Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Sai Pratheek

2023-10-03T08:42:09Z

Mondragon: Misspelled: Similar to others like B. Sai Praneeth

#REDIRECT [[K. Sai Pratheek]]

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Debabrata Maiti

2023-09-30T11:03:09Z

Mondragon: Created page with ''''Debabrata Maiti''' is an Indian scientist specializing in organometallic chemistry and bioinspired catalysis and serving as Professor of Chemistry at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai. He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, the prestigious Indian national award for excellence in scientific research, for Chemical Sciences for the year 2022 for his significant contributions to developing transition metal catalysis for tra...'

{{Short description|Indian chemist}}
'''Debabrata Maiti''' is an Indian scientist specializing in organometallic chemistry and bioinspired catalysis and serving as Professor of Chemistry at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]], Mumbai. He was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], the prestigious Indian national award for excellence in scientific research, for Chemical Sciences for the year 2022 for his significant contributions to developing transition metal catalysis for transforming organic molecules to prepare value-added materials by site-selective functionalization, leading impact on agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals industry.<ref name="IITB">{{cite web |title=Prof. Debabrata Maiti Wins Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology 2022 |url=https://www.iitb.ac.in/en/breaking-news/prof-debabrata-maiti-wins-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-prize-science-and-technology-2022 |website=Indian Institute of Technology Bombay |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref>

==Education and career==

Debabrata Maiti obtained B Sc degree in chemistry from [[University of Calcutta]] in 2001, secured the M Sc degree in chemistry from Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 2003 and Ph D degree from [[Johns Hopkins University]] in 2008 under the supervisopn of Kenneth D. Karlin. He spent two years as a Post-Doctoral Fellow at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] with [[Stephen L. Buchwald]]. Returning to India he joined IIT Bombay as an assistant professor in chemistry in 2010 where he is currently serving as Professor of Chemistry.<ref name="IITB"/>

==Awards and recognition==

Besides the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award, Maiti has been conferred several awards and recognition including the following:<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards and Honours |url=https://www.dmaiti.com/awards-and-honors |website=Website of DM Research Group |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref>

* Fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences (2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Debabrata Maiti elected as an Indian Academy of Science Fellow |url=https://www.wrcb.in/news/prof-debabrata-maiti-elected-as-an-indian-academy-of-science-fellow/ |publisher=Wadhwani Research Centre for Bioengineering, IIT Bombay |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>
* Prof. S. C. Bhattacharya Excellence Award in Pure Sciences (2022)
* Sun Pharma Science Foundation Research Award (2021)
* Professor P K Bose Memorial Award (2021)
* [[Chemical Research Society of India]] Bronze Medal (2021)
* Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=Chemical Science symposium 2022: Sustainable synthesis and catalysis |url=https://www.rsc.org/events/detail/73772/chemical-science-symposium-2022-sustainable-synthesis-and-catalysis |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>
* NASI Scopus Young Scientists Award (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=NASI-Scopus Young Scientist Awards |url=https://www.elsevier.com/en-in/solutions/scopus/scopus-awards-2022 |publisher=Elsevier |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>
* OPPI Young Scientist (2019)
* Associate Editor, The Journal of Organic Chemistry<ref>{{cite journal |title=Editorial for The Journal of Organic Chemistry |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.joc.6b03061# |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry |date=2017 |publisher=American Chemical Society |doi=10.1021/acs.joc.6b03061 |access-date=28 September 2023 |last1=Miller |first1=Scott J. |volume=82 |pages=1–3 }}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

== External links==
*{{google scholar id|FKwzr1wAAAAJ}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maiti, Debabrata}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Improve categories|date=September 2023}}

Karim Shahi

2023-09-08T09:49:34Z

Mondragon: Constructed a fresh page.

{{Orphan}}

'''Karim Shahi''' region<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pacha |first1=Aswathi |title=3,000-year-old tale of climate change-induced human migration |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/3000-year-old-tale-of-climate-change-induced-human-migration/article30047385.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> of the [[Rann of Kutch]] to the south of the [[Thar desert]] is an [[archeological site]]. The dating of [[pottery]] and [[charcoal]] remains found from the region using [[optically stimulated luminescence]] and [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon]] methods revealed an active [[human settlement]], which flourished from early [[Iron Age]] (between 1200 B.C. and 600 B.C) to [[early historic]] period (600 B.C. to 400 B.C.).<ref>{{cite journal |title=Iron-Age human settlement unearthed in Thar desert |journal=Nature India |doi=10.1038/nindia.2019.155 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nindia.2019.155 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sarkar |first1=Anindya |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Arati Deshpande |last3=Sharma |first3=Shubhra |last4=Sengupta |first4=Torsa |last5=Ram |first5=F. |last6=Bera |first6=M. K. |last7=Bera |first7=Subir |last8=Biswas |first8=Oindrila |last9=Thakkar |first9=M. G. |last10=Chauhan |first10=G. |last11=Yadava |first11=M. G. |last12=Shukla |first12=A. D. |last13=Juyal |first13=Navin |title=New evidence of early Iron Age to Medieval settlements from the southern fringe of Thar Desert (western Great Rann of Kachchh), India: Implications to climate-culture co-evolution |journal=Archaeological Research in Asia |volume=21 |pages=100163 |doi=10.1016/j.ara.2019.100163 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352226719300364 |issn=2352-2267}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:Indus Valley civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Asia]]
[[Category:Iron Age Asia]]
[[Category:2019 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:2nd-millennium BC establishments]]
[[Category:Lost cities and towns]]

Khatana

2023-09-05T22:30:39Z

Mondragon:

'''Khatana'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manku |first=Darshan Singh |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/The_Gujar_Settlements/QvAtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=The Gujar Settlements: A Study in Ethnic Geography |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0072-7 |pages=117 |language=en |quote=Paharpur village was settled by three '''Gujar clans''' namely, Bhoomla, Kalas, and Khatana, who came from different villages and areas. They divided the land of the mauza into three tarfs and established three hamlets in their respective tarfs.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pal |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=k_E4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92&dq=khatana+Gujar+clan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiV0cm-o5SBAxXihf0HHei3CXoQ6wF6BAgMEAU#v=onepage&q=khatana%20Gujar%20clan&f=false |title=Black Dots of Terrorism |publisher=Rudra Publications |isbn=978-93-90835-65-2 |pages=92 |language=en |quote=3. Chauhan surname is very common in Hindu and Muslims. 4. Nirvan a clan in Gurjar community, both IN Hindus and Muslims both. 5. '''KHATANA''' clan of Gurjar is in both Hindus and Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=W9pwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA302&dq=khatana+Gujars&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDq6XCuJSBAxURg_0HHUeGCQgQ6wF6BAgFEAU#v=onepage&q=khatana%20clan&f=false |title=The Gujjars -Vol 04 (Gujjars History & Culture) by Dr. Javaid Rahi |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture , Languages , Jammu |pages=398 |language=en |quote=The names of the gotras are common to Hindu Gujjars, Sikh Gujjars and Muslim Gujjars in the Indian sub- continent. Members of some gotras while claiming their ancestory to the legendary figures, philosophers and warriors also assert the superiority of their gotra over others. A few frominent gotras are '''Khatana''', Hakla, Bajjar, Chechi, Rathore, Chauhan, Bhatti, Rana, Thekria, Noon, Bhadana, Gorsi, Bagri, Kasana, Bajran, Kohli, Khari and others. The main function of gotras is to regulate marriages, as the Gujjars maintain gotra exogamy, like Hindus. The Gujjars have an established system of Jirga (Panchayat) which decides the disputes...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nijjar |first=Bakhshish Singh |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=xQM9voN21ekC&pg=PA207&dq=khatana+Gujar+tribe&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6ltr2pJSBAxWZ7rsIHWjuBC0Q6wF6BAgIEAU#v=onepage&q=khatana%20Gujar%20tribe&f=false |title=Origins and History of Jats and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India: 900 B.C.-1947 A.D. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0908-7 |pages=207 |language=en |quote=The Gujjar tribes and clans appear to be very numerous, and apparently new local sub-divisions have sprung up in many places. Still the distribution of the main tribes for which figures have been given, is far more general than is the case with other castes of equal importance. The figures only include 47 per cent of the Gujjars of the Province; but they comprise 69 per cent of those of Gujarat, and include most of the great original tribes. The '''Khatana''' and Chechi far surpass the other in number.}}</ref> or '''Khotana'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOUDAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Contributions to Indian Sociology: Volume 23, Issue 2 |publisher=Mouton |edition=2nd |pages=293 |language=en}}</ref> is a major and ancient clan of the [[Gurjar|Gurjar (Gujjar)]] community of , [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and, [[Afghanistan]]. It is believed that they're originated from the [[Kingdom of Khotan|Khotan region]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joon |first=Ram Sarup |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fe88AAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=History of the Jats |publisher=Jaitly Painting [sic] Press, foreword |pages=115 |language=en |quote=The "Khetana"(Khatana) caste of the Gujjars is also a proof of the fact that they came from Khotan region.}}</ref>. They ruled in many historic dynasties, princely states, and independent estates in India and Pakistan. Including the [[Hindu Shahis|Hindu Shahi Khatana]] dynasty<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nau Nihal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swxuAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The Royal Gurjars: Their Contribution to India |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-261-1414-6 |pages=333 |language=en |quote=When King '''Jai Pal Khatana''' of (Hindu shahi dynasty) Waliye Thanesar while fighting bravely with Mahmood Ghaznavi found that he is on the verge of defeat, he preferred to set himself on fire rather than accepting subjugation of Mahmood Ghaznavi. The army of King Vijay Rai Bhati Waliva Bhatner (near Multan) fought so bravely that there...}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KI1pEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The Gujjars Vol: 01 and 02 Edited by Dr. Javaid Rahi |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture , Languages , Jammu |pages=651 |language=en |quote=In district Gujrat (West Punjab), there are forty villages of '''Khatana''' Gujars whose Headmen informed me in 1951 that by tradition they being mor Khatana are heirs of '''Jaipal''' who fought against Mahmud of Ghazni.}}</ref> (whose prominent ruler [[Jayapala|Jaipal Khatana]] fought again [[Sabuktigin|Mehmud Gaznavi]]), Rajorgar state<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KI1pEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The Gujjars Vol: 01 and 02 Edited by Dr. Javaid Rahi |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture , Languages , Jammu |language=en}}</ref>, [[Samthar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reed |first=Sir Stanley |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=NqkSAAAAIAAJ&q=Samthar+State+gurjar&redir_esc=y |title=Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who |publisher=Bennett, Coleman. |pages=1166 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Samthar|Khatana]] princely states of Uttar Pradesh , and [[Swat (princely state)|Swat princely state]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Olivier |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=m3OfC1ZRq38C&pg=PA60&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-39700-1 |pages=60 |language=en |quote=The Akhund of Swat was probably a '''Gujar''' rather than a Yusufzay, the tribe he belonged to from choice. Shami Pir, who whipped up the feelings of the Sulaymankheyl and the Waziri in 1939, was, as his name indicates, a native of Syria.}}</ref> of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

They follow several religions, including [[Islam]] in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Kashmir, [[Hinduism]] in all North Indian states, [[Sikhism]] in east Punjab, [[Jainism]] and [[Buddism]] in [[Gujarat|Gujjarat]], and [[Nepal]] within the bordering areas of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Distributions==
===Pakistan===
They are found in all regions and provinces of Pakistan, including [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[Balochistan]], Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, [[Hazara, Pakistan|Hazara]], Gilgit-Baltistan, [[Azad Kashmir]], and Islamabad Capital terorry. In alone [[Gujrat District|Gujarat district]] of Punjab, Pakistan Punjabi Khatana Gujjars have Forty (40) Villages.<ref name=":0" />

===India===
They inhabit in more than twelve Indian states, including Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Utrakhand, east Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujjarat, Maharashtra, and Delhi.

===Afghanistan===
They live in Kabul, Kandahar, Nuristan, Pamir, Nagarhar, Kapisa, and Zabul provinces in Afghanistan. Some Khatana Gujjars also dwell in Iran's Sistan-Blochistan province, near the border with Pakistan.

==Languages==

They speak a wide range of languages in their own regions. They do, however, speak their own [[Gujari language]], particularly in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] regions such as [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Hazara, Pakistan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]. But especially in some provinces of Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa they also speak [[Pashto]] and [[Gujari language|Gujari]] both languages.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Gurjar]]
[[Category:Gurjar clans]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

Microprinting

2023-08-27T08:17:04Z

Mondragon: Created article

{{Short description|Printing at a small scale}}
{{For |the archival film processing technique that reproduces images of documents |Microform}}
{{Further|Microform}}
[[File:USD100-microprint USA.jpg|thumb|right|Close-up of microprint incorporated on US$100 paper currency]]

'''Microprinting''' is the production of recognizable patterns or characters in a printed medium at a scale that typically requires magnification to read with the naked eye. To the unaided eye, the text may appear as a solid line. Attempts to reproduce by methods of [[photocopy]], [[image scanning]], or [[pantograph]] typically translate as a dotted or solid line, unless the reproduction method can identify and recreate patterns to such scale. Microprint is predominantly used as an [[counterfeit|anti-counterfeiting]] technique, due to its inability to be easily reproduced by widespread digital methods.

While [[microphotograph]]y precedes microprint, microprint was significantly influenced by [[Albert Boni]]<ref name=price>{{cite journal |last1=Price |first1=Miles |title=The Microcard Foundation |journal=American Bar Association Journal |date=April 1953 |volume=39 |pages=304–305 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSQMvwRpV_8C&q=microprint+originally+invented+by&pg=PA304 |access-date=9 October 2015 |publisher=American Bar Association |issn=0747-0088}}</ref> in 1934 when he was inspired by his friend, writer and editor [[Manuel Komroff]], who was showing his experimentations related to the enlarging of photographs. It occurred to Boni that if he could reduce rather than enlarge photographs, this technology might enable publication companies and libraries to access much greater quantities of data at a minimum cost of material and storage space. Over the following decade, Boni worked to develop microprint, a micro-opaque process in which pages were photographed using 35mm microfilm and printed on cards using offset [[lithography]]. ({{US patent |2260551A}}, {{US patent |2260552A}}) This process proved to produce a 6" by 9" [[index card]] that stored 100 pages of text from the normal-sized publications he was reproducing. Boni began the [[Readex|Readex Microprint]] company to produce and license this technology. He also published an article ''A Guide to the Literature of Photography and Related Subjects (1943)'', which appeared in a supplemental 18th issue of the Photo-Lab Index.<ref name=metcalf>{{cite journal |last1=Metcalf |first1=K. D. |title=The Promise of Microprint: A Symposium Based on The Scholar and the Future of the Research Library |journal=College & Research Libraries |format=PDF |date=1945-03-01 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |issn=2150-6701 |doi=10.5860/crl_06_02_170 |url= http://crl.acrl.org/content/6/2/170.full.pdf+html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625082645/http://crl.acrl.org/content/6/2/170.full.pdf+html |archive-date=2014-06-25 |access-date=2015-10-08|doi-access=free }} [https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/35340/crl_06_02_170_opt.pdf?sequence=2 Alt URL]</ref><ref name=erickson>{{cite journal |last1=Erickson |first1=Edgar L |title=Microprint: A Revolution in Printing |journal=Journal of Documentation |date=March 1951 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=184–187 |doi=10.1108/eb026173 |issn=0022-0418}}{{Subscription required}}</ref><ref name=boni>{{cite journal |last1=Boni |first1=Albert |journal=American Documentation |date=Summer 1951 |page=150 |url= https://www.proquest.com/openview/bc86eb894470ea44293671f4136cf9ad/1 |format=PDF |title=Microprint |volume=2 |issue=3 |access-date=2015-10-08|doi=10.1002/asi.5090020304 }}</ref>

==Usage==
[[Currency]] commonly exhibits the highest quality (smallest size) of microprint because it demands the highest level of counterfeiting deterrence.<ref name=trimm>{{cite book|last1=Trimm|first1=Harold H|title=Forensics the Easy Way|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|year=2005|url=https://archive.org/details/forensicseasyway0000trim|url-access=registration|quote=Microprinting.|isbn=978-0-7641-3050-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/forensicseasyway0000trim/page/276 276]|access-date=2015-10-05}}</ref> For example, on the series 2004 [[United States]] [[U.S. twenty dollar bill|$20 bill]], microprint is hidden within the border in the lower left corner of the obverse (front) side, as well as the Twenty USA background.<ref name=trimm/>

[[File:Microprint.gif|thumb|''MP'' microprint commonly used on personal bank cheques]]
[[Bank cheques]], as well as various other items of value may also commonly leverage microprinting methods, but generally not of such extreme size. For example, personal bank cheques commonly place the characters ''MP'' next to the signature line of the check; these characters represent ''microprint'' and indicate that the signature line or other check features are actually microprinted characters. The microprinted characters are used as an anti-counterfeiting feature due to their difficulty in being reproduced while the prominent MP serves as an overt deterrent warning that the item employs microprint.

While microprinting at some scales may be readable to the [[human eye]] without [[microscopy]], there is no differentiation between microprinting at these different scales.

The first US postage stamp to incorporate microprinting was the American Wildflower Series introduced by The [[United States Postal Service]] in 1992. It was also the first [[commemorative stamp]] wholly produced by offset lithography. The USPS has since issued other stamps with more complex microprinting incorporated along with dates, words, and abbreviations such as ''USPS'' and even entire stamp designs composed of microprint letters.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://postalmuseum.si.edu/blog/Chenevert_page_1.pdf|title=Security Features of United States Postage Stamps 1974-2009|page=1|last1=Chenevert|first1=James|access-date=2015-10-07|archive-date=2015-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017203400/http://postalmuseum.si.edu/blog/Chenevert_page_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Further|Security printing}}

There was passing interest in microprinting as a solution to book storage in libraries in the 1940s. Librarian [[Fremont Rider]] championed microprinting over micro-film for its reduced cost. He also suggested that entire books could be printed on the backs of [[library catalog]] cards, which are generally blank, replacing the storage of full-sized books on library shelves.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rider |first1=Fremont |title=The scholar and the future of the research library, a problem and its solution |date=1944 |publisher=Hadham Press |location=New York}}</ref>

==Production==
[[File:Engraving.jpg|thumb|Preparing a lithographic printing plate]]

Microprint of the smallest scale is only producible by hand using engraved [[offset printing]] plates or some other method of [[Intaglio (printmaking)]].

