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Thallumaala

2026-05-11T07:51:45Z

Mokx71: stub

{{Short description|2022 film directed by Khalid Rahman}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thallumaala
| image = Thallumaala.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Khalid Rahman]]
| producer = [[Ashiq Usman]]
| writer = [[Muhsin Parari]] [[Ashraf Hamza]]
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Tovino Thomas]]
* [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]]
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]]
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]]
}}
| music = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| cinematography = [[Jimshi Khalid]]
| editing = [[Nishadh Yusuf]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
* [[Ashiq Usman|Ashiq Usman Productions]]
* Plan B Motion Pictures
}}
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2022|08|12|df=yes}}
| runtime = 147 minutes<ref name=BBFC>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/thallumaala-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda2ntyy|title=Thallumaala|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=13 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913140024/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/thallumaala-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda2ntyy|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|50}} crore<ref name="thallumaala-becomes-tovino-thomas-highest-grossing-film-set">{{cite news |title=Thallumaala grossed over 50 crore at box office |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thallumaala-becomes-tovino-thomas-highest-grossing-film-set-to-cross-rs-50-crore-box-office-barrier/b285519be7575 |website=ottplay.com |date=2022-09-04 |access-date=2024-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Thallumaala grossed 50 crore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/thallumaala-box-office-collection-tovino-thomas-starrer-action-entertainer-crosses-rs-40-crores/articleshow/93745314.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2022-08-24 |access-date=2024-04-12}}</ref>
}}
'''''Thallumaala''''' ({{Translation|Ballad of Brawls}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy thriller film]] directed by [[Khalid Rahman]], produced by [[Ashiq Usman]] and written by [[Muhsin Parari]] and [[Ashraf Hamza]].<ref name=BBFC/> The film stars [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]] and [[Chemban Vinod Jose]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tovino, Kalyani to share screen in 'Thallumaala' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/14/tovino-kalyani-to-share-screen-in-thallumaala-2358258.html |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=14 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027135828/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/14/tovino-kalyani-to-share-screen-in-thallumaala-2358258.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] commenced in October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Features |first1=CE |title=Khalid Rahman's Thallumaala goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/oct/13/khalid-rahmans-thallumaala-goes-on-floors-27249.html |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026153528/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/oct/13/khalid-rahmans-thallumaala-goes-on-floors-27249.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The music was composed by [[Vishnu Vijay]], with the editing and cinematography by Nishadh Yusuf and Jimshi Khalid respectively.

''Thallumaala'' was theatrically released on 12 August 2022. It grossed {{INR}}50 crore worldwide, emerging as the highest grosser in Tovino Thomas' career until it was surpassed by his survival thriller [[2018 (film)|''2018'']].<ref name="thallumaala-becomes-tovino-thomas-highest-grossing-film-set"/>

==Plot==
Wazim meets his friends - Jamshi, Vikas and Rajesh. The friendship between Jamshi and Wazim happened due to a fight in a mosque after Wazim stepped on Jamshi's shoes. Later, Wazim, Jamshi and Wazim's old friend Sathar leave for a football match, which gets interrupted by a fight between Vikas and Rajesh. Wazim, Jamshi and Sathar join the fight and the friendship circle expands.

Wazim meets Fathima ''Beepaathu'' Beevi, a vlogger, at a theatre owned by his father Abdullah, where they become friends. Beepathu invites Wazim for a shop inauguration, but he is unable to make it due to the fight with Jamshi, Vikas and Rajesh. Later, the friends meet Omega Babu, an arrogant goon, to settle an old score for Jamshi, but they could not make it as Wazim slaps Beepathu's cousin brother Siyad with whom Wazim has another score to settle. Later, Sathar brings Beepathu to Wazim's theatre to watch ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'', but Siyad and his gang intervene, where another fight erupts, leading to the theatre's destruction and Abdullah sending Wazim to [[Dubai]].

Two years later, Wazim returns home and meets Beepathu. The duo fall in love and decide to get married. One day, Wazim's friends get involved in a fight with [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Reji and his gang that leaves Wazim's friends in a state of injury and humiliation. Reji tries to patch up things, but a fight breaks out during Wazim's wedding. The wedding gets called off and Wazim becomes an infamous internet celebrity called ''Manavaalan''. Wazim is sent back to Dubai again.

Six months later, Wazim returns home and learns that Beepathu is getting engaged to another person. Reji meets Wazim to settle the score of the wedding fight. A fight ensues where Reji defeats Wazim. Reji, who is finally at peace, decides to reunite Wazim and Beepathu. They leave for Dubai to meet Beepathu and prevent her engagement. When they arrive at the marriage venue to meet Beepathu, Omega Babu arrives and another fight erupts between Wazim's gang and Omega Babu to settle Jamshi's old score. Beepathu, who witnesses the fight, manages to slip away from the venue. After settling the score, Wazim runs behind Beepathu, lovingly asking her to stop.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Tovino Thomas]] as Wazim a.k.a ''Manavaalan'' Wazim, a famous [[influencer]]
* [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] as Fathima Beevi a.k.a ''Beepaathu'', a [[vlogger]]
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as [[Sub-inspector|S. I.]] Reji Mathew
* [[Lukman Avaran]] as Jamshi
* Swathi Das Prabhu as Sathaar
* Adhri Joe as Vikas
* Austin Dan as Rajesh
* [[Binu Pappu]] as Kalapurakkal David
* [[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]] as Rajan
* [[Johny Antony]] as Abdullah, Wazim's father
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Omega Babu
* [[Neena Kurup]] as Wazim's mother
* [[Assim Jamal]] as Abid, Beepathu's brother
* Shafi Kollam as Shafi, Wazim's brother-in-law
* Noushad Ali as Siyad, Beepathu's cousin
* Bhanumathi Payyannur as Jamshi's mother
* James Elia as J. P. Kodoor
* Dr. Satheesh Kumar as Cheriyan
* Dhaneesh K. Balan as Dhaneesh
* Sanu Salim as Biju
* Mashar Hamsa as Nahas, Beepathu's cousin
* Ann Salim as Beepathu's cousin
* Naslin Salim as Beepathu's cousin
* Unni Raja as theatre projector operator
* V. P. Khalid as Christian Priest
* Tia Rohin Sebastian as Sumayya, Wazim's sister
* [[Tanvi Ram]] as Tressa, Reji's wife
* Assil as Nihal, Wazim's Nephew
* Mohammed Eravattoor as theatre watchman
* Anand Bal as textile shop manager
* Balan Parakkal as building partner
* [[Babu Annur]] as building partner
* Gulam Ali as building partner
* Jaleel as Muslim Priest (Voice by Nasar Karutheni)
* [[Salim Kumar]] as singer (cameo)
* [[Vishnu Vijay]] (cameo)
}}

== Production ==
{{quote box
| align = right
| width = 35%
| quote = "We haven't made this film from a storyline. We focused on entertainment aspects of cinema like action, music etc., and made a story to fit in these elements properly. For this, We needed a confident director and venturesome producer. There comes Khalid Rahman and Ashiq Usman."
| source = — Muhsin Parari.<ref>{{Citation |title=പിരാന്തൻ പൂതിയുള്ള പടമാണ് തല്ലുമാല {{!}}{{!}} Star Jam with Muhsin Parari {{!}}{{!}} RJ Rafi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPcZGXJPqWc |language=en |access-date=2022-09-11 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902224256/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPcZGXJPqWc&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

