[Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shillong cancels Cherry Blossom Festival as well as all other festivals, know why |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel//shillong-cancels-cherry-blossom-festival-as-well-as-all-other-festivals-know-why/articleshow/95714719.cms |access-date=2024-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Partnership with Japan ===
In 2024, Chief Minister [[Conrad Sangma|Conrad K Sangma]] announced the official partnership with [[Japan]] for the Shillong Cherry Blossom Festival after the Japanese Ambassador visited the state in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Northeast |date=2024-08-15 |title=Japan collaborates with Meghalaya govt for 'Cherry Blossom Festival' |url=https://nenews.in/meghalaya/japan-collaborates-with-meghalaya-govt-for-cherry-blossom-festival/12909/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Northeast News - Northeast India news 24×7 |language=en-US}}</ref> The partnership introduced a Japan Zone at the festival, showcasing the country's diverse and rich culture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2024-09-02 |title=Paul announces lineup for Cherry Blossom Festival |url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/paul-announces-lineup-for-cherry-blossom-festival/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Meghalaya Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== International Expansion ===
In 2022, the festival held its first international event in [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shillong Cherry Blossom Festival - Govt of Meghalaya |url=https://meghalaya.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Shillong_Cherry_Blossom_Festival_2022_announce.pdf |website=Meghalaya Government}}</ref>

In 2024, The event won 2 awards at WOW Awards Asia 2022 for " Concert of the Year" & " Festival of the Year".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cherry Blossom Festival |url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/cherry-blossom-festival-1 |website=Utsav Gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cherry Blossom Fest bags three awards {{!}} The Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/08/23/cherry-blossom-fest-bags-three-awards/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=theshillongtimes.com|date=23 August 2022 }}</ref>

They announced their 2024 event to be held on November 15 for 2 days.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Music festivals in India]]
[[Category:Music festivals in Thailand]]

Thekkinkadu Maidan

2026-01-12T18:09:14Z

MonteZaleski33: Creating A Details

{{Short description|Square}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Thekkinkadu Maidanam
| photo = Vadakkumnatha Temple.JPG
| photo_caption = Vadakkumnathan Temple at the heart of Thekkinkadu Maidanam
| type = Public ground
| location = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| coords = {{Coord|10.5249|76.2144|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| area = 65 acres
| created = [[Rama Varma Sakthan Thampuran]]
| operator = [[Cochin Devaswom Board]]
| visitation_num =
| status = Open all year
| open = All year
}}

'''Thekkinkadu Maidanam''' is a historic open ground located in the center of [[Thrissur]] city in the [[Kerala]] state of [[India]]. The 65-acre area surrounds the ancient [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]], one of the most significant Shiva temples in Kerala, and is a vital cultural and historical landmark. The maidan is under the management of the [[Cochin Devaswom Board]] and plays host to a variety of public events, including the famous [[Thrissur Pooram]], one of the largest temple festivals in Kerala, often referred to as the "Mother of all Poorams."

== History ==
Historically, Thekkinkadu Maidanam was a dense forest where wild animals roamed freely, and it was used to execute criminals in ancient times. Criminals were driven into the thick forest from the gates of the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]].

During the reign of [[Rama Varma Sakthan Thampuran]], the Maharaja of Cochin, the forest was cleared, despite opposition from Brahmin priests and orthodox sections of society. The Maharaja's vision transformed it into an open space, making it a center for gatherings and festivals.

In 1928, the maidan was transferred to the [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation|Thrissur Municipality]] by the then Sanitary Board, which previously maintained it. However, in 1934, Diwan Paruvakad Narayanan Nair transferred the maidan to the [[Cochin Devaswom Board]], on the condition that it remains open for public use for festivals and gatherings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/242903/Thrissur/14-March-2014#page/29/1|title=Thekkinkadu Maidan and speeches|publisher=Mathrubhumi.com|access-date=2014-03-14}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The maidan is a circular ground, encircled by the [[Swaraj Round]], which is the main ring road of Thrissur city. The area is home to many significant structures such as the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]], the [[Nehru Park, Thrissur|Nehru Park]], the Kerala Water Authority office, water storage tanks, and several wells. The layout of the city of Thrissur branches out radially from this central point, creating a unique and organized urban structure.

