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Chitram Srinu

2026-05-07T14:23:50Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: Made New Details...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chitram Srinu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2000-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Chitram Srinu''' is an Indian actor who primarily appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. Srinu made his debut through the film ''[[Chitram]]''. He has acted in over 260 films.<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/district/chitram-srinu-interview-with-sakshi-262866|title='Chitram' Srinu interview with sakshi|work=Sakshi|date=2 August 2015|accessdate=18 July 2019}}</ref> He turned hero for the unreleased films ''Viswadhabhi Rama'' and ''Mayasabha''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chitram-seenu-turns-hero-with-viswadhabhi-rama-shooting-completed/articleshow/63300232.cms|title='Chitram' Seenu turns hero with 'Viswadhabhi Rama', shooting completed|work=Times of India|date=14 March 2018|accessdate=17 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Mayasabha-movie-shooting-begins/article14001112.ece | title=Mayasabha movie shooting begins | date=15 January 2016 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=22 February 2020 }}</ref>
==Career==
Originally from [[Khammam]], he is known for his roles in ''Chitram'' (2000), ''[[Anandam]]'' (2001), ''[[Venky]]'' (2004), ''[[Bommarillu]]'' (2006), ''[[Dubai Seenu]]'' (2006), ''[[Mantra (2007 film)|Mantra]]'' (2007) and ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]'' (2011).<ref name="C"/>

==Filmography==
{{incomplete list|date=November 2021}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! class="unsortable" | Role
! class="unsortable" | Note
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Chitram]]''
| Ramana's friend
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Anandam]]''
| Chandu
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2002
| ''[[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nuvvu Leka Nenu Lenu]]''
| Guava seller
|
|-
| ''[[Hai (film)|Hai]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Neetho (2002 film)|Neetho]]''
| Madhav's friend
|
|-
| ''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]''
| Shesham's friend
|
|-
| ''[[Okato Number Kurraadu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Yuva Rathna]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nee Thodu Kavali]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nee Sneham]]''
| Madhav's friend
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2003
| ''[[Ammayilu Abbayilu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Uthsaham''
|
|
|-
| ''Sambhu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vishnu (2003 film)|Vishnu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Taarak]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2004
| ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]''
| Peon Seenu
|
|-
| ''[[Venky]]''
| Ramana
|
|-
| ''[[Ammayi Bagundi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gowri (2004 film)|Gowri]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sakhiya]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2005
| ''[[Orey Pandu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Prayatnam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]''
| Bunny's friend
|
|-
| ''[[Narasimhudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Guru (2005 film)|Guru]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Modati Cinema]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2006
| ''Premante Inthe''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bommarillu]]''
| Kedimangina Sreenu
|
|-
| ''[[Tata Birla Madhyalo Laila]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Seetharamudu''
|
|
|-
| ''Nee Navve Chalu''
|
|
|-
| ''Nuvve''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2007
| ''[[Jagadam]]''
| Vaali
|
|-
| ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dubai Seenu]]''
| Ramana
|
|-
| ''[[Satyabhama (2007 film)|Satyabhama]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mantra (2007 film)|Mantra]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Bangaru Konda''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Godava]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2008
|''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]''
| Krishna's friend
|
|-
| ''Pelli Kani Prasad''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bhale Dongalu]]''
| Bouquet seller
|
|-
| ''Gita''
|
|
|-
| ''Naa Manasukemaindi''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Parugu]]''
| Shrinu
|
|-
| ''[[Maa Ayana Chanti Pilladu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ekaloveyudu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dongala Bandi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[Thoranai|Pistha]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Vaade Kavali''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''[[Taj Mahal (2010 film)|Taj Mahal]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thakita Thakita]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Komaram Puli]]''
| Constable
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mayagadu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012
| ''[[Nuvvekkadunte Nenakkadunta]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mythri (2012 film)|Mythri]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sarocharu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Em Babu Laddu Kavala''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Chukkalanti Ammayi Chakkanaina Abbayi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sukumarudu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014
| ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
| Constable Sreenu
|
|-
| ''[[Drushyam]]''
| Bus Owner Murali
|
|-
| ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aagadu]]''
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Raja the Great]]''
| Lucky's Uncle
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018
| ''[[Nela Ticket]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jamba Lakidi Pamba (2018 film)|Jamba Lakidi Pamba]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Geetha Govindam]]''
| Taxi driver
|
|-
| ''[[Taxiwaala]]''
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Bhagyanagara Veedullo Gamattu]]''
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Maa Oori Polimera]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
| ''[[10th Class Diaries]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Raajahyogam]]''
| Radha’s assistant
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| ''[[Maa Oori Polimera 2]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Breakout''
| Raju
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2024
| ''[[Bahirbhoomi]]''
| Nagendra
|
|-
| ''[[Dhoom Dhaam (2024 film)| Dhoom Dhaam]]''
| Warangal Satthi’s assistant
|
|-
| ''[[C202]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Laggam]]''
|Prakash’s assistant
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025
| ''[[Shanmukha (film)|Shanmukha]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Premalo Rendosaari'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Trimukha]]''
| Khaidi - 320
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2026
| ''[[Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani]]''
|Driving School Instructor
|
|-
| ''[[Son Of]]''
|Venkatrao’s friend
|
|}

=== Television ===
* ''[[9 Hours]]'' (2022; [[Disney+ Hotstar]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1759549}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seenu, Chitram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Pernem taluka

2026-05-05T14:13:27Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: starting new details

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Pernem
|native_name = {{langx|kok|Pedne}}
|other_name = {{langx|pt|Perném}}
|settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
|image_map = Pernem.png
|map_caption = Location of Pernem in [[North Goa district]] in [[Goa]]
|coordinates = {{coord|15.716740|N|73.796996|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
|seat_type = Headquarters
|seat = [[Pernem|Pernem city]]

|parts_type = Settlements
|parts_style = para
|p1 = 1 City 4 Towns 23 Villages

|leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
|leader_name = Ravishekhar Nipanikar
|leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
|leader_name1 = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
|area_total_km2 =
|population_total = 75,747
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_urban = 39.69%

|demographics_type1 = Demographics
|demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]

|blank_name_sec1 = Rain
|blank_info_sec1 = na
|website =
|footnotes =
|leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituency]]
|leader_name2 = na
|leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|leader_name3 = na
|demographics1_info1 = na
|demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
|demographics1_info2 = 960
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#Goa|GA]]-11
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 4035XX
}}
'''Pernem''' is a northmost administrative region or sub-district in [[North Goa]] in India. It acts as the Gateway of Goa from [[Maharashtra]] side. It is also the name of the town of [[Pernem]], which is its headquarters. It has a Municipal Council. Geographically, Pernem is surrounded by [[Sawantwadi taluka|Sawantwadi sub-district]] ([[Maharashtra]] State) on East, [[Arabian Sea]] on West, [[Bardez]] and Bicholim sub-district on south and [[Sawantwadi taluka|Sawantwadi sub-district]] ([[Maharashtra]] State) on north. The two rivers which decide the boundary of this sub-district are [[Terekhol River]] and [[Chapora River]]. Terekhol river acts as a border of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]] while Chapora river acts as a border of Pernem sub-district and [[Bardez]] sub-district.

==History==
Pernem is counted as belonging to one of the two Goan sub-regions, the Novas Conquistas, or New Conquests. It was taken over, lost, and finally regained from the [[Sawantwadi State|Rajas of Sawantwadi]]. The Rajas were handling the affairs of Pernem taluka through the [[Indian peers and baronets|Deshprabhu]] family, which, to this day, owns major lands in Pernem taluka. Sawantwadi was a state on Goa's northern border that allied sometimes with the Portuguese and sometimes with the Marathas. (The Kingdom of Sawantwadi was integrated into the district of Ratnagiri after 1947 and is now part of the district of Sindhudurg.) After the capture of Goa by the Indian Armed Forces from the Portuguese, it became part of the Union Territory of Goa.

Pernem is the Portuguese spelling (the m only makes the e nasal). The name in Konkani is Pedne, and inhabitants are called Pednekar in Konkani. The surname Pednekar, used by some native Brahmin, may indicate their origins in Pernem.

==Location==
The [[Konkan Railway]] passes through Pernem, and there is a railway station called ''Pernem '' at a distance of about 4 km east from the town. The proposed ''[[Manohar International Airport]]'' is situated at [[Mopa, Goa|Mopa]] in Pernem sub-district. National Highway 17 (NH-17), which connects [[Mumbai]] (Bombay) and Goa, passes through Pernem (bypassed at Malpem)

==Demographics==
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], Pernem had a population of 75,747 with sex ratio of 960 females to 1000 males. Pernem taluka has an average literacy rate of 80.02%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 84.22% and female literacy is 75.65%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 4.05% and 0.06% of the population respectively. 39.69% of the population lives in urban areas.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – North Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/368/download/1120/DH_2011_3001_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH_GOA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Languages===

Konkani and Marathi are among the most spoken languages in Pernem taluka. Since the taluka borders Maharashtra, it has a significant Marathi-speaking population.

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Pernem taluka (2011)<ref name="langs"/>
|label1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value1 = 54.45 |color1 = salmon
|label2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value2 = 40.69 |color2 = red
|label3 = [[Kannada]] |value3 = 1.44 |color3 = darkslateblue
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 1.07 |color4 = orange
|label5 = Others |value5 = 2.35 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of 2011 Census of India, 54.45% of the population of Pernem talukaaluka spoke [[Konkani language|Konkani]], 40.69% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 1.44% [[Kannada]] and 1.07% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10202/download/13314/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
| title = Religion in Pernem taluka (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Goa|Hinduism]]|darkorange|88.89}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Goa|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|10.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|0.71}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.19}}
| caption =
}}

[[Hinduism]] is followed by the majority of population of Pernem taluka. [[Christians]] form significant minority. At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]] 88.89% of the population of the taluka followed Hinduism, 10.21% Christianity, 0.71% Islam and 0.19% of the population followed other religions or did not state religion.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11372/download/14485/DDW30C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
==Transport==
Pernem sub-district is well connected through road and [[Konkan Railway]]. Pernem railway station is the first railway station in Goa while coming from Mumbai. [[Mandovi Express]], [[Konkan Kanya Express]], [[Goa Sampark Kranti Express]] and [[Margao]]–[[Sawantwadi]] Road passenger (Train No.50107/50108 halts here). NH-17 passes through this area which connects it to [[Mumbai]] and [[Mangalore]].

==Culture and religion==
===Igreja de São José===
A Chapel in Pernem was built in 1852 by the Portuguese after their successful Novo Conquistas campaign. It was elevated into a Parish on January 2, 1855. St. Joseph Church, Pernem was rebuilt in 1864. The Parish was renovated in 2002. The Parish has 5 substations constituted of 11 Small Christian Communities. Currently, Fr. Camilo Simoes is appointed as the Parish Priest.

===Others===
Pedne hosts a very popular annual fair on [[Kojagiri poornima]] at Shri Bhagavati Temple premises.
Pernem has contributed immensely to the cultural and literary scene of Goa.

==Tourism==
This sub-district plays a major part in tourism of [[North Goa district]]. Famous places are Kerim or [[Querim]] Beach, [[Arambol]] Beach, [[Fort Tiracol|Terekhol]] Fort, [[Mandrem]] beach, [[Ashwem]] Beach, [[Morjim]] Beach, [[Alorna]] Fort (near Alorna panchakroshi).

Also near Mlpem on [[NH-17]] there is the Shri Mulveer Temple.

=== Casa de Hospides ===
Also called the House of Hospitality (in English), this building was built by the Portuguese for the ''Visconde de Pernem'' (Viscount of Pernem). It was basically a Guest house for Europeans visiting the northern frontier of Goa. The [[Hindu]] Deshprabhus the only family from [[India]] family to receive a Viscountship in all of European nobility reside in it to this date.

==Settlements==
===Cities===
Cities in the district include: [[Pernem|Pernem City]]. Though it may not be large enough to be considered a city, it serves as the Sub-district's capital.

===Towns===
Towns in the district include: [[Mandrem]], [[Morjim]], [[Arambol]], [[Parcem]]

===Villages===
Villages in the district include: [[Agarvado]], [[Alorna]], [[Amberem]], [[Cansarvornem]], [[Casnem]], [[Chandel, Goa|Chandel]], [[Chopdem]], [[Corgão]], [[Dargalim]], [[Ibrampur]], [[Mopa, Goa|Mopa]], [[Ozorim]], [[Paliem, Pernem, Goa|Paliem]], [[Pernem]], [[Poroscodem]], [[Querim]], [[Tamboxem]], [[Tiracol]], [[Torxem]], [[Tuem]], [[Uguem]], [[Varconda]], [[Virnora]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Pernem}}

{{Goa topics}}

[[Category:Talukas of Goa]]
[[Category:Geography of North Goa district]]
[[hi:परनेम]]
[[bpy:পেরেনেম]]

Matrix Fight Night

2026-05-04T03:24:39Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: Starting info.

{{Short description|Indian mixed martial arts promotion}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| image = Matrix Fight Night logo.png
| type = Privately held company
| industry = [[Mixed martial arts]]
| founded = 2019
| founder = {{ubl|[[Tiger Shroff]]|[[Ayesha Shroff]]|[[Krishna Shroff]]<ref name=V>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/in-the-city/matrix-fight-night-6-is-coming-to-dubai|title=Bollywood's Tiger Shroff, Krishna bring Matrix Fight Night 6 to Dubai|author=C. T. Report|website=Khaleej Times|access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref>}}
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served =
| key_people = * [[Tiger Shroff]]
* [[Ayesha Shroff]]
* [[Krishna Shroff]]<ref name=V/>

| website = {{URL|https://www.mfnofficial.com/}}

}}

The '''Matrix Fight Night (MFN)''' is an Indian professional [[mixed martial arts]] (MMA) [[Promoter (entertainment)|promotion Company]] based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is owned and operated by [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] actor [[Tiger Shroff]], his mother [[Ayesha Shroff]] and his sister [[Krishna Shroff]]. The promotion was founded in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fitness entrepreneurs Tiger Shroff, Krishna Shroff and Ayesha Shroff run India's biggest MMA platform |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/fitness-entrepreneurs-tiger-shroff-krishna-shroff-and-ayesha-shroff-run-indias-biggest-mma-platform/cid/1919917 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Shroff family also owns a chain of MMA gyms called '''MMA Matrix'''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-26 |title=Exclusive Interview {{!}} Krishna Shroff on being an entrepreneur, her gym MMA Matrix, fitness & more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/exclusive-interview-krishna-shroff-on-being-an-entrepreneur-her-gym-mma-matrix-fitness-more/3022432/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Matrix Fight Night has hosted 17 premium fight nights as of March 2026, featuring fighters from both India and other countries. MFN has been instrumental in producing several MMA stars including [[Anshul Jubli]] and [[Puja Tomar]], both of them have gone on to sign with the [[UFC]].<ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-02-05 |title=Son of a BSF soldier, inspired by Bhagat Singh – Anshul Jubli's journey to UFC |url=https://thebridge.in/mma/son-bsf-soldier-inspire-bhagat-singh-anshul-jubli-ufc-39363 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Matrix Fight Night was founded in 2019 by the Shroff family. The shroffs joined forces to establish a premium MMA promotion aimed to improve and shape Mixed Martial Arts in [[South Asia]] & [[Southeast Asia]]. Matrix Fight Night kickstarted with their debut event ('''MFN 1''') in Mumbai on 12 March 2019. The event was held at the [[NSCI Dome]] and featured 7 professional fights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=MFN 1 – Matrix Fight Night 1 |url=https://www.sherdog.com/events/MFN-1-Matrix-Fight-Night-1-88089 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Sherdog |language=en}}</ref>

Anshul Jubli made his professional MMA debut at '''MFN 2''', which was held on 29 June 2019 in New Delhi. Anshul's undefeated streak (5–0) at MFN earned him the opportunity to fight in the [[Lightweight (MMA)|lightweight]] division of [[Road to UFC Season 1]]. Anshul won the tournament after beating [[Jeka Saragih]] of [[Indonesia]] in the finals, thus securing the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]] contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-05 |title=India's Anshul Jubli bags UFC contract, beats Indonesia's Jeka Saragih to become 1st Indian to win Road To UFC final |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/indias-anshul-jubli-bags-ufc-contract-beats-indonesia-s-jeka-saragih-to-become-1st-indian-to-win-road-to-ufc-final-101675575609773.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

MFN expanded globally with MFN 4, choosing [[Dubai]] as their international fight capital.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-10 |title=Matrix Fight Night: Indian version of popular mix martial arts show to be held in Dubai |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/matrix-fight-night-indian-version-of-popular-mix-martial-arts-show-to-be-held-in-dubai-1.69619303 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Light |first=David |title=Tiger Shroff, Shraddha Kapoor oversee Matrix Fight Night in Dubai |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/city-times/tiger-shroff-shraddha-kapoor-oversee-matrix-fight-night-in-dubai |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> Three consecutive editions of Matrix Fight Night, from '''MFN 4''' to '''MFN 6''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=C. T. |title=Dubai: Matrix Fight Night back for sixth event |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/local-events/dubai-matrix-fight-night-back-for-sixth-event |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> were hosted in Dubai. Despite the pandemic, MFN managed to organize events with the assistance of the [[Dubai Sports Council]].

'''MFN 6 (Anshul Vs Mahmoudiyan)''' had its first foreign fighter at Matrix Fight Night.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=MFN 6 – Matrix Fight Night 6: Anshul vs. Mahmoudiyan |url=https://www.sherdog.com/events/MFN-6-Matrix-Fight-Night-6-Anshul-vs-Mahmoudiyan-91223 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Sherdog |language=en}}</ref> In late-2022, Matrix Fight Night announced its partnership with the OTT giant [[Disney+ Hotstar|Disney+Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiger Shroff's mom Ayesha Shroff's Matrix Fight Night joins forces with Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/tiger-shroff-s-mom-ayesha-shroffs-matrix-fight-night-joins-forces-with-disney-hotstar-2510253.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> MFN events are streamed live in India on Disney+Hotstar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khosla |first=Varuni |date=2022-09-24 |title=Disney+ Hotstar to stream mixed martial arts competition Matrix Fight Night |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/news/disney-hotstar-to-stream-mixed-martial-arts-competition-matrix-fight-night-11664018729560.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Format ==
Matrix Fight Night has two formats: '''International Fight Night''' and '''MFN Contenders'''. International Fight Night showcases the best talent from India and abroad, while MFN Contenders serves as a feeder event for International Fight Night.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MFN Contenders 2023: Indian MMA Talents Shine, Earning Contracts with MFN |url=https://test.lockerroom.in/blog/view/mfn-contenders-2023-winners |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=LockerRoom India |language=en}}</ref>

The first MFN Contenders event took place in September 2022 in Hyderabad. The three-day event witnessed over 400 fighters competing in various weight categories to earn the MFN Contract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulwama's star MMA player, Owais Yaqoob becomes first fighter from Kashmir to win MFN contract |url=https://risingkashmir.com/pulwamas-star-mma-player-owais-yaqoob-becomes-first-fighter-from-kashmir-to-win-mfn-contract/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Rising Kashmir |date=4 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Events list ==
MFN has hosted 17 events as of March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=Matrix Fight Night Fights, Fight Cards, Videos, Pictures, Events and more |url=https://www.sherdog.com/organizations/Matrix-Fight-Night-15193 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Sherdog |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Matrix Fight Night 10 set to return to Dubai with four title fights in November |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/matrix-fight-night-10-set-to-return-to-dubai-with-four-title-fights-in-november20221031225901/ |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=ANI News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Matrix Fight Night LIVE streaming info: Preview, fight cards of MFN 12 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/matrix-fight-night-mfn-12-live-streaming-info-preview-full-schedule-fight-cards-title-fights/article67024533.ece |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> MFN 17, the latest event, took place on August 2025 in Greater Noida. Each event features 12 bouts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matrix Fight Night 17 {{!}} MMA Event |url=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/events/128735-matrix-fight-night-17 |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Tapology |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="sortable wikitable succession-box" style="width:90%; margin:1.0em auto; font-size:90%;"
|-
! scope="col" | #
! scope="col" | Event
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Location
|-
!18
|Matrix Fight Night 18
|2 May 2026
|rowspan="2" |[[Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Greater Noida]], India
|-
!17
|Matrix Fight Night 17
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|August|02}}
|-
!16
|Matrix Fight Night 16
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|February|28}}
|[[Siri Fort Auditorium]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|-
!15
|Matrix Fight Night 15
|31 August 2024
| rowspan="4" |Noida Indoor Stadium
| rowspan="4" |[[Noida]], India
|-
!14
|Matrix Fight Night 14
|9 March 2024
|-
!13
|Matrix Fight Night 13
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|October|28}}
|-
!12
|Matrix Fight Night 12
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|July|1}}
|-
!11
|Matrix Fight Night 11
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|March|31}}
|[[Talkatora Stadium]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|-
!10
|Matrix Fight Night 10
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|November|18}}
|[[Palazzo Versace Dubai]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|-
!9
|Matrix Fight Night 9
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|June|24}}
|rowspan=2|[[Siri Fort Auditorium]]
|rowspan=2|[[New Delhi]], India
|-
!8
|Matrix Fight Night 8
|{{dts|format=dmy|2022|April|1}}
|-
!7
|Matrix Fight Night 7
|{{dts|format=dmy|2021|December|10}}
|[[Falaknuma Palace]]
|[[Hyderabad]], India
|-
!6
|Matrix Fight Night 6: Anshul vs. Mahmoudiyan
|{{dts|format=dmy|2021|September|24}}
|rowspan=2|[[Palazzo Versace Dubai]]
|rowspan=3|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|-
!5
|Matrix Fight Night 5
|{{dts|format=dmy|2020|December|15}}
|-
!4
|Matrix Fight Night 4
|{{dts|format=dmy|2020|February|28}}
|[[Al-Nasr SC (Dubai)|Al-Nasr Sports Club]]
|-
!3
|Matrix Fight Night 3
|{{dts|format=dmy|2019|December|20}}
|[[NSCI Dome]]
|[[Mumbai]], India
|-
!2
|Matrix Fight Night 2
|{{dts|format=dmy|2019|June|29}}
|[[Siri Fort Auditorium]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|-
!1
|Matrix Fight Night 1
|{{dts|format=dmy|2019|March|12}}
|[[NSCI Dome]]
|[[Mumbai]], India
|}

==Other Events==
===MFN Contenders===
{| class="sortable wikitable succession-box" style="width:90%; margin:1.0em auto; font-size:90%;"
|-
! scope="col" | #
! scope="col" | Event
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Location
|-
!2
| 2025 MFN Contenders
|22-24 August 2025
|
|
|-
!1
| 2023 MFN Contenders
|7-9 December 2023
|Noida Indoor Stadium
|Noida
|}
===MFN Fight Pass===
{| class="sortable wikitable succession-box" style="width:90%; margin:1.0em auto; font-size:90%;"
|-
! scope="col" | #
! scope="col" | Event
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Location
|-
!1
| Dojo Fight League 1
|18 January 2026
|The Dojo MMA & Fitness
|[[Vadodra]], Gujarat
|}

==Current champions==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Division
! scope="col" | Upper weight limit
! scope="col" | Champion
! scope="col" | Since
! scope="col" | Title Defenses
! scope="col" | Sources
|-
| Heavyweight
| {{cvt|265|lb}}
| {{font color|gray|Vacant}}
| TBD
| style="text-align: center;" |
|
|-
| Light Heavyweight
| {{cvt|205|lb}}
| {{font color|gray|Vacant}}
| TBD
| style="text-align: center;" |
|
|-
| Middleweight
| {{cvt|185|lb}}
| {{font color|gray|Vacant}}
| TBD
| style="text-align: center;" |
|
|-
| Welterweight
| {{cvt|170|lb}}
| {{flagicon|KGZ}} Darkhanbek Ergeshev
| 31 March 2023 (MFN 11)
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
|<ref>{{cite web |date=1 April 2023 |title=Results, report from Matrix Fight Night 11 |url=https://asianmma.com/results-report-from-matrix-fight-night-11/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=asianmma.com}}</ref>
|-
| Lightweight
| {{cvt|155|lb}}
| {{flagicon|IND}} Digamber Singh Rawat
| 02 May 2026 (MFN 18)
| style="text-align: center;" |
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=दिगंबर सिंह रावत बने एमएफएन लाइटवेट के नए वर्ल्ड चैंपियन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/chamoli/digambar-singh-rawat-becomes-the-new-mfn-lightweight-world-champion-chamoli-news-c-48-1-kpg1001-123258-2026-05-03 |work=Amar Ujala |date=3 May 2026 |access-date=4 May 2026 |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| Featherweight
| {{cvt|145|lb}}
| {{font color|gray|Vacant}}
| TBD
| style="text-align: center;" |
|
|-
| Bantamweight
| {{cvt|135|lb}}
| {{flagicon|NEP}}[[Rabindra Dhant]]
| 02 August 2025 (MFN 17)
| style="text-align: center;" |
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabindra Dhant Crowned MFN 17 Bantamweight Champion in Stunning Knockout Victory! |url=https://english.ratopati.com/story/40231 |work=Ratopati |date=3 August 2025 |access-date=3 April 2026|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Flyweight
| {{cvt|125|lb}}
| {{font color|gray|Vacant}}
| TBD
| style="text-align: center;" |
|
|-
| Strawweight
| {{cvt|115|lb}}
| {{font color|gray|Vacant}}
| TBD
| style="text-align: center;" |
|
|-
| Women's Featherweight
| {{cvt|145|lb}}
| {{font color|gray|Vacant}}
| TBD
| style="text-align: center;" |
|
|-
| Women's Bantamweight
| {{cvt|135|lb}}
| {{font color|gray|Vacant}}
| TBD
| style="text-align: center;" |
|
|-
| Women's Flyweight
| {{cvt|125|lb}}
| {{font color|gray|Vacant}}
| TBD
| style="text-align: center;" |
|
|-
| Women's Strawweight
| {{cvt|115|lb}}
| {{flagicon|IND}}Sonam Zomba
| 02 August 2025 (MFN 17)
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=MFN 17 Results: Rabindra Dhant and Sonam Zomba Crowned Champions |url=https://lockerroom.in/blog/view/mfn-17-results |work=Locker Room |date=3 August 2025 |access-date=3 April 2026|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Championship history==
===MFN Welterweight Championship===
''77 kg (170 lb)''
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:90%"
|-
! style="width:1%;"|No.
! style="width:21%;"|Name
! style="width:30%;"|Event
! style="width:15%;"|Date
! style="width:40%;"|Defenses
|-
!Current
|align=left |{{flagicon|KGZ}} '''Darkhanbek Ergeshev''' {{small|def. Seth Rosario}}
|align=center |MFN 11 {{small| New Delhi, India}}
|align=center |March 31, 2023
|align=center |{{small|1. def. Jason Solomon at MFN 13 on October 28, 2023}}
|-
|}

===MFN Lightweight Championship===

===MFN Featherweight Championship===
''66 kg (145 lb)''
{| class="wikitable" style="width:85%; font-size:90%"
|-
! style="width:1%;"|No.
! style="width:21%;"|Name
! style="width:27%;"|Event
! style="width:15%;"|Date
! style="width:70%;"|Defenses
|-
!1
|align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} '''Sanjeet Budhwar''' {{small|def. Atabek Abdimitalipov}}
|align=center |MFN 10 {{small| [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates}}
|align=center |November 18, 2022
|align=center |{{small|1. def. Shyam Anand at MFN 13 on October 28, 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fightbookmma.com/sanjeet-budhwar-successfully-defends-his-featherweight-title-in-an-electrifying-showdown-at-matrix-fight-night-13/|title=Sanjeet Budhwar successfully defends his Featherweight Title in an electrifying showdown at Matrix Fight Night 13|website=FightBook MMA|date=30 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=6 align=center |''Budhwar was stripped of the title on March 8, 2024 after failing to make weight for his title defense against [[Abdul Azim Badakhshi]] at MFN 14.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=MFN 14 Results: Sanjeet Budhwar Knocks out Abdul Badakhshi, Chungreng wins title |url=https://lockerroom.in/blog/view/mfn-14-results |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=lockerroom.in |language=en}}</ref>''
|-
|}

===MFN Bantamweight Championship===
''61 kg (135 lb)''
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:90%"
|-
! style="width:1%;"|No.
! style="width:21%;"|Name
! style="width:30%;"|Event
! style="width:15%;"|Date
! style="width:40%;"|Defenses
|-
!1
|{{flagicon|PAK}} '''Uloomi Karim''' {{small|def. Dhruv Chaudhary }}
|align="center" |MFN 10 {{Small|Dubai, UAE}}
| align="center" |November 18, 2022
| align="center" |
|-
! colspan="5" |Uloomi had to vacate the title due to inactivity
|-
!2
|{{flagicon|IND}} '''Chungreng Koren''' {{small|def. Mohammad Farhad for interim title}}
| align="center" |MFN 14 {{Small|Noida, India}}
| align="center" |March 09, 2024
|align=center |{{small|1. def. Kantharaj Agasa at MFN 15 on August 21, 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amachon |first=Ramror |date=2 September 2024 |title=Manipur’s Chungren Koren Retains MFN 15 Championship Title |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipurs-chungren-koren-retains-mfn-15-championship-title/ |access-date=3 May 2026 |website=Ukhrul Times}}</ref>
|-
!Current
|{{flagicon|NPL}} '''[[Rabindra Dhant]]''' {{small |def. Chungreng Koren}}
| align="center" |MFN 17 {{Small|Greater Noida, India}}
| align="center" |August 02, 2025
| align="center" |
|-
|}

===MFN Flyweight Championship===
''57 kg (125 lb)''
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:90%"
|-
! style="width:1%;"|No.
! style="width:21%;"|Name
! style="width:30%;"|Event
! style="width:15%;"|Date
! style="width:40%;"|Defenses
|-
!1
|align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} '''Angad Bisht''' {{small|def. Mohamed Gamal}}
|align=center |MFN 10 {{small| [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates}}
|align=center |November 18, 2022
|align=center |
|-
! colspan="5" |Angad vacated the title when he signed with the Road to UFC.
|-
|}

===MFN Women's Strawweight Championship===
''52 kg (115 lb)''
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:90%"
|-
! style="width:1%;"|No.
! style="width:21%;"|Name
! style="width:30%;"|Event
! style="width:12%;"|Date
! style="width:45%;"|Defenses
|-
!1
|align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Puja Tomar]]''' {{small|def. Bi Nguyen}}
|align=center |MFN 10 {{small| [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates}}
|align=center |November 18, 2022
|align=center |{{small|1. def. Anastasia Feofanova at MFN 12 on July 1, 2023}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asianmma.com/puja-tomar-retains-strawweight-title-at-matrix-fight-night-12/ |title=Puja Tomar retains strawweight title at Matrix Fight Night 12 |website=Asian MMA |date=3 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Tomar vacated the title in October 2023 when she signed with the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-17 |title=India's Puja Tomar signs with the UFC! |url=https://asianmma.com/indias-puja-tomar-signs-with-the-ufc/ |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=Asian MMA}}</ref>
|-
!Current
|align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} '''Sonam Zomba''' {{small|def. Anna Safeeva}}
|align=center |MFN 17 {{small| [[Greater Noida]], India}}
|align=center |August 02, 2025
|align=center |{{small|1. def. Alves Maristela at MFN 18 on May 02, 2026}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faham |first=Uddin |date=3 May 2026 |title=Indian MMA Star Sonam Zomba Retains MFN Title with Win Over Maristela Alves |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/mma/indian-mma-star-sonam-zomba-retains-mfn-title-with-win-over-maristela-alves-article-154229068 |access-date=3 May 2026 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Rankings==
=== MFN Men's pound for pound Rankings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:90%"
|-
! style="width:1%;"|No.
! style="width:21%;"|Name
! style="width:30%;"|Record
! style="width:12%;"|Weight class
! style=:width:45%;"|Representing
|-
!1
|align=left |'''Sanjeet Budhwar'''
|align=center |11-2
|align=center |Featherweight
|align=center |Haryana
|-
!2
|align=left |'''Angad Bisht'''
|align=center |9-3
|align=center |Flyweight
|align=center |Uttarakhand
|-
!3
|align=left |'''Clinton Kenin D'Cruz'''
|align=center |6-0
|align=center |Flyweight
|align=center |Karnataka
|-
!4
|align=left |'''Shyamanand'''
|align=center |5-2
|align=center |Featherweight
|align=center |Bihar
|-
!5
|align=left |'''Digamber Rawat'''
|align=center |5-0
|align=center |Lightweight
|align=center |Uttrakhand
|-
!6
|align=left |'''Pawan Maan Singh'''
|align=center |8-3
|align=center |Light Heavyweight
|align=center |New Delhi
|-
!7
|align=left |'''Chungreng Koren'''
|align=center |6-1
|align=center |Bantamweight
|align=center |Manipur
|-
!8
|align=left |'''Rahul Thapa'''
|align=center |4-1
|align=center |Featherweight
|align=center |Haryana
|-
!9
|align=left |'''Puniyajit Likharu'''
|align=center |4-0
|align=center |Bantamweight
|align=center |Assam
|-
!10
|align=left |'''Sahil Rana'''
|align=center |9-1
|align=center |Bantamweight
|align=center |Himachal Pradesh
|-
!11
|align=left |'''Dinesh Naorem'''
|align=center |3-0
|align=center |Flyweight
|align=center |Manipur
|-
!12
|align=left |'''Darshanbek Ergeshov'''
|align=center |11-2
|align=center |Welterweight
|align=center |Kyrgyzstan
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{MMA organizations}}

[[Category:Mixed martial arts promotions]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sports organisations of India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Martial arts in India]]

Kishor Parekh

2026-04-30T00:47:16Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: started the pg from scratch - done

{{Short description|Indian photojournalist}}
{{More citations needed|date= October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
'''Kishor Parekh''' (1930-1982) was an Indian [[photojournalist]].<ref>[https://www.enterworldpressphoto.org/editie9/close_up.php?hilow= Profile in WPP website]</ref> He was born in [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]], and studied filmmaking and documentary photography at the [[University of Southern California]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} His work as a student won him numerous awards. He returned to India from 1960 to 1961 and became the chief photographer of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. In this capacity, he covered the [[Sino-Indian war of 1962]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 conflict]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. He was awarded a gold medal by ''Soviet Land'' for his coverage of the [[Tashkent summit]] that marked the conclusion of the war.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} He covered the 1966-1967 [[famine in Bihar]] and his photographs on this subject were exhibited in the [[United States]]. He also shot [[Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] until the latter's death in 1964.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}

After six years at the ''Hindustan Times'', Parekh joined the ''Asia Magazine'' in [[Hong Kong]] in 1967.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} He travelled throughout the [[Asia Pacific]] region on assignment. Later on, he became photo editor of Pacific Magazines Ltd, a position he held till about 1972. Afterwards, he returned to [[Bombay]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Parekh is best known for his work on the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971. His book on the subject, ''Bangladesh: A Brutal Birth'', was a covered the [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities|atrocities committed by the Pakistani forces]] and the suffering of the native Bengali population.<ref>[http://www.drik.net/calendars/calendar2004/credit.htm Profile on Drik website]</ref> According to photographer [[Pablo Bartholomew]]: "Bangladesh was Kishor’s highest point. Self-assigned, self-funded, driven by his own instincts, emotions and guts, in a two-week period he produced a startling set of images that became a powerful book and statement."<ref>[https://www.enterworldpressphoto.org/editie9/close_up.php?hilow= Profile in WPP website]</ref> The Indian government commissioned 20,000 copies of the book to raise awareness of the war.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}

Parekh's work appeared in numerous national and international publications including ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'', ''[[Paris Match]]'', ''[[Sunday Times]]'', ''Time'' magazine, ''[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]'', ''[[Popular Photography]]'' and ''Asahi Graphic''. He died of a heart attack in 1982 while on assignment in the [[Himalayas]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} Upon his death, his 16-year-old son Swapan Parekh became a photographer.

Kishor was married to Saroj Parekh.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}

==External links==
* [http://www.enterworldpressphoto.org/editie9/close_up_gal.php?image=1&gallery=closeup#1 Kishore Parekh, a photogallery]
* [https://acrobat.com/app.html#d=D-a2iIBlCV53JHGZjfH*ew ''Bangladesh: A Brutal Birth'' ('''pdf copy''')]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parekh, Kishor}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Indian photojournalists]]
[[Category:People from Bhavnagar]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Journalists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Photographers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Chiraiya

2026-04-27T17:29:48Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: Made A Article

{{Short description|2026 Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Chiraiya.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = Divy Nidhi Sharma
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Sampurna (TV series)|Sampurna]]''}}
| showrunner = Divy Nidhi Sharma
| writer = Divy Nidhi Sharma
| story = Soumyabrata Rakshit
| director = [[Shashant Shah]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Divya Dutta]]
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
* [[Siddharth Shaw]]
* [[Prasanna Bisht]]
}}
| composer = [[Raja Narayan Deb]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| executive_producer = Rajesh Sharma
| producer = Shrikant Mohta Mahendra Soni
| cinematography = Subhankar Bhar
| editor = Aseem Sinha
| runtime = 26{{ndash}}39 minutes
| company = [[SVF Entertainment]]
| network = [[JioHotstar]]
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2026|3|20}}
}}

'''''Chiraiya''''' ({{Translation|"Bird"}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] web series directed by [[Shashant Shah]] and produced by [[SVF Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gavankar |first=Vaishnavi |date=March 6, 2026 |title=Chiraiya trailer: Divya Dutta leads powerful social drama series, questions silence around marital consent |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/chiraiya-trailer-divya-dutta-leads-powerful-social-drama-series-questions-silence-around-marital-consent-article-13852915.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |language=en-US}}</ref> It stars [[Divya Dutta]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], [[Siddharth Shaw]] and Prasanna Bisht. It is an adaptation of the Bengali web series ''[[Sampurna (TV series)|Sampurna]]''.

The series began streaming on [[JioHotstar]] from 20 March 2026 and has become one of the most popular Hindi series on the platform in recent months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-06 |title=Divya Dutta-starrer 'Chiraiya' to stream on JioHotstar from March 20 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/divya-dutta-starrer-chiraiya-to-stream-on-jiohotstar-from-march-20-101772787313162.html |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |date=2026-04-12 |title=Web series Chiraiya puts spotlight on marital rape in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgqkl2kqkxzo |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Premise ==
A young bride navigates a suffocating marriage, battling for autonomy in a society that values family honour over her consent. The show confronts [[marital rape]], exposing the myth of implied consent within marriage and highlighting her emotional and psychological struggle for dignity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Khurana |first=Archika |date=March 20, 2026 |title=Chiraiya Season 1 Review : A Quietly Powerful Mirror to an Uncomfortable Truth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/chiraiya/season-1/seasonreview/129624129.cms |access-date=March 22, 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Kamlesh
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Sukumar Bhramar
* Prasanna Bisht as Pooja Kumari
* [[Siddharth Shaw]] as Arun Kumar
* Faisal Rashid as Vinay Kumar; Kamlesh’s husband
* [[Tinnu Anand]] as Nana; Kamlesh's grandad
* [[Sarita Joshi]]
* Anjum Saxena

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#8D441F |total_width=auto |overall= |title= |director= |directorR= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Griha Pravesh
| DirectedBy = [[Shashant Shah]]
| WrittenBy = Divy Nidhi Sharma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2026|3|20}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 8D441F
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Pag Phera
| DirectedBy = Shashant Shah
| WrittenBy = Divy Nidhi Sharma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2026|3|20}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 8D441F
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Honeymoon
| DirectedBy = Shashant Shah
| WrittenBy = Divy Nidhi Sharma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2026|3|20}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 8D441F
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Muh Dikhai
| DirectedBy = Shashant Shah
| WrittenBy = Divy Nidhi Sharma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2026|3|20}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 8D441F
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Vidaai
| DirectedBy = Shashant Shah
| WrittenBy = Divy Nidhi Sharma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2026|3|20}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 8D441F
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Kathaa
| DirectedBy = Shashant Shah
| WrittenBy = Divy Nidhi Sharma
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2026|3|20}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 8D441F
}}
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Malamaal Weekly
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Raja Narayan Deb
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|03|20}} (Series)
| recorded = 2026
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Series soundtrack|Feature Series soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Jio Hotstar|Sangeet Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Chiraiya]]
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing = Divy Nidhi Sharma
| title1 = Udi Chiraiya
| extra1 = Sunetra Banerjee
| length1 = 2:24
| title2 = Dhoop Jaye Dever
| extra2 = Amrita Bharati
| length2 = 2:42
| title3 = Suhaagan Bhookhi Pyaasi Re
| extra3 = Zeenia Roy
| length3 = 1:28
| title4 =
| extra4 =
| length4 =
}}

==Release==
''Chiraiya'' was released on [[JioHotstar]] on 20 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chiraiya OTT release date: When and where to watch Divya Dutta's social drama on marital consent|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/chiraiya-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-divya-duttas-social-drama-on-marital-consent/193113df36724|date=6 March 2026|website=OTT Play}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars and wrote "At its core, the series tackles the sensitive and rarely explored subject of marital rape, challenging the deeply ingrained belief that marriage implies automatic consent. But rather than turning into a loud, didactic social commentary, Chiraiya chooses a more introspective route. It does not point fingers; it holds up a mirror."<ref name=":0" />

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5 stars and worded "The series adopts a degree of melodrama which belongs more to the Ekta Kapoor brand of kitchen-sink saas-bahu serials than a modern series that challenges patriarchy through personal choices which are held up for what they are."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |author1-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Chiraiya review: The Divya Dutta show is let down by melodrama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/chiraiya-review-the-divya-dutta-show-is-let-down-by-melodrama-10592386/ |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 March 2026 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Shreyas Pande of ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed the series and highlighted "Through its accessible storytelling, the show offers a sharp portrayal of patriarchy and its impact on families, even though the presentation lacks finesse, making it clunky in some portions."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pande |first1=Shreyas |title=‘Chiraiya’ series review: Divya Dutta uplifts the rough edges of this timely take-down of marital rape |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chiraiya-series-review-divya-dutta-uplifts-the-rough-edges-of-this-timely-take-down-of-marital-rape/article70764849.ece |access-date=22 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' writes that "Not the gender empowerment story we deserve" and describe it as "A liberal mind undone by a conservative body".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desai |first1=Rahul |title='Chiraiya’ Series Review: A Liberal Mind Undone By A Conservative Body
|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/chiraiya-series-review-a-liberal-mind-undone-by-a-conservative-body |access-date=22 March 2026 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated it 3.5 stars and said that "In most of the Hindi movies that we have seen, the wedding room represents intimacy, to celebrate what we call Suhaagrat. In Chiraiya, it’s depicted as a room for horror and loneliness. And it has been done well."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Vinamra |title='Chiraiya' Web-Series Review: Divya Dutta leads a discomforting show about marital rape and women's rights |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chiraiya-web-series-review-a-haunting-divya-dutta-leads-a-discomforting-show-about-marital-rape-and-womens-rights-13991724.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

Udita Jhunjhunwala writing for ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observed that "Chiraiya is saying something that matters, but it leans so heavily on its message that it begins to feel less like a story and more like a lesson."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jhunjhunwala |first1=Udita |title=Review: ‘Chiraiya’ bluntly confronts marital rape |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1091500/review-chiraiya-bluntly-confronts-marital-rape |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5 stars and writes that "It does not claim to have all the answers. Instead, it leaves you with questions – difficult, uncomfortable, necessary questions. Because sometimes, the first step towards change is not action, but acknowledgement. And in a society that still struggles to even name the problem, that in itself is a powerful beginning."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen|first1=Sana |title=Chiraiya review: Divya Dutta's show is an unflinching take on marital rape
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/chiraiya-review-divya-dutta-show-is-an-unflinching-take-on-marital-rape-2884557-2026-03-20|work=[[India Today]] |date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated it 3.5 stars and said that "Chiraiya tells us to be cautious of those animals who thrive in broad society under the endearing allure of poetry."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harsh|first1=BH |title=Chiraiya Series Review: An impactful story that manages to rise above its heavy-handed treatment
|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2026/Mar/20/chiraiya-series-review-an-impactful-story-that-manages-to-rise-above-its-heavy-handed-treatment|work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

Arpita Sarkar of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "Chiraiya is a socially important series that highlights issues such as marital abuse, consent, and patriarchal norms."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar|first1=Arpita|title=Chiraiya Review: Divya Dutta's series is another wake-up call on how toxic masculinity begins at home
|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/chiraiya-review-divya-duttas-series-is-another-wake-up-call-on-how-toxic-masculinity-begins-at-home/c78ec5a9f9742|work=[[OTT Play]] |date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt40828245}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2026 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2026 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Indian family drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series about marriage]]
[[Category:Works about marriage]]
[[Category:Works about sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Fiction about arranged marriage]]
[[Category:Fiction about adultery]]
[[Category:Television shows about adultery]]
[[Category:Works about women]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows about violence against women]]
[[Category:Works about rape]]
[[Category:Works about violence against women]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Ante Sundaraniki

2026-04-27T03:43:22Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: new some data needs work

{{Short description|2022 film by Vivek Athreya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ante Sundaraniki!
| image = Ante Sundaraniki poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vivek Athreya]]
| producer = {{Ubl|Naveen Yerneni|Yalamanchili Ravi Shankar}}
| writer = Vivek Athreya
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]|[[Nazriya Nazim]]}}
| based_on =
| music = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| cinematography = [[Niketh Bommireddy]]
| editing = Ravi Teja Girijala
| studio = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| distributor = E4 Entertainment ([[Kerala]])
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|6|10|}}
| runtime = 176 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}30 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Mythri Movie Makers : టాలీవుడ్ ని రూల్ చేస్తున్న ప్రొడక్షన్ హౌస్.. వామ్మో ఇన్ని సినిమాలా. |url=https://10tv.in/movies/mythri-movie-makers-becoming-tollywood-top-production-house-434593.html |website=[[10TV]] |language=te |date=28 May 2022}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|45}} crore<ref name="toi20" />
}}

'''''Ante Sundaraniki!''''' ({{translation|The thing about Sundar is!}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Vivek Athreya]]. Produced by [[Mythri Movie Makers]], it stars [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] and [[Nazriya Nazim]] (in her Telugu debut). The film tells the story of Sundar and Leela, an interfaith couple who try to convince their parents about their marriage through a string of lies only to find themselves in more complicated situations.

''Ante Sundaraniki!'' was announced in November 2020 with principal photography taking place between April 2021 and January 2022. The film was predominantly shot in [[Hyderabad]] and the United States. ''Ante Sundaraniki!'' was released in theatres on 10 June 2022 and opened to positive reviews from critics.

It grossed over {{Dollar sign}}1 million overseas, making it Nani's seventh film to do so.<ref name="toi20" /> The film grossed over {{INR|45}} [[crore]] worldwide. Despite receiving positive reviews from critics, praising its narrative, performances, and technical aspects, the film failed to perform well at the box office, although it later managed to get a [[cult]] following

==Plot==
Sundar comes from an orthodox [[Brahmin]] family. During his childhood, Sundar is duped by a fraudster who promises him a role in an upcoming film starring [[Chiranjeevi]] that would be filmed in the US. Therefore, his family develops deep skepticism towards such ventures. Sundar grows up to be an employee at an ad agency. He tries to persuade his colleague Soumya to give up the opportunity to go to the US so that he can take her place and fulfill his dream. But on Soumya's insistence, he tells her the actual reason. Sundar is in love with his [[childhood sweetheart]] Leela, a [[Christians|Christian]] who is now a professional photographer. She gets close to Sundar when her ex-boyfriend Vamsi cheats on her. Sundar and Leela decide to marry but since they belong to different religions, Sundar sketches a plan to convince their parents. As a part of it, they lie to their families about the reason they are leaving for the US. Soumya is convinced and lets Sundar take her place by lying to their manager.

A month after arriving in the US, Sundar lies to his parents that he has [[Azoospermia]] but Leela is ready to marry him despite this while Leela lies to her parents that she is pregnant with Sundar's child. They return to India immediately on their parents' demand but Sundar and Leela's bags are exchanged. Sundar's father gathers their relatives to tell them about Sundar's impotency but they come across Leela's bag which raises suspicion. Leela's parents also recognize that her boyfriend is Hindu by looking at a [[Hanuman]] sticker on Sundar's bag. They force her to take a pregnancy test which Leela fudges to be positive using a bottle of [[Mountain Dew]].

Sundar's father takes him to several doctors for treatment, all of whom rebuke him after listening to his deception, until they meet Dr. Guru, Sundar's childhood friend. Guru lies that it may take 10–15 years to treat Sundar. Meanwhile, Leela's parents arrange her marriage with Joseph, a family friend, who accepts Leela's pregnancy. Sundar tries to talk Joseph out of it but in vain. Intimidated by Joseph, Sundar reveals that Leela being pregnant is a lie. Joseph informs the same to Leela's parents. He asks Leela to tell the truth by swearing on [[The Bible]] but Leela's father calls off her wedding as he doesn't want an outsider to suspect his daughter. With no option left, both their families reluctantly accept Leela and Sundar's marriage while both remain unaware of the other family's reason to do so. During their meeting, the parents come very close to discovering the contradicting stories, but Sundar's parents help in treating the pregnancy cramps of Leela's sister Pushpa, thus bringing their families closer.

Sometime later, Joseph reveals to Leela's mother that it was Sundar who told him that Leela isn't pregnant. She takes Leela to the hospital and gets her pregnancy checked, and to Leela's surprise, the result turns out to be positive. Sundar and Leela are confused about the result as they have not consummated their relationship. They go for another check-up for second opinion. The doctor tells that Leela has [[dysgerminoma]], a type of ovarian cancer which often results in false positives for pregnancy test. The tumour has to be surgically removed from her ovaries following which Leela might not bear children. Sundar confesses to Leela's father that they lied about her pregnancy all along.

Sundar's father and grandmother now want to call off the marriage citing Leela's issue. However, Sundar's mother exposes their hypocrisy as they were ready to marry off Sundar despite his perceived impotency. She feels that Sundar's happiness is more important than their traditions and having children. Sundar's grandmother approves of the marriage by playing the [[Veena]] which she gave up post Sundar's childhood fiasco. Delighted, Sundar runs to meet Leela who has undergone the surgery and they decide to get married.

They reach [[Amelia Island]] for the wedding to fulfill Leela's wish. Sundar confesses that the anonymous postcard which Leela received in her childhood was sent by him while Leela reveals that she knows it was Sundar who sent the [[postcard]] and admits that her dream to have her wedding on Amelia Island was just a made-up story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] as Kasthuri Poorna Venkata Sesha Sai Pavana Rama Sundara Prasad aka "Sundar"
** Vinny as young Sundar
* [[Nazriya Nazim Fahadh]] as Leela Thomas
** Harika Koyilamma as young Leela
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Kasthuri Suryanarayana Sastry, Sundar's father
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as K. Rama, Sundar's mother
* [[Nadhiya]] as Jyothi, Leela's mother
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as Thomas, Leela's father
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Manager Chandra Mohan
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Sivarama, Sundar's uncle
* Aruna Bhikshu as Rajeswari, Sundar's grandmother
* [[Tanvi Ram]] as Pushpa, Leela's sister
** Nomina Tara as young Pushpa
* Krheash Raj as Sagar, Pushpa’s husband
* Jaya Naidu as Sagar’s mother
* Dinesh Koushika as waiter
* [[Rahul Ramakrishna]] as Dr. Guruvesh alias Guru, Sundar's childhood friend
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Jogarao, an astrologer
* [[Venkatesh Maha]] as Joseph
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]] as gynecologist Parvati
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]] as Sundar’s aunt
* [[S. S. Kanchi]] as Dr. Kukuteshwar
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Shankar. He is a fraudster in the garb of a film director and the leader of a child trafficking ring.
* [[Anupama Parameswaran]] as Soumya (extended cameo appearance)
* [[Sai Ronak]] as Vamsi Samuel (cameo)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In April 2020, Vivek Athreya signed a project with [[Vijay Deverakonda]] which was touted to be a comedy-thriller on the lines of Athreya's previous film, ''[[Brochevarevarura]]'' (2019).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-04-21 |title=Vijay Deverakonda to team up with Brochevarevarura director Vivek Athreya for a new film? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vijay-deverakonda-to-team-up-with-brochevarevarura-director-vivek-athreya-for-a-new-film/articleshow/75265024.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422001651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vijay-deverakonda-to-team-up-with-brochevarevarura-director-vivek-athreya-for-a-new-film/articleshow/75265024.cms |archive-date=2020-04-22 |access-date=2024-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The project was initially set to begin production by November 2019, but was delayed as Deverakonda could not allot dates for the project.<ref name=":0" /> At the meantime, Athreya also narrated a script to [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], and impressed by it, the latter decided to be a part of the film.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2020-05-12 |title=Nani signs a new project with director Vivek Athreya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-signs-a-new-project-with-director-vivek-athreya/articleshow/75697335.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524070330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-signs-a-new-project-with-director-vivek-athreya/articleshow/75697335.cms |archive-date=2020-05-24 |access-date=2024-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This was confirmed the following month, with the project being funded by [[Mythri Movie Makers]].<ref name=":2" /> Production was set to begin after Nani's commitments on ''[[Tuck Jagadish]]'' and ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' (both 2021).<ref name=":2" /> On the eve of [[Diwali]], 13 November, the company officially confirmed the project [[Tentative title|tentatively titled]] ''#Nani28'' and would star [[Nazriya Nazim]] in her [[Telugu cinema]] debut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-13 |title=Nani and Nazriya Nazim Fahadh team up for the first time for a film with Vivek Athreya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-and-nazriya-nazim-fahadh-team-up-for-the-first-time-for-a-film-with-vivek-athreya/articleshow/79204974.cms |access-date=2024-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='First is always special': Nazriya on her debut Telugu film 'Ante Sundaraniki'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-always-special-nazriya-her-debut-telugu-film-ante-sundaraniki-147422|date=19 April 2021|access-date=15 May 2021|work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The film's official title was revealed to be ''Ante Sundaraniki'' on 21 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nani 28 officially titled Ante Sundaraniki|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/nov/21/nani-28-officially-titled-ante-sundaraniki-21399.html|date=21 November 2021|access-date=15 May 2021|work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nani, Nazriya in Vivek Athreya's 'Ante Sundaraniki'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nani-nazriya-in-vivek-athreyas-ante-sundaraniki/article33148629.ece|date=21 November 2021|access-date=13 May 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
Vivek Athreya developed the script in late 2017, prior to his debut film ''[[Mental Madhilo]]''. He added that "the core issue and the story would make for an exciting, contemporary social commentary".<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-05-31 |title=Vivek Athreya on 'Ante Sundaraniki': The film is about Nani-Nazriya's romance and a social commentary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vivek-athreya-ante-sundaraniki-is-nani-nazriyas-romance-and-a-social-commentary/article65479275.ece |access-date=2024-11-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Initially, Vivek pitched another story to the production house, which required an ensemble cast. The company then asked on a script that suited Nani, which resulted in developing this script and narrated to Nani; the latter's likening to the script eventually brought him onboard. Later, Nani suggested Nazriya's involvement in the film. Vivek then narrated the script to Nazriya in a linear approach and with her enthusiasm, he then gave her a detailed non-linear narration that lasted for a few hours.<ref name=":3" /> Nazriya then learnt Telugu with the help of a tutor and also dubbed for the film. Athreya then conducted script reading sessions with other supporting cast members, [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Nadhiya]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Harsha Vardhan]], [[Rahul Ramakrishna]], to prepare for their roles.<ref name=":3" />

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] of the film began on 16 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nazriya starts shooting for Ante Sundaraniki|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/19/nazriya-nazim-fahadh-starts-shooting-for-ante-sundaraniki-24034.html|date=19 April 2021|access-date=13 May 2021|work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nazriya Nazim Fahadh begins shooting for Nani-starrer Ante Sundaraniki|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/article/nazriya-nazim-fahadh-joins-the-shoot-of-nani-starrer-ante-sundaraniki/746823|date=16 April 2021|access-date=13 May 2021|work=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]}}</ref> The film was predominantly shot in [[Hyderabad]], with sporadic schedules in [[United States]].<ref name=":4" /> Filming wrapped up on 23 January 2022.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=Ante Sundaraniki starring Nani and Nazriya wraps up shoot|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/jan/24/ante-sundaranikistarring-nani-and-nazriyawraps-up-shoot-29215.html|date=23 Jan 2022|access-date=24 Jan 2022|work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nani-starrer 'Ante Sundaraniki' shoot wrapped up|url=https://telanganatoday.com/nani-starrer-ante-sundaraniki-shoot-wrapped-up|date=23 Jan 2022|access-date=24 Jan 2022|work=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main|Ante Sundaraniki (soundtrack)}}

The [[film score]] and soundtrack album of the film is composed by [[Vivek Sagar]]. The music rights were acquired by [[Saregama]].
== Release ==
===Theatrical===
The film released theatrically on 10 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|title=On the eve of Nani's birthday, his first glimpse in 'Ante Sundaraniki' unveiled – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/on-the-eve-of-nanis-birthday-his-first-glimpse-in-ante-sundaraniki-unveiled/articleshow/89776406.cms|access-date=2022-02-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It was announced in January 2022 that the film was going to be released in the summer of 2022. In February 2022, the makers announced that they would release the film in any of seven dates starting from 22 April 2022 to 10 June 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-04|title=ఆవకాయ సీజన్ బ్లాక్.. 'అంటే సుందరానికీ' ఏడు రిలీజ్ డేట్స్!|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/nani-ante-sundaraniki-blocks-7-release-dates-1432125|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref> In the same month, the makers announced the film's release date as 10 June 2022. Apart from the original version, the film was also dubbed in Tamil under the title ''Adade Sundara'' and in Malayalam under the title ''Aha Sundara''.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Mythri Movie Makers |author-link=Mythri Movie Makers |user=MythriOfficial |number=1515555140778217475 |date=17 April 2022 |title=Voila! Get ready for #AnteSundaraniki in Tamil as #AdadeSundara! & in Malayalam as #AhaSundara! RESAET 🔄 announcement coming tomorrow! 😎 Also, Happy Easter folks! 🐣 @NameisNani #NazriyaFahadh #VivekAthreya @oddphysce @nikethbommi @saregamasouth https://t.co/2Sy0Ec8Xwa |language=en |access-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417045833/https://twitter.com/MythriOfficial/status/1515555140778217475 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film's theatrical rights were sold at {{INR|30}} [[crore]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thummala |first=Mohan |date=2022-06-09 |title=Nani : 'అంటే.. సుందరానికీ!' ప్రీ రిలీజ్ బిజినెస్‌... నాని హిట్ కొట్టాలంటే ఎంత రావాలంటే! |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/naturalstar-nani-latest-movie-ante-sundaraniki-pre-release-business/articleshow/92096257.cms |access-date= |website=[[Samayam Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film was streamed on Netflix on 8 July 2022 in Telugu and dubbed versions of Tamil and Malayalam languages.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Reception ==
===Critical reception===
''Ante Sundaraniki'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ante-sundaraniki-twitter-reviews-are-out-fans-call-nani-and-nazriya-s-film-wholesome-1960674-2022-06-10|title=Ante Sundaraniki Twitter reviews are out. Fans call Nani and Nazriya's film wholesome|first=Janani|last=K.|date=June 10, 2022|website=India Today}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Nani effortlessly fits into the role of a rebellious man, who comes up with masterful lies as easy as he breathes. Nazriya Fahadh's screen presence adds a lot to the appeal of the movie".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ante Sundaraniki movie review: Nani, Nazriya Fahadh share crackling chemistry in this hilarious rom-com|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ante-sundaraniki-movie-review-nani-nazriya-fahadh-7963481/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=11 June 2022 |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref> Siby Jeyya of ''India Herald'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Director Vivek took a story of interfaith marriage, adding comedy rooted in mindlessly following religious customs, and drama rooted in striving to achieve a balance between family and love".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ante Sundaraniki Review – A Complete Package, Don't Miss It|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994508377/Ante-Sundaraniki-Review-A-Complete-Package-Dont-Miss-It|website=India Herald|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> Critic Latha Srinivasan wrote in ''[[Firstpost]]'' that Nani and Nazriya shone in this romantic comedy cum family drama and gave it 3 stars on 5. She wrote, "The director has packed a lot of depth into the film."
Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Ante Sundaraniki'' is at its best when the stellar cast are mouthing off one-liners that are not just relatable but hilarious. Nani shines in the role of Sundar that's right down his alley while Nazriya fits right into the skin of Leela".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ante Sundaraniki Movie Review: Nani and Nazriya shine in this cute rom-com|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ante-sundaraniki/amp_movie_review/92124038.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> A critic for ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ante Sundarainki is an out and out family entertainer and tailor-made film for Nani fans".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ante Sundaraniki Review, Rating: Nani, Nazriya Chemistry Makes This Movie A Worthy Watch|url=https://www.menglish.sakshi.com/amp/news/movie-reviews/ante-sundaraniki-review-rating-156379|website=[[Sakshi Post]]|access-date=10 June 2022|archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610075929/https://menglish.sakshi.com/amp/news/movie-reviews/ante-sundaraniki-review-rating-156379|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film has good performances by the cast and is fun in parts, but the convoluted plot and lengthy runtime test your patience".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ante Sundaraniki review: Nani-Nazriya romcom is overlong with some good ideas|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ante-sundaraniki-review-nani-nazriya-romcom-overlong-some-good-ideas-164838%3famp|website=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615071859/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ante-sundaraniki-review-nani-nazriya-romcom-overlong-some-good-ideas-164838?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ante Sundaraniki is a film that relies on top-notch performances and interesting sequences".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ante Sundaraniki Movie Review: Nani and Nazriya offer good laughs and entertainment in this rom-com|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ante-sundaraniki-movie-review-nani-and-nazriya-offer-good-laughs-and-entertainment-in-this-rom-com-1960853-2022-06-10|website=[[India Today]]|date=10 June 2022 |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref> Murali Krishna CH of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film has some good moments, some genuinely funny lines and first-rate performances. Compared to the recent rom-coms, this film is worth giving a shot".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ante Sundaraniki Movie Review: Just for a few laughs|url=https://www.m.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2022/jun/10/ante-sundaraniki-movie-review-nani-nazriya-32054.amp|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615095818/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2022/jun/10/ante-sundaraniki-movie-review-nani-nazriya-32054.amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Ante Sundaraniki'' grossed {{INR|7.5}} [[crore]] worldwide on its opening day, including {{INR|4}} crore from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], and $438,000 ({{INR|3.4}} crore) from the United States.<ref name="1d">{{cite web |last1=Boddula |first1=Sunil |title=Ante Sundaraniki Day 1 Collections: మొదటి రోజు అంటే సుందరానికీ పరిస్థితి ఎలా ఉందంటే! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/ante-sundaraniki-world-wide-day-1-collections-report-here-slb-1329328.html|website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te |date=11 June 2022}}</ref> The film grossed {{INR|26.25}} crore in its first weekend.<ref name="3d">{{cite web |last1=Boddula |first1=Sunil |title=Ante Sundaraniki 3 Days Collections: కొనసాగుతున్న సుందరం వసూళ్ల వేట|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/nani-ante-sundaraniki-world-wide-3-days-collection-report-here-slb-1331340.html |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te |date=12 June 2022}}</ref> In its first week, the film grossed over {{INR|32.6}} crore worldwide with a distributor's share of {{INR|18.39}} crore.<ref name="7d">{{cite web |title=Ante Sundaraniki: అంటే.. సుందరానికి ఫస్ట్ వీక్ కలెక్షన్స్ |url=https://10tv.in/movies/ante-sundaraniki-first-week-collections-446237.html |website=[[10TV]] |language=te |date=17 June 2022}}</ref> ''Ante Sundaraniki'' grossed over $1 million in the United States, making it Nani's seventh film to do so.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nani, Nazriya starrer Ante Sundaraniki surpasses $ 1million at US box office |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/nani-nazriya-starrer-ante-sundaraniki-surpasses-1million-at-us-box-office-article-92284094 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]] |date=17 June 2022}}</ref>

As of 2022, ''Ante Sundaraniki'' grossed over {{INR|45}} crore at the box office.<ref name="toi20">{{cite web |title=How much did Nani's 'Ante Sundaraniki' and Rana Daggubati's 'Virata Parvam' collect at the Tollywood box office?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/how-much-did-nanis-ante-sundaraniki-and-rana-daggubatis-virata-parvam-collect-at-the-tollywood-box-office/articleshow/92546835.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 June 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt13528564}}
{{Vivek Athreya}}
[[Category:Mythri Movie Makers films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek Sagar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vivek Athreya]]

Vijayaraghavan filmography

2026-04-24T14:32:17Z

Mongkeydyoyo88:

{{Short description|List of films featuring Vijayaraghavan}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
The following is the filmography of Indian actor '''[[Vijayaraghavan]]'''.