[[File:MICR char.svg|thumb|MICR]]

Digital microtext printers utilize specially designed [[font]]s and ink for the purpose. The ink used is most commonly [[MICR]] (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) toner particles but may also be [[Polyester resin|polyester]] based toners and [[styrene]] [[acrylate polymer]] based toners. The ink is not limited to [[grayscale]] only, but may also use color toners or even more specialized toners containing dyes sensitive to [[ultraviolet]] or [[infrared]] radiation and producing [[fluorescence]] when exposed to those radiations.<ref name=us7270918b2>{{cite patent|country=US|number=7270918|status=patent|title=Printing system, process, and product with microprinting|gdate=2007-09-18|fdate=2004-11-18|pridate=2003-12-24|inventor1-first=J|inventor1-last=Blood|inventor2-first=C|inventor2-last=Leonard|inventor3-first=J|inventor3-last=Crichton|inventor4=T. Plutchak, G. Rombola|assign1=Eastman Kodak Company|url=http://www.google.nr/patents/US7270918}}</ref>

==Microtext and microfonts==
[[File:Microfont.png|thumb|right|Examples of several microfonts used in digital microprinting]]

Microprint of the scale capable by other printing methods cannot be produced by a digital printer regardless of the resolution of the device. Some digital fonts are designed specifically for the purpose of microprinting. These pseudo-microprint fonts are referred to as microtext.<ref name=us7270918b2/>

[[Xerox]] was acclaimed for developing a microtext font they claimed could produce characters 1/100 of an inch tall;<ref name=xerox>{{cite web|url=http://www.xerox.com/innovation/news-stories/microtext/enus.html|title=Xerox Scientists Develop Microtext Font; Digitally Printing Tiny Words And Numbers Will Help Make Documents More Secure|publisher=Xerox Corporation|access-date=2015-10-05}}</ref> 1/100 of an inch is equivalent to 0.72 [[Point (typography)|points]].<ref name=inchpoint>{{NIST-PD|article=Conversion Factors for Science, Engineering, and Industrial Terms|url=ftp://ftp.nist.gov/pub/dataplot/other/reference/CONVFACT.TXT|accessdate=2015-10-05}}
</ref>

In April 2015, Videojet Technologies released their 1650 High Resolution (HR) and 1620 HR Continuous Inkjet (CIJ) printers, said to be capable of printing sub-pixel size characters as small as 0.6 mm in height (equivalent to 1.70079 points). The printers use a 40-[[Micrometre|micron]] nozzle that outputs more than 100,000 drops per second of ink. While these printers make microprinting faster and easier to produce digitally, they still have not reached the true sub-pixel size of less than 1 point.<ref name=videojet>{{cite press release|url=http://www.pmpnews.com/news/enhanced-microprinting-technology-featured-latest-videojet-1000-series-release-150410|publisher=UBM Canon|title=Enhanced Microprinting Technology Featured in Latest Videojet 1000 Series Release|last1=Anderson|date=2015-04-09|access-date=2015-10-07}}</ref>

The smallest scale microtext a laser printer can produce is 0.5 pt.<ref name=troy>{{cite journal|url=http://www.troygroup.com/contact/downloads/TROY_Microprint_Whitepaper_011609.pdf|title=A Comparison of Laser Printed Microprint Fonts and Practical Considerations for Use in Prescriptions|date=16 Jan 2009|page=3|access-date=2015-10-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008060618/http://www.troygroup.com/contact/downloads/TROY_Microprint_Whitepaper_011609.pdf|archive-date=2015-10-08}}</ref>

==Microstructures==
Using gold [[nanoparticle]] inks on a glass substrate, scientists concluded that it was possible for them to control the production of print patterns to a scale of 2 microns. After printing, the nano-particle ink suspension was heated using a [[Gaussian beam|gaussian laser]]; as it heated, the glass would expand due to the [[thermal conductivity]] of the gold nano-ink. In further experiments, they were able to fuse the nano-particles together into a tighter formation a continuous conductive line. Such experiments did not directly include font characters but could translate to such usage.<ref name=nano>{{cite thesis|type=Ph.D.|degree=D.Sc.|date=2004|url=http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:27519/eth-27519-02.pdf|title=Transport Phenomena in the microprinting and laser annealing of Gold Nanoparticle Inks|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Technology|location=Zurich, Switzerland|first1=Nicole Renée|last1=Bieri|page=167|access-date=2015-10-05}}</ref>



==See also==
* [[Machine Identification Code]]
* [[Microdot]]
* [[Microfilmer]]
* [[Microform]]
* [[Microphotograph]]
* [[Point (typography)]]
* [[Preservation (library and archival science)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==External links==
*[http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=mdp.39015009825780 ''A Guide to the Literature of Photography and Related Subjects'' (1943)] by Albert Boni

{{Optical storage media}}
{{Typography terms}}

[[Category:Documents]]
[[Category:Archival science]]
[[Category:Film formats]]
[[Category:Storage media]]
[[Category:Money forgery]]
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[[Category:Engraving]]

Aman Singh Gulati

2023-05-22T15:41:34Z

Mondragon: Created page with 'Aman Singh Gulati is an Indian visual artist. Aman does paintings and uniquely paint portraits on Almonds. == Early Life and Education == Aman hails from Lakhim...'

{{short description|Indian visual artist}}
{{UPE|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox artist
| bgcolour =
| name = Aman Singh Gulati
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|10|11}}
| birth_place = Lakhimpur Kheri, Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| field =
| training =
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| influenced by =
| influenced =
| awards = Sikh Award's People's Choice Award for Contribution To Art (2018) Guinness World Record for Largest Hand Drawing (2019) Listed In Top 100 Sikhs Under 30 Around World (2020)
| education = Schooling - St. Don Bosco College (Lakhimpur kheri) Graduation - Delhi University (New Delhi)
| residence =
| known_for = Miniature Painting , Painting , Drawing.
| notable_works = Almond Portrait Series - Soul of Sikhism Volume 1 & 9 , Pulwama , Mahatma Gandhi Largest Drawing , World's Largest Rakhi & Biggest Puzzle Portrait.
| website = {{URL|http://www.amansinghgulati.com/}}
}}
'''Aman Singh Gulati''' (born 11 October 2000) is an Indian visual artist. He paints artworks on multiple miniature objects including [[almond]]s, matchsticks etc. He achieved multiple national and international awards including multiple world records, including [[Guinness World Records]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Mohit|title=छोटी सी उम्र में पेंटिंग के लिए कई विश्व रिकार्ड बना चुके हैं अमन|url=https://www.gaonconnection.com/gaon-connection-tvVideos/artist-aman-gulati-draws-unique-paintings-lakhimpur-uttar-pradesh-45596|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Gaon Connection|date=15 July 2019 |language=hi}}</ref> Some of Gulati's works promote various social causes. In 2019, he created a portrait of each of the 44 soldiers who died in the then-recent [[2019 Pulwama attack|Pulwama attack]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pulwama attack: Lucknow artist makes sketches of deceased CRPF soldiers|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/pulwama-attack-lucknow-artist-makes-sketches-of-deceased-crpf-soldiers20190217223659/?amp=1|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.aninews.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kishor -|first=Ram|date=2019-02-22|title=श्रद्धांजलि: लगातार 40 घंटे जागकर बनाई पुलवामा के शहीदों की पेंटिग्स|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/viral-adda/trending/kashmir-pulwama-martyrs-aman-singh-gulati-give-unique-tribute-to-martyrs-by-his-art-20678/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=वायरल अड्डा}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-20|title=Pulwama terror attack: An 'artistic salute' to slain jawans|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/pulwama-terror-attack-an-artistic-salute-to-slain-jawans/story-Y4G45UVZ62DTSXuXjbFgOP.html|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Artist pays tribute to Pulwama martyrs by preparing their sketches|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/-artist-pays-tributes-to-pulwama-martyrs-by-preparing-their-sketches-1458524-2019-02-18|access-date=2021-05-28|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Aman Singh Gulati was born on 11 October 2000 in [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. He was educated at [[St. Don Bosco's College]] and the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]]. In 2021 he started his graduation from the [[University of Delhi]]. Gulati started painting at the age of six, learning to paint from his mother [[Bhavna Gulati]], an artist herself. He liked to paint on miniature artworks from his childhood.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ये हैं अनोखे कलाकार, बनाया इन्होंने अजब-गजब रिकॉर्ड|url=https://hindi.news18.com/amp/videos/ajab-gajab/viral-world-largest-rakhi-made-by-boy-of-uttar-pradesh-1431958.html|access-date=2021-05-28|website=News18 India|date=2 July 2018 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikhlens Sikhlens: Sikhs Arts & Film Festival (India Chapter) 2021|url=http://sikhlens.com/sikhlens-sikhs-arts-film-festival-india-chapter-2021/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Sikhlens|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gulati has worked on multiple forms of art. He has created and almond art series titled "Soul of Sikhism Volume 1", dedicated to the first Sikh [[Sikh gurus|guru]], [[Guru Nanak|Nanak]]. Later he launched Volume 9 dedicated to the ninth Sikh guru, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur|Tegh Bahadur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikhlens Sikhlens: Sikhs Arts & Film Festival (India Chapter) 2021 |url=http://sikhlens.com/sikhlens-sikhs-arts-film-festival-india-chapter-2021/ |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=Sikhlens |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=150 years of Gandhi: Longest pencil drawing of Mahatma - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/sep/22/150-years-of-gandhi-longest-pencil-drawing-of-mahatma-2037326.amp |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अमन ने बनाया विश्व रिकॉर्ड |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lakhimpur-kheri-aman-maid-world-largest-rakhi-16541467.html |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=फिर बनाया अमन ने विश्व रिकॉर्ड |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lakhimpur-kheri-world-record-17262094.html |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Suryavanshi |first1=Sarvjeet Singh |last2=APWA |first2=President/Editor- |date=2018-05-17 |title=राज्यपाल को भेंट किया पुस्तक 'चरैवेति! चरैवेति!!' के मुख पृष्ठ का पोर्टेट .. |url=https://apwaindia.com/2018/05/17/%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b2-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8b-%e0%a4%ad%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%9f-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b8/ |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=APWA News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Celebrating Sikhism |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/celebrating-sikhism-45108 |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

Gulati's records include the world's largest drawing of [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Ghandhi]] , the biggest puzzle portrait of [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the largest rakhi dedicated to the [[Indian Army]], the largest paperback replica of [[Ram Naik]].

Aman paints almond portraits of celebrities, politicians, and artists from around the world. Some of his subjects include Guru Nanak, [[Krishna]], [[Jacinda Ardern|Jacinda Arden]], [[Boris Johnson]], [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Sheikh Mohammad]], Mahatma Gandhi, [[Donald Trump]], [[Narendra Modi]], Audrey Azuley, [[Amitabh Bachchan|Amitabh Bacchhan]], Sushant Singh Rajpoot, [[Sajid–Wajid|Wajid Khan]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], and Irfan Khan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अमन ने ब्रश पर बनाई राम मंदिर की आकृति|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/lakhimpur-kheri/aman-made-the-shape-of-ram-temple-on-the-brush-lakhimpur-news-bly415259098|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Gurbir|date=2019-07-26|title=Young Indian artist paints PM's portrait on almond|url=https://www.newsviews.co.nz/young-indian-artist-paints-pms-portrait-on-almond/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=NewsViews|language=en-NZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian artist paints tiny Jacinda Ardern portrait on almond for her birthday|language=en|work=Newshub|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/07/indian-artist-paints-tiny-jacinda-ardern-portrait-on-almond-for-her-birthday.html|access-date=2021-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Sajila Saseendran, Senior|title=Indian teen makes rare portrait of Shaikh Mohammad|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/indian-teen-makes-rare-portrait-of-shaikh-mohammad-1.65241432|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Gulf News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Sajila Saseendran, Senior|title=Watch: Indian expats' rare birthday gift to Sheikh Mohammed|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/watch-indian-expats-rare-birthday-gift-to-sheikh-mohammed-1.72605367|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Gulf News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandigarh-based artist makes portrait of Donald Trump on almond|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/chandigarh-based-artist-makes-portrait-of-donald-trump-on-almond20200223152749/?amp=1|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.aninews.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=इस युवा कलाकार ने दिखाया हुनर, बादाम पर पेंटिंग बनाकर दी मोदी को जीत की बधाई|url=https://www.patrika.com/lakhimpur-kheri-news/narendra-modi-painting-made-on-almond-by-kheri-boy-aman-gulati-4613545/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Patrika News|date=24 May 2019 |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=अमन गुलाटी नाम के लड़के ने बादाम पर बनाई अभिनंदन की तस्वीर,कही ये बात|url=https://www.amarujala.com/video/lucknow/aman-gulati-s-photo-of-abhinandan-on-almonds|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Artist Aman Singh Gulati engraved painting of Sushant Singh Rajputon on an almond to give tribute to actor {{!}} आर्टिस्ट अमन ने बादाम पर सुशांत सिंह राजपूत पेंटिंग उकेरकर अभिनेता को दी श्रद्धांजलि|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/trending-news/artist-aman-singh-gulati-engraved-painting-of-sushant-singh-rajputon-on-an-almond-to-give-tribute-to-actor/695922/amp|access-date=2021-05-28|website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=टीम इंडिया के लिए नायाब तोहफा, बादाम पर उकेरी पोर्ट्रेट पेंटिंग|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/other-news/unique-potrait-of-indian-cricket-team-carved-on-almond/articleshow/69422025.cms|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref>

His artworks and almond art series have been unveiled by [[Om Birla]], [[Rajnath Singh]], and [[Ram Naik]]. Gulati's work has been exhibited In various art exhibitions such as Sikhlens Art Exhibition in [[Chandigarh]].

For the 150th anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi's birth, Gulati created the world's largest pencil sketch, a portrait of Gandhi.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news|date=2019-11-08|title=Gandhi portrait in Tirupati gets a place in Guinness Book|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/gandhi-portrait-in-tirupati-gets-a-place-in-guinness-book/article29913289.ece|access-date=2021-05-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

"Art Finds Its Way", a short film depicting Gulati's life, was shown at the 2021 Sikh Art and Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikhlens Sikhlens: Sikhs Arts & Film Festival (India Chapter) 2021 |url=http://sikhlens.com/sikhlens-sikhs-arts-film-festival-india-chapter-2021/ |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=Sikhlens |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Art Finds Its Way |url=https://rollingframesentertainment.com/movie/art-finds-its-way/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Rolling Frames Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Sikhlens - Sikh Art & Film Festival 2021 is all set to regale the audience with stories from around the world |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sikhlens-sikh-art-film-festival-2021-is-all-set-to-regale-the-audience-with-stories-from-around-the-world-214169 |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-21 |title=Chandigarh: 2nd Sikhlens Sikh Arts and Film Festival comes to city |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/2nd-sikhlens-sikh-arts-and-film-festival-comes-to-city-7197591/ |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Sikhlens Sikh Arts and Film Festival enthralled city art lovers |url=http://www.indianewscalling.com/sunday-magazine/news/105345-second-sikhlens-sikh-arts-and-film-festival-enthralled-city-art-lovers.aspx |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=www.indianewscalling.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinky |date=2021-02-25 |title=The Films Festivals of Punjabi Cinema. |url=https://trollpunjabi.com/know-about-punjabi-film-festival/ |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=Troll Punjabi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Exhibition ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Event's name
!Venue
|-
|2020
|Sikhlens Art & Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Moving beyond religion|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/moving-beyond-religion-45421|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Californian Sikh film festival in Chandigarh from Feb 21|url=https://www.babushahi.com/view-news.php?id=97376&headline=SIKH-ARTS-&-FILM-FESTIVAL-the-premiere-Annual-Californian-Film-Festival-debuts-in-INDIA-in-Chandigarh|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.babushahi.com}}</ref>
|Tagore Theatre (Chandigarh)
|-
|2021
|Sikhlens Art & Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web|title=टैगोर थिएटर में आज नि:शुल्क देखने को मिलेंगी आठ देशों की 24 फिल्में|url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/24-movies-from-eight-countries-to-be-seen-free-at-tagore-theater-today-chandigarh-news-pkl4046877110|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=चंडीगढ़ पहुंचे आलमंड सिंह... बादाम पर कलाकारी करने वाले अमन सिंह का नाम गिनिज बुक ऑफ रिकॉर्ड में भी दर्ज|url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/chandigarh-this-is-almond-singh-aman-singh-who-works-on-almonds-is-also-named-in-guinness-book-of-records-21391322.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref>
|Tagore Theatre (Chandigarh)
|}

== Personal life ==
Gulati's mother, Bhavna Gulati, is also an artist. His father Pradeep Gulati runs a garment business in Lakhimpur Kheri district. Gulati has a younger brother, Manan Singh Gulati.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards and recognition ==
Sikh Award's People's Choice Award for Contribution To Art (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=WINNERS 2018|url=https://www.thesikhawards.com/winners-2018-list/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The Sikh Awards|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Youth Artists of Uttar Pradesh , India" Aman Singh Gulati, who made five times world record, was awarded the Sikh People|url=http://www.bbcpunjab.com/news-details?newsid=981|access-date=2021-05-28|website=BBC Punjab}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=खीरी के युवा कलाकार को अमेरिकी संस्था ने दी ''सर'' की उपाधि|url=https://www.patrika.com/lakhimpur-kheri-news/lakhimpur-khiri-boy-aman-gulati-given-sir-title-by-american-company-3801184/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Patrika News|date=5 December 2018 |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=अमन सिंह गुलाटी को मिला ग्लोबल सिख अवॉर्ड {{!}} Hindi News Portal {{!}} Hindi News {{!}} Online Hindi News|url=https://www.swatantraawaz.com/headline/9252.htm|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.swatantraawaz.com|language=hi}}</ref>

Guinness World Record for Largest Hand Drawing (2019)<ref name="The Hindu"/>

Listed in Top 100 Sikhs Under 30 Around World (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 under 30 List|url=https://www.thesikh100.com/2020-under-30-list/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The Sikh 100|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lalwani|first=Karishma|title=बादाम पर पेंटिंग करने वाला यह युवक शामिल हुआ विश्व के टॉप-100 युवा सिखों की सूची में|url=https://m.patrika.com/lakhimpur-kheri-news/aman-singh-gulati-of-lakhimpur-kheri-featured-in-top-100-sikh-list-6044894/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Patrika News|language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulati, Aman Singh}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]

Sridharan Sharath

2023-01-10T12:24:22Z

Mondragon:

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}

'''Sridharan Sharath''' (born 31 October 1972) is an Indian former [[cricketer]] who played first class cricket for the [[Tamil Nadu cricket team]]. He is national cricket selector. He is a left-handed batsman and in 134 first class matches he made 8390 runs at 51.47 with 28 hundreds, making him one of the most prolific batsman in Indian domestic cricket history. Although he never represented his country at [[test cricket|Test]] or [[ODI cricket]], he did get to play for India A on numerous occasions. He is the only [[Tamil Nadu]] player to have played 100 [[Ranji Trophy]] matches.