In an interview, [[Muhsin Parari]] stated: "After the [[box-office bomb]] of ''[[KL 10 Patthu]]'', I wanted to make a film that meets what I couldn't pull off in ''KL 10 Patthu''. I signed up with [[Sameer Thahir]] and [[Ashraf Hamza]] for my next directorial. I discussed with Ashraf Hamza that my drive is to make a film in same flavour as of ''KL 10 Patthu'' but one that attract people to theatres. Suddenly the name ''<nowiki/>'thallumaala''' popped up in my brain from nowhere, and we decided to make it as a chain of fights that presented in a musical way."<ref>{{Citation |title=Radio Mango Josh Junction Ft. Muhsin Parari with RJ Manju {{!}} Radio Mango Exclusive |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=In5NpPs_-LY |language=en |access-date=2022-09-11 |archive-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903004149/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=In5NpPs_-LY&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Thallumaala'' was announced in October 2019 with [[Aashiq Abu]] and [[Rima Kallingal]] as the producers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=Web |title=ടൊവീനോയും സൗബിനും ഒരുമിച്ച്; മുഹ്‌സിന്‍ പരാരിയുടെ 'തല്ലുമാല' വരുന്നു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/muhsin-parari-to-direct-film-with-tovino-thomas-and-soubin-shahir-pywnrp |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=Asianet News |date=5 October 2019 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027144702/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/muhsin-parari-to-direct-film-with-tovino-thomas-and-soubin-shahir-pywnrp |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sushin Shyam]] would do the music, and [[Tovino Thomas]] and [[Soubin Shahir]] were announced as the lead actors at that time. Later in February 2020, Muhsin Parari announced that he would do the script part only, and Khalid Rahman would be the film director. [[Ashiq Usman]] replaced Aashiq Abu and Rima Kallingal as the producer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Madhu |first1=Vignesh |title=Thallumaala dropped; Khalid Rahman to helm the film with a new team |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/thallumaala-dropped-khalid-rahman-helm-film-new-team/ |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=Onlookers Media |date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027135830/http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/thallumaala-dropped-khalid-rahman-helm-film-new-team/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Soubin Shahir also dropped out of the project and [[Shine Tom Chacko]] came as the replacement in February 2020. It was reported that [[Rex Vijayan]] and [[Shahabaz Aman]] would join as music directors with Sushin Shyam working only on the background score.<ref name="pooja" /> In February 2021, it has been reported that [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] is cast as the heroine of the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sidharshan |first1=Sanjith |title=Kalyani Priyadarshan, Tovino in Khalid Rahman's Thallumaala? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-tovino-in-khalid-rahmans-thallumaala/articleshow/81240234.cms |access-date=27 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027140329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalyani-priyadarshan-tovino-in-khalid-rahmans-thallumaala/articleshow/81240234.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Principal photography of the film commenced with a pooja function on 12 October 2021.<ref name="pooja">{{cite news |title=Khalid Rahman's Thallumaala goes on floors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/oct/12/khalid-rahmans-thallumaala-goes-on-floors-2370466.html |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027141431/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/oct/12/khalid-rahmans-thallumaala-goes-on-floors-2370466.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was confirmed that [[Vishnu Vijay]] will handle music and background score.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/apr/12/tovino-thomas-khalid-rahmans-film-thallumaala-completed-30851.html| title=Tovino Thomas-Khalid Rahman's film Thallumaala completed| website=[[Cinema Express]]| access-date=11 August 2022| archive-date=11 August 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811005629/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/apr/12/tovino-thomas-khalid-rahmans-film-thallumaala-completed-30851.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thallumaala
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 16 August 2022
| recorded = 2021–2022
| venue =
| studio = 2 Bar Q Studios, Chennai
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:20
| language = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| prev_title = [[Makal]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Sulaikha Manzil]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 =[https://open.spotify.com/album/09coDJ0hDNRUkN3qJnGfIy Original Motion Picture Soundtrack], from [https://open.spotify.com/ Spotify]
}}
{{Singles
| name = Thallumaala
| type = studio
| single1 = Manasakamil - Manavalan Unleashed <ref name="open.spotify.com">{{cite web | url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1Plf9gQG0ykW4Dzf4wZqw7 | title=Manasakamil - Manavalan Unleashed (From "Thallumaala") | website=[[Spotify]] | access-date=17 January 2023 | archive-date=17 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117173506/https://open.spotify.com/album/1Plf9gQG0ykW4Dzf4wZqw7 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| single1date = January 10, 2023
}}
}}

=== Development ===

{{Quote box
| quote = "It is innovation that is the driving force of the movie, not the subject or the story. For me, the rebellion of turning my native dialect, culture and beliefs, which at one time used to be considered 'uncivilised' and made me feel less-than, into the stylish aesthetics of a movie was the challenge I wanted to take on...The fun the word conveys - chain of fights and ''maala paattu'' (Muslim ballads) - inspired me to think about and develop it as a movie, and place it in pop culture with a literary quality. Even when I originally thought about the concept, it came in a musical, poetic package. "
| author = [[Muhsin Parari]], on developing of ''Thallumaala'' soundtrack<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/muhsin-parari-north-kerala-dialect-has-swag-now-that-is-the-satisfaction-thallumaala-gives-me/articleshow/93847274.cms | title=Muhsin Parari: North Kerala dialect has swag now. That is the satisfaction Thallumaala gives me - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=29 August 2022 | access-date=5 October 2022 | archive-date=5 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/muhsin-parari-north-kerala-dialect-has-swag-now-that-is-the-satisfaction-thallumaala-gives-me/articleshow/93847274.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
| source =
| align = left
| width = 400px
}}
[[Vishnu Vijay]] got involved in the project while he was working on the 2021 film ''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]'', directed by [[Ashraf Hamza]], who co-wrote the screenplay of ''Thallumaala'' with Muhsin Parari. ''Bheemante Vazhi'' also featured songs written by Muhsin Parari. "The two projects went in parallel with same people on board, At a time we had a confusion which film we were working." - said Vishnu Vijay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=തല്ലുമാലപ്പാട്ടാണ് ആദ്യം ചെയ്യുന്നത് | Vishnu Vijay | Thallumaala | The Cue Studio |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hip8R59P9Ok |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083918/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hip8R59P9Ok |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=5 October 2022 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