==Filmography==
=== Malayalam films ===

==== 1970s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Kaapalika]]'' || Babu ||<ref name="NIEbio">{{cite news |last1=Suresh |first1=Anandu |title=Vijayaraghavan: From not wanting to be in film business to celebrating 50 years in cinema, this Malayalam actor has come a long way |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/vijayaraghavan-film-business-celebrating-50-years-cinema-malayalam-actor-come-long-way-8653037/ |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=New Indian Express |date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610010317/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/vijayaraghavan-film-business-celebrating-50-years-cinema-malayalam-actor-come-long-way-8653037/ |archive-date=10 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Picnic (1975 film)|Picnic]]'' || ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
|}

==== 1980s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Ammakkorumma]]'' || Gopakumar ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Innalenkil Nale]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1983 || ''Aana'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Surumaitta Kannukal]]'' || Abu ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
|| ''[[Pinnilavu]]'' || Wilson ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1985 || ''[[Uyarum Njan Nadake]]'' || Raghu ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
|| ''[[Ee Sabdam Innathe Sabdam]]'' || Balu ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1986 || ''[[Njan Kathorthirikkum]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Manasiloru Manimuthu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1987 || ''[[P.C. 369]]'' || Isaac ||
|-
|| ''[[Naradhan Keralathil]]'' || Khader ||
|-
|| ''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]'' || Ananthan ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1988 || ''[[Witness (1988 film)|''Witness'']]'' || Usthad Hamsa ||
|-
|| ''[[Moonnam Mura]]'' || Karunan ||
|-
|| ''[[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]'' || Kandan Kutti / Muhammad ||
|-
|| ''[[Puravrutham]]'' || Abu ||
|-
|| ''[[Dhinarathrangal]]'' || Sasi ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru CBI Diary Kurippu]]'' || Johny ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1989 || ''[[The News (film)|The News]]'' || C.I Freddy Issac ||
|-
|| ''[[Naduvazhikal]]'' || Deputy Superintendent of Police ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
|| ''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]'' || Ramji Rao ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
|| ''Miss Pamela'' || ||
|-
|| ''Swantham Ennu Karuthi'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaalal Pada]]'' || Jaffer ||
|-
|| ''[[Douthyam]]'' || Capt. Rajiv Kumar ||
|-
|| ''[[Nair Saab]]'' || Rishi ||
|-
|| ''[[Adikkurippu]]'' || Mohammed Ali ||
|-
|| ''[[Mahayanam]]'' || Sunnychan ||
|-
|| ''[[Pradeshika Varthakal]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
|}

==== 1990s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1990 || ''[[Crime Branch (film)|Crime Branch]]'' || Babu ||
|-
|| ''Prosecution'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Purappadu (1990 film)|Purappadu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Orukkam]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
|| ''Nanma Niranjavan Srinivasan'' || Seythu ||
|-
|| ''[[Nammude Naadu]]'' || Balan ||
|-
|| ''[[Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam]]'' || Devan ||
|-
|| ''[[Indrajaalam]]'' || Thankappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Dr. Pasupathy]]'' || Thomas ||
|-
|| ''[[Appu (1990 film)|Appu]]'' || Ramankutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Samrajyam]]'' || Khadir ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1991 || ''[[Parallel College (film)|Parallel College]]'' || Chandrashekharan Nair ||
|-
|| ''Kadalora Kattu'' || Ponnappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Onnaam Muhurtham]]'' || William Patrick Parera ||
|-
|| ''[[Nettippattom]]'' || Sugunan ||
|-
|| ''[[Thudar Katha]]'' || Sudhakaran ||
|-
|| ''Nattu Vishesham'' || Vijayan ||
|-
|| ''Oru Prathyeka Ariyippu'' || Vishnu ||
|-
|| ''[[Kuttapathram]]'' || Sethu ||
|-
|| ''[[Georgootty C/O Georgootty]]'' || Pappachan ||
|-
|| ''Cheppu Kilukkunna Changathi'' || Ashok Kartha ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1992 || ''Police Diary'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sathyaprathinja]]'' || Gopan ||
|-
|| ''[[Maanyanmar]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
|| ''Kaazhchakkppuram'' || Sethumadhavan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ellarum Chollanu]]'' || Gopalakrishnan ||
|-
|| ''[[Aardram]]'' || Madhavan ||
|-
|| ''[[Vietnam Colony]]'' || Vattappalli ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1993 || ''[[Sthalathe Pradhana Payyans]]'' || Jayapalan ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
|| ''Porutham'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Meleparambil Anveedu]]'' || Gopikrishnan ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
|| ''[[Mafia (1993 film)|Mafia]]'' || Sreeraman ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
|| ''[[Aagneyam]]'' || Mammali ||
|-
|| ''[[Dhruvam]]'' || Ramdas ||
|-
|| ''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]]'' || Cheradi Skariah ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
|| ''[[Bandhukkal Sathrukkal]]'' || Uthaman ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1994 || ''[[Bhaagyavaan]]'' || Rahulan ||
|-
|| ''[[Rudraksham]]'' || Jose ||
|-
|| ''Kadal'' || Markose ||
|-
|| ''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'' || Mohammad Iqbal ||
|-
|| ''[[Chief Minister K. R. Gowthami]]'' || Adv. Anathan ||
|-
|| ''[[Chukkan]]'' || Sreeni ||
|-
|| ''Cabinet'' || Shivasankaran ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1995 || ''[[Thumboli Kadappuram]]'' || Methrinju ||
|-
|| ''[[Sipayi Lahala]]'' || M D Ramanathan ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
|| ''[[Three Men Army]]'' || Rajesh || Cameo Role
|-
|| ''[[Special Squad (film)|Special Squad]]'' || Noufal ||
|-
|| ''Radholsavam'' || Chandutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]]'' || Ramji Rao ||
|-
|| ''[[Highway (1995 film)|Highway]]'' || Moorthy / Unnithaan ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Abhibhashakante Case Diary]]'' || Balan ||
|-
|| ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' || Sanjay ||<ref name="NIEbio"/>
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1996 || ''[[Rajaputhran]]'' || Akbar ||
|-
|| ''Sulthan Hyderali'' || Hydrali ||
|-
|| ''Padanayakan'' || Pappan ||
|-
|| ''Naalamkettile Nalla Thambimar'' || S.I Ramabhadran ||
|-
|| ''Kanjirappally Kariachan'' || Sunny Kanjirappally ||
|-
|| ''Harbour'' || Thommichan ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1997 || ''[[Kudamattam]]'' || Sivan Kutti ||
|-
|| ''[[Kottappurathe Koottukudumbam]]'' || Sahadevan ||
|-
|| ''Adivaram'' || Adivaram ||
|-
|| ''Shibiram'' || ||
|-
|| ''Kannoor'' || S.P Balachandran ||
|-
|| ''[[Desadanam]]'' || Sankaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Adukkala Rahasyam Angaadi Paattu]]'' || Josekutty ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1998 || ''Poothiruvathiranalil'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mangamma (film)|Mangamma]]'' || Balan ||
|-
|| ''[[Manthri Kochamma]]'' || || Guest Role
|-
|| ''[[Aalibabayum Aarara Kallanmarum]]'' || Sub Inspector Jayashankar ||
|-
|| ''Harthal'' || ||
|-
|| ''Dravidan'' || Rarichan ||
|-
|| ''British Market'' || Maadu Vareed ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1999 || ''[[Tokyo Nagarathile Viseshangal]]'' || Kadappuram Karunan ||
|-
|| ''Rishi Vamsam'' || ||
|-
|| ''Gandhiyan'' || Captain Bharathan Menon ||
|-
|| ''[[Panchapandavar (1999 film)|Panchapandavar]]'' || Balan ||
|-
|| ''[[Independence (1999 film)|Independence]]'' || Sinkaramuthu & P. Raveedran I.A.S ||
|-
|| ''[[Crime File]]'' || Fr. Clement Kaliyar ||
|-
|| ''[[Bharya Veettil Paramasukham]]'' || Ramankutti ||
|-
| ''[[Red Indians (film)|Red Indians]]'' || DYSP Ravisankar ||
|-
|}

==== 2000s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kattu Vannu Vilichappol]]'' || Abu ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2001 || ''Jeevan Masai'' || Doctor ||
|-
|| ''[[Neythukaran]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Raavanaprabhu]]'' || Mundackal Rajendran ||
|-
|| ''Chithrathoonukal'' || CI Sarathchandra Varma ||
|-
|| ''Fort Kochi'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Praja]]'' || Devadevan Nambiar (DD) ||
|-
|| ''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]'' || Robert ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2002 || ''Savithriyude Aranjanam'' || Karunan ||
|-
|| ''Kayamkulam Kanaran'' || ||
|-
|| ''Swarna Medal'' || Martin ||
|-
|| ''Njan Rajavu'' || Thomas Scaria ||
|-
|| ''Kakke Kakke Koodevide'' || Chellappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]'' || Jailor ||
|-
|| ''[[Chathurangam (2002 film)|Chathurangam]]'' || P. P. Paulose ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2003 || ''[[Stop Violence]]'' || Gunda Stephen ||
|-
|| ''Kalavarkey'' || ||
|-
|| ''Swantham Malavika'' || ||
|-
|| ''Achante Kochumolu'' || Samuel Issac ||
|-
|| ''Uthara'' || Chellappan ||
|-
|| ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]'' || D.I.G Sathyanarayanan ||
|-
|| ''The King Maker Leader'' || Ramachandra Prasad ||
|-
|| ''[[War and Love (2003 film)|War and Love]]'' || Captain Vijayan ||
|-
|| ''[[Hariharan Pillai Happy Aanu]]'' || Dilip Kumar ||
|-
|| ''[[Ammakilikkoodu]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
|| ''Malsaram'' || Thommichan ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2004 || ''[[Koottu (film)|Koottu]]'' || Akbar ||
|-
|| ''[[Wanted (2004 film)|Wanted]]'' || Nambyar ||
|-
|| ''[[Mayilattam (film)|Mayilattam]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
|| ''[[Vacation (2005 film)|Vacation]]'' || D'Cruz ||
|-
|| ''[[Natturajavu]]'' || Sunnychan ||
|-
|| ''[[Kadhavaseshan]]'' || Janardanan ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2005 || ''[[Ullam (2005 film)|Ullam]]'' || Master ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalyana Kurimanam]]'' || Mukunthan ||
|-
|| ''[[Kochi Rajavu]]'' || Karimparakkal Prabhakaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Ben Johnson (film)|Ben Johnson]]'' || Viswanathan MLA ||
|-
|| ''[[Rappakal]]'' || Janardana Varma ||
|-
|| ''[[Pauran]]'' || Bhargavan ||
|-
|| ''[[Bharathchandran I.P.S.]]'' || Thomas Chacko ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2006 || ''[[Lion (2006 film)|Lion]]'' || Vijayan ||
|-
|| ''[[Vargam]]'' || Iritty Vavachan ||
|-
|| ''[[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]]'' || Krishnadas ||
|-
|| ''[[Rashtram]]'' || Medayil Chaandi ||
|-
|| ''[[Thuruppugulan (2006 film)|Thuruppugulan]]'' || DGP Varma ||
|-
|| ''[[Chacko Randaaman]]'' || Karimbadam Devanarayanan ||
|-
|| ''[[Chess (2006 film)|Chess]]'' || Devarajan ||
|-
|| ''[[Red Salute (2006 film)|Red Salute]]'' || Bapputty Haji ||
|-
|| ''Mouryan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 2007 || ''[[Avan Chandiyude Makan]]'' || Chandi ||
|-
|| ''[[Inspector Garud]]'' || Karaikudi Arumukha Chettiyar ||
|-
|| ''[[Mayavi (2007 film)|Mayavi]]'' || Thottappally Surendran ||
|-
|| ''[[Sketch (2007 film)|Sketch]]'' || Alexander Nambadan ||
|-
|| ''[[Speed Track]]'' || Chandradas ||
|-
|| ''[[Vinodayathra]]'' || Rajappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' || Mohandas ||
|-
|| ''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]'' || CI George ||
|-
|| ''[[July 4 (film)|July 4]]'' || Gopalan ||
|-
|| ''[[Sooryan (2007 film)|Sooryan]]'' || Simon Thekkilakkadan ||
|-
|| ''[[Naalu Pennungal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' || M. C. Paul ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2008 || ''[[Roudram]]'' || Pattakkalil Purushothaman Pillai / Appichayi ||
|-
|| ''Kanal Kannadi'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Innathe Chintha Vishayam]]'' || Pithambaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]]'' || Police Inspector || Segment: Niyamavum Neethiyum
|-
|| ''[[Sultan (2008 film)|Sultan]]'' || Shivasankara Pilla ||
|-
|| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| rowspan=14 | 2009 || ''[[Red Chillies (film)|Red Chillies]]'' || Colonel / Headmaster ||
|-
||''[[Hailesa]]'' || Valamkadi Madhavan ||
|-
|| ''[[I. G. – Inspector General]]'' || DYSP George Varghese ||
|-
|| ''[[Black Dalia]]'' || IG Mathew K. John ||
|-
|| ''[[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham]]'' || ACP Neelakantan IPS||
|-
|| ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|Daddy Cool]]'' || DYSP Varghese||
|-
|| ''[[Puthiya Mukham]]'' || Shivaraman ||
|-
|| ''Samayam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kana Kanmani (film)|Kana Kanmani]]'' || Stephen ||
|-
|| ''[[Decent Parties]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Swantham Lekhakan]]'' || Shreedharan ||
|-
|| ''[[Angel John]]'' || James Kuruvilla ||
|-
|| ''[[Patham Nilayile Theevandi]]'' || Ayyappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Chattambinadu]]'' || Mallanchira Unnithan ||
|-
|}

==== 2010s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=12 | 2010 || ''[[Thanthonni]]'' || Kochouseppu & Thankachan ||
|-
|| ''[[Janakan]]'' || City Police Commissioner ||
|-
|| ''[[Kadaksham]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Chithrakkuzhal'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Nayakan (2010 film)|Nayakan]]'' || William Thomas||
|-
|| ''Brahmasthram'' || MLA Vasudevan ||
|-
|| ''[[Chithrakuzhal]]'' || Forest Ranger ||
|-
|| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' || 'Kaavi' Krishnan ||
|-
|| ''[[Alexander the Great (2010 film)|Alexander the Great]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Elsamma Enna Aankutty]]'' || Karippalli Sugunan ||
|-
|| ''[[The Thriller]]'' || Sadhasivan ||
|-
|| ''[[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]]'' || Geevarghese ||
|-
| rowspan=13 | 2011 || ''[[Arjunan Saakshi]]'' || CI Sebastian ||
|-
|| ''Snehadaram'' || ||
|-
|| ''Aazhakadal'' || Paulakandathil Vakkachan Tharakan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Maharaja Talkies]]'' || Pappachan ||
|-
|| ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]'' || Kunnel Kumaran Thampi ||
|-
|| ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]'' || Alavudheen Rowther ||
|-
|| ''[[The Filmstaar]]'' || Appayi ||
|-
|| ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'' || Balakrishnan, Archaeology Dept. ||
|-
|| ''[[Violin (2011 film)|Violin]]'' || Simon ||
|-
|| ''[[Doctor Love (film)|Doctor Love]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Vellaripravinte Changathi]]'' || Editor K.Sankunni ||
|-
|| ''[[Venicile Vyapari]]'' || Chungathara Raghavan ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 2012 || ''[[Asuravithu (2012 film)|Asuravithu]]'' || Abbaji ||
|-
|| ''[[Achante Aanmakkal]]'' || Koyikkal Keshavadas ||
|-
|| ''[[Idiots (2012 film)|Idiots]]'' || Beeran ||
|-
|| ''[[Kunjaliyan]]'' || Remanan ||
|-
|| ''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]'' || Balagangadharan ||
|-
|| ''[[Mayamohini]]'' || Appukuttan Nair ||
|-
|| ''[[Josettante Hero]]'' || Jose ||
|-
|| ''[[Vaadhyar]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[MLA Mani: Patham Classum Gusthiyum]]'' || Vattakkadan Varkey ||
|-
|| ''[[Friday (2012 film)|Friday]]'' || Police Officer||
|-
|| ''[[Run Baby Run (2012 film)|Run Babby Run]]'' || SP Somarajan IPS ||
|-
|| ''[[Thappana]]'' || Police Officer John George ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Viswanath |first1=Chandrakanth |title=Johnny Antony back with Mammootty in 'Thappana' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2012/Aug/17/johnny-antony-back-with-mammootty-in-thappana-397886.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=17 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| ''Vaidooryam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[101 Weddings]]'' || Munshi Sankaran Pillai ||
|-
|| ''[[Face to Face (2012 Malayalam film)|Face 2 Face]]'' || Varghese Punchakkadan ||
|-
| rowspan=17 | 2013 || ''[[Romans (2013 film)|Romans]]'' || Fr. Gabriel ||
|-
|| ''[[Kutteem Kolum]]'' || Madhava Menon ||
|-
|| ''[[Sound Thoma]]'' || Shankaran Bhagavathar ||
|-
|| ''[[Housefull (2013 film)|Housefull]]'' || Cherukkappan ||
|-
|| ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD]]'' || K. P. Ravi Varma ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nambidi |first1=Parvathy |title=A frothy expat tale comes home |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/Jun/13/a-frothy-expat-tale-comes-home-486355.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=13 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Left Right Left (film)|Left Right Left]]'' || Comrade S.R. ||
|-
|| ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]'' || IG Aravindhaksha Menon IPS ||
|-
|| ''For Sale'' || Achayan ||
|-
|| ''Blackberry'' || ||
|-
|| ''Musical Chair'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus]]'' || Simon ||
|-
|| ''[[Nadodimannan]]'' || Mayor Purushothaman ||
|-
|| ''[[72 Model]]'' || Vasutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Ginger (2013 film)|Ginger]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Maad Dad]]'' || Krishnettan||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sudhish |first1=Navamy |title=Director Revathy S Varma, on 'Mad Dad' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2012/Jul/31/director-revathy-s-varma-on-mad-dad-392523.html |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=31 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Idukki Gold (film)|Idukki Gold]]'' || Raman ||
|-
|| ''[[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]]'' || City Police Commissioner Varghese||
|-
| rowspan=13 | 2014 || ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking 2]]'' || Ramji Rao (Pastor Kunjumon) ||
|-
|| ''[[Ettekaal Second]]'' || Sandeeps' father ||
|-
|| ''[[Salaam Kashmier]]'' || Peter ||
|-
|| ''[[Ohm Shanthi Oshaana]]'' || Tomichan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ring Master]]'' || Prince's father||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathew |first1=Riya |title=A Circus of Fun and Frolic |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/Dec/24/a-circus-of-fun-and-frolic-555029.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=24 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Polytechnic (film)|Polytechnic]]'' || Sukumaran Nair||
|-
|| ''[[Bangalore Days]]'' || Kuttan's father ||
|-
|| ''[[Bhaiyya Bhaiyya]]'' ||Vedipparambil Varkey ||
|-
|| ''Darboni'' || ||
|-
|| ''You can do'' || ||
|-
|| ''8:20'' || ||
|-
|| ''To Let Ambadi Talkies'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Nagara Varidhi Naduvil Njan]]'' || Mayooranathan ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 2015 || ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]'' || Umesh's father ||
|-
|| ''[[Samrajyam II: Son of Alexander|Samrajyam II]]'' || Khadir ||
|-
|| ''[[Jilebi (2015 film)|Jilebi]]'' || Chandradas ||
|-
|| ''Avarude Veedu'' || ||
|-
|| ''White Boys'' || ||
|-
|| ''The Samsthanam'' || ||
|-
|| ''Kukkiliyaar'' || ||
|-
|| ''One Second Please'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sir C. P.]]'' || Sharadi Maash||
|-
|| ''[[Vishwasam... Athallae Ellaam]]'' || Divakaran||
|-
|| ''[[Loham]]'' || Chandrasekharan ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Pramod |title=When Film-makers Prefer Shadow Walking |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2015/Aug/23/when-film-makers-prefer-shadow-walking-803486.html |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=22 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Two Countries]]'' || Kochachan ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2016 || ''[[Leela (2016 film)|Leela]]'' || Gopinathan Pillai Nair/ Pillechan ||
|-
|| ''[[Style (2016 film)|Style]]'' || Tom and Jerry's father ||
|-
|| ''[[James & Alice]]'' || Dr. Mohan ||
|-
|| ''Sahapadi 1975'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Muthassi Gadha]]'' || Anil Sir||
|-
|| ''[[Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum]]'' || Colonel Stephen ||
|-
|| ''[[Pinneyum]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Maayamaalika'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2017 || ''[[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]'' || Fr. Samuel ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kannan |first1=Arathi |title=Ezra review: Almost 'dybbuk'ed, but not debunked |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/review/2017/Feb/11/ezra-review-almost-dybbuked-but-not-debunked-1569305.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=10 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Sathya (2017 Malayalam film)|Sathya]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=UR |first1=Arya |title=Sathya to premiere on Surya TV soon! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sathya-to-premiere-on-surya-tv-soon/articleshow/61224943.cms |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=India Times |date=25 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]]'' || Balakrishnan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ramaleela]]'' || Ambady Mohanan ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suresh |first1=Meera |title='Dileep and his character Ramanunni MLA share a lot of similarities' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/Apr/20/dileep-and-his-character-ramanunni-mla-share-a-lot-of-similarities-1595532.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=19 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Sherlock Toms]]'' || Unnikrishnan ||
|-
|| ''[[Tharangam (2017 film)|Tharangam]]'' || Menon ||
|-
|| ''[[Punyalan Private Limited]]'' || Shakthan Rajashekharan ||
|-
|| ''[[Aana Alaralodalaral]]'' || Stalin Prabhakaran ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Aana Alaralodalaral movie review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/aana-alaralodalaral/movie-review/62210096.cms |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2018 || ''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]'' || M. D. ||
|-
|| ''[[Queen (2018 film)|Queen]]'' || Principal ||
|-
|| ''[[Rosapoo]]'' || Velayudhan ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Vinod |title=Rosapoo movie review highlights: A lacklustre black co |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rosapoo-movie-review-highlights-a-lacklustre-black-comedy/articleshow/62848758.cms |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=Times of India |date=9 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]'' || Francis ||
|-
|| ''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]]'' || Kaala Prabhakaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha]]'' || Palathara Jose ||
|-
|| ''[[Mangalyam Thanthunanena]]'' || Avarachan ||
|-
|| ''[[Johny Johny Yes Appa]]'' || Karian ||
|-
||''[[Ottakoru Kaamukan]]'' || Paulose ||
|-
|| ''Paviyettante Madhurachooral'' || ||
|-
|| ''Karinkannan'' || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Karinkannan movie review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/karinkannan/movie-review/67010291.cms |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2019 || ''[[Mr. & Ms. Rowdy]]'' || Fr. Pulikodan ||
|-
|| ''[[Soothrakkaran]]'' || Panambil Prabhakaran ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jayaram |first1=Deepika |title=Pachapoompattu song from Soothrakkaran is all about loving your family |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/pachapoompattu-song-from-soothrakkaran-is-all-about-loving-your-family/articleshow/68044079.cms |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=India Times |date=18 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Mask (2019 film)|Mask]]'' || Ramji Rao ||
|-
|[[Madhura Raja]]
|Kunnath Krishnan Nair
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar R |first1=Manoj |title=Madhura Raja movie review: Mammootty's wisecracks save the day |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/madhura-raja-movie-review-mammootty-5672968/ |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=13 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Kakshi: Amminippilla]]'' || Adv. R. P. ||
|-
|| ''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'' || Iype Muthalali ||
|-
|| ''[[Brother's Day]]'' || Kurishinkal Chandy ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sudhish |first1=Navamy |title='Brother's Day' review: just another mass entertainer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/brothers-day-review-just-another-mass-entertainer/article29360288.ece |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=7 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Adhyarathri]]'' || Narayanan Maashu ||
|-
|| ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving Licence]]'' || Himself || Cameo<ref>{{cite news |title=Prithviraj's Driving Licence launched |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jul/12/prithvirajs-driving-licence-launched-2002717.html |access-date=1 April 2024|work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=12 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|}

==== 2020s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''[[2 States (2020 film)|2 States]]'' || Appappan ||
|-
|| ''[[Maniyarayile Ashokan]]'' || Achuthan || <ref>{{Citation |title=Maniyarayile Ashokan Review: A charming tale that celebrates little moments in life |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/malayalam/maniyarayile-ashokan/ottmoviereview/77815658.cms |access-date=2023-01-21|last1=George |first1=Anjana }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Paappan]]'' || SP Bhaskar Shenoy IPS || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Suresh Gopi's Paappan to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/jul/14/suresh-gopis-paappan-to-release-on-this-date-32753.html |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=14 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Kurup (film)|Kurup]]'' || Shivashankaran Pillai ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2022 || ''[[Kallan D`Souza]]'' ||DYSP Abraham ||
|-
|| ''[[Sayanna Varthakal]]'' || Varghese ||
|-
|| ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' || Neelakandan Moorthy || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hridayam Movie Review: Vineeth Sreenivasan delivers two feel-good films for the price of one |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2022/jan/21/hridayam-movie-reviewvineeth-sreenivasan-delivers-two-feel-good-films-for-the-price-of-one-29166.html |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Naradan]]'' || Babuji ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-03-30 |title=Amazon Prime Video announces digital release dates of Naradan and Veyil |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/Mar/30/amazon-prime-video-announces-digital-release-dates-of-naradan-and-veyil-30579.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Kaduva]]'' || [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A.]] Divakara Kurup || <ref>{{Cite news |title='Kaduva' 2nd teaser: Prithviraj Sukumaran starrer promises a much-needed action entertainer for Mollywood - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kaduva-2nd-teaser-prithviraj-sukumaran-starrer-promises-a-much-needed-action-entertainer-for-mollywood/articleshow/92197187.cms |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2023 || ''[[Oh My Darling (film)|Oh My Darling]]'' ||Alex ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anikha Surendran's Oh My Darling trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/12/anikha-surendrans-oh-my-darling-trailer-out-39895.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pookkaalam]]'' || Ittoop ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=First single from Pookkaalam out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/18/first-single-from-pookkaalam-out-41219.html |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ayalvaashi]]'' || Barkath ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soubin' Shahir's Ayalvaashi trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/15/soubin-shahirs-ayalvaashi-trailer-out-42352.html |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=15 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neymar (film)|Neymar]]'' || Chackola||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neymar gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/24/neymar-gets-a-release-date-42630.html |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kirkkan]]'' || Kurian ||<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=പ്രേക്ഷകരെ ത്രില്ലടിപ്പിച്ചും ചിന്തിപ്പിച്ചും 'കിർക്കൻ'; റിവ്യൂ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2023/07/21/kirkkan-movie-review.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Voice of Sathyanathan]]'' || Susan's Father ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-07 |title=Dileep's 'Voice of Sathyanathan' censored with a clean 'U' certificate |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dileeps-voice-of-sathyanathan-censored-with-a-clean-u-certificate/articleshow/101566567.cms |access-date=2023-08-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pappachan Olivilanu]]'' || Mathachan ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-26 |title=Saiju Kurup's 'Pappachan Olivilanu' gets a release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/saiju-kurups-pappachan-olivilanu-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/102138339.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jaladhara Pumpset Since 1962]]'' || Chandran Mash ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-04 |title=Suresh Gopi launches the first look poster of Urvashi-Indrans starrer 'Jaladhara Pump Set Since 1962' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suresh-gopi-launches-the-first-look-poster-of-urvashi-indrans-starrer-jaladhara-pump-set-since-1962/articleshow/101492922.cms |access-date=2023-08-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kannur Squad]]'' || SP Krishnalal T. K. ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-21 |title=Mammootty's 'Kannur Squad' censored with a U/A; the film to release on September 28 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-kannur-squad-censored-with-u/a-the-film-to-release-on-september-28/articleshow/103828712.cms |access-date=2023-09-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Antony (2023 film)|Antony]]'' || Avaran ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2023 |title='Antony': First look of Joju George's film with Joshiy out |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/antony-first-look-of-joju-georges-film-with-joshiy-out/article67063578.ece |access-date=24 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Kishkindha Kaandam]]'' || K. Appu Pillai ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-22 |title=Asif Ali-starrer Kishkindha Kaandam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/22/asif-ali-starrer-kishkindha-kaandam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Oru Kattil Oru Muri'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-04 |title=Oru Kattil Oru Muri gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/04/oru-kattil-oru-muri-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]'' || Kuzhiveli Lonappan ||<ref>{{Cite news|title='Rifle Club' release date: Aashiq Abu's film to hit the big screens on THIS date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rifle-club-release-date-aashiq-abus-film-to-hit-the-big-screens-on-this-date/articleshow/115547054.cms|access-date=22 November 2024|website=[[Times of India]]|language=en |archive-date=22 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122022726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rifle-club-release-date-aashiq-abus-film-to-hit-the-big-screens-on-this-date/articleshow/115547054.cms|url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2025 || ''[[Daveed (film)|Daveed]]'' || Raghavan Aashaan||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-02 |title=First single 'Edakochi Ishq' from Antony Varghese-starrer Daveed is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/02/first-single-edakochi-ishq-from-antony-varghese-starrer-daveed-is-here |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ouseppinte Osyath]]'' || Ousep ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Vijayaraghavan to headline 'Ouseppinte Osyath', shooting progresses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vijayaraghavan-to-headline-ouseppinte-osyath-shooting-progresses/articleshow/112209514.cms |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Paranu Paranu Paranu Chellan'' ||Kokkav ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-01-07 |title=Unni Lalu and Sidharth Bharathan's Paranu Paranu Paranu Chellan gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/07/unni-lalu-and-sidharth-bharathans-paranu-paranu-paranu-chellan-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]'' || Dr. Verghese Kurien ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-06-08 |title=Naslen-Kalyani Priyadarshan film titled Lokah Chapter One: Chandra |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jun/08/naslen-kalyani-priyadarshan-film-titled-lokah-chapter-one-chandra |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vala: Story of a Bangle]]'' || Soopika ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-07-26 |title=Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham director Muhashin's next Vala to star Dhyan Sreenivasan, Lukman Avaran, Vijayaraghavan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/26/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-director-muhashins-next-vala-to-star-dhyan-sreenivasan-lukman-avaran-vijayaraghavan |access-date=September 14, 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dheeram'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-19 |title=Indrajith Sukumaran's Dheeram gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/19/indrajith-sukumarans-dheeram-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Aghosham'' || Mathews Eapen ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-10-25 |title=First look of Narain's Aghosham out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/25/first-look-of-narains-aghosham-out |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2026 || ''Juniors Journey'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-05 |title=Juniors Journey to release on February 13 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Feb/05/juniors-journey-to-release-on-february-13 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pallichattambi]]''
|Fr. Pulamplaavil
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-01-20 |title=‘Pallichattambi’ starring Tovino Thomas, locks release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pallichattambi-tovino-thomas-kayadu-lohar-dijo-jose-antony-release-date-malayalam-movie/article70528337.ece |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Tamil films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Arangetra Velai]]'' || Pakkiram ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Bairavaa]]'' || Vaishali's Father ||<ref name="TOIVijay">{{cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=Asha |title=Vijay is a soft spoken guy: Vijayaraghavan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vijay-is-a-soft-spoken-guy-vijayaraghavan/articleshow/56592572.cms |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=Times of India |date=16 January 2017}}</ref>
|}

===Hindi films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1988 || ''[[New Delhi (1988 Hindi film)|New Delhi]] '' || Ananth ||
|}

===Web series===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2024 || [[Perilloor Premier League]] || Purushottaman || Malayalam || [[Disney+ Hotstar]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-14 |title=First look poster of Nikhila Vimal and Sunny Wayne's new web series 'Perilloor Premier League' is out |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/first-look-poster-of-nikhila-vimal-and-sunny-waynes-new-web-series-perilloor-premier-league-is-out/articleshow/105206305.cms |access-date=2023-12-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || [[The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang]] || || Malayalam || [[SonyLIV]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-23 |title=The Chronicles Of The 4.5 Gang: When And Where To Watch On OTT|work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/the-chronicles-of-the-4-5-gang-when-and-where-to-watch-on-ott-9523886.html |access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1066795|name=Vijayaraghavan}}


[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Mukunda Prasad Das (politician)

2026-04-24T13:31:41Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: Starting details

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 28 July 1937
| term_end = 29 May 1946
| image =
| name = Mukunda Prasad Das
| death_date = 7 November 1969
| birth_date = 12 August 1893
| occupation = Politician, Lawyer
| predecessor = ''position established''
| successor = Lal Mohan Patnaik
| 1blankname = Deputy Speaker
| 1namedata = Nanda Kishore Das
}}

'''Mukunda Prasad Das''' (12 August 1893 – 7 November 1969) was an Indian Lawyer and politician. Das had served as the First Pre-independence Speaker of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from 28 July 1937 to 29 May 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ORISSA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/orissala.htm |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Speaker cuts short session only on advisory panel consent |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/speaker-cuts-short-session-only-on-advisory-panel-consent.html |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amat's election as Speaker now a mere formality |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2009/may/25/amats-election-as-speaker-now-a-mere-formality-52035.html |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhi's footprints in Odisha |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/gandhi-s-footprints-in-odisha/cid/254290 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/BriefHistory.aspx |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=odishaassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

T. S. Soundaram

2026-04-23T05:52:16Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: creating new details.

{{short description|Indian politician, social reformer and physician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. S. Soundaram
| image = TS Soundram 2005 stamp of India.jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = [[M. Gulam Mohideen]]
| successor = [[N. Anbuchezhian]]
| constituency = [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Madras State Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1957
| term_end1 = 1962
| predecessor1 = V. Madanagopal
| successor1 = S. Nanjunda Rao
| constituency1 = [[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 = 1952
| term_end2 = 1957
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = [[M. A. B. Arumugasamy]]
| constituency2 = [[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1904|8|18}}
| birth_place = [[Thirunelveli]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1984|10|21|1904|8|18}}
| death_place = [[Dindigul]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| party = Indian National Congress
| spouse = {{Marriage|Soundararajan|1918|end=d.}} {{Marriage|[[G. Ramachandran (social reformer)|G. Ramachandran]]|7 November 1940|}}
| parents = [[T. V. Sundaram Iyengar]] (father)
| relatives = [[TVS family]]
| occupation = [[Physician|Doctor]], [[Politician]], [[Social Worker]]
| footnotes =
| honorific_prefix = Dr
| alma_mater = [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]], New Delhi (MBBS) [[Madras University]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''T. S. Soundaram Ramachandran ''' (18 August 1904 – 21 October 1984) was an Indian [[physician]], [[social reformer]] and [[politician]] was the daughter of [[T. V. Sundaram Iyengar]], the founder of T V Sundaram Iyengar and Sons Limited, popularly known as [[TVS Group]] of companies, one of India's largest industrial conglomerates. She was married young barely at the age of 14 in 1918, her husband Soundararajan, encouraged her to study. But when he died when she was in her teens, it was her parents who urged her to continue with her studies. It was at [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]] in Delhi that she did her medicine degree.

==Freedom struggle and remarriage==
During her college days in Delhi, she became friends with [[Sushila Nayyar]] and through her she met [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]. She was immediately drawn to the freedom struggle, but she did not give up her studies. She was 32 years old in 1936 when she was graduated as a doctor.
She then involved herself wholeheartedly into the freedom struggle and through Gandhi met [[G. Ramachandran (social reformer)|G. Ramachandran]], a Keralite, who was active in the Harijan movement. They fell in love and decided to get married, but her parents were vehemently opposed to the alliance. Gandhi advised them not to keep in touch with each other for a year. After that separation, when they still felt the same way about each other, Gandhi gave them his blessings and they got married on 7 November 1940. T. S. Soundaram and her husband were soon in the thick of the [[Quit India Movement]], but as freedom neared Gandhi thought she would serve India better by not getting involved in politics. He made her the representative in South India of the [[Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust]] and entrusted her with setting up an institution in a rural area that would improve the lot of the poorest of the poor. So was born the idea of Gandhigram, where villagers were taught skills and provided support to revive village industries and the economy of the rural community. T. S. Soundaram threw herself wholeheartedly into this project that focused on healthcare, education, economic development and social welfare in the rural communities in the surrounding area.

==Social work==
In 1947, Soundaram started the Kasturba Hospital as a two-bed clinic in a house in [[Chinnalapatti]], a small town on the [[National Highway 44 (India)|Madurai Dindigul highway]]. Under the visionary leadership of Dr Soundaram, the hospital made several inroads into rural health and family welfare which is now a 220-bed hospital. Along with her husband, G. Ramachandran, she notably founded the [[Gandhigram Rural Institute]] in 1947 as a memorial to [[Kasturba Gandhi]], the deceased wife of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], with a fund of national donations. This was set up as a rural institution, in a remote place in Dindigul district, [[Tamil Nadu]] to serve the most deprived of people.

The [[Gandhigram Rural Institute]] became a [[deemed university]] in 1976.

==Political life==
Soundaram was elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] twice from then Madras State, first in 1952 from [[Athoor Assembly constituency]] and in 1957 from [[Vedasandur Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]], then an MP in 1962 representing [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency]]. With her move again to Delhi, she was appointed the [[Minister of Education (India)|Union Deputy Minister for Education]]. It was during her tenure as Deputy Minister that she introduced free primary education throughout India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-19 |title=Friend, philosopher and athai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/friend-philosopher-and-athai/article5706317.ece |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She also helped start the [[National Service Scheme]] (NSS), that still has a strong rural service element to it. In the year 1962 she was awarded [[Padma Bhushan]] for her contribution towards social work. Soundaram lost the 1967 general election from [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency]] to [[N. Anbuchezhian]] a young student leader of DMK with a margin of more than one lakh votes, subsequently she went back to social work and retired from politics.

==Commemoration==
* A commemorative stamp was issued on 2 October 2005.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070516081824/http://www.blonnet.com:80/2005/10/03/stories/2005100302770300.htm Stamp on Dr T.S. Soundram released]. blonnet.com. 2 October 2005</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Dr. Sushila Nayar, ''Women Pioneer — In India's Renaissance'', National Book Trust, 2002 {{ISBN|81-237-3766-1}}

==External links==
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313160945/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/02/18/stories/2005021801140300.htm Simple and selfless]'', centenary article in The Hindu, 18 February 2005
* [http://www.gandhigram.org/orgn/ppl.htm Bio details on Gandhigram website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831153721/http://gandhigram.org/orgn/ppl.htm |date=31 August 2006 }}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soundram, T.S.}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:People from Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Social workers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:TVS Group]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:TVS family]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

Baseri Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:02Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: new first post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baseri
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-77-Baseri.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 77
| district = [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karauli-Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency|Karauli-Dholpur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Sanjay Kumar Jatav]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:203227}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Baseri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It comprises [[Baseri tehsil]] and parts of [[Bari tehsil]], both in [[Dholpur district]], and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, it is represented by [[Sanjay Kumar Jatav]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Sukhram Koli]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Rani Silautia]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Khiladi Lal Bairwa]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Jatav]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Baseri<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Jatav
|votes = {{formatnum:86145}}
|percentage = 56.92
|change = +11.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sukhram Koli
|votes = {{formatnum:59035}}
|percentage = 39.0
|change = +8.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1045}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change = -0.7
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27110}}
|percentage = 17.92
|change = +3.36
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:151356}}
|percentage = 74.48
|change = +9.57
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Baseri<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Khiladi Lal Bairwa
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:54297}}
|percentage = 45.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Chhitriya Lal Jatav
|votes = {{formatnum:36741}}
|percentage = 30.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sukhram Koli
|votes = {{formatnum:18593}}
|percentage = 15.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Udayveer Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2840}}
|percentage = 2.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Vahini Party
|candidate = Deepak Kain
|votes = {{formatnum:2356}}
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Indrajeet Singh Nagar
|votes = {{formatnum:1829}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1672}}
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17556}}
|percentage = 14.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:120543}}
|percentage = 64.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dholpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.75|77.54|display=title}}

[[Category:Dholpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kohima Town Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:32:37Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: started new place v1

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Kohima Town Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Kohima Town
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| district = [[Kohima district|Kohima]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 9
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| mla = [[Tseilhoutuo Rhütso]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:31767}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Kohima Town''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=NAGALAND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Kohima district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It is also part of [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kohima town constituency |url=https://myneta.info/nagaland2018/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=263 |website=My neta |access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/nagaland/assembly-constituencies/kohima-town.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Kohima Town Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kohima Town constituency result |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kohimatown-nagaland-assembly-constituency |website=Result University |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || rowspan=6 | [[John Bosco Jasokie]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga National Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || K. V. Keditsu || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || [[Z. Obed]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || T. Abao Kire || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Z. Obed || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=3 | Dr. Neikiesalie Nicky Kire
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Tseilhoutuo Rhütso|Dr. Tseilhoutuo Rhütso]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2023|2023]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|49.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2018|2018]]|{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}|54.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2013|2013]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|63.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2008|2008]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|59.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2003|2003]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|44.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|51.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1993|1993]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|51.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1987|1987]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1982|1982]]|{{party color|Naga National Democratic Party}}|56.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation}}|65.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1969|1969]]|{{party color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation}}|65.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1964|1964]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|81.97}}
}}

=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Kohima Town<ref name=election2023>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tseilhoutuo Rhütso|Dr. Tseilhoutuo Rhütso]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=9,844 |percentage=49.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Neikiesalie Nicky Kire |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=8,502 |percentage=42.81% |change=-12.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Er. Meshenlo Kath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,413 |percentage=7.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=103 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,342 |percentage=6.76% |change=-3.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,862 |percentage=62.52% |change= -10.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,767 |change =0.40% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |swing= -5.28% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Kohima Town<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Neikiesalie Nicky Kire |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=12,605 |percentage=54.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tseilhoutuo Rhütso|Dr. Tseilhoutuo Rhütso]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=10,233 |percentage=44.52% |change=-19.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=146 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,372 |percentage=10.32% |change=-17.23% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,984 |percentage=72.64% |change= -8.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,641 |change =5.49% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -8.82% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Kohima Town<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Neikiesalie Nicky Kire |party=Naga People's Front |votes=15,506 |percentage=63.66% |change=4.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Er. Vikuotuolie Angami |party=Independent politician |votes=8,795 |percentage=36.11% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,711 |percentage=27.55% |change=1.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,356 |percentage=81.20% |change= 7.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,995 |change =-19.89% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 4.62% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Kohima Town<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Neikiesalie Nicky Kire |party=Naga People's Front |votes=16,197 |percentage=59.04% |change=14.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Z. Obed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,094 |percentage=33.15% |change=-9.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Sopu Angami |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,482 |percentage=9.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sabu Sote |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=111 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,103 |percentage=25.89% |change=23.23% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,433 |percentage=74.48% |change= 8.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,440 |change =29.97% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 14.16% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Kohima Town<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Z. Obed]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=8,367 |percentage=44.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Abao Kire |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,870 |percentage=42.21% |change=-6.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tepulel Angami |party=Nationalist Democratic Movement |votes=2,407 |percentage=12.91% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=497 |percentage=2.67% |change=0.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,644 |percentage=64.78% |change= -10.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,807 |change =11.27% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Independent politician |swing= -6.75% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Kohima Town}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Abao Kire |party=Independent politician |votes=9,166 |percentage=51.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Z. Obed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,706 |percentage=48.71% |change=-2.92% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=460 |percentage=2.57% |change=-21.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,872 |percentage=71.39% |change= -4.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,889 |change =28.44% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.34% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Kohima Town}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate= [[Z. Obed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,732 |percentage=51.63% |change=2.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. V. Keditsu |party=Independent politician |votes=4,142 |percentage=27.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Victor |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,880 |percentage=19.23% |change=-31.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ada |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=222 |percentage=1.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,590 |percentage=23.97% |change=21.75%}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,976 |percentage=75.42% |change= 8.55%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,157 |change =30.28% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 0.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Kohima Town}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. V. Keditsu |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,182 |percentage=51.11% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khrieketoulie |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,957 |percentage=48.89% |change=-4.79% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=225 |percentage=2.22% |change=-5.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,139 |percentage=66.87% |change= 6.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,472 |change =-0.26% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.58% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Kohima Town}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[John Bosco Jasokie]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,880 |percentage=53.69% |change=9.97% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khrieketoulie |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=4,210 |percentage=46.31% |change=-9.97% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=670 |percentage=7.37% |change=-5.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,090 |percentage=60.17% |change= 10.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,513 |change =18.30% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= -2.60% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Kohima Town}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[John Bosco Jasokie]] |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=3,574 |percentage=56.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khyomo Lotha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,776 |percentage=43.72% |change=-10.96% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=798 |percentage=12.57% |change=3.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,350 |percentage=49.78% |change= -13.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,113 |change =35.33% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.61% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Kohima Town}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[John Bosco Jasokie]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,262 |percentage=54.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peiezotuo Atuo |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,704 |percentage=45.32% |change=30.25% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=558 |percentage=9.35% |change=-36.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,966 |percentage=63.63% |change= 18.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,690 |change =0.44% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= -10.80% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Kohima Town}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[John Bosco Jasokie]] |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,776 |percentage=65.47% |change=0.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lhoukruo |party=Independent politician |votes=825 |percentage=19.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nguro Hiezao Angami |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=639 |percentage=15.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,951 |percentage=46.01% |change=2.95% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,240 |percentage=44.99% |change= -10.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,648 |change =55.36% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= 0.09% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1969 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Kohima Town}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[John Bosco Jasokie]] |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,253 |percentage=65.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khyomo Lotha |party=Independent politician |votes=769 |percentage=22.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hariprasad Rai |party=United Front of Nagaland |votes=424 |percentage=12.30% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,484 |percentage=43.06% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,446 |percentage=55.54% |change= 0.27% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,210 |change =27.73% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Independent politician |swing= -16.59% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1964 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Kohima Town}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[John Bosco Jasokie]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,182 |percentage=81.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Silie Haralu |party=Independent politician |votes=442 |percentage=16.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyamlal Munshi |party=Independent politician |votes=38 |percentage=1.43% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,740 |percentage=65.36% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,662 |percentage=55.27% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,862 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kohima district]]
* [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|25.67|94.11|display=title}}

[[Category:Kohima district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

Neoserica dichroa

2026-04-09T14:52:33Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: starting new stub

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Neoserica_dichroa.jpg
| image_caption =
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| genus= Neoserica
| species = dichroa
| authority = [[Georg Frey|Frey]], 1973<ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1674445/ BioLib]</ref>
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Neoserica dichroa''''' is a species of [[beetle]] of the family [[Scarabaeidae]]. It is found in India (Kerala).<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1= Fabrizi |first1= Silvia|last2= Ahrens |first2= Dirk|date= 2016|title= A monograph of Sericini of India (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).|url= http://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/articles/bzb-2016|journal= Bonn Zoological Bulletin Supplementum|volume= 65|issue= |publisher= |pages= 1–355|doi= |access-date= October 28, 2025}} {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4}}</ref>

==Description==
Adults reach a length of about 7.3 mm. They have a yellowish brown, oval body, with the ventral surface slightly darker. The disc of the [[pronotum]] and various small spots on the [[elytra]] are dark with a greenish shine. The dorsal surface is dull and glabrous.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q14861434}}

[[Category:Beetles described in 1973]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Neoserica|dichroa]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Georg Frey]]

{{Neoserica-stub}}

Jinke Mari

2026-04-07T20:27:40Z

Mongkeydyoyo88:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jinke Mari
| image = Jinke Mari.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = K. P. Naveen Kumar
| writer =
| based_on =
| producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]]
*[[Sonia Gowda]]
}}
| cinematography = Venus Murthy
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| music = [[Sai Karthik]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|05|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Jinke Mari''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language film directed by K. P. Naveen Kumar and produced by Mahesh Balekundri. It is a remake of the 2010 Telugu film ''[[Bindaas (2010 film)|Bindaas]]''. The film stars [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], [[Sonia Gowda]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], [[Shobaraj]] and [[Ramesh Bhat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jinke-mari-gets-u/a-certificate/articleshow/19946572.cms |title=Jinke Mari gets U/A certificate |date=8 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=11 December 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211121835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jinke-mari-gets-u/a-certificate/articleshow/19946572.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> It was theatrically released on 24 May 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jinke-mari-to-hit-screens-on-may-24/articleshow/20068826.cms |title=Jinke Mari to hit screens on May 24 |date=15 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=11 December 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211113420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jinke-mari-to-hit-screens-on-may-24/articleshow/20068826.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Two families get into a long feud after a man's brother-in-law dies, but a young man from one of the families decides to end the conflict. Soon after, he starts living with the other family posing to be someone else and tries to win hearts.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] as Ajay
*[[Sonia Gowda]] as Nagalakshmi
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Shivana Gowda
*[[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as Rudregowda
*[[Shobaraj]] as Babu
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Jai Jagadish]]
*Harish Roy
*[[Achyuth Kumar]]
*Sharadamma
*Vijay Kaundinya
*Ninasam Ashwath
*[[Harish Raj]]
*[[Bullet Prakash]] as Narasimha
*[[Suman Ranganathan]] as an item number in "Bangaara Petege"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/suman-ranganathans-bold-moves-in-jinkemari-119561-2012-10-24 |title=Suman Ranganathan's bold moves in Jinkemari |date=23 November 2012|work=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211113902/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/suman-ranganathans-bold-moves-in-jinkemari-119561-2012-10-24 |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>
}}

==Production==
Principal photography commenced in May 2012 at [[Hesaraghatta Lake|Hesaraghatta]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/gossip/-/articleshow/13217427.cms |title='ಜಿಂಕೆಮರಿ' ಬಂತು ನೋಡ್ಲಾ ಮಗಾ |date=18 May 2012|work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|language=kn|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211102908/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/gossip/-/articleshow/13217427.cms |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> The filming of the song "Bangaara Petege" featuring [[Suman Ranganathan]] was completed in early August 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/item-song-no-bar/articleshow/21328421.cms |title=Item song no bar |date=13 August 2012|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|language=en|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211122459/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/item-song-no-bar/articleshow/21328421.cms |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jinke Mari
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sai Karthik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:01
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Noothi Lo Kappalu]]
| prev_year = 2013
| year = 2013
| next_title = [[Paisa (2014 film)|Paisa]]
| next_year = 2014
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|iYzggqg7YCA| Jinke Mari- Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music was composed by [[Sai Karthik]]. The soundtrack of the album was released on 4 April 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jinke-mari-audio-launched/articleshow/19382074.cms |title=Jinke Mari audio launched |date=4 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=11 December 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211130057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jinke-mari-audio-launched/articleshow/19382074.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>

{{Track listing
|extra_column = Artist(s)
|total_length = 22:01
| title1= Hudgeerna Mundbitte
| extra1 =[[Kailash Kher]]
| length1 = 3:42
| title2 = Beda Maga
| extra2 = Sai Karthik
| length2 = 4:19
| title3 = Bangaara Petege (Narasamma)
| extra3 = [[Mamta Sharma]], Priya, [[Sai Karthik]]
| length3 = 4:06
| title4= Enaagide
| extra4 =Shaan
| length4 = 4:12
| title5 = Marubhoomi
| extra5 = Mahesh Balekundri
| length5 = 3:06
| title6 = Beda Maga (Remix)
| extra6 = Sai Karthik
| length6 = 3:16
}}

==Reception==
A reviewer of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Despite its pitfalls and lack of a polished attempt at providing ensemble entertainment, Jinkemari makes for a decent outing for the regulars, especially those that swear by Yogesh".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/deer-lions-fiefdom-2262715 |title=Deer in lion's fiefdom |date=25 June 2013|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211104535/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/story/entertainment/deer-lions-fiefdom-2262715 |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> Keerthi Kolgar from ''[[Kannada Prabha]]'' says "Suman Ranganath's item song is more eye-catching than ear-catching. Those who say it's been too long to laugh can pay a visit to 'Zinkemari'! Don't ask for another reason".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/review/2013/may/26/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE!-57486.html |title=ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಅಂತೇಳಿ ಕಾಮಿಡಿ ಮಾಡ್ತೀರಾ!? |date=26 May 2013|work= [[Kannada Prabha]] |language=kn|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211105154/https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/review/2013/may/26/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE!-57486.html |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "The comedy track of Shobhraj and Bullet Prakash is excellent. Vijay Kaundinya shows signs of becoming a villain of the future. Music by Saikarthik has good tunes. Venus Murthy’s cinematography is a treat".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/jinkemari/movie-review/20247576.cms |title=Jinkemari Movie Review |date=14 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en|access-date=11 December 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211105916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/jinkemari/movie-review/20247576.cms |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "All said and viewed, this is certainly one of the better films of Yogesh and his fans should be happy with the product".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/jinke-mari-naidus-turn-gowdas/articleshow/21189404.cms |title=Jinke Mari: Naidus turn Gowdas |date=24 May 2016|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211110322/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/jinke-mari-naidus-turn-gowdas/articleshow/21189404.cms |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]

Jaydattaji Kshirsagar

2026-04-07T16:40:02Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: started initial post w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Jaydatt Sonajirao Kshirsagar
| office4 = [[Ministry of Employment Guarantee (Maharashtra)|Minister of Employment Guarantee]] & [[Ministry of Horticulture (Maharashtra)|Horticulture]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abpmajha.abplive.in/mumbai/maharashtra-state-cabinet-expansion-radhakrushan-vikhe-patil-housing-minister-ashish-shelar-education-minister-673886 |title=मंत्रिमंडळात मोठे फेरबदल |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806010614/https://abpmajha.abplive.in/mumbai/maharashtra-state-cabinet-expansion-radhakrushan-vikhe-patil-housing-minister-ashish-shelar-education-minister-673886 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| term_start4 = 9 June 2019
| term_end4 = 8 November 2019
| predecessor4 = [[Girish Bapat]]
| successor4 = [[Subhash Desai]]
| office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2019
| predecessor = Sunil Suryabhan Dhande
| successor = [[Sandeep Kshirsagar]]
| constituency = [[Beed (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beed]]
| office3 = Minister of Public Works Department [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start3 = October 2009
| term_end3 = August 2014
| office2 =
| term_start2 = 1990
| term_end2 = 1995
| predecessor2 = Ashokrao Shankarrao Patil
| successor2 = Bhai Tupe Janardhan Tatyaba
| constituency2 = [[Chausala Assembly constituency|Chausala]]
| office1 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Maharashtra]]
| term_start1 = 1999
| term_end1 = 2004
| predecessor1 = Bhai Tupe Janardhan Tatyaba
| successor1 = Andhale Keshavrao Yadavrao
| constituency1 = [[Chausala Assembly constituency|Chausala]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|12|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = At.Rajuri (Navgan), Tq.Dist.[[Beed District]]
| death_date =
| party =
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| relations = [[Kesharbai Kshirsagar]] (Mother)
[[Sandeep Kshirsagar]] (Nephew)
Bharatbhushan Kshirsagar (Brother)
| alma_mater =
| website =
}}

'''Jaydattaji Sonajirao Kshirsagar''' is a leader of [[Shiv Sena]] from Beed district, [[Marathwada]]. He is a past Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra]] for [[Beed (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beed]], and a former minister of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/beed.html | title = Sitting and previous MLAs from Beed Assembly Constituency}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 1990: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1990 |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/1990-election-results.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
* 1999: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1999 |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/1999-election-results.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
* 2009: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
* 2009: Appointed Minister of Public Works Department in Maharashtra Government
* 2014: Re-Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
* 2019: Minister of Employment Guarantee and Horticulture in Maharashtra State Government<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/allocation-the-ministry-of-state-cabinet-ministers-aau-85-1913259/ | title= मंत्रिमंडळाच्या विस्तारानंतर खातेवाटप जाहीर}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Devendra Fadnavis ministry (2014–)|Devendra Fadnavis ministry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19981202100332/http://www.shivsena.org/ The Shivsena]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kshirsagar, Jaidatta}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Beed]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:1950 births]]

Arun Bharti

2026-04-04T03:29:24Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: new new post first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arun Bharti
| image = Arun-Bharti-MP-Jamui.png
| image_size = 210px
| caption = Official portrait, 2024
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency|Jamui, Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Chirag Paswan]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1976|03|31}}
| birth_place = [[Bokaro Steel City]], Jharkhand, India
| spouse = {{marriage|Nisha Bharti|2005}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[University of Strathclyde]], [[Glasgow]] ([[MBA]] in Finance)
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[businessman]]}}
| relations = *[[Ram Vilas Paswan]] (father-in-law)
*[[Chirag Paswan]] (brother-in-law)
}}
'''Arun Bharti''' (born 31 March 1976) is an Indian politician. He has been elected to Lok Sabha from [[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas">{{cite news|title=Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|accessdate=25 March 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325141549/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|archivedate=25 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirag Paswan's brother-in-law Arun Bharti wins from Jamui |url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/chirag-paswans-brotherinlaw-arun-bharti-wins-from-jamui-1717510693898 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Inshorts - Stay Informed |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Jamui, Bihar Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Arun Bharti Secures the Seat by 153055 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/jamui-bihar-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547672-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title=Jamui Lok Sabha Constituency: LJP's Arun Bharti vs RJD's Archana Ravidas |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/jamui-lok-sabha-constituency-ljps-arun-bharti-vs-rjds-archana-ravidas-9275631/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He is the brother-in-law of [[Chirag Paswan]], a member of Parliament from [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency]] and son-in-law of former Member of Parliament [[Ram Vilas Paswan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Politics: चिराग के जीजा के पास कितनी संपत्ति? चुनावी हलफनामा से हो गया सब क्लियर, पत्नी की इनकम भी आई सामने - How much property does Chirag Paswan Brother inlaw Arun Bharti have Lok Sabha Election 2024 |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/jamui-how-much-property-does-chirag-paswan-brother-inlaw-arun-bharti-have-lok-sabha-election2024-23685208.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born on 31 March 1976 to Ram Yash Ram, who worked as Commercial observer at Bokaro Steel City and Dr. Jyoti, a former Minister in the Government of Bihar at Hajipur, Patna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कौन हैं अरुण भारती जिनको चिराग पासवान जमुई लोकसभा सीट से चुनाव लड़ा सकते हैं? |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-who-is-chirag-paswan-brother-in-law-arun-bharti-who-can-be-ljp-ramvilas-jamui-lok-sabha-seat-candidate-9591001.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

He had completed bachelor's in commerce from [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]] under [[Delhi University]] and later completed his [[Master of Business Administration]] from [[Strathclyde Business School]] University in 2004.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-27 |title=इंग्लैंड से MBA, राजनीतिक से पुराना कनेक्शन, जानें कौन हैं अरुण भारती? |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/jamui-lok-sabha-election-2024-know-who-is-arun-bharti-who-will-contest-lok-sabha-elections-from-jamui-instead-of-chirag-paswan-8185843.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Bharti is married to Nisha, daughter of [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] and Reena Paswan, since 23 June 2005 and with whom he has a son and a daughter.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==

*[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
*[[Chirag Paswan]]
*[[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency]]
*
*[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharti, Arun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Shri Ram College of Commerce alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Strathclyde Business School]]

List of colleges affiliated to the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University

2026-03-29T14:24:59Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: Starting bio.

{{short description|Educational institutions}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

There are more than 120 affiliates of the [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]], also known as Indraprastha University (IP), which are run according to the rules and regulation set by the university.<ref name="ipu4">{{cite web | url=http://ggsipu.nic.in/affiliates/institutes/urlsaffinstmain.htm | title=Affiliated Institutes | access-date=20 February 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200356/http://ggsipu.nic.in/affiliates/institutes/urlsaffinstmain.htm | archive-date=3 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Listed here are the 14 main colleges (university schools) and notable IP-affiliated government and private institutions.

== University schools ==
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University has 14 university schools (colleges), 12 of them are on the main campus in Dwarka and 2 colleges, USAR and USDI are on the new campus at East Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipu.ac.in/schools.php|title = Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University}}</ref>
School at Main Campus:
* University School of Architecture and Planning (USAP)
* University School of Basic & Applied Sciences (USBAS)
* [[University School of Biotechnology]] (USBT)
* [[University School of Chemical Technology]] (USCT)
* University School of Environment Management (USEM)
* University School of Humanities & Social Sciences (USHSS)
* [[University School of Information and Communication Technology]] (USICT)
* [[University School of Law and Legal Studies]] (USLLS)
* [[University School of Management Studies]] (USMS)
* University School of Mass Communication (USMC)
* University School of Medicine and Para-Medical Health Sciences (USMPHS)

Schools at East Delhi Campus:
* [[University School of Automation and Robotics (USAR)]]
* University School of Design & Innovation (USDI)

== Affiliated government institutions ==
* [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. RML Hospital]], Talkatora Road
* Ch. Brahm Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan, Najafgarh<ref name="affiliated_colleges">{{cite web |title=Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University |url=http://www.ipu.ac.in/affiliated_colleges.php |website=www.ipu.ac.in |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Bhai Parmanand Institute of Business Studies]], Shakarpur
* [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]], Sector 62, [[Noida]]
* [[Delhi Institute of Heritage Research & Management]], Qutub Institutional Area
* [[Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital]], [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
* [[National Power Training Institute]], Badarpur
* [[North Delhi Municipal Corporation Medical College]], Malka Ganj
* [[Vardhman Mahavir Medical College]], Ansari Nagar West (near [[AIIMS Delhi]])

== Private colleges and institutes ==
* Rukmini Devi Institute of Advanced Studies (RDIAS), [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
* [[Army College of Medical Sciences]], [[Delhi Cantonment]]
* [[B. M. Institute of Engineering & Technology]], [[Sonipat]], [[Haryana]]
* [[Bhagwan Mahaveer College of Engineering and Management]], [[Sonipat District]], [[Haryana]]
* Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Management and Technology, [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]]
* Banarsidas Chandiwala Institutes, Chandiwala Estate, Okhla NSIC
** Institute of Hotel Management & Catering
** Institute of Information Technology
** Institute of Physiotherapy
* Bhagwan Parshuram Institute of Technology, [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
* Bharati Vidyapeeth, [[Paschim Vihar]]
* Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law [[Narela]]
* COMM-IT, Career Academy, [[Sheikh Sarai]]
* Delhi Technical Campus, [[Greater Noida]]
* [[Delhi Institute of Technology & Management]], [[Shastri Nagar, Delhi|Shastri Nagar]]
* [[Delhi Metropolitan Education]], Sector 62, [[Noida]]
* [[Delhi School of Professional Studies and Research (DSPSR)|Delhi School of Professional Studies and Research]] (DSPSR), [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
* [[Delhi Institute of Advanced Studies]] (DIAS), [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
* [[Fairfield Institute of Management and Technology]], [[Kapashera]]
* Gitarattan International Business School, [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
* Guru Nanak College, [[Punjabi Bagh]]
* Guru Ram Dass College, [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
* Guru Tegh Bahadur Institute of Technology, [[Hari Nagar]]
* hmr institute of technology, [[alipur hamidpur]]
* Ideal Institute of Management & Technology, [[Vivek Vihar]]
* [[Institute of Information Technology and Management]] (IITM 1), [[Janakpuri]]
* [[Institute of Information Technology and Management| Institute of Innovation in Technology and Management]] (IITM 2), [[Janakpuri]]
* Maharaja Surajmal College, [[Janakpuri]]
** [[Maharaja Surajmal Institute]]
** [[Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology]]
* [[Management Education & Research Institute]] (MERI), [[Janakpuri]]
* Maharaja Agrasen College, [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
** Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Management Studies
** Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology
* [[NDIM|New Delhi Institute of Management]] (NDIM), Tughlakabad Institutional Area, Tigri
* [[Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Professional Studies]], [[Shastri Park]]
* Sirifort Institute of Management Studies (SIMS), [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
* Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Institute of Management and Information Technology, Nanak Piao, Gujranwala Town
* [[Tecnia Institute of Advanced Studies]], [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
* [[Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies]] (VIPS), [[Pitampura]]
* Jagan Institute of Management Studies (JIMS), [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
* Jagannath International Management School (JIMS), [[Vasant Kunj]]
* Jagannath International Management School (JIMS), [[Kalkaji]]
* Jagan Institute of Management Studies (JIMS), [[Greater Noida]]
* Kalka Institute of Education and Research, Alakananda
* KCC Institute Of Legal and Higher Education, Greater Noida
* Kasturi Ram College of Higher Education, [[Narela]]
* Lingaya's Lalita Devi Institute of Management & Sciences, Mandi Village
* Lal Bahadur Institute of Management, [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]]
* [[Trinity Institute of Professional Studies]] (TIPS), [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]]
* [https://www.eitfaridabad.com/ Echelon Institute Of technology], Faridabad | Delhi NCR

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060209025728/http://ggsipu.nic.in/ Guru Gobind Singh Indraprasth University]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colleges affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University}}
[[Category:Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University|Courses and colleges]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Delhi]]
[[Category:Lists of colleges affiliated to universities in India|GGSIPU]]
[[Category:Colleges of the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University| ]]
[[Category:Constituent schools of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University| ]]

World Trade Center Chennai

2026-03-28T14:35:13Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: Made Data

{{Short description|Skyscraper office buildings in Chennai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = World Trade Center Chennai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = WTC_UnderConst.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| caption = Towers A (front) and B (back) of World Trade Centre, Chennai in March 2020
| location = [[Perungudi]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| status = Completed
| construction_start_date = 2013
| completion_date = 2020
| address = 110 Old Mahabalipuram Road, Perungudi, Chennai 600096
| opening_date =
| building_type = Office
| antenna_spire = {{cvt|122|m|ft|0}} (Tower 1)<ref>{{Cite web | title = World Trade Center Chennai 1 | publisher = cmdachennai | url = https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/FINAL/Tower1/HRB/MSBS/C3(S)_3448_2017/PDF/APPROVED%20PLAN.pdf | access-date = 3 September 2021}}</ref> {{cvt|88|m|ft|0}} (Tower 2)<ref>{{Cite web | title = World Trade Center Chennai 2 | publisher = cmdachennai.gov.in | url = https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/FINAL/Tower1/HRB/MSBS/C3(S)_3448_2017/PDF/APPROVED%20PLAN.pdf | access-date = 3 September 2021}}</ref>
| roof = {{cvt|106|m|ft|0}} (Tower 1)<ref>{{Cite web | title = World Trade Center Chennai 1 | publisher = cmdachennai | url = https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/FINAL/Tower1/HRB/MSBS/C3(S)_3448_2017/PDF/APPROVED%20PLAN.pdf | access-date = 3 September 2021}}</ref> {{cvt|81|m|ft|0}} (Tower 2)<ref>{{Cite web | title = World Trade Center Chennai 2 | publisher = cmdachennai.gov.in | url = https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/FINAL/Tower1/HRB/MSBS/C3(S)_3448_2017/PDF/APPROVED%20PLAN.pdf | access-date = 3 September 2021}}</ref>
| top_floor = 27 (Tower A) 19 (Tower B)
| floor_count = 28 (Tower A) 20 (Tower B)
| elevator_count =
| cost =
| floor_area = {{cvt|1800000|sqft|order=flip}} '''Tower 1:''' {{cvt|1200000|sqft|disp=or|order=flip}} '''Tower 2:''' {{cvt|600000|sqft|order=flip|disp=or}}
| architect = [[HOK (firm)|HOK]], [[New York City|New York]]
| structural_engineer =
| main_contractor =
| developer = Brigade Group (India) and GIC ([[Singapore]])
| owner = [[Brigade Group]], [[GIC (sovereign wealth fund)|GIC]]
| operator =
| references = Tower 1<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1579906 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903153906/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1579906 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=3 September 2021 |title=Emporis building ID 1579906 |work=[[Emporis]]}}</ref> Tower 2<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1579907 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903154115/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1579907 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=3 September 2021 |title=Emporis building ID 1579906 |work=[[Emporis]]}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coords|12.9616|N|80.2452|E|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
}}

The '''World Trade Center, Chennai''' is a 28-storeyed commercial and residential centre in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. Located at [[Perungudi]], it was made operational in March 2020. The centre consists of {{convert|1800000|sqft|order=flip}} of office space. The complex also includes a conference/exhibition centre. The towers are IGBC [[LEED Platinum]] and USGBC [[LEED Gold]] certified. The centre is a member of the [[World Trade Centers Association]] (WTCA).<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-chennai
| title = World Trade Center Chennai
| date = 2016
| website = WTCA
| publisher = World Trade Centers Association
| access-date = 8 August 2016
}}</ref> Tower A of the WTC complex is the tallest commercial establishment in the city.<ref name="Hindu_WTCInMarch2020"/> The development is part of the larger expansion of the Old Mahabalipuram Road (OMR) corridor as a major IT and commercial hub in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://propertywala.com/news/commercial/chennais-commercial-boom-rising-demand-in-it-hubs-and-coworking-spaces-along-omr
| title = Chennai’s Commercial Boom: Rising Demand in IT Hubs and Coworking Spaces along OMR
| website = PropertyWala News
| publisher = PropertyWala
| date =
| access-date = 26 November 2025
}}</ref>

==History==
In 2016, India's [[Brigade Group]] and [[Singapore]]'s [[GIC (sovereign wealth fund)|GIC]], a sovereign wealth fund, jointly acquired a {{convert|16|acre|adj=on|order=flip}} land parcel at Perungudi, purchased from [[Kansai Nerolac Paints]] for {{INRConvert|5378.6|m|lk=r|year=2016}}. The land acquisition was facilitated by Perungudi Real Estates, a special purpose vehicle formed by Brigade Enterprises and GIC, with the help of real estate firm [[Jones Lang LaSalle]] (JLL). Construction of a world trade centre (WTC) and residential units, entailing an investment of more than {{INRConvert|10|b|year=2016}} was planned on the land.<ref name="Hindu_WTCInMarch2020">{{cite news
| last = Kandavel
| first = Sangeetha
| title = WTC to open doors in March 2020
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 6
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 19 October 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/wtc-to-open-doors-in-march-2020/article29739935.ece
| access-date = 20 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=31 March 2016 |title=World Trade Center planned in Perungudi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/world-trade-center-planned-in-perungudi/article8415598.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212122516/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/world-trade-center-planned-in-perungudi/article8415598.ece |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=8 August 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai}}</ref> The foundation stone was laid on 9 June 2017. Initially expected to be operational by March 2020, the centre became functional officially in September 2021.<ref name="Saas" /> The project’s phased construction was aligned with Chennai’s growing commercial real estate requirements, with the WTC designed to serve both multinational tenants and emerging Indian technology firms.<ref>[https://www.hok.com/projects/view/world-trade-center-chennai/ "World Trade Center, Chennai – HOK".] ''[https://wework.co.in/workspaces/private-office-space/chennai/ HOK] Network''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241214231329/https://www.hok.com/projects/view/world-trade-center-chennai/ Archived] from the original on 14 December 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2025.</ref><ref>{{cite web |date= |title=World Trade Center Chennai – Premium office spaces with modern infrastructure |url=https://www.brigadegroup.com/commercial/projects/chennai/world-trade-center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614020416/https://www.brigadegroup.com/commercial/projects/chennai/world-trade-center |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=26 November 2025 |website=Brigade Group |publisher=BG}}</ref>

==The complex==
[[File:WTCChennai NorthTower.jpg|thumb|left|North Tower (Tower B) as in June 2024]]
[[File:WTCChennai SouthTower.jpg|thumb|left|South Tower (Tower A) as in June 2024]]
The complex consists of five towers, including two office towers, a hotel tower and two residential towers (the latter three are currently under construction). Built on a {{convert|15|acre|adj=on|order=flip}} plot and developed as a Grade A++ commercial development, all the towers have three basements. The first office tower (Tower A) has 28 floors (ground and 27 floors) above the street, the second office tower (Tower B) 20 floors (ground and 19 floors), the third tower (hotel) 8 floors, and the fourth (restaurant) and the fifth (cafeteria and utility) towers 5 floors each. The total floor space of the construction would be {{convert|2500000|sqft|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vaitheesvaran |first=Bharani |date=30 March 2016 |title=Brigade Group to build World Trade Centre in Chennai at cost of over Rs 1000 crore |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/real-estate/brigade-group-to-build-world-trade-centre-in-chennai-at-cost-of-over-rs-1000-crore/articleshow/51618982.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204082911/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/real-estate/brigade-group-to-build-world-trade-centre-in-chennai-at-cost-of-over-rs-1000-crore/articleshow/51618982.cms |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=8 August 2016 |newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=IndiaTimes Group |location=Chennai}}</ref> The 28-storied Tower A has a total floor space of {{convert|1.2|e6sqft|e6m2|abbr=off|order=flip}}, with a typical floor area of {{convert|50000|sqft|order=flip}}. Tower B has a typical floor area of {{convert|44000|sqft|order=flip}}. The complex has three levels of combined basement and includes development of more than {{convert|1.8|e6sqft|e6m2|abbr=off|order=flip}} of premium office space spread across two towers. The campus includes landscaped open areas, multi-level parking, and centralized amenities, consistent with WTCA’s standards for mixed-use business districts.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.brigadeinsight.com/vol30-no1/commercial/world-trade-center-chennai-sez
| title = World Trade Center Chennai (SEZ) – Commercial, Vol 30 No 1
| website = Brigade Insight
| publisher = BG
| date = December 2024
| access-date = 26 November 2025
}}</ref> Upon completion, Tower A will be the tallest commercial structure in Chennai. It consists of premium retail and hotel within the campus.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.wtca.org/locations/world-trade-center-chennai/news/foundation-stone-laying-ceremony-of-wtc-chennai
| title = Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony of WTC Chennai
| date = 2017
| website = WTCA
| publisher = World Trade Centers Association
| access-date = 12 May 2017
}}</ref> The complex has a frontage of {{convert|350|m}} on the Old Mahabalipuram Road. Once fully operational, the WTC can house 20,000 to 25,000 employees.<ref name="Hindu_WTCInMarch2020"/> 298-unit high-end residential apartments will also be constructed.<ref name="Hindu_WTCInMarch2020"/> The apartment block consists of 27-storeyed (G+26) twin towers to be built on {{convert|5|acre|order=flip}} of land. Besides, there will be another tower with 80 Marriott Exclusive apartments. These towers are to be completed by October 2024. A public park has also been constructed along with a basketball court.