== External links ==
* {{cricinfo|ref=india/content/player/33941.html}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharath, Sridharan}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Assam cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1970s-stub}}

Motion of no confidence

2023-01-03T09:07:35Z

Mondragon: Shared an influential article.

{{short description|Statement or vote about whether someone in a position of power is still fit to hold it}}
{{use dmy dates}}

A '''vote of no confidence''', also variously called a '''motion of no confidence''', '''no-confidence motion''', '''motion of confidence''', or '''vote of confidence''', is a statement or [[vote]] about whether a person in a position of responsibility like in [[government]] or [[management]] is still deemed fit to hold that position, such as because they are inadequate in some aspect, fail to carry out their obligations, or make decisions that other members feel to be detrimental. The [[parliamentary motion]] demonstrates to the [[head of government]] that the elected [[parliament]] either has or no longer has confidence in one or more members of the appointed [[executive (government)|government]]. In some countries, a no-confidence motion being passed against an individual [[Minister (government)|minister]] requires the minister to resign. In most cases, if the minister in question is the [[premier]], all other ministers must also resign.

A [[censure]] motion is different from a no-confidence motion. Depending on the [[constitution]] of the body concerned, "no confidence" may lead to the dismissal of the [[council of ministers]] or other position-holders and often the [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolution]] of most of the leadership of the executive branch. On the other hand, "censure" is meant to show disapproval and does not result in the resignation of ministers. The motion of censure may be against an individual minister or a group of ministers. However, depending on a country's constitution, a no-confidence motion may be more directed against the entire [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]]. Again, depending on the applicable rules, censure motions may need to state the reasons for the motion, but specific reasons may not be required for no-confidence motions.

==Parliamentary systems==
There are a number of variations in this procedure between parliaments. In some countries, a motion of no confidence can be directed at the government collectively or at any individual member, including the [[prime minister]]. Sometimes, motions of no confidence are proposed even though they have no likelihood of passage simply to pressure a government or to embarrass its own critics, who may for political reasons decide not to vote against it.

In many [[parliamentary system|parliamentary democracies]], there are strict time limits for no-confidence motions such as being allowed only once every three, four, or six months. Thus, the timing of a motion of no confidence is a matter of political judgment. A motion of no confidence on a relatively trivial matter may then prove counterproductive if a more important issue suddenly arises that actually warrants a motion of no confidence. Sometimes, the government chooses to declare that one of its bills is a "motion of confidence" to prevent dissident members of its own party from voting against it.

===Australia===
In the [[Australian Parliament]], a motion of no confidence requires a [[majority#Application in other voting requirements|majority of the members present]] in the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] to agree to it. The House of Representatives has 151 members and so requires 76 votes in favour of the motion when all members of the House are present. A straight vote of no confidence in the [[Australian government]] and a motion or amendment censuring a government have never been successful in the House of Representatives.<ref name=AHoR/> However, governments have on eight occasions resigned or advised a dissolution after their defeat on other questions before the House.<ref name=AHoR/> The last time that a government resigned after being defeated in the House came in October 1941, when the House rejected the budget of [[Arthur Fadden]]'s minority government.

Specific motions of no confidence or [[censure]] against the [[Prime Minister of Australia|prime minister]], ministers, the [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|leader of the opposition]], [[Australian Senate|senators]] and leaders of political parties have been successful on some occasions. Motions of no confidence against the government may be passed in the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] but have little or no impact in the House.<ref name=AHoR>{{cite book |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice6/Practice6HTML?file=Chapter9&section=07&fullscreen=1 |title=Motions of no confidence and censure |work=House of Representatives Practice |edition=6th |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |location=Canberra |access-date=15 July 2016 }}</ref> However, the Senate's right to refuse supply helped spark the [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis]]. The convention remains a grey area, as Westminster governments are not normally expected to maintain the confidence of the upper house.

===Bangladesh===
In the [[Jatiya Sangsad|Parliament of Bangladesh]], there is no provision to hold motions of no confidence, as a result of [[Article 70 of the Constitution of Bangladesh]], which prohibits members of Parliament from voting against their party and made the removal of a sitting government unattainable.

===Canada===
In [[Canada]], a vote of confidence is a motion that the legislature approves and consents to be ruled by the governing [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]] or provincial [[Premier (Canada)|premier]] and the incumbent Cabinet.<ref name=conven2>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/About/Compendium/ParliamentaryFramework/c_d_confidenceconvention-e.htm|title=Confidence Convention|publisher=Parliament of Canada|year=2019|work=Compendium of Procedure|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> A no-confidence motion may be directed against only the incumbent government in the legislature, with votes of no-confidence against the legislature's [[Official Opposition (Canada)|Official Opposition]] being inadmissible.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Language=E&Sec=Ch15&Seq=2|publisher=Parliament of Canada|access-date=4 September 2019|year=2019|work=Special Debates|title=Address in reply to the Speech from the Throne}}</ref> Originating as a [[constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]],<ref name=conven2/> it remains an uncodified practice which is not outlined in any standing orders for the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]].<ref name=confcon>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/marleaumontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Language=E&Sec=Ch02&Seq=3|title=The Confidence Convention|publisher=Parliament of Canada|year=2019|work=Parliaments and Ministries|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref>

At the federal level, a vote of no confidence in a motion presented by a member of the House of Commons explicitly states the House has no confidence in the incumbent government.<ref name=confcon/> The government may also declare any bill or motion to be a question of confidence.<ref name=confcon/> Several motions and bills are also considered implicit motions on confidence, and a vote of no confidence may be asserted automatically if such a bill fails to pass. Bills and motions that are considered implicit motions of confidence include appropriations or [[supply bill]]s, motions concerning budgetary policy, and the Address in Reply to the Speech from the Throne.<ref name=glob>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3568037/vote-of-no-confidence-canada/|title=Taking down the government, how a confidence vote works in Canada|work=Global News|access-date=4 September 2019|first=Katie|last=Dangerfield|publisher=Corus Entertainment Inc.}}</ref> The failure to pass those bills may be used as an automatic assertion of a vote of no confidence, but the opposition is not obligated to assert the failure as a non-confidence motion against the government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/politics/inside-politics-blog/2012/06/feeling-confident-about-the-budget-vote.html|title=Feeling confidence about the budget vote?|access-date=6 September 2019|work=CBC News|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|last=McGregor|first=Janyce}}</ref>

If a vote of no confidence passes, the prime minister is required to either resign or request the [[Governor General of Canada|governor-general]] to dissolve parliament and call a [[general election]].<ref name=conven2/> The governor-general may refuse a request for dissolution if an election has recently been held or there is another leader who can likely gain the confidence of the House. If a dissolution request is refused, the prime minister must resign, and the governor-general invites the leader of another coalition/party to form a new government.<ref name=conven2/> Six motions of no confidence have been passed in the House of Commons: in 1926, 1963, 1974, 1979, 2005, and 2011.<ref name=glob/> All successful votes of no confidence in the 20th century were the result of a [[loss of supply]]; votes of no confidence in 2005 and 2011 were the result of explicit confidence motions presented by the opposition.

The confidence convention is also present in the provincial legislatures of Canada, operating much like their federal counterpart. However, the decision to dissolve the legislature and call an election or to see if another coalition/party can form a government is left to the provincial [[lieutenant governor (Canada)|lieutenant-governor]].<ref name=glob/>

Two Canadian territories, the [[Northwest Territories]] and [[Nunavut]], operate as a [[consensus government]] system in which the premier is chosen by the members of the nonpartisan legislature. If a vote of no confidence against the incumbent government passes, the premier and the cabinet are removed from office, and the legislature elects a new premier.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/north/story/2009/02/04/nwt-leg.html |title=Backbench MLAs threaten to vote out N.W.T. Premier, cabinet |access-date=6 February 2009 |archive-date=5 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205083914/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/north/story/2009/02/04/nwt-leg.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In a consensus government, confidence motions may be directed against any individual ministers holding office as they are also nominated by members of the legislature.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/glen-abernethy-wally-schumann-non-confidence-motion-1.4885951|title=N.W.T.'s Health, Infrastructure ministers survive non-confidence votes|work=CBC News|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref>

=== Denmark ===
Paragraph 15 of the [[Constitution of Denmark|Danish Constitution]] states that "A Minister shall not remain in office after the Folketing has passed a vote of no confidence in him." and that "When the Folketing passes a vote of no confidence in the Prime Minister, he shall ask for the dismissal of the Ministry unless writs are to be issued for a general election."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitutional Act of Denmark / The Danish Parliament |url=https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/en/democracy/the-constitutional-act-of-denmark |url-status=live |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=The Danish Parliament}}</ref> The vote requires a [[Simple majority vote|simple majority]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mistillidsvotum / Folketinget |url=https://www.ft.dk/da/leksikon/Mistillidsvotum |url-status=live |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=Folketinget |language=da}}</ref>

Votes of no confidence against the government are rare in Denmark, only occurring in 1909, [[Knud Kristensen|1947]] and 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |title=mistillidsdagsorden {{!}} lex.dk |url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/mistillidsdagsorden |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=Den Store Danske |language=da}}</ref> Generally the government will resign or call for an election before a vote of no confidence.<ref name=":0" />

===European Union===
The [[European Parliament]] can dismiss the [[European Commission]], the executive body of the European Union, through a successful motion of no confidence, which requires a two-thirds vote. A successful vote on the motion leads to the resignation of the entire Commission.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/ftu/pdf/en/FTU_1.3.2.pdf|title=THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: POWERS|website=Europarl.europa.eu|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>

===Germany===
{{Main|Constructive vote of no confidence}}
In [[Germany]],<ref name="germanconst">[https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/80201000.pdf German Constitution Official English Translation] Article 67 – Vote of No Confidence</ref> a vote of no confidence in the [[Chancellor of Germany|federal chancellor]] requires the opposition, on the same ballot, to propose a candidate of its own whom it wants the [[President of Germany|federal president]] to appoint as its successor. Thus, a motion of no confidence may be brought forward only if there is a positive majority for the new candidate. The idea was to prevent the state crises that occurred near the end of the German [[Weimar Republic]]. Frequently, chancellors were then turned out of the office without their successors having enough parliamentary support to govern. Unlike the British system, chancellors do not have to resign in response to the failure of a vote of confidence if it has been initiated by them, rather than by the parliamentary opposition, but they may ask the president to call general elections, a request that the president decides on whether to fulfill.

===Greece===
The Parliament may, by its decision, withdraw its confidence from the Government or from a member of it. A motion of no confidence can only be submitted six months after the Parliament has rejected a previous one. The motion must be signed by at least one-sixth of the members and must clearly state the issues to be debated. A motion of no confidence is accepted only if it is approved by the absolute majority of the total number of members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/Vouli-ton-Ellinon/To-Politevma/Syntagma/article-86/ |title=Σύνταγμα |website=Hellenicparliament.gr |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref>

===India===
In India, a motion of no confidence can be introduced only in the [[Lok Sabha]] (the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]]) and after at least 50 members of Parliament support it, the Speaker may grant a leave and after considering the state of business in the House, allot a day or days or part of a day for the discussion of the motion (under sub-rule (2) and (3) of rule 198 of Lok Sabha Rules, 16th edition).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of India, Lok Sabha |url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/rules.aspx |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=164.100.47.194}}</ref> If the motion carries, the House debates and votes on the motion. If a majority of the members vote in favour of the motion, it is passed, and the government is bound to vacate the office. [[Acharya Kripalani]] moved the first-ever no-confidence motion on the floor of the Lok Sabha in August 1963, immediately after the disastrous [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref name="Procedure regarding motion of no-confidence">{{cite web|title=Procedure regarding motion of no-confidence 9 December 2013|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/rules/rulep17.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709234757/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/rules/rulep17.html|archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rules of confidence|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rules-of-confidence/334634/0|access-date=9 December 2013|quote=What happens if the prime minister loses a motion of confidence? In such a case, he is obliged to resign|website=Indianexpress.com}}</ref> As of July 2019, 27 no-confidence motions have been moved. Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] faced the most no-confidence motions (15), followed by [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] (three each), [[Morarji Desai]] (two) and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Narendra Modi]] (one each). Vajpayee lost the no-confidence motion by a margin of one vote (269–270) in April 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/when-nda-s-first-pm-atal-bihari-vajpayee-lost-no-confidence-motion-by-1-vote/story-wIzcIvDLfNv7kbuNFmoHxI.html|title = When NDA's first PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee lost no-confidence motion by 1 vote|website=Hindustantimes.com|date = 20 July 2018}}</ref> Prime Minister Desai resigned on 12 July 1979. The most recent no-confidence motion was against the [[Narendra Modi]] government and accepted by the Speaker but defeated by 325–126.<ref>{{cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Nikhil|title=No-confidence motion against NDA govt rejected. Day's highlights|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/q87OONLQkzSIGTrzgJWKXN/Noconfidence-motion-Modi-govt-Live-updates-from-Parliament.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 July 2021|website=Livemint.com|language=en}}</ref>

With the [[Anti-defection law (India)|Anti-Defection Law]], a vote of no confidence has no relevance when the majority party has an absolute majority since it can [[Whip (politics)|whip]] party members to vote in favour of the government; it is thus impossible to remove the government by a no-confidence motion. Hence, the no-confidence exercise of the house becomes a no-confidence exercise of the party.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kumar|first=S|title=Threatening Indian democratic system: Case of Anti-Defection Law|url=http://roundtableindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8546:threatening-indian-democratic-system-case-of-anti-defection-law&catid=124:research&Itemid=140|journal=The Voice}}</ref>

===Ireland===
{{main|Confidence motions in Dáil Éireann}}
In [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], if a motion of no confidence in the [[Taoiseach]] or the [[government of Ireland]] is passed by [[Dáil Éireann]], then the Taoiseach may request that the [[President of Ireland|President]] dissolve the Dáil and call a [[Elections in the Republic of Ireland|general election]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article28_10|title=Constitution of Ireland|website=Irish Statute Book|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref> Whether or not to grant this request is at the discretion of the President, though no President has ever refused a request for dissolution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Ireland |url=https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article13_2_2 |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=Irish Statute Book}}</ref> Should the President refuse to dissolve the Dáil, the Taoiseach and government must resign.<ref name=":1" />

===Israel===
The motion of no confidence is outlined in Israeli Basic Law Article 28 and Article 44 of the Knesset's Rule of Procedure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/About/Lexicon/Pages/NoConfidence.aspx|title=Motion of No-Confidence in the Government|website=M.knesset.gov.il}}</ref>

===Italy===
{{See also|List of successful votes of no confidence in Kingdom of Italy governments|2008 Italian government crisis}}

In [[Italy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senato.it/documenti/repository/istituzione/costituzione_inglese.pdf|title=Constitution of the Italian Republic|website=Senato.it|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> the government requires the support of both houses of [[Parliament]]. Within ten days of the government's formation, a confidence motion must be passed. Five governments were forced to resign when a motion of confidence in them failed to pass in one of the houses of Parliament: the [[De Gasperi VIII Cabinet|eighth De Gasperi cabinet]] in 1953, the [[Fanfani I Cabinet|first Fanfani cabinet]] in 1954, the [[Andreotti I Cabinet|first Andreotti cabinet]] in 1972, the [[Andreotti V Cabinet|fifth Andreotti cabinet]] in 1979 and the [[Fanfani VI Cabinet|seventh Fanfani cabinet]] in 1987.

Parliament can withdraw its support to the government through a vote of no confidence. A vote of no confidence may be proposed if a tenth of the members of either house sign the proposition and within three days before the appointed date, the vote can be brought into the discussion.

Since the drafting of the [[Constitution of Italy]], Parliament has not passed any no confidence motion against the whole cabinet, as government crises often ended with prime ministers resigning after becoming aware the majority of parliament didn't support them anymore, before a no confidence motion could be put to vote or even before such a motion was presented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bpr.camera.it/bpr/allegati/show/1968_580_t|title=Le mozioni di sfiducia o censura a singoli ministri|website=camera.it|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> The only time this instrument was used was in October 1995, when the minister of justice [[Filippo Mancuso]] was forced to resign after a vote of no confidence against him passed in the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate]]. The subsequent [[Constitutional Court of Italy|Constitutional Court]] sentence in 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.giurcost.org/decisioni/1996/0007s-96.htm|title=Sentenza n. 7 del 1996|access-date=3 January 2015|publisher=giurcost.org}}</ref> declared it was indeed possible to propose an individual vote of no confidence against a single [[minister (government)|minister]], instead of the whole government, and that as such, the motion Mancuso was legitimate.

{{election table|title = Summary of the Vote of No Confidence in Minister of Justice Filippo Mancuso, 1995}}
|-
!colspan = "2" style = "text align:left;" | Parties
!Votes
!%
|-
|style = "background-color:#00ff00;"|
|style = "text align:left;"| Ayes
|173
|94.02
|-
|style = "background-color:#ff0000;"|
|style = "text align:left;"|Nays
|3
|1.63
|-
|style="background-color:#eeeeee;"|
|style = "text align:left;"|Abstentions
|8
|4.34
|-
|}

The government can also make any vote a matter of confidence. In the entire history of the Republic of Italy, only two governments were forced to resign when a vote they had made a matter of confidence failed: the [[Prodi I Cabinet|first Prodi cabinet]] in 1996, and the [[Prodi II Cabinet|second Prodi cabinet]] in 2006. In both cases, the vote made a matter of confidence was a vote on a resolution approving the prime minister's address to one of the houses of Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 March 2023|title=Far dimettere il ministro Piantedosi è davvero molto difficile|url=https://pagellapolitica.it/articoli/dimissioni-piantedosi-naufragio-crotone}}</ref>

===Japan===
Article 69 of the 1947 [[Constitution of Japan]] provides that "if the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] passes a non-confidence resolution, or rejects a confidence resolution, the [[Cabinet of Japan|Cabinet]] shall resign en masse, unless the House of Representatives is dissolved within ten (10) days."