In an interview with [[94.3 Club FM|Club FM]], Muhsin Parari stated that: "Both me and Vishnu Vijay likes wordplay or pun, we used a lot of puns in the movie. What lacks in ''Thallumaala'' soundtrack is melody, and we used to tell ''melody'' is the only ''<nowiki/>'Adi'<nowiki/>'' ({{Translation|blow}}) missing here. The idea of the track ''<nowiki/>'Ole melody''' ({{Translation|Her melody}}) evolved straight from this thought. Among all those fights he had, the most impactful blow he ever received was her melody. We composed this thought and included some [[Qawwali]] elements to make the song."<ref name="auto3">{{Citation |title=പിരാന്തൻ പൂതിയുള്ള പടമാണ് തല്ലുമാല {{!}}{{!}} Star Jam with Muhsin Parari {{!}}{{!}} RJ Rafi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPcZGXJPqWc |access-date=2022-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902224256/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPcZGXJPqWc&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=2 September 2022 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> In another interview<ref>{{Citation |title=Radio Mango Josh Junction Ft. Muhsin Parari with RJ Manju {{!}} Radio Mango Exclusive |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=In5NpPs_-LY |access-date=2022-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903004149/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=In5NpPs_-LY&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=3 September 2022 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Muhsin said that the [[music notes]] ''"SaMa GaMa SaMa GaRiMa"'' from the song can also be read literally, which cites a meaning "Equal Dignity, Equal Pride".<ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2022-08-02 |title='എല്ലാവര്‍ക്കും തുല്യ അന്തസ്സും അഭിമാനവും, ഇതാണെൻ്റെ രാഷ്ട്രീയം'; മുഹ്സിന്‍ പരാരി |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/equal-dignity-and-pride-for-all-this-is-my-politics-muhsin-parari-186491 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083914/https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/equal-dignity-and-pride-for-all-this-is-my-politics-muhsin-parari-186491 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref> About ''Thallumaala paattu'', Muhsin said: "from the time we conceived the idea of the movie, I was certain about this track. All the lead male characters should be introduced through this one. But I haven't decided to write the song myself as I was supposed to be the director of the movie that time, and I wasn't confident enough to do all the jobs by myself. When [[Khalid Rahman]] replaced me as director, he insisted me to write this song. The name ''"thallumaala"'' comes from the folk term ''"maala"'' ({{Translation|ballad}}). This is a ballad of fights, and I took it literally to write this song."<ref name="auto3" />

In addition to his acting role, [[Tovino Thomas]] sang the track ''"Tupathu",'' an offbeat [[Rap song]] with [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]. The track ''"Kannil Pettole"'' is a peppy number with Arabic and [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] elements. Irfana Hameed, a popular hip hop musician from [[Kodaikanal]], who penned and rapped the English verses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This hip hop star is the reason why Kannil Pettole from 'Thallumaala' is too groovy |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/08/31/irfana-hameed-thallumaala-kannil-pettolle-song-hit-number.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083920/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/08/31/irfana-hameed-thallumaala-kannil-pettolle-song-hit-number.html |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> ''"Ndakkippattu"'' is a dance number in which the vocal department consists mostly of the actors who appear on the song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=New Song From Tovino Thomas' Thallumaala is Full of Energy and Dance |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/new-song-from-tovino-thomas-thallumaala-is-full-of-energy-and-dance-5667799.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922084729/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/new-song-from-tovino-thomas-thallumaala-is-full-of-energy-and-dance-5667799.html |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> K. D. Vincent<ref>{{Cite web |title=കെ ഡി വിൻസെന്റ് |url=https://m3db.com/k-d-vincent |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083913/https://m3db.com/k-d-vincent |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=M3DB.COM |language=en}}</ref> acted as the music coordinator of the project. Songs and score were recorded at 2 bar Q Studios, Chennai.

=== Soundtrack ===
The soundtrack accompanied for the film received great attention and has eight songs in number. The [[Malayalam]] lyrics were penned by [[Muhsin Parari]] while the [[English language|English]] rap verses featured in the song ''"Kannil pettole"'' was penned by Irfana Hameed, a popular [[hip-hop]] musician from [[Kodaikanal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/08/31/irfana-hameed-thallumaala-kannil-pettolle-song-hit-number.html | title=This hip hop star is the reason why Kannil Pettole from 'Thallumaala' is too groovy | access-date=5 October 2022 | archive-date=5 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083920/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/08/31/irfana-hameed-thallumaala-kannil-pettolle-song-hit-number.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Vijay, [[Benny Dayal]], [[Haricharan]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], Irfana Hameed, Hrithik Jayakish, Neha Girish, Eshaan Sanil, Thejas Krishna, Shenbagaraj, Santhosh Hariharan, Sreeraj as well as [[Salim Kumar]], [[Tovino Thomas]], Khalid Rahman, [[Binu Pappu]], [[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]], Lukman Avaran and Muhsin Parari gave vocals for the tracks featured in the album.

The soundtrack is influenced by traditional [[Muslims|Muslim]] musical styles of [[Malabar District|Northern Kerala]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Muhsin Parari: North Kerala dialect has swag now. That is the satisfaction Thallumaala gives me - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/muhsin-parari-north-kerala-dialect-has-swag-now-that-is-the-satisfaction-thallumaala-gives-me/articleshow/93847274.cms |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=The Times of India |date=29 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/muhsin-parari-north-kerala-dialect-has-swag-now-that-is-the-satisfaction-thallumaala-gives-me/articleshow/93847274.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and consisted of various genres and moods being incorporated. It was released on 16 August 2022 by [[Muzik 247]]. The album also features a promotional song titled ''"Manavalan Thug"'' written and performed by [[Dabzee]] and SA, composed by Dabzee, which was not included in the film but was listed in the original soundtrack album.<ref>[https://www.doolnews.com/write-about-the-manavalan-thug-song-in-thallumaala-634.html Archived copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083914/https://www.doolnews.com/write-about-the-manavalan-thug-song-in-thallumaala-634.html |date=5 October 2022 }}</ref>

The soundtrack album received mixed-to-positive feedback from music listeners and critics, appreciating Vishnu Vijay for his compositions and Muhsin Parari for the catchy and fresh lyrics.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pinklungi.com/thallumaala-music-review-breaking-down-the-wackiest-album-of-the-year/ | title=Thallumaala Music Review: Breaking Down the Wackiest Album of the Year! | date=19 August 2022 | access-date=5 October 2022 | archive-date=5 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083921/https://pinklungi.com/thallumaala-music-review-breaking-down-the-wackiest-album-of-the-year/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2022/08/22/thallumaala-music-review-malayalam-soundtrack/ | title=Thallumaala – Music Review (Malayalam Soundtrack) | date=22 August 2022 | access-date=5 October 2022 | archive-date=5 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083920/https://www.musicaloud.com/2022/08/22/thallumaala-music-review-malayalam-soundtrack/ | url-status=live }}</ref> It was positioned No:10 in "Global Debutant" chart on [[Spotify]] over the weekend August 19 to 21, 2022.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=@ddlovato drops #HOLYFVCK and debuts at #1 in the world |url=https://twitter.com/spotifycharts/status/1561821165970128899/photo/1 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=10 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910034538/https://twitter.com/spotifycharts/status/1561821165970128899 |url-status=live }}</ref>

An additional track titled ''Manasakamil - Manavalan Unleashed'' was released by [[Muzik 247]] on 10 January 2023.<ref name="open.spotify.com"/>