The development will be led by the WTCA. The WTC has become an important landmark of Chennai city.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 March 2016 |title=Next World Trade Centre in Chennai Coming Soon |url=http://www.delhiinfra.com/news/next-world-trade-centre-in-chennai-coming-soon/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826150707/http://www.delhiinfra.com/news/next-world-trade-centre-in-chennai-coming-soon/ |archive-date=26 August 2016 |access-date=8 August 2016 |newspaper=DIL News |publisher=Delhi Infratech Limited |location=Chennai}}</ref>

The total development potential of the complex is {{convert|2.6|e6sqft|e6m2|abbr=off|order=flip}}.<ref name="Hindu_WTCInMarch2020"/>

==Operations==
[[File:WTC Tower B at night.jpg|thumb|right|Night view of WTC Tower B]]
The WTC officially become functional in September 2021 with its first occupant, Kissflow Inc., a software-as-a-service (SaaS) company, moving its 350 employees into its WTC office.<ref name="Saas">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = SaaS company Kissflow Inc moves into WTC Chennai
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 6 September 2021
| url = https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/saas-company-kissflow-inc-moves-into-wtc-chennai/article36321004.ece
| access-date = 9 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Hariharan
| first = Sindhu
| title = Your office wants you back: Corporate Tamil Nadu is reopening doors to employees
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 18 October 2021
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-your-office-wants-you-back/articleshow/87098949.cms
| access-date = 9 November 2021}}</ref> In March 2022, [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] opened its office at the WTC, occupying 18 floors across {{convert|830000|sqft|order=flip}} to accommodate 6,000 employees.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Hariharan
| first = Sindhu
| title = Amazon opens new office in Chennai, its second largest in India
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 29 March 2022
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/amazon-opens-new-office-in-chennai-its-second-largest-in-india/articleshow/90516997.cms
| access-date = 10 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = TN CM Stalin inaugurates Amazon's new office in Chennai that can support 6000 employees
| newspaper = The Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 30 March 2022
| url = https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tn-cm-stalin-inaugurates-amazon-new-office-chennai-support-6000-employees-7842807/
| access-date = 10 May 2022}}</ref> In November 2023, [[Hapag-Lloyd]] Technology Center began its operations at the WTC.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Hapag-Lloyd opens Technology Center in Chennai
| newspaper = Hapag-Lloyd
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| date = 22 November 2023
| url = https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/company/press/releases/2023/11/hapag-lloyd-opens-technology-center-in-chennai.html
| access-date = 16 December 2024}}</ref>

As of June 2024, the WTC is over 90% leased and houses marquee tenants.<ref>{{cite news | last = | first = | title = Brigade Group plans to make Chennai it second home, to invest ₹8,000 cr by 2030 | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | pages = | language = | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 12 June 2024 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/business/brigade-group-plans-to-make-chennai-it-second-home-to-invest-8000-cr-by-2030/article68281014.ece | access-date = 21 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = | first = | title = Brigade Group launches premium mixed-use development project 'Brigade Icon' in Chennai | newspaper = Business Standard | location = Chennai | pages = | language = | publisher = BS | date = 12 June 2024 | url = https://www.business-standard.com/markets/capital-market-news/brigade-group-launches-premium-mixed-use-development-project-brigade-icon-in-chennai-124061200829_1.html | access-date = 21 June 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Companies|Economy}}
* [[List of world trade centers]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Chennai]]
* [[Architecture of Chennai]]
* [[List of twin buildings and structures]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-chennai World Trade Center Chennai]
* [http://www.brigaderesidences-wtc.com/ Brigade Residences official page]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{High-technology business districts in Chennai}}

[[Category:High-technology business districts in Chennai]]
[[Category:Special Economic Zones of India]]
[[Category:Skyscraper office buildings in Chennai]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Chennai]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in India]]

England

2026-03-22T11:00:17Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Country within the United Kingdom}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{For-multi|other uses}}
{{Distinguish|United Kingdom}}
}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox UK country
| image_flag = Flag of England.svg
| flag_caption =
| image_coat =
| symbol_width =
| symbol_type =
| national_motto =
| englishmotto =
| national_anthem =[[National anthem of England|None officially]]; Predominantly "[[God Save the King]]"{{Efn|England has no official anthem, as such it typically uses the anthem of the United Kingdom, [[God Save The King]] at international events, although it sometimes makes use of other English patriotic songs such as [[Land of Hope and Glory]] and the hymn [[And did those feet in ancient time|Jerusalem]].}}
| image_map2 = 
| status = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Country]]
| capital = [[London]]
| coordinates = {{coord|51|30|N|0|7|W|type:city_region:GB-ENG|display=inline}}
| largest_city = London
| languages_type = National language
| languages = [[English language in England|English]], [[British Sign Language|BSL]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2022 |title=Historic moment as BSL becomes official language |url=https://www.hw.ac.uk/news-archive/2022/historic-moment-as-bsl-becomes-official.htm |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=www.hw.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref>
| languages2_type = Regional languages
| languages2 = [[Cornish language|Cornish]]
| languages2_sub =
| ethnic_groups =
{{unbulleted list
| 81.0% [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]
| 9.6% [[British Asians|Asian]]
| 4.2% [[Black British people|Black]]
| 3.0% [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed]]
| 2.2% [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|other]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]]
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2021 Nomis">{{NOMIS2021|id=E92000001|title=England Country|access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
| religion =
{{unbulleted list
| 46.3% [[Religion in England#Christianity|Christianity]]
| 36.7% [[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|no religion]]
| 6.7% [[Islam in England|Islam]]
| 1.8% [[Hinduism in England|Hinduism]]
| 0.9% [[Sikhism in England|Sikhism]]
| 0.5% [[History of the Jews in England|Judaism]]
| 0.5% [[Buddhism in England|Buddhism]]
| 0.6% [[Religion in England|other]]
| 6.0% not stated
}}
| religion_year = 2021
| religion_ref = <ref name="2021 Nomis" />
| demonym = [[English people|English]]{{efn|Englishman/Englishwoman}}
| type =
| legal_jurisdiction = [[England and Wales]]
| government_type = [[Direct rule]] by the [[UK Government]] within a [[Westminster parliamentary system|parliamentary constitutional monarchy]]
| monarch = [[Charles III]]
| number_of_mps = 543
| legislature =
| sovereignty_type = [[History of England|Establishment]]
| sovereignty_note =
| established_event1 = [[Æthelstan#King of the English|Unification of Angles, Saxons and Danes]]
| established_date1 = By 12 July 927
| established_event2 = [[Acts of Union 1707|Union with Scotland]]
| established_date2 = 1 May 1707
| established_event3 =
| established_date3 =
| established_event4 =
| established_date4 =
| established_event5 =
| established_date5 =
| area_rank =
| area_label = Total{{efn|[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] Standard Area Measurement, 'total extent of the realm' (area to mean low water)}}
| area_km2 = 132932
| area_sq_mi = auto
| area_footnote =<ref name="ONS Standard Area Measurement">{{cite web |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about |title=Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK |author= |date=31 May 2024 |website=[[ONS Open Geography Portal|Open Geography Portal]] |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607052407/https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_label2 = Land{{efn|ONS Standard Area Measurement, 'area to mean high water excluding inland water'}}
| area_data2 = {{convert|{{UK subdivision area|GSS=E92000001}}|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name="ONS mid-year pop est"/>
| percent_water =
| population_estimate = {{UK subdivision population|GSS=E92000001}}<ref name="ONS mid-year pop est">{{UK subdivision statistics citation}}</ref>
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_estimate_year = {{UK subdivision statistics year}}
| population_census = 56,490,048<ref name="2021 Nomis" />
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = {{UK subdivision density|GSS=E92000001}}
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_density_rank =
| pop_den_footnote =<ref name="ONS mid-year pop est"/>
| GVA = £2.113 trillion
| GVA_rank =
| GVA_year = 2023
| GVA_per_capita = £36,632<ref name="ONS GVA">{{Cite web |title=Regional gross value added (balanced) per head and income components |date=24 April 2024 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedperheadandincomecomponents |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=Office for National Statistics |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605110645/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedperheadandincomecomponents |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GVA_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = £2.330 trillion
| GDP_nominal_rank =
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = £40,382<ref name="ONS GDP">{{Cite web |title=Regional gross domestic product: all ITL regions |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductallnutslevelregions |website=Office for National Statistics |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605111513/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductallnutslevelregions |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| Gini_year =
| Gini_change =
| Gini =
| Gini_ref =
| Gini_rank =
| HDI_year =
| HDI_change =
| HDI =
| HDI_ref =
| HDI_rank =
| utc_offset = +0
| cctld =
| official_website =
}}

'''England''' is a [[Countries of the United Kingdom|country]] that is part of the [[United Kingdom]]. It is located on the island of [[Great Britain]], of which it covers about 62%, and [[List of islands of England|more than 100 smaller adjacent islands]]. England shares [[Anglo-Scottish border|a land border]] with [[Scotland]] to the north and [[England–Wales border|another land border]] with [[Wales]] to the west, and is surrounded by the [[North Sea]] to the east, the [[English Channel]] to the south, the [[Celtic Sea]] to the south-west, and the [[Irish Sea]] to the west. [[Continental Europe]] lies to the south-east, and [[Ireland]] to the west. At the [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 census]], the population was 56,490,048. [[London]] is both [[List of urban areas in the United Kingdom|the largest city]] and the [[Capital city|capital]].

The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the [[Upper Paleolithic]]. It takes its name from the [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] tribe who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century and has had extensive [[Anglicisation|cultural and legal impact]] on the wider world since the [[Age of Discovery]], which began during the 15th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England – Culture |url=http://www.britainusa.com/sections/index_nt1.asp?i=41105&L1=41105&L2=41105&D=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516162153/http://www.britainusa.com/sections/index_nt1.asp?i=41105&L1=41105&L2=41105&D=0 |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=1 February 2009 |website=britainusa.com}}</ref> The [[Kingdom of England]], which included Wales after 1535, ceased to be a separate [[sovereign state]] on 1 May 1707, when the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] brought into effect a political union with the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] that created the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=William E. |last=Burns |title=A Brief History of Great Britain |page=[{{GBurl |id=Fjf4YynnC90C |pg=PT21}} xxi]}}; {{Cite web |title=Acts of Union 1707 |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny |access-date=27 January 2011 |website=parliament.uk |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227033859/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

England is the origin of the [[English language]], the [[English law|English legal system]] (which served as the basis for the [[common law]] systems of many other countries), [[association football]], and the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] branch of Christianity; [[Westminster system|its parliamentary system of government]] has been widely adopted by other nations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2009 |title=Country profile: United Kingdom |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1038758.stm |access-date=1 February 2009 |archive-date=9 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209181956/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1038758.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Industrial Revolution]] began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Industrial Revolution |url=http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_Warming/Older/Industrial_Revolution.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427080826/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_warming/older/Industrial_Revolution.html |archive-date=27 April 2008 |access-date=1 February 2009 |website=Ace.mmu.ac.uk}}</ref> England is home to the two [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest universities]] in the English-speaking world: the [[University of Oxford]], founded in 1096, and the [[University of Cambridge]], founded in 1209. Both universities are ranked amongst the most prestigious in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Willey |first1=Ed |date=4 October 2021 |title=What makes UK universities so popular? |url=https://camvision-edu.co.uk/what-makes-uk-universities-so-popular/ |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=CamVision Education |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528135754/https://camvision-edu.co.uk/what-makes-uk-universities-so-popular/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2022 |title=World University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225204846/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking |url-status=live }}</ref>

England's terrain chiefly consists of low hills and [[plain]]s, especially in the [[Midlands|centre]] and [[Southern England|south]]. Upland and mountainous terrain is mostly found in the [[Northern England|north]] and west, including [[Dartmoor]], the [[Lake District]], the [[Pennines]], and the [[Shropshire Hills]]. The [[London metropolitan area]] has a population of over 15 million as of 2025, representing the United Kingdom's largest metropolitan area. England's population of 56.3 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, largely concentrated around London, the [[South East England|South East]], and conurbations in the [[Midlands]], the [[North West England|North West]], the [[North East England|North East]], and [[Yorkshire]], which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century.<ref name="2011 census">[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_270487.pdf 2011 Census – Population and household estimates for England and Wales, March 2011] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_270487.pdf |date=5 January 2016 }}. Accessed 31 May 2013.</ref>

==Toponymy{{Anchor|Etymology}}==
{{See also|Toponymy of England}}

The name "England" is derived from the [[Old English]] name {{lang|ang|Englaland}}, which means "land of the [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]]".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=England |encyclopedia=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=England |access-date=21 July 2010 |archive-date=4 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404095642/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=England |url-status=live }}</ref> The Angles were one of the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] that settled in Great Britain during the [[Early Middle Ages]]. They came from the [[Angeln]] region of what is now the German state of [[Schleswig-Holstein]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ripley|1869|p=570}}.</ref> The earliest recorded use of the term, as "{{Lang|ang|Engla londe}}", is in the late-ninth-century translation into Old English of [[Bede]]'s ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]''. The term was then used to mean "the land inhabited by the English", and it included English people in what is now south-east Scotland but was then part of the English kingdom of [[Northumbria]]. The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' recorded that the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086 covered the whole of England, meaning the English kingdom, but a few years later the ''Chronicle'' stated that King [[Malcolm III]] went "out of Scotlande into [[Lothian]] in Englaland", thus using it in the more ancient sense.{{sfn|Molyneaux|2015|pp=6–7}}

The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by [[Tacitus]], ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'', in which the [[Latin]] word {{Lang|la|Anglii}} is used.<ref name="Fordham">{{Cite web |title=Germania |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/tacitus-germanygord.html |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=[[Tacitus]] |archive-date=16 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916075339/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/tacitus-germanygord.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an ''angular'' shape.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Angle |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50075354?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=Angle&first=1&max_to_show=10 |access-date=5 September 2009}}{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> How and why a term derived from the name of this tribe, rather than others such as the [[Saxons]], came to be used for the entire country is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain ''Angli Saxones'' or English Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) of Old Saxony in Germany.<ref>{{harvnb|Crystal|2004|pp=26–27}}</ref> In [[Scottish Gaelic]], the Saxon tribe gave their name to the word for England ({{lang|gd|Sasunn}});<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forbes |first=John |title=The Principles of Gaelic Grammar |publisher=Oliver, Boyd and Tweeddale |year=1848 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> similarly, the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] name for the English language is {{lang|cy|Saesneg}}. A romantic name for England is [[Lloegyr|Loegria]], related to the Welsh word for England, {{lang|cy|Lloegr}}, and made popular by its use in [[Arthurian legend]]. ''[[Albion]]'' is also applied to England in a more poetic capacity,<ref>{{harvnb|Foster|1988|p=9}}.</ref> though its original meaning is the island of Britain as a whole.

==History==
{{Main|History of England}}

{{For timeline|Timeline of English history}}

=== Prehistory ===
{{Main|Prehistoric Britain}}

[[File:Stonehenge, Condado de Wiltshire, Inglaterra, 2014-08-12, DD 18.JPG|alt=Sun shining through row of upright standing stones with other stones horizontally on the top.|thumb|[[Stonehenge]], a [[Neolithic]] monument]]

[[File:London - British Museum - 2453.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|The [[Battersea Shield]] is one of the most significant pieces of ancient [[Celtic art]] found in Britain.]]
The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of ''[[Homo antecessor]]'', dating to about 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2007 |title=500,000 BC – Boxgrove |url=http://www.archaeology.co.uk/the-timeline-of-britain/boxgrove.htm |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=Current Archaeology |publisher=Current Publishing |archive-date=27 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427044005/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/the-timeline-of-britain/boxgrove.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the [[Upper Paleolithic]] period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palaeolithic Archaeology Teaching Resource Box |url=http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~sgs04rh/SWRivers/Palaeolithic%20Archaeology%20Teaching%20Resource%20Box_Lifestyles_Basic.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505012542/http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~sgs04rh/SWRivers/Palaeolithic%20Archaeology%20Teaching%20Resource%20Box_Lifestyles_Basic.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=20 December 2010 |publisher=Palaeolithic Rivers of South-West Britain Project (2006)}}; {{Cite web |title=Chalk east |url=http://www.geo-east.org.uk/special_projects/eco_culture.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305032854/http://www.geo-east.org.uk/special_projects/eco_culture.htm |archive-date=5 March 2011 |access-date=20 December 2010 |publisher=A Geo East Project}}</ref> After the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]] only large mammals such as [[mammoth]]s, [[bison]] and [[woolly rhinoceros]] remained. Roughly 11,000 years ago, when the [[ice sheets]] began to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of the [[Iberian Peninsula]].{{Sfn|Oppenheimer|2006|p=173}} The sea level was lower than the present day and Britain was connected by [[land bridge]] to Ireland and [[Eurasia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tertiary Rivers: Tectonic and structural background |url=http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/tertiaryrivers/tectonics.html |access-date=9 September 2009 |publisher=University of Cambridge |archive-date=2 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002163021/http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/tertiaryrivers/tectonics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
As the seas rose, it was separated from Ireland 10,000 years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later. [[Early European Farmers|Neolithic farmers]] from the Iberian Peninsula [[Pre-modern human migration|migrated]] to the region around 4100 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brace |first1=Selina |last2=Diekmann |first2=Yoan |display-authors=1 |date=15 April 2019 |title=Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain |journal=[[Nature Ecology and Evolution]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=765–771|doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0871-9 |pmid=30988490 |pmc=6520225 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3..765B }}</ref>

The [[Beaker culture]] arrived around 2,500 BC, introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay, as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Function and significance of Bell Beaker pottery according to data from residue analyses |url=http://tp.revistas.csic.es/index.php/tp/article/viewFile/5/5 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216001112/http://tp.revistas.csic.es/index.php/tp/article/viewFile/5/5 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was during this time that major [[Neolithic]] monuments such as [[Stonehenge]] (phase III) and [[Avebury]] were constructed. By heating together tin and copper, which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people made [[bronze]], and later iron from iron ores. The development of iron [[smelting]] allowed the construction of better [[plough]]s, advancing agriculture (for instance, with [[Celtic field]]s), as well as the production of more effective weapons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Struan |url={{GBurl |id=bn88JPk_Fr0C |q=inventions in trade}} |title=Inventions and Trade. P.8 |date=1994 |publisher=James Lorimer & Company |isbn=978-0-921921-30-1 |access-date=23 December 2010}}</ref>

During the [[British Iron Age|Iron Age]], [[Celts|Celtic culture]], deriving from the [[Hallstatt culture|Hallstatt]] and [[La Tène culture]]s, arrived from Central Europe. [[British language (Celtic)|Brythonic]] was the spoken language during this time. Society was tribal; according to [[Ptolemy]]'s {{Lang|la|[[Geographia]]}} there were around 20 tribes in the area. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of the [[Roman Republic]] attempted to [[Caesar's invasions of Britain|invade twice]] in 55 BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up a [[Roman client kingdoms in Britain|client king]] from the [[Trinovantes]].

===Ancient history===

[[File:Housesteads Roman Fort aerial.jpg|thumb|[[Housesteads Roman Fort|Housesteads Roman fort]], Northumberland, the northern limit of Roman England]]
The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of Emperor [[Claudius]], subsequently [[Roman conquest of Britain|conquering much of Britain]], and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as [[Roman Britain|Britannia province]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=2 December 2000 |title=Dig uncovers Boudicca's brutal streak |work=The Observer |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/dec/03/jasonburke.theobserver |url-status=live |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031022061846/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0%2C6903%2C406152%2C00.html |archive-date=22 October 2003}}</ref> The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were the [[Catuvellauni]] led by [[Caratacus]]. Later, an uprising led by [[Boudica]], Queen of the [[Iceni]], ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at the [[Defeat of Boudica|Battle of Watling Street]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The Annals |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Tac.+Ann.+14.37&redirect=true |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=Alfred John Church, William Jackson Brudribh, Ed |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414232353/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Tac.+Ann.+14.37&redirect=true |url-status=live }}</ref> The author of one study of Roman Britain suggested that from 43 AD to 84 AD, the Roman invaders killed somewhere between 100,000 and 250,000 people from a population of perhaps 2,000,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=[[Pax Romana: War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World]] |date=2016 |publisher=Hachette UK |page=276}}</ref> This era saw a [[Greco-Roman]] culture prevail with the introduction of [[Roman law]], [[Roman architecture]], [[List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire|aqueducts]], [[Sanitation in ancient Rome|sewers]], many agricultural items and silk.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bedoyere |first=Guy |title=Architecture in Roman Britain |url=http://heritage-key.com/publication/architecture-roman-britain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012351/http://heritage-key.com/publication/architecture-roman-britain |archive-date=3 July 2009 |access-date=23 December 2010 |website=Heritage Key}}; {{Cite book |url={{GBurl |id=bylBAAAAIAAJ |q=roman law after roman invasion of britain |p=276}} |title=The History of Progress in Great Britain |volume=2 |first=Robert |last=Philip |access-date=23 December 2010 |date=1860}}; {{Cite book |url={{GBurl |id=1qiFEQ1tAHQC |q=roman occupation brought to britain a sewage system |pg=PT119}} |title=Medicine through time |publisher=Heinemann |first1=Bob |last1=Rees |first2=Paul |last2=Shute |first3=Nigel |last3=Kelly |access-date=24 December 2010 |isbn=978-0-435-30841-4 |year=2003}}</ref> In the 3rd century, Emperor [[Septimius Severus]] died at [[Eboracum]] (now [[York]]), where [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] was subsequently proclaimed emperor a century later.{{Sfn|Rankov|1994|p=16}}

There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, probably much earlier. According to [[Bede]], missionaries were sent from Rome by [[Pope Eleuterus|Eleutherius]] at the request of the chieftain [[Lucius of Britain]] in 180 AD, to settle differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials, which were disturbing the church. There are traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction through [[Joseph of Arimathea]], while others claim through Lucius of Britain.{{Sfn|Wright|2008|p=143}} By 410, during the [[decline of the Roman Empire]], Britain was left exposed by the [[end of Roman rule in Britain]] and the withdrawal of Roman army units, to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil wars.<ref name="james_anglosaxons" /> Celtic Christian monastic and missionary movements flourished. This period of Christianity was influenced by ancient Celtic culture in its sensibilities, polity, practices and theology. Local "congregations" were centred in the monastic community and monastic leaders were more like chieftains, as peers, rather than in the more hierarchical system of the Roman-dominated church.<ref name="Lehane">{{Cite book |last=Lehane |first=Brendan |title=Early Christian Christianity |date=1968 |publisher=John Murray}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
{{Main|England in the Middle Ages}}

[[File:Sutton Hoo replica (face).jpg|thumb|alt=Studded and decorated metallic mask of human face.|Replica of the 7th-century ceremonial [[Sutton Hoo helmet]] from the [[Kingdom of East Anglia]]]]

[[Military of ancient Rome|Roman military]] withdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Europe, chiefly the Saxons, [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], [[Jutes]] and Frisians who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province. These groups then began to settle in increasing numbers over the course of the fifth and sixth centuries, initially in the eastern part of the country.<ref name="james_anglosaxons">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Edward |title=Overview: Anglo-Saxons, 410 to 800 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/overview_anglo_saxons_01.shtml |access-date=3 December 2010 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608130648/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/overview_anglo_saxons_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at the [[Battle of Badon|Battle of Mount Badon]], but subsequently resumed, overrunning the fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area under [[Britons (historical)|Brittonic]] control to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as a [[Dark Age]]. Details of the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]] are consequently subject to considerable disagreement; the emerging consensus is that it occurred on a large scale in the south and east but was less substantial to the north and west, where Celtic languages continued to be spoken even in areas under Anglo-Saxon control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dark |first=Ken R. |date=2003 |title=Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD |url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/GCMS/RMS-2003-03_K._R._Dark%2C_Large-scale_population_movements_into_and_from_Britan_south_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_in_the_fourth_to_sixth_centuries_AD.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601080017/https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/GCMS/RMS-2003-03_K._R._Dark%2C_Large-scale_population_movements_into_and_from_Britan_south_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_in_the_fourth_to_sixth_centuries_AD.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2021 |access-date=20 June 2020 }}; {{Cite book |first=Toby F. |last=Martin |title=The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England |publisher=Boydell and Brewer Press |date=2015 |pages=174–178}}; {{Cite web |last=Coates |first=Richard |title=Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English |url=https://ul.qucosa.de/api/qucosa%3A31804/attachment/ATT-0/ |access-date=20 June 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308132851/https://ul.qucosa.de/api/qucosa:31804/attachment/ATT-0/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |last=Kortlandt |first=Frederik |year=2018 |title=Relative Chronology |url=https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art320e.pdf |access-date=20 June 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308144052/https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art320e.pdf |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Bethany |title=The P-Celtic Place Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland |url=http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html |access-date=20 June 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128062639/http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Härke, Heinrich 2011">{{Cite journal |last=Härke |first=Heinrich |date=2011 |title=Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis |journal=Medieval Archaeology |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1179/174581711X13103897378311 |s2cid=162331501 |issn=0076-6097}}</ref> Roman-dominated Christianity had, in general, been replaced in the conquered territories by [[Anglo-Saxon paganism]], but was [[Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England|reintroduced by missionaries]] from Rome led by [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] from 597.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Christian Tradition |url=http://www.picturesofengland.com/history/england-history-p4.html |access-date=5 September 2009 |website=PicturesofEngland.com |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134644/http://www.picturesofengland.com/history/england-history-p4.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Disputes between the Roman- and Celtic-dominated forms of Christianity ended in victory for the Roman tradition at the [[Council of Whitby]] (664), which was ostensibly about [[tonsure]]s (clerical haircuts) and the date of Easter, but more significantly, about the differences in Roman and Celtic forms of authority, theology, and practice.<ref name="Lehane" />

During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories, but by the 7th century, when substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available, these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms including [[Northumbria]], [[Mercia]], [[Wessex]], [[Kingdom of East Anglia|East Anglia]], [[Kingdom of Essex|Essex]], [[Kingdom of Kent|Kent]] and [[Kingdom of Sussex|Sussex]]. Over the following centuries, this process of political consolidation continued.{{Sfn|Kirby|2000|p=4}} The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence.{{Sfn|Lyon|1960|p=23}} In the early 9th century Mercia was displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex. Later in that century escalating attacks by the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]] culminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex under [[Alfred the Great]] was left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his successors, it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of the [[Danelaw]]. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished under [[Æthelstan]] in 927 and definitively established after further conflicts by [[Eadred]] in 953. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom by [[Sweyn Forkbeard]] in 1013 and again by his son [[Cnut the Great|Cnut]] in 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-lived [[North Sea Empire]] that also included [[Kingdom of Denmark|Denmark]] and [[Norway]]. However, the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession of [[Edward the Confessor]] in 1042.

[[File:King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415.|[[King Henry V of England|King Henry V]] at the [[Battle of Agincourt]], fought on [[Saint Crispin's Day]] and concluded with an English victory against a larger French army in the [[Hundred Years' War]]]]
A dispute over the succession to Edward led to an unsuccessful Norwegian Invasion in September 1066 close to York in the North, and the successful [[Norman Conquest]] in October 1066, accomplished by an army led by [[William the Conqueror|Duke William of Normandy]] invading at Hastings late September 1066.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview: The Normans, 1066–1154 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/overview_normans_01.shtml |access-date=3 December 2010 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504063954/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/overview_normans_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Normans]] themselves originated from [[Scandinavia]] and had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Crouch|2006|pp=2–4}}</ref> This conquest led to the almost total dispossession of the English elite and its replacement by a new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a profound and permanent effect on the English language.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2008 |title=Norman invasion word impact study |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/mid/7254446.stm |access-date=3 December 2010 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523091455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/mid/7254446.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Subsequently, the [[House of Plantagenet]] from [[Duchy of Anjou|Anjou]] inherited the English throne under [[Henry II of England|Henry II]], adding England to the budding [[Angevin Empire]] of fiefs the family had inherited in France including [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]].<ref name="Bartlett p124">{{harvnb|Bartlett|1999|p=124}}.</ref> They reigned for three centuries, some noted monarchs being [[Richard I of England|Richard I]], [[Edward I of England|Edward I]], [[Edward III]] and [[Henry V of England|Henry V]].<ref name="Bartlett p124" /> The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing of [[Magna Carta]], an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen. Catholic [[monasticism]] flourished, providing philosophers, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. The [[Principality of Wales]] became a Plantagenet fief during the 13th century<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward I (r. 1272–1307) |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/OutPut/Page61.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624181028/http://www.royal.gov.uk/OutPut/Page61.asp |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=21 September 2009 |website=Royal.gov.uk}}</ref> and the [[Lordship of Ireland]] was given to the English monarchy by the Pope. During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and the [[House of Valois]] claimed to be legitimate claimants to the [[House of Capet]] and of France; the two powers clashed in the [[Hundred Years' War]].{{Sfn|Fowler|1967|p=208}} The [[Black Death]] epidemic [[Black Death in England|hit England]]; starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England's [[Medieval demography|inhabitants]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ziegler|2003|p=230}}; {{harvnb|Goldberg|1996|p=4}}.</ref>

Between 1453 and 1487, a civil war known as the [[War of the Roses]] waged between the two branches of the royal family, the [[House of York|Yorkists]] and [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrians]].{{Sfn|Crofton|2007|p=111}} Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family the [[House of Tudor|Tudors]], a branch of the Lancastrians headed by [[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor]] who invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]] where the Yorkist king [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was killed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard III (r. 1483–1485) |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page50.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080710093939/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page50.asp |archive-date=10 July 2008 |access-date=21 September 2009 |website=Royal.gov.uk}}</ref>

===Early modern period===
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During the [[Tudor period]], England began to develop [[English Navy|naval skills]], and exploration intensified in the [[Age of Discovery]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Navy History, Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy |url=http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118040146/http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=usurped |access-date=24 December 2010}}; {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Goldwin |url={{GBurl |id=RdOTQUDgH54C |q=england under the tudors by goldwin smith}} |title=England Under the Tudors |page=176 |publisher=Forgotten Books |access-date=26 December 2010 |isbn=978-1-60620-939-4}}</ref> [[Henry VIII]] broke from communion with the Catholic Church, over issues relating to his divorce, under the [[Acts of Supremacy]] in 1534 which proclaimed the monarch head of the [[Church of England]]. In contrast with much of European [[Protestantism]], the [[English Reformation|roots of the split]] were more political than theological.{{Efn|As [[Roger Scruton]] explains, "The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the "Reformation Parliament" of 1529–36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican Church did not make substantial change in doctrine until later."{{Sfn|Scruton|1982|p=470}}}} He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542|1535–1542 acts]]. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters, [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] and [[Elizabeth I]]. The former took the country back to Catholicism while the latter broke from it again, forcefully asserting the supremacy of [[Anglicanism]]. The [[Elizabethan era]] is the epoch in the Tudor age of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I ("the Virgin Queen"). Historians often depict it as the [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] in English history that represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of great art, drama, poetry, music and literature.<ref>From the 1944 Clark lectures by [[C. S. Lewis]]; Lewis, ''English Literature in the Sixteenth Century'' (Oxford, 1954) p. 1, {{OCLC|256072}}</ref> England during this period had a centralised, well-organised, and effective government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tudor Parliaments |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/TUDparliament.htm |access-date=4 April 2021 |website=Spartacus Educational |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201000058/https://spartacus-educational.com/TUDparliament.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Competing with [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorer [[Walter Raleigh]] in [[Virginia]] and named [[Roanoke Colony|Roanoke]]. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony after it was found abandoned on the return of the late-arriving supply ship.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ordahl |first=Karen |url={{GBurl |id=W8cr4Vgt9ekC |q=roanoke colony}} |title=Roanak:the abandoned colony |year=2007 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield publishers Inc |isbn=978-0-7425-5263-0 |access-date=24 December 2010}}</ref> With the [[East India Company]], England also competed with the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] and [[French colonial empire|French]] in the East. During the Elizabethan period, England was at war with Spain. An [[Spanish Armada|armada]] sailed from Spain in 1588 as part of a wider plan to invade England and re-establish a Catholic monarchy. The plan was thwarted by bad coordination, stormy weather and successful harrying attacks by an English fleet under [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham|Lord Howard of Effingham]]. This failure did not end the threat: Spain launched two further armadas, in [[2nd Spanish Armada|1596]] and [[3rd Spanish Armada|1597]], but both were driven back by storms.

===Union with Scotland===
{{further|Union of the Crowns|Treaty of Union}}
[[File:JamesIEngland (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=.7|[[King of Scotland]], [[King James VI of Scotland|James VI]], became [[King of England]] as James I in 1603, forming the [[Union of the Crowns]]]]

The political structure of the island changed in 1603, when the [[King of Scots]], [[James VI of Scotland|James VI]], a kingdom which had been a long-time rival to English interests, inherited the throne of England as James I, thereby creating a [[Union of the Crowns|personal union]].<ref name="Britons">{{harvnb|Colley|1992|p=12}}; {{Cite web |title=Making the Act of Union |work=Act of Union 1707 |url=http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/01_background.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609075346/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/01_background.html |archive-date=9 June 2008 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> He styled himself [[King of Great Britain]], although this had no basis in English law.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hay |first=Denys |title=The term 'Great Britain' in the Middle Ages |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_089/89_055_066.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325061737/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_089/89_055_066.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 |access-date=19 February 2009 |website=ads.ahds.ac.uk}}</ref> Under the auspices of James VI and I the Authorised [[King James Version]] of the Holy Bible was published in 1611. It was the standard version of the Bible read by most Protestant Christians for four hundred years until modern revisions were produced in the 20th century.

Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, the [[English Civil War]] was fought between the supporters of [[Long Parliament|Parliament]] and those of King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], known colloquially as [[Roundhead]]s and [[Cavalier]]s respectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifaceted [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]], involving [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]]. The Parliamentarians were victorious, [[execution of Charles I|Charles I was executed]] and the kingdom replaced by the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]]. Leader of the Parliament forces, [[Oliver Cromwell]] declared himself [[Lord Protector]] in 1653; a period of [[the Protectorate|personal rule]] followed.<ref name="O Cromwell">{{Cite web |title=Oliver Cromwell (English statesman) |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143822/Oliver-Cromwell |access-date=8 August 2009 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |archive-date=11 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511074852/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143822/Oliver-Cromwell |url-status=live }}</ref> After Cromwell's death and the resignation of his son [[Richard Cromwell|Richard]] as Lord Protector, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] was invited to return as monarch in 1660, in a move called the [[English Restoration|Restoration]]. With the reopening of theatres, fine arts, literature and performing arts flourished throughout the Restoration of the "Merry Monarch" Charles II.<ref>Lyndsey Bakewell, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200212175057/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5c52/dfd2b876951f2d9ca982a2aa2460f52c228f.pdf Changing scenes and flying machines: re-examination of spectacle and the spectacular in Restoration theatre, 1660–1714]" (PhD. Diss. Loughborough University, 2016).</ref> After the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688, it was constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with the [[Bill of Rights 1689|Bill of Rights]] in 1689. Amongst the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the prior approval of Parliament.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adler |first1=Philip J. |url={{GBurl |id=mPoqfoiIp4sC |q=with the restoration it was not constitutionally established that king and parliament should rule together |p=340}} |title=World Civilization |last2=Pouwels |first2=Randall L. |date=2007 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-50262-3 |page=340 |access-date=24 December 2010}}</ref> Also since that time, no British monarch has entered the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] when it is sitting, which is annually commemorated at the [[State Opening of Parliament]] by the British monarch when the doors of the House of Commons are slammed in the face of the monarch's messenger, symbolising the rights of Parliament and its independence from the monarch.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/guides/newsid_81000/81909.stm "Democracy Live: Black Rod"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715075506/http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/guides/newsid_81000/81909.stm |date=15 July 2011 }}. BBC. Retrieved 6 August 2008; {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Black Rod|volume=4}}</ref> With the founding of the [[Royal Society]] in 1660, science was greatly encouraged.

[[File:Charles II of England.jpeg|thumb|upright=.7|alt=Painting of seated male figure, with long black hair wearing a white cape and breeches.|The [[English Restoration]] restored the monarchy under King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] and peace after the [[English Civil War]].]]

In 1666 the [[Great Fire of London]] gutted the city of London, but it was rebuilt shortly afterward with many significant buildings designed by Sir [[Christopher Wren]].<ref>{{cite news |title=London's Burning: The Great Fire |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/great_fire_02.shtml |access-date=25 September 2009 |work=BBC News |archive-date=25 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825111257/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/great_fire_02.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> By the mid-to-late 17th century, two political factions had emerged – the [[Tory|Tories]] and [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]]. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic king [[James II of England|James II]], some of them, along with the Whigs, during the [[Glorious Revolution|Revolution of 1688]] invited the Dutch [[William III of England|Prince William of Orange]] to defeat James and become the king. Some English people, especially in the north, were [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]] and continued to support James and his sons. Under the [[House of Stuart|Stuart dynasty]] England expanded in trade, finance and prosperity. The Royal Navy developed Europe's largest merchant fleet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History Press {{!}} The Stuarts |url=https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/the-stuarts |access-date=11 April 2021 |website=thehistorypress.co.uk}}</ref> After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed,<ref name="Union with Scotland" /> the two countries joined in [[political union]], to create the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] in 1707.<ref name="Britons" /> To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national churches of each remained separate.{{Sfn|Gallagher|2006|p=14}}

===Late modern and contemporary periods===
[[File:CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg|thumb|left|The [[River Thames]] during the [[Georgian period]] from the Terrace of Somerset House looking towards St. Paul's, {{Circa|1750}}]]

Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and other [[English Enlightenment|English initiatives]] combined with the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] to create innovations in science and engineering, while the enormous growth in [[Triangular trade|British overseas trade]] protected by the [[Royal Navy]] paved the way for the establishment of the [[British Empire]]. Domestically it drove the [[Industrial Revolution]], a period of profound change in the [[socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] and cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudson, Pat |title=The Workshop of the World |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml |access-date=10 December 2010 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015200153/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The opening of Northwest England's [[Bridgewater Canal]] in 1761 ushered in the [[History of the British canal system|canal age in Britain]].<ref name="Briton20015">{{Harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|p=5}}; {{harvnb|McNeil|Nevell|2000|p=4}}.</ref> In 1825 the world's first permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway – the [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]] – opened to the public.<ref name="Briton20015" />

During the [[Industrial Revolution]], many workers moved from England's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories, for instance at [[Birmingham]] and [[Manchester]],<ref>{{Harvnb|McNeil|Nevell|2000|p=9}}.; {{Cite web |last=Birmingham City Council |author-link=Birmingham City Council |title=Heritage |url=http://www.visitbirmingham.com/arts_and_culture/heritage/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426080011/http://www.visitbirmingham.com/arts_and_culture/heritage/ |archive-date=26 April 2012 |access-date=4 October 2009 |website=visitbirmingham.com}}</ref> with the latter the world's first industrial city.<ref name="Industrial city">{{Cite web |title=Manchester – the first industrial city |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/energyhall/page84.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309184810/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/energyhall/page84.asp |archive-date=9 March 2012 |access-date=17 March 2012 |publisher=Entry on Sciencemuseum website}}</ref> England maintained relative stability throughout the [[French Revolution]], under [[George III]] and [[William Pitt the Younger]]. The [[Regency era|regency of George IV]] is noted for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts and architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regency {{!}} British Architectural Dates and Styles {{!}} Property {{!}} UK {{!}} Mayfair Office |url=https://www.mayfairoffice.co.uk/members-home/British-Architectural-Styles/British-Architectural-Styles-Regency |access-date=8 April 2021 |website=mayfairoffice.co.uk |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417084322/https://www.mayfairoffice.co.uk/members-home/British-Architectural-Styles/British-Architectural-Styles-Regency |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], [[Napoleon]] planned to [[Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom|invade from the south-east]]; however, this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British: at sea by [[Horatio Nelson]], and on land by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]]. The major victory at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]] confirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century.<ref>Bennet, Geoffrey (2004). ''The Battle of Trafalgar''. England: Pen & Sword Books Limited, CPI UK, South Yorkshire.</ref> The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept of [[Britishness]] and a united national [[British people]], shared with the English, Scots and Welsh.<ref name="Colley1">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=1}}.</ref>

[[File:Turner, The Battle of Trafalgar (1822).jpg|alt=multi-storey square industrial buildings beyond a river|thumb|right|The [[Battle of Trafalgar]] was a naval engagement between the [[Royal Navy]] and the combined fleets of France and Spain during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=Department of History – Napoleonic Wars |url=http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/Napoleonic%20Wars.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728203458/http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/Napoleonic%20Wars.aspx |archive-date=28 July 2014 |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref>]]

London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during the [[Victorian era]], and trade within the British Empire – as well as the standing of the British military and navy – was prestigious.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haggard |first=Robert F. |url={{GBurl |id=53VUwDw_UYMC |q=prestige of the british empire in victorian times |p=13}} |title=The persistence of Victorian liberalism:The Politics of Social Reform in Britain, 1870–1900 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-313-31305-9 |page=13 |access-date=26 December 2010}}</ref> Technologically, this era saw many innovations that proved key to the United Kingdom's power and prosperity.<ref name="Atterbury 2011">{{Cite web |last=Atterbury |first=Paul |date=17 February 2011 |title=Victorian Technology |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/victorian_technology_01.shtml |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232436/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/victorian_technology_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Political agitation at home from radicals such as the [[Chartism|Chartists]] and the [[suffragette]]s enabled legislative reform and [[universal suffrage]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crawford, Elizabeth |title=Women: From Abolition to the Vote |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/abolition_women_article_01.shtml#five |access-date=10 December 2010 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323211733/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/abolition_women_article_01.shtml#five |url-status=live }}</ref>

Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]].{{Efn|Figure of 550,000 military deaths is for England and Wales.{{Sfn|Cox|1970|p=180}}}} Two decades later, in [[World War II]], the United Kingdom was again one of the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids during [[the Blitz]]. Following the war, the British Empire experienced rapid [[decolonisation]], and there was a speeding-up of technological innovations; automobiles became the primary means of transport and [[Frank Whittle]]'s development of the [[jet engine]] led to wider [[air travel]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Golley, John |date=10 August 1996 |title=Obituaries: Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle |work=The Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaries-air-commodore-sir-frank-whittle-1309015.html |access-date=2 December 2010 |archive-date=13 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713230112/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaries-air-commodore-sir-frank-whittle-1309015.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring, and by the creation of the [[National Health Service (England)|National Health Service]] in 1948, providing [[publicly funded health care]] to all permanent residents free at the point of need. Combined, these prompted the reform of [[local government in England]] in the mid-20th century.<ref>{{Harvnb|Clark|Steed|Marshall|1973|p=1}}; {{Harvnb|Wilson|Game|2002|p=55}}.</ref>

[[File:Frith A Private View.jpg|thumb|The [[Victorian era]] is often cited as a [[Golden Age]]. Painting done by [[William Powell Frith]] to show cultural divisions. ]]

Since the 20th century, there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of the [[British Isles]], but also from the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], particularly the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gallagher|2006|pp=10–11}}.</ref> Since the 1970s there has been a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on the [[service industry]].<ref name="Thatcher" /> As part of the United Kingdom, the area joined a [[common market]] initiative called the [[European Economic Community]] which became the [[European Union]].

Since the late 20th century the [[politics of the United Kingdom|administration of the United Kingdom]] has moved towards [[devolution|devolved governance]] in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keating |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Keating (political scientist) |date=1 January 1998 |title=Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom |journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism |volume=28 |issue=1 |page=217 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029948}}</ref> [[England and Wales]] continues to exist as a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.<ref name="BBC Wales">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=The coming of the Tudors and the Act of Union |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/guide/ch11_part2_coming_of_the_tudor.shtml |access-date=9 September 2009 |website=[[BBC Wales]] |publisher=BBC News |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504063951/https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/guide/ch11_part2_coming_of_the_tudor.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism.<ref>{{harvnb|Kenny|English|Hayton|2008|p=3}}; {{Harvnb|Ward|2004|p=180}}.</ref> There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected by [[2004 North East England devolution referendum|referendum]].<ref name="The Times 2004-11-05" />

==Governance==
===Politics===
{{Main|Politics of England}}

England is part of the United Kingdom,<ref name="ONS Geography Guide">{{cite web |author= |date=4 February 2025 |title=A Beginner's Guide to UK Geography (2023) |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/d1f39e20edb940d58307a54d6e1045cd/about |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Open Geography Portal |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> a [[constitutional monarchy]] with a [[parliamentary system]].<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=United Kingdom|access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref> There has not been a [[government of England]] since 1707, when the [[Acts of Union 1707]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Act of Union between England and Scotland |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Act-of-Union/ |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Historic UK |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409121241/https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Act-of-Union/ |url-status=live }}</ref> putting into effect the terms of the [[Treaty of Union]], joined England and Scotland to form the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]].<ref name="Union with Scotland">{{Cite web |title=The first Parliament of Great Britain |url=http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/08_02_great.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621165514/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/08_02_great.html |archive-date=21 June 2008 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=Parliament}}</ref> Before the union England was ruled by [[List of English monarchs|its monarch]] and the [[Parliament of England]].
[[File:Palace of Westminster, London - Feb 2007.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of rectangular floodlight building, reflected in water. The building has multiple towers including one at each end. The tower on the right includes an illuminated clock face.|right|The [[Palace of Westminster]], the seat of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] in which England is directly governed]]

England is governed directly by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], although other [[countries of the United Kingdom]] have [[Devolution|devolved]] governments.<ref name="Devolution">{{Cite web |last=Cabinet Office |author-link=Cabinet Office |date=26 March 2009 |title=Devolution in the United Kingdom |url=http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/devolution.aspx |access-date=16 August 2009 |publisher=cabinetoffice.gov.uk |archive-date=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125172918/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/devolution.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> There has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. Originally it was planned that various [[regions of England]] would be devolved, but following the proposal's rejection by the [[North East England|North East]] in a [[2004 North East England devolution referendum|2004 referendum]], this has not been carried out.<ref name="The Times 2004-11-05" /> In 2024, an England-only intergovernmental body, known as the [[Mayoral Council for England]], was established to bring together ministers from the [[UK Government]], the [[Mayor of London]] and the leaders of [[Combined authority|combined authorities]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/deputy-prime-minister-launches-first-ever-mayoral-council |title=Deputy Prime Minister launches first-ever Mayoral Council |access-date=12 October 2024 |archive-date=18 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218165658/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/deputy-prime-minister-launches-first-ever-mayoral-council |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] which is the [[lower house]] of the British Parliament based at the [[Palace of Westminster]], there are 543 members of parliament (MPs) for constituencies in England, out of the 650 total.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lists of MPs |url=http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/mps/ |access-date=21 May 2009 |publisher=Parliament.uk |archive-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104174226/http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/mps/ |url-status=live }}</ref> England is represented by 347 MPs from the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], 116 from the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], 65 from the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]], four for [[Reform UK]] and four for the [[Green Party of England and Wales]].<ref>{{cite web|title=State of the parties|url=https://members.parliament.uk/parties/commons|access-date=31 July 2025|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119041224/https://members.parliament.uk/parties/Commons|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Law===
{{Main|English law}}

[[File:Royal Courts of Justice (6201094569).jpg|thumb|The [[Royal Courts of Justice]]|left]]

The [[English law]] legal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis of [[common law]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Common Law |url=http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=248 |access-date=5 October 2013 |website=The People's Law Dictionary |publisher=ALM Media Properties |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211034648/https://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=248 |url-status=live }}</ref> legal systems used in most [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2000 |title=The Common Law in the British Empire |url=http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~law/ASLH/conferences/2000conference/101900345b.htm |access-date=20 August 2011 |publisher=H-net.msu.edu |archive-date=21 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921085926/http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~law/ASLH/conferences/2000conference/101900345b.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and the United States (except [[Louisiana]]). Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of the [[Courts of England and Wales]] continued, under the [[Treaty of Union]], as a separate legal system from [[Scots law|the one used in Scotland]]. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of [[legal precedent]] – ''stare decisis'' – to the facts before them.<ref>{{harvnb|Fafinski|2007|p=60}}.</ref>

The court system is headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of the [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales|Court of Appeal]], the [[High Court of Justice]] for civil cases, and the [[Crown Court]] for criminal cases.<ref>{{harvnb|Fafinski|2007|p=127}}.</ref> The [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]] is the highest court for criminal and civil cases in [[England and Wales]]. It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over the [[judicial functions of the House of Lords]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom |url=http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/supremecourt/supreme.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090117132005/http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/supremecourt/supreme.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=DCA.gov.uk}}</ref> A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions.<ref>{{harvnb|Fafinski|2007|p=67}}.</ref>

The [[Secretary of State for Justice]] is the minister responsible to Parliament for the [[Judiciaries of the United Kingdom|judiciary]], the court system and prisons and probation in England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/secretary-of-state-for-justice |website=GOV.UK |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202015058/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/secretary-of-state-for-justice |url-status=live }}</ref> Crime increased between 1981 and 1995 but fell by 42% in the period 1995–2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crime over the last 25 years |url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/crime0607summ.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324214809/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/crime0607summ.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=HomeOffice.gov.uk}}</ref> The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it one of the [[List of countries by incarceration rate|highest incarceration rates]] in Western Europe at 147 per 100,000.<ref name="Crime BBC">{{Cite news |date=8 February 2008 |title=New record high prison population |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7235438.stm |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112123133/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7235438.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[His Majesty's Prison Service]], reporting to the [[Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Justice]], manages most prisons, housing 81,309 prisoners in England and Wales {{As of|2022|September|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Offender management statistics quarterly: April to June 2022 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/offender-management-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2022/offender-management-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2022 |access-date=14 November 2022 |website=GOV.UK |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129225008/https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/offender-management-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2022/offender-management-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Subdivisions===
{{Main|Subdivisions of England}}

{{See also|Regions of England|Combined authority|Counties of England|Districts of England}}
{{England Ceremonial Counties Labelled Map|Londonprefix = Greater|WMsuffix = (county)|float=center|width=400}}

The [[subdivisions of England]] consist of up to four levels of [[administrative division|subnational division]], controlled through a variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes of [[local government in England|local government]].

Outside the London region, England's highest tier is the 48 [[Ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial counties]].<ref name="britannicagov">{{harvnb|Encyclopædia Britannica|2002|p=100}}</ref> These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference. Of these, 38 developed gradually since the [[Middle Ages]]; these were reformed to 51 in 1974 and to their current number in 1996.<ref name="maud">{{harvnb|Redcliffe-Maud|Wood|1974}}.</ref> Each has a [[Lord Lieutenant]] and [[High Sheriff]]; these posts are used to represent the [[British monarch]] locally.<ref name="britannicagov" /> Some counties, such as [[Herefordshire]], are only divided further into civil parishes. The royal county of Berkshire and the metropolitan counties have different types of status to other ceremonial counties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=abcounties.com |date=26 June 2013 |title=The problem of 'county confusion' – and how to resolve it |url=https://abcounties.com/counties/county-confusion/ |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=Association of British Counties |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103020800/https://abcounties.com/counties/county-confusion/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The second tier is made up of [[combined authorities]] and the 27 [[County Council|county-tier]] [[shire counties]]. In 1974, all ceremonial counties were two-tier; and with the metropolitan county tier phased out, the 1996 reform separated the ceremonial county and the administrative county tier.

England is also divided into local government districts.<ref name="localgov">{{harvnb|Singh|2009|p=53}}.</ref> The district can align to a ceremonial county, or be a district tier within a [[shire counties|shire county]], be a [[royal borough|royal]] or [[metropolitan borough]], have [[Borough status in the United Kingdom|borough]] or [[city status in the United Kingdom|city status]], or be a [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authority]].

At the community level, much of England is divided into [[civil parishes in England|civil parishes]] with their own [[Parish councils in England|councils]]; in Greater London only one such parish, [[Queen's Park, London|Queen's Park]], exists {{as of|2014|lc=y}} after they were [[London Government Act 1963|abolished in 1965]] until legislation [[Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007|allowed their recreation]] in 2007.

====London====
From 1994 until the early 2010s England was divided for a few purposes into regions; a [[1998 Greater London Authority referendum|1998 referendum]] for the London Region created the [[London Assembly]] two years later.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cooper |first=Hilary |date=29 March 2011 |title=Tiers shed as regional government offices disappear |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/mar/29/regional-government-disappears-1500-jobs-lost |access-date=16 June 2011 |archive-date=2 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402084945/http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2011/mar/29/regional-government-disappears-1500-jobs-lost |url-status=live }}</ref> A failed [[2004 North East England devolution referendum]] cancelled further [[Regional Assemblies in England|regional assembly]] devolution<ref name="The Times 2004-11-05">{{Cite news |last1=Sherman |first1=Jill |last2=Andrew Norfolk |date=5 November 2004 |title=Prescott's dream in tatters as North East rejects assembly |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article503255.ece |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525121618/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article503255.ece |archive-date=25 May 2010}}</ref> with the regional structure outside London abolished.

Administratively, London is divided between 33 [[local government districts]]: the 32 [[London boroughs]] and the [[City of London]].<ref>{{harvnb|Axford|2002|p=315}}.</ref> The 32 London boroughs form the ceremonial county of Greater London, with the City of London being a separate ceremonial county.

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of England}}

===Landscape and rivers===
[[File:Malvern Hills - England.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Malvern Hills]] located in the English counties of [[Worcestershire]] and [[Herefordshire]]. The hills have been designated by the Countryside Agency as an [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]]. ]]
Geographically, England includes the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as the [[Isle of Wight]] and the [[Isles of Scilly]]. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom: [[Anglo Scottish border|to the north]] by Scotland and [[Wales-England border|to the west]] by Wales.

England is closer than any other part of mainland Britain to the European continent. It is separated from [[France]] ([[Hauts-de-France]]) by a {{convert|21|mi|adj=on}}<ref name="Engchannel">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=English Channel |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187921/English-Channel |access-date=15 August 2009 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=britannica.com |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502222618/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187921/English-Channel |url-status=live }}</ref> sea gap, though the two countries are connected by the [[Channel Tunnel]] near [[Folkestone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcAboutUs/ukm/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116055538/http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcAboutUs/ukm/history.htm |archive-date=16 November 2008 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=EuroTunnel.com}}</ref> England also has shores on the [[Irish Sea]], [[North Sea]] and Atlantic Ocean.

The ports of London, [[Liverpool]], and [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] lie on the tidal rivers [[River Thames|Thames]], [[River Mersey|Mersey]] and [[River Tyne|Tyne]] respectively. At {{convert|220|mi}}, the [[River Severn|Severn]] is the longest river flowing through England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The River Severn |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/west/severn-river/ |access-date=5 December 2010 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=11 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011115541/http://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/west/severn-river/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It empties into the [[Bristol Channel]] and is notable for its [[Severn Bore]] (a [[tidal bore]]), which can reach {{convert|2|m|ft}} in height.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Severn Bore and Trent Aegir |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/recreation/31439.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122125420/http://environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/recreation/31439.aspx |archive-date=22 November 2010 |access-date=5 December 2010 |publisher=Environment Agency}}</ref> However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is {{convert|215|mi}} in length.<ref name="Thames">{{Cite web |title=River Thames and London (England) |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-home/related-139-94056-articles-reviews/River+Thames-London+(England)/related.do |access-date=17 August 2009 |website=London Evening Standard |location=London}}{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> There are many [[lakes in England]]; the largest is [[Windermere]], within the aptly named [[Lake District]].<ref name="metoffice_nw">{{Cite web |title=North West England & Isle of Man: climate |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/nw/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003213/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/nw/ |archive-date=5 June 2011 |access-date=5 December 2010 |publisher=Met Office}}</ref>

Most of England's landscape consists of low hills and plains, with upland and mountainous terrain in the north and west of the country. The northern uplands include the [[Pennines]], a chain of uplands dividing east and west, the Lake District mountains in Cumbria, and the [[Cheviot Hills]], straddling the border between England and Scotland. The highest point in England, at {{convert|978|m|ft}}, is [[Scafell Pike]] in the Lake District.<ref name="metoffice_nw" /> The [[Shropshire Hills]] are near Wales while [[Dartmoor]] and [[Exmoor]] are two upland areas in the south-west of the country. The approximate dividing line between terrain types is often indicated by the [[Tees–Exe line]].<ref>{{Cite book |url={{GBurl |id=yAgGHnENHjoC |q=tees exe line england lowland upland |p=100}} |title=World Regional Geography |date=2008 |publisher=Joseph J. Hobbs |isbn=978-0-495-38950-7 |access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Glenridding, Cumbria, England - June 2009.jpg|thumb|The village of [[Glenridding]] and [[Ullswater]] in [[Cumbria]]]]

The Pennines, known as the "backbone of England", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of the [[Paleozoic Era]] around 300 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pennines |url=http://www.summitpost.org/area/range/220026/pennines.html |access-date=8 September 2009 |publisher=Smmit Post |archive-date=19 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719235117/http://www.summitpost.org/area/range/220026/pennines.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Their geological composition includes, amongst others, [[sandstone]] and [[limestone]], and also coal. There are [[karst]] landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of [[Yorkshire]] and [[Derbyshire]]. The Pennine landscape is high [[moorland]] in upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain two [[national parks in England|national parks]], the [[Yorkshire Dales]] and the [[Peak District]]. In the [[West Country]], Dartmoor and Exmoor of the Southwest Peninsula include upland moorland supported by granite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Parks – About us |url=http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/aboutus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027162402/http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/aboutus |archive-date=27 October 2010 |access-date=5 December 2010 |publisher=nationalparks.gov.uk}}</ref>

The [[English Lowlands beech forests|English Lowlands]] are in the central and southern regions of the country, consisting of green rolling hills, including the [[Cotswold Hills]], [[Chiltern Hills]], [[North Downs|North]] and [[South Downs]]; where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as the [[cliffs of Dover]]. This also includes relatively flat plains such as the [[Salisbury Plain]], [[Somerset Levels]], [[South Coast Plain]] and [[The Fens]].

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of England}}

England has a [[temperate climate|temperate]] [[maritime climate]]: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than {{convert|0|°C|°F}} in winter and not much higher than {{convert|32|°C|°F}} in summer.<ref name="weather">{{Cite web |title=What is the Climate like in Britain? |url=http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/weather/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114052538/http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/weather/ |archive-date=14 January 2010 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=Woodlands Kent}}</ref> The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on the [[Geography of the United Kingdom|English coast]], while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October.<ref name="weather" /> Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year.

Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to the [[Atlantic Ocean]], its northern [[latitude]] and the warming of the sea by the [[Gulf Stream]].<ref name="weather" /> Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of the [[Lake District]] receive more rain than anywhere else in the country.<ref name="weather" /> Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was {{convert|40.3|°C|°F}} on 19 July 2022 at [[Coningsby]], [[Lincolnshire]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Record high temperatures verified |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2022/record-high-temperatures-verified |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=Met Office |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807200218/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2022/record-high-temperatures-verified |url-status=live }}</ref> while the lowest was {{convert|−26.1|°C|°F}} on 10 January 1982 in [[Edgmond, Shropshire|Edgmond]], Shropshire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=English Climate |url=http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/location/england/#temperature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829161614/http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/location/england/ |archive-date=29 August 2008 |publisher=MetOffice.com}}</ref>

===Nature and wildlife===
{{main|Fauna of England}}

[[File:Eurasian Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes), Icklesham, Sussex.jpg|thumb|The [[Eurasian wren]], the most numerous bird species in England<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2020 |title=It's official – the Wren is our commonest bird |url=https://www.bto.org/press-releases/it%E2%80%99s-official-%E2%80%93-wren-our-commonest-bird |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=BTO |last1=Ornithology |first1=British Trust for |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112190916/https://www.bto.org/press-releases/it%E2%80%99s-official-%E2%80%93-wren-our-commonest-bird |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

The fauna of England is similar to that of other areas in the [[British Isles]] with a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate life in a diverse range of habitats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural History Museum |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/british-wildlife.html |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713112232/https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/british-wildlife.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[National nature reserves in England]] are designated by [[Natural England]] as key places for [[wildlife]] and natural features in England. They were established to protect the most significant areas of habitat and of geological formations. NNRs are managed on behalf of the nation, many by Natural England themselves, but also by non-governmental organisations, including the members of [[The Wildlife Trusts]] partnership, the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]], and the [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]]. There are 221 NNRs in England covering {{Convert|110000|ha|km2|abbr=off}}. Often they contain rare species or nationally important populations of plants and animals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural England: Designated sites |url=https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/ReportConditionSummary.aspx?SiteType=NNR |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825034122/https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/ReportConditionSummary.aspx?SiteType=NNR |archive-date=25 August 2021 |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref>
.
The [[Environment Agency]] is a non-departmental public body, established in 1995 and sponsored by the [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]] with responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environment Agency |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environment-agency |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=GOV.UK |archive-date=2 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402170230/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environment-agency |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]] is the minister responsible for environmental protection, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs – GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/secretary-of-state-for-environment-food-and-rural-affairs |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=gov.uk |archive-date=5 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405111005/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/secretary-of-state-for-environment-food-and-rural-affairs |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Richmond Park - London - England - 02102005.jpg|thumb|[[Red deer]] in [[Richmond Park]]. The park was created by [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] in the 17th century as a [[Deer park (England)|deer park]].<ref name="Pastscape">{{PastScape|mnumber=397979|mname=Richmond Park|date=2015|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref>]]
England has a [[Oceanic climate|temperate oceanic climate]] in most areas, lacking extremes of cold or heat, but does have a few small areas of [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] and warmer areas in [[South West England|the South West]]. Towards the [[Northern England|North of England]] the climate becomes colder and most of England's mountains and high hills are located here and have a major impact on the climate and thus the local fauna of the areas. [[Deciduous]] woodlands are common across all of England and provide a great habitat for much of England's wildlife, but these give way in northern and upland areas of England to [[coniferous]] forests (mainly plantations) which also benefit certain forms of wildlife. Some species have adapted to the expanded urban environment, particularly the [[red fox]], which is the most successful [[Urban wildlife|urban mammal]] after the [[brown rat]], and other animals such as [[common wood pigeon]], both of which thrive in urban and suburban areas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2012 |title=Mammals in Britain's cities: A spotter's guide – in pictures {{pipe}} Urban wildlife |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/gallery/2012/may/17/mammals-britains-cities-spotters-guide}}</ref>

===Major conurbations===
{{See also|List of places in England}}

The [[Greater London Built-up Area]] is by far the largest urban area in England<ref name="BUA">{{Cite web |title=2011 Census – Built-up areas |url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx |access-date=5 February 2014 |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921045319/http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> and one of the busiest cities in the world. It is considered a [[global city]] and has a population larger than any other country in the United Kingdom besides England itself.<ref name="BUA" /> Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be in [[northern England]] or the [[English Midlands]].<ref name="BUA" /> There are [[List of cities in the United Kingdom|50 settlements]] which have designated [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status in England]], while the wider United Kingdom has 66.