=== Malaysia ===
In Malaysia's [[Politics of Malaysia|federal political system]], votes of confidence in [[state legislative assemblies of Malaysia]] have removed its [[Heads of state governments of Malaysia|heads of state governments]] four times, most recently [[2020 vote of no confidence in the Faizal Azumu ministry|Faizal Azumu's Perak ministry in 2020]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faizal is fourth chief executive to fail confidence vote |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/553770 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Malaysiakini}}</ref> During the [[2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis]], opposition members of Parliament demanded a vote of confidence in Prime Minister [[Muhyiddin Yassin]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Yen Nee |title=Facing calls to quit, Malaysia's prime minister says he will prove his legitimacy in parliament |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/04/malaysia-prime-minister-muhyiddin-will-allow-confidence-vote-in-parliament.html |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> but he resigned before this could take place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhyiddin Yassin appointed Malaysian caretaker PM after resignation is accepted by the king |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-prime-minister-resign-muhyiddin-yassin-king-2115091 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
The [[Constitution of Pakistan]] has provision for a no-confidence motion in all constituents of the [[Electoral College (Pakistan)|Electoral College]] of the state. The motions can target speakers and deputy speakers of [[List of provincial governments of Pakistan|provincial]] and [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|national assemblies]], the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|prime minister]], [[List of current Pakistani chief ministers|chief ministers]] of [[Administrative units of Pakistan|provinces]], as well as the chairman and deputy chairman of [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]].<ref name="CoP">{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part3.ch3.html|title=Part III: The Federation of Pakistan: Chapter 3: The Federal Government|website=The Constitution of Pakistan}}</ref> Before it can be put for a vote on the pertinent house's floor, it must have the backing of at least 20% of the elected members in all cases except those moved against speakers or deputy speakers in which case there is no minimum. After being put to vote, the motion is deemed to be successful only if passed by a majority.<ref name="Pak">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/275417|title=Three speakers removed by opposition in past|website=The News International}}</ref>

The no-confidence procedure has historically been mostly used to remove speakers and deputy speakers. Of the 11 times that the motion has been invoked, nine cases targeted those posts, with four being effective.<ref name="Pak" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/774105|title=BA passes no-confidence motion against Aslam Bhootani|website=Dawn}}</ref> Votes of no confidence in prime ministers are extremely rare. In November 1989, [[Benazir Bhutto]] faced an ultimately unsuccessful motion of no confidence by [[Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/02/world/bhutto-survives-as-no-confidence-vote-falls-short.html|title=Bhutto Survives as No-Confidence Vote Falls Short|last=Burns|first=John|website=The New York Times}}</ref> Same is the case for provincial [[Chief Minister (Pakistan)|chief ministers]], as the only instance of its use is the one moved in January 2018 against [[Sanaullah Zehri]], the chief minister of [[List of Chief Ministers of Balochistan|Balochistan]], who resigned before the vote could take place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1604243/1-pm-advises-cm-zehri-step-thwart-political-crisis-balochistan/|title=Balochistan CM Zehri quits to avoid no-trust vote|last=Zafar|first=Muhammad|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

Since gaining independence in 1947, only [[Imran Khan]] was successfully removed as prime minister through a [[No-confidence motion against Imran Khan|motion of no confidence]] in 2022. An earlier attempt led by the opposition was dismissed by the deputy speaker [[Qasim Suri]] using Article 5 of the constitution. Later on, President [[Arif Alvi]] dissolved the National Assembly immediately after receiving advice from Prime Minister Khan to do so, causing a [[2022 Pakistani constitutional crisis|constitutional crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan court to decide PM Imran Khan's fate |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-60978582 |access-date=4 April 2022 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 7 April 2022, the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] ruled that the dismissal of the no-confidence motion, the prorogation of the National Assembly, advice of Khan to president Arif Alvi to dissolve the National Assembly and subsequent dissolution of the National Assembly were unconstitutional, and overturned these actions.<ref name="pakistansupremecourt">{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/7/pakistan-court-rules-blocking-vote-to-oust-khan-unconstitutional|title=Pakistan court rules blocking vote to oust Khan unconstitutional|publisher=www.aljzeera.com|language=en|access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> On 10 April 2022, the reconvened National Assembly passed the motion of no confidence against Khan by a majority vote of 172, being the first successful ousting through no–confidence motion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imran Khan becomes first PM to be ousted via no-trust vote |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2351683/imran-khan-becomes-countrys-first-pm-to-be-ousted-through-no-trust-vote |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Live updates: NA votes out PM Imran Khan in a historic first for Pakistan |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/948739-live-updates-na-to-vote-on-no-confidence-motion-against-pm-imran-khan |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>

===Peru===
In Peru, both the legislative and the executive branches have the power to bring a motion of no confidence against acting legal members of the other branch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Peru_2009.pdf?lang=en|title=Peru's Constitution of 1993|website=Constitureproject.org|access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> The president of the Cabinet may propose a motion of no confidence against any minister to Congress, which then needs more than half the Congress to approve it. The [[President of Peru|president of the republic]] may dissolve [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress]] if it has censured or denied its confidence to two Cabinets. The relevant Articles 132–134 are in the 1993 version of the [[Constitution of Peru]].

During the [[2019 Peruvian constitutional crisis]], President [[Martín Vizcarra]] enacted a constitutional process on 29 May 2019 to create a motion of no confidence towards Congress if it refused to co-operate with his proposed actions against corruption.

===South Africa===
Any member of Parliament in the [[South African National Assembly|National Assembly]] may request a motion of no confidence in either the Cabinet, excluding the [[South African President|president]], or the president. The Speaker, within the rules of [[South African Parliament|Parliament]], must add such a motion to the order paper and give it a priority. If a motion of no confidence cannot be scheduled by the last sitting day of the annual sitting, it must be the first item on the order paper of the next sitting.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/Rules/NA/2016-09-28_NA_RULES.pdf |title = Rules of the National Assembly|website=Parliament.gov.za|date = 11 June 2020}}</ref> In the event of a successful motion, the Speaker automatically assumes the position of acting president.

On 7 August 2017, Speaker [[Baleka Mbete]] announced that she would permit a motion of no confidence in [[Jacob Zuma]]'s government to proceed in the National Assembly via [[secret ballot]]. It was the eighth motion to be brought against Zuma in his presidency and the first to be held via secret ballot. After the vote was held the next day, the motion was defeated 198–177, with 25 abstentions.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/breaking-zuma-survives-vote-of-no-confidence-20170808 |title = BREAKING: Zuma survives vote of no confidence|date = 8 August 2017}}</ref> Around 20 governing [[ANC]] members of Parliament voted in favour of the measure.

===Spain===
{{Further|Motions of no confidence in Spain}}[[File:Mariano Rajoy felicita al nuevo presidente del Gobierno Pedro Sánchez (2018-06-01).jpg|thumb|right|The outgoing prime minister [[Mariano Rajoy]] (right) congratulates the incoming prime minister Pedro Sánchez (left) upon losing the no-confidence vote on 1 June 2018.]]
The [[Spanish Constitution of 1978]] provides for motions of no confidence to be proposed by one-tenth of the [[Congress of Deputies]]. Following the German model, votes of no confidence in Spain are [[constructive vote of no confidence|constructive]] and so the motion must also include an alternative candidate for [[Prime Minister of Spain|prime minister]]. For a motion of no confidence to be successful, it has to be carried by an absolute majority in the Congress of Deputies. At least five days must pass after the motion is registered before it can come up for a vote. Other parties may submit alternative motions within two days of the registration.<ref name="MotionKeys">{{cite news |title=Qué hace falta para que la moción de censura a Rajoy salga adelante |url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/Claves-salga-adelante-mocion-censura_0_775172648.html |language=es |work=eldiario.es |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="SpanishConstitution">{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/documentos/ConstitucionINGLES.pdf |title=The Spanish Constitution |work=boe.es |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref>

Also, the prime minister is barred from dissolving the [[Cortes Generales]] and calling a general election while a motion of no confidence is pending. If the motion is successful, the incumbent prime minister must resign. According to the Constitution, the replacement candidate named in the motion is automatically deemed to have the confidence of the Congress of Deputies and is immediately appointed as prime minister by the [[monarchy of Spain|monarch]]. If the motion is unsuccessful, its signatories may not submit another motion during the same session.<ref name="MotionKeys"/><ref name="SpanishConstitution"/>

The current prime minister, [[Pedro Sánchez (politician)|Pedro Sánchez]], was sworn in on 2 June 2018 after a [[2018 vote of no confidence in the government of Mariano Rajoy|motion of no confidence]] against [[Mariano Rajoy]] had been approved on 1 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44327573|title=Mariano Rajoy: Spanish PM forced out of office|access-date=16 February 2022|website=Bbc.com}}</ref>

===Singapore===
Under Article 25(1) of the [[Constitution of Singapore]], the [[Prime Minister of Singapore|prime minister of Singapore]] must command the confidence of [[Parliament of Singapore|Parliament]] less [[Non-constituency Member of Parliament|NCMPs]] and [[Nominated Member of Parliament|NMPs]]. Since [[Proclamation of Singapore|Singapore]]'s independence on 9 August 1965, no Singaporean government has ever faced a motion of no confidence. However, Prime Minister [[Lee Kuan Yew]] faced three no-confidence motions in 1961, 1962 and 1963, all prior to independence.

The 1960s saw the ruling [[People's Action Party|PAP]] split between the right wing led by Lee Kuan Yew and the left wing led by [[Lim Chin Siong]]. This caused PAP's massive majority to diminish. Lee Kuan Yew faced his first confidence vote on 20 July 1961 following the PAP's defeat in the [[1961 Singaporean by-elections|Hong Lim and Anson by-elections]]. This motion was rather a motion of confidence tabled by the Prime Minister himself. All 51 [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|assemblymen]] were present and voting. The Prime Minister won the vote by a margin of 27–8 votes. The results were as follows:
{{election table|title = Summary of the Vote of Confidence in Lee Kuan Yew's Government, 1961}}
|-
!colspan = "2" style = "text align:left;" | Parties
!Votes
!%
|-
|style = "background-color:#00ff00;"|
|style = "text align:left;"| Ayes
|27
|52.94
|-
|style = "background-color:#ff0000;"|
|style = "text align:left;"|Nays
|8
|15.69
|-
|style="background-color:#eeeeee;"|
|style = "text align:left;"|Abstentions
|16
|31.37
|-
|}<ref>https://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/report?sittingdate=20 July 1961 {{Bare URL inline}}</ref>

However, among the 16 abstentions were 13 left wing PAP members, who were expelled from the PAP after the vote, and the 13 went on to form the [[Barisan Sosialis]]. On 13 July 1962, Barisan MP [[Lee Siew Choh]] tabled a motion of no confidence against Lee Kuan Yew. Three assemblymen were absent bringing the total membership of the [[Legislative Assembly of Singapore|Legislative Assembly]] to 48 present and voting. The Prime Minister won the vote by 24–16. Therefore, Lee Kuan Yew remained in office. The results for this motion of no confidence are as follows:

{{election table|title = Summary of the Vote of No Confidence in Lee Kuan Yew's Government, 1962}}
|-
!colspan = "2" style = "text align:left;" | Parties
!Votes
!%
|-
|style = "background-color:#00ff00;"|
|style = "text align:left;"| Ayes
|16
|33.33
|-
|style = "background-color:#ff0000;"|
|style = "text align:left;"|Nays
|24
|50.00
|-
|style="background-color:#eeeeee;"|
|style = "text align:left;"|Abstentions
|8
|16.67
|-
|}<ref>https://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic?reportid=005_19620713_S0002_T0003 {{Bare URL inline}}</ref>

Lee Siew Choh tabled another motion of no confidence against Lee Kuan Yew's government on 15 June 1963 over issues regarding the proposed merger of Singapore into the Federation of Malaysia. Five members were absent from the Assembly and 1 seat was vacant bringing the total membership down to 45 present and voting. This time, Lee Kuan Yew's Government won the vote by a margin of 23–16. The results are as follows:

{{election table|title = Summary of the Vote of No Confidence in Lee Kuan Yew's Government, 1963}}
|-
!colspan = "2" style = "text align:left;" | Parties
!Votes
!%
|-
|style = "background-color:#00ff00;"|
|style = "text align:left;"| Ayes
|16
|35.56
|-
|style = "background-color:#ff0000;"|
|style = "text align:left;"|Nays
|23
|51.11
|-
|style="background-color:#eeeeee;"|
|style = "text align:left;"|Abstentions
|6
|13.33
|-
|}<ref>https://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic?reportid=021_19630615_S0003_T0018 {{Bare URL inline}}</ref>

In September 1963, the Legislative Assembly was dissolved and [[1963 Singaporean general election|fresh elections were called]]. The rump PAP won the election with a two-thirds majority therefore staving off any further attempts by the Barisan Sosialis to move further motions of no confidence. Following merger and separation (1963–1965), and with Barisan's boycott of Parliament, the PAP was the dominant party in Parliament and motions of no confidence became "rare", in fact "non-existent". Further, Lee Kuan Yew's 1961 motion of confidence remains the only time that a Singaporean prime minister has ever tabled a motion of confidence in his own government.

===Sweden===
A motion of no confidence may be levelled against either the [[Prime Minister of Sweden|prime minister]] on behalf of the entire [[Swedish government]] or against an individual lower-level minister. At least 35 members of parliament (MPs) must support a proposal to initiate such a vote. A majority of MPs (175 members) must vote for a motion of no confidence for it to be successful. An individual minister who loses a confidence vote must resign. If a prime minister loses a no-confidence vote, the entire government must resign.<ref>{{cite web |title=Examines the work of the Government |url=http://riksdagen.se/en/how-the-riksdag-works/what-does-the-riksdag-do/examines-the-work-of-the-government/ |website=Sveriges Riksdag}}</ref> The speaker may allow the ousted prime minister to head a transitional or caretaker government until Parliament elects a new prime minister.

Under the principle of negative parliamentarism, a prime ministerial candidate nominated by the Speaker does not need the confidence of a majority of MPs to be elected. However, a majority of MPs must not vote against the candidate, which renders prime ministerial votes similar to no-confidence votes. That means that a prime ministerial candidate, to be successful in the parliamentary vote, must have at least a total of 175 votes in favour or abstention. If a Speaker fails four times to have a nominee elected, an election must be held within three months of the final vote.

===United Kingdom===
{{Further|Confidence motions in the United Kingdom}}

Traditionally, in the [[Westminster system]], the defeat of a [[supply bill]], which concerns the spending of money, is seen to require automatically for the government to resign or ask for a new election, much like a no-confidence vote. A government in a Westminster system that cannot spend money is hamstrung, which is also called a [[loss of supply]].

In the [[British Parliament]], a no-confidence motion generally first appeared as an [[early day motion]] although the vote on the [[Speech from the Throne]] was also a confidence motion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/m07.pdf |title=House of Commons Factsheet M7: Parliamentary Elections |publisher=House of Commons Information office |page=3 |access-date=23 March 2011}}</ref> However, from 2011 to 2022, under the then-[[Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011]], only a motion explicitly resolving that "this House has no confidence in His Majesty's Government" was treated as a motion of no confidence.

==Semi-presidential systems==
In [[semi-presidential systems]], the legislature may occasionally pass motions of no confidence, which removes only the cabinet and the prime minister. The legislature may also have the power to [[impeachment|impeach]] an executive or judicial officer, with another institution or the legislature removing the officer from their office.

===Russia===
In [[Russia]], the lower house of the [[Federal Assembly (Russia)|Federal Assembly]] (the [[State Duma]]) may by a [[Majority|simple majority]] (at least 226 votes out of 450) pass a motion of no confidence against the [[government of Russia]] as a whole. In that case, the matter goes for consideration of the [[Russian president]], who may choose to dismiss the cabinet, which he can do anyway anytime at his own discretion, or just ignore the Duma's decision. If the Duma passes a second motion of no confidence against the same composition of the cabinet within three months, the president is forced to make a concrete decision on whether to dismiss the government or to dissolve the Duma itself and call for new [[Elections in Russia#Federal elections|general elections]]. The State Duma may not be dissolved on those grounds if it was elected less than a year earlier, if it has already initiated impeachment proceedings against the president himself by bringing respective accusations, if less than six months remain left until presidential elections, or if there is a [[state of emergency in Russia|state of emergency]] or [[martial law in Russia|martial law]] throughout the whole territory of Russia. In the above-mentioned cases, the president is then effectively forced to dismiss the government.{{Citation needed}}

===France===
In [[France]], the lower house of [[French Parliament]] (the [[French National Assembly|National Assembly]]) may by a [[absolute majority|majority of the entire membership]] pass a motion of no confidence, against the [[French government]] as a whole. In that case, the government is removed from power, and the [[President of France|president]] has to appoint a new [[Prime Minister of France|prime minister]], who then has to form a new government.

During the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]], members of both the Senate and [[Chamber of deputies (France)|Chamber of Deputies]] could, with a simple [[Interpellation (politics)|interpellation]] and a vote, force the government into resigning, creating instability. The [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] introduced the censure motion with the majority of the membership needed to pass to replace interpellation, and removed the option of initiative by the Senate. Nevertheless, instability continued.<ref name="Gualino Éditeurs">{{cite book |last1=Türk |first1=Pauline |title=Mémentos LMD Principes fondamentaux de droit constitutionnel |publisher=Gualino Éditeurs |pages=137–142 |language=French |isbn=978-2297055628}}</ref> According to historian René Rémond, President of the Council [[Paul Ramadier]] set up a precedent by submitting the composition of his government to a confidence vote after an interpellation by a deputy, despite the constitution not mentioning this process, thus recreating the problem of the preceding republic.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rémond |first1=René |title=Histoire de France sous la direction de Jean Favier, Tome 6, Notre Siècle |publisher=Fayard |isbn=978-2-213-02039-6 |page=392 |edition=1988 |language=French}}</ref> The [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]] restricted again the conditions of the motion by counting only the votes in favor of the deposition of the government, one tenth of the Assembly's membership (58 deputies) being now needed to issue such motion according to Article 49 of the constitution.<ref name="Gualino Éditeurs"/> Article 27 allows lawmakers to delegate their votes for the no-confidence motion if they are not available the day of the open ballot.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carcassonne |first1=Guy |last2=Guillaume |first2=Marc |title=La Constitution |publisher=Points |isbn=978-2757857199 |pages=249–259 |language=French}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
In [[Sri Lanka]], the [[Parliament of Sri Lanka]] may pass a motion of no confidence against the [[Sri Lankan government]]. In that case, the government is removed from power and the [[president of Sri Lanka]] has to appoint a new [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|prime minister]], who has to form a new government.

==History==
{{See also|List of prime ministers defeated by votes of no confidence}}
The first motion of no confidence against an entire government occurred in March 1782 when, following news of the [[Siege of Yorktown|British defeat at Yorktown]] in the [[American Revolutionary War]] the previous October, the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] voted that it "can no longer repose confidence in the present ministers".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mason |first1=Emma |title=Vote of no confidence: a brief history |url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/modern/vote-no-confidence-history-facts-explain-first-prime-minister/ |website=HistoryExtra |publisher=Immediate Media Company Limited |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> [[British Prime Minister]] [[Frederick North, Lord North|Lord North]] responded by asking King [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] to accept his resignation. That did not immediately create a [[constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]]. Although it is considered the first formal motion of no confidence, Sir [[Robert Walpole]]'s resignation after a defeat on a vote in the House of Commons in 1742 is considered to be the first ''de facto'' motion of no confidence.

During the early 19th century, attempts by prime ministers, such as [[Robert Peel]], to govern in the absence of a parliamentary majority proved unsuccessful, and by the mid-19th century, the power of a motion of no confidence to break a government was firmly established in the UK.