=== Track listing ===
{{track listing
| headline = Thallumaala<ref>{{cite web | url=https://open.spotify.com/album/09coDJ0hDNRUkN3qJnGfIy | title=Thallumaala | website=[[Spotify]] | access-date=5 October 2022 | archive-date=5 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083918/https://open.spotify.com/album/09coDJ0hDNRUkN3qJnGfIy | url-status=live }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kannil Pettole
| length1 = 02:55
| lyrics1 = [[Muhsin Parari]], Irfana Hameed
| music1 = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| extra1 = Vishnu Vijay, Irfana Hameed
| title2 = Ole Melody
| length2 = 04:02
| lyrics2 = Muhsin Parari
| music2 = Vishnu Vijay
| extra2 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Haricharan]], [[Salim Kumar]], Vishnu Vijay
| title3 = Thallumaala Paattu
| length3 = 03:03
| lyrics3 = Muhsin Parari
| music3 = Vishnu Vijay/ Traditional
| extra3 = Hrithik Jayakish, Neha Girish, Eshaan Sanil, Thejas Krishna, Vishnu Vijay
| title4 = Ndaakkippaattu
| length4 = 02:39
| lyrics4 = Muhsin Parari
| music4 = Vishnu Vijay
| extra4 = Vishnu Vijay, Muhsin Parari, Shenbagaraj, Santhosh Hariharan, Sreeraj, Swathi Das, Austin Dan, Lukman Avaran, Adri Joe, [[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]], [[Binu Pappu]]
| title5 = Manavalan Thug
| length5 = 03:20
| lyrics5 = [[Dabzee]] & SA
| music5 = [[Dabzee]]
| extra5 = [[Dabzee]] & SA
| title6 = Tupathu
| length6 = 03:55
| lyrics6 = Muhsin Parari
| music6 = Vishnu Vijay
| extra6 = [[Tovino Thomas]], Vishnu Vijay, [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| title7 = Grudge Song
| length7 = 02:39
| lyrics7 = -
| music7 = Vishnu Vijay
| extra7 = Vishnu Vijay
| title8 = Thoottikkanoda Patha
| length8 = 01:45
| lyrics8 = Muhsin Parari
| music8 = Vishnu Vijay
| extra8 = [[Khalid Rahman]], Vishnu Vijay
| total_length = 24:20
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Additional track<ref name="open.spotify.com"/>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Manasakamil - Manavalan Unleashed
| length1 = 06:32
| lyrics1 = Bappu Velliparamba
| music1 = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| extra1 = Meera Prakash, Sinduri, Gayathry Rajiv, Vishnu Vijay
}}

=== Original soundtrack ===
An original soundtrack album composed and produced by Vishnu Vijay was released on 4 October 2022.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

{{Infobox album
| name = Thallumaala
| type = film
| artist = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| cover =
| border =
| alt =
| released = 4 October 2022
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio = 2 Bar Q Studios, Chennai
| genre = [[Film Score]]
| length = {{Duration|m=45|s=15}}
| language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer = Vishnu Vijay
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| chronology =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|Ru_3VKJ-Aro|Original Soundtrack}}
| audio2 = [https://open.spotify.com/album/184MjLMdPsHGF5E2wKh4xS Original Soundtrack] from [https://open.spotify.com/ Spotify]
}}
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Thallumaala (Original Soundtrack)
| title1 = The Sneaker War
| length1 = 00:34
| title2 = Ghee Rice Truce
| length2 = 00:33
| title3 = Lola Lola Evolution
| length3 = 00:38
| title4 = The Thallumaala Junction
| length4 = 01:13
| title5 = The Chief Guest Is Here
| length5 = 01:52
| title6 = The Round Track Transition
| length6 = 02:26
| title7 = Bicycle Riders
| length7 = 01:01
| title8 = The Cycle Chase
| length8 = 01:22
| title9 = 50 Cent
| length9 = 00:41
| lyrics9 = Muhsin Parari
| title10 = Target Locked
| length10 = 00:17
| lyrics10 = Muhsin Parari
| title11 = Paid Partnership
| length11 = 00:39
| title12 = Aww Ntedaa!!
| length12 = 01:09
| title13 = Enroute Kismat Via Mohabbat
| length13 = 01:06
| title14 = Sidratul Muntaha!
| length14 = 00:32
| title15 = Don't Touch My Hairstyle
| length15 = 01:25
| title16 = Omega Babu Has Arrived!
| length16 = 01:04
| title17 = Wrath Of Jemshi
| length17 = 02:14
| lyrics17 = Muhsin Parari
| title18 = Screen On Fire
| length18 = 04:04
| title19 = Kafkaesque
| length19 = 00:54
| lyrics19 = Muhsin Parari
| title20 = The Call For Duel
| length20 = 01:29
| title21 = Man Of The Night
| length21 = 01:17
| title22 = The Thallumaala Junction 2
| length22 = 01:19
| title23 = The Post Traumatic Growth
| length23 = 02:21
| title24 = Third Rule Of Fight Club
| length24 = 00:53
| title25 = Save My Number
| length25 = 00:45
| title26 = The Gossip Session
| length26 = 01:00
| title27 = Respect Your Parents
| length27 = 00:49
| title28 = Equal Pride! Equal Dignity!
| length28 = 01:55
| title29 = Fourth Rule Of Fight Club
| length29 = 00:54
| title30 = The Vocal War
| length30 = 02:28
| title31 = Wedding Bells
| length31 = 00:21
| lyrics31 = Muhsin Parari
| title32 = Fasten Your Seat Belt
| length32 = 02:59
| title33 = Kantoora Gang
| length33 = 00:35

}}

=== Promotional track ===
{{Infobox song
| name = Manavaalan Thug<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eWvDaztcjI | title=Manavaalan Thug - Thallumaala Promo Song | Tovino Thomas | Khalid Rahman| Ashiq Usman |Suhail Backer | website=[[YouTube]] | access-date=5 October 2022 | archive-date=5 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083913/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eWvDaztcjI | url-status=live }}</ref>
| type = single
| artist = DABZEE
| album = Thallumaala (soundtrack)
| language = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| released = 10 August 2022
| studio = Mixlabs Studios, Bangalore
| genre = [[Folk music|Folk]], [[Hip-hop]]
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=20}}
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| composer = DABZEE
| lyricist = DABZEE & SA
| producer = MHR
| chronology = DABZEE
| prev_title = Bharavase
| prev_year = 2022
| title = Manavalan Thug
| next_title = Vecho Foot
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 =[https://open.spotify.com/track/5u1cWcqIX6sbKiVJn8PR86 Manavaalan Thug] from [https://open.spotify.com/ Spotify]
| audio2 ={{YouTube|_eWvDaztcjI|Manavaalan Thug}}
}}
}}
A promotional song titled ''"Manavaalan Thug"'' composed by [[Dabzee]], written and performed by Dabzee & SA, members of Malayalam [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] band 'Manushyar', was released on [[Muzik 247]]'s [[YouTube]] channel on 10 August 2022. The song was written in native Malabar slang with English rap verses.