While many cities in England are quite large, such as [[Birmingham]], [[Sheffield]], [[Manchester]], [[Liverpool]], [[City of Leeds|Leeds]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], [[City of Bradford|Bradford]], [[Nottingham]], population size is not a prerequisite for city status.<ref name="cathcities">{{Cite news |last=O'Brian |first=Harriet |date=24 November 2007 |title=The Complete Guide To: Cathedral cities in the UK |work=The Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-cathedral-cities-in-the-uk-760201.html |url-status=dead |access-date=8 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812091322/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-cathedral-cities-in-the-uk-760201.html |archive-date=12 August 2009}}</ref> Traditionally the status was given to towns with [[List of cathedrals in England|diocesan cathedrals]], so there are smaller cities like [[Wells, Somerset|Wells]], [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]], [[Ripon]], [[Truro]] and [[Chichester]].
{{Largest cities
| name = Largest Urban areas
| kind = conurbations
| country = England
| stat_ref = 2011 census<ref name="BUA" />
| list_by_pop = List of urban areas in the United Kingdom
| class = nav
| div_name =
| div_link = List of urban areas in the United Kingdom{{!}}Conurbation
| div_1 = Greater London Built-up Area{{!}}Greater London
| city_1 = London
| pop_1 = 9,787,426
| div_2 = Greater Manchester Built-up Area{{!}}Greater Manchester
| city_2 = Manchester
| pop_2 = 2,553,379
| div_3 = West Midlands Conurbation{{!}}West Midlands
| city_3 = Birmingham
| pop_3 = 2,440,986
| div_4 = West Yorkshire Urban Area{{!}}West Yorkshire
| city_4 = Leeds
| pop_4 = 1,777,934
| div_5 = Liverpool Urban Area{{!}}Liverpool
| city_5 = Liverpool
| pop_5 = 864,122
| img_5 =
| div_6 = South Hampshire
| city_6 = Southampton
| pop_6 = 855,569
| img_6 =
| div_7 = Tyneside
| city_7 = Newcastle upon Tyne
| pop_7 = 774,891
| img_7 =
| div_8 = Nottingham Urban Area{{!}}Nottingham
| city_8 = Nottingham
| pop_8 = 729,977
| img_8 =
| div_9 = Sheffield Urban Area{{!}}Sheffield
| city_9 = Sheffield
| pop_9 = 685,368
| img_9 =
| div_10 = Bristol Built-up Area{{!}}Bristol
| city_10 = Bristol
| pop_10 = 617,280
| img_10 =
}}

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of England}}

[[File:Canary Wharf Wide View 2, London - July 2009-2.jpg|thumb|[[London]] is the financial capital of England and the United Kingdom.]]
England's economy is one of the largest and most dynamic in the world, with a [[GDP per capita]] of £37,852 in 2022.<ref name="ONS GDP" /> [[HM Treasury]], led by the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], is responsible for developing and executing the government's [[public finance]] policy and [[economic policy]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/bulletins/regionalgrossvalueaddedbalanceduk/1998to2017/pdf |title=Regional economic activity by gross value added (balanced), UK: 1998 to 2017 |last=Fenton |first=Trevor |date=12 December 2018 |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |archive-date=21 June 2018 |access-date=19 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015828/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/bulletins/regionalgrossvalueaddedincomeapproach/december2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Usually regarded as a [[Anglo-Saxon economy|mixed market economy]], it has adopted many [[free market]] principles, yet maintains an advanced [[social welfare]] infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Welfare State – Never Ending Reform |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/field_01.shtml |access-date=17 September 2009 |archive-date=14 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814113910/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/field_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

The economy of England is the largest part of the [[economy of the United Kingdom|UK's economy]].<ref name="regionalacc">{{Cite web |last=Office for National Statistics |author-link=Office for National Statistics |title=Regional Accounts |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/economy/national-accounts/regional-accounts/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826104410/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/economy/national-accounts/regional-accounts/index.html |archive-date=26 August 2009 |access-date=17 September 2009 |publisher=statistics.gov.uk}}</ref> England is a leader in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly [[aerospace]], the [[arms industry]], and the [[software industry]]. London, home to the [[London Stock Exchange]], the United Kingdom's main [[stock exchange]] and the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre, with 100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations being based there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Centre |url=http://legacy.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713060624/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=London.gov.uk}}</ref> As of 2025, London is the largest financial centre in Europe and the second largest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GFCI 36 Rank - Long Finance |url=https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-36-explore-the-data/gfci-36-rank/ |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=www.longfinance.net |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925155927/https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-36-explore-the-data/gfci-36-rank/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

London has been named as the fastest growing technology hub in Europe, with England having over 100 unique tech companies with a value of $1 billion or more.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2021 |title=London Has Officially Become the Technology Capital of Europe |url=https://brainstation.io/magazine/london-technology-capital-of-europe-100-unicorns |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=BrainStation |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007093133/https://brainstation.io/magazine/london-technology-capital-of-europe-100-unicorns |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Willems |first=Michiel |date=20 June 2021 |title=Unicorn nest: UK hits milestone of 100 $1bn tech companies, more than rest of Europe combined |url=https://www.cityam.com/unicorn-nest-uk-hits-milestone-of-100-1bn-tech-companies-more-than-rest-of-europe-combined/ |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=CityAM |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102232236/https://www.cityam.com/unicorn-nest-uk-hits-milestone-of-100-1bn-tech-companies-more-than-rest-of-europe-combined/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Bank of England]], founded in 1694 as private banker to the government of England and a [[nationalisation|state-owned institution]] since 1946, is the United Kingdom's [[central bank]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bank's relationship with Parliament |url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/parliament/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708200732/https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/parliament/index.htm |archive-date=8 July 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=BankofEngland.co.uk}}</ref> The bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in [[England and Wales]], although not in other parts of the UK. The government has devolved responsibility to the bank's [[Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)|Monetary Policy Committee]] for managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monetary Policy Committee |url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetarypolicy/overview.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708141658/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetarypolicy/overview.htm |archive-date=8 July 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=BankofEngland.co.uk}}</ref>
[[File:Aston Martin DB12 Volante IMG 9323.jpg|left|alt=A grey coloured convertible.|thumb|[[Aston Martin]] manufacture luxury vehicles in England.]]
England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a more [[service industry]]-oriented economy.<ref name="Thatcher">{{harvnb|Reitan|2003|p=50}}.</ref> Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated by [[pharmaceuticals]], automotives, [[crude oil]] and petroleum from the English parts of [[North Sea oil]] along with [[Wytch Farm]], [[aircraft engine]]s and alcoholic beverages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England Exports |url=http://mambiz.com/main/?cat=28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105132032/http://mambiz.com/main/?cat=28 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=EconomyWatch.com}}</ref> The [[creative industries]] accounted for 7 per cent GVA in 2005 and grew at an average of 6 per cent per annum between 1997 and 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2007 |title=From the Margins to the Mainstream – Government unveils new action plan for the creative industries |url=http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/media_releases/2132.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204131529/http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/media_releases/2132.aspx |archive-date=4 December 2008 |access-date=9 March 2015 |publisher=DCMS}}</ref>

Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised and efficient by European standards, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Guide – England – Economy Overview |url=http://www.intute.ac.uk/worldguide/html/1069_economic.html |access-date=9 September 2009 |website=World Guide |publisher=Intute |archive-date=2 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802024219/http://www.intute.ac.uk/worldguide/html/1069_economic.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Two-thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the remainder to arable crops.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economy of the United Kingdom |url=http://www.pteducation.com/gk/UK.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123055028/http://www.pteducation.com/gk/UK.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2009 |access-date=8 October 2009 |publisher=PTeducation}}</ref> The main crops that are grown are [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[oat]]s, [[potato]]es, and [[sugar beet]]s. England retains a significant fishing industry. Its fleets bring home a variety of fish, ranging from [[Sole (fish)|sole]] to [[herring]]. England is also rich in natural resources including [[coal]], [[petroleum]], [[natural gas]], [[tin]], [[limestone]], [[iron ore]], [[salt]], [[clay]], [[chalk]], [[gypsum]], [[lead]], and silica.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coal {{!}} Mines and quarries {{!}} MineralsUK |url=https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/mines/coal/home.html |access-date=7 July 2016 |website=MineralsUK |archive-date=20 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720145905/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsUK/mines/coal/home.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Science and technology===
{{Main|List of English inventions and discoveries|Royal Society}}

Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include Sir [[Isaac Newton]], [[Charles Darwin]], [[Robert Hooke]], [[Alan Turing]], [[Stephen Hawking]], [[Edward Jenner]], [[Francis Crick]], [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Joseph Lister]], [[Joseph Priestley]], [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]], [[Christopher Wren]] and [[Richard Dawkins]].
[[File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.7|alt=Torso of man with long white hair and dark coloured jacket|Sir [[Isaac Newton]] is one of the most influential figures in the [[history of science]].]]

England was a leading centre of the [[Scientific Revolution]] from the 17th century.<ref>Gascoin, J. "A reappraisal of the role of the universities in the Scientific Revolution", in Lindberg, David C. and Westman, Robert S., eds (1990), ''Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution''. Cambridge University Press. p. 248. {{ISBN|0-521-34804-8}}.</ref> As the birthplace of the [[Industrial Revolution]], England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Famous English engineers include [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]], best known for the creation of the [[Great Western Railway]], a series of famous [[steamship]]s, and numerous important bridges, revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spratt |first=H. P. |year=1958 |title=Isambard Kingdom Brunel |journal=Nature |volume=181 |issue=4626 |pages=1754–1755 |bibcode=1958Natur.181.1754S |doi=10.1038/1811754a0 |s2cid=4255226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Thomas Newcomen]]'s [[Newcomen steam engine|steam engine]] helped spawn the Industrial Revolution.<ref>{{harvnb|Oakes|2002|p=214}}</ref>

The Father of Railways, [[George Stephenson]], built the first public inter-city railway line in the world, the [[Liverpool and Manchester Railway]], which opened in 1830. With his role in the marketing and manufacturing of the steam engine, and invention of modern coinage, [[Matthew Boulton]] (business partner of [[James Watt]]) is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history.<ref>Ronald Shillingford (2010). "The History of the World's Greatest- Entrepreneurs: Biographies of Success". p. 64–69</ref> The physician [[Edward Jenner]]'s [[smallpox vaccine]] is said to have "saved more lives ... than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history."<ref>{{harvnb|Saunders|1982|p=13}}; {{harvnb|White|1885|p=335}}; {{harvnb|Levine|1960|p=183}}</ref>

Inventions and discoveries of the English include the [[jet engine]]; the first industrial [[spinning frame|spinning machine]]; [[Analytical engine|the first computer]] and the first [[Manchester Baby|modern computer]]; the [[World Wide Web]] along with [[HTML]]; the first successful human [[blood transfusion]]; the motorised [[vacuum cleaner]];<ref name="americanheritage">{{Cite web |last=Wohleber |first=Curt |date=Spring 2006 |title=The Vacuum Cleaner |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2006/4/2006_4_4.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313170420/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2006/4/2006_4_4.shtml |archive-date=13 March 2010 |access-date=8 December 2010 |website=Invention & Technology Magazine |publisher=American Heritage Publishing}}</ref> the [[lawn mower]]; the [[seat belt]]; the [[hovercraft]]; the [[electric motor]]; [[steam engine]]s; and theories such as the Darwinian theory of [[evolution]] and [[atomic theory]]. Newton developed the ideas of [[universal gravitation]], [[Newtonian mechanics]], and [[calculus]], and [[Robert Hooke]] his eponymously named [[Hooke's law of elasticity|law of elasticity]]. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, the [[thermosiphon]], [[Tarmacadam|tarmac]], the [[rubber band]], the [[mousetrap]], [[Cat's eye (road)|"cat's eye"]] [[raised pavement marker|road marker]], joint development of the [[light bulb]], steam [[locomotive]]s, the modern [[seed drill]] and many modern techniques and technologies used in [[precision engineering]].<ref name="invent">{{Cite web |title=English Inventors and Inventions |url=http://www.english-crafts.co.uk/history/inventors.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415212829/http://www.english-crafts.co.uk/history/inventors.htm |archive-date=15 April 2010 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=English-Crafts.co.uk}}</ref>

English innovators made crucial contributions to computing from the earliest concepts to the microchip era. [[Charles Babbage]]<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=Charles Babbage's difference engines and the science museum |website=Science Museum |date=18 July 2023 |url=https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/charles-babbages-difference-engines-and-science-museum |archive-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430103324/https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/charles-babbages-difference-engines-and-science-museum |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Ada Lovelace]]<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=Ada Lovelace and the Analytical Engine |website=Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford |date=26 July 2018 |url=https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/adalovelace/2018/07/26/ada-lovelace-and-the-analytical-engine |archive-date=23 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823204622/https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/adalovelace/2018/07/26/ada-lovelace-and-the-analytical-engine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> conceived the first programmable computer, while [[George Boole]] created the binary logic underlying all digital systems, known as [[boolean logic]].<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=George Boole and the AND OR NOT gates |website=BBC News |date=8 December 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-30376235 |archive-date=15 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815164021/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-30376235 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Alan Turing]] defined the foundations of computing and pioneered artificial intelligence,<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=Alan Turing |website=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/people/alan-turing |archive-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921104844/https://www.newscientist.com/people/alan-turing/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[Tommy Flowers]] built [[Colossus computer|Colossus]], proving electronic computing feasible.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=FLOWERS, TOMMY (1905–1998) |website=English Heritage |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/tommy-flowers |archive-date=16 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716221433/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/tommy-flowers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Frederic C. Williams|Sir Frederic Williams]], [[Tom Kilburn]] and [[Geoff Tootill]] developed the [[Manchester Baby]],<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=How a 70-year-old 'Baby' changed the face of modern computing |date=21 June 2018 |website=The University of Manchester |url=https://www.manchester.ac.uk/about/news/how-a-70-year-old-baby-changed-the-face-of-modern-computing |archive-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918024155/https://www.manchester.ac.uk/about/news/how-a-70-year-old-baby-changed-the-face-of-modern-computing/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[Maurice Wilkes|Sir Maurice Wilkes]] developed [[EDSAC]]<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=MAURICE V. WILKES |website=A M Turing Award |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/wilkes_1001395.cfm |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107010210/https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/wilkes_1001395.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> contributing to the first stored-program computers that established modern computer architecture. [[Geoffrey Dummer]] conceptualised the integrated circuit.<ref>{{Cite magazine |access-date=22 September 2025 |title=May 7, 1952: The Integrated Circuit ... What a Concept! | magazine=Wired |date=7 May 2010 |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/05/0507integrated-circuit-concept-published}}</ref>

The [[Royal Society]], formally [[The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge]],<ref name="royalsociety.org">{{Cite web |title=The formal title as adopted in the royal charter |url=https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/about-us/history/2012-Supplemental-Charter.pdf |website=royalsociety.org |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410195851/https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/about-us/history/2012-Supplemental-Charter.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> is a [[learned society]] and the [[United Kingdom]]'s national [[academy of sciences]]. Founded on 28 November 1660,<ref name="royalsociety.org" /> It is the oldest national scientific institution in the world.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Royal Society |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Society |access-date=24 February 2018 |last=Hunter |first=Michael |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322084417/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Society |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Royal Institution|Royal Institution of Great Britain]] was founded in 1799 by leading English scientists, including [[Henry Cavendish]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caroe |first=Gwendy |title=The Royal Institution : an informal history |publisher=J. Murray |others=Final chapter by Alban |year=1985 |isbn=0-7195-4245-6 |location=London}}</ref> Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a [[metric system]] was invented by [[John Wilkins]] in 1668.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2007 |title=Metric system was British |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_6890000/newsid_6898200/6898274.stm?bw=nb&mp=wm&news=1&ms3=10 |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502160240/http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_6890000/newsid_6898200/6898274.stm?bw=nb&mp=wm&news=1&ms3=10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Scientific research and development remains important in the [[universities of England]], with many establishing [[science park]]s to facilitate production and co-operation with industry.<ref>Castells, M.; Hall, P.; Hall, P.G. (2004). ''Technopoles of the World: the Making of Twenty-First-Century Industrial Complexes''. London: Routledge. pp. 98–100. {{ISBN|0-415-10015-1}}.</ref> [[Silicon Fen|Cambridge]] is the most intensive research cluster for science and technology in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2023 |title=Cambridge remains most intensive science and technological cluster in the world |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cambridge-remains-most-intensive-science-and-technological-cluster-in-the-world |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=University of Cambridge |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331151837/https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cambridge-remains-most-intensive-science-and-technological-cluster-in-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, the UK produced 6.3 per cent of the world's scientific research papers and had a 10.5 per cent share of scientific citations, the third highest in the world (after the United States and China).<ref>{{Cite web |title=International comparison of the UK research base, 2022 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1078073/international-comparison-uk-research-base-2022-accompanying-note.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305235208/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1078073/international-comparison-uk-research-base-2022-accompanying-note.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023}} (last checked 11 March 2023)</ref> Scientific journals produced in England include ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', the ''[[BMJ|British Medical Journal]]'' and ''[[The Lancet]]''. The [[Department for Science, Innovation and Technology]], [[Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology]], and [[Minister of State for Science, Research and Innovation]] has responsibility for science in England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department for Science, Innovation and Technology |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-science-innovation-and-technology |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=GOV.UK |archive-date=14 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314223505/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-science-innovation-and-technology |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in England}}

The [[Department for Transport]] is the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. The department is run by the [[Secretary of State for Transport]].

England has a dense and modern transportation infrastructure. There are [[List of motorways in the United Kingdom|many motorways in England]], and many other trunk roads, such as the [[A1 road (Great Britain)|A1 Great North Road]], which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle<ref name="roads">{{harvnb|UK Parliament|2007|p=175}}</ref> (much of this section is motorway) and onward to the Scottish border. The longest motorway in England is the [[M6 motorway|M6]], from [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby]] through the [[North West England|North West]] up to the [[Anglo-Scottish border]], a distance of {{convert|232|mi}}.<ref name="roads" /> Other major routes include: the [[M1 motorway|M1]] from London to Leeds, the [[M25 motorway|M25]] which encircles London, the [[M60 motorway (Great Britain)|M60]] which encircles Manchester, the [[M4 motorway|M4]] from London to South Wales, the [[M62 motorway|M62]] from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and the [[M5 motorway|M5]] from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West.<ref name="roads" />
[[File:St Pancras Railway Station 2012-06-23.jpg|thumb|alt=red stone building with tall clock tower in corner|[[St Pancras railway station|London St Pancras International]] is one of London's main domestic and international transport hubs providing both commuter rail and high-speed rail services across the UK and to Paris, [[Lille]] and [[Brussels]].]]
Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies include [[Arriva UK Bus|Arriva]], [[FirstGroup]], [[Go-Ahead Group]], [[Mobico Group]], [[Rotala]] and [[Stagecoach Group]]. [[Bus rapid transit]] originated in England with the [[Runcorn]] Busway opening in 1971.<ref name="Runcorn Busway JSTOR">{{Cite journal |last=Lesley |first=Lewis |date=1983 |title=Runcorn – A Rapid Transit New Town? |journal=Built Environment |volume=9 |issue=3/4 |page=234 |jstor=23286723}}</ref><ref name="RUDI 7.3 Transport">{{Cite web |title=Runcorn New Town – 7.3 Transport |url=http://www.rudi.net/books/3346 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018012240/http://www.rudi.net/books/3346 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=24 July 2020 |website=rudi.net}}</ref> The red [[double-decker bus]]es in London have become a symbol of England. [[National Cycle Route]] offers cycling routes nationally.

[[Rail transport in Great Britain|Rail transport in England]] is the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825.<ref>{{Cite web |title=27 September 1825 – Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway |url=http://www.moorerail.com/history/timeline1825.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007035746/http://www.moorerail.com/history/timeline1825.asp |archive-date=7 October 2013 |access-date=5 October 2013 |publisher=The Stockton and Darlington Railway}}</ref> Much of Britain's {{convert|10000|mi}} of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively. There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, the [[Channel Tunnel]], which was completed in 1994.

[[Great British Railways]] is a planned state-owned public body that will oversee [[rail transport in Great Britain]] from 2024. The [[Office of Rail and Road]] is responsible for the economic and safety regulation of England's railways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home page {{!}} Office of Rail and Road |url=https://www.orr.gov.uk/home |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20200828151253mp_/https://www.orr.gov.uk/home |archive-date=28 August 2020 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=orr.gov.uk}}</ref> [[Crossrail]] was Europe's largest construction project with a £15 billion projected cost, opened in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2012 |title=Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-16289051 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=4 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410034914/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16289051 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[High Speed 2]], a high-speed north–south railway line, is under construction since 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2020 |title=HS2: When will the line open and how much will it cost? |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16473296 |access-date=5 September 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430214825/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16473296 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There is a [[rapid transit]] network in two English cities: the [[London Underground]], and the [[Tyne and Wear Metro]] in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Gateshead]] and [[Sunderland]].<ref name="pubwhite">{{harvnb|White|2002|p=63}}.</ref> There are several extensive tram networks, such as the [[Manchester Metrolink]], [[Sheffield Supertram]], [[West Midlands Metro]], [[Nottingham Express Transit]], and [[Tramlink]] in South London.<ref name="pubwhite" /> England also has extensive domestic and international aviation links. The largest airport is [[Heathrow Airport|Heathrow]], which is the [[World's busiest airports by international passenger traffic|world's second busiest airport measured by number of international passengers]].<ref name="wsj230211">{{Cite news |date=23 February 2011 |title=Delta Expects New Slots To Foster Growth At Heathrow Airport |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110223-710213.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513074109/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110223-710213.html |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref>

By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including from Liverpool to Ireland and the Isle of Man, and Hull to the Netherlands and Belgium.<ref name="waterworks">{{harvnb|Else|2007|p=781}}.</ref> There are around {{convert|4400|mi}} of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by the [[Canal & River Trust]],<ref name="waterworks" /> however, water transport is very limited. The [[River Thames]] is the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at the [[Port of Tilbury]] in the [[Thames Estuary]], one of the United Kingdom's three major ports.<ref name="waterworks" />

===Energy===
{{main|Energy in the United Kingdom}}

[[File:Den Brook Wind Farm from Main Road.jpg|thumb|Wind turbines at [[Den Brook Wind Farm|Den Brook]], Devon. The UK is [[Wind power in the United Kingdom|one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy]], and wind power production is its fastest growing supply.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=BBC – Weather Centre – Climate Change – Wind Power |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/climate/adaptation/wind_power.shtml |access-date=9 June 2015 |website=bbc.co.uk |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510112839/http://www.bbc.co.uk/climate/adaptation/wind_power.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Roadmap" />|left]]

Successive governments have outlined numerous commitments to reduce [[carbon dioxide]] emissions. Notably, the UK is [[Wind power in the United Kingdom|one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy]], and wind power production is its fastest growing supply.<ref name="Roadmap">{{Cite web |title=UK Renewable Energy Roadmap Crown copyright, July 2011 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/48128/2167-uk-renewable-energy-roadmap.pdf |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010110439/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/48128/2167-uk-renewable-energy-roadmap.pdf |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |url=http://www.renewableuk.com/en/news/renewableuk-news.cfm/electricity-needs-of-more-than-a-quarter-of-uk-homes-powered-by-wind-in-2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509191928/http://www.renewableuk.com/en/news/renewableuk-news.cfm/electricity-needs-of-more-than-a-quarter-of-uk-homes-powered-by-wind-in-2014 |url-status=dead |title=RenewableUK News website article |archive-date=9 May 2015 }}</ref> Wind power contributed 26.8% of UK electricity generation in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2023 |title=Britain produced record amount of wind power in 2022, National Grid says |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/britain-produced-record-amount-wind-power-2022-national-grid-2023-01-06/ |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> England is home to [[Hornsea Wind Farm|Hornsea 2]], the largest offshore wind farm in the world, situated in waters roughly 89 kilometres off the coast of Yorkshire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2022 |title=The world's biggest offshore wind farm is now fully operational |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/01/huge-offshore-wind-farm-hornsea-2-is-fully-operational-orsted-says.html |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=CNBC |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901052226/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/01/huge-offshore-wind-farm-hornsea-2-is-fully-operational-orsted-says.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Climate Change Act 2008]] was passed in Parliament with an overwhelming majority across political parties. It sets out emission reduction targets that the UK must comply with legally. It represents the first global legally binding [[climate change mitigation]] target set by a country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the 2008 Climate Change Act? |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-the-2008-climate-change-act/ |access-date=1 April 2021 |website=Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323172531/https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-the-2008-climate-change-act/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Energy policy of the United Kingdom|UK government energy policy]] aims to play a key role in limiting [[greenhouse gas emissions]], while meeting energy demand. Shifting availabilities of resources and development of technologies also change the country's [[energy mix]] through changes in costs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Proctor |first=Darrell |date=24 November 2020 |title=UK Undergoing 'Remarkable Shift' in Power Generation |url=https://www.powermag.com/uk-undergoing-remarkable-shift-in-power-generation/ |access-date=11 April 2021 |website=POWER Magazine |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411084001/https://www.powermag.com/uk-undergoing-remarkable-shift-in-power-generation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The current energy policy is the responsibility of the [[Department for Energy Security and Net Zero]] and [[Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department for Energy Security & Net Zero – GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-energy-security-and-net-zero |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=gov.uk |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818233358/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-energy-security-and-net-zero |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Minister of State for Business, Energy and Clean Growth]] is responsible for green finance, climate science and innovation, and low carbon generation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister of State (Minister for Business, Energy and Clean Growth) – GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--75#responsibilities |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=gov.uk |archive-date=31 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531060124/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--75#responsibilities |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, the United Kingdom was ranked 5 out of 180 countries in the [[Environmental Performance Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=Environmental Performance Index |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710023935/https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI |url-status=live }}</ref> A law has been passed that [[Greenhouse gas emissions|UK greenhouse gas emissions]] will be [[net zero]] by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2020 |title=UK net zero target |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/net-zero-target |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=Institute for Government}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
{{Main|Healthcare in England}}

[[File:Sir W.H. Beveridge, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing left.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[William Beveridge]]'s 1942 report ''Social Insurance and Allied Services'' served as the basis for the post-[[World War II]] [[welfare state]].]]

The [[National Health Service (England)|National Health Service]] (NHS), is the publicly funded [[healthcare system]] responsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of the [[National Health Service Act 1946]]. It was based on the findings of the [[Beveridge Report]], prepared by the economist and social reformer, [[William Beveridge]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=BBC History on William Beveridge |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/beveridge_william.shtml |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=26 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826044039/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/beveridge_william.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The NHS is largely funded by general taxation and [[National Insurance]] payments;<ref>{{Cite news |title=NHS Expenditure in England |work=House of Commons Library |url=http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/briefings/snsg-00724.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423153740/http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/briefings/snsg-00724.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2010}}</ref> it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NHS costs and exemptions |work=Department of Health |url=http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Medicinespharmacyandindustry/Prescriptions/NHScosts/DH_087013 |access-date=5 September 2009}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The government department responsible for the NHS is the [[Department of Health (United Kingdom)|Department of Health]], under the [[Secretary of State for Health]]. Most of the department's expenses are on the NHS{{snd}}£98.6 billion was spent in 2008–2009.<ref name="budget2008">{{Cite news |date=3 March 2008 |title=Budget 2008, Chapter C |work=HM Treasury |url=http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/7/3/bud08_chapterc.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001194628/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/7/3/bud08_chapterc.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2008}}</ref> Regulatory bodies such as the [[General Medical Council]] and the [[Nursing and Midwifery Council]] are organised on a UK-wide basis, as are non-governmental bodies such as the [[Medical royal college|Royal College]]s.

The average [[life expectancy]] is 77.5 years for males and 81.7 years for females, the highest of the four [[countries of the United Kingdom]].<ref name="LifeExpect">{{Cite news |last=Office for National Statistics |author-link=Office for National Statistics |title=Life expectancy |publisher=statistics.gov.uk |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?ID=168 |url-status=dead |access-date=20 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525050617/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=168 |archive-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> The south of England has a higher life expectancy than the north, but regional differences seem to be slowly narrowing: between 1991–1993 and 2012–2014, life expectancy in the North East increased by 6.0 years and in the North West by 5.8 years.<ref name="LifeExpect" />

==Demography==
{{Main|Demographics of England}}

===Population===
{{Main|English people}}

{{See also|English diaspora|Cornish people|List of urban areas in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:England counties population (crop).png|thumb|alt=Map of England with regions shaded in different shades of blue.|The [[metropolitan county|metropolitan]] and [[Non-metropolitan county|non-metropolitan counties]], colour-coded to show population]]
[[File:England and Wales population cartogram districts.svg|thumb|Population of England and Wales by administrative areas. Their size shows their population, with some approximation. Each group of squares in the map key is 20% of total number of districts.]]

With over 56 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the combined total.<ref name="ONS mid-year pop est"/> England taken as a unit and measured against international states would be the 26th largest [[List of countries and dependencies by population|country by population]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |author-link=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |title=World Population Prospects: Analytical Report for the 2004 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807035831/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm |archive-date=7 August 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

The [[English people]] are [[British people]].<ref name="ethnicityengl">{{Cite web |last=Office for National Statistics |author-link=Office for National Statistics |year=2011 |title=Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales 2011 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html |access-date=5 October 2013 |publisher=Statistics.gov.uk |archive-date=10 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110031509/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]] and [[New Zealand]].{{Efn|For instance, in 1980 around 50 million [[United States|Americans]] claimed [[English Americans|English ancestry]].<ref>{{Cite news |year=2001 |title=Shifting Identities – statistical data on ethnic identities in the US |publisher=Bnet |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4021/is_/ai_80408799 |url-status=dead |access-date=29 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112123723/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4021/is_/ai_80408799 |archive-date=12 January 2016}}</ref> In Canada there are around 6.5 million [[Demographics of Canada|Canadians]] who claim [[English Canadians|English ancestry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2008 |title=Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101151108/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |archive-date=1 November 2009 |access-date=29 July 2009 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> Around 70% of [[Demographics of Australia|Australians]] in 1999 denoted their origins as [[Anglo-Celtic]], a category which includes all peoples from Great Britain and Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre for Population and Urban Research, Monash University |title=Australian Population: Ethnic Origins |url=http://elecpress.monash.edu.au/pnp/free/pnpv7n4/v7n4_3price.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124226/http://elecpress.monash.edu.au/pnp/free/pnpv7n4/v7n4_3price.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> Chileans of [[English Chilean|English descent]] are somewhat of an anomaly in that [[Chile]] itself was never part of the British Empire, but today there are around 420,000 people of English origins living there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inmigración británica en Chile |url=http://www.galeon.com/typepad/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822074242/http://www.galeon.com/typepad/ |archive-date=22 August 2009 |access-date=29 July 2009 |publisher=Galeon.com}}</ref>}} Since the late 1990s, many English people [[British migration to Spain|have migrated]] to Spain.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=9 October 2005 |title=An Englishman's home is his casa as thousands go south |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/09/spain.spain |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404184453/https://www.theguardian.com/spain/article/0,,1588156,00.html |url-status=live }}; {{cite news |last=Travis |first=Alan |author2=Sarah Knapton |date=16 November 2007 |title=Record numbers leave the country for life abroad |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/nov/16/emigration |access-date=8 August 2009 }}</ref> Due in particular to the economic prosperity of [[South East England]], it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom.<ref name="ethnicityengl" /> There has been [[Irish migration to Great Britain|significant Irish migration]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2001 |title=One in four Britons claim Irish roots |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1224611.stm |access-date=26 November 2010 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619074238/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1224611.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 81.7%,<ref name="ethnicityengl-2021">{{cite news |title=Population of England and Wales |url=https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/population-of-england-and-wales/latest/ |work=Gov.uk |date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920155900/https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/population-of-england-and-wales/latest/ |url-status=live }}</ref> including [[White British]], [[British Germans|Germans]]<ref name="migra" /> and [[Polish British|Poles]],<ref name="ethnicityengl" /> down from 94.1% in 1991.<ref name="ethnicityengl" /> Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, about 7% of people living in England have family [[South Asians in the United Kingdom|origins in the Indian subcontinent]], mostly [[British Indians|India]], [[British Pakistanis|Pakistan]] and [[British Bangladeshis|Bangladesh]].<ref name="ethnicityengl-2021"/><ref name="migra">{{Cite news |date=7 September 2005 |title=British Immigration Map Revealed |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4218740.stm |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=8 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050908100302/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4218740.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> About 0.7% are [[British Chinese|Chinese]],<ref name="ethnicityengl-2021"/><ref name="migra" /> 0.6% are [[British Arabs|Arabs]].<ref name="ethnicityengl-2021"/> 4.0% of the population are [[Black British people|black]], from Africa and the [[British African-Caribbean people|Caribbean]], especially former British colonies,<ref name="ethnicityengl-2021"/><ref name="migra" /> and 2.9% identified as multiracial or [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|mixed]].<ref name="ethnicityengl-2021"/>

In 2007, 22% of primary school children in England were from [[minority group|ethnic minority]] families,<ref name="Paton">{{Cite news |last=Paton |first=Graeme |date=1 October 2007 |title=One fifth of children from ethnic minorities |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and in 2011 that figure was 26.5%.<ref name="Shepherd">{{Cite news |last=Shepherd |first=Jessica |date=22 June 2011 |title=Almost a quarter of state school pupils are from an ethnic minority |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/jun/22/quarter-state-school-pupils-from-ethnic-minority |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leppard |first=David |date=10 April 2005 |title=Immigration rise increases segregation in British cities |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211185641/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 February 2008 |access-date=8 August 2009}}</ref>

England contains one indigenous national minority, the [[Cornish people]], recognised by the UK government under the [[Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities]] in 2014.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite news |date=23 April 2014 |title=Cornish people formally declared a national minority along with Scots, Welsh and Irish |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cornish-people-formally-declared-a-national-minority-along-with-scots-welsh-and-irish-9278725.html |url-status=dead |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424100108/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cornish-people-formally-declared-a-national-minority-along-with-scots-welsh-and-irish-9278725.html |archive-date=24 April 2014}}</ref>

===Language===
{{further|Languages of the United Kingdom|English language in England}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
!Language
!Native speakers
(thousands)<ref>[http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS204EW/view/2092957699?cols=measures QS204EW – Main language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227162919/http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS204EW/view/2092957699?cols=measures |date=27 February 2021 }}, [[Office for National Statistics]] 2011 Census. Retrieved 21 July 2015.</ref>
|-
|[[English language in England|English]]
|46,937
|-
|[[Polish language|Polish]]
|529
|-
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|272
|-
|[[Urdu]]
|266
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|216
|-
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|212
|-
|[[Arabic]]
|152
|-
|[[French language|French]]
|145
|-
|-
|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|131
|-
|[[Welsh language|Welsh]]
|8
|-
|[[Cornish language|Cornish]]
|0.6
|-
|Other
|2,267
|-
!Population
|51,006
|}

[[English language|English]], today widely spoken around the world,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mujica |first=Mauro E. |date=19 June 2003 |title=English: Not America's Language? |work=The Globalist |location=Washington, DC |url=http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=3229 |access-date=1 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117232711/http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=3229 |archive-date=17 January 2008}}</ref> originated in what is now England, where it remains the principal tongue. According to a 2011 census, it is spoken well or very well by 98% of the population<ref name="CensusEnglish">{{Cite web |title=QS205EW – Proficiency in English |url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS205EW/view/2092957699?cols=measures |access-date=20 July 2015 |website=[[Office for National Statistics]] 2011 census |quote=Out of the 51,005,610 residents of England over the age of three, 50,161,765 (98%) can speak English "well" or "very well" |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418234635/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS205EW/view/2092957699?cols=measures |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[English as a second or foreign language|English language learning and teaching]] is an important [[Economics|economic activity]]. There is no [[United Kingdom legislation|legislation]] mandating an [[official language]] for England,<ref>{{Cite web |title=English language history |url=http://www.yaelf.com/history.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213214406/http://www.yaelf.com/history.shtml |archive-date=13 February 2010 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=Yaelf}}</ref> but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country's relatively small size, there are many distinct [[Regional accents of English speakers#England|regional accents]].

Cornish died out as a community language in the 18th century but is being revived,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government Offices for the English Regions |author-link=Government Offices for the English Regions |title=Cornish language |url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/culturehome/heritage/cornish/?view=Standard |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112123830/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/culturehome/heritage/cornish/?view=Standard |archive-date=12 January 2016 |access-date=22 September 2009 |publisher=gos.gov.uk}}; {{cite web |title=The Cornish Language Development Project – Evaluation – Final Report |page=20 |url=http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=d9bd1b63-0135-47b1-8edf-4a5e9358da06&version=-1 |publisher=Hywel Evans, Aric Lacoste / ERS |access-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007054626/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=d9bd1b63-0135-47b1-8edf-4a5e9358da06&version=-1 |archive-date=7 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and is now protected under the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=South West – Cornish Language |url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/culturehome/heritage/cornish/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013095206/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/culturehome/heritage/cornish/ |archive-date=13 October 2008 |access-date=17 September 2009 |publisher=Government Office South West}}</ref> It is spoken by 0.1% of people in [[Cornwall]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=On being a Cornish "Celt": changing Celtic heritage and traditions |url=http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/cornishcom/documents/OnbeingaCornishcelt.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920093455/http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/cornishcom/documents/OnbeingaCornishcelt.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2009 |access-date=1 February 2009 |publisher=[[University of Exeter]]}}</ref> and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Cornish: They revolted in 1497, now they're at it again |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html |work=The Independent |location=London |access-date=17 September 2009 |first=Emily |last=Dugan |date=6 September 2009 |archive-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819072618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html |url-status=dead}}; {{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Cornish in Schools |url=http://www.magakernow.org.uk/default.aspx?page=336 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007054858/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/default.aspx?page=336 |archive-date=7 October 2013 |access-date=5 October 2013 |website=Cornish Language Partnership}}</ref>

[[State school]]s teach students a [[second language]] or [[third language]] from the ages of seven, most commonly French, Spanish or German.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lipsett |first=Anthea |date=26 June 2008 |title=Number of primaries teaching foreign languages doubles |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/jun/26/schools.uk2 |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-date=19 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919113801/http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/jun/26/schools.uk2 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke a foreign language at home,<ref name="Paton" /> the most common being [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]]. However, following the 2011 census data released by the [[Office for National Statistics]], figures now show that Polish is the main language spoken in England after English.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Booth |first=Robert |date=30 January 2013 |title=Polish becomes England's second language |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jan/30/polish-becomes-englands-second-language |access-date=30 January 2013 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709051221/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jan/30/polish-becomes-englands-second-language |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, [[British Sign Language]] became an official language of England when the [[British Sign Language Act 2022]] came into effect.<ref>{{cite news |title=British Sign Language gets official status after 19 years of campaigning |url=https://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2022-05-06/were-finally-recognised-british-sign-language-gets-official-status |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=ITV News |date=6 May 2022 |archive-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406113952/https://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2022-05-06/were-finally-recognised-british-sign-language-gets-official-status |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in England}}

{{further|History of Christianity in England}}

In the 2021 census, 46.3% of the population of England specified their religion as Christian, 36.7% answered that they had no religion, 6.7% specified that they were [[Muslim]], while 4.3% of the population belongs to other religions and 6% did not give an answer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2012 |title=Table KS209EW 2011 Census: Religion, local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/2011censuskeystatisticsforlocalauthoritiesinenglandandwales/r21ewrttableks209ewladv1_tcm77-290705.xls |access-date=22 May 2017 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801112949/https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2F2011censuskeystatisticsforlocalauthoritiesinenglandandwales%2Fr21ewrttableks209ewladv1_tcm77-290705.xls |url-status=live }}</ref> Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England. The [[established church]] of England is the [[Church of England]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church of England |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/cofe/cofe_1.shtml |access-date=4 December 2010 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508144518/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/cofe/cofe_1.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> which left communion with [[Vatican City|Rome]] in the 1530s when [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] was unable to annul his marriage to [[Catherine of Aragon]]. The church regards itself as both Catholic and [[Protestant]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=In depth history of the Church of England |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/history/detailed-history.aspx |access-date=25 January 2017 |publisher=Church of England |quote=The religious settlement that eventually emerged in the reign of Elizabeth gave the Church of England the distinctive identity that it has retained to this day. It resulted in a Church that consciously retained a large amount of continuity with the Church of the Patristic and Medieval periods in terms of its use of the catholic creeds, its pattern of ministry, its buildings and aspects of its liturgy, but which also embodied Protestant insights in its theology and in the overall shape of its liturgical practice. The way that this is often expressed is by saying that the Church of England is both 'catholic and reformed.' |archive-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917041045/https://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/history/detailed-history.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are [[High Church]] and [[Low Church]] traditions and some Anglicans regard themselves as [[Anglo-Catholics]], following the [[Tractarian movement]]. The monarch of the United Kingdom is the [[supreme governor of the Church of England]], which has around 26 million baptised members (of whom the vast majority are not regular churchgoers). In 2016, research at [[St Mary's University, Twickenham|St. Mary's University]] in London reported that 19.8% of the population of England and Wales identified as Anglican.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=St Mary's Study Finds London Most Religious Area in England and Wales |url=https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/news/2016/st-marys-study-finds-london-most-religious-area-in-england-and-wales |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=St Mary's University, Twickenham, London |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Contemporary Catholicism in England and Wales |url=https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/research/centres/benedict-xvi/contemporary-catholicism.aspx |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.stmarys.ac.uk |archive-date=2 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102051653/https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/research/centres/benedict-xvi/contemporary-catholicism.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> It forms part of the [[Anglican Communion]] with the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] acting as its symbolic worldwide head.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2008 |title=Global Anglicanism at a Crossroads |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/896/global-anglicanism-at-a-crossroads |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813045413/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/896/global-anglicanism-at-a-crossroads |archive-date=13 August 2011 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=PewResearch.org}}</ref> Many [[List of cathedrals in England|cathedrals]] and parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such as [[Westminster Abbey]], [[York Minster]], [[Durham Cathedral]], and [[Salisbury Cathedral]].

[[File:Westminster Abbey, west facade, August 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Westminster Abbey]] is a notable example of [[English Gothic architecture]]. The [[coronation of the British monarch]] traditionally takes place at the Abbey.]]

The second-largest Christian denomination is the [[Catholic Church]]. Since its reintroduction after the [[Catholic Emancipation]], the Church has organised ecclesiastically on an [[Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales|England and Wales]] basis where there are 4.5 million members (most of whom are English).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2008 |title=People here 'must obey the laws of the land' |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1578212/People-here-must-obey-the-laws-of-the-land.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1578212/People-here-must-obey-the-laws-of-the-land.html |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2016, 8.3% of the population of England and Wales identified as Catholic.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> There has been one Pope from England to date, [[Pope Adrian IV|Adrian IV]], while saints [[Bede]] and [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]] are regarded as [[Doctors of the Church]].

A form of [[Protestantism]] known as [[Methodist Church of Great Britain|Methodism]] is the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism through [[John Wesley]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Methodist Church |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/methodist_1.shtml |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205203426/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/methodist_1.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> It gained popularity in the [[mill town]]s of [[Lancashire]] and [[Yorkshire]], and amongst tin miners in [[Cornwall]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Independent Academic Study on Cornish |url=http://www.linguae-celticae.org/dateien/Independent_Study_on_Cornish_Language.pdf |access-date=26 December 2010 |page=8 |archive-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102111342/http://www.linguae-celticae.org/dateien/Independent_Study_on_Cornish_Language.pdf |url-status=usurped}}</ref> There are other [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|non-conformist]] minorities, such as [[Baptists]], [[Quakers]], [[Congregational church|Congregationalists]], [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]] and [[The Salvation Army]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=Hugh |title=The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 9, World Christianities c.1914–c.2000 |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521815000}}</ref>

The patron saint of England is [[Saint George]]; his symbolic cross is included in the flag of England.<ref name="flaghistory">{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom – History of the Flag |url=http://flagspot.net/flags/gb-hist.html |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=FlagSpot.net |archive-date=29 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129135023/https://flagspot.net/flags/gb-hist.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There are many other English and associated saints, including [[Cuthbert]], [[Edmund the Martyr|Edmund]], [[Saint Alban|Alban]], [[Wilfrid]], [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]], [[Edward the Confessor]], [[John Fisher]], [[Thomas More]], [[Saint Petroc|Petroc]], [[Saint Piran|Piran]], [[Margaret Clitherow]] and [[Thomas Becket]]. There are non-Christian religions practised. [[Jews]] have a history of a small minority on the island since 1070.<ref name="jews">{{Cite web |title=From Expulsion (1290) to Readmission (1656): Jews and England |url=http://www.gold.ac.uk/media/350th-anniversary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721183112/http://www.gold.ac.uk/media/350th-anniversary.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=1 February 2009 |publisher=Goldsmiths.ac.uk}}</ref> They were expelled from England in 1290 following the [[Edict of Expulsion]], and were allowed back in 1656.<ref name="jews" />

Especially since the 1950s, religions from the [[British Empire|former British colonies]] have grown in numbers, due to immigration. [[Islam]] is the most common of these, now accounting for around 5% of the population in England.<ref name="statsio">{{Cite web |last=Office for National Statistics |author-link=Office for National Statistics |title=Religion |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8301 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707100949/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8301 |archive-date=7 July 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=Statistics.gov.uk}}</ref> [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Buddhism]] are next in number, adding up to 2.8% combined,<ref name="statsio" /> introduced from India and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="statsio" />

A small minority of the population practise ancient [[Pagan religion]]s. [[Neopaganism in the United Kingdom]] is primarily represented by [[Wicca]] and [[Neopagan witchcraft]], [[Neo-Druidry|Druidry]], and [[Germanic neopaganism|Heathenry]]. According to the [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 census]], there are roughly 53,172 people who identify as Pagan in England,{{Efn|name=pagan|People who strictly identified as "Pagan". Other Pagan paths, such as Wicca or Druidism, have not been included in this number.<ref name="2011 ONS results">{{Cite web |title=2011 ONS results |url=http://ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-qs210ew.xls |access-date=28 October 2017 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126035407/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-qs210ew.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>}} including 11,026 [[Wicca]]ns.{{Efn|People who strictly identified as "Wiccan". Other Pagan paths, such as Druidism, and general "Pagan" have not been included in this number.<ref name="2011 ONS results" />}} 24.7% of people in England declared [[Irreligion|no religion]], compared with 14.6% in 2001.<ref name="2011 ONS results" /> [[Norwich]] had the highest such proportion at 42.5%, followed by [[Brighton and Hove]] at 42.4%.

==Education==
{{Main|Education in England}}

The [[Department for Education]] is the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education.<ref>{{harvnb|Gearon|2002|p=246}}.</ref> State-funded schools are attended by about 93% of English schoolchildren.<ref>{{harvnb|West|2003|p=28}}.</ref> Education is the responsibility of the [[Secretary of State for Education]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secretary of State for Education – GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/secretary-of-state-for-education |website=gov.uk |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405111108/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/secretary-of-state-for-education |url-status=live }}</ref>

Children between the ages of 3 and 5 attend nursery or an [[Early Years Foundation Stage]] reception unit within a primary school. Children between the ages of 5 and 11 attend primary school, and secondary school is attended by those aged between 11 and 16. State-funded schools are obliged by law to teach the [[National Curriculum for England|National Curriculum]]; basic areas of learning include English literature, English language, mathematics, science, art & design, citizenship, history, geography, religious education, design & technology, computing, ancient & modern languages, music, and physical education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Curriculum |url=https://www.gov.uk/national-curriculum |access-date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003005958/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Parents/Schoolslearninganddevelopment/ExamsTestsAndTheCurriculum/DG_10013041 |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Radcliffe Camera by Fenlio.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Oxford]] was founded in 1096, making it the world's second-oldest university.]] The [[Programme for International Student Assessment]] coordinated by the [[OECD]] currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of British 15-year-olds as 13th in the world in literacy, mathematics, and science with the average British student scoring 503.7, well above the OECD average of 493.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/pisa/Combined_Executive_Summaries_PISA_2018.pdf |title=OECD: PISA 2018 |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206115004/https://www.oecd.org/pisa/Combined_Executive_Summaries_PISA_2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, there are selective intake [[grammar school]]s to which entrance is subject to passing the [[eleven-plus]] exam. Around 7.2 per cent of English schoolchildren attend [[Independent school (UK)|private schools]], which are funded by private sources.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Independent Schools in the United Kingdom |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580406/Independent_Schools_in_the_United_Kingdom.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829163013/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580406/Independent_Schools_in_the_United_Kingdom.html |archive-date=29 August 2009}}</ref> Standards in state schools are monitored by the [[Office for Standards in Education]], and in private schools by the [[Independent Schools Inspectorate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gearon|2002|p=102}}.</ref>

After finishing compulsory education, students take [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSE]] examinations. Students may then opt to continue into [[further education]] for two years. [[List of further education colleges in England|Further education colleges]] (particularly [[sixth form colleges]]) often form part of a secondary school site. [[A-level]] examinations are sat by a large number of further education students, and often form the basis of an application to university. Further education covers a wide curriculum of study and [[apprenticeship]]s, including [[T Level|T-levels]], [[Business and Technology Education Council|BTEC]], [[NVQ]] and others. [[Tertiary college]]s provide both academic and vocational courses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=Judith |last2=Church |first2=Andrew |year=2009 |title=The Social Effects of Travel to Learn Patterns – A Case Study of 16–19 Year Olds in London |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02690940903166971 |journal=Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=389–414 |doi=10.1080/02690940903166971 |s2cid=145187656 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014013046/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02690940903166971 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Higher education===
Higher education students normally attend university from age 18 onwards, where they study for an [[academic degree]]. There are over 90 universities in England, all but one of which are [[Public university|public institutions]]. The [[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]] is the government department responsible for higher education in England.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Kingdom Parliament |author-link=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Committee Contents |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmdius/170/17004.htm |access-date=16 September 2009 |publisher=publications.parliament.uk |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808140029/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmdius/170/17004.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Students are generally entitled to [[student loan]]s to cover [[tuition fees]] and living costs.{{Efn|Students attending English universities now have to pay tuition fees towards the cost of their education, as do English students who choose to attend university in Scotland. Scottish students attending Scottish universities have their fees paid by the devolved Scottish Parliament.<ref name="House of Commons Library">{{cite web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/cost-of-living-support-for-students/ |title=Financial support for higher education students |date=31 January 2024 |website=commonslibrary.parliament.uk |publisher=House of Commons Library |access-date=25 February 2024 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508123544/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/cost-of-living-support-for-students/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} The first degree offered to undergraduates is the [[bachelor's degree]], which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then able to work towards a postgraduate degree, which usually takes one year, or a doctorate, which takes three or more years.<ref name="FHEQ">{{Cite web |date=November 2014 |title=The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies |url=http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/qualifications-frameworks.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083730/http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/qualifications-frameworks.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |page=17}}</ref>

[[List of universities in England|England's universities]] include some of the highest-ranked universities in the world. As of 2024, four England-based universities, the [[University of Cambridge]], [[University of Oxford]], [[Imperial College London]], and [[University College London]], are ranked amongst the top ten in the 2024 ''[[QS World University Rankings]]''. The University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, and the University of Oxford, founded in 1096, are the two [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest universities in the English-speaking world]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2017 |title=QS World University Rankings 2023 {{pipe}} Top Universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited |archive-date=17 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917171555/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[London School of Economics]] has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.<ref name="london_156">{{Cite news |last=Hoyle |first=Ben |date=23 September 2007 |title=The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2007 – Profile for London School of Economics |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202225123/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=6 June 2008}}</ref> The [[London Business School]] is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref name="ft">{{Cite web |title=FT Global MBA Rankings |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504135153/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |archive-date=4 May 2011 |access-date=25 January 2010 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> [[Academic degree]]s in England are usually split into classes: first class, upper second class, lower second class, third, and unclassified.<ref name="FHEQ" /> [[The King's School, Canterbury]] and [[King's School, Rochester]] are the oldest schools in the English-speaking world.<ref>{{harvnb|Webster|1937|p=383}}.</ref> Many of England's most well-known schools, such as [[Winchester College]], [[Eton College|Eton]], [[St Paul's School (London)|St Paul's School]], [[Harrow School]] and [[Rugby School]] are fee-paying institutions.<ref>{{harvnb|Lowe|1971|p=317}}.</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of England}}

{{further|English Renaissance}}

===Architecture===
{{main|Architecture of England}}
Many ancient [[standing stone]] monuments were erected during the prehistoric period; amongst the best known are [[Stonehenge]], [[Devil's Arrows]], [[Rudston Monolith]] and [[Castlerigg stone circle|Castlerigg]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stone-circles.org.uk/stone/index.htm |publisher=Stone-Circles.org.uk |title=The Prehistoric Sites of Great Britain |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929001010/http://www.stone-circles.org.uk/stone/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> With the introduction of [[Ancient Roman architecture]] there was a development of [[basilicas]], [[Roman baths|baths]], [[amphitheaters]], [[triumphal arch]]es, [[villa]]s, [[Roman temple]]s, [[Roman road]]s, [[Roman fort]]s, [[stockade]]s and [[aqueduct (bridge)|aqueducts]].<ref name="roman">{{cite web |url=http://www.castles.me.uk/ancient-roman-architecture-england-wales.htm |publisher=Castles.me.uk |title=Ancient Roman architecture in England and Wales |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212033420/http://www.castles.me.uk/ancient-roman-architecture-england-wales.htm |archive-date=12 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best-known example is [[Hadrian's Wall]] stretching right across northern England.<ref name="roman" /> Another well-preserved example is the [[Roman Baths (Bath)|Roman Baths]] at [[Bath, Somerset]].<ref name="roman" />

[[File:Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A castle of square plan surrounded by a water-filled moat. It has round corner towers and a forbidding appearance.|[[Bodiam Castle]] is a 14th-century [[moat]]ed [[castle]] near [[Robertsbridge]] in East Sussex.]]
[[Anglo-Saxon architecture|Early medieval architecture]]'s secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber with [[thatch]] for roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of [[Early Christian Ireland|Hiberno]]–[[Germanic Christianity|Saxon]] [[monasticism]],<ref>{{harvnb|Colgrave|1985|p=326}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Pevsner|1942|p=14}}.</ref> to [[Early Christian art and architecture|Early Christian]] [[basilica]] and architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. After the Norman conquest in 1066 various [[castles in England|castles]] were created; the best known include the [[Tower of London]], [[Warwick Castle]], [[Durham Castle]] and [[Windsor Castle]].<ref name="buildings" />

Throughout the Plantagenet era, an [[English Gothic architecture]] flourished, with prime examples including the [[Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England|medieval cathedrals]] such as [[Canterbury Cathedral]], [[Westminster Abbey]] and [[York Minster]].<ref name="buildings">{{harvnb|Atkinson|2008|p=189}}.</ref> Expanding on the [[Norman architecture|Norman base]] there was also [[castle]]s, [[palace]]s, [[List of historic houses in England|great houses]], universities and [[parish church]]es. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th-century [[Tudor architecture|Tudor style]]; the four-centred arch, now known as the [[Tudor arch]], was a defining feature as were [[wattle and daub]] houses domestically. In the aftermath of the [[Renaissance]] a form of architecture echoing classical antiquity synthesised with Christianity appeared, the [[English Baroque]] style of architect [[Christopher Wren]] being particularly championed.<ref>{{harvnb|Downes|2007|p=17}}.</ref>

[[Georgian architecture]] followed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; the [[Royal Crescent]] at Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence of [[romanticism]] during Victorian period, a [[Gothic Revival]] was launched. In addition to this, around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such as [[The Crystal Palace]]. Since the 1930s various [[modernist architecture|modernist]] forms have appeared whose reception is often controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places.{{Efn|While people such as [[Norman Foster (architect)|Norman Foster]] and [[Richard Rogers]] represent the modernist movement, [[Prince Charles]] since the 1980s has voiced strong views against it in favour of traditional architecture and put his ideas into practice at his [[Poundbury]] development in Dorset.<ref name=ArchCon4>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8045027.stm |work=BBC News |title=Architects to hear Prince appeal |date=12 May 2009 |access-date=20 June 2009 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202111706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8045027.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Architects like [[Raymond Erith]], [[Francis Johnson (architect)|Francis Johnson]] and [[Quinlan Terry]] continued to practise in the classical style.}}
{{Clear}}

===Gardens===
{{Main|English garden}}

[[File:Stourhead lake in midsummer - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|The landscape garden at Stourhead. Inspired by the great [[landscape artists]] of the seventeenth century, the landscape garden was described as a "living work of art" when first opened in the 1750s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The history of the house at Stourhead |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/stourhead/features/the-history-of-stourhead |access-date=10 April 2021 |website=National Trust |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919055012/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/stourhead/features/the-history-of-stourhead |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Landscape gardening, as developed by [[Capability Brown]], set an international trend for the [[English garden|English landscape garden]]. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are regarded as typically English pursuits. The English garden presented an idealised view of nature. At large country houses, the English garden usually included lakes, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples, [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Gardens through time |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/gardens-through-time/ |access-date=10 April 2021 |website=English Heritage |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407075853/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/gardens-through-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the end of the 18th century, the English garden was being imitated by the [[French landscape garden]], and as far away as [[Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg]], the gardens of the future [[Emperor Paul]]. It also had a major influence on the [[public parks]] and gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century.<ref>Lucia Impelluso, ''Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes'', Mondatori Electra, Milan</ref> The English landscape garden was centred on the [[English country house]] and manor houses.<ref name=":2" />

[[English Heritage]] and the [[National Trust]] preserve great gardens and landscape parks throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gardens & parks |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/gardens-and-parks |access-date=10 April 2021 |website=National Trust |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410224946/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/gardens-and-parks |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[RHS Chelsea Flower Show]] is held every year by the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] and is said to be the largest gardening show in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/shows-events/rhs-chelsea-flower-show |title=RHS Chelsea Flower Show |website=rhs.org.uk |access-date=9 December 2020 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415222137/https://www.rhs.org.uk/shows-events/rhs-chelsea-flower-show |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Folklore===
{{Main|English folklore}}

[[File:The King joins the hands of Robin Hood and Maid Marian.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robin Hood]] and [[Maid Marian]] with [[Richard I of England]]]]

English folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings include [[pixie]]s, [[giant (mythology)|giants]], [[elf|elves]], [[bogeymen]], [[troll]]s, [[goblin]]s and [[dwarf (mythology)|dwarves]]. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, such as the tales featuring [[Offa of Angel]] and [[Wayland the Smith]],<ref name="keary">{{harvnb|Keary|1882|p=50}}.</ref> others date from after the Norman invasion. The legends featuring [[Robin Hood]] and his [[Merry Men]] of [[Sherwood Forest|Sherwood]], and their battles with the [[Sheriff of Nottingham]], are amongst the best-known of these.<ref>{{harvnb|Pollard|2004|p=272}}.</ref>

During the [[High Middle Ages]] tales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore and developed into the [[Arthurian myth]].<ref name="woodbbc">{{cite news |last=Wood |first=Michael |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/arthur_03.shtml |title=King Arthur, 'Once and Future King' |work=BBC News |access-date=16 September 2009 |archive-date=2 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202111301/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/arthur_03.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="higham1">{{harvnb|Higham|2002|p=25}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Koch|2006|p=732}}.</ref> These were derived from [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]], Welsh and French sources,<ref name="higham1" /> featuring [[King Arthur]], [[Camelot]], [[Excalibur]], [[Merlin]] and the [[Knights of the Round Table]] such as [[Lancelot]]. These stories are most centrally brought together within [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]'s {{Lang|la|[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]}} (''History of the Kings of Britain'').{{Efn|These tales may have come to prominence, at least in part, as an attempt by the Norman ruling elite to legitimise their rule of the British Isles, finding [[Anglo-Saxon]] history ill-suited to the task during an era when members of the deposed [[House of Wessex]], especially [[Edgar the Ætheling]] and his nephews of the Scottish [[House of Dunkeld]], were still active in the isles.<ref name=higham1 /><ref>{{harvnb|Lacy|1986|p=649}}.</ref> Also [[Michael Wood (historian)|Michael Wood]] explains; "Over the centuries the figure of Arthur became a symbol of British history – a way of explaining the matter of Britain, the relationship between the Saxons and the Celts, and a way of exorcising ghosts and healing the wounds of the past."<ref name=woodbbc />}}

Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Briggs|2004|p=26}}.</ref> On 5 November people celebrate [[Bonfire Night]] to commemorate the foiling of the [[Gunpowder Plot]] centred on [[Guy Fawkes]]. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such as [[Morris dancing]], [[Maypole dance|Maypole dancing]], [[Rapper sword]] in the North East, [[Long Sword dance]] in Yorkshire, [[Mummers Play]]s, [[bottle-kicking]] in Leicestershire, and [[Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake|cheese-rolling]] at [[Brockworth, Gloucestershire|Cooper's Hill]].<ref>{{harvnb|Withington|2008|p=224}}.</ref> There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as the [[Pearly Kings and Queens]] associated with cockneys, the [[Queen's Guard|Royal Guard]], the [[Morris dance|Morris costume]] and [[Beefeater]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/costume.html |publisher=Woodlands-Junior.kent.sch.uk |title=What is England's national costume? |access-date=24 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505015321/http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/CUSTOMS/questions/costume.html |archive-date=5 May 2009}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{Main|English cuisine}}
Since the [[early modern period]] the food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.<ref>{{harvnb|Else|2007|p=76}}.</ref> During the [[Middle Ages]] and the Renaissance, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during the [[Industrial Revolution]] with increasing urbanisation. The cuisine of England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognised by food critics with some good ratings in ''[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]]''{{'}}s [[best restaurant in the world]] charts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theworlds50best.com/module/acms_winners?group_id=1 |publisher=TheWorlds50Best.com |title=The S.Pellegrino World's 50 Best Restaurants |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113043907/http://www.theworlds50best.com/module/acms_winners?group_id=1 |archive-date=13 January 2010}}</ref>[[File:English-cusine-exports.jpg|thumb|English foods: clockwise from top left{{emdash}}[[tea cakes]], [[English cheese|cheeses]], [[English wine|wines]] and [[cider]]]]

Traditional examples of English food include the [[Sunday roast]], featuring a [[roasting|roasted joint]] (usually beef, [[lamb and mutton|lamb]], chicken or pork) served with assorted vegetables, [[Yorkshire pudding]] and [[gravy]].<ref name="tradfood" /> Other prominent meals include [[fish and chips]] and the [[Full breakfast|full English breakfast]] (generally consisting of [[bacon]], [[sausages]], grilled tomatoes, fried bread, [[black pudding]], [[baked beans]], [[edible mushroom|mushrooms]] and eggs).<ref>{{cite news |title=How to make the perfect full English breakfast |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/11029015/How-to-make-the-perfect-full-English-breakfast.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/11029015/How-to-make-the-perfect-full-English-breakfast.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |date=25 June 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Various [[meat pie]]s are consumed, such as [[steak and kidney pie]], [[steak and ale pie]], [[cottage pie]], [[pork pie]] (usually eaten cold)<ref name="tradfood">{{cite web |url=http://www.travelsignposts.com/England/traditional-English-food-specialities.php |publisher=TravelSignPosts.com |title=Traditional English Food Specialities |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225131637/http://www.travelsignposts.com/England/traditional-English-food-specialities.php |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Cornish pasty]].

Sausages are commonly eaten, either as [[bangers and mash]] or [[toad in the hole]]. [[Lancashire hotpot]] is a well-known stew originating in the northwest. Some of the more popular cheeses are [[Cheddar cheese|Cheddar]], [[Red Leicester]], [[Wensleydale (cheese)|Wensleydale]], [[Double Gloucester]] and [[Stilton cheese|Blue Stilton]]. Many [[Anglo-Indian]] hybrid dishes, [[curries]], have been created, such as [[chicken tikka masala]] and [[balti (food)|balti]]. Traditional English dessert dishes include [[apple pie]] or other fruit pies; [[spotted dick]] – all generally served with [[custard]]; and, more recently, [[sticky toffee pudding]]. Sweet pastries include [[scones]] served with jam or cream, dried fruit loaves, [[Eccles cake]]s and [[mince pie]]s as well as sweet or spiced biscuits.