In the United Kingdom, 11 prime ministers have been defeated through a no-confidence motion, but there has been only one such motion since 1925, in [[1979 vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry|1979]] (against [[James Callaghan]]).

In modern times, the passage of a motion of no confidence is a relatively rare event in two-party democracies. In almost all cases, [[party discipline]] is sufficient to allow a majority party to defeat a motion of no confidence, and if faced with possible defections in the government party, the government is likely to change its policies, rather than lose a vote of no confidence. The cases in which a motion of no confidence has passed are generally those in which the government party's slim majority has been eliminated by either [[by-elections]] or defections, such as the [[1979 vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry]] in the UK which was carried by one vote and forced a general election, which was won by [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].

Motions of no confidence are far more common in multi-party systems in which a minority party must form a [[coalition government]]. That can mean that there have been many short-lived governments because the party structure allows small parties to defeat a government which does not have the majority needed to create a government. This has widely been regarded as the cause of instability for the [[French Fourth Republic]] and the German [[Weimar Republic]]. More recent examples have been in [[Italy]] between the 1950s and 1990s, [[Israel]], and [[Politics of Japan|Japan]].

To deal with that situation, the French placed a greater degree of executive power in the office of the [[French president]], along with a [[two-round system|two-round]] [[plurality voting system]], which makes it easier to form a stable [[majority government]]. Furthermore, since 2014, the French president can be impeached only if three conditions are fulfilled: one of the Houses of the French parliament must adopt a sitting in [[High Court (France)|High Court]] proposal with a two-third majority, then the other house has to follow suit in a 15-days period, then two third of the members of the High Court have to vote in favor of the president's impeachment during a one-month period where the Court must decide. The president can still pursue the exercise of his functions during the process.<ref>{{cite web |title=En quoi consiste la procédure de destitution du président de la République ? |url=https://www.vie-publique.fr/fiches/19425-la-procedure-de-destitution-du-president-de-la-republique |website=Vie Publique |access-date=27 July 2022 | language=french}}</ref>

In 2008, [[Canadian Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]], of the re-elected minority government of Canada, successfully requested Canadian [[Governor-general]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] to [[prorogation in Canada|prorogue Parliament]]. That allowed Harper to delay a potential vote on the no-confidence motion presented by the opposition. (See [[2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute]].) Three years later, in 2011, Harper's minority government was defeated by a motion of no confidence, which declared the government to be in [[contempt of Parliament]] and led to an [[2011 Canadian federal election|election that year]].

In 2013, during the [[Euromaidan]] pro-European riots, the opposition in [[Ukraine]] called for a motion of no confidence against the Cabinet of Ministers, led by the pro-Russian and [[eurosceptic]] Prime Minister [[Mykola Azarov]]. At least 226 votes were needed to gain a majority in Ukraine's [[Verkhovna Rada]]. However, it fell 40 votes short, and Azarov's government prevailed.<ref>{{cite news| title=Ukraine Government Survives No-Confidence Vote |last1=Marson |first1=James |last2=Bendavid |first2=Naftali |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304355104579235514281922206 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

On 1 June 2018, in [[Spain]], the [[Rajoy II Government|government]] of [[Mariano Rajoy]] was ousted after a [[2018 vote of no confidence in the government of Mariano Rajoy|motion of no confidence]] passed 180–169 after the sentence of the [[Gürtel case|Gürtel corruption scandal]], which involved the ruling party. [[Pedro Sánchez]] was sworn in as the new [[Spanish prime minister]]. That was the first time in the [[history of Spain]] that a vote of no confidence resulted in a change of government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44327573 |title=Mariano Rajoy: Spanish PM forced out of office |work=BBC News|access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Sam|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/01/mariano-rajoy-ousted-as-spain-prime-minister|title=Mariano Rajoy ousted as Spain's prime minister|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref>

On 25 September 2018, [[Swedish Prime Minister]] [[Stefan Löfven]] was ousted after he lost a vote of no confidence in the [[Riksdag]] after an election was held on 9 September. The center-left bloc led by Löfven's Social Democratic Party won only 144 seats in parliament, 31 seats short of an absolute majority, and just one seat more than the opposition Alliance for Sweden bloc. The Sweden Democrats, having just won 62 seats, also voted with the main opposition bloc's motion of no confidence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Henley |first1=John |title=Swedish prime minister ousted after losing confidence vote |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/25/swedish-pm-stefan-lofven-losing-confidence-vote |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref>

On 8 March 2022, opposition parties filed the motion against then prime minister of [[Pakistan]] [[Imran Khan]]. Out of 346, 172 votes have required to gain the majority in national assembly of Pakistan. On 10 April 2022, motion of no confidence was passed by 174 votes out of 346.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=Pakistan PM Imran Khan loses no-confidence vote {{!}} DW {{!}} 9 April 2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/pakistan-pm-imran-khan-loses-no-confidence-vote/a-61304147 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB}}</ref> This was the first time in the history of Pakistan that vote of no confidence resulted in a change of government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=pldt |title=First ever Successful Vote of No-Confidence in Parliamentary History in 41st Session of 15th National Assembly |url=https://pildat.org/parliamentary-monitoring1/first-ever-successful-vote-of-no-confidence-in-parliamentary-history-in-41st-session-of-15th-national-assembly |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=PILDAT |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Impeachment]]
*[[Constructive vote of no confidence]]
*[[Interpellation (politics)|Interpellation]]
*[[Motions of no confidence in the United Kingdom]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Motion Of No Confidence}}
[[Category:Motions of no confidence| ]]
[[Category:Voting]]

Office of National Statistics

2022-11-30T10:18:01Z

Mondragon: Contributed a new addition to the platform.

#REDIRECT [[Office for National Statistics]]

{{Redirect category shell|1=
{{R from incorrect name}}
}}

NKP Salve Challenger Trophy

2022-09-21T20:38:13Z

Mondragon:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| tournament name = NKP Salve Challenger Trophy
| image =
| size =
| caption =
| country = {{Flagicon|India}} India
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[List A cricket]]
| first = 1994–95
| last = 2013-14
| tournament format = Knock out
| participants = 3
| champions = India Blue
| qualification=
| most successful =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website=[http://www.bcci.tv/ BCCI]
}}
The '''NKP Salve Challenger Trophy''', commonly referred to as the '''Challenger Series''', was an Indian [[List A cricket]] tournament organized by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI). Established in the 1994–1995 season, the tournament was played to showcase the country's talent and providing opportunities for younger players to make an impression. The tournament was played in October every year until the 2013–14 season before [[Ranji Trophy]] season.

From 1998 to 1999 the tournament was known as the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, named after former [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] president [[N. K. P. Salve]]<ref name=toi12>{{cite news|title=Former minister NKP Salve dies|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-01/india/31270120_1_challenger-trophy-age-related-problems-madhya-pradesh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517181903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-01/india/31270120_1_challenger-trophy-age-related-problems-madhya-pradesh|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 May 2012|access-date=1 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 April 2012}}</ref> – the man who brought the [[Cricket World Cup|World Cup]] to the sub-continent in 1987.<ref name=cricinfo12>{{cite news|title=Former BCCI president NKP Salve dies|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/current/story/559438.html|access-date=2 April 2012|newspaper=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=1 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=hindu2012>{{cite news |title=Salve made Asia a cricketing force |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article3269086.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date= 1 April 2012 }}</ref> The tournament was not played in 2002–03.

The annual tournament is played between three sides, consisting of 36 of the best players in India. The three teams were India Seniors, India A, and India B. Team names were changed for the 2006 version of this tournament. India Seniors became India Blue, India A became India Red, and India B became India Green. India Seniors has won 7 times, including the 2005–06 edition.

== Winners ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Winner
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1994-95|1994–95]]||India Seniors
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1995-96|1995–96]]||India Seniors
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1996-97|1996–97]]||India Seniors
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1997-98|1997–98]]||India Seniors
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1998-99|1998–99]]||India A / India B
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1999-00|1999–00]]||India Seniors
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2000-01|2000–01]]||India Seniors
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2001-02|2001–02]]||India A
|-
| 2002-03||''Not played''
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2003-04|2003–04]]||India A
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2004-05|2004–05]]||India A
|-
| [[Challenger Trophy in 2005–06|2005–06]]||India Seniors
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2006-07|2006–07]]||India Blue / India Red
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2007-08|2007–08]]||India Blue
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2008-09|2008–09]]||India Blue
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2009-10|2009–10]]||India Red
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2010-11|2010–11]]||India Blue
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2011-12|2011–12]]||India Red / India Green
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2012-13|2012–13]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/tag/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy | title=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2012 | publisher=Wisden India | date=2 October 2012 | access-date=3 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323000753/http://www.wisdenindia.com/tag/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy | archive-date=23 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> || India B<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/vijay-stars-india-win-challenger-trophy/28984 | title=Vijay stars as India B win Challenger Trophy | publisher=Wisden India | date=2 October 2012 | access-date=3 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423055956/http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/vijay-stars-india-win-challenger-trophy/28984 | archive-date=23 April 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2013-14|2013–14]]||India Blue
|}

==See also==
* [[Cricket in India]]
* [[Deodhar Trophy]]
* [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sport195.com/championships/nkp_salve_challenger_3030 NKP Salve Challenger on SPORT195]
*{{Cricket-competition-stub}}

{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Indian domestic cricket competitions]]
[[Category:List A cricket competitions]]

Retailing in India

2022-05-16T06:11:15Z

Mondragon: Wrote an enlightening manuscript.

{{Short description|none}}
{{more footnotes needed}}
{{EngvarB}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
[[File:Rajasthan-Jodhpur-Sardar-Market-side-streets-Apr-2004-02.JPG|thumb|A textile retail store in India]]
[[File:Darjeeling West Bengal India (2).JPG|thumb|A fish retail store in West Bengal, India]]
[[File:A shop in Pushkar.jpg|thumb|A food staple retail shop in Pushkar, India]]
{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=360|caption_align=center
| header = Modern retailing in India
| image1 = Shopping Mall at Jalandhar.jpg| caption1 = [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| image2 = Saharaganj Mall, Lucknow.jpg| caption2 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| image3 = SC Mall (4).JPG| caption3 = [[West Bengal]]
| image4 = In Orbit Mall.jpg| caption4 = [[Telangana]]
| image5 = World Trade Center, Orion Mall, Bangalore..jpg| caption5 = [[Karnataka]]
| image6 = EA inside 1.JPG| caption6 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| image7 = Malls in Indore.JPG| caption7 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| image8 = ISCON MEGA MALL,S.G. HIGHWAY,THALTEJ,AHMEDABAD.JPG| caption8 = [[Gujarat]]
| image9 = Phoenix Marketcity Kurla.jpg| caption9 = [[Maharashtra]]
| image10 = SelectCityWalkMall.jpg|caption10 = [[Delhi]]
| image11 = Oberon Mall Kochi.jpg|caption11 = [[Kerala]]
|image12 = Parsvnath Mall Faridabad.jpg|caption12 = [[Haryana]]
|image13 = Avinash Times Square mall, Naya Raipur.png|caption13 =[[Chhattisgarh]]
|image14 =|caption14 = [[Jharkhand]]
|image15 = World Trade Park Mall.gif|caption15 = [[Rajasthan]]
|image16 = Interiors of Pacific Mall, Dehradun 02.jpg|caption16 = [[Uttrakhand]]
|image17 = |caption17 = [[Odisha]]
|image18 = A mall in patna.jpg|caption18 = [[Bihar]]
}}
'''Retailing in India''' is one of the pillars of its economy and accounts for about 10 percent of its GDP.<ref name=mckinsey2>{{cite web|title=The Bird of Gold - The Rise of India's Consumer Market|publisher=[[McKinsey & Company]]|url=http://www.mckinsey.com/Insights/MGI/Research/Asia/The_bird_of_gold}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Uneasy Compromise - Indian Retail|last=Dikshit|first=Anand|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461104576461540616622966}}</ref> The Indian [[retail market]] is estimated to be worth $1.3 trillion as of 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1021352/india-organized-retail-market-value/ | title=India: Retail market size 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Child. |first=India. United Nations. Committee on the Rights of the |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/41656336 |title=Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 44 of the Convention : initial reports of states parties due in 1995 : addendum : India. |publisher=United Nations |oclc=41656336}}</ref> India is one of the fastest growing retail markets in the world, with 1.4 billion people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Winning the Indian consumer|publisher=McKinsey & Company|year=2005|url=http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Marketing/Sectors_Regions/Winning_the_Indian_consumer_1659?gp=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-15885055| first=Sanjoy|last=Majumder|title= Changing the way Indians shop|work=[[BBC News]]|date = 25 November 2011}}</ref>

As of 2003, India's retailing industry was essentially owner staffed small shops. In 2010, larger format [[convenience store]]s and supermarkets accounted for about 4 percent of the industry, and these were present only in large urban centers. India's retail and logistics industry employs about 40 million Indians (3.3% of Indian population).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fe-campus-mastermind-response-by-mahavir-accha-to-question-for-jan-713/1057932/|title=FE@CAMPUS MASTERMIND: Response by Mahavir Accha to question for Jan 7-13|work=Indian Express}}</ref> In November 2011, India's central government announced retail reforms for both multi-brand stores and single-brand stores. These market reforms paved the way for retail innovation and competition with multi-brand retailers such as [[Walmart]], [[Carrefour]] and [[Tesco]], as well single brand majors such as [[IKEA]], [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]].<ref name="chainstores"/> The announcement sparked intense activism, both in opposition and in support of the reforms. In December 2011, under pressure from the opposition, Indian government placed the retail reforms on hold till it reaches a consensus.<ref name=wsj71211/>

In January 2012, India approved reforms for single-brand stores welcoming anyone in the world to innovate in Indian retail market with 100% ownership, but imposed the requirement that the single brand retailer source 30 percent of its goods from India. Indian government continues the hold on retail reforms for multi-brand stores.<ref>{{cite news|title=India Lifts Some Limits on Foreign Retailers|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204257504577152342214405180|first1=Amol|last1=Sharma|first2=Prasanta|last2=Sahu}}</ref> In June 2012, [[IKEA]] announced it had applied for permission to invest $1.9 billion in India and set up 25 retail stores.<ref>{{cite news|title=IKEA Knocks on India's Door|last=Sharma|first=Amol|work=The Wall Street Journal|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304782404577486403385782034?mod=googlenews_wsj}}</ref> An analyst from [[Fitch Group]] stated that the 30 percent requirement was likely to significantly delay if not prevent most single brand majors from Europe, USA and Japan from opening stores and creating associated jobs in India.<ref name=ft22012012>{{cite web|title=Ikea shelves Indian retail market move|work=The Financial Times|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a8fb7d9c-4500-11e1-a719-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1kCPJuyha?ftcamp=crm/email/2012122/nbe/ExclusiveComment/product|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="ciol.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ciol.com/ciol/news/122864/smes-welcome-fdi-retail |title=SMEs welcome FDI in retail |publisher=CIOL |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref>

On 14 September 2012, the government of India announced the opening of FDI in multi-brand retail, subject to approvals by individual states.<ref>{{cite news|title=Times of India Newsreport|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Govt-allows-FDI-in-multi-brand-retail-aviation/articleshow/16397960.cms}}</ref> On 20 September 2012, the Government of India formally notified the FDI reforms for single and multi brand retail, thereby making it effective under Indian law.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (FC-I Section), Press Note No.5 (2012 Series) - multi-brand retail|publisher=Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India|url=http://dipp.nic.in/English/acts_rules/Press_Notes/pn5_2012.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222062405/http://dipp.nic.in/english/acts_rules/Press_Notes/pn5_2012.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Press Note No.4 (2012 Series) - Single brand retail|publisher=Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India|url=http://dipp.nic.in/English/acts_rules/Press_Notes/pn4_2012.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FDI in multi-brand retail comes into effect; way clear for Walmart|work=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/fdi-in-multi-brand-retail-comes-into-effect-way-clear-for-walmart/articleshow/16478376.cms}}</ref>

==Local terms==

The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (NCEUS) defines Unorganized sector as

'Unorganized Sector is a Sector consisting of all unincorporated private enterprises owned by individuals or households engaged in the sale or production of goods and services operated on a proprietary or partnership basis and with less than ten total workers.'

Based on this definition, Organized sector in India is defined as

'Organized sector is a sector consisting of all incorporated enterprises which are engaged in the sales or production of goods and services operated as private limited or limited organizations governed by Companies act and having more than ten total workers.'<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gurjar|first1=Omkar|last2=Bhattacharya|first2=Kunal|title=Organized Retail Sector in India|url=https://www.ijrra.net/Vol3issue2/IJRRA-03-02-11.pdf|journal=International Journal of Recent Research Aspect|volume=3|issue=2|pages=46–49|issn=2349-7688}}</ref>

With this definition, Organized Retail Sector will be characterized as:
* Company owned retail setups
* Part of the employees are on the direct payroll of the company (some may be on the contract also)
* Employees will be governed by minimum wages act
* These outlets can be "standalone company owned showroom" or "The retail space" in any of the super market or mall, etc.
* Practically there may be less than ten worker though

Organised retailing, in India, refers to trading activities undertaken by licensed retailers, that is, those who are registered for sales tax, income tax, etc. These include the publicly traded supermarkets, corporate-backed [[hypermarkets]] and retail chains, and also the privately owned traditional large retail businesses who constantly keep upgrading to the market dynamics and change like Saravana Stores, Pothys, The Chennai Silks who operate in a specific region or a part of the country. Dynamics of retail are quite different in India, owing to different climatic and cultural and language differences in the demographic profile.