In an interview with [[Malayala Manorama|''Manorama'']], [[Dabzee]] stated about the track: "The ''(thallumaala)'' team listens to this song after the film's censoring and so on. This track was done in about ten days...I wrote four lines of the song first. This was one of many independent tracks to be constructed by us. One of the ''Thallumala'' team happened to hear it. Later [[Khalid Rahman]] and [[Muhsin Parari]] were calling me. Perhaps the first recorded Malabari slang and swag connected them."<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=റീലുകളിൽ നിറയുന്ന 'മണവാളന്‍ തഗ്ഗ്'; മലബാറി വൈബ് ഉള്ള തല്ലുമാലപ്പാട്ടിന്റെ ഹിറ്റ് കഥ! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2022/08/24/dabzee-opens-up-about-thallumala-song-manavalan-thug.html |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083912/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2022/08/24/dabzee-opens-up-about-thallumala-song-manavalan-thug.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] shoes reference in the lines ''"Suggundaymoru Seriyundu"'' ({{Translation|''"with shoes, has a tickmark on it"''}}) was pointed out by many listeners.<ref name="auto4"/> But Dabzee said:{{blockquote|"Everyone thinks it is a [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] brand reference. But as a writer, I saw a different meaning to it. Regardless of gender, there are those who object to wearing a costume of their choice. But what one wants to wear is one's choice and one's freedom. It means that there is truth in it."}}

The track received highly positive reviews and went on to become a sensational hit across various social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nithya |title=Thallumaala Song : മാസ് ലുക്കിൽ ടൊവിനോ; 'തല്ലുമാല' മണവാളന്‍ തഗ് പ്രൊമോ സോംഗ് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/music/actor-tovino-thomas-movie-thallumaala-promo-song-rgepa8 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928140740/https://www.asianetnews.com/music/actor-tovino-thomas-movie-thallumaala-promo-song-rgepa8 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=Thallumala Song: മണവാളൻ തഗ്; തല്ലുമാലയിലെ പ്രോമോ സോങ് പുറത്തുവിട്ടു |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/thallumala-movie-manavalan-thug-promo-song-released-movie-to-hit-theatres-on-august-12-102116 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005085152/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/thallumala-movie-manavalan-thug-promo-song-released-movie-to-hit-theatres-on-august-12-102116 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment Desk |date=2022-08-21 |title='സുഗ്ഗുണ്ടയിമൊരു സെരിയുണ്ട്'; ബ്രില്യൻസ് നിറച്ച മലപ്പുറത്തിന്റെ ബർത്താനം |url=https://www.doolnews.com/write-about-the-manavalan-thug-song-in-thallumaala-634.html |url-status=live |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Dool News |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083914/https://www.doolnews.com/write-about-the-manavalan-thug-song-in-thallumaala-634.html }}</ref>

=== Reception ===
The soundtrack album received positive reviews from both critics and audience. Nirmal Jovial of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' wrote: "''Thallumaala'' is a success as a great musical also. Songs are effectively used at various junctures in the plot. Muhsin Parari does pure magic with his lyrics, especially in the songs ''<nowiki/>'Ole Melody'<nowiki/>'' and ''<nowiki/>'Ndaakkippattu''<nowiki/>'. Vishnu Vijays's music is so fresh and energetic."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Thallumaala' review: Tovino Thomas, Kalyani Priyadarshan shine in this full-on entertainer |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/08/12/thallumaala-review-tovino-thomas-kalyani-priyadarshan-shine-full-on-entertainer.html |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813174850/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/08/12/thallumaala-review-tovino-thomas-kalyani-priyadarshan-shine-full-on-entertainer.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' wrote that "For the new Gen music lovers, ''Thallumaala'' will be a treat. The film is peppered with impromptu situational songs with beats as popping as the frames of the music video and lyrics that are conversational and hilarious."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-14 |title=Thallumaala (aka) Thallumala review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/malayalam-movies/thallumaala/thallumaala-review.html |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083914/https://www.behindwoods.com/malayalam-movies/thallumaala/thallumaala-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A critique from ''Music Aloud'' stated that "''Thallumaala'''s music is radically different from anything that Vishnu Vijay has produced in Malayalam movies thus far, and it is great to see him absolutely nail it in a new territory. He has some solid support from Muhsin Parari, of course. And a hat tip to [[Dabzee]] and SA as well, for their outstanding guest composition."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=Thallumaala – Music Review (Malayalam Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2022/08/22/thallumaala-music-review-malayalam-soundtrack/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Music Aloud |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083920/https://www.musicaloud.com/2022/08/22/thallumaala-music-review-malayalam-soundtrack/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The song ''"Thallumaala paattu"'' positioned No:4 on Top Viral 50 Global Charts of [[Spotify]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |date=2022-08-20 |title=സ്പോട്ടിഫൈയിൽ ഇടംപിടിച്ച് തല്ലുമാലയിലെ 'പാത്തൂ' ഗാനം; ഗ്ലോബൽ ചാർട്ടിൽ നാലാം സ്ഥാനത്ത്... {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/music/tovino-thomas-movie-thallumaala-song-4the-place-in-spotify-global-chart-list-1063871 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083913/https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/music/tovino-thomas-movie-thallumaala-song-4the-place-in-spotify-global-chart-list-1063871 |url-status=live }}</ref> on 21 August 2022. The soundtrack album was positioned No:10 in ''"Global Debutant"'' chart on Spotify over the weekend August 19 to 21.<ref name="auto"/>