Common non-alcoholic drinks include tea<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tea.co.uk/catherine-of-braganza |publisher=Tea.co.uk |title=Catherine of Braganza |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425214836/https://www.tea.co.uk/catherine-of-braganza |url-status=live }}</ref> and coffee; frequently consumed alcoholic drinks include wine, [[cider]]s and [[English beer]]s, such as [[bitter (beer)|bitter]], [[mild ale|mild]], [[stout]] and [[brown ale]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/the-pint-of-real-ale/features/types-of-beer-finished |publisher=Icons of England |title=Types of Beer |access-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030154340/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/the-pint-of-real-ale/features/types-of-beer-finished |archive-date=30 October 2009}}</ref>

===Visual arts===
{{Main|English art}}

{{See also|Arts Council England}}
{{stack begin|float=left}}
[[File:John Constable The Hay Wain.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A horse-drawn wagon crossing a river towards a cottage, with trees and fields beyond|''[[The Hay Wain]]'' by [[John Constable]], 1821, is an archetypal English painting.]]
[[File:John William Waterhouse - The Lady of Shalott - Google Art Project edit.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A painting of a red haired woman, sitting in a boat, surrounded by trees|''[[The Lady of Shalott (painting)|The Lady of Shalott]]'' by [[John William Waterhouse]], 1888, in the [[Pre-Raphaelite]] style]]
{{stack end}}

The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock and [[cave art]] pieces, most prominent in [[North Yorkshire]], Northumberland and [[Cumbria]], but also feature further south, for example at [[Creswell Crags]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-836-1/dissemination/pdf/ERA_Brochure.pdf |publisher=ArchaeologyDataService.ac.uk |title=The Prehistoric Cave Art of England |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=25 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825132713/http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-836-1/dissemination/pdf/ERA_Brochure.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> With the arrival of [[Roman culture]] in the 1st century, various forms of art such as statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those at [[Lullingstone Roman Villa|Lullingstone]] and [[Isurium Brigantum|Aldborough]].<ref>{{cite web |author=English Heritage |author-link=English Heritage |url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server.php?show=nav.17022 |publisher=english-heritage.org.uk |title=Aldborough Roman Site |access-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022105915/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server.php?show=nav.17022 |archive-date=22 October 2009}}</ref> During the Early Middle Ages the style favoured sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in the [[Staffordshire Hoard]] discovered in 2009. Some of these blended [[Insular art|Gaelic and Anglian]] styles, such as the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] and [[Vespasian Psalter]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0023715.html |publisher=Tiscali.co.uk |title=Early Middle Ages Art |access-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227121544/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0023715.html |archive-date=27 February 2009}}</ref> Later [[Gothic art]] was popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such as [[Benedictional of St. Æthelwold]] and [[Luttrell Psalter]].<ref name="engart" />

The Tudor era saw [[Artists of the Tudor court|prominent artists]] as part of their court; portrait painting, which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by German [[Hans Holbein the Younger|Hans Holbein]], and natives such as [[Nicholas Hilliard]] built on this.<ref name="engart">{{cite web |url=http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0028010.html |publisher=Tiscali.co.uk |title=English art |access-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216224856/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0028010.html |archive-date=16 February 2009}}</ref> Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period include [[Anthony van Dyck]], [[Peter Lely]], [[Godfrey Kneller]] and [[William Dobson]].<ref name="engart" /> The 18th century saw the founding of the [[Royal Academy]]; a [[classicism]] based on the [[Renaissance art|High Renaissance]] prevailed, with [[Thomas Gainsborough]] and [[Joshua Reynolds]] becoming two of England's most treasured artists.<ref name="engart" />

In the 19th century, [[John Constable]] and [[J. M. W. Turner]] were major landscape artists. The [[Norwich School (art movement)|Norwich School]] continued the landscape tradition, while the [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood]], led by artists such as [[Holman Hunt]], [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] and [[John Everett Millais]], revived the [[Early Renaissance]] style with their vivid and detailed style.<ref name="engart" /> Prominent amongst 20th-century artists was [[Henry Moore]], regarded as the voice of British sculpture, and of British modernism in general.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Turner |first=Chris |title=The Bronze Age: Henry Moore and his successors |journal=Tate Magazine |issue=6 |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/magazine/issue6/moore.htm |access-date=9 September 2009 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120105222753/http://www.tate.org.uk/magazine/issue6/moore.htm |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Royal Society of Arts]] is an organisation committed to the arts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the RSA – RSA |url=https://www.thersa.org/about |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=thersa.org |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405150331/https://www.thersa.org/about-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Literature, poetry, and philosophy===
{{Main|English literature|English drama}}

[[File:Geoffrey Chaucer (17th century).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A man dressed in grey with a beard, holding a rosary, depicted next to a coat of arms.|[[Geoffrey Chaucer]] was an English author, poet and philosopher, best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]''.]]

Early authors such as [[Bede]] and [[Alcuin]] wrote in Latin.<ref name="warnancmod">{{harvnb|Warner|1902|p=35}}.</ref> The period of [[Old English literature]] provided the epic poem ''[[Beowulf]]'' and the secular prose of the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'',<ref>{{harvnb|Rogers|2001|p=17}}.</ref> along with Christian writings such as ''[[Judith (poem)|Judith]]'', [[Cædmon]]'s ''[[Cædmon|Hymn]]'' and [[hagiography|hagiographies]].<ref name="warnancmod" /> Following the Norman conquest [[Latin literature|Latin]] continued amongst the educated classes, as well as an [[Anglo-Norman literature]].

[[Middle English literature]] emerged with [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], author of ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'', along with [[John Gower|Gower]], the [[Pearl Poet]] and [[William Langland|Langland]]. [[William of Ockham]] and [[Roger Bacon]], who were [[Franciscans]], were major philosophers of the Middle Ages. [[Julian of Norwich]], who wrote ''[[Revelations of Divine Love]]'', was a prominent Christian mystic. With the [[English Renaissance]] literature in the [[Early Modern English]] style appeared. [[William Shakespeare]], whose works include ''[[Hamlet]]'', ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', ''[[Macbeth]]'', and ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'', remains one of the most championed authors in English literature.<ref>{{harvnb|Rogers|2001|p=135}}.</ref>

[[Christopher Marlowe]], [[Edmund Spenser]], [[Philip Sydney]], [[Thomas Kyd]], [[John Donne]], and [[Ben Jonson]] are other established authors of the [[Elizabethan literature|Elizabethan age]].<ref name="elizren">{{harvnb|Rowse|1971|p=48}}.</ref> [[Francis Bacon]] and [[Thomas Hobbes]] wrote on [[empiricism]] and [[materialism]], including [[scientific method]] and [[social contract]].<ref name="elizren" /> [[Robert Filmer|Filmer]] wrote on the [[Divine Right of Kings]]. [[Andrew Marvell|Marvell]] was the best-known poet of the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]],<ref>{{harvnb|Norbrook|2000|p=6}}.</ref> while [[John Milton]] authored ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' during the [[Restoration literature|Restoration]].
{{Quote box
| quote =This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.
| source = [[William Shakespeare]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard II |url=http://www.users.waitrose.com/~uk1/shakespeare/sceptred.htm |publisher=[[William Shakespeare]] |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=28 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628141802/http://www.users.waitrose.com/~uk1/shakespeare/sceptred.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| width =28%
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Some of the most prominent philosophers of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] were [[John Locke]], [[Thomas Paine]], [[Samuel Johnson]] and [[Jeremy Bentham]]. More radical elements were later countered by [[Edmund Burke]] who is regarded as the founder of conservatism.<ref>{{harvnb|Heywood|2007|p=74}}.</ref> The poet [[Alexander Pope]] with his satirical verse became well regarded. The English played a significant role in [[romanticism]]: [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[Lord Byron]], [[John Keats]], [[Mary Shelley]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], [[William Blake]] and [[William Wordsworth]] were major figures.<ref>{{harvnb|Watson|1985|p=360}}.</ref>

In response to the [[Industrial Revolution]], agrarian writers sought a way between [[liberty]] and tradition; [[William Cobbett]], [[G. K. Chesterton]] and [[Hilaire Belloc]] were main exponents, while the founder of [[guild socialism]], [[Arthur Penty]], and [[cooperative movement]] advocate [[G. D. H. Cole]] are somewhat related.<ref>{{harvnb|Cole|1947|p=268}}.</ref> Empiricism continued through [[John Stuart Mill]] and [[Bertrand Russell]], while [[Bernard Williams]] was involved in [[analytics]]. Authors from around the [[Victorian era]] include [[Charles Dickens]], the [[Brontë sisters]], [[Jane Austen]], [[George Eliot]], [[Rudyard Kipling]], [[Thomas Hardy]], [[H. G. Wells]] and [[Lewis Carroll]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hawkins-Dady|1996|p=970}}.</ref> Since then England has continued to produce novelists such as [[George Orwell]], [[D. H. Lawrence]], [[Virginia Woolf]], [[C. S. Lewis]], [[Enid Blyton]], [[Aldous Huxley]], [[Agatha Christie]], [[Terry Pratchett]], [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], and [[J. K. Rowling]].<ref>{{harvnb|Eccleshare|2002|p=5}}.</ref>

===Performing arts===
{{further|Folk music of England}}
{{See also|Music of the United Kingdom}}
{{Listen
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|filename3=09 The Queen's Dolour (A Farewell) Henry Purcell Transcribed Ronald Stevenson (1958) Mark Gasser Piano (Live Recording).ogg
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The traditional [[folk music of England]] is centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostly [[sea shanties]], [[jig]]s, [[hornpipe]]s and [[dance music]]. It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. Ballads featuring Robin Hood, printed by [[Wynkyn de Worde]] in the 16th century, are an important artefact, as are [[John Playford]]'s ''[[The Dancing Master]]'' and [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer|Robert Harley]]'s ''[[Roxburghe Ballads]]'' collections.<ref>{{harvnb|Chappell|1966|p=690}}.</ref> Some of the best-known songs are ''[[Greensleeves]]'', ''[[Pastime with Good Company]]'', ''[[Maggie May (folk song)|Maggie May]]'' and ''[[Spanish Ladies]]'' amongst others. Many [[nursery rhymes]] are of English origin such as ''[[Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary]]'', ''[[Roses Are Red]]'', ''[[Jack and Jill (nursery rhyme)|Jack and Jill]]'', ''[[London Bridge Is Falling Down]], [[The Grand Old Duke of York]], [[Hey Diddle Diddle]]'' and ''[[Humpty Dumpty]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Lax|1989|p=7}}.</ref> Traditional English Christmas carols include "[[We Wish You a Merry Christmas]]", "[[The First Noel]]", "[[I Saw Three Ships]]" and "[[God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen]]".

Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artists [[Thomas Tallis]] and [[William Byrd]], followed by [[Henry Purcell]] from the [[Baroque music|Baroque period]] and [[Thomas Arne]] who was well known for his patriotic song [[Rule, Britannia!]]. German-born [[George Frideric Handel]] spent most of his composing life in London and became a national icon in Britain, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, especially his English oratorios, ''[[Messiah (Handel)|The Messiah]]'', ''[[Solomon (Handel)|Solomon]]'', ''[[Water Music (Handel)|Water Music]]'', and ''[[Music for the Royal Fireworks]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Birth of British Music: Handel – The Conquering Hero |publisher=BBC |date=15 July 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00kntl1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514114225/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00kntl1 |archive-date=14 May 2017}}</ref>
[[File:The Beatles arrive at JFK Airport.jpg|thumb|[[The Beatles]] are the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed band in popular music.<ref>{{cite news |url={{GBurl |id=rdU1xtIWJz0C |q=The Beatles have sold around 1 billion records and cassettes}} |title=The Guinness Book of Records 1999 |isbn=978-0-85112-070-6 |last1=Kynaston |first1=Nic |year=1998 |publisher=Guinness}}</ref>]]

Classical music attracted much attention in the 18th century with the formation of the [[Birmingham Triennial Music Festival]], which was the longest running classical music festival of its kind until the final concerts in 1912. The [[English Musical Renaissance]] was a hypothetical development in the late 19th and early 20th century, when English composers, often those lecturing or trained at the [[Royal College of Music]], were said to have freed themselves from foreign musical influences. There was a revival in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century led by [[Edward Elgar]], [[Benjamin Britten]], [[Frederick Delius]], [[Gustav Holst]], [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] and others.<ref>{{harvnb|Stradling|1993|p=166}}.</ref> Present-day composers from England include [[Michael Nyman]], best known for ''[[The Piano]]'', and [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], whose musicals have achieved enormous success in the [[West End theatre|West End]] and worldwide.

In [[popular music]], many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Acts such as [[the Beatles]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Elton John]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[Rod Stewart]], [[David Bowie]], [[the Rolling Stones]] and [[Def Leppard]] are amongst the highest-selling recording artists in the world.<ref>{{cite web |author=Recording Industry Association of America |author-link=Recording Industry Association of America |title=Top Selling Artists |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701163039/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt |archive-date=1 July 2007 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=riaa.com}}</ref> Many musical genres have origins in (or strong associations with) England, such as [[British invasion]], [[progressive rock]], [[hard rock]], [[mod (subculture)|Mod]], [[glam rock]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[Britpop]], [[indie rock]], [[gothic rock]], [[shoegazing]], [[acid house]], [[UK garage|garage]], [[trip hop]], [[drum and bass]] and [[dubstep]].<ref>{{harvnb|Else|2007|p=65}}.</ref>

[[File:Royal Albert Hall Rear, London, England - Diliff.jpg|thumb|The [[Royal Albert Hall]]. Since the hall's opening in 1871, the world's leading artists from many performance genres have appeared on its stage. ]]
Large outdoor [[List of music festivals in the United Kingdom|music festivals]] in the summer and autumn are popular, such as [[Glastonbury Festival|Glastonbury]], [[V Festival]], and the [[Reading and Leeds Festivals]]. England was at the forefront of the illegal, free [[rave]] movement from the late 1980s, which inspired the pan-European culture of [[teknival]]s.<ref>Matthew Collin, John Godfrey (2010). "Altered State: The Story of Ecstasy Culture and Acid House" p. 258.</ref> The [[Boishakhi Mela]] is a [[Bengali New Year]] festival celebrated by the [[British Bangladeshi]] community. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After the [[Notting Hill Carnival]], it is the second-largest street festival in the UK, attracting over 80,000 visitors.

The most prominent [[opera house]] in England is the [[Royal Opera House]] at [[Covent Garden]].<ref name="foreman">{{harvnb|Foreman|2005|p=371}}.</ref> [[The Proms]] is a major annual cultural event in the English calendar.<ref name="foreman" /> [[The Royal Ballet]] is one of the world's foremost classical ballet companies. The [[Royal Academy of Music]] is the oldest [[Music school|conservatoire]] in the UK, founded in 1822, receiving its [[royal charter]] in 1830.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Academy of Music {{!}} University of London |url=https://www.london.ac.uk/federation/royal-academy-music |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=london.ac.uk |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224054116/https://www.london.ac.uk/federation/royal-academy-music |url-status=live }}</ref> England is home to numerous major orchestras such as the [[BBC Symphony Orchestra]], the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]], the [[Philharmonia Orchestra]], and the [[London Symphony Orchestra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=- PPL |url=https://www.ppluk.com/london-symphony-orchestra-tops-ppl-chart-ranking-uk-classical-ensembles/ |access-date=1 May 2021 |website=ppluk.com |date=25 September 2018 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720151323/https://www.ppluk.com/london-symphony-orchestra-tops-ppl-chart-ranking-uk-classical-ensembles/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other forms of entertainment that originated in England include the [[circus]]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/may/15/chipperfields-circus-family-dynasties Great dynasties of the world: The Chipperfields] ''[[The Guardian]]'' Retrieved 18 February 2011.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/2929565.stm "The circus comes to the Circus"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064632/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/2929565.stm |date=7 April 2023 }}. BBC News. Retrieved 13 December 2014</ref><ref>Hamilton, John (2000) ''Entertainment: A Pictorial History of the Past One Thousand Years'' p. 24. Retrieved 3 February 2011.</ref> and the [[pantomime]].<ref name="Panto">David Christopher (2002). "British Culture: An Introduction". p. 74. Routledge,</ref>

===Cinema===
{{See also|Cinema of the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Peter O'Toole in Lawrence of Arabia.png|left|thumb|[[Peter O'Toole]] as T. E. Lawrence in [[David Lean]]'s 1962 epic ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'']]

England has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema, producing some of the greatest actors, directors and motion pictures of all time, including [[Alfred Hitchcock]], [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[David Lean]], [[Laurence Olivier]], [[Vivien Leigh]], [[John Gielgud]], [[Peter Sellers]], [[Julie Andrews]], [[Michael Caine]], [[Gary Oldman]], [[Helen Mirren]], [[Kate Winslet]] and [[Daniel Day-Lewis]]. Hitchcock and Lean are amongst the most critically acclaimed filmmakers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517155218/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |archive-date=17 May 2012 |title=The Directors' Top Ten Directors |publisher=British Film Institute |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hitchcock's ''[[The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog]]'' (1926) helped shape the [[Thriller film|thriller]] genre in film, while his 1929 ''[[Blackmail (1929 film)|Blackmail]]'' is often regarded as the first British [[Sound film#Transition: Europe|sound]] feature film.<ref>{{cite book |url={{GBurl |id=AvxgFdRJ66kC |q=blackmail first british sound film |p=79}} |first=Paul Matthew |last=St. Pierre |title=Music Hall Mimesis in British Film, 1895–1960: On the Halls on the Screen |page=79 |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |location=New Jersey |date=1 April 2009 |isbn=978-1-61147-399-5}}</ref>

Major film studios in England include [[Pinewood Studios|Pinewood]], [[Elstree Studios|Elstree]] and [[Shepperton Studios|Shepperton]]. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England, including two of the [[List of highest-grossing film series|highest-grossing film franchises]] (''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' and ''[[James Bond (film series)|James Bond]]'').<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/sep/11/jkjoannekathleenrowling |title=Harry Potter becomes highest-grossing film franchise |access-date=2 November 2010 |work=The Guardian |date=11 September 2007 |location=London |archive-date=16 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916153840/http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2007/sep/11/jkjoannekathleenrowling |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ealing Studios]] in London has a claim to being the oldest continuously working film studio in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ealingstudios.com/EalingStudios/history_home.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726040738/http://www.ealingstudios.com/EalingStudios/history_home.html |archive-date=26 July 2013 |title=History of Ealing Studios |publisher=Ealing Studios |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> Famous for recording many motion picture [[film scores]], the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] first performed film music in 1935.<ref>[http://lso.co.uk/page/3151/LSO-and-Film-Music London Symphony Orchestra and Film Music] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930173905/http://lso.co.uk/page/3151/LSO-and-Film-Music |date=30 September 2011 }} LSO. Retrieved 30 June 2011</ref> The [[Hammer Film Productions|Hammer Horror]] films starring [[Christopher Lee]] saw the production of the first gory horror films showing blood and guts in colour.<ref>{{cite news |title=Frankenstein: Behind the monster smash |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-42411484 |agency=BBC |date=1 January 2018 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727232736/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-42411484 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[BFI Top 100 British films]] includes ''[[Monty Python's Life of Brian]]'' (1979), a film regularly voted the funniest of all time by the UK public.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/948331.stm "Life of Brian tops comedy poll"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101023333/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/948331.stm |date=1 January 2009 }}. BBC News (''[[Total Film]]'' magazine poll: 29 September 2000) Retrieved 27 June 2015</ref> English producers are also active in [[international co-productions]] and English actors, directors and crew feature regularly in American films. The UK film council ranked [[David Yates]], [[Christopher Nolan]], [[Mike Newell (director)|Mike Newell]], [[Ridley Scott]] and [[Paul Greengrass]] the five most commercially successful English directors since 2001.<ref>[http://statisticalyearbook11.ry.com/?id=82856 Statistical Yearbook 2011: 7.3 UK directors] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615221043/http://statisticalyearbook11.ry.com/?id=82856 |date=15 June 2012 }}. UK Film Council.</ref> Other contemporary English directors include [[Sam Mendes]], [[Guy Ritchie]] and [[Richard Curtis]]. Current actors include [[Tom Hardy]], [[Daniel Craig]], [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], [[Lena Headey]], [[Felicity Jones]], [[Emilia Clarke]], [[Lashana Lynch]], and [[Emma Watson]]. Acclaimed for his motion capture work, [[Andy Serkis]] opened [[The Imaginarium Studios]] in London in 2011.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/oscars/11217293/Does-Andy-Serkiss-motion-capture-acting-deserve-an-Oscar.html "Does Andy Serkis's motion capture acting deserve an Oscar?"]. The Telegraph. Retrieves 11 January 2015</ref> The visual effects company [[Framestore]] in London has produced some of the most critically acclaimed special effects in modern film.<ref>[https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/film/tim-webber-the-man-who-put-sandra-bullock-in-space-8804917.html "Tim Webber: the man who put Sandra Bullock in space"]. Evening Standard. Retrieved 17 January 2014</ref> Many successful Hollywood films have been based on English people, [[British literature|stories]] or events. The 'English Cycle' of Disney animated films include ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'', ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' and ''[[The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh|Winnie the Pooh]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article600292.ece/Barry-Ronges-Classic-DVD---Alice-in-Wonderland |title=Barry Ronge's Classic DVD : Alice in Wonderland |website=[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]] |quote=It was made under the personal supervision of Walt Disney, and he took special care when animating British fantasy. He called them his "English Cycle". |date=15 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009011612/http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article600292.ece/Barry-Ronges-Classic-DVD---Alice-in-Wonderland |archive-date=9 October 2012}}</ref>

===Sites and institutions===
{{Further|List of museums in England}}
[[File:London Natural History Museum Panorama.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|left|alt=A museum building entrance.|The [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] in London]]

[[English Heritage]] is a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored by the [[Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport|Department for Culture, Media and Sport]]. A non-governmental charity, the [[National Trust]] holds a complementary role, focussed on landscapes and [[English country house|country houses]]. 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s fall within England.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb |title=United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |website=UNESCO World Heritage |access-date=8 September 2009}}</ref> Some of the best-known of these are: [[Hadrian's Wall]], [[Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites]], the [[Tower of London]], the [[Jurassic Coast]], [[Saltaire]], [[Ironbridge Gorge]], [[Blenheim Palace]] and the [[Lake District]].<ref>{{cite web |title=English World Heritage Sites to get strongest ever protections |url=http://www.ihbc.org.uk/news/docs/English%20World%20Heritage%20Sites%20to%20get%20strongest%20ever%20protections%20CLG%20press%20notice%2027%20May%202008.pdf |publisher=Institute of Historic Building Conservation |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=2 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402203252/http://www.ihbc.org.uk/news/docs/English |url-status=dead}}</ref>

London's [[British Museum]] holds more than seven million objects,<ref>{{cite web |title=Museum in London |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/museum_in_london.aspx |publisher=BritishMuseum.org |access-date=5 September 2009}}</ref> one of the largest and most comprehensive collections in the world,<ref>{{cite magazine |title=250 Years of the British Museum |url=http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1871956,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117100413/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1871956,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2009 |magazine=Time |access-date=17 September 2009 |date=15 January 2009}}</ref> illustrating and documenting global human culture from its beginnings to the present. The [[British Library]] in London is the [[national library]] and is one of the world's largest [[research libraries]], holding over 150 million items in almost all known languages and formats, including around 25 million books.<ref>{{cite web |title=British Library |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/80260/British-Library |access-date=5 September 2009 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bl.uk/about-us/our-story/facts-and-figures-of-the-british-library |title=Facts and figures of the British Library |website=The British Library |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731015517/https://www.bl.uk/about-us/our-story/facts-and-figures-of-the-british-library |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[National Gallery]] in [[Trafalgar Square]] houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.<ref>{{cite web |title=The National Gallery |url=http://www.artinfo.com/galleryguide/22865/9383/the-national-gallery-london/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307205750/http://www.artinfo.com/galleryguide/22865/9383/the-national-gallery-london/about/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 March 2009 |publisher=ArtInfo.com |access-date=5 September 2009}}</ref> The [[Tate]] galleries house the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host the [[Turner Prize]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2382373.stm |title=The art of Turner protests |last=Youngs |first=Ian |date=31 October 2002 |work=BBC News |access-date=10 August 2009}}</ref>

The [[Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport|Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport]] has overall responsibility for cultural property and heritage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/secretary-of-state-for-digital-culture-media-and-sport |title=Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport |website=gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Arts, Heritage and Tourism |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/parliamentary-under-secretary-of-state--81 |access-date=29 January 2020 |website=gov.uk}}</ref> A [[blue plaque]], the oldest [[historical marker]] scheme in the world, is a permanent sign installed in a public place in England to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event. In 2011 there were around 1,600 museums in England.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=A review of research and literature on museums and libraries |url=http://www.artscouncil.org.uk/media/uploads/pdf/a_review_of_research.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904133747/http://www.artscouncil.org.uk/media/uploads/pdf/a_review_of_research.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2012 |access-date=24 February 2013 |publisher=Arts Council}}</ref> Entry to most museums and galleries is free.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2011 |title=Ten years of free museums |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ten-years-of-free-museums |access-date=9 July 2020}}</ref> [[London]] is one of the world's most visited cities, regularly taking the top five most visited cities in [[Europe]]. It is considered a global centre of finance, art and culture.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2019 |title=These Are the World's Most Popular City Destinations in 2019 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-03/these-are-the-world-s-most-popular-city-destinations-in-2019 |access-date=3 December 2019}}; {{Cite web |title=Top 100 City Destinations: 2019 Edition |url=http://go.euromonitor.com/white-paper-travel-2019-100-cities.html |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=Euromonitor International}}</ref>

=== Media ===
{{Main|Media in the United Kingdom}}

[[File:Footbridge to Media City, Salford - geograph.org.uk - 6131368.jpg|thumb|[[MediaCityUK|MediaCity]] in Manchester is the largest media-production facility in Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Europe's largest, digital, tech and creative hub: MediaCity |url=https://www.mediacityuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/MediaCity_Commercial-Brochure_Feb_V1_030223.pdf |journal=MediaCityUK}}</ref>]]
The [[BBC]], founded in 1922, is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world.<ref name="MediaNewsline">{{cite web |title=BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand |url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005004930/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=23 September 2010 |publisher=Media Newsline}}</ref><ref name="AboutBBC">{{cite news |title=About the BBC – What is the BBC |work=BBC Online |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116202334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml |archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> It operates numerous television and radio stations in the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by the [[Television licensing in the United Kingdom|television licence]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite journal |last=Newswire7 |date=13 August 2009 |title=BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand |url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |url-status=dead |journal=Media Newsline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510090842/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |archive-date=10 May 2011 |access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 2010 |title=TV Licence Fee: facts & figures |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/licencefee.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427080539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/licencefee.shtml |archive-date=27 April 2011 |publisher=BBC Press Office}}</ref> The [[BBC World Service]] is an [[International broadcasting|international broadcaster]] owned and operated by the [[BBC]]. It is the world's largest of any kind.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Work of the BBC World Service |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021001645/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=16 February 2011}}</ref> It broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News in your language |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ws/languages |website=bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC World Service |url=https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/whatwedo/worldservice |website=[[BBC]] News}}</ref>

London dominates the media sector in England: national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there, although [[Manchester]] is also a significant national media centre. The UK publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Publishing |url=http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/creative_industries/3280.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505104322/http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/creative_industries/3280.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2011 |publisher=Department of Culture, Media and Sport}}</ref> National newspapers produced in England include ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', and the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref name="paper2">{{cite news |date=10 October 2008 |title=ABCs: National daily newspaper circulation September 2008 |work=The Guardian |location=UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/table/2008/oct/10/abcs-pressandpublishing |access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref>

Magazines and journals published in England that have achieved worldwide circulation include ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', ''[[New Scientist]]'', ''[[The Spectator]]'', ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]'', ''[[NME]]'' and ''[[The Economist]]''. The [[Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport|Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport]] has overall responsibility over media and broadcasting in England.<ref name=":0"/>

=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in England}}


England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th century [[Codification (law)|codified]] many sports that are now played around the world. Sports originating in England include [[association football]],<ref name="football">{{cite web |date=24 October 2007 |title=Sheffield FC: 150 years of history |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025033006/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html |archive-date=25 October 2007 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> [[cricket]], [[rugby union]], [[rugby league]], [[tennis]], [[boxing]], badminton, [[squash (sport)|squash]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of squash |url=http://www.worldsquash2008.com/the-championships/history-of-squash.aspx |publisher=WorldSquash2008.com |access-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831081620/http://www.worldsquash2008.com/the-championships/history-of-squash.aspx |archive-date=31 August 2009}}</ref> [[rounders]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Game |url=http://www.nra-rounders.co.uk/dyncat.cfm?catid=17177 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223211035/http://www.nra-rounders.co.uk/dyncat.cfm?catid=17177 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2006 |publisher=NRA-Rounders.co.uk}}</ref> [[field hockey|hockey]], [[snooker]], [[billiards]], [[darts]], table tennis, [[bowls]], [[netball]], [[thoroughbred]] horseracing, [[greyhound racing]] and [[fox hunting]]. It has helped the development of [[golf]], sailing and [[Formula One]]. England has been crowned world champion in several major sports including: [[2019 Cricket World Cup final|Cricket]], [[2003 Rugby World Cup final|Rugby]] and [[1966 FIFA World Cup final|Association Football]].

Football is the [[Sport in the United Kingdom#Popularity|most popular]] of these sports. The [[England national football team]], whose home venue is [[Wembley Stadium]], played [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] in the first-ever international football match in 1872.<ref>{{cite news |title=The first international football match |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0012/index.shtml |publisher=BBC |author=Paul Mitchell |access-date=15 January 2015 |author-link=Paul Mitchell (broadcaster)}}</ref> Referred to as the "home of football" by [[FIFA]], England hosted and won the [[1966 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131220190138/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/england1966/index.html "Hurst the hero for England in the home of football"]. FIFA.com. Retrieved 15 January 2015</ref> With a British television audience peak of 32.30 million viewers, the [[1966 FIFA World Cup Final|final]] is the [[List of most-watched television broadcasts#United Kingdom|most watched television event ever]] in the UK.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16671101 "Tracking 30 years of TV's most watched programmes"]. BBC. Retrieved 25 June 2015</ref> England is recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football: [[Sheffield F.C.]], founded in 1857, is the world's oldest club.<ref name="football" /> The [[England women's national football team]] won the [[UEFA Women's Euro 2022]], hosted by England.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2022 |title=England 2–1 Germany (aet): Kelly gives Lionesses Wembley final triumph |url=https://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/news/0277-15c1d9745f40-baafd6e58b36-1000--england-2-1-germany-aet-kelly-gives-lionesses-wembley-fin/ |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> England was also victorious in the [[UEFA Women's Euro 2025]], winning the final in a penalty shootout against Spain.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wrack |first1=Suzanne |title=Chloe Kelly the hero again as England beat Spain in Euro 2025 final shootout |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2025/jul/27/chloe-kelly-winning-penalty-england-beat-spain-win-euro-2025 |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=27 July 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Euro 2022 Final England v Germany (52254519898).jpg|alt=|left|thumb|[[Wembley Stadium]], home of the [[Football in England|England football team]], during the [[UEFA Women's Euro 2022 final]]. At 90,000 capacity, it is the biggest stadium in the UK and [[List of European stadiums by capacity|the second-largest stadium in Europe]].]]
[[Cricket]] is generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period amongst the farming and metalworking communities of the [[Weald]].<ref>{{harvnb|Underdown|2000|p=6}}.</ref> The [[England cricket team]] is a composite England and Wales team. One of the game's top rivalries is [[The Ashes]] series between England and [[Australia cricket team|Australia]], contested since 1882. [[Lord's Cricket Ground]] situated in London is sometimes referred to as the "Mecca of Cricket".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket-flaw-lords-out-of-order-1166513.html |title=Cricket: Flaw Lord's out of order |last=Fay |first=Stephen |work=The Independent |location=London |date=21 June 1998 |access-date=9 September 2009 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118130512/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket-flaw-lords-out-of-order-1166513.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> After winning the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]], England became the first country to win the World Cups in football, rugby union, and cricket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England 1st country to win Cricket World Cup, Football World Cup and Rugby World Cup |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket-world-cup-2019/story/england-1st-country-to-win-cricket-world-cup-football-world-cup-and-rugby-world-cup-1569076-2019-07-15 |access-date=16 July 2023 |website=India Today |date=15 July 2019}}</ref>

[[William Penny Brookes]] was prominent in organising the format for the modern [[Olympic Games]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Father of the modern Olympics |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2006/01/31/william_penny_brookes_feature.shtml |agency=BBC |date=22 September 2017}}</ref> London has hosted the [[Summer Olympic Games]] three times, in [[1908 Summer Olympics|1908]], [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]], and [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]]. England competes in the [[Commonwealth Games]], held every four years. [[Sport England]] is the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England.

[[Rugby union]] originated in [[Rugby School]], Warwickshire in the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm#2 |title=Origins of Rugby – Codification 'The innovation of running with the ball was introduced some time between 1820 and 1830.' |publisher=Rugbyfootballhistory.com |access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> The top level of club participation is the [[Guinness Premiership|English Premiership]]. England's [[England women's national rugby union team|Red Roses]] won the [[2025 Women's Rugby World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=England overpower Canada to win Women's World Cup|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/articles/czjvgj81y2mo|date=26 September 2025|first=Alastair|last=Telfer|access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> [[Rugby league]] was born in [[Huddersfield]] in 1895. Since 2008, the [[England national rugby league team]] has been a full test nation in lieu of the [[Great Britain national rugby league team]], which won three [[Rugby League World Cup|World Cups]]. Club sides play in [[Super League]], the present-day embodiment of the [[Rugby Football League Championship]]. Rugby League is most popular amongst towns in the northern English counties of [[Lancashire]], Yorkshire and [[Cumbria]].<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyleague/10397530/Rugby-League-World-Cup-2013-will-provide-the-sport-with-a-true-test-of-its-popularity.html "Rugby League World Cup 2013 will provide the sport with a true test of its popularity"]. The Telegraph. Retrieved 23 September 2015</ref>

[[Golf]] has been prominent in England, due in part to its [[Golf in Scotland|cultural and geographical ties to Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/2008/tourlife/travel/04/08/trans_atlantic/index.html |title=Scotland is the home of golf |publisher=[[PGA Tour]] official website |access-date=4 December 2008 |quote=Scotland is the home of golf ... |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828200541/http://www.pgatour.com/2008/tourlife/travel/04/08/trans_atlantic/index.html |archive-date=28 August 2008}}</ref> There are professional tours for men and women, in two main tours: the [[Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain and Ireland)|PGA]] and the [[European Tour]]. The world's oldest golf tournament, and golf's first major is [[The Open Championship]], played both in England and Scotland. The biennial golf competition, the [[Ryder Cup]], is named after English businessman [[Samuel Ryder]].<ref>Fry, Peter (July 2000). Samuel Ryder: The Man Behind the Ryder Cup. Wright Press.</ref>

[[Tennis]] was created in Birmingham in the late 19th century, and [[The Championships, Wimbledon|the Wimbledon Championships]] is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 July 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/05/sports/tennis/05wimbledon.html |title=Traditional Final: It's Nadal and Federer |work=The New York Times |access-date=5 September 2009 |first=Christopher |last=Clarey}}</ref> Wimbledon has a major place in the English cultural calendar.<ref>{{harvnb|Kaufman|Macpherson|2005|p=958}}.</ref>

[[File:Mansell in his Ferrari 641 - 1990 British GP.jpg|thumb|left|Former [[Formula One]] world champion [[Nigel Mansell]] driving at [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]] in 1990. The circuit hosted the [[1950 British Grand Prix|first ever World Championship Formula One race]] in 1950.]]
In [[boxing]], under the [[Marquess of Queensberry Rules]], England has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by the governing bodies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 20 British Boxers |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/661141-the-top-20-british-boxers-of-all-time |access-date=12 April 2011 |website=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref>

Originating in 17th and 18th-century England, the [[thoroughbred]] is a horse breed best known for its use in [[horse racing]]. The [[National Hunt]] horse race the [[Grand National]], is held annually at [[Aintree Racecourse]] in early April. It is the most watched horse race in the UK, and three-time winner [[Red Rum]] is the most successful racehorse in the event's history.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/3495663.stm Red Rum: Aintree favourite] BBC. Retrieved 11 October 2011</ref>

The [[1950 British Grand Prix]] at [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]] was the first race in the newly created [[Formula One World Championship]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.silverstone.co.uk/about/history/ |publisher=Silverstone.co.uk |title=The History of British Motorsport and Motor Racing at Silverstone |access-date=31 October 2009 |work=Silverstone}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/f1/motorsport/page/3421.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922084250/http://www.espn.co.uk/f1/motorsport/page/3421.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2013 |work=ESPN |title=F1 Champions: Dan Wheldon killed in Las Vegas |access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref> England has seen the manufacture some of the most technically advanced racing cars, and many of today's racing companies choose England as their base of operations.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Asher |first1=Richard |last2=Hardy |first2=Ed |date=5 August 2022 |title=Where are F1 teams based? Mercedes, Ferrari, Red Bull and more |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/where-are-f1-teams-based/10348715/ |website=Autosport}}</ref> England also has a rich heritage in [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing]], the premier championship of motorcycle [[road racing]], and has produced several world champions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2016 |title=Inside MotoGP™ · History |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/History |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324103719/http://www.motogp.com/en/Inside+MotoGP/History |archive-date=24 March 2016}}</ref>

[[Darts]] is a widely popular sport in England; a professional competitive sport, it is a traditional [[pub game]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/2631249.stm |title=Part relishes Taylor triumph |date=6 January 2003 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=18 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Phil Taylor player profile |url=http://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?playerKey=1 |work=Dartsdatabase |access-date=23 July 2010 |archive-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118094449/http://www.dartsdatabase.co.uk/PlayerDetails.aspx?playerKey=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Another popular sport commonly associated with pub games is [[snooker]], and England has produced several world champions.

The English are keen sailors and enjoy competitive [[sailing]]; founding and winning some of the world's most famous international competitive tournaments across the various race formats, including the [[match race]], a regatta, and the [[America's Cup]].

==National symbols==
{{Main|National symbols of England}}

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Tudor Rose.svg
| width1 = 175
| alt1 = A red and white flower.
| caption1 = The [[Tudor rose]], England's [[national flower|national floral emblem]]
| image2 = Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 = A red shield tapers to its bottom end; on it are three stylised golden lions with blue claws.
| caption2 = The [[Royal Arms of England]]
}}

The St George's Cross has been the national [[flag of England]] since the 13th century. Originally, the flag was used by the maritime [[Republic of Genoa]]. The English monarch paid a tribute to the [[Doge of Genoa]] from 1190 onwards so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean.
A red cross was a symbol for many [[Crusades|Crusaders]] in the 12th and 13th centuries, and became associated with [[Saint George]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannia.com/history/stgeorge.html |title=St. George – England's Patron Saint |publisher=Britannia.com |access-date=1 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308175508/http://www.britannia.com/history/stgeorge.html |archive-date=8 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 1606 the St George's Cross has formed part of the design of the [[Union Flag]], a Pan-British flag designed by King [[James I of England|James I]].<ref name="flaghistory" /> During the [[English Civil War]] and [[Interregnum (England)|Interregnum]], the [[New Model Army]]'s standards and the [[English Commonwealth|Commonwealth]]'s [[Great Seal of the Realm#Commonwealth|Great Seal]] both incorporated the flag of Saint George.<ref>{{cite book |last=Good |first=Jonathan |title=The Cult of Saint George in Medieval England |url={{GBurl |id=dP8LAQAAMAAJ}} |page=149 |year=2009 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=978-1-84383-469-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Great Seal of the Commonwealth of England, 1651 |website=Getty Images |date=18 January 2014 |url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/the-great-seal-of-the-commonwealth-of-england-1651-news-photo/463967983 |access-date=27 October 2018}}</ref>

There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the [[Tudor rose]], the nation's [[national emblem|floral emblem]], and the Three Lions featured on the [[Royal Arms of England]]. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the [[Wars of the Roses]] as a symbol of peace.<ref name="Flowers">{{cite web |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page828 |title=National flowers |date=13 January 2003 |publisher=Number10.gov.uk |access-date=8 August 2009 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909053639/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page828 |archive-date=9 September 2008}}</ref> It is a [[syncreticism|syncretic]] symbol in that it merged the white rose of the [[House of York|Yorkists]] and the red rose of the [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrians]]. It is also known as the ''Rose of England''.<ref name="Rose">{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbynetwork.net/main/s245/st74325.htm |title=England's Rose – The Official History |last=Smith |first=Jed |date=3 June 2005 |website=Museum of Rugby, Twickenham |publisher=RugbyNetwork.net |access-date=8 August 2009}}</ref> The [[oak]] tree is a symbol of England: the [[Royal Oak]] symbol and [[Oak Apple Day]] commemorate the escape of King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] after his father's execution, when he hid in an oak to avoid detection by the parliamentarians before safely reaching exile.

The Royal Arms of England, a national [[coat of arms]] featuring three lions, originated with [[Richard the Lionheart]] in 1198. It is [[blazon]]ed as ''gules, three lions passant guardant or'' and it provides one of the most prominent symbols of England. England does not have an official national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole has ''[[God Save the King]]''. However, ''[[Jerusalem (hymn)|Jerusalem]]'', ''[[Land of Hope and Glory]]'' (used for England during the [[2002 Commonwealth Games]]),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/node/143569 |title=Jason Cowley loves the Commonwealth Games |work=New Statesman |access-date=5 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011102925/https://www.newstatesman.com/node/143569 |archive-date=11 October 2013}}</ref> and ''[[I Vow to Thee, My Country]]'' are often considered unofficial [[National anthem of England|English national anthems]]. England's [[National Day]] is 23 April which is [[St George's Day in England|Saint George's Day]]: Saint George is the patron saint of England.<ref name="St. George">{{cite news |date=23 April 1998 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/82166.stm |title=The Great Saint George Revival |work=BBC News |access-date=5 September 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|border=no|England}}
* [[Outline of England]]
* [[Outline of the United Kingdom]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

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{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|collapsible=collapsed}}
* [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/ English Heritage] – national body protecting English heritage
* [http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ Natural England] – wildlife and the natural world of England
* [https://www.visitengland.com/ VisitEngland] – English tourist board
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/england BBC News – England] – news items from BBC News relating to England
* [https://www.gov.uk/ GOV.UK] – official website of the British Government
* {{OSM relation|58447}}

{{England topics}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to England
|list =
{{United Kingdom topics}}
{{United Kingdom constituents and affiliations}}
{{British Isles}}
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}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|53.13|-1.38|type:country_region:GB-ENG|display=title}}

[[Category:England| ]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]]
[[Category:Great Britain]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:United Kingdom by country]]
[[Category:Christian states]]

Platyptilia triphracta

2026-03-15T22:29:16Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: starting a info

{{short description|Species of plume moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| taxon = Platyptilia triphracta
| authority = [[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1932
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Platyptilia triphracta''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Pterophoridae]]. It is found in [[India]].<ref>{{LepIndex |id=1176 |accessdate=May 12, 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7202802}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Platyptilia Triphracta}}
[[Category:Moths described in 1932]]
[[Category:Platyptilia|triphracta]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Platyptiliini-stub}}

Comedy Ka Maha Muqabala

2026-03-10T10:39:59Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: small fix

{{Short description|Indian sitcom series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Comedy ka maha muqabla.jpg
| runtime = approximately 45 minutes
| creator =
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| network = [[Star Plus]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2011|3|19|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2011|6|11|df=y}}
}}

'''Comedy Ka Maha Muqabala''' is a comedy reality show that aired on [[Star Plus]]. Four teams including some of the biggest names from films and television competed, and the show was hosted by [[Jennifer Winget]]. ''Comedy Ka Maha Muqabala'' was launched on 19 March 2011 and was produced by Reliance BIG Entertainment. The show ended on 11 June 2011 after a grand finale episode. The winners were, ''Shreyas Chi Mandli'' group.

==Plot==
Each week, four teams competed against each other in a comedy competition. The teams were captained by four Indian comedy celebrities—Arshad Warsi, Raveena Tandon, Shekhar Suman and Shreyas Talpade—who performed with a team of television celebrities, stand-up comedians and one comedy beginner in a variety of challenges. A total of 20 contestants competed. Based on their performances, teams were scored by the audience and other team captains. The team with the highest scores at the end of the week won the "Comedy Ka.

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable"
!Teams
!Arshad Ke Punters
!Raveena ke Mohre
!Shekhar Ke Movers
!Shreyas Chi Mandli
|-align="center"
|'''Captains'''
|[[Arshad Warsi]]
|[[Raveena Tandon]]
|[[Shekhar Suman]]
|[[Shreyas Talpade]]
|-align="center"
|rowspan="4" | '''Members'''
|[[Rehmaan Khan]]
|[[Sudesh Bhosle]]
|[[Shailesh Lodha]]
|[[Raju Srivastav]]
|-align="center"
|[[Rashami Desai]]
|[[Aashka Goradia]] / [[Sucheta Khanna]]
|[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]]
|-align="center"
|[[Sunil Grover]]
|[[Parul Yadav]]
|[[Nikhil Ratnaparkhi]]
|[[Balraj Syal]]
|-align="center"
|[[Saahil Khattar]]
|[[Vibha Bhagat]]
|[[Istiyak Khan]]
|[[Roshni Chopra]]
|-align="center"
|'''Status'''
|style="background: #BFB8A5"|Runner-Up
|style="background: #FF0000"|Eliminated
|style="background: #FF0000"|Eliminated
|style="background: #DAA520"|Winner
|-align="center"
|}

Over the course of the competition, Sudesh Bhosle replaced [[Sudesh Lehri]], Sucheta Khanna replaced [[Aashka Goradia]] and Rajesh Kumar replaced [[Arhaan Behl]].

==Format==

Each week included two or more rounds. The stand-up round, included in early episodes, featured one member of each team performing a stand-up routine, and was worth 20 points. The team round featured two or more team members performing together, also worth twenty points. A challenge round introduced in later episodes also featured two or more team members performing together, with the best performance earning ten bonus points. The Tug of War (ToW) round, featured in later episodes, included one member from each team performing together on a skit, with the top individual performer receiving five points for the team.

For the stand-up and team rounds, each team could earn up to 10 points from the audience and up to 10 more points from the three non-performing captains.

==Weekly scores==
{{underline|'''LEGEND'''}}

'''Highest Scoring Team''' 
'''Lowest Scoring Team'''

===Week 1===
{| class="wikitable"
|-align="center"
!Team
!Stand-Up By:
!Stand-Up Score
!Team Score
!Total
|-align="center"
|Arshad Ke Punters
|Rehmaan Khan
|33
|39
|style="background: #40E0D0"|72
|-align="center"
|Raveena Ke Mohre
|Sudesh Lehri
|34
|35
|69
|-align="center"
|Shreyas Chi Mandli
|Raju Shrivastav
|40
|28
|68
|-align="center"
|Shekhar Ke Movers
|Shailesh Lodha
|27
|31
|style="background:#FF4500"|58
|-align="center"
|}
In the first week of competition, each round was worth a maximum of 40 points. Raju Shrivastav received a perfect score of 40.

===Week 2===
{| class="wikitable"
|-align="center"
!Team
!Stand-Up By:
!Stand-Up Score
!Team Score
!Challenge Score
!Week 2 Total
!Total
|-align="center"
|Shreyas Chi Mandli
|Raju Shrivastav
|16
|15
|10
|41
|style="background: #40E0D0"|109
|-align="center"
|Arshad Ke Punters
|Rehmaan Khan
|16
|18
|0
|34
|106
|-align="center"
|Raveena Ke Mohre
|Sudesh Lehri
|17
|14
|0
|31
|100
|-align="center"
|Shekhar Ke Movers
|Shailesh Lodha
|19
|18
|0
|37
|style="background:#FF4500"|95
|-align="center"
|}
In the second week, both rounds were reduced to 20 points.

===Week 3===
{| class="wikitable"
|-align="center"
!Team
!Stand-Up By:
!Stand-Up Score
!Team Score
!Bonus Points
!Week 3 Total
!Total
|-align="center"
|Shreyas Chi Mandli
|Raju Shrivastav
|20
|18
|5
|43
|style="background: #40E0D0"|152
|-align="center"
|Shekhar Ke Movers
|Shailesh Lodha
|20
|17
|0
|37
| 132
|-align="center"
|Arshad Ke Punters
|Rehmaan Khan
|0
|18
|5
|23
|129
|-align="center"
|Raveena Ke Mohre
|Sudesh Bhosle
|0
|16
|0
|16
|style="background:#FF4500"|116
|-align="center"
|}
Sudesh Bhosle replaced Sudesh Lehri from Raveena Ke Mohre in the third week. Due to the airing of the Star Parivaar Awards 2011 no episode was telecast on 3 April 2011. The format was changed this week to account for the single episode. In the team round, the top-scoring team could earn 10 additional bonus points. Arshad and Shreyas teams tied, so each received 5 bonus points. In the stand-up round, a duel was set up where two individuals would go head to head, performing on a theme, with the winner receiving all 20 points. The line-ups were Rehman vs Shailesh and Raju vs Sudesh.

===Week 4===
{| class="wikitable"
|-align="center"
!Team
!Stand-Up By:
!Stand-Up Score
!Team Score
!Challenge Score
!Week 4 Total
!Total
|-align="center"
|Shreyas Chi Mandli
|Raju Shrivastav
|20
|17
|0
|37
|style="background: #40E0D0"|189
|-align="center"
|Arshad Ke Punters
|Sunil Grover
|18
|20
|10
|48
|177
|-align="center"
|Shekhar Ke Movers
|Shailesh Lodha
|17
|18
|0
|35
|167
|-align="center"
|Raveena Ke Mohre
|Sudesh Bhosle
|16
|20
|0
|35
|style="background:#FF4500"|152
|-align="center"
|}
Sucheta Khanna replaced Aashka Goradia from Raveena Ke Mohre in the fourth week. Arshad Ke Punters scored the most points, but Shreyas Chi Mandli finished the week with the highest cumulative score of 189.

===Week 5===
{| class="wikitable"
|-align="center"
!Team
!Team Score
!Challenge Score
!Week 5 Total
!Total
|-align="center"
|Arshad Ke Punters
|18
|10
|28
|style="background: #40E0D0"|205
|-align="center"
|Shreyas Chi Mandli
|15
|0
|15
|204
|-align="center"
|Shekhar Ke Movers
|17
|0
|17
|184
|-align="center"
|Raveena Ke Mohre
|16
|0
|16
|style="background:#FF4500"|168
|-align="center"
|}
Rajesh Kumar replaced Arhaan Behl from Shreyas Chi Mandli in week five. The stand-up round was incomplete this week and thus was not included in the scoring.

===Week 6===
{| class="wikitable"
|-align="center"
!Team
!Team Score
!Challenge Score
!Week 6 Total
!Total
|-align="center"
|Arshad Ke Punters
|17
|10
|27
|style="background: #40E0D0"|232
|-align="center"
|Shreyas Chi Mandli
|17
|0
|17
|221
|-align="center"
|Shekhar Ke Movers
|17
|0
|17
|201
|-align="center"
|Raveena Ke Mohre
|17
|0
|17
|style="background:#FF4500"|185
|-align="center"
|}

===Week 7===
{| class="wikitable"
|-align="center"
!Team
!Team Score
!Challenge Score
!Week 7 Total
!Total
|-align="center"
|Arshad Ke Punters
|16
|0
|16
|style="background: #40E0D0"|248
|-align="center"
|Shreyas Chi Mandli
|16
|0
|16
|237
|-align="center"
|Shekhar Ke Movers
|18
|10
|28
|229
|-align="center"
|Raveena Ke Mohre
|18
|0
|18
|style="background:#FF4500"|203
|-align="center"
|}
Nikhil Ratnaparkhi won the "Best performer of the week" award in week seven.

===Week 8===
{| class="wikitable"
|-align="center"
!Team
!Team Score
!Challenge Score
!Week 8 Total
!Total
|-align="center"
|Arshad Ke Punters
|19
|50
|69
|style="background: #40E0D0"|317
|-align="center"
|Shreyas Chi Mandli
|18
|0
|18
|255
|-align="center"
|Shekhar Ke Movers
|16
|0
|16
|245
|-align="center"
|Raveena Ke Mohre
|16
|0
|16
|style="background:#FF0000"|219
|-align="center"
|}
In the eighth week, the challenge round was worth 50 points rather than 10, and Raveena Ke Mohre were eliminated.

===Week 9===
{| class="wikitable"
|-align="center"
!Team
!ToW By:
!ToW Score
!Team Score
!Challenge Score
!Week 9 Total
|-align="center"
|Shreyas Chi Mandli
|Rajesh Kumar
|5
|15
|0
|20
|-align="center"
|Arshad Ke Punters
|Sunil Grover
|0
|17
|0
|style="background:#FF4500"|17
|-align="center"
|Shekhar Ke Movers
|Nikhil Ratnaparkhi
|0
|17
|10
|style="background: #40E0D0"|27
|-align="center"
|}
The ninth week was the first for the Tug of War (ToW) round, deciding the performer of the week and giving the winning team an opportunity to earn an additional five bonus points. Cumulative point totals were also reset this week.

===Week 10===
{| class="wikitable"
|-align="center"
!Team
!ToW By(Male):
!ToW Score
!ToW By(Female):
!ToW Score
!Team Score
!Challenge Score
!Week 10 Total
!Total
|-align="center"
|Shreyas Chi Mandli
|Raju Shrivastav
|5
|Roshni Chopra
|0
|16
|0
|21
|41
|-align="center"
|Arshad Ke Punters
|Rehmaan Khan
|0
|Rashmi Desai
|5
|18
|10
|33
|style="background: #40E0D0"|50
|-align="center"
|Shekhar Ke Movers
|Nikhil Ratnaparkhi
|0
|Supriya Pilgaonkar
|0
|14
|0
|14
|41
|-align="center"
|}
The Tug of War (ToW) round was conducted twice in the tenth week, once for women and once for men.

===Week 11/12 - Semi Final===
{| class="wikitable"
|-align="center"
!Team
!Match 1
!Match 2
!Match 3
!Match 4
!Match 5
!Match 6
!Week 11/12 Total
!Total
|-align="center"
|Shreyas Chi Mandli
|colspan="2" style="background:#C0C0C0"|Not Competing
|0
|10
|10
|10
|30
|style="background: #40E0D0"|71
|-align="center"
|Arshad Ke Punters
|0
|10
|10
|0
|colspan="2" style="background:#C0C0C0"|Not Competing
|20
|style="background: #40E0D0"|70
|-align="center"
|Shekhar Ke Movers
|10
|0
|colspan="2" style="background:#C0C0C0"|Not Competing
|0
|0
|10
|style="background: #FF0000"|51
|-align="center"
|}

In the semi-final, Shekhar Ke Movers and Arshad Ke Punters first competed in two rounds. Arshad Ke Punters then competed against Shreyas Chi Mandli and won a place in the finals. Shreyas Chi Mandli finally battled Shekhar Ke Movers in two more elimination rounds, and Shekhar Ke Movers was eliminated.

===Week 13 - Grand Finale===
{| class="wikitable"
|-align="center"
!Team
!Match 1
!Match 2
!Week 13 Total
!Total
|-align="center"
|Shreyas Chi Mandli
|20
|16
|36
|style="background: #40E0D0"|107
|-align="center"
|Arshad Ke Punters
|16
|18
|34
|style="background: #ff0000"|104
|-align="center"
|}
After two team rounds, Shreyas Chi Mandli won the competition.

==Scores Summary==
{| class="wikitable"
|-align="center"
! '''Team'''
!Week 1
!Week 2
!Week 3
!Week 4
!Week 5
!Week 6
!Week 7
!Week 8
!rowspan="5" |Points reset
!Week 9
!Week 10
!Week 11/12
!Week 13
!Status
|-align="center"
|'''Shreyas Chi Mandli'''
|68
|style="background: #00FF00"|109
|style="background: #00FF00"|152
|style="background: #00FF00"|189
|204
|221
|237
|255
|20
|41
|style="background: #00FF00"|71
|style="background: #00FF00"|107
|style="background: #DAA520"|''WINNER''
|-align="center"
|'''Arshad Ke Punters'''
|style="background: #00FF00"|72
|106
|129
|177
|style="background: #00FF00"|205
|style="background: #00FF00"|232
|style="background: #00FF00"|248
|style="background: #00FF00"|317
|17
|style="background: #00FF00"|50
|style="background: #00FF00"|70
|style="background: #FF0000"|104
|style="background: #BFB8A5"|''RUNNER-UP''
|-align="center"
|'''Shekhar Ke Movers'''
|58
|95
|132
|167
|184
|201
|229
|245
|style="background: #00FF00"|27
|41
|style="background: #FF0000"|51
| colspan="2" style="background: #FF0000" |''Eliminated''
|-align="center"
|'''''Raveena Ke Mohre'''''
|''69''
|100
|116
|152
|168
|185
|203
|style="background: #FF0000"|219
| colspan="5" style="background: #FF0000" |''Eliminated''
|-align="center"
|}

'''Winner of the Week(Sartaj)''' 
'''Team Eliminated'''

Scores shown in the above table are based on the total tally from week 1 until end of that week.

==External links==
*Watch full episodes of the show: http://starplus.startv.in/video/showvideo.asp?showid=196&view_type=rated&sid=114
*Show related news stories: http://starplus.startv.in/comedy-ka-maha-muquabala/shownews.aspx

==References==
{{SP Shows}}

[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedy television series]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series endings]]

Subhash Desai

2026-03-04T10:57:51Z

Mongkeydyoyo88:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Subhash Desai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| honorific-suffix =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1942|07|12}}
| birth_place = [[Ratnagiri district|Malgund]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| image = Subhash Desai.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| order =

| office = [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| minister =
*[[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)|Industries]]
* [[Ministry of Mining Department (Maharashtra)|Mining Department]]
*[[Ministry of Marathi Language|Marathi Language]]
*[[Ministry of Urban Development Government of Maharashtra|Urban Development]] ''Additional charge'' on 27 June 2022
*[[Ministry of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings) (Maharashtra)|Public Works (Including Public Undertakings)]] ''Additional charge'' on 27 June 2022
*[[Ministry of State Border Defence (Maharashtra)|State Border Defence]] (Second) ''Additional charge'' on 27 June 2022
| term_start = 29 November 2019
| term_end = 29 June 2022
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata =
[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| 2blankname = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy CM]]
| 2namedata =
[[Ajit Pawar]]
| 3blankname =Guardian Minister
| 3namedata =
*[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] (Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar)
| governor = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| predecessor =
*[[Himself]] (Acting) {{small|([[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)|Industries Ministry]])}}
*[[Himself]] (Acting) {{small|([[Ministry of Mining Department (Maharashtra)|Mining Department Ministry]])}}
*[[Himself]] (Acting) {{small|([[Ministry of Marathi Language|Marathi Language Ministry]])}}
*[[Eknath Shinde]] {{small|([[Ministry of Urban Development Government of Maharashtra|Urban Development Ministry]])}}
*[[Eknath Shinde]] {{small|([[Ministry of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings) (Maharashtra)|Public Works (Including Public Undertakings) Ministry]])}}
*[[Eknath Shinde]] {{small|([[Ministry of State Border Defence (Maharashtra)|State Border Defence Ministry]])}}
| successor =
*[[Uday Samant]] {{small|([[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)|Industries Ministry]])}}
*[[Dadaji Bhuse]] {{small|([[Ministry of Mining Department (Maharashtra)|Mining Department Ministry]])}}
*[[Deepak Kesarkar]] {{small|([[Ministry of Marathi Language|Marathi Language Ministry]])}}
*[[Eknath Shinde]] CM {{small|([[Ministry of Urban Development Government of Maharashtra|Urban Development Ministry]])}}
*[[Eknath Shinde]] CM {{small|([[Ministry of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings) (Maharashtra)|Public Works (Including Public Undertakings) Ministry]])}}
*[[Eknath Shinde]] CM Additional charge {{small|([[Ministry of State Border Defence (Maharashtra)|State Border Defence Ministry]])}}
| term_start1 = 28 November 2019
| term_end1 = 30 December 2019
| subterm1 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice1 = [[Thackeray ministry]]
|minister1=
*[[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)|Industries]]
*[[Ministry of Mining Department (Maharashtra)|Mining Department]]
*[[Ministry of Higher and Technical Education (Maharashtra)|Higher and Technical Education ]]
*[[Ministry of Sports and Youth Welfare (Maharashtra)|Sports and Youth Welfare]]
*[[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)|Agriculture]]
*[[Ministry of Employment Guarantee (Maharashtra)|Employment Guarantee]]
*[[Ministry of Horticulture (Maharashtra)|Horticulture ]]
*[[Ministry of Transport (Maharashtra)|Transport ]]
*[[Ministry of Marathi Language|Marathi Language]]
*[[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)|Cultural Affairs]]
*[[Ministry of Protocol (Maharashtra)|Protocol]]
*[[Ministry of Earthquake Rehabilitation (Maharashtra)|Earthquake Rehabilitation]]
*[[Ministry of Ports Development (Maharashtra)|Ports Development]]
*[[Ministry of Khar Land Development (Maharashtra)|Khar Land Development]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 =
[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|status1 = Incharge
| governor1= [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| predecessor1 =
*[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)|Industries Ministry]])}}
*[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Mining Department (Maharashtra)|Mining Department Ministry]])}}
*[[Vinod Tawde]] {{small|([[Ministry of Higher and Technical Education (Maharashtra)|Higher and Technical Education Ministry]])}}
*[[Ashish Shelar]] {{small|([[Ministry of Sports and Youth Welfare (Maharashtra)|Sports and Youth Welfare Ministry]])}}
*[[Anil Sukhdevrao Bonde]] {{small|([[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)|Agriculture Ministry]])}}
*[[Jaydattaji Kshirsagar]] {{small|([[Ministry of Employment Guarantee (Maharashtra)|Employment Guarantee Ministry]])}}
*[[Jaydattaji Kshirsagar]] {{small|([[Ministry of Horticulture (Maharashtra)|Horticulture Ministry]])}}
*[[Diwakar Raote]] {{small|([[Ministry of Transport (Maharashtra)|
Transport Ministry]])}}
*[[Vinod Tawde]] {{small|([[Ministry of Marathi Language|Marathi Language Ministry]])}}
*[[Vinod Tawde]] {{small|([[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)|Cultural Affairs Ministry]])}}
*[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]] {{small|([[Ministry of Protocol (Maharashtra)|Protocol Ministry]])}}
*[[Ram Shinde]] {{small|([[Ministry of Earthquake Rehabilitation (Maharashtra)|Earthquake Rehabilitation Ministry]])}}
*[[Devendra Fadnavis]] CM {{small|([[Ministry of Ports Development (Maharashtra)|Ports Development Ministry]])}}
*[[Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar]] {{small|([[Ministry of Khar Land Development (Maharashtra)|Khar Land Development Ministry]])}}
| successor1=
*[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)|Industries Ministry]])}}
*[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Mining Department (Maharashtra)|Mining Department Ministry]])}}
*[[Uday Samant]] {{small|([[Ministry of Higher and Technical Education (Maharashtra)|Higher and Technical Education Ministry]])}}
*[[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar]] {{small|([[Ministry of Sports and Youth Welfare (Maharashtra)|Sports and Youth Welfare Ministry]])}}
*[[Dadaji Bhuse]] {{small|([[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)|Agriculture Ministry]])}}
*[[Sandipanrao Bhumre]] {{small|([[Ministry of Employment Guarantee (Maharashtra)|Employment Guarantee Ministry]])}}
*[[Sandipanrao Bhumre]] {{small|([[Ministry of Horticulture (Maharashtra)|Horticulture Ministry]])}}
*[[Anil Parab]] {{small|([[Ministry of Transport (Maharashtra)|
Transport Ministry]])}}
*[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Marathi Language|Marathi Language Ministry]])}}
*[[Amit Deshmukh]] {{small|([[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)|Cultural Affairs Ministry]])}}
*[[Aaditya Thackeray]] {{small|([[Ministry of Protocol (Maharashtra)|Protocol Ministry]])}}
*[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]] {{small|([[Ministry of Earthquake Rehabilitation (Maharashtra)|Earthquake Rehabilitation Ministry]])}}
*[[Aslam Shaikh]] {{small|([[Ministry of Ports Development (Maharashtra)|Ports Development Ministry]])}}
*[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]] {{small|([[Ministry of Khar Land Development (Maharashtra)|Khar Land Development Ministry]])}}
| office2= [[List of Leaders of the House of the Maharashtra Legislative Council#Deputy Leader of the House |Deputy Leader of the House Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| governor2 = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| 1blankname2 = [[List of Chairman of the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Chairman of the House]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]
| 2blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata2 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| 3blankname2 = [[List of Leaders of the House of the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Leader of the House]]
| 3namedata2 = [[Ajit Pawar]]
| termstart2= 16 December 2019
| termend2 =29 June 2022
| predecessor2 = [[Pankaja Munde]]
| successor2= [[Uday Samant]] Additional Charge
| office3 = [[List of Leaders of the House of the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Leader of the House of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
|status3 = Acting
| governor3 = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| 1blankname3 = [[List of Chairman of the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Chairman of the House]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]
| 2blankname3 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata3 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| 3blankname3 = Deputy Leader
| 3namedata3 = [[Nitin Raut]]
| termstart3 = 16 December 2019
| termend3 = 24 February 2020
| predecessor3 = [[Chandrakant Bacchu Patil]]
| successor3 = [[Ajit Pawar]]
| office4 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Council| Member of Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| 1blankname4 = [[List of Chairman of the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Chairman of the House]]
| governor4 = *[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| 1namedata4 =
*[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]
*[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]
| term_start4 = 2015
| term_end4 = 07 July 2016
|constituency4 = Elected by MALs
| parliamentarygroup4 = [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]]
| 1blankname5 = [[List of Chairman of the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Chairman of the House]]
| governor5 = *[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
*[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| 1namedata5 =
*[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]
| term_start5 = 08 July 2016
| term_end5 = 07 July 2022
|constituency5= Elected by MALs
| office6 = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start6 = 05 December 2014
| term_end6 = 12 November 2019
| subterm6 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice6 = [[First Fadnavis ministry]]
| minister6 =
*[[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)|Industries]]
*[[Ministry of Mining Department (Maharashtra)|Mining Department]]
| 1namedata6 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| 1blankname6 = [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname6 =Guardian Minister
| 2namedata6 =
*[[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City District]]
| governor6 =
* [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
* [[Bhagat Singh Koshiyari]]
| predecessor6 =
*[[Narayan Rane]] {{small|([[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)|Industries Ministry]])}}
*[[Devendra Fadnavis]] CM {{small|([[Ministry of Mining Department (Maharashtra)|Mining Department Ministry]])}}
| successor6=
*[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)|Industries Ministry]])}}
*[[Himself]] {{small|([[Ministry of Mining Department (Maharashtra)|Mining Department Ministry]])}}
| office7 = [[Shiv Sena|Leader of Shiv Sena Legislative Party]] [[Maharashtra Legislature]]
| term_start7 = 2009
| term_end7 = 2014
| 1namedata7 =
*[[Bal Thackeray]]
*[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| 1blankname7 = Party President [[Shiv Sena]]
| parliamentarygroup7= [[Shiv Sena]]
| predecessor7 = [[Ramdas Kadam]]
| successor7 = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| office8= [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency8 = [[Goregaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Goregaon]]
| assembly8 = Maharashtra Legislative
| predecessor8 = Nandkumar Kale
| successor8 = [[Vidya Thakur]]
| term_start8 = 2004
| term_end8 = 2014
| term_start9 = 1990
| term_end9 = 1995
| predecessor9 = [[Mrinal Gore]]
| successor9 = Nandkumar Kale
| party = [[Shiv Sena]]
| residence = [[Goregaon]]
| occupation = Politician
| spouse = Sushma S. Desai
| children = 3
| website = [http://www.subhashdesai.com/ official website]
}}

'''Subhash Desai''' (born 12 July 1942) is an Indian politician and leader of [[Shiv Sena]] from [[Maharashtra]]. He is a member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-by-polls-subhash-desai-3-others-elected-to-maharashtra-council-2054351|title=By-polls: Subhash Desai, 3 others elected to Maharashtra council - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=21 January 2015|publisher=}}</ref> He had represented [[Goregaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] in 1990, 2004 and 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/goregaon.html|title=Goregaon (Maharashtra) Election Results 2014, Current and Previous MLA|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
Desai took charge as the [[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)|Cabinet Minister of Industries]] in 2014. He was also the guardian minister of [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]].<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=29 Jun 2021|title=Aurangabad to become Super City by 2023: Desai {{!}} Aurangabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/aurangabad-to-become-super-city-by-2023-desai/articleshow/83933864.cms|access-date=2021-07-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 1990: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (1st term)
* 2004: Re-Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (2nd term)
* 2009: Re-Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (3rd term)
* 2009-2014: Shiv Sena Legislature Party Leader in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/subhash-desai-elected-shiv-sena-legislature-party-leader/61508|title=Subhash Desai elected Shiv Sena legislature party leader|date=26 October 2009|publisher=}}</ref>
* 2005 Onwards: Leader, Shiv Sena<ref>[http://shivsena.org/m/admin-wing/#toggle-id-1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912020036/http://shivsena.org/m/admin-wing/#toggle-id-1 |date=12 September 2015 }}</ref>
* 2014: Cabinet Minister of Industries ({{langx|mr|उद्योग}}) in Maharashtra State Government
* 2014 - 2019: Guardian minister of [[Mumbai City district]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/guardian-ministers-appointed-in-maharashtra-114122601108_1.html|title=Guardian Ministers appointed in Maharashtra|agency=Press Trust of India|date=26 December 2014|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
* 2015: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Council (1st term)
* 2016: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Council (2nd term)
* 2016: Cabinet Minister of Industries ({{langx|mr|उद्योग}}) and Mining in Maharashtra State Government<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/government-of-maharashtra-cabinet-division-1265006/|title=राज्य मंत्रिमंडळाचे खातेवाटप}}</ref>
* 2019: Appointed minister of [[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)|Industries]], Mining and [[Ministry of Marathi Language|Marathi Language]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unlocking of various sectors in a phased manner, says Subhash Desai, Maharashtra Industries' minister|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/unlocking-of-economic-activities-to-be-done-in-phased-manner-says-subhash-desai-maharashtra-industries-minister|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>
* 2020: Appointed guardian minister of [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]]<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-govt-appoints-guardian-ministers-for-all-36-districts-aaditya-gets-mumbai-suburban-pune-goes-to-ajit-pawar-2808645 | title = 2020: Maharashtra govt appoints guardian ministers for all 36 districts }}</ref>
* 2022: Appointed minister of Urban Development and Public Works (Public Undertakings).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra govt reshuffles portfolios of 9 rebel MLAs of Shinde camp |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/maharashtra-govt-reshuffles-portfolios-of-9-rebel-mlas-of-shinde-camp20220627151040/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627094954/https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/maharashtra-govt-reshuffles-portfolios-of-9-rebel-mlas-of-shinde-camp20220627151040/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry]]
* [[Devendra Fadnavis ministry (2014–)|Devendra Fadnavis ministry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.subhashdesai.com/ official website]

{{s-start}}

{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rajendra Darda]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Cabinet Minister for Industries, Maharashtra State|years=December 2014–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before=}}
{{s-ttl|title=Maharashtra State Guardian Minister for [[Mumbai City district]]|years=December 2014–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Subhash}}
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]

Kummi Paattu

2026-03-03T04:44:02Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: typo fix

{{short description|1999 film by Kasthuri Raja}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=March 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kummi Paattu
| image = Kummi Paattu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| writer = Kasthuri Raja
| starring = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
| director = [[Kasthuri Raja]]
| producer = Vijayalakshmi Kasthuriraja
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|6|7|ref1=}}
| studio = Kasthuri Manga Creations
| editing = Hari-Palani
| cinematography = Rajarajan
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
}}

'''''Kummi Paattu''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Kasthuri Raja]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 December 1998 |title=Prabu + Devayani! |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/18-12-98/tajmahal.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030814101742/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/18-12-98/tajmahal.htm |archive-date=14 August 2003 |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], with [[Sivakumar]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] in pivotal roles. It was released on 7 June 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kummi Paattu (1999) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kummi-paattu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119071316/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kummi-paattu |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=kummipattu ( 1999 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/newfilmdb/kummipattu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217124352/http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/newfilmdb/kummipattu.html |archive-date=17 December 2004 |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Kanagaraasu
* [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] as Amaravathi
* [[Sivakumar]] as Dharmaraasu
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Ramathaayi
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Kamatchi
* [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] as Selvarasu
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
* [[Vadivelu]]
* [[Anandaraj]] as Pachhamalayan
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Pachhamalayan's son
* Bobby as Pachhamalayan's son
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Amaravathi's father
* [[K. S. Jayalakshmi]] as Amaravathi's mother
* [[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]] as Pachhamalayan's wife
* Mannangatti Subramaniam as Sornamuthu
* Kavithasri in a special appearance
* Sharmili in a special appearance
* [[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] in a special appearance
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kummi Paattu Tamil Film Audio Cassette by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kummi-paattu-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=Mossymart |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930073330/https://mossymart.com/product/kummi-paattu-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Kummi Paattu (1999) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil-gu/movie/kummi-paattu-songs-T0002774 |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714091557/https://www.raaga.com/tamil-gu/movie/kummi-paattu-songs-T0002774 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Uchi Veyilukku" || [[Swarnalatha]], [[Arunmozhi]] || rowspan="8" |Kasthuri Raja
|-
| "Oorukku" ||Swarnalatha, Arunmozhi
|-
| "Ammiyile Araichi" || Swarnalatha, Arunmozhi
|-
| "Aasai Machaan" || Swarnalatha, Arunmozhi
|-
| "Aasai Machaan (Solo)" || Swarnalatha
|-
| "Adi Poonguyile" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
| "Samanja Pulla" || Arunmozhi
|-
| "Chinna Manasu" || [[Bhavatharini]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|kummi_paattu}}

{{Kasthuri Raja}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 drama films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kasthuri Raja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ayodhya (2005 Tamil film)

2026-03-03T04:27:24Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: new new entry w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ayodhya
| image =

| caption =
| director = R. Jayaprakash
| producer = R. Jayaprakash
| writer = R. Jayaprakash
| starring = {{ubl|Mohankumar|[[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]]|Rekha Unnikrishnan|[[Ragini Nandwani]]}}
| music = [[Sabesh–Murali]]
| cinematography = R. Selva
| editing = M. P. Ravichandran
| distributor =
| studio = Jayavilas Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|01|28}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ayodhya''''' is a 2005 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] written, produced and directed by R. Jayaprakash. The film stars newcomer Mohankumar, [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]], Rekha Unnikrishnan and newcomer [[Ragini Nandwani]], with [[Manivannan]], [[J. Livingston]], [[Charan Raj]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Ilavarasu]], [[Mayilsamy]], [[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)|Chitti Babu]] and [[Delhi Kumar]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 28 January 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jointscene.com/movies/Kollywood/Ayodhya/2239|title=Jointscene : Tamil Movie Ayodhya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131170748/http://www.jointscene.com/movies/Kollywood/Ayodhya/2239|archive-date=31 January 2010|access-date=15 February 2019|publisher=jointscene.com}}</ref>

==Plot==

Hussain Bhai ([[J. Livingston]]) and Sundaram Pillai ([[Charan Raj]]) were best friends in Ayodhyapuri near [[Nagercoil]], a place where Hindus and Muslims lived in harmony. Hussain and Sundaram bought land to build a factory at that place. Hussain was married to Jameela ([[Saranya Ponvannan]]), while Sundaram married Seetha ([[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]) under Hussain and Jameela's blessings. Jameela and Seetha then became pregnant. Jameela, who had suffered a miscarriage, feared to lose her baby. In the meantime, Sabapathy ([[Manivannan]]), who was a troublemaker, turned the friends into enemies for his own personal gain. This issue was taken by the villagers, and the village split into two with [[Muslim]]s on one side and [[Hindu]]s on the other side. Later, Seetha and Jameela gave birth in the same hospital the same day. Fearing that Jameela's baby may die, Seetha [[Babies switched at birth|switched the babies in their cradles]], but Jameela knew about it.