Unorganised retailing, on the other hand, refers to the traditional formats of low-cost retailing, for example, the local [[Small business|corner shops]], owner staffed general stores, [[paan]]/beedi shops, convenience stores, hand cart and pavement vendors, etc.<ref name="IndianRealtyNews">"[http://www.indianrealtynews.com/retail-market/icrier-begins-survey-of-indian-retail-sector.html ICRIER Begins Survey of Indian Retail Sector]." 19 March 2007.</ref>

Organised retailing actively started with the entry of Shoppers Stop, Westside, Pantaloons, Pyramid - Crossroad, all being department store formats in the mid to late 1990s and was absent in most rural and small towns of India till 2010. Supermarkets and similar organised retail accounted for just 4% of the market.<ref name="chainstores">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11465586|title=Retailing in India Unshackling the chain stores|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>

Most Indian shopping happens in open markets or numerous small grocery and retail shops. Shoppers typically wait outside the shop, ask for what they want, and can not pick or examine a product from the shelf.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fe-campus-mastermind-response-by-mahavir-accha-to-question-for-jan-713/1057932/|title=Indian Express, Indian Retail System}}</ref> Access to the shelf or product storage area is limited. Once the shopper requests the food staple or household product they are looking for, the shopkeeper goes to the container or shelf or to the back of the store, brings it out and offers it for sale to the shopper. Often the shopkeeper may substitute the product, claiming that it is similar or equivalent to the product the consumer is asking for. The product typically has no price label in these small retail shops; all packaged products must display the maximum retail price (MRP) above which the product cannot be sold. It is a criminal offence to sell a product beyond the MRP of a product. The shopkeeper can price the food staple and household products arbitrarily, and two consumers may pay different prices for the same product on the same day but never will those price be above the maximum retail price. Price is rarely negotiated between the shopper and shopkeeper. The shoppers usually do not have time to examine the product label, and do not have a choice to make an informed decision between competitive products.<ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3794/12/12_chapter%204.pdf RETAILING IN INDIA: A REVIEW OF PRESENT SCENARIO, Chapter 4 (2011)]</ref>

India's retail and logistics industry, organised and unorganized in combination, employs about 40 million Indians (3.3% of Indian population).<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Economy: China, India confront WalMarts|work=Asia Times|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/FA31Dj03.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040202235857/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/FA31Dj03.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2 February 2004}}</ref> The typical Indian retail shops are very small. Over 19 million(as of 2020)<ref>statista</ref> outlets operate in the country and only 4% of them being larger than {{Convert|500|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} in size. India has about 11 shop outlets for every 1000 people. Vast majority of the unorganized retail shops in India employ family members, do not have the scale to procure or transport products at high volume wholesale level, have limited to no quality control or fake-versus-authentic product screening technology and have no training on safe and hygienic storage, packaging or logistics. The unorganized retail shops source their products from a chain of middlemen who mark up the product as it moves from farmer or producer to the consumer. The unorganized retail shops typically offer no after-sales support or service. Finally, most transactions at unorganised retail shops are done with cash, with all sales being final.

Until the 1990s, regulations prevented innovation and entrepreneurship in Indian retailing. Some retails faced complying with over thirty regulations such as "signboard licenses" and "anti-hoarding measures" before they could open doors. There are taxes for moving goods to states, from states, and even within states in some cases. Farmers and producers had to go through middlemen monopolies. The logistics and infrastructure was very poor, with losses exceeding 30 percent.

Through the 1990s, India introduced widespread free market reforms, including some related to retail. Between 2000 and 2010, consumers in select Indian cities have gradually begun to experience the quality, choice, convenience and benefits of organised retail industry.

==Growth==
[[File:Bazaar at Sarkhej Gandhinagar Highway in Ahmedabad, India.jpg|thumb|An organised retail store in Ahmedabad (ca. 2009)]]
[[File:Big Bazaar - Kolkata 2011-07-31 00431.jpg|thumb|Customers inside a retail store in Kolkata (ca. 2011)]]

===Growth over 1997–2010===
India in 1997 allowed foreign direct investment (FDI) in cash and carry wholesale. Then, it required government approval. The approval requirement was relaxed, and automatic permission was granted in 2006. Between
2000 and 2010, Indian retail attracted about $1.8 billion in foreign direct investment, representing a very small 1.5% of total investment flow into India.<ref name=kpmg2010a/><ref>[http://www.researchfront.in/01%20JAN-MAR%202013/5%20Zodage%20ok%20ok.pdf GROWTH AND NECESSITIES OF FDI IN RETAILING IN INDIA]</ref>

Single brand retailing attracted 94 proposals between 2006 and 2010, of which 57 were approved and implemented.<ref>[http://indiabudget.nic.in/budget2011-2012/es2010-11/echap-10.pdf Services Sector, Government of India Budget Document, Chapter 10 (2012)]</ref> For a country of 1.2 billion people, this is a very small number. Some claim one of the primary restraint inhibiting better participation was that India required single brand retailers to limit their ownership in Indian outlets to 51%. China in contrast allows 100% ownership by foreign companies in both single brand and multi-brand retail presence.

Indian retail has experienced limited growth, and its spoilage of food harvest is amongst the highest in the world, because of very limited integrated [[cold chain]] and other infrastructure. India has only 5386 stand-alone cold storages, having a total capacity of 23.6 million metric tons. However, 80 percent of this storage is used only for potatoes. The remaining infrastructure capacity is less than 1% of the annual farm output of India, and grossly inadequate during peak harvest seasons. This leads to about 30% losses in certain perishable agricultural output in India, on average, every year.<ref name=kpmg2010a/><ref>[http://www.kpmg.com/IN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ThoughtLeadership/Investing_in_India_October_2010.pdf Investing in India, KPMG]</ref>

Indian laws already allow foreign direct investment in cold-chain infrastructure to the extent of 100 percent. There has been no interest in foreign direct investment in cold storage infrastructure build out. Experts claim that cold storage infrastructure will become economically viable only when there is strong and contractually binding demand from organised retail. The risk of cold storing perishable food, without an assured way to move and sell it, puts the economic viability of expensive cold storage in doubt. In the absence of organised retail competition and with a ban on foreign direct investment in multi-brand retailers, foreign direct investments are unlikely to begin in cold storage and farm logistics infrastructure.

Until 2010, intermediaries and middlemen in India have dominated the value chain. Due to a number of intermediaries involved in the traditional Indian retail chain, norms are flouted and pricing lacks transparency. Small Indian farmers realise only 1/3rd of the total price paid by the final Indian consumer, as against 2/3rd by farmers in nations with a higher share of organised retail.<ref name=kpmg2010a/> The 60%+ margins for middlemen and traditional retail shops have limited growth and prevented innovation in Indian retail industry.

India has had years of debate and discussions on the risks and prudence of allowing innovation and competition within its retail industry.<ref>{{cite book|title=FDI in Retail Sector: INDIA, A Report by ICRIER|first=Arpita|last=Mukherjee|year=2006|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-480-3|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Numerous economists repeatedly recommended to the Government of India that legal restrictions on organised retail must be removed, and the retail industry in India must be opened to competition. For example, in an invited address to the Indian parliament in December 2010, [[Jagdish Bhagwati]], Professor of Economics and Law at the Columbia University analysed the relationship between growth and poverty reduction, then urged the Indian parliament to extend economic reforms by freeing up of the retail sector, further liberalisation of trade in all sectors, and introducing labour market reforms. Such reforms Professor Bhagwati argued will accelerate economic growth and make a sustainable difference in the life of India's poorest.,<ref>{{cite web|title=Growth and Poverty - the great debate|publisher=CUTS International|author=Mehta and Chatterjee|url=http://cuts-international.org/pdf/Full_Version-Growth_and_Poverty-The_Great_Debate.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hiren Mukerjee Memorial Parliamentary Lecture: Parliament of India|last=Bhagwati|first=Jagdish|publisher=Columbia University, Parliament of India|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/papers/pdf/Lok-Sabha-speech-FINAL-EXPANDED-Deceber-14.pdf}}</ref>

A 2007 report noted that an increasing number of people in India are turning to the services sector for employment due to the relative low compensation offered by the traditional agriculture and manufacturing sectors. The organised retail market is growing at 35 percent annually while growth of unorganised retail sector is pegged at 6 percent.<ref name="CIOL">"[http://www.ciol.com/content/2260797694.aspx India again tops global retail index]." 22 /6/ 2007.</ref>

The Retail Business in India is currently at the point of inflection. As of 2008, rapid change with investments to the tune of US$25 billion were being planned by several Indian and [[multinational company|multinational companies]] in the next 5 years. It is a huge industry in terms of size and according to India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), it is valued at about US$395.96 billion. Organised retail is expected to garner about 16-18 percent of the total retail market (US$65–75 billion) in the next 5 years.

India has topped the [[A.T. Kearney]]’s annual Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) for the third consecutive year, maintaining its position as the most attractive market for retail investment. The Indian economy has registered a growth of 8% for 2007. The predictions for 2008 is 7.9%.<ref name="Economist">"[http://www.economist.com/markets/indicators/ Economic and financial indicators]" 3 July 2008.</ref> The enormous growth of the retail industry has created a huge demand for real estate. Property developers are creating retail real estate at an aggressive pace and by 2010, 300 malls are estimated to be operational in the country.<ref>"[http://indiafmcg.blogspot.com/2007/08/indian-retail-story-from-myths-to-mall.html Indian Retail story from Myths to Mall]." 11 August 2007.</ref>

===Growth after 2011===

Before 2011, India had prevented innovation and organised competition in its consumer retail industry. Several studies claim that the lack of infrastructure and competitive retail industry is a key cause of India's persistently high inflation. Furthermore, because of unorganised retail, in a nation where malnutrition remains a serious problem, food wastage is rife. Well over 30% of food staples and perishable goods produced in India spoil because of poor infrastructure and small retail outlets prevent hygienic storage and movement of the goods from the farmer to the consumer.<ref name=WSJ1/><ref>{{cite web|title=Wal-Mart Waits With Carrefour as India Wins Instant Gain: Retail|publisher=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-30/wal-mart-waits-with-carrefour-as-india-wins-instant-gain-retail.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721091532/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-30/wal-mart-waits-with-carrefour-as-india-wins-instant-gain-retail.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=Econ312>{{cite news|title=Indian retail: The supermarket's last frontier|newspaper=The Economist|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21541017}}</ref>

One report estimates the 2011 Indian retail market as generating sales of about $470 billion a year, of which a minuscule $27 billion comes from organised retail such as supermarkets, chain stores with centralised operations and shops in malls. The opening of retail industry to free market competition, some claim will enable rapid growth in retail sector of Indian economy. Others believe the growth of Indian retail industry will take time, with organised retail possibly needing a decade to grow to a 25% share.<ref name=Econ312/> A 25% market share, given the expected growth of Indian retail industry through 2021, is estimated to be over $250 billion a year: a revenue equal to the 2009 revenue share from Japan for the world's 250 largest retailers.,<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIAN RETAIL INDUSTRY: A Report|publisher=CARE Research|url=http://www.careratings.com/content/ResourceCenter/reports/Web%20Content%20%20-%20Retail%20March%202011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Powers of Retailing 2011|year=2011|publisher=Deloitte|url=https://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-Global/Local%20Assets/Documents/Consumer%20Business/GlobPowDELOITTE_14%20Jan.pdf}}</ref>

The Economist forecasts that Indian retail will nearly double in economic value, expanding by about $850 billion by 2020.<ref name=TEnmr>{{cite news|title=India's retail reform: No massive rush|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2011/12/indias-retail-reform}}</ref> The projected increase alone is equivalent to the current retail market size of France.

In 2011, food accounted for 70% of Indian retail, but was under-represented by organised retail. [[A.T. Kearney]] estimates India's organised retail had a 31% share in clothing and apparel, while the home supplies retail was growing between 20% and 30% per year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Retail Global Expansion: A Portfolio of Opportunities|publisher=AT Kearney | year=2011 | url=http://www.atkearney.com/images/global/pdf/Retail_Global_Expansion-GRDI_2011.pdf}}</ref> These data correspond to retail prospects prior to November announcement of the retail reform.

It might be true that India has the largest number of shops per inhabitant. However, there are detailed figures for Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg. In Belgium, the number of outlets is approximately 8 per 1,000 and in the Netherlands it is 6. So the Indian number must be far higher.

==Indian retail market==
[[File:Spice market-India.jpg|thumb|A spice market]]
[[File:Hypercity mall malad.jpg|thumb|upright|Checkout lanes, organised retail in Malad, Mumbai]]
;Modern retail format
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! Country !! Modern Retail<br />(in 2011, % of total)<ref>[http://www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/file/RAI_Strategyand_Successful-Innovations-in-Indian-Retail.pdf Successful Innovations in Indian Retail] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808025059/http://www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/file/RAI_Strategyand_Successful-Innovations-in-Indian-Retail.pdf }} Booz Allen & PwC (February 2013)</ref>
|-
| {{flag|India}} || 7%
|-
| {{flag|China}} || 20%
|-
| {{flag|Thailand}} || 40%
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || 85%
|-
|}

Indian market has high complexities in terms of a wide geographic spread and distinct consumer preferences varying by each region necessitating a need for localization even within the geographic zones.
India has highest number of outlets per person (7 per thousand)
Indian retail space per capita at {{Convert|2|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}/ person is lowest in the world
Indian retail density of 6 percent is highest in the world.<ref>"[http://www.ksa-technopak.com/pressroom/press.jsp?press_id=26&offset=10 Fashion meets tech as handsets get sleek expensive]"</ref> 1.8 million households in India have an annual income of over {{INRConvert|4.5|m|1}}.<ref>"[http://www.ksa-technopak.com/pressroom/press.jsp?press_id=33 LCD televisions, laptops are flying off the shelves.]"</ref>

The organised retail market has a share of 8% as per 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.slideshare.net/iimjobs/indian-retail-sector-report-may-2014|title = Indian Retail Sector Report May 2014| date=9 May 2014 }}</ref> While India presents a large market opportunity given the number and increasing purchasing power of consumers, there are significant challenges as well given that over 90% of trade is conducted through independent local stores. Challenges include: Geographically dispersed population, small ticket sizes, complex distribution network, little use of IT systems, limitations of mass media and existence of counterfeit goods.<ref name="Selling and Distribution in India">"[http://www.bostonanalytics.com/webinar/Traditional%20Trade%20in%20India_Webinar%20Excerpts.pdf Traditional Retail Trade in India]." 28 June 2009.</ref>

A number of merger and acquisitions have begun in Indian retail market. PWC estimates the multi-brand retail market to grow to $220 billion by 2020.<ref name=pwc12tik>[http://www.pwc.in/en_IN/in/assets/pdfs/industries/retail-and-consumer/retail-report-300812.pdf The Indian Kaleidoscope - Emerging trends in retail] PWC (2012)</ref>

==Challenges==
A McKinsey study claims retail productivity in India is very low compared to international peer measures. For example, the labour productivity in Indian retail was just 6% of the labour productivity in United States in 2010. India's labour productivity in food retailing is about 5% compared to Brazil's 14%; while India's labour productivity in non-food retailing is about 8% compared to Poland's 25%.<ref name=mckinsey1>{{cite web|title=Retail - India |publisher=McKinsey & Co. |url=http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/reports/pdfs/india/Retail.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108083036/http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/reports/pdfs/india/Retail.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2009 }}</ref>

Total retail employment in India, both organised and unorganised, account for about 6% of Indian labour work force currently - most of which is unorganised. This about a third of levels in United States and Europe; and about half of levels in other emerging economies. A complete expansion of retail sector to levels and productivity similar to other emerging economies and developed economies such as the United States would create over 50 million jobs in India. Training and development of labour and management for higher retail productivity is expected to be a challenge.

<ref>[http://www.ibef.org/attachdisplay.aspx?cat_id=375&art_id=4165 Retail Scenario in India]</ref>

In November 2011, the Indian government announced relaxation of some rules and the opening of retail market to competition.

==India retail reforms==

Until 2011, Indian central government denied foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand Indian retail, forbidding foreign groups from any ownership in supermarkets, convenience stores or any retail outlets, to sell multiple products from different brands directly to Indian consumers..

The government of Manmohan Singh, prime minister, announced on 24 November 2011 the following:<ref name=WSJ1>{{cite news|title=India Unlocks Door for Global Retailers|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204630904577058131832465876?mod=WSJINDIA_hpp_LEFTTopStories|first=Megha|last=Bahree}}</ref><ref name=fdiCM1>{{cite web|title=FDI POLICY IN MULTI BRAND RETAIL|publisher=Ministry of Commerce, Government of India|url=http://commerce.nic.in/pressrelease/pressrelease_detail.asp}}</ref>
* India will allow foreign groups to own up to 51 per cent in "multi-brand retailers", as supermarkets are known in India, in the most radical pro-liberalisation reform passed by an Indian cabinet in years;
* single brand retailers, such as Apple and Ikea, can own 100 percent of their Indian stores, up from the previous cap of 51 percent;
* both multi-brand and single brand stores in India will have to source nearly a third of their goods from small and medium-sized Indian suppliers;
* all multi-brand and single brand stores in India must confine their operations to 53-odd cities with a population over one million, out of some 7935 towns and cities in India. It is expected that these stores will now have full access to over 200 million urban consumers in India;
* multi-brand retailers must have a minimum investment of US$100 million with at least half of the amount invested in back end infrastructure, including cold chains, refrigeration, transportation, packing, sorting and processing to considerably reduce the post harvest losses and bring remunerative prices to farmers;
* the opening of retail competition will be within India's federal structure of government. In other words, the policy is an enabling legal framework for India. The states of India have the prerogative to accept it and implement it, or they can decide to not implement it if they so choose. Actual implementation of policy will be within the parameters of state laws and regulations.

The opening of retail industry to global competition is expected to spur a retail rush to India. It has the potential to transform not only the retailing landscape but also the nation's ailing infrastructure.,<ref name=WSJ1/><ref name=WSJ2/>

A Wall Street Journal article claims that fresh investments in Indian organised retail will generate 10 million new jobs between 2012 and 2014, and about five to six million of them in logistics alone; even though the retail market is being opened to just 53 cities out of about 8000 towns and cities in India.<ref name=WSJ2>{{cite news|title=India Goes Wild Over Wal-Mart|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203802204577066501218085104?mod=googlenews_wsj|first=Sadanand|last=Dhume}}</ref>

===Indian retail reforms on hold===
According to Bloomberg, on 3 December 2011, the Chief Minister of the Indian state of West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee, who is against the policy and whose Trinamool Congress brings 19 votes to the ruling Congress party-led coalition, claimed that India's government may put the FDI retail reforms on hold until it reaches consensus within the ruling coalition. Reuters reports that this risked a possible dilution of the policy rather than a change of heart.,<ref>{{cite news|title=India government puts foreign supermarkets "on pause"|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-retail-idUSTRE7B304G20111204}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India to put foreign supermarket plan on hold|work=The Financial Times|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/df31ab54-1dbc-11e1-9fd4-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1fPDXuO32}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FDI in retail: Is it another nuclear deal moment?|work=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-debate/fdi-in-retail-is-it-another-nuclear-deal-moment/articleshow/10973796.cms}}</ref>

Several newspapers claimed on 6 December 2011 that India parliament is expected to shelve retail reforms while the ruling Congress party seeks consensus from the opposition and the Congress party's own coalition partners. Suspension of retail reforms on 7 December 2011 would be, the reports claimed, an embarrassing defeat for the Indian government, suggesting it is weak and ineffective in implementing its ideas.<ref>{{cite news|title=India Parliament Expected to Suspend Key Retail Proposal|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204083204577082132742001526|first=Megha|last=Bahree}}</ref>

Anand Sharma, India's Commerce and Industry Minister, after a meeting of all political parties on 7 December 2011 said, "The decision to allow foreign direct investment in retail is suspended till consensus is reached with all stakeholders."<ref name=wsj71211>{{cite news|title=India puts retails reforms on hold|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204903804577083343062468240|first1=Vibhuti|last1=Agarwal|first2=Megha|last2=Bahree}}</ref>

On 19 Feb 2013 Tamil Nadu became the first state in the country to stoutly resist MNC 'invasion' into the domestic retail sector. In Chennai, Tamil Nadu CMDA authorities placed a seal on the massive warehouse spreading across 7 acres that had reportedly been built for one of the world's leading multinational retail giants, Wal-mart.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130220/news-current-affairs/article/walmart-warehouse-sealed-chennai |title=Walmart warehouse sealed in Chennai |work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref>

In February 2014, [[Vasundhara Raje]] led newly elected [[Rajasthan Government]] reversed the earlier Government's decision of allowing FDI in retail in the state. It reasoned that the sources of domestic retail are primarily local whereas international retail affects domestic manufacturing activity and hence reduces employment opportunities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajasthan reverses the Decision to allow FDI in Multi-Brand Retail|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/rajasthan-reverses-the-decision-to-allow-fdi-in-multi-brand-retail/|work=IANS|publisher=Biharprabha News|access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>

===Single-brand retail reforms approved===
On 11 January 2012, India approved increased competition and innovation in single-brand retail.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government of India, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Press Note No.1 (2012 Series)|url=http://dipp.nic.in/English/acts_rules/Press_Notes/pn1_2012.pdf}}</ref>

The reform seeks to attract investments in operations and marketing, improve the availability of goods for the consumer, encourage increased sourcing of goods from India, and enhance competitiveness of Indian enterprises through access to global designs, technologies and management practices. In this announcement, India requires single-brand retailer, with greater than 51% foreign ownership, to source at least 30% of the value of products from Indian small industries, village and cottage industries, artisans and craftsmen.