=== Music video ===
The first song from the film ''"Kannil pettole"'', featuring [[Tovino Thomas]] and [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] was released on 3 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colourful 'Kannil Pettole' song from 'Thallumala' movie released |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/colourful-kannil-pettole-song-from-thallumala-movie-released-1.7483681 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=3 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083918/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/colourful-kannil-pettole-song-from-thallumala-movie-released-1.7483681 |url-status=live }}</ref> The video garnered attention for its vibrant and colourful picturisation and also noted for a dancing Tovino Thomas, probably the first time in his career.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Kannil Pettole': Makers of 'Thallumaala' drop a colourful peppy number featuring Tovino Thomas and Kalyani Priyadarshan - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kannil-pettole-makers-of-thallumaala-drop-a-colourful-peppy-number-featuring-tovino-thomas-and-kalyani-priyadarshan/articleshow/91281901.cms |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=The Times of India |date=3 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kannil-pettole-makers-of-thallumaala-drop-a-colourful-peppy-number-featuring-tovino-thomas-and-kalyani-priyadarshan/articleshow/91281901.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Antony |first=Meriya |date=2022-05-03 |title=Kannil Pettole song from Thallumala is stylish and colourful |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/videos/kannil-pettole-song-thallumala-stylish-colourful/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=onlookersmedia |language=en-US |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008181501/https://onlookersmedia.in/videos/kannil-pettole-song-thallumala-stylish-colourful/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The lyric video of ''"Ole melody"'' was released on 4 July 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-04 |title=New Song Ole Melody From Tovino Thomas, Kalyani Priyadarshan's Thallumaala Out |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/new-song-ole-melody-from-tovino-thomas-kalyani-priyadarshans-thallumaala-out-5487853.html |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083913/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/new-song-ole-melody-from-tovino-thomas-kalyani-priyadarshans-thallumaala-out-5487853.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the music video was released on 19 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-19 |title=Ole Melody video song that rocked the theaters is out |url=https://time.news/ole-melody-video-song-that-rocked-the-theaters-is-out/ |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Time News |language=en-US |last1=News |first1=Time |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083913/https://time.news/ole-melody-video-song-that-rocked-the-theaters-is-out/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The video song featured actor [[Salim Kumar]] in a special appearance, who also had a vocal contribution in the song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=Thallumala movie: ഇനി റിപ്പീറ്റടിച്ച് കണ്ടോളൂ, തല്ലുമാലയിലെ 'ഓലെ മെലഡി' ഗാനത്തിന്റെ വീഡിയോ എത്തി |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/thallumala-movie-songs-ole-melody-song-video-released-movie-running-successfully-in-theatres-103255 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083914/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/thallumala-movie-songs-ole-melody-song-video-released-movie-running-successfully-in-theatres-103255 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The lyric video of ''"Thallumaala paattu"'' was released on 24 July 2022. The video featured some clips of the action sequences from the film got instant attention and went viral on the internet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-24 |title=Thallumala Song: വേറെ ലെവൽ!!! തല്ലുകൾ കോർത്തിണക്കിയൊരു ' തല്ലുമാല പാട്ട് ', ലിറിക് വീഡിയോ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/thallumala-latest-update-lyric-video-thallumala-paattu-released-tovino-thomas-movie-to-hit-theaters-on-august-12-100006 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083913/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/thallumala-latest-update-lyric-video-thallumala-paattu-released-tovino-thomas-movie-to-hit-theaters-on-august-12-100006 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |date=2022-07-24 |title=Thallumala latest update lyric video thallumala paattu released tovino thomas movie to hit theaters on august 12 {{!}} Another level!!! A thallumala song with beats, lyric video |url=https://time.news/thallumala-latest-update-lyric-video-thallumala-paattu-released-tovino-thomas-movie-to-hit-theaters-on-august-12-another-level-a-thallumala-song-with-beats-lyric-video/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Time News |language=en-US |last1=News |first1=Time |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083913/https://time.news/thallumala-latest-update-lyric-video-thallumala-paattu-released-tovino-thomas-movie-to-hit-theaters-on-august-12-another-level-a-thallumala-song-with-beats-lyric-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The song video of ''"Ndaakkippaattu"'' was released on 1 August 2022. The video featured dance performances by Tovino Thomas, [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Binu Pappu]], [[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]], Lukman Avaran, Adri Joe, Austin Dan and Swathi Das Prabhu. It was choreographed by Shobi Paulraj and the video was received well by the viewers.<ref name="auto2" />

The song video of a rap song ''"Tupathu"'', featuring Tovino Thomas and Kalyani Priyadarshan was released after the film completed 4 days run in theatre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |date=2022-08-17 |title='കേക്ക് പാത്തു നിനക്ക്ള്ള പാട്ട് പാത്തൂ..'; തല്ലുമാലയിലെ പുതിയ ഗാനം പുറത്ത് {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/music/tupathu-video-song-thallumaala-tovino-thomas-vishnu-vijay-1061197 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083916/https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/music/tupathu-video-song-thallumaala-tovino-thomas-vishnu-vijay-1061197 |url-status=live }}</ref> Even though the song's placement in the film received mixed responses, the video alone was well received.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unnikrishnan |first=Navaneethakrishnan |date=2022-08-19 |title=Thallumaala Music Review: Breaking Down the Wackiest Album Of The Year! |url=https://pinklungi.com/thallumaala-music-review-breaking-down-the-wackiest-album-of-the-year/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=PinkLungi |language=en-US |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083921/https://pinklungi.com/thallumaala-music-review-breaking-down-the-wackiest-album-of-the-year/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='ന്ന്ട്ടും ഇജ്ജ് എന്തേ പറയാത്തൂ പാത്തൂ'; തല്ലുമാലയിലെ പുതിയഗാനം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/tupathu-song-thallumaala-tovino-thomas-kalyani-priyadarshan-khalid-rahman-ashiq-usman-vishnu-vijay-1.7792837 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=17 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083918/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/tupathu-song-thallumaala-tovino-thomas-kalyani-priyadarshan-khalid-rahman-ashiq-usman-vishnu-vijay-1.7792837 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first composed, but never recorded version of ''Ndaakkippaattu'' was used in the 'night-before-wedding' scene in the movie. The unreleased song titled as ''Ole Kolaayi'' differ considerably from the recorded version.<ref>{{Citation |title=തല്ലുമാലയിലെ പാട്ടുകളില്‍ രണ്ട് ഓപ്ഷനോളം ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു {{!}} Vishnu Vijay {{!}} Thallumaala |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wJ7TLHvHbY |language=en-GB |access-date=2022-09-09 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083914/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wJ7TLHvHbY |url-status=live }}</ref> The song was clubbed together with a stanza of ''Chakkara Chundil'' (a music single by singer Shafi Kollam, who also got an acting part in the scene) and picturised. The scene was conceived as two rival gangs singing and celebrating together, while a great tension evolves between them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=jagannath |date=2022-08-23 |title="ചക്കരച്ചുണ്ടിൽ.."; തിയേറ്ററുകളിൽ ആവേശമുണർത്തിയ തല്ലുമാലയിലെ കല്യാണ പാട്ടെത്തി.. - |url=https://flowersoriginals.com/2022/08/thallumala-wedding-song/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=flowersoriginals.com |language=en-US |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083920/https://flowersoriginals.com/2022/08/thallumala-wedding-song/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This sequence was released as a music video titled ''"Chakkara Chundil"'' on [[Muzik 247]]'s [[YouTube]] channel, on 22 August 2022.<ref>[https://www.doolnews.com/chakkarachundil-video-song-from-thallumaala-is-out-now-603.html Archived copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083914/https://www.doolnews.com/chakkarachundil-video-song-from-thallumaala-is-out-now-603.html |date=5 October 2022 }}</ref>