25 years later, the conflict intensified between Hussain and Sundaram, and they are in a legal fight over the factory with Sabapathy, continuing to add fuel to the conflict. Seetha and Jameela want their husbands to make peace. Hussain's son grows up as Shankar ([[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]]) in Sundaram's house, whereas Sundaram's son grows up as Ameer (Mohankumar) in Hussain's house. Ameer falls in love with Shankar's cousin Anu (Rekha Unnikrishnan), while Shankar falls in love with Ameer's relative Zarina ([[Ragini Nandwani]]). Thereafter, Ameer and Shankar become friends and decide to support their love. Sabapathy, who pulled strings to create conflicts between Muslims and Hindus, is ultimately killed. The film ends with Hussain and Sundaram making up after their quarrel, the lovers brought together, and Muslims and Hindus making peace.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*Mohankumar as Ameer
*[[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]] as Shankar
*Rekha Unnikrishnan as Anu
*[[Ragini Nandwani]] as Zarina
*[[Manivannan]] as Sabapathy
*[[J. Livingston]] as Hussain Bhai
*[[Charan Raj]] as Sundaram Pillai
*[[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Jameela
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Seetha
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Vaiyapuri
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Guna
*[[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Akbar
*[[Delhi Kumar]] as Jamal Bhai
* Bava Lakshmanan as Thevar
*[[Swaminathan]]
*Thamizhselvan
*Amutha Ganesan
*Sampathraj
*Sathya
*Besant Nagar Shankar
*[[Abhinayashree]] in a special appearance
}}

==Production==
Director R. Jayaprakash explained, "The title is suggestive of the trouble that takes place in the story. Ayodhya is a holy place and for those living in the village, there is no controversy or the location of the temple. For the outsiders only the trouble. All the unrest in this town is due to outsiders. So is the case with the village and the two lovebirds". Newcomer Mohankumar, [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]], Rekha Unnikrishnan, and newcomer [[Ragini Nandwani]] signed to play the lead roles. [[Sabesh–Murali]] had scored music for the film, and two of the songs were shot in [[Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com:80/channels/tamil/preview/7299.html|title=Ayodhya Preview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821172337/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/preview/7299.html|archive-date=21 August 2010|access-date=15 February 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Will-do-TV-if-a-challenging-role-is-offered-Ragini-Nandwani/articleshow/18076152.cms|title=Will do TV if a challenging role is offered: Ragini Nandwani|date=19 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Ayodhya
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Sabesh–Murali]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 9 December 2004
| recorded = 2004
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 33:36
| label =
| producer = Sabesh–Murali
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack was composed by the duo [[Sabesh–Murali]], with lyrics written by [[Na. Muthukumar]], [[P. Vijay]] and Kalaikumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Ayodhya-2004/SQ7PYV7hHbw_|title=Ayodhya - All Songs|date=9 December 2004 |access-date=15 February 2019|publisher=saavn.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
|1 || "Sivakasi Thee Vizhikal" || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] || 6:01
|-
|2 || "Orange" || [[Sujatha Mohan]] || 6:01
|-
|3 || "Markali Maasa" || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Swapna Madhuri || 5:40
|-
|4 || "Kichili Kichilikka" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || 5:02
|-
|5 || "Bhagavane Enn Kadhal" || [[Sabesh–Murali|Sabesh]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] || 5:11
|-
|6 || "Aayiram Meena Enn Nenjai" || [[Harish Raghavendra]] || 5:41
|}

==Reception==
Balaji Balasubramaniam of ''bbthots.com'' wrote, "Ayodhya's only link to religion is that it features two Hindu-Muslim romances. But the director has complicated the romances so much that even he is unable to close things off cleanly" and added, "Mohankumar lacks the talent, looks, physique and voice to be a leading man [...] Ramanaa fares better compared to him".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbthots.com/reviews/2005/ayodhya.html|title=AYODHYA|access-date=15 February 2019|author=Balaji Balasubramaniam|publisher=bbthots.com}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' said, "Even though Jayaprakash sets out to make a movie on Hindu-Muslim amity to spread communal harmony, he ends up making a distasteful film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ayodhya-review-tamil-pclvGPhadbedd.html|title=Review : Ayodhya (2005)|access-date=15 February 2019|website=[[Sify]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The film bombed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/News/20-4-05/ayodhya_hero.htm|title=Ayodhya hero returns|date=20 April 2005|access-date=15 February 2019|website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ireland]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Super K – The Movie

2026-03-02T09:59:03Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: typo fix

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Super K
| image = Super K poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = Vijay S. Bhanushali Smita Maroo
| producer = Smita Maroo
| writer = Vibha Singh Jaspinder S. Kang
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Point Studio
| distributor = [[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|11|11}}
| runtime = 95 minutes
| country = India
| language = English Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Super K''''' (also known as '''''Kiara the Brave''''' in the United States) is a 2011 Indian animated fantasy film written by Vibha Singh and Jaspinder S. Kang and directed by Smita Maroo and Vijay S. Bhanushali. The film was produced by Smita Maroo and released by [[Shemaroo Entertainment]].

==Plot==
Dreamzone is a special world in the Galaxy, ruled by the kind-hearted King Maximus with his daughter Princess Kiara. Unknown to him, his brother Dreadmus is plotting to overthrow him. Dreadmus creates Super K, a boy superhero, using the powers of all the Dreamzonians. But a goof-up causes Super K to turn out a freak in Dreadmus's view, unable to control his powers, and he is deserted by Dreadmus, who leaves his minions named Accidentally and Suddenly to take care of Super K. Dreadmus befriends the evil Dr. Ozox, a [[Mask|masked]] alchemist who has his own sinister plan to take over Dreamzone.

Super K and his friends come together to protect Dreamzone from the evil clutches of Dr. Ozox, but at the same time, Super K has to learn to control his powers.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/super-entertainment-at-a-click/article2678198.ece "Super entertainment at a click"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117122946/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/super-entertainment-at-a-click/article2678198.ece |date=17 January 2024 }}. ''The Hindu'', December 1, 2011</ref>

==Characters==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*Princess Kiara
*Super K
*King Maximus
*Badmess (Dreadmus in the US)
*Accidentally and Suddenly
*Destiny
*Dr. Ozox
* Cyberbaba (Mesmoriser in the US)
*The [[Sun]]
*[[Venus]]
*[[Earth]]
*[[Mars]]
*[[Jupiter]]
*[[Saturn]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on Yahoo! Movieplex, a feature of the Yahoo! India web site, as an exclusively online animated feature film.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/shemaroo-does-a-houdini-again/article4459306.ece "Shemaroo does a Houdini — again"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117122844/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/shemaroo-does-a-houdini-again/article23095993.ece |date=17 January 2024 }}. ''The Hindu'', February 28, 2013. Meenakshi Verma Ambwani</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shemaroo to release its 3D film online first |url= http://in.omg.yahoo.com/news/shemaroo-release-3d-film-online-first-135345785.html|publisher= Yahoo|date=15 October 2011| work=Yahoo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425073129/http://in.omg.yahoo.com/news/shemaroo-release-3d-film-online-first-135345785.html|archivedate=25 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, it was released [[direct to video|directly to video]] in the United States as ''Kiara the Brave'', with cover art showing only princess Kiara (a secondary female character with red hair). This was considered by many to be an [[mockbuster|obvious attempt]] to remind consumers of the [[Merida (Brave)|female, red-headed protagonist]] of ''[[Brave (2012 film)|Brave]]'', a Pixar Animation Studios film set in medieval Scotland.
Upon release, the film was panned by critics.<ref>{{cite news
| author = Brent Lang
| title = Low-Budget 'Kiara the Brave' Capitalizes on Similarities to That Other 'Brave' Cartoon
| url = http://www.thewrap.com/movies/article/low-budget-cartoon-kiara-brave-plays-similarities-other-brave-film-42841
| work = [[The Wrap]]
| date = 2012-06-14
| access-date = 2013-03-30
| archive-date = 17 March 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130317034046/http://www.thewrap.com/movies/article/low-budget-cartoon-kiara-brave-plays-similarities-other-brave-film-42841
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Indian animated feature films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.superkloud.com}}
* {{IMDb title|2070831}}
* {{YouTube|id=xxJZJC9NQ_I&t=139s&pp=ygUSc3VwZXIgayBmdWxsIG1vdmll|title=SuperK (English) - Animated Full Movie for Kids - HD}}

{{India Animation Industry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Super K - The Movie}}
[[Category:2011 animated films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian animated films]]
[[Category:Mockbuster films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2011 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2011 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian animated fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian animated speculative fiction films]]
[[Category:2011 English-language films]]
[[Category:2011 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]

Paranar

2026-03-01T17:35:41Z

Mongkeydyoyo88:

{{Short description|Poet of the Sangam period}}
{{Sangam literature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

'''Paranar''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: பரணர்) (c. 1st century CE) was a poet of the [[Sangam period]], to whom 84 verses of the [[Sangam literature]] have been attributed, besides verse 6 of the [[Tiruvalluva Maalai]].{{sfn| Vedanayagam |2017|p=17}}

==Biography==
Paranar belonged to the [[Tamil Panar|Paanar]] caste. He was the friend of [[Kapilar]]{{sfn| Kowmareeshwari |2012|p=442}} and [[Nakkirar I]].{{sfn| Kowmareeshwari |2012|p=243}} He has sung various kings, namely, Kadal Pirakkottiya Senguttuvan, Cholan Uruvapatrer Ilanchet Senni, Cheraman Kadalottiya Velkelu Kuttuvan, Kudakko Neduncheralaadhan, and Cholan Verpatradakkai Perunarkilli.{{sfn| Kowmareeshwari |2012|p=243}}

==Contribution to the Sangam literature==
Paranar has written about 85 verses, including 17 in [[Kurunthogai]], 12 in [[Natrinai]], 32 in [[Agananuru]], 13 in [[Purananuru]], 10 in [[Pathitrupathu]], and 1 in [[Tiruvalluva Maalai]].{{sfn| Kowmareeshwari |2012|p=442}}

By praising the Chera king Senguttuvan, Paranar received Udambarkaattu Vaari and his son prince Kuttuvan Cheral as 'present'.{{sfn| Kowmareeshwari |2012|p=442}}

===Views on Valluvar and the Kural===
Paranar opines about [[Valluvar]] and the [[Kural text]] thus:{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=25}}
{{cquote|Māl (Vishnu) in his ''Cural'' (or dwarfish incarnation) measured the whole earth with his two expanded feet; but Valluvar has measured the thoughts of all mankind with his (stanza of) two short feet. [Emphasis in original]}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Literature|Poetry}}
* [[Sangam literature]]
* [[List of Sangam poets]]
* [[Tiruvalluva Maalai]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | editor-last = Kowmareeshwari | editor-first = S. | title = Kurunthogai, Paripaadal, Kalitthogai | publisher = Saradha Pathippagam | series = Sanga Ilakkiyam | volume = 2 | edition = 1 | date = August 2012 | location = Chennai | pages = 442 | language = ta }}
*{{cite book | editor-last = Kowmareeshwari | editor-first = S. | title = Agananuru, Purananuru | publisher = Saradha Pathippagam | series = Sanga Ilakkiyam | volume = 3 | edition = 1 | date = August 2012 | location = Chennai | pages = 243 | language = ta |ref={{sfnRef| Kowmareeshwari, 2012}}}}
*{{cite book | last = Vedanayagam | first = Rama | title =Tiruvalluva Maalai: Moolamum Eliya Urai Vilakkamum | publisher = Manimekalai Prasuram | edition = 1 | date = 2017 | location = Chennai | pages =17 | language = ta }}
* {{cite book |author=Edward Jewitt Robinson |title=Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings |url=https://archive.org/details/tamilwisdomtradi0000robi|year=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location = New Delhi|ref={{sfnRef|Robinson, 2001}}}}
{{refend}}

{{Tamil language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paranar}}
[[Category:Tamil philosophy]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Sangam poets]]
[[Category:Tiruvalluva Maalai contributors]]

Sám Hối: The Living Sandbag

2026-02-27T00:09:09Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: creating a article

{{Use DMY dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sám Hối: The Living Sandbag
| image = Sam Hoi poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Vietnamese theatrical release poster
| native_name = {{infobox name module|vi|Sám hối}}
| director = [[Peter Hein]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Ramani Raja
| starring = {{ubl|{{ill|Bình Minh (actor)|vi|Bình Minh (người mẫu)|lt=Bình Minh}}|[[Anh Thư]]|Angelina Raja}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = {{ubl|Balakrishna Thota}}
| editing = Manikandan Sivakumar
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| studio = Ánh Sao Production
| distributor = VSABV Films (United States)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|01|12|Ho Chi Minh City|2021|01|15|Vietnam}}
| runtime = 99 minutes
| country = India Vietnam
| language = Vietnamese
| budget = {{Currency|50 billion|VND|passthrough=yes}}<ref name="VnExpress"/>
| gross = {{Currency|1.3 billion|VND|passthrough=yes}} (>US$56,800)<ref name="VnExpress"/>
}}

'''''Sám Hối: The Living Sandbag''''' ({{langx|vi|Sám hối||Repentance}}) is a 2021 Indo-Vietnamese film that marks the directorial debut of Indian stunt manager [[Peter Hein]]. The film is about a former boxing champion who re-enters the ring to save his family and confront his past.

==Plot==
Hoàng Minh Long is a retired boxer who has retired at the peak of his career after a string of victories and now leads a happy life with his wife Thủy and their daughter Diệu. However, his arrogance earns the ire of powerful boxing manager Cường. When Diệu is found to have a terminal illness, Minh Long gets back into the ring in order to get the funds needed for her treatment but has to face his stubbornness and Cường, who is stopping him from coming back.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-03-23|title=Peter Hein's Vietnamese Fight Film, SÁM HỐI: THE LIVING SANDBAG Debuts March 24th In The USA|url=https://screenanarchy.com/2022/03/peter-heins-vietnamese-fight-film-sam-hi-the-living-sandbag-debuts-march-24th-in-the-usa.html|date=22 March 2022|website=ScreenAnarchy}}</ref><ref name="VNN">{{cite web|access-date=2022-03-23|title=Việt Nam-India film about retired boxer opens nationwide today|url=http://vietnamnews.vn/life-style/857278/viet-nam-india-film-about-retired-boxer-opens-nationwide-today.html|website=vietnamnews.vn}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* {{ill|Bình Minh (actor)|vi|Bình Minh (người mẫu)|lt=Bình Minh}} as Hoàng Minh Long
* [[Anh Thư]] as Thủy
* Angelina Raja as Diệu<ref name="TTVH">{{cite web|access-date=2022-03-23|title=Bình Minh đến Mỹ gặp nhà sản xuất Raja quảng bá phim 'Sám hối'|url=https://thethaovanhoa.vn/news-20220322141426375.htm|date=22 March 2022|website=thethaovanhoa.vn}}</ref>
}}

==Production==
Filming was first announced in 2017 in [[Ho Chi Minh City]], with later shoots in [[Long An]], [[Bình Dương, Ho Chi Minh City|Bình Dương]] and [[Vũng Tàu]].<ref name="VNN"/> Some filming was also done in India.<ref name="VnExpress">{{cite web|access-date=2022-03-23|title=Vietnamese movie to hit US cinemas - VnExpress International|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/culture/vietnamese-movie-to-hit-us-cinemas-4441478.html|website=VnExpress International}}</ref> Post-production also took place in India over two years.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-03-23|title=Phim Sám Hối do Ấn Độ và Việt Nam hợp tác công chiếu tại Mỹ - Harper's Bazaar|url=https://bazaarvietnam.vn/phim-sam-hoi-do-an-do-va-viet-nam-hop-tac-cong-chieu-tai-my/|date=23 March 2022|website=Harper's Bazaar Việt Nam}}</ref> The project drew staff from both India and Vietnam, with Indian stunt master of Vietnamese heritage [[Peter Hein]] as the director, his first time in the role. Indian music director [[Sam C. S.]] was taken on as the film's composer; he worked with the Philharmonic Orchestra of North Macedonia to make the music but had to direct them remotely due to the effects of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="VNN"/><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-03-23|title=Stunt choreographer Peter Hein to make international debut as director with Vietnamese film|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/stunt-choreographer-peter-hein-make-international-debut-director-vietnamese-film-140172|date=23 December 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

==Release and reception==
The film was first shown in Ho Chi Minh City on 12 January 2021, with the Indian consul-general and members of the Indian Business Chamber in Vietnam in attendance, before being released nationwide in Vietnam on 15 January.<ref name="VNN"/> It was to be released in India and the United States at the same time, but the pandemic disrupted those plans. It was later released in selected AMC theatres in the United States, premiering in California on 24 March 2022.<ref name="VnExpress"/> Most of the cast traveled to the U.S. to attend a premiere event, which also featured [[Westminster, California|Westminster]] councilmember Charlie Nguyen Chi (Nguyễn Mạnh Chí).<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-03-29|title=Diễn viên phim điện ảnh ‘Sám hối’ hội tụ tại sự kiện công chiếu tại Mỹ|url=https://baoquocte.vn/dien-vien-phim-dien-anh-sam-hoi-hoi-tu-tai-su-kien-cong-chieu-tai-my-178372.html|date=27 March 2022|website=Báo Thế giới và Việt Nam}}</ref> Further releases are planned in Australia, Canada, Europe and India.<ref name="VNN"/>

The film flopped at the box office in Vietnam, only earning {{Currency|1.3 billion|VND|passthrough=yes}} despite having a budget of {{Currency|50 billion|VND|passthrough=yes}}. Audiences reportedly found the fight sequences overly dramatic and found it packed with "too many characters", making it "dense and difficult to follow".<ref name="VnExpress"/> However, the performance of Angelina Raja, daughter of producer Ramani Raja, as Diệu was praised.<ref name="TTVH"/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt13894548}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Films scored by Sam C. S.]]
[[Category:2021 martial arts films]]
[[Category:Indian sports films]]
[[Category:Vietnamese sports films]]
[[Category:Boxing films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s Vietnamese-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Vietnamese films]]

Shankerpora

2026-02-26T11:22:14Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: creating new entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{One source|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shankerpora
| native_name = Shankerpur
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = [[List of villages in India|Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|33.7458|75.0887|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantnag district]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes = {{citation needed|date=November 2016}}
| area_total_ha = 111
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web |title=Shankerpora Population - Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir |website=Census 2011 |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/3840-shanker-pora-jammu-and-kashmir.html |accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref>
| population_total = 2,486
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 192211
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shankerpora''', also known as '''Shankerpur''', is a village in [[Anantnag district]] in the Indian-administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

==Demographics==
Shanker Pora is a large village located in the tehsil [[Dooru Shahabad]] of Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir with total 295 families residing. The Shanker Pora village has population of 2,486 of which 1,396 are males while 1 090 are females as per Population Census 2011.

In Shanker Pora village, population of children with age 0-6 is 506 which makes up 20.35% of total population of village. [[Human Sex Ratio|Average Sex Ratio]] of Shanker Pora village is 781 which is lower than Jammu and Kashmir state average of 889. Child Sex Ratio for the Shanker Pora as per census is 538, lower than Jammu and Kashmir average of 862.

Shanker Pora village has lower literacy rate compared to Jammu and Kashmir. In 2011, literacy rate of Shanker Pora village was 59.95% compared to 67.16% of Jammu and Kashmir. In Shanker Pora Male literacy stands at 65.04% while female literacy rate was 54.00%.
Shankerpora is surrounded by Qazigund Tehsil towards west, Achabal Tehsil towards North, Pahloo Tehsil towards North, Banihal Tehsil towards South.

==Transport==

;By rail
[[Sadura Railway Station]] and [[Anantnag Railway Station]] are the very near by railway stations to Shankerpora. However ever [[Jammu Tawi]] Railway Station is major railway station {{cvt|243|km}} near to Shankerpora.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Villages in Anantnag district}}

[[Category:Villages in Anantnag district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Jamtara railway station

2026-02-22T07:21:43Z

Mongkeydyoyo88:

{{Short description|Railway station in Jharkhand, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|JAMTARA}}
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Jamtara railway station.jpg
| address = Station Road, [[Jamtara]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.95935|N|86.80584|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|193|m|}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| tracks = Broad gauge
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platforms = 2
| parking = Available
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = JMT
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Asansol}}
}}
| classification = '''NSG-5'''
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1996–97<ref name=elec>{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|work=information published by CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|publisher=CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]]
| line = [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
| other = Auto stand, Bus stand
| accessible = {{access icon|20px}} Available
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Jharkhand#India
| map_dot_label = '''Jamtara''' railway station
| map_caption = Location in [[Jharkhand]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Jamtara
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| route_map = {{Howrah–Delhi main line|inline=1}}
}}

'''Jamtara railway station''' (station code: '''JMT''') is a railway station located in [[Jamtara district]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Jharkhand]]. It lies on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] under the [[Asansol railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Stations on Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918055842/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jamtara Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/jamtara-jmt/588 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> The station serves the city of [[Jamtara]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Reach |publisher=District Jamtara, Government of Jharkhand, India |url=https://jamtara.nic.in/how-to-reach/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is an important stop for express and passenger trains, including the [[Patna–Howrah Vande Bharat Express]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-23 |title=After Sunday inaugural run, state to have four Vande Bharat trains |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/after-sunday-inaugural-run-state-to-have-four-vande-bharat-trains-1503224836.html |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-24 |title=Vande Bharat Express in Jamtara: वंदे भारत एक्सप्रेस का जामताड़ा में भव्य स्वागत, दुमका और गोड्डा सांसद ने ट्रेन को किया रवाना |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/jamtara/vande-bharat-express-train-at-jamtara-railway-station/jh20230924203402678678189 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> The station is being developed under the [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]] and construction work is currently in progress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrit Bharat Stations |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,443,2283 |access-date=7 Sep 2025 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrit Bharat stations |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |access-date=7 Sep 2025 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==Facilities==
Since the station is classified as an NSG-5 category station, it is equipped with basic passenger amenities such as a waiting room, food stalls, [[Computerized reservation system|computerized reservation counter]] (PRS), free RailWire WiFi, drinking water facility, washrooms, public toilets, a foot overbridge, and an ATM for cash withdrawal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRS Offices over Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1397642100012-PRS%20OFFICE.pdf |access-date=7 Sep 2025 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

Jamtara has 2 platforms, connected with a foot overbridge for passenger convenience. The platforms cater to both up and down route trains on the [[Howrah–New Delhi main line|Howrah-Delhi main line]], serving the passengers.<ref name=":0" />

The station is also undergoing an upgradation process under the [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]], which is currently under construction. Upon completion, the station is planned to have an executive lounge for passengers, escalators, elevators, and an enlarged station building with modern facilities to accommodate a higher passenger capacity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-29 |title=जामताड़ा व विद्यासागर रेलवे स्टेशन पर बढ़ाई जा रही यात्री सुविधाएं |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/jamtara/news/passenger-facilities-are-being-increased-at-jamtara-and-vidyasagar-railway-stations-132510706.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130173110/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/jamtara/news/passenger-facilities-are-being-increased-at-jamtara-and-vidyasagar-railway-stations-132510706.html |archive-date=30 January 2024 |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Trains==
Both [[Express trains in India|express]] and [[Commuter rail|suburban trains]] halt at Jamtara railway station, which is on the route of [[Asansol–Patna section]] of the [[Howrah–New Delhi main line|Howrah–Delhi main line]]. The station is also a stoppage for newly introduced services such as the [[Patna–Howrah Vande Bharat Express]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=58 Departures from Jamtara ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/jamtara-jmt/588 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamtara, (JMT) Railway Station Train Time Table |url=https://indiatraintable.com/station/jmt.html |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=indiatraintable.com}}</ref>

==Nearest airports==
*[[Deoghar Airport|Deoghar Airport, Jharkhand]] – {{Convert|76|km}}
*[[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport|Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport, Durgapur]] – {{Convert|75|km}}
* [[Birsa Munda Airport|Birsa Munda Airport, Ranchi]] – {{Convert|208|km}}
*[[Kolkata Airport|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport, Kolkata]] – {{Convert|247|km}}

== See also ==
* [[Asansol railway division]]
* [[Eastern Railway zone]]
* [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
* [[Asansol–Patna section]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/588 Jamtara station map]
* [http://jamtara.nic.in/ Official website of the Jamtara district]

{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Asansol railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Jamtara district]]

Kaumudi Joshipura

2026-02-19T23:20:16Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: started new entry nd citations

{{short description|Indian dentist-scientist, biostatistician, and epidemiologist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| fields = Periodontology, biostatistics, epidemiology
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]] (B.D.S.) [[Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health]] (M.S., Sc.D.)
| workplaces = Bagchi School of Public Health, Ahmedabad Univetrsity [[Bagchi School of Public Health]] Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health [[Harvard School of Dental Medicine]] [[University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus]]
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India{{cn|date=January 2026}}
| thesis_title = Oral health, nutrition, and coronary heart disease
| thesis_year = 1995
| thesis_url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79164739
}}

'''Kaumudi Jinraj Joshipura''' is an Indian American [[Epidemiology|epidemiologist]], [[Biostatistics|biostatistician]] and [[dentist]]. She is Susmita & Subroto Bagchi Professor of Public Health Dean, Bagchi School of Public Health, and Adjunct Full Professor at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (HSPH) at [[Harvard University]] and NIH Endowed Chair and Director of the Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion and a Full Professor at the [[University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus]]. Her research work has been covered by global media including CNN, ABC, NBC, NHS, Newsweek, Nature, Telegraph, Japanese Journals and Japanese TV etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2017/11/26/regular-use-of-mouthwash-may-increase-risk-for-diabetes/|title=Regular Use Of Mouthwash May Increase Risk For Diabetes|first=Robert Glatter|last=MD|website=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/mouthwash-may-trigger-diabetes-if-you-use-way-way-too-much-it-720931 |title=Mouthwash May Trigger Diabetes—If You Use Way, Way Too Much of It |last=Sheridan |first=Kate |date=23 November 2017 |website= www.newsweek.com|access-date=2020-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oasisdiscussions.ca/2017/12/18/mw/|title=Does over-the-counter mouthwash put you at risk of pre-diabetes/diabetes?|date=December 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/health/using-mouthwash-twice-day-could-11567348|title=Why using mouthwash could raise your risk of getting diabetes|first=Adam|last=Aspinall|date=November 22, 2017|website=mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joshipura |first1=Kaumudi J. |last2=Muñoz-Torres |first2=Francisco J. |last3=Morou-Bermudez |first3=Evangelia |last4=Patel |first4=Rakesh P. |title=Over-the-counter mouthwash use and risk of pre-diabetes/diabetes |journal=Nitric Oxide |date=1 December 2017 |volume=71 |pages=14–20 |doi=10.1016/j.niox.2017.09.004 |pmid=28939409 |pmc=6628144 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/health/mouthwash-twice-a-day-puts-diabetes-risk-50-per-cent-higher-a3699791.html|title=Mouthwash twice a day 'puts diabetes risk 50 per cent higher'|date=November 23, 2017|website=Evening Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.today.com/health/study-links-mouthwash-diabetes-risk-what-you-need-know-t119320|title=Could mouthwash put you at risk for diabetes? What you need to know|website=TODAY.com|date=29 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/reading-room/endocrine-society/diabetes/71148|title=Powerful Connections Between Oral Health and Diabetes Care|date=February 14, 2018|website=www.medpagetoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/HEALTH/9910/05/stroke.fruit/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714160451/http://edition.cnn.com/HEALTH/9910/05/stroke.fruit/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 14, 2020|title=CNN - Fruits and vegetables may reduce risk of stroke - October 5, 1999|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/05/health/oral-hygiene-may-help-more-than-teeth-and-gums.html|title=Oral Hygiene May Help More Than Teeth and Gums|first=Susan|last=Gilbert|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 5, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZ87XVV7tIk|title=Video |website=www.youtube.com |date=10 November 2015 |accessdate=2020-07-18}}</ref>

== Early life, education, and career ==
Joshipura earned an M.S. in Biostatistics from [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]] in 1989. She worked as a staff associate in Biostatistics at [[The Forsyth Institute]] from 1989 to 1992. Joshipura was a clinical instructor in Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology at [[Harvard School of Dental Medicine]] (HSDM) from 1992 to 1993. As a postdoctoral dentist scientist, she completed a postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology (OHPE) at HSDM from 1993 to 1995 during which time she completed a certificate in Dental Public Health at HSDM and a Sc.D. in Epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/411/2017/02/Joshipura-HSPH_CV_Feb_2017.pdf|title=CV|last=Joshipura|first=Kaumudi Jinraj|date=February 2017|website=Harvard School of Public Health|access-date=|archive-date=2019-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927014300/https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/411/2017/02/Joshipura-HSPH_CV_Feb_2017.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her dissertation titled ''Oral Health, Nutrition, and Coronary Heart Disease'' was completed under Dr. Walter Willett in 2 academic semesters including qualifying exam and Doctoral Thesis.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Oral health, nutrition, and coronary heart disease|date=1995|language=English|first=Kaumudi Jinraj|last=Joshipura|oclc=79164739}}</ref>

== Career ==
From 1996 to 2002, Joshipura was an Assistant Professor of Epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health. She was an Associate Professor in HSDM from 2002 to 2005 and has continued as an Adjunct Full Professor of Epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health. In 2005, she joined the faculty at [[University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine]], as Professor and Director of Division of Dental Public Health. Since 2007, she serves as the NIH Endowed Chair, Professor, and the Director of the Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion at the [[University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus]].<ref name=":1" /> She has also taught Software Engineering Courses to Advance Engineering Department at Northeastern University and at companies. She has also served as Advisor to AAP and Consultant to WHO, NIH, CDC, Unilever, AADR, Medopad etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ccrhp.rcm.upr.edu/?q=joshipura|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200710185655/http://ccrhp.rcm.upr.edu/?q=joshipura|archive-date = 2020-07-10|title = Kaumudi Joshipura (B.D.S., MS, SCD) | Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion (CCRHP)}}</ref> She focuses on identifying and promoting no cost, low cost or cost saving ways to improve health and wellness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ccrhp.rcm.upr.edu/ |title=Message from the Director | Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion (CCRHP) |website=ccrhp.rcm.upr.edu |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406180900/http://ccrhp.rcm.upr.edu/ |archive-date=6 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She launched a free global movement to help people overcome inhibitions and barriers to move more throughout the day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vmovement.org/|title=Activating a move-friendly world|website=vmovement|access-date=2020-07-14|archive-date=2020-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813103754/https://www.vmovement.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdsSzNGxn1ewrDmy5FhPWng|title=VMovement - YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

=== Research ===
Joshipura researches lifestyle and other risk factors for cardio-metabolic conditions, and the interrelationships of microbial, dietary, and inflammatory mediators.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kaumudi_Joshipura |title=Bio|website= www.researchgate.net|access-date=2020-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XapbCAAAQBAJ&q=dr.+kaumudi+joshipura&pg=PT407|title=Sodium Bicarbonate|first=Dr Mark|last=Sircus|date=August 5, 2014|publisher=Lulu Press, Inc|isbn=9781312412149|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Michaud |first1=Dominique S |last2=Liu |first2=Yan |last3=Meyer |first3=Mara |last4=Giovannucci |first4=Edward |last5=Joshipura |first5=Kaumudi |title=Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and cancer risk in male health professionals: a prospective cohort study |journal=The Lancet Oncology |date=June 2008 |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=550–558 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70106-2 |pmid=18462995 |pmc=2601530 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Knapton |first1=Sarah |title=Mouthwash may kill beneficial bacteria in mouth and trigger diabetes, Harvard study suggests |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/11/22/mouthwash-may-kill-beneficial-bacteria-mouth-trigger-diabetes/ |work=The Telegraph |date=22 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Tooth Loss Linked to Increased Stroke Risk |journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association |date=February 2003 |volume=134 |issue=2 |pages=156–158 |doi=10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0124 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com.pr/citations?user=dqotcHcAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Dr. Kaumudi Joshipura - Google Scholar|website=scholar.google.com.pr|access-date=2020-07-14|archive-date=2023-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111165010/https://scholar.google.com.pr/citations?user=dqotcHcAAAAJ&hl=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> She researched the relationship between periodontitis and coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease. Joshipura has been awarded several NIH grants as the Principal Investigator. Recent grants include SOALS: San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study, PEARLS: Pregnancy and EARly Lifestyle improvement Study, PREPARE: Preparedness to Reduce Exposures and diseases Post-hurricanes & Augment Resilience and Oral Microbiome, Nitric oxide Metabolism, and Oral and Cardiometabolic Health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/kaumudi-joshipura/|title=Kaumudi Joshipura|last=|first=|date=|website=Harvard School of Public Health|language=en-us|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vslir.iima.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/11718/18855|title=Health Care Management: Think Outside Disease Care, for NCD Prevention across the Lifespan}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2026}}
Year Name of Award/Honor

1993-1995 Dentist Scientist Award, National Institute of Dental Research 
1993-1995 Dunning Fellowship, Harvard School of Dental Medicine 
1994 Clinical Research Award in Periodontology from the American Academy of Periodontology 
1995 James M. Dunning Award for Excellence in Health Care Delivery and Research 
1997 International Association of Dental Research Award for “Research in Prevention” for abstract titled "Factors associated with incident or a precancerous lesions: A preliminary analysis ". 
2000- Consultant, Council on Scientific Affairs, American Dental Association 
2000- Faculty advisor for project (Validation of Periodontal Disease Measure) that received the Best Student Abstract Award of the International Association of Dental Research’s Behavioral Sciences and Health Services Research Group. 
2005 Advisor, World Health Organization (WHO) 
2005 Inducted to [[Omicron Kappa Upsilon]] National Honors Society, Harvard Gamma Gamma Chapter 
2005-2008 Advisory Board, Harvard Minority Training Grant, Harvard School of Public Health 
2006 Faculty advisor for project that received the Best Student Abstract Award of the International Association of Dental Research’s Behavioral Sciences and Health Services Research Group. Title “Racial/Ethnic Variations in Impact of Socio-economic Factors on Tooth Loss”. 
2008 Honored in the first issue of AADR “Strides in Science” 
2009 Invited participant at the United Nations (UN) meeting on “Philanthropy and Public Health” 
2011- Steering Committee Member, Lifestyle Interventions for Expectant Moms (LIFE-Moms) 
2012- Committee Chair, LIFE-Moms Biospecimen Committee (initial phase) 
2013 Premio Padre Rufio, Academia Científica de Cultura Iberoamericana Award for recognition to a Professor for his/her significant contribution to the humanities in the fields of research and education. 
2013-2014 Committee Chair, LIFE-Moms Breast milk Committee 
2015 TEDx Talk "Let’s move together and feel alright" <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AtwbukI2tQ|title=Video |website=www.youtube.com |date=25 July 2016 |accessdate=2020-07-18}}</ref> 
2016 Selected as Fellow in the inaugural year of the American Association for Dental Research Fellows Program. 
2018 “Puerto Rico Clinical and Translational Research Consortium (PRCTRC) Investigator Achievement<ref name=":1" /> 
2019 Appointed by NICHD to Data and Safety Monitoring Committee for a consortium. 
2020 Member of the inaugural advisory board convened for APHA Center for Climate, Health and Equity <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publichealthnewswire.org/?p=cche-advisory-board|title=cche advisory board | Public Health Newswire|website=publichealthnewswire.org}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Women in dentistry in the United States]]
* [[Timeline of women in mathematics in the United States]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Google scholar id}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshipura, Kaumundi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian dentists]]
[[Category:American women dentists]]
[[Category:American dentistry academics]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health faculty]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:University of Puerto Rico faculty]]
[[Category:Indian epidemiologists]]
[[Category:Biostatisticians]]
[[Category:Women statisticians]]
[[Category:Women epidemiologists]]
[[Category:Indian statisticians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women mathematicians]]
[[Category:20th-century American women mathematicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women mathematicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American dentists]]
[[Category:21st-century American statisticians]]
[[Category:20th-century American statisticians]]

Himani Chawla

2026-02-07T22:51:56Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: started a post from scratch - done

{{short description|Indian television actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hemani Chawla
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 14 august
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2008–present
| height = 5ft 7inches
| known_for = ''[[Zindagi Badal Sakta Hai Hadsaa]]'', ''[[Gunwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'', ''[[Mata Ki Chowki]]'', ''[[Hi! Padosi... Kaun Hai Doshi?]]''
}}

'''Hemani Chawla''' is an Indian television actress, who made her television debut with [[Zindagi Badal Sakta Hai Hadsaa]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afaqs.com/media/media_newslets/index.html?id=34913_Zee+TV+enhances+weekend+programming+by+launching+an+emotional+thriller+for+the+1st+time!|title=Zee TV enhances weekend programming by launching an emotional thriller for the 1st time!|newspaper=Afaqs!|date=5 May 2008|accessdate=13 July 2015|archive-date=13 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713231151/http://www.afaqs.com/media/media_newslets/index.html?id=34913_Zee+TV+enhances+weekend+programming+by+launching+an+emotional+thriller+for+the+1st+time!|url-status=dead}}</ref> Moreover, she has also worked in [[Gunwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]], [[Mata Ki Chowki]] and [[Hi! Padosi... Kaun Hai Doshi?]]. She has also appeared in an episodic of [[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]] and [[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat (season 6)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/yash-pandit-and-himani-chawla-feature-sony-tvs-aahat-150727|title=Yash Pandit and Himani Chawla to feature in Sony TV's Aahat|date=27 July 2015|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref>

In 2008, Hemani has done Hindi comedy film, ''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood Movie Actress Himani Chawla Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/movie-actress/himani-chawla |work=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>

==Television==
*[[Zee TV]]'s [[Zindagi Badal Sakta Hai Hadsaa]] and [[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]
*[[SAB TV]]'s [[Gunwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]
*[[Sahara One]]'s [[Mata Ki Chowki]] and [[Hi! Padosi... Kaun Hai Doshi?]]
*[[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]'s [[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat (season 6)]]
* ''[[Dabangii – Mulgii Aayi Re Aayi]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3175164/ Himani Chawla] on [[IMDb]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chawla, Hemani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Indore]]

Zakia Jafri

2026-02-02T03:03:43Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: creating a post

{{Short description|Indian human rights activist (1938 or 1939 – 2025)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zakia Jafri
| image = Zakia Jafri.jpg
| caption = Jafri during an interview in 2017
| birth_date = 1938 or 1939
| birth_place = [[Khandwa]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2025|02|01|86|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| occupation = Human rights activist
| known_for = Legal battle for justice in the [[2002 Gujarat riots]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ehsan Jafri]]||2002|end=died}}
| children = 3
| website =
}}

'''Zakia Naseem Jafri'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2013 |title=For Zakia,?endless? fight against Modi & SIT is on |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/for-zakia-endless-fight-against-modi-sit-is-on/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521013257/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/for-zakia-endless-fight-against-modi-sit-is-on/ |archive-date=21 May 2017 |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2011 |title=Mr Modi, justice has a way of coming around |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-mr-modi-justice-has-a-way-of-coming-around/20110921.htm |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=[[Rediff]] |language=en}}</ref> (1938 or 1939 – 1 February 2025) was an Indian human rights activist known for her legal efforts related to the [[2002 Gujarat riots]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=Gujarat riots: SC to hear Zakia Jafri's plea on Monday against clean chit to PM Modi |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/gujarat-riots-sc-hear-zakia-jafris-plea-clean-chit-pm-modi-monday-1502707599.html |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2025 |title=Zakia Jafri, widow of Cong MP killed in Gujarat riots, dies in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/zakia-jafri-widow-of-cong-mp-killed-in-gujarat-riots-dies-in-ahmedabad-125020200034_1.html |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref> She became widely recognised as the widow of [[Ehsan Jafri]], a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Member of Parliament who was killed during the riots.<ref name="Who">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=Who is Zakia Jafri? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/who-is-zakia-jafri-gujarat-riots-sc-verdict-7988071/ |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Gujarat riots survivor and legal crusader Zakia Jafri dies at 86 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/zakia-jafri-dead-gujarat-riots-9811661/lite/ |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Zakia Jafri, survivor and advocate for justice in 2002 Gujarat riots, passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/zakia-jafri-survivor-and-advocate-for-justice-in-2002-gujarat-riots-passes-away-101738410356271.html |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Zakia Jafri, wife of former Cong MP killed in 2002 Gujarat riots, dies in Ahmedabad |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/zakia-jafri-gujarat-riot-victim-passes-away-1.10304012 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Zakia Jafri, who took on Narendra Modi after her Congress MP husband was killed in Gujarat riots, dies |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/zakia-jafri-who-took-on-narendra-modi-after-her-congress-mp-husband-was-killed-in-gujarat-riots-dies/cid/2080984 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[The Telegraph India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Zakia Jafri was the widow of Ehsan Jafri, a lawyer from [[Burhanpur]] who was elected as a member of parliament in 1977. Born into a wealthy landlord family in [[Khandwa]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], British India (present day [[Madhya Pradesh]], India), in the late 1930s, she married Jafri when he was serving as an attorney.<ref name=":0" /> They had three children: two sons, Tanveer and Zuber, and a daughter, Nishrin.<ref name="children">{{Cite web |last=Gottipati |first=Sruthi |date=24 April 2012 |title=A Conversation With: Zuber Jafri |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/a-conversation-with-zuber-jafri/ |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 1969, during communal riots in Khandwa, their home was attacked, forcing them to stay in a refugee camp for some time before relocating to [[Ahmedabad]] in 1971.<ref name="Who"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2017 |title=Genesis of the Zakia Jafri Case |url=https://cjp.org.in/genesis-of-the-zakia-jafri-case/ |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=CJP |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="GS"/> Jafri died in [[Ahmedabad]] on 1 February 2025, at the age of 86.<ref name="Jeelani 2025">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Zakia Jafri, the face of legal battle in Gujarat riots cases, dies. All you need to know |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/zakia-jafri-the-face-of-legal-battle-in-gujarat-riots-cases-dies-all-you-need-to-know-11738407352613.html |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waje |first=Hemant |date=1 February 2025 |title=Zakia Jafri, wife of ex-Cong MP killed in 2002 Gujarat riots, dies |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/zakia-jafri-wife-of-ex-cong-mp-killed-in-2002-gujarat-riots-dies/20250201.htm |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Who was Zakia Jafri, wife of an ex-Congress MP who died in the Godhra riots? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-was-zakia-jafri-wife-of-an-ex-congress-mp-who-died-in-the-godhra-riots-101738408077747.html |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She was interred in the same cemetery as her husband.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2025 |title='Bees saal unhone jung ladi': Kin, activists remember Zakia Jafri who spearheaded the fight for justice in 2002 Gujarat riots |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/zakia-jafri-dead-gujarat-riots-9811661/ |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balaji |first=R. |date=2 February 2025 |title=Zakia Jafri, face of 2002 Gujarat riot protest, passes away at 86 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/zakia-jafri-face-of-2002-gujarat-riot-protest-passes-away-at-86/cid/2081106 |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=The Telegraph India |language=en}}</ref>

== The 2002 Gujarat riots ==
{{Main|2002 Gujarat riots}}
[[2002 Gujarat riots|Widespread riots occurred]] in Gujarat in 2002. The state government later stated 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed during the riots;<ref name="BBC 2005-05-11">{{cite news|title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed|work=[[BBC News]]|date=11 May 2005|access-date=17 February 2017|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226131020/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html|archive-date=26 February 2009}}</ref> independent sources put the death toll at over 2,000,<ref name="Jaffrelot 2003-07">{{cite journal|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|date=July 2003|title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?|url=http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/4127|url-status=live|journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics|volume=|pages=|doi=10.11588/heidok.00004127|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607062723/http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/4127/|archive-date=7 June 2007|access-date=17 February 2017|via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Campbell |editor1-first=John |editor2-first=Chris |editor2-last=Seiple |editor3-first=Dennis R. |editor3-last=Hoover |editor4-first=Pauletta |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Otis|title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security|year=2012|publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-66744-9|page=233}}</ref> the vast majority of them Muslims.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|date=25 February 2012|title=Gujarat 2002: What Justice for the Victims?|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2012/08/special-articles/gujarat-2002-what-justice-victims.html|journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]]|volume=47|issue=8|pages=|via=|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123141200/https://www.epw.in/journal/2012/08/special-articles/gujarat-2002-what-justice-victims.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Gulbarg Society massacre]] occurred during the riots, on 28 February.<ref name="CJP2">{{Cite web |date=19 November 2018 |title=Zakia Jafri Case: Bringing the High and Mighty to Justice |url=https://cjp.org.in/zakia-jafri-case/ |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=CJP |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Zakia Jafri, Gujarat Riots Survivor Who Fought Cases to Pin Accountability for the Violence, Dies |url=https://thewire.in/rights/zakia-jafri-passes-away-gujarat-riots |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=2002 Gujarat riots survivor and legal crusader Zakia Jafri passes away at 86 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/2002-gujarat-riots-survivor-and-legal-crusader-zakia-jafri-passes-away-at-86/3734372/ |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |date=1 February 2025 |title=Zakia Jafri, wife of former Congress MP killed in 2002 Gujarat riots, dies in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/zakia-jafri-wife-of-former-congress-mp-killed-in-2002-gujarat-riots-dies-in-ahmedabad/article69168063.ece |access-date=1 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Mythreyee |date=10 December 2021 |title=The Life & Legacy of Zakia Appa: Gujarat Riot Survivor and Activist Passes Away |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/zakia-jafri-gulbarg-society-massacre-case-explainer |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[TheQuint]] |language=en}}</ref> A crowd began pelting stones at the Gulbarg Society, a [[Muslim]] neighbourhood in the eastern part of [[Chamanpura]] in [[Ahmedabad]]. Ehsan Jafri was among 35 victims burned alive, while 31 others went missing and were presumed dead.<ref name="ye">{{cite news |date=1 March 2003 |title=Year later, Gulbarg still a ghost town |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/19323/ |access-date=1 February 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 March 2010 |title=The Gulbarg Society massacre: What happened |url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/the-gulbarg-society-massacre-what-happened-17556.php |access-date=1 February 2025 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref name="sa">{{cite news |date=3 November 2007 |title=Safehouse of Horrors |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107safehouseofhorrors.asp&page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429102953/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107safehouseofhorrors.asp&page=1 |archive-date=29 April 2009 |access-date=1 February 2025 |work=Tehelka}}</ref> According to Zakia Jafri, she and a few others managed to survive by hiding in an upstairs room.<ref name="Jose" />

== Legal proceedings ==
Zakia Jafri filed a petition in the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2006, alleging that law enforcement authorities had failed to take action against key political figures, including then–Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]]. In 2008, the Supreme Court directed a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) to examine her claims.<ref name="GS">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=Zakia Jafri: Judgment Summary |url=https://www.scobserver.in/reports/zakia-jafri-judgment-summary/ |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="economic">{{Cite news |date=10 November 2021 |title=Zakia Jafri's complaint thoroughly examined, no material found to take it forward, SIT tells SC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/zakia-jafris-complaint-thoroughly-examined-no-material-found-to-take-it-forward-sit-tells-sc/articleshow/87631260.cms |access-date=1 February 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2012 |title=Court defers Zakia Jafri's plea for copy of report that allegedly clears Modi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/court-defers-zakia-jafris-plea-for-copy-of-report-that-allegedly-clears-modi-571557 |access-date=1 February 2025 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=Clean chit to Modi in 2002 Gujarat riots: SC defers hearing on Zakia Jafri's plea yet again |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/clean-chit-to-modi-in-2002-gujarat-riots-sc-defers-hearing-on-zakia-jafris-plea-yet-again-320559/ |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> The SIT concluded the investigation in 2012, finding that there was not sufficient evidence to prosecute Modi or other officials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zakia Jafri case: Court says SIT report finds no proof against Narendra Modi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/zakia-jafri-case-court-says-sit-report-finds-no-proof-against-narendra-modi-475951 |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2012 |title=SIT finds no proof against Modi, says court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sit-finds-no-proof-against-modi-says-court/article3300175.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 February 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Jafri filed a plea challenging the SIT's findings, which was dismissed by the Supreme Court in June 2022, upholding the closure report.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=SC dismisses Zakia Jafri's plea against clean chit to Narendra Modi in 2002 riots case: A timeline of how it played out |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-zakia-jafri-plea-clean-chit-narendra-modi-timeline-7987980/ |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=24 June 2022 |title=2002 Gujarat riots {{!}} Supreme Court rejects Zakia Jafri's charges against Narendra Modi, 60 officials |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2002-gujarat-riots-supreme-court-rejects-zakia-jafris-charges-against-narendra-modi-60-officials/article65560012.ece |access-date=1 February 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2022 |title=Modi: Zakia Jafri's riots plea against India PM rejected |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61920218 |access-date=1 February 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2022 |title=Gujarat riots: SC dismisses Zakia Jafri's plea against clean chit to Modi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/gujarat-riots-sc-dismisses-zakia-jafri-s-plea-against-clean-chit-to-modi-122062400317_1.html |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> As a result of her numerous legal filings, Jafri was seen as the "face of the fight for justice" for the victims of the 2002 riots, according to the ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''.<ref name="Jeelani 2025"/>

In a report from ''[[The Caravan]]'', Jafri stated that her husband, Ehsan Jafri, made multiple calls to senior Gujarat state officials, including then-Chief Minister Narendra Modi, seeking help as a mob surrounded Gulberg Society during the 2002 Gujarat riots. According to her, Jafri pleaded for intervention but received no assistance. A witness later testified in court that Jafri had also called Modi and was allegedly met with verbal abuse rather than support.<ref name="Jose">{{Cite web |last=Jose |first=Vinod K |date=5 October 2017 |title="There Was No Question Of Help": Zakia Jafri On the Gulburg Society Massacre |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/zakia-jafri-gulburg-society-massacre-modi-2002 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[The Caravan]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jafri, Zakia}}
[[Category:1930s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Khandwa]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:2002 Gujarat riots]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]

Chola Expedition of the Ganges

2026-01-24T01:08:57Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: Made New Entry...

{{Short description|Chola expedition into Ganges (1019-1021)}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Chola Expedition of the Ganges
| date = 1019–1021 AD
| place = [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bangladesh]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha|Kalinga]], [[Jharkhand]],([[Bengal]] temporarily)<ref>History of Bengal, Vol. 1 by, R. C. Majumder, pp 137-139</ref> annexed as vassal states of the [[Chola dynasty]]
| result = Chola victory
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}}[[Chola dynasty]]
| combatant2 = *[[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamsi dynasty (Kalinga)]]
*Odda dynasty
*[[Pala Empire]]
* [[Kamboja Pala dynasty]]
* [[Chandra dynasty]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = '''Emperor:'''
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}}[[Rajendra Chola]]

'''Commander-in-Chief:'''
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}}Araiyan Rajarajan

'''Commanders:'''
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}}Pallavarayan
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chola Kingdom.png}}Miladudaiyar
| commander2 = '''Kings:'''
* Indraratha ([[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]])
* Odda king (Odda)
* Dharmapala (Dandabhukti)
* Ranasura (Radhepura)
* Govindachandra ([[Bengal]])
* [[Mahipala]] ([[Pala Empire]])
| commander3 =
| units1 = [[Chola military|Chola Army]]
| units2 = * Pala Army
*Somavamsi Army
*Odda Army
*Radhepura Army
*Kamboja Pala Army
*Chandra Army
| units3 =
| strength1 = 1,000,000+{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
| strength2 = 100,000{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = Few
| casualties2 = Many
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
[[File:"A view of Majestic Brihadisvara Temple of Gangaikonda Cholapuram".JPG|thumb|Gangaikonda Cholapuram was built by Rajendra Chola to celebrate his success in the Ganges Expedition|261x261px]]{{Chola history}}
The [[Medieval Chola]] emperor [[Rajendra Chola I]] led an '''Chola Expedition of the Ganges''' between 1019 and 1021. The expedition traversed the states of [[Eastern Chalukyas|Vengi]], [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, [[Odisha]], [[Bengal]], Bihar and Uttar Pradesh culminating with their arrival at the Ganges river. The Chola victory over the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] king [[Mahipala|Mahipala I]] is considered to be the climax of the expedition. In 1019 CE, Rajendra's forces marched through [[Odisha|Kalinga]] towards the river [[Ganges|Ganga]]. In Kalinga the Chola forces defeated Indraratha the ruler of the [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamsi dynasty]]. The Chola army eventually reached the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] kingdom of Bengal where they defeated [[Mahipala]]. The Chola army also defeated the last ruler of the [[Kamboja Pala dynasty]] Dharmapala of Dandabhukti.<ref>Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.281{{ISBN?}}</ref> The Chola army went on to raid [[Bangladesh|East Bengal]] and defeated Govindachandra of the [[Chandra dynasty]] and invaded [[Bastar state|Bastar]] region.<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.145{{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India by Professor S.K. Tiwari p.161{{ISBN?}}</ref>

== Causes ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
The expedition is believed to have been necessitated by a succession dispute in the [[Eastern Chalukya kingdom]] where the claims of [[Rajaraja Narendra]], the son of [[Vimaladitya]], the previous king, and his queen [[Kundavai]], were contested by Vishnuvardana Vijayaditya VII, a son of Vimaladitya through another wife. Vishnuvardhana Vijayaditya VII was supported by the [[Western Chalukya]] king [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]] and the kings of Kalinga and Odda and posed a serious threat to Rajaraja Narendra. Rajaraja Narendra appealed for help from his maternal uncle, the Chola emperor, [[Rajendra Chola I]] who sent a large force under his general, Araiyan Rajarajan, a veteran of the [[Chalukya-Chola Wars]]. Araiyan Rajarajan defeated Vijayaditya and after driving of it him out, firmly established Rajaraja Narendra on the [[Eastern Chalukya]] throne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035 |title=History of South India |date=1958 |language=English}}</ref>

Following this victory, Rajendra Chola I led an expedition northwards supported by an [[advance guard]] led by Araiyan Rajarajan, to punish the kings of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] and Odda who had sided with Vijayaditya in the succession dispute.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035 |title=History of South India |date=1958 |language=English}}</ref>

== Events ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
The Thiruvalangadu plates state:

{{blockquote|1=The light of the Chola race (Rajendra Chola I), mocking Bhagiratha who by the force of his austerities caused the descent of the Ganga, set out to sanctify his own land with the waters of that stream brought (thither) by the strength of his arm}}

Rajendra Chola I defeated the kings of Kalinga and Odda (by seeking assistance of Paramaras and Kalachuris, with whom Indraratha was in a big conflict and Rajendra Chola exploited this situation) and marched up to the [[Godavari River]], from where Araiyan Rajarajan led an army into Bengal. The details of the campaign are given in the Tamil ''[[praśasti]]'' of Rajendra Chola I.

{{blockquote|(He seized) Śakkarakkōţţam, whose warriors were brave; Madura-maṇḍalam destroyed in a trice, the prosperous city of Nāmaṇaik-kōṇam with its dense groves. Pañcap-paḷḷi whose warriors (bore) cruel bows, Māśunideśa with its green fields; a large heap of family-treasures with many (other) treasures (which he carried away), after having conquered Indraratha of the ancient race of the moon, together with (his) family, in a fight which took place at Ādinagar, (a city) whose fame knew no decline; Oḍḍa-[[viṣaya]] which was difficult of approach on account of its dense forest defence; the good Kōśalai-nāḍu where Brahmins assembled; Taṇḍabutti in whose gardens bees abounded, (land which he acquired) after having destroyed Dharmapāla (in) a hot battle; Takkaṇalāḍam, whose fame reached (all) directions, (and which he occupied) after having forcibly attacked Raṇaśura; Vangāḷa-deśā, where the rain water never stopped, (and from which) Gōvindacandra fled, having descended (from his) male elephant; elephants of rare strength, women and treasure, (which he seized) after having been pleased to put to flight in a hot battlefield the strong Mahipāla by the sound of a conch from the deep sea; Uttiralāḍam (on the shore of) the expansive ocean (producing) pearls; and the Gangā whose waters bearing flagrant flowers dashed against the bathing places (''tirtha'')}}

Sakkarakottam, the place from where Araiyan Rajarajan led the campaign into Bengal is identified with the town of Chakrakotya or [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]], in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Masunidesam, Maduraimandalam, Namanaikkonam and Pancapalli, too, are believed to be located to the north-west of Vengi. Following the conquest of these places in present-day [[Telangana]], Madhya Pradesh and [[Chhattisgarh]], Araiyan Rajarajan invaded Odda (present-day Orissa) and conquered it after defeating its ruler Indraratha. His next success was against [[Dharmapala Kamboja|Dharmapala]], who ruled the kingdom of Dandabhukti located in the marshland between Orissa and Bengal. Rajarajan, then, defeated Ranasura, the ruler of Lada or Radha, identified as the part of West Bengal west of the Ganges River and [[Govindachandra (Chandra dynasty)|Govindachandra]] of Vangala, located further to the east before confronting the Pala ruler [[Mahipala|Mahipala I]]. After defeating Mahipala in a pitched battle, Araiyan Rajarajan reached the Ganges and took some water with him on his journey back. He was met by Rajendra I on the banks of the Godavari and the combined armies returned home after conducting Rajaraja Narendra's coronation as the king of the [[Eastern Chalukyas]].

== Nature of the expedition ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
There has been general disagreement among historians on the nature of the expedition. Early scholars such as [[V. Venkayya]] interpreted Rajendra Chola's campaign to "bring the waters of the Ganges into Chola territory" as a pilgrimage to the Ganges River. However, this theory has been refuted by some historians, most notable among them being [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]]. That the campaign was military in nature is suggested by the last line of the Thiruvalangadu plates which state that the king erected a ''Ganga-jalamayam jayasthambham'' or a "liquid pillar of victory" in the form of the Cholaganga tank.

== Effects ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
The Chola expedition to the Ganges had a long-lasting influence. According to R. D. Banerji, a [[Kannadiga]] chief who accompanied Araiyan Rajarajan on his campaign settled down in Bengal and founded the [[Sena dynasty]]. It is believed that the Karnata people of [[History of Mithila|Mithila]], too, might have descended from soldiers in the Chola army. The ''Siddhantasaravali'' of Trilocana Sivacharya claims that a large number of [[Saivite]] [[Brahmins]] from Bengal were taken to the Chola country where they were granted lands by Rajendra Chola I. They, eventually, settled down in [[Kanchipuram]] and the [[Cauvery Delta]] forming the [[Sivacharya]] community.

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

*

[[Category:Wars involving the Chola Empire]]
[[Category:11th century in India]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Pala Empire]]
[[Category:Military expeditions]]
[[Category:1019 in Asia]]
[[Category:1024 in Asia]]
[[Category:North India]]
[[Category:Military campaigns involving the Chola Empire]]
[[Category:1010s conflicts]]
[[Category:1020s conflicts]]

Second Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry

2026-01-22T15:25:00Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: creating new article.