== Cultural Significance ==
Thekkinkadu Maidanam is deeply tied to the culture of Kerala, particularly Thrissur. It is best known for hosting the annual [[Thrissur Pooram]], which attracts thousands of visitors. The maidan serves as the venue for the Pooram, with its spectacular display of elephants, fireworks, and traditional percussion performances.

Aside from Thrissur Pooram, the maidan also hosts various political rallies, public meetings, and cultural events. Leaders such as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], and [[Narendra Modi]] have addressed gatherings here. The maidan is also a popular spot for chess and card games in the evenings, political debates, and casual gatherings.

== Prime Ministers of India who visited Thekkinkadu Maidan ==
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
* [[Indira Gandhi]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
* [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|P V Narasimha Rao]]
* [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
* [[Manmohan Singh]]
* [[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thrissur-gears-up-for-modis-visit/article7973714.ece|title=Thrissur gears up for Modi’s visit|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=2016-06-29}}</ref>

== Modern Developments and Events ==
In recent years, Thekkinkadu Maidanam has seen several development projects aimed at preserving its cultural significance and improving its infrastructure. In 2005, Rs. 6 crore was allocated for the beautification of the maidan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/19/stories/2005031904160300.htm|title=Rs. 6 crore for beautification of Thekkinkadu maidan|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=2010-02-24}}</ref>

The venue regularly hosts large-scale public events such as the [[Thrissur Motor Show]], which is organized by the students of [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]].

=== Disha 2024 ===
In October 2024, the Kerala government organized the *Disha* career guidance event at Thekkinkadu Maidanam from October 4 to 8. The event, traditionally an orientation program for higher secondary students, was expanded into a full-scale education expo. It featured over 80 educational institutions, including state and central universities. The expo provided guidance on career options, entrance exams, and applications to higher education institutions. Students also had the opportunity to take the Kerala Differential Aptitude Test (K-DAT). The event was aimed at addressing the increasing trend of students seeking higher education opportunities abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/disha-career-guidance-event-in-thrissur/article67024989.ece|title=Disha Career Guidance Expo 2024|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=2024-10-05}}</ref>

== Activities ==
Apart from hosting large festivals and events, Thekkinkadu Maidanam is a hub for daily activities. In the evenings, it becomes a gathering spot for local residents engaging in games like chess and cards. The maidan also serves as a platform for political debates, with areas like 'Students Corner', 'Labour Corner', and the 'Nehru Mandapam' being key spots for speeches and debates. Notable figures, including [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[C. Achutha Menon]], and [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], have delivered speeches here.

The 'Nehru Mandapam' was named after [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] when he visited Thrissur in 1952 and addressed the public at the maidan. Other leaders like [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and [[Narendra Modi]] have also spoken here.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Thekkinkadu Maidan and mo road.JPG|A view of Municipal Office Road from Thekkinkadu Maidanam
File:Thekkinkadu Maidan.JPG|A view of Vadakkunnathan Temple from Thekkinkadu Maidanam
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Thekkinkadu Maidan}}
{{Tourist attractions in Thrissur}}
[[Category:Maidans in India]]
[[Category:Geography of Thrissur]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Thrissur city]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thrissur]]