The music video of the promotional track ''"Manavalan Thug"'' was released on 10 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thallumala Movie manavalan thug promo song released movie to hit theatres on August 12 {{!}} മണവാളൻ തഗ്; തല്ലുമാലയിലെ പ്രോമോ സോങ് പുറത്തുവിട്ടു {{!}} Movies News in Malayalam |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/thallumala-movie-manavalan-thug-promo-song-released-movie-to-hit-theatres-on-august-12-102116/amp |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=zeenews.india.com |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083912/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/thallumala-movie-manavalan-thug-promo-song-released-movie-to-hit-theatres-on-august-12-102116/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> The video was directed by Suhail Backer and featured Tovino Thomas and singers [[Dabzee]] and SA.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2022-08-10 |title=മണവാളൻ തഗ്ഗ്; തല്ലുമാല പ്രൊമോ സോങ് പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/manavaalan-thug-thallumala-promo-song-187330 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083916/https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/manavaalan-thug-thallumala-promo-song-187330 |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with the soundtrack, The music video of ''Manavalan Thug'' also went viral<ref>{{Cite web |last=nithya |title=Thallumaala Song : മാസ് ലുക്കിൽ ടൊവിനോ; 'തല്ലുമാല' മണവാളന്‍ തഗ് പ്രൊമോ സോംഗ് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/music/actor-tovino-thomas-movie-thallumaala-promo-song-rgepa8 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928140740/https://www.asianetnews.com/music/actor-tovino-thomas-movie-thallumaala-promo-song-rgepa8 |url-status=live }}</ref> and gained more than 100 million views on YouTube.<ref>{{Citation |title=Manavaalan Thug - Thallumaala Promo Song {{!}} Tovino Thomas {{!}} Khalid Rahman{{!}} Ashiq Usman {{!}}Suhail Backer |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eWvDaztcjI |language=en-GB |access-date=2022-09-10 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005083913/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eWvDaztcjI |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Marketing ==
In August 2022, a trailer show was held on the outer wall of [[Dubai Festival City Mall]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thallumaala-team-organises-grand-promotional-event-in-dubai-5720785.html | title=Thallumaala Team Organises Grand Promotional Event in Dubai | date=9 August 2022 | access-date=10 August 2022 | archive-date=10 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810233011/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thallumaala-team-organises-grand-promotional-event-in-dubai-5720785.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The film's title was written using laser technology on the water fountain. This was the first time that a [[Malayalam film]] is drawing a picture in water as part of its promotion.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/08/09/thallumala-movie-laser-show-dubai-festival-city-kalyani-priyadarshan-tovino-thomas.html | title=Watch stunning laser show by 'Thallumala' team in Dubai | access-date=10 August 2022 | archive-date=10 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810232953/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/08/09/thallumala-movie-laser-show-dubai-festival-city-kalyani-priyadarshan-tovino-thomas.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
On August 10, The cast were supposed to visit the HiLITE Mall in [[Kozhikode]] for the promotion of the movie.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thallumala-promotions-cancelled-as-fans-swarm-kozhikode-mall-1986480-2022-08-10 | title=Thallumaala promotions cancelled as fans swarm Kozhikode mall | Watch | access-date=10 August 2022 | archive-date=10 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810232953/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thallumala-promotions-cancelled-as-fans-swarm-kozhikode-mall-1986480-2022-08-10 | url-status=live }}</ref> However, crowd had turned out in huge numbers at the venue, which made the makers cancel the promotional event.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

A promotional song "Manavaalan Thug" composed and performed by [[Dabzee]] & SA was released on [[Muzik 247]]'s [[YouTube]] channel on 10 Aug 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://flowersoriginals.com/2022/08/thallumala-new-promo-song-released/ | title=മണവാളൻ തഗ്; തല്ലുമാലയിലെ പ്രോമോ സോങ് റിലീസ് ചെയ്‌തു-വിഡിയോ - | date=10 August 2022 | access-date=13 August 2022 | archive-date=13 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813173147/https://flowersoriginals.com/2022/08/thallumala-new-promo-song-released/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
''Thallumaala'' was released worldwide on 12 August 2022.

=== Home media ===
The satellite and digital rights were sold to [[Surya TV]] and [[Netflix]] respectively. The film began streaming on Netflix on 11 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tovino Thomas starrer 'Thallumaala' gets an OTT release date - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-starrer-thallumaala-gets-an-ott-release-date/articleshow/94023488.cms |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=The Times of India |date=6 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907051507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-starrer-thallumaala-gets-an-ott-release-date/articleshow/94023488.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
The film was a commercial success and turned out to be the highest grossing [[Tovino Thomas]] film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tovino Thomas' biggest hit turns out to be 'Thallumaala' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-biggest-hit-turns-out-to-be-thallumaala/articleshow/93607654.cms |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=The Times of India |date=17 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828170227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-biggest-hit-turns-out-to-be-thallumaala/articleshow/93607654.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In the opening day, the film grossed {{INR}}7.4 crore and {{INR}}15 crore from the first and second day worldwide.<ref name="pooja" /> On its fourth day, the film grossed {{INR}}31 crore at the box office overtaking the lifetime collections of Tovino's other three ventures of 2022, ''[[Vaashi (2022 film)|Vaashi]]'', ''[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|Dear Friend]]'' and ''[[Naaradan]]'' within its opening day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tovino Thomas starrer 'Thallumaala' earns Rs 31 crore worldwide |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/aug/16/tovino-thomass-biggest-hit-turns-out-to-be-thallumaala-2488110.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817081233/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/aug/16/tovino-thomass-biggest-hit-turns-out-to-be-thallumaala-2488110.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is estimated to have collected {{INR}}50 crore.<ref name="thallumaala-becomes-tovino-thomas-highest-grossing-film-set"/>

===Critical response===
''Thallumaala'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Siddhu Jonnalagadda to star in Telugu remake of Thallumaala? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/sep/02/siddhu-jonnalagadda-to-star-in-telugu-remake-of-thallumaala-34355.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912144957/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/sep/02/siddhu-jonnalagadda-to-star-in-telugu-remake-of-thallumaala-34355.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nirmal Jovial of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave 4/5 stars and said, "With a strong script—complemented by a strong flavour of Malabar—it delivers what it promises in its title and more. Thallumaala is a film with a nonlinear narrative structure with the plot divided into different chapters. Rahman uses this narrative structure to give the audience a parallel view of the present and the past of the protagonist. This also ensures no drop in the film's energy in either of the halves. The script by Ashraf Hamza and Muhsin Parari is top-notch."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/08/12/thallumaala-review-tovino-thomas-kalyani-priyadarshan-shine-full-on-entertainer.html | title='Thallumaala' review: Tovino Thomas, Kalyani Priyadarshan shine in this full-on entertainer | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] | access-date=13 August 2022 | archive-date=13 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813174850/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/08/12/thallumaala-review-tovino-thomas-kalyani-priyadarshan-shine-full-on-entertainer.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Thallumala, obviously, is not everyone’s cup of tea. It is experimental with a capital E. You can either enjoy it, or understand that this is something appreciable and just not your kind of thing. But if you are the curious kind, you’d want to know just what the H this is all about."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cris |title=Thallumala review: This Kalyani-Tovino starrer is loud, cartoonish and fun |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thallumala-review-kalyani-tovino-starrer-loud-cartoonish-and-fun-166781 |website=The News Minute |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813181322/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thallumala-review-kalyani-tovino-starrer-loud-cartoonish-and-fun-166781 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jayadeep Jayesh of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "‘Thallumaala’ can be appreciated for humanising the people of Mallapuram who are often vilified or caricatured in Malayalam cinema. The glorification of violence could offend some people. But the intentionally stylised filmmaking constantly reminds us that we are watching a make-belief world, and hence the film is definitely worth a watch."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/thallumaala-review-unapologetic-stylish-action-film-1141690.html|title='Thallumaala' review: Unapologetic, stylish action film|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "While Malayalam cinema has often been hailed for its realistic films, Tovino Thomas and Khalid Rahman’s Thallumaala could be a trendsetter, marrying both quality and entertainment with a craft that is on par with international standards."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/thallumaala-movie-review-tovinos-swag-khalid-rahmans-stylish-making-power-this-trendy-entertainer/91b6e7b553334|title=Thallumaala movie review: Tovino Thomas' swag, Khalid Rahman's stylish making power this trendy entertainer|website=OTTplay}}</ref>