{{refimprove|date=December 2023}}
{{Short description|Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers headed by Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy (2009–2009)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 23rd
| jurisdiction = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| flag = Emblem of Andhra Pradesh before 2014.svg
| flag_border =
| incumbent =
| image = Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy in Delhi on 10 December 2008 (cropped).jpg
| image_size =125
| caption = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| date_formed = 25 May 2009
| date_dissolved = 2 Sep 2009
| government_head = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = {{Color box|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| opposition_leader = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] ({{small|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the opposition]]}})
| election = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| last_election = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[First Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry]]
| successor = [[Konijeti Rosaiah ministry]]
|flag_width=125|state_head_title=[[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]]|government_head_title=[[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]}}

The '''Second Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry''' (or also known as '''23rd''' '''ministry''' '''of Andhra Pradesh''') of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] was formed on 25 May 2009 headed by [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] as the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]] following the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Terms of the Houses|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|access-date=25 May 2009|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Background==
Prior to 2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections a pre-poll alliance was formed by the [[Telugu Desam Party]], [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]], [[Communist Party of India]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] to contest in the elections against the sole incumbent contender [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Terms of the Houses|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/may/25/andhra-35-member-cabinet-sworn-in-52158.html}}</ref>

==Council of Ministers==
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Constituency
! scope="col" | Department
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
| '''[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]''' [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| [[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendla]]
|
* General Administration
* ''Other departments not allocated to any Minister''
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- class="static-row-header"
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="5" | '''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
| '''[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]'''
| [[Member of Legislative Council|MLC]]
|
* Finance
* Planning & Legislative Affairs
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Damodar Raja Narasimha]]'''
| [[Andole Assembly constituency|Andole]]
|
* Marketing
* Warehousing
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[D. K. Aruna]]'''
| [[Gadwal Assembly constituency|Gadwal]]
|
*Minister of Small Scale industries
*Sugar
*Khadi and Village Industrie
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Anam Ramanarayana Reddy]]'''
| [[Atmakur Assembly constituency|Atmakur]]
|
* Municipal Administration
*Urban Development
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Aruna Kumari Galla|Galla Aruna Kumari]]'''
| [[Chandragiri Assembly constituency|Chandragiri]]
|
* Roads & Buildings
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Botsa Satyanarayana]]'''
| [[Cheepurupalli Assembly constituency|Cheepurupalli]]
|
* Panchayat Raj
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''Earasu Prathap Reddy'''
| [[Srisailam (Assembly constituency)|Srisailam]]
|
* Law & Courts
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[J. Geeta Reddy]]'''
| [[Zahirabad Assembly constituency|Zahirabad]]
|
*Minister of Information and Public relations
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Konda Surekha]]'''
| [[Parkal Assembly constituency|Parkal]]
|
* Women Development & Child Welfare
* Disabled & Juvenile Welfare
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Kanna Lakshminarayana]]'''
| [[Guntur West Assembly constituency|Guntur West]]
|
*Minister of Major Industries
*Food Processing
*Commerce & Export Promotion
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Gade Venkata Reddy]]'''
| [[Bapatla (Assembly constituency)|Bapatla]]
|
* Cooperation
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Pasupuleti Balaraju]]'''
| [[Paderu (Assembly constituency)|Paderu]]
|
*Tribal Welfare
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Basavaraju Saraiah]]'''
| [[Warangal East Assembly constituency|Warangal East]]
|
* Backward Classes Welfare
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Balineni Srinivasa Reddy]]'''
| [[Ongole Assembly constituency|Ongole]]
|
* Mines & Geology
* Handlooms & Textiles
* Spinning Mills
* Small Scale Industries
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]]'''
| [[Huzurnagar Assembly constituency|Huzurnagar]]
|
* Housing
* Weaker Section Housing Programme
* AP Cooperative Housing Societies Federation
* AP Housing Board
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]'''
| [[Penamaluru (Assembly constituency)|Penamaluru]]
|
* Animal Husbandry
* Fisheries
* Dairy Development
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''Pithani Satyanarayana'''
| [[Achanta Assembly constituency|Achanta]]
|
* Social Welfare
* Roads & Buildings
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Ponnala Lakshmaiah]]'''
| [[Jangaon Assembly constituency|Jangaon]]
|
*Major Irrigation
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Raghu Veera Reddy]]'''
| [[Kalyandurg Assembly constituency|Kalyandurg]]
|
*Agriculture
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|'''Ramreddy Venkat Reddy'''
| [[Palair Assembly constituency|Palair]]
|
*Horticulture
* Sericulture
* RSAD
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Sake Sailajanath]]'''
| [[Singanamala (Assembly constituency)|Singanamala]]
|
* Primary Education
* SSA
* Adult Education
* AP Open Schools Society
* Jawahar Bal Bhavan
* AP Mahila Samata Society
* SIET
* Public Libraries
* SCERT
* AP Text Book Press
* Legislative Affairs
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Vijaya Ramaraju Setrucharla]]'''
| [[Pathapatnam (Assembly constituency)|Pathapatnam]]
|
* Forest
* Environment
* Science & Technology
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Sridhar Babu|Duddilla Sridhar Babu]]'''
| [[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]
|
*Higher Education
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Danam Nagender]]'''
| [[Khairatabad Assembly constituency|Khairatabad]]
|
* Health
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Dokka Manikya Vara Prasad]]'''
| [[Tadikonda (Assembly constituency)|Tadikonda]]
|
*Secondary Education
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Podduturi Sudarshan Reddy]]
| [[Bodhan Assembly constituency|Bodhan]]
|
* Major & Medium Irrigation
* A.P. Water Resources Development Corporation
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Vakiti Sunitha Laxma Reddy]]'''
| [[Narsapur Assembly constituency|Narsapur]]
|
*Minor Irrigation
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''Ahmadullah Mohammad Syed'''
| [[Kadapa Assembly constituency|Kadapa]]
|
* Minority Welfare
* Wakf
* Urdu Academy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Vatti Vasant Kumar]]'''
| [[Unguturu (Assembly constituency)|Unguturu]]
|
* Tourism & Culture
* Archaeology & Museums
* Archives & Youth Services & Sports
* NCC
* Language & Culture
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]'''
| [[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency|Ramachandrapuram]]
|
* Social Welfar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Mukesh Goud|Mula Mukesh Goud]]'''
| [[Goshamahal Assembly constituency|Goshamahal]]
|
* Marketing
* Warehousing
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''Kondru Murali Mohan'''
| [[Rajam (Assembly constituency)|Rajam]]
|
* Health
* Medical Education
* Drug Control Administration
* APVVP
*AP Aids Control Society
* Arogyasree
* Family Welfare
* Health Insurance
* 104 & 108
* Medical Infrastructure
* Ayush
* Yogadhyayana Parishad
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Gaddam Prasad Kumar]]'''
| [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]
|
* Handlooms & Textiles
* Spinning Mills
* Small Scale Industries
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Sabitha Indra Reddy]]'''
| [[Maheshwaram Assembly constituency|Maheshwaram]]
|
* Home Affairs
* Disaster Management
* Jails
* Fire Services
* Sainik Welfare
* Printing & Stationery
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]'''
| [[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
|
* Infrastructure
* Investment
* Sea Ports
* Airports
* Natural Gas
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]'''
| [[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
|
* Endowments
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Mopidevi Venkataramana]]'''
| [[Repalle (Assembly constituency)|Repalle]]
|
* Excise & Prohibition
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]'''
| [[Srikakulam (Assembly constituency)|Srikakulam]]
|
* Roads & Buildings
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''[[Pinipe Viswarup]]'''
| [[Amalapuram Assembly constituency|Amalapuram]]
|
* Animal Husbandry
* Fisheries
* Dairy Development
* Veterinary University
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers]]
* [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]]
* [[First Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh ministries|Rajasekhara II]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Andhra Pradesh|Rajasekhara II]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2009 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2009|Rajasekhara II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2009|Rajasekhara II]]

Battle of Sirhind (1764)

2026-01-16T06:07:36Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: improve details and updated info

{{Short description|1764 conflict between the Durrani Empire and Sikh Misls}}
{{Not to be confused with|Battle of Chappar Chiri|Siege of Sirhind|Battle of Sirhind (1555)|text=[[Battle of Chappar Chiri]], known alternatively as the Battle of Sirhind, or the [[Siege of Sirhind]] and [[Battle of Sirhind (1555)]]}}
{{infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Sirhind
| partof = [[Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 14 January 1764
| place = [[Sirhind]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = Sikhs capture Sirhind.<ref name="Bhagata 1993 181">{{cite book|last=Bhagata|first=Siṅgha|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|year=1993|page= 181|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=charhat+singh|quote=...}}</ref><ref name="Latif">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0T1BAQAAMAAJ&q=a+sanguinary+battle+was+fought+in+the+neighbourhood+of+sirhind|title=History of the Panjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time|author=Syad Muhammad Latif|author-link=Syad Muhammad Latif|year=1984|page=285|publisher=Progressive Books}}</ref>
| result = Sikh victory<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxwIDgAAQBAJ&dq=kasur+pashtun&pg=PA21|title=Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century|last=Lansford|first=Tom|date=2017-02-16|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598847604|language=en}}</ref>
| status =
| combatant1 = [[Sikh Misls]]
| combatant2 = [[Durrani Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] [[Charat Singh]] [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] [[Hari Singh Dhillon]] [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] [[Baghel Singh]] [[Sardar Chuhar Singh]] Aghar Singh{{KIA}}<ref name="H.S Singha">{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=H.S |title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |isbn=9788170103011|pages=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&dq=mir+momin+khan+sikh&pg=PA11 |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref> [[Ala Singh]] [[Tara Singh Ghaiba]]<ref name=Gandhi1999>{{cite book|title=Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century|author=Surjit Singh Gandhi|url=https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/401/mode/2up|publisher=Singh Bros.|year=1999|isbn=9788172052171|page=398}}</ref>
| commander2 = [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]]{{Executed}}<ref name="Singh">{{cite book|title=Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan |last1=Ganḍā |first1=Singh |year=1959|publisher=Asia Pub. House |isbn=978-1-4021-7278-6 |page=285|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_A8AAAAMAAJ|access-date=2010-08-25}}</ref>
| strength1 = 23,000 According to Surjit Singh Gandhi<ref name=Gandhi1999 /> 40,000 According to Joseph Davey Cunningham<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Joseph Davey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1cOAAAAQAAJ&dq=40,000+sirhind+1764&pg=PA110|title=A History Of The Sikhs From The Origin Of The Nation To The Battles Of The Sutlej|year=1918|pages=110}}</ref> 50,000 According to [[Giani Gian Singh]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Giani Gian|title=Panth Prakash|year=1898|pages=832–834}}</ref>
| strength2 = Unknown believed to be smaller<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=Fall of the Mughal empire Vol II |date=1934 |publisher=Central Archaeological Library |pages=492 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69726/page/n505/mode/2up |access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 10,000 horsemen killed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |last2=Habib |first2=Ifran |title=Sikh History from Persian Sources: Translations of Major Texts |date=2001 |publisher=Tulika |isbn=9788185229171 |page=195 |url=https://archive.org/details/sikh-history-from-persian-sources/page/194/mode/2up}}</ref>
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Afghan-Sikh Wars}}
}}

The '''Battle of Sirhind''' was fought between [[Durrani Empire]] and [[Sikh Misls]] on 14 January 1764.<ref>{{cite book|author=P Dhavan|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |page=92 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiEvolutionOfSikhConfederacies1707-69/page/n217/mode/2up |title=History of the Sikhs Vol II Evolution of the Sikh confedracies |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-215-0248-1 |pages=202}}</ref>

==Background==
In January 1764, After the sack of Morinda, the Sikhs marched upon
Sirhind, [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]], the Afghan commander in charge of the region, had been facing mounting issues. His leadership had become corrupt and ineffective. He stopped paying his soldiers and revenue officials, instead resorting to plundering nearby villages for personal gain. The stolen goods were used to pay his men, but the payments didn’t even cover a fraction of their dues. As a result, many of his soldiers, starving and dissatisfied, began to desert him and join other leaders like Najib-ud-Daula. Miskin, an eyewitness who had worked for Zain Khan, left his service in early 1763, deeply disappointed by his greed and mismanagement. Zain Khan realized he was alone, with no help coming from his allies, and had to face the Sikhs on his own.{{sfn|Surjit Singh Gandhi|1999|p=285}}<ref>{{cite book|title=History Of The Sikhs Vol II Evolution of Sikh Confederacies|publisher=Munshilal Manohorlal, Pvt Ltd|page=201|first= Hari Ram |last=Gupta|author-link= Hari Ram Gupta}}</ref>

==Battle==
[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] returned to Afghanistan after appointing [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]] as the governor of Sirhind. Zain Khan Sirhindi, the Durrani governor, was attacked by a well-equipped force of 40,000 Sikhs. In the battle, the Sikhs killed Sirhindi and many other leading officers of the Durrani army. The Sikhs then established their rule between the rivers [[Satluj]] and [[Yamuna]]. The Sikhs captured Sirhind and later handed over the land to Maharaja [[Ala Singh]] of [[Patiala State]].<ref name="beck">{{cite web |title=Marathas and the English Company 1707–1818 by Sanderson Beck |url=http://www.san.beck.org/2-10-Marathas1707-1800.html |access-date=2015-04-10 |publisher=san.beck.org |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225084030/http://www.san.beck.org/2-10-Marathas1707-1800.html%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Latif 2">{{citation |author=Syad Muhammad Latif |title=History of the Panjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time |page=274 |year=1984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0T1BAQAAMAAJ&q=a+sanguinary+battle+was+fought+in+the+neighbourhood+of+sirhind |publisher=Progressive Books}}</ref> The city's inhabitants faced particularly harsh treatment from the Sikh armies who razed much of the city and made a deliberate policy of destroying the city's buildings and mosques.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Randhawa |first=Karenjot Bhangoo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9kY8AAi4SwC&pg=PA62 |title=Civil Society in Malerkotla, Punjab: Fostering Resilience Through Religion |date=2012 |publisher=Lexington Books (Rowman and Littlefield) |isbn=978-0-7391-6737-3 |pages=62 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ziad |first=Waleed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPpLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |title=Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints beyond the Oxus and Indus |date=2021-12-14 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-26937-8 |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Amanat |first=Abbas |author-link=Abbas Amanat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKWODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |title=The Persianate World: Rethinking a Shared Sphere |date=2018-11-26 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-38728-7 |pages=143 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Zain Khan Sirhindi]] attempted to strike first, hoping to take advantage of the Sikhs’ scattered forces. One night, he attacked the Taruna Dal Sikh group near the village of Pir Zain Khan Munayra. However, the Sikhs had already planned a coordinated attack on [[Sirhind]], and as soon as they heard of Zain Khan’s assault, the other Sikh groups rushed to his aid. Soon, Zain Khan was surrounded from all sides. Desperate to escape, he tried to divert the Sikhs’ attention by sending detachments with weapons to distract them. While some Sikhs got involved in the plunder, [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia|Jassa Singh Ahluwalia’s]] group continued to close in on Zain Khan. Despite his efforts to flee, Zain Khan was shot and killed during his attempt to escape. His troops, in a panic, scattered in all directions, but the Sikhs relentlessly pursued and slaughtered them.{{sfn|Surjit Singh Gandhi|1999|p=286}}<ref>{{cite book|title=History Of The Sikhs Vol II Evolution of Sikh Confederacies|publisher=Munshilal Manohorlal, Pvt Ltd|page=202|first= Hari Ram |last=Gupta|author-link= Hari Ram Gupta}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The city was set on fire, and most of the buildings were destroyed. The Sikhs also demolished the walls of the fort where [[Guru Gobind Singh|Guru Gobind Singh’s]] sons had been bricked up alive. In their memory, they built a platform at the site of their execution and established a Gurdwara named, [[Fatehgarh Sahib]] in honor of the Guru’s sons. This victory was a major triumph for the Sikhs, who had not initially aimed to capture Sirhind but took advantage of the opportunity after Zain Khan’s defeat.{{sfn|Surjit Singh Gandhi|1999|p=286}}<ref>{{cite book|title=History Of The Sikhs Vol II Evolution of Sikh Confederacies|publisher=Munshilal Manohorlal, Pvt Ltd|page=202|first= Hari Ram |last=Gupta|author-link= Hari Ram Gupta}}</ref>

The battle was a landmark moment in Sikh history, as it marked the beginning of Sikh-domination in the [[Cis-Sutlej states|cis-Sutlej]] tract.<ref name=":7222">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |url= |title=Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2005 |edition=2nd |location=Amritsar |pages=77–80}}</ref> Sirhind had been attacked by the Sikhs four times in the 18th century. After the last attack known as the Battle of Sirhind in 13–14 January 1764, the cis-Sutlej tract became dominated by Sikhs after its Afghan governor, [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]], was killed by a coalition of Sikh forces of both the [[Buddha Dal]] and [[Taruna Dal]] divisions of the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)|Dal Khalsa]] military of the [[Sikh Confederacy]].<ref name=":72222">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |url= |title=Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2005 |edition=2nd |location=Amritsar |pages=77–82}}</ref> The victory of the Sikhs ended foreign Afghan-rule over the region.<ref name=":72222" /> Lepel Henry Griffin stated:<ref name=":72222" />{{Blockquote|text=The storm burst at last. The Sikhs of the ''Majha'' country of Lahore, Amritsar, Ferozepur combined their forces at Sirhind, routed and killed the Afghan governor, Zain Khan and pouring across Sutlej occupied the whole country to the Jamna without further opposition. It is enough to say that with few exceptions, the leading families of today are the direct descendants of the conquerors of Zain Khan.|author=Lepel Henry Griffin}}Artillery, supplies, and treasures fell into the possession of the Sikh forces after the victory at Sirhind, which helped them further, especially Ala Singh of Patiala.<ref name=":72222" /> The victory helped consolidate the political entity of Patiala.<ref name=":72222" /> The settlement of Sirhind was mostly completely destroyed after the battle, which meant its former residents shifted to other locations, especially Patiala in Ala Singh's state.<ref name=":72222" /> Ala Singh would strike coins in the aftermath of the victory, with the coins bearing similarities to coins that had earlier been struck by Ahmad Shah Abdali at the Sirhind mint.<ref name=":72222" /> The triumph of the Sikhs attracted the hostilities of the Malerkotla ruler Bhikhan Khan, whom was anxious about a similar fate for Malerkotla, as Malerkotla had assisted Zain Khan in the ''[[Vadda Ghalughara]]'' massacre.<ref name=":72222" /> Amar Singh of Patiala and Bhikhan Khan later would fight at Kakra, with Patiala prevailing and capturing the settlements of Sherpur and Bhasaur, and the Malerkotla ruler being killed.<ref name=":72222" /> Also, Amar Singh obtained an Afghan sword of the Malerkotla ruler as war-booty.<ref name=":72222" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1764|Sirhind 1764]]
[[Category:1764 in India]]
[[Category:1760s in the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Durrani Empire|Sirhind (1764)]]
[[Category:Fatehgarh Sahib district]]

Mirzapur Assembly constituency

2026-01-15T13:18:54Z

Mongkeydyoyo88:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mirzapur
| map_image = 396-Mirzapur.svg
| mla = [[Ratnakar Mishra]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 403,374
| constituency_no = 396
}}
'''[[Mirzapur]]''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Mirzapur in the [[Mirzapur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Mirzapur is one of five assembly segments under [[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 396 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Mirzapur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mirzapur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Amresh Chand
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Bhagwan Das
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Vijai Bahadur Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Asha Ram
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Rajnath Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Azahar Imam
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Asraf Iman
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Sarjeet Singh Dang]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kailash Nath Chaurasiya]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ratnakar Mishra]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mirzapur<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ratnakar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:118642}}
|percentage = 52.09
|change = +3.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Kailash Chaurasiya|votes={{formatnum:78766}}|percentage=34.58|change=+11.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rajesh Kumar Pandey|votes={{formatnum:19529}}|percentage=8.57|change=-13.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Akash Kumar Jaiswal|votes={{formatnum:3674}}|percentage=1.61|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:1758}}|percentage=0.77|change=+0.18}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:39876}}|percentage=17.51|change=-7.98}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:227751}}|percentage=56.46|change=-2.03}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate ''Ratnakar Mishra'' won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate ''Kailash Chaurasiya'' by a margin of votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mirzapur.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mirzapur]]<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Aryan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:109196}}
|percentage = 48.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Kailash Chaurasiya|votes={{formatnum:51784}}|percentage=22.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mo Parvez Khan|votes={{formatnum:49955}}|percentage=22.18|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Sanshkar Agrawal (Golu)|votes={{formatnum:2275}}|percentage=1.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:1327}}|percentage=0.59|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:57412}}|percentage=25.49|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:225234}}|percentage=58.49|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
* Azahar Imam (INC-I) : 26,866 votes <ref name="election1980">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1980-election-results.html|title = Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1980}}</ref>
* Rajnath (BJP) : 15,206

===1962===
* Bhagwan Das (JS) : 21,622 votes <ref name="election1962">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1962-election-results.html|title = Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1962}}</ref>
* Amresh Chand (INC) : 21,321

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.14|82.57|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mirzapur]]
[[Category:Mirzapur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities

2026-01-05T02:34:17Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: creating a entry.

{{short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
{{WikiProject status|inactive}}
{{Shortcut|WP:INCITIES|WP:INCITY}}
The goal of the '''Wikiproject Indian cities''' is to create comprehensive articles on India's cities and towns. The project also aims to standardise section contents and provide ideas as to what can be added to each section. The final goal is to have as many articles on India's cities as a [[Wikipedia:Featured article| Featured article]], one of Wikipedia's best.

If you have any knowledge of any Indian city or town, please help out the project by adding content to the article. You can also contribute photos to the article, if you have been to the city or reside there.
 

== Descendent Wikiprojects ==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Lucknow|WikiProject Lucknow]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Mumbai|WikiProject Mumbai]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Delhi|WikiProject Delhi]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chennai|WikiProject Chennai]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Hyderabad|WikiProject Hyderabad]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Mangalore|WikiProject Bangalore]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Patna|WikiProject Patna]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Kollam|Wikiproject Kollam]]

== [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured articles]] ==
Featured articles are some of wikipedia's best articles voted by wikipedians themselves. All intended projects must try to emulate the following articles:

* [[Gangtok]]
* [[Kolkata]]
* [[Darjeeling]]
* [[Mysore]]
* [[Hyderabad]]
* [[Tiruchirappalli]]

== [[Wikipedia:Featured lists|Featured lists]] ==
*[[List of Indian state and union territory capitals]]

;: '''On [[Wikipedia:Peer review|Peer Review]]:'''
Wikipedia's Peer review process exposes articles to closer scrutiny from a broader group of editors, and is intended for high-quality articles that have already undergone extensive work, often as a way of preparing a [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|featured article candidate]].

;: '''On [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations|Good article nominees]]:'''

;: '''On [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|Featured Article Candidates]]:'''

 

== Participants ==
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;WikiProject Indian cities notice
Place this WikiProject notice [[Template:WP India]] at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the Wikiproject Indian cities for guidelines.

To use it, place

<nowiki>{{WP India|cities=yes}}</nowiki>

at the top of an article's Talk page
 

==Basic India conventions==
* Use only [[British English]] spellings as per the guidelines for India related pages.
* Use dd.mm.yyyy dates (date followed by month followed by year).
* All units should be metric ([[SI]]) units. Imperial equivalents should be given alongside in brackets. Using the [[:Template:Convert|conversion template]] is recommended.
* You may use the [[Indian numbering system]] of [[lakh]]s and [[crores]], but if doing so state their equivalent million or billion alongside.
* For monetary figures, use the Indian numbering system but also give its [[US dollar]] equivalence in brackets.
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]
* {{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], the settlement is called as a city only if it is an urban area and its population is ''one lakh and above'' (100,000+).

==Disambiguation==
In many cases a district and its headquarters share the same name. For example, Mysore is the name of a city, district and division. For such cases, contents of the district should be added to [[Mysore district]] and the division should be added to [[Mysore division]]. Thus Mysore will be having only matter relating to the city. However the link to the division and district should be mentioned on the city page.
In case where a [[urban agglomeration]] is defined for a city, there should be separate page for the UA. For example, [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] contains information about the urban agglomeration and the city page contains details only about the city.

= Sections =
These are the sections that should be included. Like all rules on wikipedia, use your instinct and intuition. If any of the sections become too long or end up having too many sub-sections, it is better to add them to another page, eg. "History of City XYZ", and add a "Main Article" template (see [[Help:A quick guide to templates|how to add a template]]), for example:
{{Main page|Local government in India}}

== Lead ==
{{Main|WP:Lead}}
This is not a section per se, but the text that comes before the ''Table of Contents''.

The lead should summarise key aspects of the city, what it is known for and its significance. The first paragraph should also mention its geographical location, distance from the state capital. Geographical co-ordinates can be mentioned, if there is no separate section for ''Geography''. Use the [[User:Tanyasingh/WikiProjectIndianCitiesSections#Infobox|Cities infobox]] to enter relevant details.

The origins of the city name can also be included here. Also recommended are the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] and aural rendering of the city name. The lead should contain a minimum of two medium sized paragraphs (~300 words). Also, need to be noted that there is a community consensus on '''not to use''' use [[WP:INDICSCRIPTS]] in lead.

* '''Rating''': Compulsory
* '''Length''': 2-3 paragraphs

== Etymology (Origin of name) ==
If there are many theories of the name of the city and the [[etymology]] (or toponym) which would unnecessary lengthen the lead in, consider adding this section. The origin of the name is important and should be included in the article. All theories should carry [[wikipedia:Citing sources|valid citations]].

* '''Sources:''' You can try your luck at [https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/places/asia/india Infoplease] encyclopædia
* '''Rating''': Section optional; inclusion important
* '''Length''': minimum one large paragraph, or two small paragraphs.

== History ==
The history section is one of the most important sections of the article. It should describe the key events of the city starting from its origins to the current. As far as possible avoid political history except for key instances crucial for the city's change. Do not use subheadings. Recent history should also be mentioned. <blockquote>
* Who founded the city? When?
* Economic history of the city like old trades, businesses, livelihoods
* What made the city famous? Who are the famous personalities from this town?
* History of the monuments/heritage structures.
</blockquote>Recent incidents may be incorporated in other relevant sections like "Government and Politics", "Demographics" etc. as appropriate.

*'''Sources:''' The city municipality's website, [https://scholar.google.com/ Google Scholar] (search city name+history), [https://www.britannica.com/ Encyclopedia Britannica] (or see this list of names [https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-cities-and-towns-in-India-2033033 here]).
*'''Rating''': Compulsory
*'''Length''': 4-6 paragraphs; summarise/précis if longer, add detail to another page.
== Geography ==
This section is also compulsory. Describe the city's geographical [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/ coordinates], location in India, altitude, area, region (Konkan, Deccan etc.), if coastal city etc. If applicable also mention rivers, lakes, creeks and islands within and near the city. Hills and highest point may also be mentioned. Some prompts:

* What are the town’s coordinates? What is the location of the town (near which big city?) What are the main areas, localities, and their proportionate sizes?
* Geology : Any mountains/rivers/tectonic plates/rocks?
* Climate: Temperature per month and climate events (monsoon for e.g.)
* Any natural disasters
* What is the flora and the fauna ? Are there main green areas / protected areas ?

* Conservation efforts of heritage
<blockquote>''If there is a lot of information under this section, consider the following subsections''</blockquote><blockquote>
==== Topography ====
If available, add a paragraph on the topography of the city, i.e. the geographical landscape.

==== Climate ====
This sub-section is compulsory. If there is less information under Geography, you do not need to add climate as a subsection.

Mention the seasons, weather, when the city gets its rains and annual rainfall. Give the average temperature and if possible temperature records. Also give the range of yearly extreme temperatures. Eg. ''The annual temperatures range from a high of 42 °C to a low of 2 °C''. The climate section can also be a standalone section. See [[Mumbai]]. For extreme temperatures [http://www.weatherbase.com/search/search.php3?query=India&results=7&refer= this site] has a good list. Units should be in SI with imperial equivalents.

[https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf This table]from [[India Meteorological Department]] has data on minimum, maximum temperature and rainfall data for many cities.

==== Conservation ====
Anything to do with environmental conservation in the city.

==== Geology ====
If available, add a paragraph on the '''geology''' of the city. This information is optional. If the region falls in an earthquake prone zone; mention that too (see [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India]] and [http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf this UNDP report] for hazard zone information).

If adequate information on both the climate and geology is available, then the two may also be included as subsections under Geography. See [[Sikkim]].

==== Flora and Fauna ====
If available, add a paragraph on the flora and fauna of the city.</blockquote>
*'''Sources:''' State, District, City Government Websites ; [https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf IMD Archive] for climate information, [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/ FallingRain] for geographical coordinates, [https://www.news.google.com Google news] or the encyclopædia [https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/places/asia/india InfoPlease].
* '''Rating''': Compulsory
*'''Length''': Varies. Try not to exceed 10 paragraphs if geology and climate are both included in geography.

== Demographics ==
Mention the population here, if it is a metropolis, mention the city and metropolitan population. Also mention the density, literacy, sex ratio. Mention the break up of religious groups. If information is available, the slum population and crime rate statistics can be included. Include inline references. This site has

You can mention the languages spoken in the city and ethnic groups. The status of communal harmony can be mentioned.

If there is a lot of information under this section, the proposed subsections or areas that you can cover are:<blockquote>
====Population====
The population should be as per the latest census (which is 2011). Besides the total population of the city/district, the breakup of male and female to be given in percentage (Example 53% male and 47% female). Sex ratio to be given as number of females per 1,000 males. Literacy rate and percent of population below the age of 06 years also to be given.

====Ethnicity====

====Religion====

====Languages====
</blockquote>''However, please note that if the content under this section becomes too long, create a separate page for the Geography of the city.''

* '''Sources:''' Population statistics at [http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1121598928&men=gcis&lng=en&gln=xx&dat=32&geo=-3&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&geo=-104 World Gazetteer]. You can also go the [http://censusindia.gov.in/ census website] and take a look at the [http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB.html District Census Handbook] (Part B) for district and city specific information.
* '''Rating''': Very Important
* '''Length''': maximum five paragraphs

== Government and politics ==
This section include information on the civic administration/governance/actors (institutions responsible for the city), as well as civic utility (information about various services supplied to citizens). '''A city falls under multiple administrative areas''' - the Lok sabha/Vidhan sabha constituency; district administration; state government; central government; local, primary or city government/[[Urban Local Bodies|ULB]], but this city page is expected to focus on the city government (see [[Devolution]], [[Municipal governance in India|74th CAA]]).

In the introduction to this section, mention how many seats the city contributes to the [[Lok Sabha]], [[Rajya Sabha]] and the state assembly. X city usually falls under Y constituency, represented by an MP and an MLA. You can also list some of the political parties, and add political history here.

=== Civic Administration ===
<blockquote>''Proposed subsections include:''

==== City Government ====
You can link this subsection to the Municipal Corporation of the city, for eg.{{Main|Municipal Corporation of Delhi}}Talk about the municipality/municipalities that govern the city. Mention how many subdivisions and wards there are in the city. Include information about mayors, councillors/corporators, commissioners etc.

* Does the town have a municipal government (municipal corporation, council)?
* If yes, when was the municipal government created?
* How many wards and elected members are there including mayor etc. ?
* What are its functions (such as waste collection, water supply) ?
* How is the municipal government administered (how many people/how many departments)?
* How many years is the tenure of the council, mayors etc?
* Is there a cantonment board inside the town ? What is its area ?

==== Other Authorities/ <Name of authority> ====
While a city is administered by a municipal body or municipality, other agencies also play a major role:

* Development Authorities
* Smart City SPVs ([[Special-purpose entity|Special Purpose Vehicals]])
* Police Commissionerate
* District/Divisional HQ & District Collectorate/Magistrate
* Coastal Zone Management Authorities

Include other [[parastatals]] here as well. Local courts can also be mentioned.</blockquote>
=== Civic Utility / Amenities / Services ===

Information on electricity, water supply, road maintenance etc, basically the functions under the local government, which are also performed by the state government. <blockquote>
* Who creates the masterplan for the city?
* Which agencies are responsible for the piped water supply, sewerage, sewage treatment etc. (there may be multiple agencies for each function)?
* What proportion of the city has piped water? Where are the sources (natural, artificial)? How many households are attached?
* What proportion of the city has sewerage networks? How many households are attached?
* Who/which agency supplies electricity?
* The number of hospitals in the city, urban Primary Health Centres (PHCs), CHCs, etc
</blockquote>
*'''Sources:''' To find the name of municipalities within your city, use Google search/news, or go to the [https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/?tab_type=document&page=1&sk=town%20amenities&sort_by=popularity&sort_order=desc&ps=15 census website] and download the handbook under 'town amenities'; Then visit the respective municipality website or search for information about it. For Lok Sabha (see [[:Category:Constituencies of the Lok Sabha|this]]) and Rajya Sabha (see [https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/memberstatewise.aspx this]). You can try searching for the "city development plan" for this information, or access information in District Handbooks. '''You can also use [https://news.google.com/ Google News] to find this information.'''
*'''Rating''': Very Important
*'''Length''': Not more than four paragraphs.

== Economy ==
Describe the primary economy of the city, the major industries, businesses etc. Also mention the primary occupations of the city residents. A list of major companies can also be included. If the length exceeds four paragraphs, move the detail to a separate article titled Economy of the city, and provide only a summary of 3-4 paragraphs here highlighting only the key points in the city's development.

* '''Rating''': Compulsory
* '''Length''': Not more than four paragraphs.

== Culture/Cityscape ==
Mention what city residents are called. Mention popular cuisines. Film, architecture, art can be added. Include art galleries, museums and public libraries present in the city. Clothing too can be included. Notable musicians, authors, actors etc can be included.

Mention festivals in the city, the important ones and how popular ones are celebrated, include both religious and non-religious festivals.<blockquote>''Suggested areas that can be covered under this section are:''

==== Landmarks ====

==== Tourist Attractions ====

==== Literature ====

==== Music and films ====

==== Art and handicrafts ====

==== Cuisine ====

==== Famous persons ====
</blockquote>
* '''Rating''': Very Important
* '''Length''': not more than five.

== Transport ==
Mention intra-city public transport (don’t use transportation, it's American English) eg. Buses, auto rickshaws, cycle rickshaws, taxis, trams etc. It should be in prose form rather than in bulleted points. For external transport, mention how the city is connected to the rest of India: airports, flying clubs, railway station and bus stations.<blockquote>''Proposed subsections:''

==== By Air ====

==== By Rail ====

==== By Road ====
The distance from the District Headquarters /State capital should be given. Also the distance from nearby important towns/cities could be included.

</blockquote>
* '''Rating''': Very Important
* '''Length''': Variable, avoid more than five.

== Education ==
Write about schools in the city, the boards that they follow and the education pattern. Important schools and colleges can be mentioned. Mention universities and prominent institutions and other educational centres.

* '''Rating''': Important
* '''Length''': maximum four.

== Media ==
Write about the newspapers in the city; radio stations in FM and AM. Also include how television is received in the city — terrestrial, cable, DTH, CAS. Also include print publications in the city.

* '''Rating''': Important
* '''Length''': not more than three.

== Sports ==
Mention the most popular sport in the city. Mention the stadiums present in the city for each sport. Also include the sports that are popular in schools, colleges and the most viewed sports. Prominent sportsmen from the city can also be included. This section may also be merged with the "Culture" section.

* '''Rating''': Important
* '''Length''': not more than three.

== Notes ==

* This section is used for inline referencing. All '''facts and figures''' should be referenced using inline notation. See any of the featured city articles (listed above such as [[Kolkata]] , [[Mysore]]) for exact working of the inline citations.
* See [[Wikipedia:Inline Citation]] and [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php Cite.php] for further assistance. Use of [[Template:Cite web]], [[Template:Cite news]] and [[Template:Citation]] is welcome. Please see the talk pages of those templates for further elucidation.

== References ==

* A compilation of works on which the article is majorly based. Sources that were used for inline citations multiple times may be included here. Also, sources that were not used for any specific inline citation, but grossly used to build up the article or any part of the article can be listed. See [[wikipedia:Cite your sources]] for the exact formatting for websites, books, journals etc.
* All facts and figures must be appropriately marked up with the relevant citations. See [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]] for what sources are considered to be credible.

== Further reading ==

* An optional section on books written about the city.

== External links ==

* Official site of the municipal corporation
* Sites which have content on the city ''as a whole''
* Avoid commercial links, portals, forums etc

Other than the above mentioned sections, a city page may have other sections (for example; '''Sister Town/Twin Cities''') which is duly supported with valid citations.

==Infoboxes==

Use {{tl|Infobox settlement}}:

<pre><nowiki>
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
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| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 = 
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| established_title = Established
| established_date =
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| area_footnotes =
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| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics2_title1 = Other
| demographics2_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
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| area_code =
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}}
</nowiki></pre>

==Images==
===Licence===
Wikipedia needs free images. By *free* we mean that images should be allowed for any use, be it derivative or commercial (with conditions). The image should *NOT* come from a copyrighted source or be stolen from a website. You can only upload an image if you have an account here. When you upload an image, in the summary, mention the source of the image and tag it with a licence. Popular free tags include:

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There are a lot more licences: you can read more here: [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]] and [[Commons:Licensing]] .

===India specific information===
* By Indian copyright laws, all images '''published''' in India before January 1, {{#expr: {{CURRENTYEAR}} - 60}} are in Public Domain and can be uploaded to wikipedia. Use {{tl|PD-India}} for such images.
* Do not upload images sourced from Indian government sites. They are copyrighted.
* {{tl|cc-by-sa-2.5-in}} and {{tl|cc-by-2.5-in}} are India-specific CC licences

===Commons===
If you have a free photo to upload, please upload it to Wikimedia [[commons:]] instead of the English Wikipedia so that it can be embedded into all Wikimedia projects. If you have diagrams or graphs containing English text to upload, upload it to en wiki instead. Images with no text are more suited for commons.

===Searching===
*Search for free images here: http://search.creativecommons.org/: Make sure that the "Search for works I can use for commercial purposes." and " Search for works I can modify, adapt, or build upon." checkbox options are selected.
* You might also find free images in the *.gov domain. Always do a check on the images licence to confirm.
* You can also place a request at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Photography]]

===Maps===
* See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian maps]]

===File types===
*use .jpg for '''photographs only'''
*use: .gif for '''animations only'''
*use: .svg for all other types (maps, charts, diagrams etc.)
*use: .png if and only if svg images cannot be created.

Please upload at the *highest* possible resolution you can afford to.

===Use in text===
An image should be related to the text alongside. Do not place a picture of a bus in the geography section, it would be better under the transport section. The images should be preferably right-aligned as it is easier to read the text. Do not set a default size for the images as the size is determined by the user [[special:preferences|preferences]]. Also avoid overuse of images, and overlapping of images into the next section. Always test at 800×600, the standard web resolution.

==Page size==
Around 25 kb should be the bare minimum. A page size of under 30kb is easy to read. Upto 32 kb should be sufficient, but a page size of over 35 kb is considered too large to read. This number is exclusive of references, external links, interwiki links, footnotes, table and infoboxes markup and see alsos.

==Some wikipedia conventions==
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style}}
* For ''main articles'' use this template: <nowiki>{{main|History of xxx}}</nowiki>
* Add a non breaking space ('''&nbsp;''') between a unit and the value eg. <nowiki>15 [[metres|m]] (50 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]])</nowiki> renders as: 15 [[metres|m]] (50 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]])
** Better still, use the {{tl|convert}} or {{tl|cvt}} templates. These provide the conversion and suitable formatting
*** {{TLX|convert|15|m}} displays as: {{convert|15|m}}
*** {{TLX|cvt|15|m}} displays as: {{cvt|15|m}}
* For geographical coordinates use the following templates:
** '''<nowiki>{{coor d|22.15|N|82|E|}}</nowiki>''' – Use for geographical coordinates in metric or in degrees.
** '''<nowiki>{{coor dm|22|15|N|82|5|E|}}</nowiki>''' – Use for geographical coordinates, if both the degree and minute has to be displayed.
** '''<nowiki>{{coor dms|22|15|42|N|82|5|33|E|}}</nowiki>''' – Use for geographical coordinates if the degree, minute and second has to be displayed.
* Use '''&minus;''' for negative numbers.
* For 'related topics' the convention is: '''<nowiki>''{{See also|ARTICLE NAME}}'''</nowiki>
*As the article would contain some script of [[Brahmic family|Indic text]] (for example, the name of the city in local script), add the [[Template:IndicText]] in the article. You may place the template at the beginning or towards the end of the article. It is to help those users that do not have indic-text supported operating systems.

==V1.0 assessment==
{| align=center class="wikitable"
!Status
!Template
!Meaning of Status
|-
|{{Top-Class}}
|align="center"|'''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Top-Class|Top-Class]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>'''
| All cities with a population greater than 4 million
|-
|{{High-Class}}
|align="center"|'''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:High-Class|High-Class]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>'''
| All state capitals, auxilary capitals, cities with a population > 1 million
|-
|{{Mid-Class}}
|align="center"|'''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Mid-Class|Mid-Class]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>'''
| Cities with a population > 100,000
|-
|{{Low-Class}}
|align="center"|'''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low-Class|Low-Class]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>'''
| Locations with a population < 100,000
|-
|None
|align="center"|'''None'''
|This article is of unknown importance to this project. It remains to be analyzed.
|}
==Other India-related wikiprojects==
*[[Wikipedia:Wikiproject Indian states|Indian states]]
*[[Wikipedia:Wikiproject Indian districts|Indian districts]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Regions of India|Indian regions]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography of India|Indian geography]]
{{User:WolterBot/Cleanup listing subscription|wgcat=WikiProject Indian cities articles}}

==Tools==
:''Main tool page: [[tools:~dispenser/view/Tools|toolserver.org]]''
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Reflinks|Reflinks]] - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Checklinks|Checklinks]] - Edit and repair external links
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Dab_solver|Dab solver]] - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Peer_reviewer|Peer reviewer]] - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines|state=collapsed}}
{{WikiProject Footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cities}}
[[Category:WikiProject Cities]]
[[Category:India-related WikiProjects|Cities]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

K. K. Rema

2026-01-01T07:05:23Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: minor cleanup

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. K. Rema
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =

| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Vadakara (State Assembly constituency)|Vadakara]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2021|05|25|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[C. K. Nanu]]
| successor =

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|08|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Naduvannur]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| alma_mater = [[Malabar Christian College|Malabar Christian College, Kozhikode]]
| party = [[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[T. P. Chandrasekharan]]|1994|2012|end=died}}
| children = Abhinand Chandrasekharan
| website =
| footnotes =
| source =
}}

'''K. K. Rema''' (born 10 August 1970) is an activist-turned-politician associated with the [[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India]]. She is the widow of [[Revolutionary Marxist Party]] founder late [[T. P. Chandrasekharan]].<ref name="gn" /><ref>''Mathrubhumi''. ''[https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kk-rema-wins-from-vatakara-historic-victory-for-udf-kerala-1.5635467 KK Rema wins from Vatakara, historic victory for UDF]''</ref> She has contested from [[Vadakara Assembly constituency|Vadakara constituency]] in Kerala during the state assembly elections of 2021 and won with a margin of 7491 votes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/rmps-kk-rema-vadakara-win-honours-her-slain-husbands-legacy/articleshow/82428102.cms | title=She took revenge by defeating Left in its stronghold | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Disney Tom | date=7 May 2021 | accessdate=7 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jayanth|first=A. s|date=2021-05-02|title=Rema creates history in Vadakara|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rema-creates-history-in-vadakara/article34465463.ece|access-date=2021-05-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-02|title=RMP's KK Rema wins from Vadakkara, dedicates victory to TP Chandrasekharan|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rmp-s-kk-rema-wins-vadakkara-dedicates-victory-tp-chandrasekharan-148186|access-date=2021-05-06|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life and education ==
Rema was born in [[Naduvannur]] village of [[Kozhikode district]] in [[Kerala]] to K. K. Madhavan and Dakshayani Amma.{{fact|date=December 2025}} She did her primary schooling from Kavumthara AUP School and completed pre-degree from [[Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College|Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College, Kozhikode]]. Subsequently, she earned B.A. in History degree from [[Malabar Christian College]]. She managed to complete the JDC course while being actively part of the communist movement. Her marriage to [[T. P. Chandrasekharan]] was arranged within the party outlook which took place on 16 October 1994.{{fact|date=December 2025}} Later on, she joined the Vadakara Cooperative Rural Bank<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bcrbltd.com/|title=Badagara Co-operative Rural Bank Ltd|website=bcrbltd.com}}</ref> and was serving as the branch manager while the state assembly polls of 2021 were due.

== Political activism ==
She served as the state vice president of [[Students' Federation of India|SFI]] and was a state committee member in the 90s.{{fact|date=December 2025}} Rema has been active in the local party activities in and around Vadakara, where she has been married till 2012. She has been a crusader against murder and rape in Kerala and a strong voice in favor of women's rights in the last decade.{{fact|date=December 2025}}

Her husband, [[T. P. Chandrasekharan]] was killed on 4 May 2012 for being a vocal critic and a fighting force against the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. Following her husband's death, she contested the Vadakara seat in the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 Kerala Legislative assembly election]]<ref name="gn">''GulfNews''. ''[https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/kerala-elections-2021-candidate-watch-kk-rema-the-reluctant-candidate-out-to-avenge-her-husbands-murder-1.1617197821966 Kerala Elections 2021 Candidate Watch: KK Rema, the reluctant candidate out to avenge her husband's murder]''</ref> but she had to finish at third position with a vote share of more than 20000 votes.

Meanwhile, RMP and different political organisations in other states came together and established the [[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India|RMPI]], which was registered with the election commission in 2017.{{fact|date=December 2025}} In 2021, K K Rema faced the assembly elections from Vadakara constituency supported by the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] and became the first [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India|RMPI]]. She is the first female to win from the constituency. She is the sitting [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Vadakara Assembly constituency|Vatakara Constituency]] in the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1120.htm?ac=20|access-date=2021-05-02|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MujefbcBpNk വടകരയെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള സ്വപ്നങ്ങൾ പങ്കുവെച്ച് കെ കെ രമ]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMmlv_v9ajw Point Blank (Interviews) 2014 – Asking the right questions – K K Rema (Part 1)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jI_afoRsSf4 Point Blank (Interviews) 2014 – Asking the right questions – K K Rema (Part 2)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsmgIHxThfs Interview with K K Rema | Nethavinoppam | 30 Oct 2015]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ODCF_NzCHI ടി പി ചന്ദ്രശേഖരൻ വധം വീണ്ടും ചർച്ചയാകുന്നു | ജനകീയ കോടതി | കെ.കെ രമ]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rema, K. K.}}
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

MathCo

2025-12-30T10:39:36Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: Starting info

{{Short description|Data-engineering firm}}
{{orphan|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = MathCo
| logo = MathCo Logo.png
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = AI and Analytics
| founded = 2016
| hq_location = Chicago, Illinois, US,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iriarte |first=Mariana |date=2022-09-07 |title=AI Career Notes: September 2022 Edition |url=https://www.enterpriseai.news/2022/09/07/ai-career-notes-september-2022-edition/ |access-date= |website=EnterpriseAI |language=en-US}}</ref> and Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Sayandeb Banerjee (Cofounder & CEO)
Aditya Kumbakonam (Cofounder & COO)
Anuj Krishna (Cofounder & President - Technology and Growth)
| num_employees = 1200<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=How this company achieved 38% gender ratio with its flexible work-from-anywhere policy - ETHRWorld |url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/workplace-4-0/how-this-company-achieved-38-gender-ratio-with-its-flexible-work-from-anywhere-policy/98288685 |access-date= | website=ETHRWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://mathco.com/}}
}}

'''MathCo''' (formally '''TheMathCompany''') is an [[Artificial intelligence|AI]], data analytics and engineering firm with its headquarters in both [[Chicago]] and [[Bangalore]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Balaji |first=Sindhuja |date=4 December 2020 |title=Getting the context of your business right with data science |url=https://indiaai.gov.in/article/getting-the-context-of-your-business-right-with-data-science |access-date= |website=[[INDIAai]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A day in the life of a Data Scientist: Problem solving lies at the core of sound data science |url=https://indiaai.gov.in/article/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-data-scientist-problem-solving-lies-at-the-core-of-sound-data-science |access-date= |website=INDIAai |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The MathCompany was founded by Sayandeb Banerjee, Aditya Kumbakonam, and Anuj Krishna. The company has offices in [[Chicago]], [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], [[Bangalore]], and also operates in Canada, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, Singapore, Hong Kong, and the [[Middle East]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Manchanada |first=Kunal |date=2024-01-15 |title=MathCo revenue spikes 85% to Rs 420 Cr in FY23 |url=https://entrackr.com/2024/01/mathco-revenue-spikes-85-to-rs-420-cr-in-fy23/ |access-date= |website=Entrackr |language=en-US}}</ref> Sayandeb Banerjee serves as the [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of the company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Startup Fridays S4 Ep13: Sayandeb Banerjee On Life As A 'practitioner' CEO At TheMathCompany |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/audio/the-startup-fridays-podcast/startup-fridays-s4-ep13-sayandeb-banerjee-on-lifes-as-a-practitioner-ceo-at-themathcompany/84813 |access-date= |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, the company received initial backing from Arihant Patni, managing director of Patni Financial Advisors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Binu |date=2019-05-29 |title=Data analytics startup TheMathCompany raises funds from Arihant Patni |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2019/05/29/data-analytics-startup-themathcompany-raises-funds-from-arihant-patni |access-date= |website=Techcircle |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, it expanded its operations in Europe. In February 2022, TheMathCompany initiated an [[Employee Stock Ownership Plan]] (ESOP) buy-back program, resulting in the repurchase of ESOPs valued at Rs. 93.2 crores. Approximately 20 percent of the company's existing employees participated in the program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Shashank |date=2022-02-14 |title=TheMathCompany rolls out ESOP buyback program worth Rs 93.2 Cr |url=https://entrackr.com/2022/02/themathcompany-rolls-out-esop-buyback-program-worth-rs-93-2-cr/ |access-date= |website=Entrackr |language=en-US}}</ref> The company secured an additional $50 million in funding from Brighton Park Capital.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rekhi |first=Dia |date=2022-01-13 |title=TheMathCompany gets $50 million funding from Brighton Park Capital |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/themathcompany-gets-50-million-funding-from-brighton-park-capital/articleshow/88880156.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-14 |title=ETtech Deals Digest: WayCool Foods, Lead School, Refyne raise funds |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/ettech-deals-digest-waycool-foods-lead-school-refyne-raise-funds/articleshow/88896641.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2022, TheMathCompany teamed up with Great Learning to develop a Data Engineering module for their data science and engineering postgraduate program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Jun 2022 |title=TheMathCompany and Great Learning to co-create Data Engineering course |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/themathcompany-and-great-learning-to-co-create-data-engineering-course/cid/1871054 |access-date= |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> The company was included in the Deloitte Technology Fast 50 India program<ref name="Business Standard">{{Cite news |date=November 29, 2019 |title=Bizongo emerges as the fastest-growing tech company in India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bizongo-emerges-as-the-fastest-growing-tech-company-in-india-119112901358_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref> and was listed in the 2022 Inc. 5000.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=TheMathCompany is on Inc.'s Regionals 2023: Midwest list! |url=https://www.inc.com/profile/themathcompany |work=inc.com}}</ref> In 2023, the company rebranded itself as MathCo<ref name=":2" /> and announced the integration of GenAI features into its proprietary platform, Co.dx, which is now known as NucliOS. NucliOS is a proprietary analytics platform used for developing low-code and customized applications.<ref name=":1" />

In February 2023, MathCo partnered with [[Women in Data]], a non-profit organization that supports women in the data and analytics field. They also signed an [[Memorandum of understanding|MOU]] with [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]] for the MathCo Campus Programme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-13 |title=Amrita University and TheMathCompany Partner to Launch "MathCo Campus Program" for Data Analytics and Engineering Education - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/news/amrita-university-and-themathcompany-partner-to-launch-mathco-campus-program-for-data-analytics-and-engineering-education/ |access-date= |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In 2019, MathCo's founders received the 'Entrepreneur of the Year' award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entrepreneur 2019 |url=https://www.entrepreneurindia.com/2019/awards_winner.php |access-date= |website=www.entrepreneurindia.com}}</ref> In 2022, two of its co-founders were in [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune India]]'s "[[40 Under 40|40 under 40]]" list,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-12 |title='Be hungry, take risk': Karnataka CM Basavaraj Bommai's mantra for startups |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/macro/be-hungry-take-risk-karnataka-cm-basavaraj-bommais-mantra-for-startups/109049 |access-date= |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=-Gina |title=Aditya Kumbakonam, Anuj Krishna - India's Young & Brightest Entrepreneurs in 40 Under 40 2022 - Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/40under40/aditya-kumbakonam-anuj-krishna?year=2022 |access-date= |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> and the company ranked 2nd in the [[Deloitte|Deloitte Technology Fast 50 India]] program.<ref name="Business Standard"/> It was also listed in the 2022 Inc. 5000.<ref name=":3" /> In 2023, MathCo was named 'Startup of the Year' by [[Entrepreneur India]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Startup - AWARD WINNERS - 2023 |url=https://www.entrepreneurindia.com/startup/2023/awards_winner.php |access-date= |website=www.entrepreneurindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Entrepreneur |date=2022-04-06 |title=The Start-Up Gold Rush |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/starting-a-business/the-start-up-gold-rush/424004 |access-date= |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref> received an award from [[Fast Company|FastCompany]], and was featured in [[INDIAai]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-01 |title=How "Big Data" can Help Startups in their Growth? |url=https://www.startupcityindia.com/scm/how-big-data-can-help-startups-in-their-growth |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701100854/https://www.startupcityindia.com/scm/how-big-data-can-help-startups-in-their-growth |archive-date=2022-07-01 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mathco.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Technology companies established in 2016]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2016]]

List of Hindi films of 1988

2025-12-16T19:47:03Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: quick corrected details for consistency and improved wording

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Bollywood films}}
The films produced by the [[Bollywood]] film industry based in [[Mumbai]] in 1988.

==Top-grossing films==
The top highest-grossing films at the Indian Box Office in 1988:<ref>{{cite web|author=Box Office India |title=Top Earners 1988 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=194&catName=MTk4OA== |publisher=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=3 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131224648/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=194&catName=MTk4OA== |archive-date=31 January 2009 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 1988 rank
! Title
! Cast
|-
|1.
| [[Tezaab]]
| [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Chunky Pandey]], [[Kiran Kumar]], [[Anupam Kher]]
|-
|2.
| [[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
|-
|3.
| [[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]
| [[Aamir Khan]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Goga Kapoor]], [[Dalip Tahil]]
|-
|4.
| [[Khoon Bhari Maang]]
|[[Rekha]], [[Kabir Bedi]], [[Sonu Walia]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Kader Khan]]
|-
|5.
| [[Waqt Ki Awaz]]
| [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Sridevi]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Ranjeet]]
|-
|6.
|[[Pyaar Ka Mandir]]
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]] ,[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
|-
|7.
|[[Paap Ki Duniya]]
|[[Sunny Deol]], [[Chunky Panday]], [[Neelam Kothari]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Danny Denzongpa]]
|-
|8.
|[[Dariya Dil]]
|[[Govinda]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]]
|-
|9.
|[[Hatya]]
|[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Neelam Kothari]], [[Johnny Lever]], [[Anupam Kher]]
|-
|10.
|[[Dayavan]]
|[[Vinod Khanna]], [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Amrish Puri]]
|-
|11.
|[[Khatron Ke Khiladi (1988 film)|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]
|[[Dharmendra]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Chunky Panday]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Neelam Kothari]]
|-
|12.
|[[Sone Pe Suhaga]]
|[[Dharmendra]],[[Jeetendra]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sridevi]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Shakti Kapoor]]
|-
|13.
|[[Jeete Hain Shaan Se]]
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Govinda]], [[Sanjay Dutt]]
|-
|14.
|[[Kaalchakra]]
|[[Suresh Oberoi]], [[Madan Jain]], [[Soni Razdan]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]]
|-
|15.
|[[Zakhmi Aurat]]
|[[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Tej Sapru]], [[Puneet Issar]]
|}