Ranchi–New Delhi Rajdhani Express

2026-01-05T18:35:45Z

MonteZaleski33: Adding A Stub

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Ranchi–New Delhi Rajdhani Express
| logo =
| image = Ranchi rajdhani.jpg
| caption = Ranchi ''Rajdhani Express'' at [[Etawah Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Rajdhani Express]]
| locale = [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[New Delhi]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] (for 20407/20408 and 12453/12454) [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] (for 20839/20840)
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}} (RNC)
| stops = 6 as 20839/20840, 5 as 20407/20408, 6 as 12453/12454
| end = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} (NDLS)
| distance = 20839/20840 - {{convert|1307|km|0|abbr=on}}, 
20407/20408 - {{convert|1251|km|0|abbr=on}}, 
12453/12454 - {{convert|1244|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 20839/20840 16 Hrs 55 Mins, 
20407/20408 16 Hrs, 
12453/12454 17 Hrs 55 Mins
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier]]
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| trainnumber = 20839/20840, 20407/20408, 12453/12454
| speed = Average Speed (including halts) 
20839/20840 (76 km/h), 20407/20408 (74 km/h), 12453/12454 (69 km/h)
| map_name =
| map = {{Ranchi Rajdhani Express Route (Via Chopan)}}
{{Ranchi Rajdhani Express Route (Via Japla)}}

<big>'''''(Via Bokaro Steel City)'''''</big>

<big>'''↓ ( 20839 / 20840 ) ↓'''</big>
[[File:(New Delhi - Ranchi) Rajdhani express route map.png|250px]]
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Ranchi–New Delhi Rajdhani Express''' is a premium train in the exclusive fleet of [[Rajdhani Express]] of Indian Railways.

==History==
* On 17 October 2001, [[Nitish Kumar]], former [[Ministry of Railways|Minister of Railways]], inaugurated the train service as a weekly service through {{stnlnk|Bokaro Steel City}} with [[Hatia railway station|Hatia]] as the terminating station instead of present terminating station [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi]].<ref>[http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/2001-02.pdf Rail Budget 2001-02], Retrieved 26 May 2019</ref> Later, in 2004 the frequency was increased to bi-weekly.<ref>[http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/2003-04.pdf Rail Budget 2003-04], Retrieved 26 May 2019</ref>
* On 11 June 2006, [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], former [[Ministry of Railways|Minister of Railways]], inaugurated the train service as a bi-weekly service through the [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]] - [[Mughalsarai Junction railway station|Mughalsarai]] - [[Daltonganj railway station|Daltonganj]] - [[Barkakana Junction railway station|Barkakana]] - [[Muri Junction railway station|Muri]] route. Later in 2021, after gauge conversion of [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi]] - [[Lohardaga railway station|Lohardaga]] rail line and construction of [[Lohardaga railway station|Lohardaga]] - [[Tori Junction railway station|Tori]] rail line the route was changed to [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]] - [[Mughalsarai Junction railway station|Mughalsarai]] - [[Daltonganj railway station|Daltonganj]] - [[Lohardaga railway station|Lohardaga]] - [[Tori Junction railway station|Tori]] - [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-10 |title=Ranchi Rajdhani to run via Lohardaga route every Thursday |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/ranchi-rajdhani-to-run-via-lohardaga-route-every-thursday/articleshow/87613895.cms |access-date=2023-07-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranchi Rajdhani to run on Lohardaga route on Thursdays |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/ranchi-rajdhani-to-run-on-lohardaga-route-on-thursdays/cid/1838116 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Further, the route for the train service on one of the two days of a week was changed to [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]] - [[Chunar Junction railway station|Chunar]] - [[Chopan railway station|Chopan]] - [[Daltonganj railway station|Daltonganj]] - [[Lohardaga railway station|Lohardaga]] - [[Tori Junction railway station|Tori]] - [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi]].