Mikael Ohlsson, chief executive of IKEA, announced IKEA is postponing its plan to open stores in India. He claimed that IKEA's decision reflects India's requirements that single-brand retailers such as IKEA source 30 percent of their goods from local small and medium-sized companies. This was an obstacle to IKEA's investment in India, and that it will take IKEA some time to source goods and develop reliable supply chains inside India. Ikea announced that it plans to double what it sources from India already for its global product range, to over $1 billion a year, within three years. IKEA in the near term, plans to focus expansion instead in China and Russia, where such restrictions do not exist.<ref name=ft22012012/>

On 19 Feb 2013 Tamil Nadu became the first state in the country to stoutly resist MNC 'invasion' into the domestic retail sector. In Chennai, Tamil Nadu CMDA authorities placed a seal on the massive warehouse spreading across 7 acres that had reportedly been built for one of the world's leading multinational retail giants, Wal-mart.<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/>

Slowly and gradually the domestic retail players like Future Retail, Avenues Supermarket and Aditya Birla Fashion and Retail started flourishing and brought about a massive change in the retail environment in India. These local retailers have been challenging the MNCs trying to foray into the country like Walmart, Carrefour, etc. and making the invasion even more difficult for them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 8 Retail Companies in India - Which one to Invest in? Comparative Quantitative Analysis|website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTRDddESw6g| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/oTRDddESw6g| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 28 August 2019, Indian union cabinet approved proposals to ease local sourcing norms as applicable to SBRT.<ref>{{cite web|title=FDI norms in SBRT to be eased|url=https://previewtech.net/fdi-single-brand-retail-trade-local-sourcing-2019-2728/amp}}</ref>

==Social impact and controversy with retail reforms==

The November 2011 retail reforms in India have sparked intense activism, both in opposition and in support of the reforms.

=== Controversy over allowing Foreign retailers ===
[[File:KolkataFlowerMarket.JPG|thumb|A horticultural produce retail market in Kolkata, India; produce loss in these retail formats is very high for perishables]]
Critics of deregulating retail in India are making one or more of the following claims:<ref>{{cite news|title=MIND THE GAP|work=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111201/jsp/opinion/story_14822569.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914084806/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111201/jsp/opinion/story_14822569.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2012|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref name=g1>{{cite news|title=India needs Supermarkets|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/nov/29/india-needs-foreign-owned-supermarkets|location=London|first=Salil|last=Tripathi}}</ref>
* Independent stores will close, leading to massive job losses. Walmart employs very few people in the United States. If allowed to expand in India as much as Walmart has expanded in the United States, few thousand jobs may be created but millions will be lost.
* Walmart's efficiency at supply chain management leads to direct procurement of goods from the supplier. In addition to eliminating the "middle-man", due to its status as the leading retailer, suppliers of goods are pressured to drop prices in order to assure consistent cash flow.
* The small retailer and the middle man present in the retail industry play a large part in supporting the local economy, since they typically procure goods and services from the area they have their retail shops in. This leads to increased economic activity, and wealth redistribution. With large, efficient retailers, goods are acquired in other regions, hence reducing the local economy.
* Walmart may lower prices to dump goods, get competition out of the way, become a monopoly, then raise prices. It is argued this was the case of the soft drinks industry, where Pepsi and Coca-Cola came in and wiped out all the domestic brands.
* India doesn't need foreign retailers, since homegrown companies and traditional markets have been able to do the job.
* Work will be done by Indians, profits will go to foreigners.
* Like the East India Company, Walmart could enter India as a trader and then take over politically.{{citation needed}}
* There will be sterile homogeneity and Indian cities will look like cities anywhere else.
* The government hasn't built consensus.
* The government claims modern retail will create 4 million new jobs. This cannot be true because Walmart, with over 9000 stores worldwide, has only 2.1 million employees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/fdi-in-retail-parliament-upa-bjp-live-blog/1/235940.html|title=FDI in retail, India debate: Parliament of India, December 4, 2012}}</ref>
* By allowing modern retail there could be more stores in total than Walmart has over the world, it's not unfeasible for 20,000 stores in India which would indeed create more than 4 million jobs. Let's not forget that India has ~3 times the population of the United States.{{citation needed}}
* The Democratic staff of the U.S. House Committee on Education and the Workforce Report- Wal-Mart's low wages and their effect on taxpayers and economic growth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://democrats.edworkforce.house.gov/sites/democrats.edworkforce.house.gov/files/documents/WalMartReport-May2013.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-date=19 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919104801/http://democrats.edworkforce.house.gov/sites/democrats.edworkforce.house.gov/files/documents/WalMartReport-May2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Supporters claim none of these objections has merit. They claim:<ref name=g1/>
* Organised retail will need workers. Walmart employs 1.4 million people in United States alone.<ref>{{cite web|title=Walmart Fact Sheets|publisher=Walmart|url=http://walmartstores.com/pressroom/FactSheets/}}</ref> With United States population of about 300 million, and India's population of about 1200 million, if Walmart-like retail companies were to expand in India as much as their presence in the United States, and the staffing level in Indian stores kept at the same level as in the United States stores, Walmart alone would employ 5.6 million Indian citizens. Walmart has a 6.5% market share of the total United States retail. Adjusted for this market share, the expected jobs in future Indian organised retail would total over 85 million. In addition, millions of additional jobs will be created during the building of and the maintenance of retail stores, roads, cold storage centers, software industry, electronic cash registers and other retail supporting organisations. Instead of job losses, retail reforms are likely to be massive boost to Indian job availability.
* KPMG - one of the world's largest audit companies - finds that in China, the employment in both retail and wholesale trade increased from 4% in 1992 to about 7% in 2001, post China opening its retail to foreign and domestic innovation and competition. In absolute terms, China experienced the creation of 26 million new jobs within 9 years, post China announcing FDI retail reforms. Additionally, contrary to some concerns in China, post retail reforms, the number of traditional small retailers also grew by 30% over 5 years.<ref name=kpmg2010a>{{cite journal|title=FDI AND IMPACT ON INDIAN ECONOMY|year=2012|journal=International Journal of Research in IT, Management and Engineering|publisher=IJRIME|url=http://gjmr.org/IJRIME/vol2issue1/3.pdf}}</ref>
* India needs trillions of dollars to build its infrastructure, hospitals, housing and schools for its growing population. The Indian economy is small, with limited surplus capital. The government is already operating on budget deficits. It is simply not possible for Indian investors or the government to fund this expansion, job creation and growth at the rate India needs. Global investment capital through FDI is necessary. Beyond capital, the Indian retail industry needs knowledge and global integration. Global retail leaders, some of which are partly owned by people of Indian origin,<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian retail kings around the world|publisher=Rediff |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indian-retail-kings-around-the-world/20111206.htm}}</ref> can bring this knowledge. Global integration can potentially open export markets for Indian farmers and producers. Walmart, for example, expects to source and export some $1 billion worth of goods from India every year, since it came into Indian wholesale retail market.<ref name=St1>{{cite news|title=Walmart Asia to make India an export hub|newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/walmart-asia-to-make-india-an-export-hub/391886/}}</ref>
* Walmart, Carrefour, Tesco, Target, Metro, Coop are some of over 350 global retail companies with annual sales over $1 billion. These retail companies have operated for over 30 years in numerous countries. They have not become monopolies. Competition between Walmart-like retailers has kept [[food prices]] in check. Canada credits their very low inflation rates to Walmart-effect.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Wal-Mart effect: food inflation tame in Canada|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/economy-lab/daily-mix/the-wal-mart-effect-food-inflation-tame-in-canada/article1882175/|location=Toronto|first=Tavia|last=Grant}}</ref> Anti-trust laws and state regulations, such as those in Indian legal code, have prevented food monopolies from forming anywhere in the world. Price inflation in these countries has been 5 to 10 times lower than price inflation in India. The current consumer price inflation in Europe and the United States is less than 2%, compared to India's double digit inflation.
* The Pepsi and Coca-Cola example is meaningless in the context of Indian beverage market. More competition is lacking because of limited demand. Indian consumer has limited interest in soft drinks. Soft drinks represent less than 5% of Indian beverage market.<ref>{{cite web|title=For India's Consumers, Pepsi Is the Real Thing|publisher=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_39/b4196026887723.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921055632/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_39/b4196026887723.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2010}}</ref> Indian consumers prefer milk-based, tea and coffee and these account for 90% of Indian beverage market, with plenty of competing domestic brands and even European brands like Nestlé. The next most important market in India is bottled water, which outsells the combined soft drink sales of the Pepsi and Coca-Cola. Organised retail too will have numerous brands and strong competition.
* Comparing the 21st century to the 18th century is inappropriate. Conditions today are different. India wasn't a democracy then. Global awareness and news media have also changed. For example, China has over 57 million square feet of retail space owned by foreigners, employing millions of Chinese citizens. Yet, China hasn't become a vassal of imperialists, enjoying respect from all global powers. Other Asian countries like Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand and Indonesia see foreign retailers as catalysts of new technology and price reduction; and they have benefited by welcoming FDI in retail. India too will benefit by integrating with the world, rather than isolating itself.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aam bania is more powerful than the aam aadmi|work=The Times of India|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/swaminomics/entry/aam-bania-is-more-powerful-than-the-aam-aadmi}}</ref>
* With 51% FDI limit in multi-brand retailers, nearly half of any profits will remain in India. Any profits will be subject to taxes, and such taxes will reduce Indian government budget deficit. Many years ago, China adopted the retail reform policy India has announced; allowing FDI in its retail sector. FDI-financed retailers in China took between 5 and 10 years to post profits, in large part because of huge investments initially made. Like China, it is unlikely foreign retailers will earn any profits in India for the first 5 to 10 years.<ref name=TEnmr/> Ultimately, retail companies must earn profits by creating value.
* States have a right to say no to retail FDI within their jurisdiction.<ref name=fdiCM1/> States have the right to add restrictions to the retail policy announced before they implement them. Thus, they can place limits on number, market share, style, diversity, homogeneity and other factors to suit their cultural preferences. Finally, in future, states can always introduce regulations and India can change the law to ensure the benefits of retail reforms reach the poorest and weakest segments of Indian society, free and fair retail competition does indeed lead to sharply lower inflation than current levels, small farmers get better prices, jobs created by organised retail pay well, and healthier food becomes available to more households.
* Inbuilt inefficiencies and wastage in distribution and storage account for why, according to some estimates, as much as 40% of food production doesn't reach consumers. Fifty million children in India are malnourished.<ref name=g1/> Food often rots in farms, in transit, or in antiquated state-run warehouses. Cost-conscious organised retail companies will avoid waste and loss, making food available to the weakest and poorest segment of Indian society, while increasing the income of small farmers. Walmart, for example, since its arrival in Indian wholesale retail market, has successfully introduced the "Direct Farm Project" at Haider Nagar near Malerkotla in Punjab, where 110 farmers have been connected with Bharti Walmart for sourcing fresh vegetables directly, thereby reducing waste and bringing fresher produce to Indian consumers.<ref name=St1/>
* Indian small shops employ workers without proper contracts, making them work long hours. Many unorganised small shops depend on child labour. A well-regulated retail sector will help curtail some of these abuses.<ref name=g1/>
* Organised retail has enabled a wide range of companies to start and flourish in other countries. For example, in the United States, retailer Whole Foods has rapidly grown to annual revenues of $9 billion by working closely with farmers, delighting customers and caring about the communities it has stores in.<ref>{{cite web|title=Whole Foods annual report, FY 2010|year=2011|publisher=Whole Foods|url=http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/company/pdfs/ar10.pdf}}</ref>
* The claims that there is no consensus is without merit. About 10 years ago, when opposition formed the central government, they had proposed retail reforms and suggested India consider FDI in retail. Retail reforms discussions are not new. More recently, retail reforms announced evolved after a process of intense consultations and consensus building initiative. In 2010, the Indian government circulated a discussion paper on FDI retail reforms.<ref name=kpmg2010a/> On 6 July 2011, another version of the discussion paper was circulated by the central government of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commerce Minister Anand Sharma speaks to NDTV on FDI|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/full-transcript-commerce-minister-anand-sharma-speaks-to-ndtv-on-fdi-154829}}</ref> Comments from a wide cross-section of Indian society including farmers' associations, industry bodies, consumer forums, academics, traders' associations, investors, economists were analysed in depth before the matter was discussed by the Committee of Secretaries. By early August 2011, the consensus from various segments of Indian society was overwhelming in favour of retail reforms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Discussion Paper on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Multi-Brand Trading|publisher=Indian Venture Capital and Private Equity Association|url=http://dipp.gov.in/English/Discuss_paper/FeedBack_IVCA_02August2010.pdf}}</ref> The reform outline was presented in India's Rajya Sabha in August 2011. The announced reforms are the result of this consensus process. The current opposition is not helping the consensus process, since consensus is not built by threats and disruption. Those who oppose current retail reforms should help build consensus with ideas and proposals. The opposition parties currently disrupting the Indian parliament on retail reforms have not offered even one idea or a single proposal on how India can eliminate food spoilage, reduce inflation, improve food security, feed the poor, improve the incomes of small farmers.
* A study by Global Insights research found that modern retailers such as Walmart create jobs directly, indirectly and by induced effects. In Dallas-Fort Worth area of the United States, with a population of about 2 million people, Global Insights found that Walmart alone had helped create about 6,300 new net jobs with an average salary of over $21,000 each.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Economic Impact of WalMart|author=Global Insights|url=http://ww2.siouxfalls.org/~/media/Documents/mayor/boards-commissions/planning-comm/11-03-05_walmart.pdf}}</ref> For India's urban population of over 400 million, an average salary of less than $2,100 per year, this scales to over 12 million new jobs. Other multi-brand retailers, such as [[Mitsukoshi]] of Japan, employ a much higher number of sales support employee per store, than Walmart, to suit local consumer culture. The Global Insights study also found that the modern retail such as Walmart were a key contributor in creating new net jobs and maintaining low consumer price inflation rates from 1985 to 2005.

===Opposition to retail reforms===

Within a week of retail reform announcement, Indian government has faced a political backlash against its decision to allow competition and 51% ownership of multi-brand organised retail in India.

Despite the fact that Salman Khurshid, India's law minister, claiming that many opposition parties, including the Bharatiya Janata Party, had privately encouraged the government to push through the retail reform, the intense criticism now targets Congress-led coalition government, and its decision to push through one of the biggest economic reforms in years for India. Opposition parties claim supermarket chains are ill-advised, unilateral and unwelcome.<ref name=ft2011a>{{cite web | title = Backlash grows over reform of Indian retail | publisher = The Financial Express | date=27 November 2011 | url = http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a472da16-1915-11e1-92d8-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1f9REvyF2}}</ref>

The opposition claims the entry of organised retailers would lead to their dominance that would decimate local retailers and force millions of people out of work.

Mamata Banerjee, the chief minister of West Bengal and the leader of the Trinamool Congress, announced her opposition to retail reform, claiming "Some people might support it, but I do not support it. You see America is America … and India is India. One has to see what one’s capacity is".<ref>{{cite web | title = Revolt escalates against Indian retail reform | publisher = The Financial Express | date=27 November 2011 | url = http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ece5bd6a-19cc-11e1-ba5d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1f9REvyF2}}</ref>

Other states whose Chief Ministers have either personally announced opposition or announced reluctance to implement the retail reforms: Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.

Chief Ministers of many states have not made a personal statement in opposition or support of India needing retail reforms. Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka and Rajasthan are examples of these states. Both sides have made conflicting claims about the position of chief ministers from these states.