==Films==
=== List of released films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Composer
!YouTube Link
|-
| ''[[Aaj Ke Angaare]]'' || [[Vinod K. Verma]] || [[Archana Puran Singh]], [[Hemant Birje]], [[Raja Duggal]], [[Rohini Hattangadi]] || Drama, Action || [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ubk6iWHX0M
|-
| ''[[Aaj Ka Robin Hood]]'' || [[Tapan Sinha]] || [[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Robi Ghosh]], [[Nana Patekar]], [[Satish Shah]] || Drama, Action || [[Tapan Sinha]]
|
|-
| ''[[Aag Ke Sholay]]'' || [[S. R. Pratap]] || [[Hemant Birje]], [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Vijayata Pandit]] || Drama, Action
|Vijay
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfVwWPoZm94&pp=ygUSYWFnIGtlIHNob2xheSAxOTg4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfVwWPoZm94]
|-
| ''[[Aage Ki Soch]]'' || [[Dada Kondke]] || [[Dada Kondke]], [[Huma Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Satish Shah]], [[Raja Murad]] || Comedy || [[Raamlaxman]]
|
|-
| ''[[Aakhri Adaalat]]'' || [[Rajiv Mehra]] || [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]] || Action || [[Anu Malik]]
|
|-
| ''[[Aakhri Nishchay]]'' || [[K. C. Agarwal]] || [[Surendra Pal]] || Action
|
|
|-
| ''[[Abhishapt]]'' || [[Prakash Jha]] || [[Deepti Naval]], [[Pyare Mohan Sahay]], [[Vasant Joglekar]] || Drama
|
|
|-
| ''[[Agnee (1988 film)|Agnee]]'' || [[J. Om Prakash]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Chunky Pandey]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]] || Drama, Action || [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Akarshan]]'' || [[Tanvir Ahmed]] || [[Akbar Khan (director)|Akbar Khan]], [[Sonu Walia]], [[Girish Karnad]] || Romance || [[Ajit Singh (composer)|Ajit Singh]]
|
|-
| ''[[Akhri Muqabla]]'' || [[Sudesh C. Issar]] || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Rajan Sippy]], [[Suresh Oberoi]] || Action ||
|
|-
| ''[[Andha Yudh]]'' || [[Dayal Nihalani]] || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Nana Patekar]], [[Pallavi Joshi]], [[Divya Rana]], [[Rohini Hattangadi]] || Drama, Thriller ||[[Ajit Varman]]
|
|-
| ''[[Anjaam Khuda Jaane]]'' || || [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Imtiaz Khan]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aurat Teri Yehi Kahani]]'' || [[Mohanjee Prasad]] || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Aruna Irani]] || Drama
|[[Anand–Milind]]
|
|-
|''[[Bahaar]]''||Suraj Prakash||[[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Rupini]]|| ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bandhar Bahon Kaa]]'' || || [[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Be Lagaam]]'' || [[Naval Kishore (director)|Naval Kishore]] || [[Biswajeet]], [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Jayshree T.]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bedroom Story]]'' || || [[Jayshree T.]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bees Saal Baad (1988 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]'' || [[Rajkumar Kohli]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]] || Action, Horror || [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bhatakti Jawani]]'' || [[Inderjit Doshi]] || [[Mukri]], [[Lalita Pawar]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bhayaanak Mahal]]'' || [[Baby (director)|Baby]] || [[Babu Antony]], Ravi, Jaya Rekha || Horror ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bhed Bhav]]'' || [[Navin Kumar]] || [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Biwi Ho To Aisi]]'' || [[J. K. Bihari]] || [[Rekha]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Farooq Sheikh]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Kader Khan]] || Drama, Family
|[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Charnon Ki Saugandh]]'' || [[K. Bapaiah]] || [[Asrani]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Amrita Singh]] || Action, Drama, Family ||[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Chintamani Surdas]]'' || [[Ram Pahwa]] || [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Commando (1988 film)|Commando]]'' || [[B. Subhash]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]], [[Hemant Birje]] || Action, Drama, Romance || [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
| ''[[Daisy (1988 film)|Daisy]]'' || [[Pratap Pothan]] || [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]], [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Kamal Haasan]] || Drama
|[[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|
|-
| ''[[Dariya Dil]]'' || [[K. Ravishankar]] || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || Drama, Family || [[Rajesh Roshan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Dayavan]]'' || [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] || [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Aditya Pancholi]] || Action, Drama, Family || [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Dharam Shatru]]'' || [[Harmesh Malhotra]] ||[[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Nirupa Roy]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Dharamyudh (film)|Dharamyudh]]'' || [[Sudarshan Nag]] || [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Kimi Katkar]] || Drama
|[[Rajesh Roshan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Do Waqt Ki Roti]]'' || [[Satpal]] || [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Sulakshana Pandit]] || Action || [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ek Aadmi]]'' || [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] || [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Parikshit Sahni]], [[Tun Tun]] || Drama
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ek Hi Maqsad]]'' || [[Pravin Bhatt]] || [[Om Puri]], [[Divya Rana]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Rakesh Bedi]], [[Satish Shah]] || Action, Drama, Thriller || [[Pankaj Udhas]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ek Naya Rishta]]'' || [[Vinod Pande]] || [[Rekha]], [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]] || Family || [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam]]
|
|-
| ''[[Faisla]]'' || [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]] || [[Saira Banu]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Vinod Khanna]] || Drama || [[R. D. Burman]]
|
|-
| ''[[Falak (1988 film)|Falak]]'' || [[Shashilal K. Nair]] || [[Rakhee Gulzar]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Shekhar Kapur]] || Action, Crime, Drama, Family ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ganga Tere Desh Mein]]'' || [[Vijay Reddi]] || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] || Action, Drama
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswati]]'' || [[Manmohan Desai]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Amrish Puri]] || Action, Drama, Family, Crime, Adventure || [[Anu Malik]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ghar Aakir Ghar Hai]]'' || || [[Javed Khan (actor)|Javed Khan]], [[Rajesh Puri]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1988 film)|Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani]]'' || [[Kalpataru]] || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Farha Naaz]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Jaya Prada]] || Drama, Comedy, Family || [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ghar Mein Ram Gali Mein Shyam]]'' || [[Subhash Soni]] ||[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Neelam Kothari]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Johnny Lever]] || Drama, Family, Action, Comedy ||
|
|-
| ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0443742 Gharwali Baharwali]'' || [[Sripathi Panditharadhyula Rajaram]] || [[Chandrashekhar]], [[Ramesh Deo]], [[Satyendra Kapoor]] || Family ||
|
|-
| ''[[Gunahon Ka Faisla]]'' || [[Shibu Mitra]] || [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Chunky Pandey]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Action || [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
| ''[[Gunahon Ke Shatranj]]'' || [[Chandrakant Sangani]] || || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Halaal Ki Kamai]]'' || [[Swaroop Kumar]] || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Farha Naaz]], [[Sonika Gill]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Gulshan Grover]] || Family, Action || [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
| ''[[Halla Gulla]]'' || || || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Hamara Khandaan]]'' || [[Anwar Pasha]] || [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Farha Naaz]], [[Kiran Juneja]] || Drama, Romance ||
|
|-
| ''[[Hatya]]'' || [[Kirti Kumar]] || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Neelam Kothari]], [[Anupam Kher]] || Action, Crime, Thriller || [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
| ''[[Hum Farishte Nahin]]'' || [[Jatin Kumar]] || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Smita Patil]], [[Om Puri]], [[Poonam Dhillon]] || Action, Thriller || [[Manoj–Gyan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Hum To Chale Pardes]]'' || [[Ravindra Peepat]] || [[Rajiv Kapoor]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] ||Drama ||
|
|-
| ''[[Insaaf Ki Jung (1988 film)|Insaaf Ki Jung]]'' || || [[Shafi Inamdar]], [[Priya Tendulkar]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Insaaf Ki Manzil]]'' || || [[Bhushan Jeevan]], [[Shekhar Suman]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Insaniyat (1988 film)|Insaniyat]]'' || || [[Kimi Katkar]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Inteqam]]'' || [[Rajkumar Kohli]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Kader Khan]] || Drama
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|
|-
|''[[Jai Karoli Maa]]'' || [[Ram Pahlwa]] || [[Arun Govil]], [[Amrit Pal (actor)|Amrit Pal]], [[Urmila Bhatt]] || Devotional ||
|
|-
| ''[[Janam Janam]]'' || [[Vijay Sadanah]] || [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Amrish Puri]] || Drama
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jawani Ki Lahren]]'' || || [[Manmauji]], [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Jeete Hain Shaan Se]]'' || [[Kawal Sharma]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]], [[Vijeta Pandit]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] || Action || [[Anu Malik]]
|
|-
| ''[[Jungle Ki Beti]]'' ||R. Thakkar || [[Rakesh Bedi]], [[Joginder Shelly]] ||Adventure ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kaal Chakra]]'' || || [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]], [[Madan Jain]], [[Suresh Oberoi]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kab Tak Chup Rahungi]]'' || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || [[Amala Akkineni]], [[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Kiran Kumar]], [[Kader Khan]] || Drama
|[[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kabrastan]]'' || [[Mohan Bhakri]] || [[Hemant Birje]], [[Kunika]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Jagdeep]], [[Raza Murad]] || Horror
| [[Jagdish Khanna]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kabzaa (1988 film)|Kabzaa]]'' || [[Mahesh Bhatt]] || [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Raj Babbar]] || Action || [[Rajesh Roshan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kanwarlal]]'' || [[S. S. Ravichandra]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Sujata Mehta]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] || Action
|[[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kasam (1988 film)|Kasam]]'' || [[Umesh Mehra]] || [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Poonam Dhillon]] || Action, Drama
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kharidar]]'' || || [[Daljit Kaur]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Sarika]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi (1988 film)|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'' || [[T. Rama Rao]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Chunky Pandey]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Neelam Kothari]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] || Action, Comedy, Crime, Drama || [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Khoon Bahaa Ganga Mein]]'' || [[Pravin Bhatt]] || [[Avtar Gill]], [[Annu Kapoor]], [[Bharat Kapoor]] || Action ||
|
|-
| ''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]'' ||[[Rakesh Roshan]] || [[Rekha]], [[Kabir Bedi]], [[Sonu Walia]] || Action, Drama, Thriller ||
|
|-
| ''[[Lathi (1988 film)|Lathi]]'' || || || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Libaas]]'' || [[Gulzar]]
|[[Shabana Azmi]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Annu Kapoor]] || Drama
|[[Rahul Dev Burman]]
|
|-
| ''[[Maalamaal]]'' || [[Kewal Sharma]] || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]], [[Satish Shah]] || Comedy || [[Anu Malik]]
|
|-
|''[[Maar Dhaad]]''||Yesh Chauhan||[[Navin Nischol]], [[Hemant Birje]], [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]]||Action ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mahakali (1988 film)|Mahakali]]'' || || [[Farha Naaz]], [[Master Rinku]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mahaveera (film)|Mahaveera]]'' || [[Naresh Saigal]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Vinod Mehra]] || Action || [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
|
|-
| ''[[Main Zinda Hoon]]'' ||[[Sudhir Mishra]] || [[Rajendra Gupta]], [[Pankaj Kapur]], [[Deepti Naval]], [[Alok Nath]] || Drama || [[Sharang Dev]]
|
|-
| ''[[Mar Mitenge]]'' ||Kawal Sharma ||[[Jeetendra]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || Drama, Action
|[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Mardangi]]'' || [[S. R. Pratap]] || [[Aman Virk]], [[Hemant Birje]], [[Dara Singh]] || Drama
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mardon Wali Baat]]'' || [[Brij]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] || Action, Drama || [[R. D. Burman]]
|
|-
| ''[[Mera Muqaddar]]'' || ||[[Prem Chopra]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], [[Tanuja]] || Drama
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mera Shikar]]'' || [[Keshu Ramsay]] || [[Kabir Bedi]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Navin Nischol]] || Action ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mere Baad]]'' || [[Vishwamitra]] || [[Rakhee Gulzar]], [[Anupam Kher]] || Drama ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mohabbat Ke Dushman]]'' ||[[Prakash Mehra]] || [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Farha Naaz]], [[Poonam Dhillon]] || Action, Thriller || [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
|
|-
| ''[[Mohre]]'' || [[Raghuvir Kul]] || [[Nana Patekar]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] || Drama
|[[Vanraj Bhatia]]
|
|-
| ''[[Mulzim (1988 film)|Mulzim]]'' || [[K.S.R. Doss]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Suresh Oberoi]], [[Kader Khan]] || Drama, Action
|[[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
| ''[[Namumkin]]'' || [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]] || Drama, Mystery || [[R. D. Burman]]
|
|-
|''[[New Delhi (1988 Hindi film)|New Delhi]]''||[[Joshiy]]||[[Jeetendra]], [[Sumalatha]]||Thriller||
|
|-
| ''[[Om-Dar-B-Dar]]'' || [[Kamal Swaroop]] || [[Gopi Desai]], Manish Gupta, [[Anita Kanwar]] ||Postmodernist ||
|
|-
| ''[[Paanch Fauladi]]'' ||[[Mohan Bhakri]] ||[[Raj Babbar]], [[Javed Khan (actor)|Javed Khan]], [[Dara Singh]], [[Salma Agha]], [[Anita Raj]] || Action
|[[Uttam-Jagdish]]
|
|-
| ''[[Paap Ki Duniya]]'' || [[Shibu Mitra]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Neelam Kothari]], [[Chunky Pandey]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || Action || [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
| ''[[Paap Ko Jalaa Kar Raakh Kar Doonga]]'' || [[K.R. Reddy]] ||[[Dharmendra]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Farha Naaz]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || Action
|[[Ravindra Jain]]
|
|-
| ''[[Parbat Ke Us Paar]]'' || Raman Kumar || [[Rakesh Bedi]], Abhinav Chaturvedi, [[Avtar Gill]] || Romance
|[[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam]]
|
|-
| ''[[Pehla Kadam]]'' || [[Ketan Mehta]] || || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pestonjee]]'' || [[Vijaya Mehta]] || [[Anupam Kher]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Cyprus Dastoor]], [[Dady Dustoor]] || Comedy, Drama ||[[Vanraj Bhatia]]
|
|-
| ''[[Pushpak]]'' || [[Singeetham Srinivasa Rao]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Tinnu Anand]] || Silent, Comedy || [[L. Vaidyanathan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Mohabbat]]'' || [[Ajay Kashyap]] || [[Rakhee Gulzar]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Kader Khan]] || Romance
|[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Pyaasi Atma]]'' || [[Ismail Inamdar]], [[A.K. Misra]] ||[[Lalita Pawar]], [[Rajesh Puri]] || Horror
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Ka Mandir]]'' || [[K. Bapaiah]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Shoma Anand]], [[Kader Khan]] || Drama, Family || [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Qasoor Kiska]]'' || || || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Qatil]]'' || [[Ashok Gaikwad]] || [[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Sangeeta Bijlani]], [[Kiran Kumar]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Raza Murad]], [[Vikram Gokhale]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || Action
|[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'' || [[Mansoor Khan]] || [[Aamir Khan]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Dalip Tahil]], [[Alok Nath]], [[Goga Kapoor]], [[Rajendranath Zutshi]], [[Reema Lagoo]] || Romance || [[Anand–Milind]]
|
|-
| ''[[Raj Dulari]]'' || [[Dinesh Thakur]] || || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ram-Avtar]]'' || [[Sunil Hingorani]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sridevi]] || Drama || [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Rama O Rama]]'' || [[Mirza Brothers]] || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Aasif Sheikh]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Gulshan Grover]] || Action, Drama, Romance || [[R. D. Burman]]
|
|-
| ''[[Rihaee (film)|Rihaee]]'' || [[Arunara]] || [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Neena Gupta]], [[Pallavi Joshi]] || Drama
|Shaarang Dev
|
|-
| ''[[Rukhsat]]'' || [[Simi Garewal]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Simi Garewal]], [[Anuradha Patel]], [[Marc Zuber]], [[Amrish Puri]] || Romance || [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
|
|-
| ''[[Saazish (1988 film)|Saazish]]'' || [[Rajkumar Kohli]] || [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || Action, Suspense || [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sagar Sangam]]'' || [[Dulal Guha]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Raakhee Gulzar]], [[Asha Parekh]] || Drama
|[[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
| ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' || [[Mira Nair]] || [[Nana Patekar]], [[Raghuvir Yadav]], [[Anita Kanwar]], [[Irrfan Khan]] || Drama || [[L. Subramaniam]]
|
|-
| ''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]'' || [[Tinnu Anand]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Meenakshi]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Kader Khan]] || Action || Amar-Utpal
|
|-
| ''[[Sherni (1988 film)|Sherni]]'' || [[Harmesh Malhotra]] || [[Sridevi]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Jagdeep]] || Action
|[[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
|
|-
| ''[[Shesh (1988 film)|Shesh]]'' || [[Amit Khanna]] || || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Shiv Shakti]]'' || ||[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Anupam Kher]] || Action, Drama
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shukriyaa]]'' || [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] || [[Rajiv Kapoor]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Asrani]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sila (film)|Sila]]'' || [[B. R. Ishara]] || || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Siyasat (1988 film)|Siyasat]]'' || [[Mahesh Bhatt]] || [[Neelam Kothari]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sone Pe Suhaaga]]'' || [[K. Bapaiah]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Nutan]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Sridevi]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Kader Khan]] || Action, Family || [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
| ''[[Soorma Bhopali]]'' ||[[Jagdeep]] || [[Jagdeep]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Rekha]] || Drama
|Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen
|
|-
| ''[[Tamacha]]'' || [[Ramesh Ahuja]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Sumeet Saigal]], [[Anupam Kher]] || Action, Romance || [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
|''[[Tamas (film)|Tamas]]''||[[Govind Nihalani]]||[[Om Puri]], [[Deepa Sahi]]||Historical Drama||
|-
|| ''[[Taqdeer Ka Tamasha]]'' || [[Anand Gaekwad]] || [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Suresh Chatwal]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] || Action, Crime, Drama ||
|-
|''[[Tera Naam Mera Naam]]''||[[Ramesh Talwar]]||[[Suparna Anand]], [[Tanvi Azmi]], [[Shafi Inamdar]]||Romantic comedy||
|
|-
| ''[[Tezaab]]'' || [[N. Chandra]] || [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Chunky Pandey]], [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]], [[Kiran Kumar]], [[Suresh Oberoi]], [[Anupam Kher]] || Action, Romance || [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|
|-
| ''[[The Deceivers (1988 film)|The Deceivers]]'' || [[Nicholas Meyer]]
|[[Pierce Brosnan]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Saeed Jaffrey]], [[David Robb]]
|Action, Historical
|[[John Scott (composer)|John Scott]]
|
|-
| ''[[Tohfa Mohabbat Ka]]'' || [[Ram Govind]] || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Hema Malini]] || Drama
|[[Anup Jalota]]
|
|-
| ''[[Trishagni]]'' || [[Nabendu Ghosh]] || [[Nana Patekar]], [[Pallavi Joshi]], [[Alok Nath]], [[Nitish Bharadwaj]] || Historical Drama || [[Salil Chowdhury]]
|
|-
| ''[[Udbhav]]'' || [[T. S. Ranga]] || [[Pranay Agrawal]], [[Mamta Rao]] || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Veerana]]'' || [[Shyam Ramsay]], [[Tulsi Ramsay]] ||[[Hemant Birje]], [[Jasmin (Indian actress)|Jasmin]], [[Sahila Chadha]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], [[Satish Shah]], [[Vijayendra Ghatge]], [[Rajendra Nath]] || Horror || [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
| ''[[Vijay (1988 film)|Vijay]]'' || [[Yash Chopra]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Saeed Jaffrey]] || Action, Drama || [[Shiv-Hari]]
|
|-
| ''[[Waaris (1988 film)|Waaris]]'' || [[Ravindra Peepat]] || [[Smita Patil]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] || Drama || [[Uttam-Jagadish]]
|
|-
| ''[[Waqt Ki Awaz]]'' || [[K. Bapaiah]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Sridevi]], [[Neelam Kothari]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Gulshan Grover]] || Action, Crime, Drama || [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
| ''[[Woh Phir Aayegi]]'' || [[B. R. Ishara]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Farha Naaz]], [[Moon Moon Sen]], [[Shekhar Suman]], [[Archana Puran Singh]], [[Javed Jaffrey]] || Horror || [[Anand Milind]]
|
|-
| ''[[Yateem]]'' || [[J. P. Dutta]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Farha Naaz]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Sujata Mehta]], [[Dalip Tahil]] || Action, Drama || [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Yeh Pyar Nahin]]'' || || || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Zakhmi Aurat]]'' || [[Avtar Bhogal]] || [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Raj Babbar]] || Action ||
|
|-
| ''[[Zalzala (1988 film)|Zalzala]]'' || [[Harish Shah]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Rajiv Kapoor]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Vijeta Pandit]], [[Gulshan Grover]] || Action || [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
|
|-
| ''[[Zinda Jala Doonga]]'' || [[Kiran Kumar]] || || ||
|
|-
| ''[[Zulm Ko Jala Doonga]]'' || [[Mahendra Shah]] || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Kiran Kumar]] || Action || [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
|
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi films of 1987]]
* [[List of Hindi films of 1989]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1988&&language=Hindi&&tv=on&&heading=9;1988;Hindi&&related=9;1988;1988;Hindi;Hindi&&nav=/Sections/Years/1988/include-bylanguage Bollywood films of 1988] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1988 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollywood Films Of 1988}}
[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|1988]]
[[Category:Lists of 1988 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:1988 in Indian cinema|Films, Bollywood]]

Nashik division

2025-11-24T11:54:48Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: Content refined for better accuracy

{{more citations needed|date=September 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nashik Division
| native_name =
| image_map = Nashik Division.png
| type =
| map_caption = Location of Nashik Division in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|20|00|36|N|73|46|48|E|type:adm2nd_source:itwiki|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| parts_type = Districts
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[Nashik district, Maharashtra|Nashik]]
| p2 = [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
| p3 = [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
| p4 = [[Dhule district|Dhule]]
| p5 = [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Languages
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{hlist|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]}}
| leader_title = Commissioner Nashik Division
| leader_name = [[Rajaram Mane]] IAS
| leader_title1 = Police Commissioner Nashik Division
| leader_name1 = NA
| leader_title3 = All District Collector's Nashik Division
| leader_name3 = *Gangatharan D. (IAS)
{{small|([[Nashik district|Nashik District]])}}
*Rajendra Bhosale (IAS)
{{small|([[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar District]])}}
*Manisha Khatri (IAS)
{{small|([[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar District]])}}
*Abhijit Rajendra Raut (IAS)
{{small|([[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon District]])}}
*Jalaj Sharma (IAS)
{{small|([[Dhule district|Dhule District]])}}
| leader_title2 = All Guardian Minister Nashik Division
| leader_name2 = *[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
{{small|([[Nashik district|Nashik District]])}}
*[[Hasan Mushrif]]
{{small|([[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar District]])}}
*[[Kagda Chandya Padvi|Adv. Kagda Chandya Padvi]]
{{small|([[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar District]])}}
*[[Gulabrao Patil]]
{{small|([[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon District]])}}
*[[Balasaheb Thorat]] ''Additional charge''
{{small|([[Dhule district|Dhule District]])}}
| leader_title4 = All MP's Nashik Division
| leader_name4 = NA
| area_total_km2 =
| area_blank1_title = Total
| area_blank1_km2 = 57,268
| population_total = 18579420
| population_as_of = 2011<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>
| demographics_type1 = GDP {{Nobold|(Nominal, 2024)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2024-25|url= https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s349d4b2faeb4b7b9e745775793141e2b2/uploads/2025/01/2025030788773769.pdf|website=maharashtra.gov.in|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Total
| demographics1_info1 =[[Indian rupee|₹]]{{FXConvert|IND|4967|b|lk=on}}
| demographics1_title2 = Per capita
| demographics1_info2 =[[Indian rupee|₹]]{{FXConvert|IND|212528|lk=on}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Nashik Division''' is one of the six [[Districts of Maharashtra|divisions]] of India's [[Maharashtra]] state, and four of its five districts form [[North Maharashtra|Uttar Maharashtra]]. The three northernmost districts of [[North Maharashtra|Uttar Maharashtra]] form most of the historic [[Khandesh]] region, which covers the northern part of the division in the valley of the [[Tapti River]]. Nashik Division is bound by [[Konkan Division]] and the state of [[Gujarat]] to the west, [[Madhya Pradesh]] state to the north, [[Amravati Division]] and [[Marathwada]] ([[Aurangabad Division]]) to the east, and [[Desh region|Desh]] ([[Pune Division]]) to the south.

==Demographics==

As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Nashik Division had a population of 18,579,420 in the year 2011.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Population By Religious Community |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=2023-09-18 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |format=XLS}}</ref>

===Languages===

Marathi is the most spoken language, which is also the sole official language of the region at least 80% speaks Marathi language. Khandeshi and Ahirani dialect of Marathi, along with Bhili are also spoken by a significant portion of the population in Khandesh region of Nashik Division. There are significant minorities of Urdu and Hindi speakers in certain urban areas of the division.

===Religion===

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 86.92% of the population of Nashik Division followed [[Hinduism]], 10.00% [[Islam]], 1.56% [[Buddhism]], 0.35% [[Christianity]] and the remaining 1.17% of the population followed other religions or stated no religion.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>

{{Pie chart
|thumb=right
|caption=Religion in Nashik Division (2011)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]] |value1 = 86.92 |color1=darkorange
|label2 = [[Islam]] |value2 = 10.00 |color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Buddhism]] |value3 = 1.56 |color3 = yellow
|label4 = [[Christianity]] |value4 = 0.35 |color4 = blue
|label5 = Other or not stated |value5 = 1.17 |color5 = grey
}}

==Districts==
* [[Ahmednagar District]]
* [[Dhule District]]
* [[Jalgaon District]]
* [[Nandurbar District]]
* [[Nashik District]]

==Subdivisions==
There are 54 tehsils of 5 districts are divided into 28 subdivisions in Nashik division.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Subdivision
Headquarter
!Tehsils
!District
|-
|1
|Ahmednagar
|Ahmednagar, Newasa
| rowspan="7" |Ahmednagar
|-
|2
|Karjat
|Karjat, Jamkhed
|-
|3
|Pathardi
|Pathardi, Shevgaon
|-
|4
|Shrigonda
|Shrigonda, Parner
|-
|5
|Sangamner
|Sangamner, Akola
|-
|6
|Shirdi
|Rahata, Kopargaon
|-
|7
|Shrirampur
|Shrirampur, Rahuri
|-
|8
|Dhule
|Dhule, Sakri
| rowspan="2" |Dhule
|-
|9
|Shirpur
|Shirpur, Shindkheda
|-
|10
|Amalner
|Amalner, Chopda
| rowspan="7" |Jalgaon
|-
|11
|Faizpur
|Yawal, Raver
|-
|12
|Bhusawal
|Bhusawal, Muktainagar, Bodwad
|-
|13
|Jalgaon
|Jalgaon, Jamner
|-
|14
|Erandol
|Erandol, Dharangaon, Parola
|-
|15
|Pachora
|Pachora, Bhadgaon
|-
|16
|Chalisgaon
|Chalisgaon
|-
|17
|Nandurbar
|Nandurbar, Navapur
| rowspan="3" |Nandurbar
|-
|18
|Shahada
|Shahada, Akrani(Dhadgaon)
|-
|19
|Taloda
|Taloda, Akkalkuwa
|-
|20
|Nashik
|Nashik
| rowspan="9" |Nashik
|-

|21
|Nashik
|Igatpuri, Trimbakeshwar
|-
|22
|Dindori
|Dindori, Peint
|-
|23
|Niphad
|Niphad, Sinnar
|-
|24
|Yeola
|Yeola, Nandgaon
|-
|25
|Chandwad
|Chandwad, Deola
|-
|26
|Malegaon
|Malegaon
|-
|27
|Satana
|Satana
|-
|28
|Kalwan
|Kalwan, Surgana
|}

==Transport==
===Air===
* [[Nashik Airport]] is well connected by direct flights to [[Pune]] and [[Ahmedabad]].
* [[Jalgaon Airport]] is well connected by direct flights to [[Mumbai]],[[Pune]] and [[Ahmedabad]].
* [[Shirdi Airport]] is an airport in Ahmednagar district.

===Rail===
* [[Nashik Road]], [[Bhusawal]], and [[Jalgaon]] are major railway stations in the region.

==List of Divisional Commissioners==
* J. G. Rajadhyaksha 20-02-1981 to 30-09-1984
* J. D. Jadhav 12-12-1984 to 01-12-1985
* Leena Mehendale 28-06-1994 to 28-11-1995
* Kishore Gajbhiye 19-01-2004 to 05-01-2004
* Eknath Dawale 11-02-2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Divisional Commissioners|url=https://divcomnashik.maharashtra.gov.in/htmldocs/n1-en.html|access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.jalgaon.co.in
* https://web.archive.org/web/20150405153304/http://www.nashik.nic.in/htmldocs/disoverview.htm

{{Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Nashik division| ]]
[[Category:Divisions of Maharashtra]]

Samrala

2025-11-09T10:25:40Z

Mongkeydyoyo88:

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Samrala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Municipal Council
| image_skyline = File:Main chowk Samrala.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Main Chowk Samrala
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.84|N|76.19|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = Punjab
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 249
| population_total = 40000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =141114
| area_code = 01628
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate =PB 43
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 =
}}
'''Samrala''' is a city and a [[municipal council]] in [[Ludhiana district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of Punjab. It is about 35 km east of the district headquarters Ludhiana, on the highway to Chandigarh. Samrala is a Class III Municipality. It is also known for the oldest tehsil situated in this city. It is also believed that the name Samrala came from the name of two brothers Sama and Rala.

==Geography==
Samrala is located at {{Coord|30.84|N|76.19|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/23/Samrala.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Samrala]</ref> It has an average elevation of 249 metres (816 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} Samrala had population of 19,678 of which 10,375 were males while 9,303 were females as per report released by Census India 2011.

The population of children aged 0–6 was 2008 which was 10.20% of the population. The female sex ratio is of 897 against state average of 895.{{clarify|These are numbers, not ratios|date=August 2019}} The child sex ratio in Samrala is 803 compared to Punjab state average of 846.{{clarify|These are numbers, not ratios|date=August 2019}} The literacy rate of Samrala city is 83.70% higher than state average of 75.84%.{{clarify|These are percentages, not rates|date=August 2019}} In Samrala, male literacy is 87.28% while female literacy rate is 79.76%.{{clarify|These are percentages, not rates|date=August 2019}}

Samrala has substantial population of Schedule Caste. Schedule Caste constitutes 29.11% of total population in Samrala. Samrala currently doesn't have any Schedule Tribes.

The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Samrala city, as of 2011 census.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Population by religious groups in Samrala city, 2011 census<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389, India – C-01: Population by religious community, Punjab – 2011, Samrala (M Cl), Row 193</ref>
!Religion!!Total!!Female!!Male
|-
|Hindu||9,734||4,634||5,100
|-
|Sikh||9,401||4,457||4,944
|-
|Muslim||455||165||290
|-
|Christian||54||28||26
|-
|Jain||5||2||3
|-
|Not stated||29||17||12
|-
|Total||19,678||9,303||10,375
|}

==Politics==
The city is part of the [[Samrala Assembly Constituency]].

*

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://ludhiana.nic.in/admin/admin_mc_samrala.html Municipal Council Samrala]
* [http://AllahabadBank.in Allahabad Bank, Samrala]
* [https://villageinfo.in/punjab/ludhiana/samrala.html List of Villages in Samrala Tehsil]

{{Ludhiana district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ludhiana district]]

Masilamaninathar Temple, Tharangambadi

2025-11-05T13:17:45Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: Starting place.

{{short description|Temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Masilamaninathar Temple, Tharangambadi''',<ref name="ta.wikipedia.org">[[:ta:தரங்கம்பாடி மாசிலாமணிநாதர் கோயில்]] </ref> also known as Alappur is a [[Shiva|Siva]] temple in [[Tharangambadi]] in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] (India). It is situated at a distance of 8 km from Tirukkadayur.<ref name="tnhrce">திருக்கோயில்கள் வழிகாட்டி, நாகப்பட்டினம் மாவட்டம், தமிழ்நாடு அரசு இந்து சமய அறநிலையத்துறை, 2014</ref>

The temple is situated 300m north to the famous Danish fort [[Fort Dansborg|Dansborg]]. This is one of the few shore temples in India.

==Vaippu Sthalam==
It is one of the shrines of the [[Vaippu Sthalam|Vaippu Sthalams]] sung by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]]s [[Appar]] and [[Sundarar]].<ref name="bmj"> பு.மா.ஜெயசெந்தில்நாதன், தேவார வைப்புத்தலங்கள், வர்த்தமானன் பதிப்பகம், சென்னை, 2009 </ref>

==Presiding deity==
The presiding deity is known as Masilamaninathar, Masilamanisvarar and Masilanathar. His consort is known as Akilandesvari.<ref name="bmj"/>

===The earlier temple===
The earlier temple was very near to the sea. The waves of the sea touch the temple. In the kosta of the old temples Dakshinamurthi and Lingotpavar are found. There is also a shrine for Vinayaka. In front of the sanctum sanctorum, which is closed, nandhi and bali peeta are found.

===The present temple===
Just in front of the old temple, the present temple, is found now. The [[Kumbhabhishekham]] of this temple was held on 1 September 2013. In the sanctum sanctorum the presiding deity is found. In front of the presiding deity Nandhi and balipeeta are found. At the left side of the shrine, the shrine of the goddess is found. In the kosta [[Dakshinamurthy]], Lingotpava and [[Brahma]] are found. In the prakara shrines of [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]], [[Kartikeya|Subramania]] with his consorts [[Valli]] and [[Devasena|Deivanai]], Balamuruga, Akilandesvari and [[Lakshmi|Gajalakshmi]] are found, followed by Chandikeswara and [[Navagraha]] shrine. Next to them Chandra, [[Surya]] and [[Bhairava|Bairava]] are found.

===Inscriptions===
In inscriptions the names of Kulasekarapatnam and Sadakanbadi are found.<ref name="tnhrce"/>

== History ==
Masilamaninathar Temple is a more than 700-year-old monument. This temple was built by the Pandiya King [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I|Maravarman Kulasekara Pandiyan I]] in the year 1306. The temple's architecture is a conglomeration of Tamil and Chinese Architecture, in an attempt to attract Chinese merchants and visitors who were visiting India in those days.

==Old Temple==
<gallery class="center">
File: Masilamaninathar temple1.jpg|View from the sea
File: Masilamaninathar temple2.jpg|Nandhi in front of temple
File: Masilamaninathar temple3.jpg|Vimana
File: Masilamaninathar temple4.jpg|Other shrines
File: Masilamaninathar temple5.jpg|View from the sea
</gallery>

==New Temple==
<gallery class="center">
File: Masilamaninathar temple10.jpg|Entrance
File: Masilamaninathar temple6.jpg|Front mandapa
File: Masilamaninathar temple7.jpg|Nandhi in front of presiding deity
File: Masilamaninathar temple8.jpg|Vimana of the presiding deity
File: Masilamaninathar temple9.jpg|Vimana of the goddess
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://shaivam.org/temples-of-lord-shiva/moovar-thevara-vaippu-thalangal மூவர் தேவார வைப்புத்தலங்கள், aLappUr, Sl.No.14 of 139 temples]
* [http://www.shivatemples.com/vt/vtlist1.php Shiva Temples, தேவார வைப்புத்தலங்கள், அளப்பூர், Sl.No.10 of 133 temples, page1]

{{Vaippu sthalam}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Upreti

2025-10-30T15:59:44Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: improved article

{{short description|Indian and Nepalese family name}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox surname
|name = Upreti / Uprety
|pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|ʌ|p|'|ɹ|ɛ|t|iː}} {{respell|UP|reh|TEE}} {{IPA|hi|ʊp'reːt̪iː}}
|image =
|caption =
|meaning =
{{ubl|Someone from the village Uprara|Fom [[Sanskrit]] ''uparati'', meaning "cessation from worldly pleasure"}}
|region =[[Pithoragarh district]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
|variant =
|seealso = [[Acharya]], [[Joshi]], [[Pant (surname)|Pant]], [[Sharma]], [[Upadhyay]]
|footnotes =
}}

'''Upreti''' or '''Upraiti''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Upretī''), sometimes spelled as '''Uprety''', is a surname found among the [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] of [[Uttarakhand]], India and the [[Bahun|Bahuns]] in Nepal. It derives from the Uprara village in [[Pithoragarh district]] of Uttarakhand. An alternative etymology derives it from "uparati" in [[Sanskrit]], meaning someone who has renounced worldy pleasure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upreti |url=https://www.ancestry.com/last-name-meaning/upreti |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=Dictionary of American Family Names |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en-US |via=[[Ancestry.com]]}}</ref>

==Notable people with Upreti as a surname==
* [[Almoda Rana Uprety]]; Nepalese singer and musician
* [[Arun Kumar Upreti]]; Indian politician
* [[Benoy Upreti]]; Indian cricketer
* [[Bharat Raj Upreti]]; former judge of the Supreme Court of Nepal
* [[Bishal Nath Upreti]]; Nepalese academic
* [[Dalip Kumar Upreti]]; Indian lichenologist
* [[Hari Prasad Upreti]]; Nepalese politician
* [[Kharananda Upreti]]; Indian politician
* [[Kul Prasad Uprety]]; Nepalese politician
* [[Melissa Upreti]]; Nepalese lawyer and human rights expert
* [[Mohan Upreti]]; Indian playwright and theatre personality
* [[Nikhil Upreti]]; Nepalese actor
* [[Nilkantha Upreti]]; Former Chief Election Commissioner of Nepal
* [[Ramesh Upreti]]; Nepalese actor
* [[Sanjeev Uprety]]; Nepalese journalist


==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindustani origin]]
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh district]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Bahun]]
[[Category:Khas surnames]]
[[Category:Toponymic surnames]]
[[Category:Nepali-language surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Nepalese origin]]
[[Category:Kumaoni people]]

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)

2025-10-10T19:29:54Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: cleanup

{{short description|Indian state government ministry}}
{{Self-published|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Health & Family Welfare
| type = Department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption = Ministry of health and family welfare (West Bengal) official logo
| seal =
| seal_width = 70px
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = 
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| headquarters = Swasthya Bhawan, [[Bidhannagar]]<ref>[http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/inner.asp?pass_file_id=05 Swasthya Bhawan]</ref>
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget = {{INRConvert|11280|c}} (2020 - 2021) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/budgets/west-bengal-budget-analysis-2020-21#:~:text=The%20Finance%20Minister%2C%20Dr.,21%20on%20February%2010%2C%202020.&text=The%20Gross%20State%20Domestic%20Product,be%20Rs%2014%2C44%2C174%20crore.|title=West Bengal Budget Analysis 2020-21}}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister in Charge
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name = [[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = Minister of State
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = 
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| agency_type =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|wbhealth.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Department''' '''of Health & Family Welfare of West Bengal''' is a [[Government of West Bengal]] [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]].<ref name="WBGOV.com">[http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=e&windowstate=normal&mode=view Official Departmental Website of the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407213738/http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=e&windowstate=normal&mode=view |date=7 April 2014 }} [[Government of West Bengal]] (2011-05-25)</ref> It is a ministry mainly responsible for maintaining and developing the health care system in the State.<ref name="WBGOV.com"/>

== Ministerial Team ==
The ministerial team is headed by the Cabinet Minister for Health & Family Welfare, who may or may not be supported by Ministers of State. Civil servants are assigned to them to manage the ministers' office and ministry.<ref name="WBGOV.com"/>

The current head of the ministry is [[Mamata Banerjee]] who is also the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]].<ref name="WBGOV.com"/>

==Governance==

The Health and Family Welfare (H&FW) Department is organized into a number of Directorates whose work is monitored and coordinated by the H&FW Department at the Secretariat. The Department functions under the overall guidance of the Chief Minister Smt. Mamata Banerjee, who is also holding the charge of this Department. This Department is headed by the Health Secretary who oversees the working of various Directorates and develops various policies which gets implemented after the approval of the Chief Minister and the Minister-in-charge.

The State Health Administration has two arms, the Secretariat and the Directorate of Health Services. The Secretariat is headed by the Additional Chief Secretary/ Principal Secretary who is a senior officer of the Indian Administrative Service assisted by Special, Joint, Deputy and Assistant Secretaries. The Director of Health Services and ex-officio Secretary heads the Directorate and is the Chief Technical Advisor to the State Government on all matters related to medical and public health. He is assisted by a number of Additional, Joint, Deputy and Assistant Directors.

The health care system has primary health care network, a secondary care system comprising district and sub-divisional hospitals and tertiary hospitals providing speciality and super speciality care. Each of the eighteen districts is headed by a Chief Medical Officer of Health (C.M.O.H.), assisted by Deputy and Assistant C.M.O.H.s, whose responsibility is to manage the primary health care sector and ensure the effective implementation of the various medical, health and family welfare programmes. The secondary level hospitals are headed by medically trained superintendents who report to the C.M.O.H. and are accountable to a hospital management committee. At the block level, the Block Medical Officer is responsible for providing services and for monitoring and supervising the primary health centres and health programme implementation.

The medical manpower in the State Health System is provided by the State Health Service and in the teaching institutions by the Medical Education Service. The training activities are mainly organised at the Institute of Health & Family Welfare, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, and also at various training schools.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (West Bengal)}}
[[Category:Government of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Health in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Government departments of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subnational health ministries|West Bengal]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

New Barrackpore

2025-09-18T21:46:06Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: improved article

{{other uses|Barrackpore (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = New Barrackpore
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7|N|88.45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[New Barrackpore metro station|New Barrackpore]] ''(under construction)''
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[New Barrackpore railway station|New Barrackpore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = New Barrackpur Municipality
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Prabir Saha<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.barrackpore.gov.in/HTM/sdobkp_New%20Barrackpore.htm | title = Barrackpore | work = Official website | publisher = Govt. of India | access-date = 30 April 2021 | archive-date = 28 June 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200628070938/http://www.barrackpore.gov.in/HTM/sdobkp_New%20Barrackpore.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.80
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 76,846
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700131
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB-23/WB-24
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum Uttar]]
| website = {{URL|nbmonline.org}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''New Barrackpore''' is a city and a municipality of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| title =Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan area| access-date =2007-09-03| publisher =Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000049/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| archive-date =2007-09-28}}</ref><ref>[http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm District-wise list of statutory towns] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930191128/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |date=2007-09-30 }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=310| height=370| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|41|47|N|88|24|32|E}}| float=left|caption='''Towns in the southern portion of Barrackpore subdivision in North 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
| minimap = file| mini-file = India West Bengal adm location map.svg
| mini-width = 103 | mini-height = 158
| minipog-x = 66 | minipog-y = 120
| scalemark = 110 | minimap-boxwidth=12|nolabels=1
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|46|24|N|88|21|49|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Barrackpore| numbered1=M | mark-title1=[[Barrackpore]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|45|35|N|88|21|30|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Barrackpore |labela2=Cantonment| mark-title2=[[Barrackpur Cantonment|Barrackpore Cantonment]]| numbered2=0| shape-color2=#AA6666|label-offset-y2=-2
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|45|16|N|88|23|24|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Chak Kanthalia| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Chak Kanthalia]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|44|52|N|88|24|31|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Ruiya| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Ruiya]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|23|38|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Patulia| numbered5=CT | mark-title5= [[Patulia]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|43|48|N|88|23|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Bandipur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|44|14|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Titagarh| numbered7=M | mark-title7= [[Titagarh]] (M)|shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|43|10|N|88|22|1|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Khardaha| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Khardaha]] (M)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|41|31|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Panihati| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Panihati]] (M)|
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|57|N|88|24|32|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Ghola| numbered10=N| mark-title10= [[Ghola, North 24 Parganas|Ghola]] (N)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|42|28|N|88|24|41|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Bilkanda| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Bilkanda]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|41|30|N|88|24|42|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Muragachha| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Muragachha]] (CT)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|42|41|N|88|26|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Talbandha| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Talbandha]] (CT)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|41|3|N|88|25|45|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Chandpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]] (CT)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|40|24|N|88|24|53|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Teghori| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Teghori]] (CT)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|42|7|N|88|23|22|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Sodepur| numbered16=N| mark-title16= [[Sodepur]] (N)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|40|48|N|88|22|48|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Agarpara| numbered17=N| mark-title17= [[Agarpara]] (N)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|41|10|N|88|27|20|E}} | label-pos18=bottom|label18=New Barrackpore| numbered18=M| mark-title18= New Barrackpore (M)|shape-color18=black| label-size18=13|label-color18=black 
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|41|10|N|88|22|13|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Kamarhati| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Kamarhati]] (M)|
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|40|2|N|88|22|42|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Belgharia| numbered20=N| mark-title20= [[Belgharia]] (N)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|38|10|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Baranagar| numbered21=M| mark-title21= [[Baranagar]] (M)|
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|38|40|N|88|26|5|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Dum Dum| numbered22=M| mark-title22= [[Dum Dum]] (M)|
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|39|10|N|88|25|6|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= North Dumdum| numbered23=M| mark-title23= [[North Dumdum]] (M)|
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|37|48|N|88|24|0|E}} | label-pos24=bottom|label24= South Dumdum| numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[South Dumdum]] (M)|
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|39|40|N|88|24|33|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Nimta| numbered25=N| mark-title25= [[Nimta]] (N)|shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|43|20|N|88|24|48|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Karna Madhabpur| numbered26=N| mark-title26= [[Karna Madhabpur]] (N)|shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|45|40|N|88|25|28|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Nilganj| numbered27=N| mark-title27= [[Nilganj]] (N)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|22.6292|88.3578}}| label28=Hooghly| label-color28CB| label-angle28=76| label-pos28=top| label-size28=9| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none = #77A1
|mark-coord29={{coord|22.6112|88.3578}}| label29=River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=114| label-pos29=top| label-size29=9| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none}}

===Location===
96% of the population of [[Barrackpore subdivision]] (partly presented in the map alongside, all places marked in the map are linked in the full screen map) lives in urban areas. In 2011, it had a density of population of 10,967 per km2. The subdivision has 16 municipalities and 24 census towns.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> For most of the cities/ towns information regarding density of population is available in the Infobox. Population data is not available for neighbourhoods. It is available for the entire Municipal area and thereafter ward-wise.

===Police station===
New Barrackpore police station is under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over New Barrackpore Municipal areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Table 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 11 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/bkp_commissionerate.php | title = Barrackpore Police Commissionerate | work = List of Police Stations with telephone numbers | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 11 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143852/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/bkp_commissionerate.php | archive-date = 12 June 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], New Barrackpore had a total population of 76,846, of which 38,239 (50%) were males and 38,607 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 5,157. The total number of literates in New Barrackpore was 67,384 (93.99% of the population over 6 years).Hindus form almost 99% of the total population.<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 June 2018 }}</ref>

{{As of|2001|alt=As of the 2001}} Indian [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> New Barrackpore had a population of 83,183. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. In New Barrackpore, 7% of the population is under 6 years of age. The literacy rate is 95.19% where the male literacy rate is 97.66% and female literacy rate is 92.72%.
===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in New Barrackpore City (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1 = [[Bengali language| Bengali]]
|value1= 99.17
|color1 =Orange
|label2= [[Hindi language| Hindi]]
|value2= 0.70
|color2=green
|label3 = [[ Odia language| Odia]]
|value3 = 0.028
|color3 = blue
|label4 = [[ Tamil language| Tamil ]]
|value4 = 0.012
|color4 =pink
|label5 = [[ Punjabi language| Punjabi]]
|value5= 0.011
|color5 = black
|label6 = Others
|value6= 0.070
|color6 = white
}}
===Kolkata Urban Agglomeration===
The following Municipalities, Census Towns and other locations in Barrackpore subdivision were part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in the 2011 census: [[Kanchrapara]] (M), [[Jetia]] (CT), [[Halisahar]] (M), [[Balibhara]] (CT), [[Naihati]] (M), [[Bhatpara]] (M), [[Kaugachhi]] (CT), [[Garshyamnagar]] (CT), [[Garulia]] (M), [[Ichhapur Defence Estate]] (CT), [[North Barrackpur]] (M), [[Barrackpur Cantonment]] (CB), [[Barrackpore]] (M), [[Jafarpur]] (CT), [[Ruiya]] (CT), [[Titagarh]] (M), [[Khardaha]] (M), [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT), [[Panihati]] (M), [[Muragachha]] (CT) '''New Barrackpore''' (M), [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]] (CT), [[Talbandha]] (CT), [[Patulia]] (CT), [[Kamarhati]] (M), [[Baranagar]] (M), [[South Dumdum]] (M), [[North Dumdum]] (M), [[Dum Dum]] (M), [[Noapara, India|Noapara]] (CT), [[Babanpur]] (CT), [[Teghari]] (CT), [[Nanna, North 24 Parganas|Nanna]] (OG), Chakla (OG), Srotribati (OG) and [[Panpur]] (OG).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 7 June 2018}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, New Barrackpore Municipal town covered an area of 6.89 km2. Amongst the civic amenities it had 120.51 km of roads and open drains. Amongst the educational facilities It had 60 primary schools, 11 middle schools, 10 secondary schools, 8 senior secondary schools, 2 degree colleges in arts/science/commerce and 10 non-formal education centres. Amongst the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 1 cinema/theatre, 2 auditorium/ community halls, 4 public libraries and 1 reading room. Amongst the commodities manufactured were foam bags, gloves and musical instruments. It had 4 bank branches.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 791-794; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 795-796; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 31 May 2018}}</ref>

See also [[Barrackpore subdivision#Municipal towns/ cities|Cities and towns in Barrackpore subdivision]]

==Economy==
===KMDA===
New Barrackpore Municipality is included in the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]] for which the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] is the statutory planning and development authority.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://kmdaonline.org/home/download/QVRNUU5QNW5kK1dCRDQ3V0pmRXBqQitJRU9kS1k1WEhRblBLdmc1ZVZNMW5WZlZRTHRLd0hxUHc4dlk2VWQ4WmhueGdBSURnc0w2OUZqZzl4WXFTRVE9PQ== | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501182418/https://kmdaonline.org/home/download/QVRNUU5QNW5kK1dCRDQ3V0pmRXBqQitJRU9kS1k1WEhRblBLdmc1ZVZNMW5WZlZRTHRLd0hxUHc4dlk2VWQ4WmhueGdBSURnc0w2OUZqZzl4WXFTRVE9PQ== | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 1 May 2019 | title = Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, Annual Report 2010-11 | work = 1/1 Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map | publisher = KMDA | access-date = 7 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://kmdaonline.org/home/download/MTFVek5Lc3UrYmJ4R0xLM3ZqRTdKQWJlK2tJV3BicHZGNjB1Uldpa0JLTXM0RHd6Q29vWXViQlBLSmNPQkZsZW5hcDFwM1VaUTQwaHJlVDQ5NG5FeWc9PQ== | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501182413/https://kmdaonline.org/home/download/MTFVek5Lc3UrYmJ4R0xLM3ZqRTdKQWJlK2tJV3BicHZGNjB1Uldpa0JLTXM0RHd6Q29vWXViQlBLSmNPQkZsZW5hcDFwM1VaUTQwaHJlVDQ5NG5FeWc9PQ== | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 1 May 2019 | title = Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, Annual Report 2010-11 | work = 1 / 2 Role of KMDA | publisher = KMDA | access-date = 7 June 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Road===
New Barrackpore town is situated near [[Jessore Road]]/[[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]]. The bus stop near New Barrackpore on [[Jessore Road]] is B.T. College and many buses pass through here. The only bus (Mini bus) that enters into New Barrackpore is S175 ([[New Barrackpore railway station]] - [[Howrah Station]]).

===Train===
[[New Barrackpore railway station]], which is on the [[Sealdah-Hasnabad-Bangaon-Ranaghat line|Sealdah-Bangaon line]], is 17 km from [[Sealdah railway station]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-bangaon-local-33811/17298/325/7814#st |title = 33811 Sealdah-Bangaon local |work= Time Table| publisher= India Railinfo | access-date = 15 June 2018}}</ref> It is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.

===Air===
[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Dumdum/Kolkata Airport]] is only 5 kilometres away from New Barrackpore.

==Education==
New Barrackpore has three colleges which are G.C.M. College of Education, [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra College]], Acharya Prafulla Chandra College for Commerce.

The higher secondary schools for boys are New Barrackpore Colony Boys High School, Masunda Boys High School, Kodalia Boys High School, Sahara Boys High School, Satin Sen Nagar Boys High School.

The higher secondary schools for girls are New Barrackpore Colony Girls High School, Masunda Girls High School, Tapati Balika Vidhyabithi, Sahara Girls High School.

==Culture==
New Barrackpore hosts 'Pushpa Mela' (meaning 'flower fair' in bengali) every winter with many fascinating collections of many enterprising florists. Kristi is a community auditorium where cultural events are often held.

==Temples==
Choto Bottala Kali Temples is very popular among the locals. Maa Samsan Kali Temple at Sajirhat is also attended by many devotees. A Kali temple made by Mr. Haripada Biswas attached to New Barrackpore Colony Girl's High School (formerly known Kalibari School) is also well known among many.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/Northern fringes}}
* [http://www.barrackpore.gov.in/HTM/sdobkp_New%20Barrackpore.htm New Barrackpore Municipality, website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628070938/http://www.barrackpore.gov.in/HTM/sdobkp_New%20Barrackpore.htm |date=28 June 2020 }}
* [http://nbmonline.org/ New Barrackpore Municipality online]

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Miyana (community)

2025-09-18T16:54:51Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: Starting stub.

{{Short description|Muslim Rajput community in Gujarat in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{for multi|the city in Iran|Meyaneh|the village in Iran|Mianej, Qazvin}}
The '''Miyana''' or '''Miyano''' are a Muslim community found in the state of [[Gujarat]] in India, and in the [[Sindh]] province of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&dq=miyana+tribe+gujarat&pg=PR25 |title=Gujarat |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4 |pages=XXV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Samiuddin |first=Abida |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Global_Encyclopaedic_Ethnography_of_Indi/qEXFxCK-ulUC?hl=en |title=Global Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Indian Muslim |last2=Khanam |first2=R. |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-299-3 |pages=522-524 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Sindh]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}
{{Pakistan-ethno-stub}}

Tomb of Lal Khan

2025-09-04T20:55:27Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: creating new info

{{Orphan|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox building
| image = Lal Khan Tomb 1.jpg
| location = [[Varanasi]], [[Varanasi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|19|34|N|83|02|04|E|display=inline}}
| building_type = [[mausoleum]]
}}
The '''Tomb of Lal Khan''' is a [[mausoleum]] located in Varanasi, in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Havell |first=E. B. |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/35301.pdf |title=Benares, the sacred city: sketches of Hindu life and religion |year=1905 |pages=203–204 |author-link=Ernest Binfield Havell}}</ref> It is listed as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|monument of national importance]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=.List of Centrally Protected Monuments sites under the jurisdiction of Uttar Pradesh (Agra Circle, Jhansi Circle, Lucknow Circle, Meerut Circle and Sarnath Circle) |url=https://asi.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Uttar-Pradesh-Agra-Circle-Jhansi-Circle-Lucknow-Circle-Meerut-Circle-and-Sarnath-Circle.pdf}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tomb_of_Lal_Khan_with_Malyiva_Bridge_in_the_background.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Lal Khan with Malyiva Bridge in the background]]
Lal Khan was a minister in the service of [[Balwant Singh of Benares|Balwant Singh]]. The tomb was built in 1773.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Rangan |date=2023-05-24 |title=Tomb of Lal Khan and Rajghat — Varanasi beyond the ghats |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/tomb-of-lal-khan-and-raj-ghat-are-two-historical-places-that-should-be-on-your-list-of-things-to-see-in-varanasi/cid/1939379 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomb of Lal Khan |url=https://www.asisarnathcircle.org/tomb-lalkhan.php |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]], Sarnath Circle}}</ref>
==Description==
It is situated in the middle of a [[charbagh]]-style garden, which had chhatris on all four corners.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The tomb is an example of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]. is a square structure located on a square plinth. It is surmounted by a single large dome, with chhatris on four corners. Each side has three arches, with the central arch being slightly larger than the other two. The tomb is decorated with coloured tiles.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category}}
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tombs in Uttar Pradesh]]

14th Mirchi Music Awards

2025-08-18T23:48:21Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: new initial entry needs work

{{short description|2021 Hindi language movie-music award ceremony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 14th Smule Mirchi Music Awards
| image = 14th Mirchi Music Awards.png
| caption =
| presenter = [[Radio Mirchi]]
| sponsor = [[Smule (app)|Smule]] (Title) [[Malabar Gold and Diamonds]] (Presenting)
| date = {{Start date|2022|3|19|df=yes}}
| location = Yash Raj Studio, [[Mumbai]]
| country = [[India]]
| host = [[Sonu Nigam]] [[Neha Bhasin]] [[Meiyang Chang]]
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| ratings =
| previous = [[131th Mirchi Music Awards|13th]]
| main = [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| next = [[15th Mirchi Music Awards|15th]]
| most_awards = [[Shershaah (soundtrack)|Shershaah]]
| most_nominations =
| award1_type = Male Vocalist of the Year
| award1_winner =[[Javed Ali]] for "Srivalli"
| award2_type = Female Vocalist of the Year
| award2_winner =[[Shreya Ghoshal]] for "Chaka Chak"
| website = {{URL|www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2021/|Music Mirchi Awards 2021}}
}}

The '''14th Smule Mirchi Music Awards''' or '''Mirchi Music Awards 2022''' or '''MMA 14''' is the 14th edition of the [[Mirchi Music Awards]], held on 19 March 2022 at Yash Raj Studios to honour the best Indian music of 2020 and 2021, and broadcast on 27 March 2022 on [[Colors TV]] and digitally on [[JioTV]], [[JioCinema]] and [[Voot]].<ref>{{url|https://www.medianews4u.com/14th-edition-of-smule-mirchi-music-awards-set-to-air-exclusively-on-colors-hindi-voot-on-march-27th/|14th edition of Smule Mirchi Music Awards set to air exclusively on Colors Hindi & Voot on March 27th}}</ref><ref>{{url|https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/mirchi-music-awards/smule-mirchi-music-awards-2022-taapsee-pannu-asees-kaur-win-big-check-full-list-here-in-pictures/articleshow/90100411.cms|Smule Mirchi Music Awards 2022: Taapsee Pannu, Asees Kaur win big, check full list here in pictures}}</ref><ref>{{url|https://mediabrief.com/shershaahs-rataan-lambiyaan-wins-song-of-the-year-at-mirchi-music-awards/|Shershaah’s ‘Rataan Lambiyaan’ wins Song of the year at Mirchi Music Awards}}</ref><ref>{{url|http://mcai.in/|The Mirchi Life Time Achievement Award to Suman Kalyanpur}}</ref><ref>{{url|https://news.bharattimes.co.in/smool-mirchi-music-awards-2022-taapsee-pannu-asees-kaur-win-big-see-full-list-in-pictures/|Smool Mirchi Music Awards 2022: Taapsee Pannu, Asees Kaur win big, see full list in pictures}}</ref><ref>{{url|https://en.janbharattimes.com/entertainment/mirchi-music-awards-2022-winners-premiere-date-time-hosts-nominations-more|Mirchi Music Awards 2022 Winners List, Hosts, Nominations, Digital Platform & Latest Updates}}</ref><ref>{{url|https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/220310-shershaah-roars-the-mirchi-music-awards-20-%E2%80%93|Shershaah roars at the Mirchi Music Awards 20 – 21}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The winners and nominees are listed below. Winners are listed first, highlighted in '''boldface''', and indicated with a double dagger ({{double-dagger}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2022/nominations-hindi-2022/ |title=The 14th Mirchi Music Awards 2022 Nominations |website=Mirchi Music Awards |publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423104316/https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2022/nominations-hindi-2022/ |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=16 July 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotras-shershaah-wins-big-at-14th-mirchi-music-awards-check-out-winners-list-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-90133595 |title=Sidharth Malhotra's Shershaah wins big at 14th Mirchi Music Awards, check out winners' list |work=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|ZoomTV Entertainment]] |date=10 March 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515090737/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotras-shershaah-wins-big-at-14th-mirchi-music-awards-check-out-winners-list-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-90133595 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |agency=[[The Times Group]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Main Awards ===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"| [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82;text-align:center;"| [[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Shershaah]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
** ''[[Dil Bechara]]''
** ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
** ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Shershaah (soundtrack)|"Raataan Lambiyan"]] – ''[[Shershaah]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** [[Ludo (soundtrack)|"Aabaad Barbaad"]] – ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''
** "Chaka Chak" – ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
** [[Shershaah (soundtrack)|"Mann Bharryaa 2.0"]] – ''[[Shershaah]]''
** [[Shershaah (soundtrack)|"Ranjha"]] – ''[[Shershaah]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Tanishk Bagchi]] – [[Shershaah (soundtrack)|"Raataan Lambiyan"]] – ''[[Shershaah]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** [[A. R. Rahman]] – "Chaka Chak" – ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
** [[A. R. Rahman]] – "Rait Zara Si" – ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
** [[A. R. Rahman]] – "Tere Rang" – ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
** [[Jasleen Royal]] – [[Shershaah (soundtrack)|"Ranjha"]] – ''[[Shershaah]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Tanishk Bagchi]] – [[Shershaah (soundtrack)|"Raataan Lambiyan"]] – ''[[Shershaah]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** [[Anvita Dutt]] – [[Shershaah (soundtrack)|"Ranjha"]] – ''[[Shershaah]]''
** [[Gulzar]] – "Chhapaak (Title Track)" – ''[[Chhapaak]]''
** [[Irshad Kamil]] – "Chaka Chak" – ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
** [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] – "Mann Bharryaa 2.0" – ''[[Shershaah]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Javed Ali]] – "[[Srivalli (song)|Srivalli]]" – ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** [[Arijit Singh]] – [[Ludo (soundtrack)|"Aabaad Barbaad"]] – ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''
** [[Arijit Singh]] – "Tumhein Mohabbat Hai" – ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
** [[Haricharan]] – "Tere Rang" – ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
** [[Jubin Nautiyal]] – [[Shershaah (soundtrack)|"Raataan Lambiyan"]] – ''[[Shershaah]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Chaka Chak" – ''[[Atrangi Re]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** [[Asees Kaur]] – "Raatan Lambiyan" – ''[[Shershaah]]''
** [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Tere Rang" – ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
** [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "[[Param Sundari (song)|Param Sundari]]" – ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
** [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] – "[[Saami Saami]]" – ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|-
|}

=== Upcoming Awards ===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Lyricist of The Year|Upcoming Lyricist of The Year]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Arijit Singh]] – [[Pagglait (soundtrack)|"Thode Kam Ajnabi"]] – ''[[Pagglait]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** [[Arijit Singh]] – [[Pagglait (soundtrack)|"Pagglait (Title Track)"]] – ''[[Pagglait]]''
** [[Arijit Singh]] – [[Pagglait (soundtrack)|"Pagal"]] – ''[[Pagglait]]''
** [[Gaurav Chatterji]] – "Phoonk Phoonk" – ''[[Ginny Weds Sunny]]''
** Gurnazar Chattha – "Marjaawaan" – ''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''Peer Zahoor – "Rubaru" – ''[[Ginny Weds Sunny]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** Anil Verma – "Shankara Re Shankara" – ''[[Tanhaji]]''
** Dinesh Pant – [[Gulabo Sitabo (soundtrack)|"Do Din Ka Ye Mela"]] – ''[[Gulabo Sitabo]]''
** [[Rohit Sharma (composer)|Rohit Sharma]] – "Kol Kol" – ''[[Taish]]''
** Vinod Dubey – [[Gulabo Sitabo (soundtrack)|"Kya Leke Aayo Jagme"]] – ''[[Gulabo Sitabo]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''Ved Sharma – "Malang (Title Track)" – ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** Akashdeep Sengupta – "Hoye Ishq Na" – ''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]''
** Gurinder Seagal – "Pind" – ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]''
** Gurnazar Chattha – "Marjaawaan" – ''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]''
** Pranaay Rijia – "Get Ready To Fight (Reloaded)" – ''[[Baaghi 3]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''Sharvi Yadav – "Maari Chhalangein" – ''[[Skater Girl]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** Amrita Singh – "Shine On Me (Remix)" – ''[[Skater Girl]]''
** [[Khatija Rahman]] – "Rock A Bye Baby" – ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
** [[Rakshita Suresh]] – "Yaane Yaane" – ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
** Saindhavi Prakash – "Nain Bandhe Naino Se" – ''[[Thalaivii]]''
|-
|}

=== Listeners' Choice Awards ===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"| Listeners' Choice Album of The Year
! ! style="background:#eedd82;text-align:center;"| Listeners' Choice Song of The Year
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Atrangi Re]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** ''[[Dil Bechara]]''
** ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
** ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]''
** ''[[Shershaah]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''"Chaka Chak" – ''[[Atrangi Re]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** [[Ludo (soundtrack)|"Aabaad Barbaad"]] – ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''
** [[Shershaah (soundtrack)|"Mann Bharryaa 2.0"]] – ''[[Shershaah]]''
** [[Shershaah (soundtrack)|"Raataan Lambiyan"]] – ''[[Shershaah]]''
** [[Shershaah (soundtrack)|"Ranjha"]] – ''[[Shershaah]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Listeners' Choice Independent Music Category (Indies) Song of The Year
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
* '''"Lut Gaye" – [[Jubin Nautiyal]] – [[Tanishk Bagchi]]'''{{double dagger}} (Re-Created)
** "Bachpan Ka Pyaar" – Sahdev Dirdo, [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], [[Aastha Gill]] – Kamalesh Barot
** "[[Filhaal2 Mohabbat]]" – [[Ammy Virk]], [[B Praak]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] – [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]
** "[[Jalebi Baby]]" – [[Tesher]], [[Jason Derulo]] – [[Tesher]]
** "Paani Paani" – [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], [[Aastha Gill]] – [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|-
|}

=== Technical Awards ===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"| Best Background Score
! ! style="background:#eedd82;text-align:center;"| Best Song Producer(s) – Programming & Arranging
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sandeep Shirodkar]] – ''[[Tanhaji]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** [[Amar Mohile]] – ''[[Sooryavanshi]]''
** Daniel B. George – ''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]''
** John Stewart Eduri – ''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]''
** [[Julius Packiam]] – ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[A. R. Rahman]] – "[[Param Sundari (song)|Param Sundari]]" – ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** [[Arijit Singh]], Somanshu Agarwal, Sunny MR & Zafar Iqbal Ansari – "Shayad" – ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
** DJ Phukan & Akull – "Malang (Title Track)" – ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]''
** DJ Phukan, Sourav Roy & Sunny MR – [[Ludo (soundtrack)|"Aabaad Barbaad"]] – ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''
** [[Tanishk Bagchi]] – [[Shershaah (soundtrack)|"Raataan Lambiyan"]] – ''[[Shershaah]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Best Song Engineer(s) – Recording & Mixing
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
* '''Aaroh Velankar, Aniruddh Anantha, Ashwin Kulkarni, Harjot Kaur & Shadab Rayeen – [[Ludo (soundtrack)|"Aabaad Barbaad"]] – ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]'''''{{double dagger}}
** Abhijit Shesh, Akash Mukherjee, Ashwin Kulkarni, Aaroh Velankar, Aniruddh Anantha, Harjot Kaur, Pranav Gupta, Subhashree Da & Eric Pillai – "Tumse Bhi Zyada" – ''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]''
** Abhishek Khandelwal & Tosief Shaikh – "Burj Khalifa" – ''[[Laxmii]]''
** Nakul Abhyankar & Suresh Permal – "[[Param Sundari (song)|Param Sundari]]" – ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
** Pramod Chandorkar & Vijay Dayal – "Maay Bhavani" – ''[[Tanhaji]]''
|-
|}

== Special Jury Awards ==
{| class="wikitable
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Lifetime Achievement Award
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
* '''[[Suman Kalyanpur]]'''
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Goldern Era Album of The Year – 1961
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
* '''''[[Hum Dono (1961 film)|Hum Dono]]'''''
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Outstanding Contribution
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
* '''U.K. Dubey'''
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;" colspan="2"| [[Royal Stag]] Live It Large
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
* '''[[Taapsee Pannu]]'''
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Mirchi Trendsetter of The Year
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
* '''[[Yohani]]''' – '''"[[Manike Mage Hithe]]"'''
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Face of Bollywood Hits
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
* '''[[Karisma Kapoor]]'''
|-
|}

==Jury==
'''Source''' – Mirchi Music Awards <ref>{{url|https://www.radiomirchi.com/mma/jury_profile.html|Mirchi Music Awards-Jury Profiles}}</ref>
===Screening Jury===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* 1. Shruti Pathak
* 2. Abhishek Ray
* 3. Anand Sharma
* 4. Akbar Sami
* 5. Bishwadeep Chatterjee
* 6. Dominique
* 7. Nandini
* 8. Kavita Seth
* 9. Shibani Kashyap
* 10. Priya Sarayia
* 11. [[Hamsika Iyer]]
* 12. Aaman Trikha
* 13. Manoj Muntashir
* 14. Mayur Puri
* 15. Bipin Aneja
* 16. Brayan
* 17. Shadab Faridi
* 18. Brijesh Sandiliyar
* 19. [[Antara Mitra]]
* 20. Jeetu Shankar
* 21. [[Bhoomi Trivedi]]
* 22. Paroma Das Gupta
* 23. Divya Kumar
{{div col end}}

===Grand Jury===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* 1. [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
* 2. [[Ila Arun]]
* 3. [[Vidya Shah]]
* 4. [[Ramesh Sippy]]
* 5. [[Sudhir Mishra]]
* 6. [[Dharmesh Darshan]]
* 7. [[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]]
* 8. [[Suresh Wadkar]]
* 9. Sharvan Rathod (of [[Nadeem-Shravan]])
* 10. Millind Srivastava (of [[Anand–Milind]])
* 11. [[Pritam]]
* 12. [[Louiz Banks]]
* 13. [[Jatin–Lalit|Lalit Pandit]]
* 14. [[Raju Singh]]
* 15. [[Sameer Anjaan (lyricist)]]
* 16. [[Irshad Kamil]]
* 17. [[Talat Aziz]]
* 18. [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]
* 19. [[Udit Narayan]]
* 20. [[Pandit Sujit Ojha]]
* 21. [[Vijay Dayal]]
* 22. [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
{{div col end}}

== Superlatives ==
{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple nominations
! Nominations !! Film
|-
! 16
| ''[[Shershaah]]''
|-
! 12
| ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 5
| ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''
|-
| ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
|-
! 4
| ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]''
|-
! rowspan="4"| 3
| ''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]''
|-
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
|-
| ''[[Pagglait]]''
|-
| ''[[Tanhaji]]''
|-
! rowspan="6"| 2
| ''[[Dil Bechara]]''
|-
| ''[[Ginny Weds Sunny]]''
|-
| ''[[Gulabo Sitabo]]''
|-
| ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|-
| ''[[Skater Girl]]''
|-
| ''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]''
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple wins
! Awards !! Film
|-
! 4
| ''[[Shershaah]]''
|-
! 3
| ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/event/ev0001906/2022/1 Mirchi Music Awards (2022)] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Mirchi Music Awards}}

[[Category:Mirchi Music Awards]]

Lakshman Madhav Katre

2025-08-10T22:50:20Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: page updated

{{Short description|Indian aviator and air marshal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
|image= LakshmanMohanKatre.jpg
|name= Lakshman Madhav Katre
|honorific_prefix = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
|honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]] [[Medal bar|**]]
|birth_date= 26 January 1927<ref name="IAF">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/air-chief-marshal-lakshman-madhav-katre-pvsm-avsm-and-bar-cas/|title=Air Chief Marshal Lakshman Madhav Katre|publisher=Indian Air Force}}</ref>
|death_date={{Death date and age|1985|07|1|1927|1|26|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Madras]]
|death_place= Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance = {{flag|British India}} (1946–1947) {{flag|India}} (from 1947)
|branch = {{air force|British India}} {{air force|India}}
|serviceyears= 1946–1985
|rank= [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
|commands=
|unit=
|battles=
|awards= [[Param Vishist Seva Medal]] [[Ati Vishist Seva Medal]]
|laterwork=
|module = {{infobox officeholder|embed=yes
|order = 12th
|office = Chief of the Air Staff (India){{!}}Chief of the Air Staff
|term_start = 4 September 1984
|term_end = 1 July 1985
|predecessor = [[Dilbagh Singh]]
|successor = [[Denis La Fontaine]]
}}
}}

[[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] '''Lakshman Madhav Katre''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]] [[Medal Bar|and Bar]] (1927–1985) was the head of the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) from 1984 to 1985, as [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] and the second IAF Chief of Staff to die in harness. He was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] and [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] and Bar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Awards/awards.php?cur=50&qyear=all&qaward=1VSM&qunit=all |title=Indian Air Force Gallantry & Service Awards Register [www.bharat-rakshak.com] |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |date= |accessdate=2012-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Personnel/Chiefs/262-LM-Katre.html |title=Indian Air Force :: Lakshman Mohan Katre |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |date= |accessdate=2012-03-26 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208155054/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Personnel/Chiefs/262-LM-Katre.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He hailed from the [[Konkani people|Konkani community]]<ref name="Daiji World">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=16 December 2022|title=Mangaluru: Portraits of three Indian defence heroes unveiled at World Konkani Centre|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1030161|newspaper=Daiji World|access-date= 24 December 2024}}</ref> and completed his schooling from [[The Doon School]], Dehradun, India.<ref name="LM Katre Memorial Lecture">{{cite news|last=Hindu|first=The|title=LM Katre Memorial Lecture|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1698134.ece|accessdate=2012-10-19|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2011-04-15}}</ref> He joined the Royal Indian Air Force on 3 Aug 1944 as an officer cadet and was granted an emergency commission in the General Duties (Pilot) branch on 9 Apr 1945.<ref name="IAF"/>

In his career in the lAF, he commanded with distinction squadrons, stations and the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]. During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], he successfully conducted uninterrupted operations from one of the most forward airfields, which was regularly attacked by the [[Pakistan Air Force]]. This was due to his meticulous planning.

As the Commandant of the Air Force Academy at [[Dundigal]], he expanded the facilities to cater for the training of ground duty officers. Flying activity at the base was successfully reoriented for advance training on jet aircraft and a safety record was achieved during his tenure. On completion of a [[Royal College of Defence Studies]] course in [[England]] in 1976, he was appointed Senior Air Staff officer of a major air command. Under his direction, the operational effectiveness of the forces in the command increased greatly. With his wide experience of fighter flying, he was able to conduct various air exercises which simulated realistic battle conditions.

In 1983, he also served as the Chairman of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]].<ref name="India Today">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=29 April 2012|title=Taliban threat from Af-Pak real: Air Force chief|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/taliban-threat-from-af-pak-region-real-air-chief-marshal-nak-browne-100537-2012-04-28|newspaper=India Today|access-date= 24 December 2024}}</ref>

He died suddenly while still serving, on 1 July 1985.

The Katre House in [[The Air Force School]] (Subroto Park) was named after him.

The Air Force Association, Karnataka Branch, hosts an annual Air Chief Marshal L.M. Katre Memorial Lecture in Bangalore. The 16th edition of this lecture was given in August 2025 by Air Chief Marshal A.P. Singh, PVSM, AVSM.

==Military honours and awards==

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="4"|[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:India General Service Medal 1947.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Samar Seva Star Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Paschimi Star Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Raksha Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Indian Independence medal 1947.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Ribbon - War Medal.png|104px]]
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan="1"|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|colspan="2"|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|colspan= "1" style="text-align:center;"| [[General Service Medal 1947|General Service Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Samar Seva Star]]
|[[Paschimi Star]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Raksha Medal]]
|[[Sangram Medal]]
|-
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|25th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[War Medal 1939–1945]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Dilbagh Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of the Air Staff (India)]] |years=1984–1985}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Denis La Fontaine]]}}
{{s-bef| before = J. D. Aquino}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Commandant of the Air Force Academy]] | years = 1972 - 1975}}
{{s-aft|after= H. R. Chitnis}}
{{end}}
{{Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katre, Lakshman}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Indian military aviators]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Air Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Commandants of the Air Force Academy (India)]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]

Asom Jatiya Sanmilan

2025-08-10T12:41:08Z

Mongkeydyoyo88: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2019}}
'''Asom Jatiya Sanmilan''' (Assam National Conference), a [[political party]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Assam]]. AJS was founded by [[Asom Gana Parishad]] dissident [[Bhrigu Phukan]] in 1998.<ref>[https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jan/22agp.htm Split in AGP]</ref>

In March 2001 the AJS General Secretary [[Hemanta Barman]] and many other members joined the [[Indian National Congress]].

In the state legislative assembly elections 2001 AJS contested as a part of the Rashtriya Democratic Alliance, on a [[Nationalist Congress Party]] symbol.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Assam]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad]]
[[Category:Political parties in Assam]]

{{India-party-stub}}
{{Assam-stub}}