== Coach composition ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |Train Number
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |22
|-
|20839
|LOCO
|EOG
|B11
|B10
|B9
|B8
|B7
|B6
|B5
|B4
|B3
|B2
|B1
|PC
|A6
|A5
|A4
|A3
|A2
|A1
|H1
|EOG
|-
|20840
|LOCO
|EOG
|H1
|A1
|A2
|A3
|A4
|A5
|A6
|PC
|B1
|B2
|B3
|B4
|B5
|B6
|B7
|B8
|B9
|B10
|B11
|EOG
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |Train Number
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |21
|-
|20407
|LOCO
|EOG
|B11
|B10
|B9
|B8
|B7
|B6
|B5
|B4
|B3
|B2
|B1
|PC
|A5
|A4
|A3
|A2
|A1
|H1
|EOG
|-
|20408
|LOCO
|EOG
|H1
|A1
|A2
|A3
|A4
|A5
|PC
|B1
|B2
|B3
|B4
|B5
|B6
|B7
|B8
|B9
|B10
|B11
|EOG
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |Train Number
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:FireBrick;" |21
|-
|12453
|LOCO
|EOG
|B11
|B10
|B9
|B8
|B7
|B6
|B5
|B4
|B3
|B2
|B1
|PC
|A5
|A4
|A3
|A2
|A1
|H1
|EOG
|-
|12454
|LOCO
|EOG
|H1
|A1
|A2
|A3
|A4
|A5
|PC
|B1
|B2
|B3
|B4
|B5
|B6
|B7
|B8
|B9
|B10
|B11
|EOG
|}

== Traction ==
The three sets of Ranchi Rajdhani Express is hauled by a [[WAP-7]] (HOG)-equipped locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad electric loco shed]] in both directions.Route& Halts

== Time table ==
{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" |Route 1 - via [[Chopan railway station|Chopan]]
! rowspan="11" |
! colspan="5" |Route 2 - via Japla
! rowspan="11" |
! colspan="5" |Route 3 - via [[Bokaro Steel City railway station|Bokaro Steel City]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Train No. 12453
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |Train No. 12454
! colspan="2" |Train No. 20407
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |Train No. 20408
! colspan="2" |Train No. 20839
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |Train No. 20840
|-
!'''Arrival'''
!'''Departure'''
!'''Arrival'''
!'''Departure'''
!'''Arrival'''
!'''Departure'''
!'''Arrival'''
!'''Departure'''
!'''Arrival'''
!'''Departure'''
!'''Arrival'''
!'''Departure'''
|-
|'''---'''
|'''17:15'''
|[[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi]]
|'''09:45'''
|'''---'''
|'''---'''
|'''18:25'''
|[[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi]]
|'''08:10'''
|'''---'''
|'''---'''
|'''18:10'''
|[[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi]]
|'''09:05'''
|'''---'''
|-
|20:39
|20:41
|[[Daltonganj railway station|Daltonganj]]
|05:40
|05:42
|21:39
|21:41
|[[Daltonganj railway station|Daltonganj]]
|04:41
|04:43
|20:05
|20:10
|[[Bokaro Steel City railway station|Bokaro Steel City]]
|06:30
|06:35
|-
|21:20
|21:25
|[[Garwa Road Junction railway station|Garhwa Road]]
|05:00
|05:05
|22:50
|22:55
|[[Garwa Road Junction railway station|Garhwa Road]]
|04:10
|04:15
|22:01
|22:03
|[[Koderma Junction railway station|Koderma]]
|04:40
|04:42
|-
|22:36
|22:38
|[[Renukoot railway station|Renukut]]
|03:20
|03:22
| rowspan="2" |01:35
| rowspan="2" |01:45
| rowspan="2" |[[Mughalsarai Junction railway station|Mughalsarai]]
| rowspan="2" |01:12
| rowspan="2" |01:22
|23:20
|23:23
|[[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya]]
|03:30
|03:33
|-
|00:05
|00:10
|[[Chopan railway station|Chopan]]
|02:45
|02:50
|00:16
|00:18
|[[Dehri-on-Sone railway station|Dehri-on-Sone]]
|02:28
|02:30
|-
|03:35
|03:37
|[[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]]
|22:58
|23:00
|03:35
|03:37
|[[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]]
|22:58
|23:00
|01:35
|01:45
|[[Mughalsarai Junction railway station|Mughalsarai]]
|01:12
|01:22
|-
|05:40
|05:45
|[[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]]
|20:52
|20:57
|05:40
|05:45
|[[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]]
|20:52
|20:57
|05:40
|05:45
|[[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]]
|20:52
|20:57
|-
|'''11:10'''
|'''---'''
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|'''---'''
|'''16:10'''
|'''11:10'''
|'''---'''
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|'''---'''
|'''16:10'''
|'''11:10'''
|'''---'''
|[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|'''---'''
|'''16:10'''
|}