A Wall Street Journal article reports that in Uttar Pradesh, Uma Bharti, a senior leader of the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), threatened to "set fire to the first Wal-Mart store whenever it opens;" with her colleague Sushma Swaraj busy tweeting up a storm of misinformation about how Wal-Mart allegedly ruined the U.S. economy.<ref name=wsj2011a>{{cite news|title=India goes wild over Wal-Mart|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203802204577066501218085104?mod=googlenews_wsj|first=Sadanand|last=Dhume}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2013/08/24/walmart_still_scheming_to_force_its_shoddy_goods_on_the_underclass_partner/|title=Wal-Mart's newest scheme to ruin the middle class}}</ref>

On 1 December 2011, an India-wide "bandh" (close all business in protest) was called by political parties opposing the retail reform. While many organisations responded, the reach of the protest was mixed.<ref>{{cite web|title=FDI: Bandh call gets mixed response|work=Indian Express|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fdi-bandh-call-gets-mixed-response/883054/}}</ref> [[The Times of India]], a national newspaper of India, claimed people appeared divided over the bandh call and internal rivalry among trade associations led to a mixed response, leaving many stores open day-long and others opening for business as usual in the second half of the day. Even Purti Group, a network of stores owned and operated by Nitin Gadkari were open for business, ignoring the call for bandh. Gadkari is the president of BJP, the key party currently organising opposition to retail reform.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gadkari's own chain remains open for biz|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/nagpur/30466966_1_wholesale-markets-fdi-law-small-shops|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721205634/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/nagpur/30466966_1_wholesale-markets-fdi-law-small-shops|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=21 July 2012}}</ref>

[[The Hindu]], another widely circulated newspaper in India, claimed the opposition's call for a nationwide shutdown on 1 December 2011, in protest of retail reform received a mixed response. Some states had strong support, while most did not. Even in states where opposition political parties are in power, many ignored the call for the shutdown. In Gujarat, Bihar, Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and Assam the call evoked a partial response. While a number of wholesale markets observed the shutdown, the newspaper claimed a majority of kirana stores and neighborhood small shops – for whom apparently the trade bandh had been called – remained open, ignoring the shutdown call. Conflicting claims were made by the organisers of the nationwide shutdown. Contrary to eyewitness reports, one Trader union's secretary general claimed traders across the country participated wholeheartedly in the strike.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wholesale markets remain closed, kirana stores ignore bandh call|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2677114.ece|location=Chennai, India|first=Sujay|last=Mehdudia}}</ref>

The political parties opposing the retail reforms physically disrupted and forced India's parliament to adjourn again on Friday 2 December 2011. The Indian government refused to cave in, in its attempt to convince through dialogue that retail reforms are necessary to protect the farmers and consumers. Indian parliament has been dysfunctional for the entire week of 28 November 2011 over the opposition to retail reforms.<ref>{{cite news|title=India: A parliament in limbo|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-15998053}}</ref>

===Support for retail reforms===

In a pan-Indian survey conducted over the weekend of 3 December 2011, overwhelming majority of consumers and farmers in and around ten major cities across the country support the retail reforms. Over 90 per cent of consumers said FDI in retail will bring down prices and offer a wider choice of goods. Nearly 78 per cent of farmers said they will get better prices for their produce from multi-format stores. Over 75 per cent of the traders claimed their marketing resources will continue to be needed to push sales through multiple channels, but they may have to accept lower margins for greater volumes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Farmers and consumers favour FDI in retail|publisher=ASSOCHAM|url=http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews.php?id=3205}}</ref>

A study in India on title 'Foreign Direct Investment In Indian Retail Sector: Drawing lessons from the international experience', concluded that the entry of FDI in multi brand retail in India can be growth enhancing only if proper safeguards are in place and the market environment is regulated. Firstly, the resources should be dedicated for a comprehensive study of retail and its related industries. Secondly, the number of big retail outlets in a particular city should be decided on the basis of population criterion and the employment level of local youth in the retail business. Thirdly, the format of these retail chains should also be regulated as is done in Malaysian case. They should not be in the form of neighborhood convenience store and there should be minimum and maximum limit of the size of these stores. Fourthly, it is important to ensure that no single retailer monopolizes the procurement operations in an area, district or state in order to protect the local suppliers. Lastly, the predatory pricing and the anti competitive practices of these
international retailers should be prohibited in order to create a playing field for local retailers [http://ijtemt.org/vol2issue5/Foreign_Direct_Investment.html SOURCE].<ref>Verma, N., 'Foreign Direct Investment In Indian Retail Sector: Drawing lessons from the international experience', International Journal of Trends in Economics Management & Technology (IJTEMT); {{ISSN|2321-5518}}; ICV: 6.14., Impact Factor: 1.41 pp 13-20</ref>

====Farmer groups====
[[File:2010 Vegetable Shop ChinnaDharapuram , India.JPG|thumb|A Vegetable Shop in rural India]]
Various farmer associations in India have announced their support for the retail reforms. For example:
* Shriram Gadhve of All India Vegetable Growers Association (AIVGA) claims his organisation supports retail reform. He claimed that currently, it is the middlemen commission agents who benefit at the cost of farmers. He urged that the retail reform must focus on rural areas and that farmers receive benefits. Gadhve claimed, "A better cold storage would help since this could help prevent the existing loss of 34% of fruits and vegetables due to inefficient systems in place." AIVGA operates in nine states including Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Punjab and Haryana with 2,200 farmer outfits as its members.<ref name=fe12a>{{cite web|title=Farmer Organisations back retail FDI|publisher=The Financial Express|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/farmer-organisations-back-retail-fdi/883179/0}}</ref>
* Bharat Krishak Samaj, a farmer association with more than 75,000 members says it supports retail reform. Ajay Vir Jakhar, the chairman of Bharat Krishak Samaj, claimed a monopoly exists between the private guilds of middlemen, commission agents at the sabzi mandis (India's wholesale markets for vegetables and farm produce) and the small shopkeepers in the unorganised retail market. Given the perishable nature of food like fruit and vegetables, without the option of safe and reliable cold storage, the farmer is compelled to sell his crop at whatever price he can get. He cannot wait for a better price and is thus exploited by the current monopoly of middlemen. Jakhar asked that the government make it mandatory for organised retailers to buy 75% of their produce directly from farmers, bypassing the middlemen monopoly and India's sabzi mandi auction system.<ref name=fe12a/>
* Consortium of Indian Farmers Associations (CIFA) announced its support for retail reform. Chengal Reddy, secretary general of CIFA claimed retail reform could do lots for Indian farmers. Reddy commented, "India has 600 million farmers, 1,200 million consumers and 5 million traders. I fail to understand why political parties are taking an anti-farmer stand and worried about half a million brokers and small shopkeepers". CIFA mainly operates in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu; but has a growing members from rest of India, including Shetkari Sanghatana in Maharashtra, Rajasthan Kisan Union and Himachal Farmer Organisations.
* Prakash Thakur, the chairman of the People for Environment Horticulture & Livelihood of Himachal Pradesh, announcing his support for retail reforms claimed FDI is expected to roll out produce storage centers that will increase market access, reduce the number of middlemen and enhance returns to farmers.<ref name=TT212>{{cite news|title=Enter, farmer with an FDI in retail query|work=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111130/jsp/frontpage/story_14817722.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204045937/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111130/jsp/frontpage/story_14817722.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2013|location=Calcutta, India|first=R.|last=Suryamurthy}}</ref> Highly perishable fruits like cherry, apricot, peaches and plums have a huge demand but are unable to tap the market fully because of lack of cold storage and transport infrastructure. Sales will boost with the opening up of retail. Even though India is the second-largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world, its storage infrastructure is grossly inadequate, claimed Thakur.
* Sharad Joshi, founder of Shetkari Sangathana (farmers association), has announced his support for retail reforms.<ref>{{cite news|title=FDI in retail is first major step towards reforms in agriculture, feels Sharad Joshi|work=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/fdi-in-retail-is-first-major-step-towards-reforms-in-agriculture-feels-sharad-joshi/articleshow/10951374.cms}}</ref> Joshi claims FDI will help the farm sector improve critical infrastructure and integrate farmer-consumer relationship. Today, the existing retail has not been able to supply fresh vegetables to the consumers because they have not invested in the backward integration. When the farmers' produce reaches the end consumer directly, the farmers will naturally be benefited. Joshi feels retail reform is just a first step of needed agricultural reforms in India, and that the government should pursue additional reforms.

Suryamurthy, in an article in [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], claims farmer groups across India do not support status quo and seek retail reforms, because with the current retail system the farmer is being exploited. For example, the article claims:<ref name=TT212/>
* Indian farmers get only one third of the price consumers pay for food staples, the rest is taken as commissions and markups by middlemen and shopkeepers
* For perishable horticulture produce, average price farmers receive is barely 12 to 15% of the final price consumer pays
* Indian potato farmers sell their crop for Rs. 2 to 3 a kilogram, while the Indian consumer buys the same potato for Rs. 12 to 20 a kilogram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Major Benefits of FDI in Retail|publisher=The Reformist India|url=http://reformistindia.in/2011/11/30/ten-benefits-of-fdi-in-retail-farmers-consumers-kirana/}}</ref>

====Economists and entrepreneurs====
Many business groups in India are welcoming the transformation of a long-protected sector that has left Indian shoppers bereft of the scale and variety of their counterparts in more developed markets.<ref name=ft2011a/>

B. Muthuraman, the president of the Confederation of Indian Industry, claimed the retail reform would open enormous opportunities and lead to much-needed investment in cold chain, warehousing and contract farming.

Organised retailers will reduce waste by improving logistics, creating cold storage to prevent food spoilage, improve hygiene and product safety, reduce counterfeit trade and tax evasion on expensive item purchases, and create dependable supply chains for secure supply of food staples, fruits and vegetables. They will increase choice and reduce India's rampant inflation by reducing waste, spoilage and cutting out middlemen. Fresh investment in organised retail, the supporters of retail reform claim will generate 10 million new jobs by 2014, about five to six million of them in logistics alone.<ref name=wsj2011a/>

Organised retail will offer the small Indian farmer more competing venues to sell his or her products, and increase income from less spoilage and waste. A Food and Agricultural Organisation report claims that currently, in India, the small farmer faces significant losses post-harvest at the farm and because of poor roads, inadequate storage technologies, inefficient supply chains and farmer's inability to bring the produce into retail markets dominated by small shopkeepers. These experts claim India's post-harvest losses to exceed 25%, on average, every year for each farmer.,<ref name=FAORice1>{{cite web|title=Sustainable rice production for food security|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|year=2003|url=http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y4751E/y4751e00.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Opportunities for Food Industry in India|publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|author=Shah and Venkatesh|year=2009|url=http://www.ircc.iitb.ac.in/~webadm/update/archives/Issue1_2004/focus.html}}</ref>

Unlike the current monopoly of middlemen buyer, retail reforms offer farmers access to more buyers from organised retail. More buyers will compete for farmers produce leading to better support for farmers and to better bids. With less spoilage of staples and agricultural produce, global retail companies can find and provide additional markets to Indian farmers. [[Walmart]], since its arrival in India's wholesale retail market, already sources and exports about $1 billion worth of Indian goods for its global customers.

Not only do these losses reduce food security in India, the study claims that poor farmers and others lose income because of the waste and inefficient retail. Over US$50 billion of additional income can become available to Indian farmers by preventing post-harvest farm losses, improving transport, proper storage and retail. Organised retail is also expected to initiate infrastructure development creating millions of rural and urban jobs for India's growing population. One study claims that if these post-harvest food staple losses could be eliminated with better infrastructure and retail network in India, enough food would be saved every year to feed 70 to 100 million people over the year.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Economic Analysis of Post-harvest Losses in Food Grains in India: A Case Study of Karnataka|author=H. Basavaraja|journal=Agricultural Economics Research Review|volume=20|pages=117–126|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/47429/2/8.pdf|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

Supporters of retail reform, The Economist claims, say it will increase competition and quality while reducing prices helping to reduce India's rampant inflation that is close to the double digits. These supporters claim that unorganised small shopkeepers will continue to exist alongside large organised supermarkets, because for many Indians they will remain the most accessible and most convenient place to shop.<ref>{{cite news|title=India: Wholesale Reform|newspaper=The Economist|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21540402}}</ref>

The Indian retail sector is predominantly served by 12 million traditional stores often called [[Kirana stores]]. They can be further classified into mom & pop stores, convenience stores, speciality stores, small super market etc.<ref>https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26398/8/08_chapter3.pdf {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref> These traditionally managed stores are largely unorganised and fragmented in nature unable to be tracked efficiently. The technology adoption is largely limited. This is making them vulnerable to changing tech savvy consumer preferences.
Demonetisation has forced for good to embrace digital payment technology by them. New age payment companies like Gpay, phonepe, Bhim UPI have leveraged technology for the ease of small payments. Introduction of [[Goods & service tax GST]] in the year 01/07/2017 is pressing the need for technology enablement for these small businesses. The converge of affordable technology from [[POS industry]], cloud infrastructure, mobile platforms and low cost bandwidth is largely fuelling the adoption of technology by small retailers. Entrepreneurs are building highly affordable technology products which are likely to bridge the digital divide between [[online and offline retail]].

[[Amartya Sen]], the Indian-born Nobel Prize–winning economist, in a December 2011 interview claims foreign direct investment in multi brand retail can be good thing or bad thing, depending on the nature of the investment. Quite often, claims Professor Sen, FDI is a good thing for India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Full Transcript: Your call with Professor Amartya Sen and Professor Jean Dreze|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/full-transcript-i-your-call-i-with-professor-amartya-sen-and-professor-jean-dreze-158785}}</ref>

====Allowed in some states, banned in others====

The governments of some states, particularly Congress-ruled states, have said they will allow foreign supermarkets to open in their state. [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Delhi]],<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-government-cant-denotify-fdi-in-retail-says-centre/article5598559.ece|title=Delhi government can't de-notify FDI in retail, says Centre|last=Mehra|first=Puja|work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Haryana]], [[Kashmir]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Manipur]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Daman & Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], will allow foreign retailers.<ref name="ciol.com"/>

Other states have said they will not allow foreign supermarkets to open in their state. These include [[West Bengal]],<ref name="blogs.hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/proto-indian/?p=116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002001638/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/proto-indian/?p=116 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2012 |title=FDI in retail can do for the Congress what land reforms did for the Left in West Bengal : Proto Indian |publisher=Blogs.hindustantimes.com |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> [[Gujarat]],<ref name="blogs.hindustantimes.com"/> [[Bihar]], [[Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Tripura]], and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]],<ref name="ciol.com"/> and [[Rajasthan]].

Supporters of retail reform who have voiced the need to promote organised retail include Chief Ministers of several states of India, several belonging to political parties that have no affiliation with Congress-led central government of India. The list includes the Chief Ministers of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. In a report submitted earlier in 2011, these Chief Ministers urged the Prime Minister to prioritize reforms to help promote organised retail, shorten the retail path from farm to consumer, allow organised retail to buy direct from farmers at remunerative produce prices, and reduce farm to retail costs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Modi-led panel of CMs had suggested organised retail in report to PM|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-01/india/30462521_1_contract-farming-farmers-and-consumers-direct-marketing|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716084511/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-01/india/30462521_1_contract-farming-farmers-and-consumers-direct-marketing|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> Similarly, the Chief Minister of [[Delhi]] has come out in support of the retail reform,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sheila Dikshit Backs FDI in Retail|publisher=Outlook India|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=743036}}</ref> as have the Chief Ministers of the two farming states of [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in north India.,<ref>{{cite web|title=Haryana CM Hooda hails FDI in retail|publisher=Newstrack India|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/252488}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Government defends FDI in retail Industry, Shiromani Akali Dal hails reform|work=The Tribune|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111126/main1.htm}}</ref> The Chief Ministers of Haryana and Punjab claim that the announced retail reforms will never benefit farmers in their states.

The Chief Minister of the state of [[Maharashtra]] - the state with the biggest GDP in India and home to its financial capital Mumbai - has also welcomed the retail reform.,<ref>{{cite web|title=5 States are game for FDI in retail, says Sharma|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/article2663061.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=After support from five states, govt's hopes high|newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/after-supportfive-states-govts-hopes-high/456775/}}</ref>

Tarun Gogoi, the Chief Minister of [[Assam]], an eastern state in India, announcing his support to the retail reform, claimed "this will go a long way in bringing about a change in [[rural economics|rural economy]]. The decision will boost agriculture and allied sectors, manufacturing, logistics, integrated cold chains, refrigerated transportation and food processing facilities in a big way." Criticising the BJP-organised opposition, Gogoi claimed that these parties who had just a few years ago dubbed opening up retail as good for India, are now singing a different tune.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gogoi supports Centre on FDI issue|publisher=Zee News|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/gogoi-supports-centre-on-fdi-issue_744869.html}}</ref>

===== 2013 state Elections =====

In December 2013, elections were held in the state of Delhi and a new party came to power.<ref>[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]]</ref> The new [[chief minister]] of Delhi opposed foreign investment in retail and has written to the federal government to withdraw permission given by the previous chief minister to allow foreign retailers to open shops in the state.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> The federal Industry Ministry has responded by saying it does not want foreign investors to think of India as an "unpredictable banana republic" therefore the rules are such that once a state government allows foreign retailers in that state, they cannot dis-allow the foreign shops if a new party comes to power in that state.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

====Current supermarkets====
Existing Indian retail firms such as Spencer's, Foodworld Supermarkets Ltd, Nilgiri's and ShopRite support retail reform and consider international competition as a blessing in disguise. They expect a flurry of joint ventures with global majors for expansion capital and opportunity to gain expertise in supply chain management. Spencer's Retail with 200 stores in India, and with retail of fresh vegetables and fruits accounting for 55 percent of its business claims retail reform to be a win-win situation, as they already procure the farm products directly from the growers the involvement of middlemen or traders. Spencer's claims that there is scope for it to expand its footprint in terms of store location as well as procuring farm products. Foodworld, which operates over 60 stores, plans to ramp up its presence to more than 200 locations. It has already tied up with Hong Kong-based Dairy Farm International. With the relaxation in international investments in Indian retail, India's Foodworld expects its global relationship will only get stronger. Competition and investment in retail will provide more benefits to consumers through lower prices, wider availability and significant improvement in supply chain logistics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Retailers upbeat on Centre's FDI move|publisher=India Today|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/retailers-upbeat-on-the--fdi-move-of-the-centre/1/162181.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Roads in India]]
* [[Agriculture in India]]
* [[Expressways of India]]
* [[Fishing in India]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.economist.com/node/21541024 The Economist December 2011 issue - Reform in India: Let Walmart in]
* [http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/374a3070-1cd9-11e1-a134-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1fPDXuO32 The Financial Times: How to open up India’s economy (2 December 2011)]
* [http://www.in.kpmg.com/TL_Files/Pictures/Indian_Retail_Mar09.pdf Report on Indian Retail, KPMG 2009]
* [http://www.retailangle.com/documents/The_Great_Indian_Retail_Story.pdf The Great Indian Retail Story - An Ernst & Young Report, 2007]
* [http://www.ey.com/IN/en/Industries/India-sectors/Retail---Wholesale/Retail_Expected-impact-of-FDI-in-Retail 2011 Retail Reform Commentary: Expected impact of FDI in Retail – Ernst & Young India Viewpoint]
* [http://www.businessworld.in/businessworld/businessworld/content/Old-Kings-And-New.html The Old Kings... And The New: Indian retail industry is evolving. A report that lists some of the evolution over last 20 years.]
* http://www.idc-ri.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=AP9140604T - IDC Retail Insights Report on Indian Retailing and Trends
* [http://www.dinodiacapital.com/pdfs/FDI%20in%20Multi%20Brand%20Retail%20Trade%20-%20The%20Journey,%20September%202012.pdf FDI in Multi Brand Retail Trade - The Journey, September 2012 - Dinodia Capital Advisors]
* [http://ijtemt.org/vol2issue5/Foreign_Direct_Investment.html Foreign Direct Investment In Indian Retail Sector: Drawing lessons from the international experience, October 2013 - IJTEMT]

{{Economy of India}}

[[Category:Retailing in India| ]]