== Incidents ==
On 7 Sep 2017, the engine and power car of train derailed near New Delhi, but no casualties were reported.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-09-07 |title=Ranchi Rajdhani Express derails in Delhi |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/ranchi-rajdhani-express-derails-in-delhi/articleshow/60404910.cms |access-date=2023-07-03 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajdhani Express}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranchi-New Delhi Rajdhani Express (via Bokaro Steel City)}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rajdhani Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2001]]

Podo pitha

2025-12-20T16:22:48Z

MonteZaleski33: Adding New Post!

{{Short description|Food dish from Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox Prepared Food
| name = Poda pitha
| image = Raja Janta poda pitha.jpg
| caption = Poda pitha prepared for [[Raja Parba]].
| alternate_name = Poda pitha
| country = [[Odisha]]
| region = [[Odisha]]
| creator =
| course =
| served = Both hot and cold
| main_ingredient = [[Rice]], [[jaggery]], [[black gram]] and [[coconut]]
}}

'''Poṛa Piṭhā''' ([[Odia language|Odia]]: '''ପୋଡ଼ ପିଠା''') is slow-cooked [[pitha]]. It is made by slowly baking fermented rice, [[black gram]], grated coconut and [[jaggery]] overnight.<ref name="MohantyPatnaik">{{cite book|author1=Gopinath Mohanty|author2=Jeeban Kumar Patnaik|author3=Santosha Kumāra Ratha|title=Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: Jajpur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCpuAAAAMAAJ|publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Classic Cooking of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj_qBSIfgdIC&pg=PA61|year=2010|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-8424-584-4|pages=61–}}</ref><ref name="DUBEY2010">{{cite book|author=KRISHNA GOPAL DUBEY|title=THE INDIAN CUISINE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4woRbF8irsC&pg=PA151|date=27 September 2010|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4170-8|pages=151–}}</ref> Its crust is slightly burnt, while the inside is soft and white. ''Poda pitha'' is generally made during [[Raja Parba]].<ref name="MohantyPatnaik2003">{{cite book|author1=Gopinath Mohanty|author2=Jeeban Kumar Patnaik|author3=Santosha Kumāra Ratha|title=Cultural heritage of [Orissa]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYhKAQAAIAAJ|year=2003|publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad|isbn=978-81-902761-3-9}}</ref><ref name="Rout1972">{{cite book|author=Savitiri Rout|title=Women Pioneers In Oriya Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SCzRH24LnAC&pg=PA18|date=1 January 1972|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2546-8|pages=18–}}</ref> It is served to Lord [[Jagannath]] and his siblings at [[Mausi Maa Temple]] on their way back after [[Ratha-Yatra]], from [[Gundicha Temple]] to [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]].

== See also ==
* [[Odia cuisine]]
* [[Raja Parba]]
* [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
[[Category:Cuisine of Odisha]]

Kumar Jaimangal

2025-11-09T19:31:41Z

MonteZaleski33:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bermo Assembly constituency|Bermo]]
| term_start = 10 November 2020
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Bihar and Jharkhand politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Kumar Jaimangal (Anup Singh)''' is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. He is a [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Bermo Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Bermo, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Kumar Jaimangal (Anup Singh) wins Bermo with 90246 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/bermo-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638452-2024-11-23 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bermo Election Result 2024 LIVE: Kumar Jaimangal (Anup Singh) of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bermo-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130273.html |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, he won Bermo Assembly By-election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bermo Assembly By-election Results Live Updates: Kumar Jaimangal (Anup Singh) of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bermo-assembly-by-election-results-live-updates-3061976.html |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaimangal, Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Jharkhand-INC-politician-stub}}