Manoj Kumar. R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Khalid Rahman has stylishly staged the fights. But, underneath all the madness, there is a commentary too -- strong men can control their anger, weak men can't."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/thallumaala-movie-review-tovino-thomas-starrer-offers-a-lot-of-fun-and-madness-8086423/|title=Thallumaala movie review: Tovino Thomas starrer offers a lot of fun and madness|website=The Indian Express|date=12 August 2022 }}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Thallumaala is a through-and-through action entertainer with its share of humour, catchy tunes, adept stunt choreography, and decent performances. Expect the style quotient to hit the roof in this movie as you see Kalyani’s Fathima and most of the other characters sport trendy and high-end clothes. With enough action sequences to enjoy with your popcorn as Fathima does in the movie, Thallumaala is a good choice for an entertaining time at theatres."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/malayalam-movies/thallumaala/thallumaala-review.html|title=Thallumaala is an action entertainer with tasteful making and colorful frames|website=Behindwoods|date=14 August 2022 }}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Tovino Thomas is loveable, but Thallumaala’s lively soundtrack and visual gimmicks conspire to generate a sensory overload that camouflages a thin-as-a-pappadum story and emotional emptiness."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thallumaala-movie-review-energetic-experimental-empty-11263221.html|title=Thallumaala movie review: Energetic, experimental, empty|website=Firstpost|date=16 September 2022 }}</ref>

Princy Alexander of ''[[Malayala Manorama#Subsidiaries|Onmanorama]]'' reviewed the movie as "A fun ride anchoring on new gen vibe" and said, "''Thallumala'' is more of a jovial experiment in terms of technique and narrative. The use of technology and graphics resonates well with the youth who can also relate to the characters because of their spontaneity and their lack of fear of consequences."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/08/12/tovino-thomas-kalyani-priyadarshan-thallumala-movie-review.html | title=Tovino-starrer 'Thallumala': A fun ride anchoring on new generation vibe | access-date=13 August 2022 | archive-date=13 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813181404/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/08/12/tovino-thomas-kalyani-priyadarshan-thallumala-movie-review.amp.html | url-status=live }}</ref> S.R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave praise for its action sequences and technical craft, but mentioned the lack of substance in the narrative and the same craftily hidden with non-linear style and the relentless fight-song-fight routine that would render one without a breathing space to think.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thallumaala-movie-review-tovino-thomas-stars-in-all-out-fight-fest-with-the-depth-of-a-social-media-reel/article65761477.ece/ | title='Thallumaala' movie review: Tovino Thomas stars in all-out fight fest, with the depth of a social media reel | newspaper=The Hindu | date=12 August 2022 | last1=Praveen | first1=S. R. | access-date=14 August 2022 | archive-date=14 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814062627/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thallumaala-movie-review-tovino-thomas-stars-in-all-out-fight-fest-with-the-depth-of-a-social-media-reel/article65761477.ece/amp/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Winner
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
| rowspan="2" |[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
|Nishad Yusuf
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-21 |title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards: Complete list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/53rd-kerala-state-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-mammootty-vincy-aloshious-8851029/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722180419/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/53rd-kerala-state-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-mammootty-vincy-aloshious-8851029/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| [[Shobi (choreographer)|Shobi Paulraj]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Mazhavil Manorama|Mazhavil Manorama Music Awards]]
|Best Experimental Music
|[[Vishnu Vijay]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhavil Music's Lifetime Achievement award presented to Sreekumaran Thampi |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2022/12/24/mazhavil-music-awards-winners.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202012137/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2022/12/24/mazhavil-music-awards-winners.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Controversies ==
=== Manhandling Incident ===
On 7 March 2022, two people have admitted to a hospital claiming [[Shine Tom Chacko]] manhandled them during the filming of the movie.<ref>{{cite news |last1=In |first1=ETimes |title=Ruckus on the sets of 'Thallumaala'; Shine Tom Chacko alleged to have beat up a local |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ruckus-on-the-sets-of-thallumaala-shine-tom-chacko-alleged-to-have-beat-up-a-local/articleshow/90098842.cms |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403075429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ruckus-on-the-sets-of-thallumaala-shine-tom-chacko-alleged-to-have-beat-up-a-local/articleshow/90098842.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The incident happened when the local people of Kalamassery HMT colony questioned the crew of the film regarding dumping waste while filming.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Web Desk |first1=Outlook |title=Clash Between Locals And Film Crew: Shine Tom Chacko Accused of Manhandling |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/clash-between-locals-and-film-crew-shine-tom-chacko-accused-of-manhandling-news-185926 |access-date=3 April 2022 |publisher=Outlook India |date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331174004/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/clash-between-locals-and-film-crew-shine-tom-chacko-accused-of-manhandling-news-185926 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later the police intervened and set end to things.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Correspondent |first1=Manorama |title=Cops intervene after ruckus on the sets of Tovino starrer 'Thallumala' turns ugly |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/03/08/cops-intervene-ruckus-sets-tovino-film.html |access-date=3 April 2022 |publisher=OnManorama |date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403075427/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/03/08/cops-intervene-ruckus-sets-tovino-film.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Editing of subtitles by Netflix ===
On 12 September 2022, a day after the film's streaming release, the subtitling company ''Fill in the Blanks'' through their social media handles expressed their dissatisfaction of [[Netflix]] editing their English subtitles for the film which were already approved by the film's writer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thallumala subtitle artists express displeasure at 'butchered' version on Netflix |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thallumala-subtitle-artists-express-displeasure-butchered-version-netflix-167809 |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=The News Minute |date=12 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914084628/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thallumala-subtitle-artists-express-displeasure-butchered-version-netflix-167809 |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon the incident, several subtitle artists from various countries shared similar experiences they faced in the past, and showed solidarity to the company. Netflix is yet to respond on this.

=== Censoring by Netflix ===
After the movie began streaming on [[Netflix]], It has been reported that the word "beef" was completely cut from the [[Kannada]] version of ''Thallumaala''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} The word "beef" enters into the dialogues in many parts of the movie.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2022-09-16 |title=തല്ലുമാലയിലെ 'ബീഫ്' കന്നഡയില്‍ എത്തിയപ്പോള്‍ 'മട്ടണ്‍'!; നെറ്റ്ഫ്ലിക്സിനെതിരെ നെറ്റിസണ്‍സ് |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/beef-in-thallumala-comes-to-kannada-as-mutton-netizens-vs-netflix-191551 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030183328/https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/beef-in-thallumala-comes-to-kannada-as-mutton-netizens-vs-netflix-191551 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, "beef" was completely removed from the dialogue and subtitles in Kannada version, "mutton" and "curry" were used instead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ബൂലോകം |date=2022-09-16 |title=നെറ്റ്ഫ്ലിക്സിന് ബീഫിനെ പേടി, തല്ലുമാലയിലെ ബീഫ് മൊത്തം കന്നടയിലെത്തിയപ്പോൾ മട്ടനായി |url=https://boolokam.com/nefflix-thallumala-beef/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Boolokam News |language=en-GB |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030184833/https://boolokam.com/nefflix-thallumala-beef/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Audience and critics have come forward on social media against Netflix, saying Netflix has a history of censoring "beef" from movies and the like.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=എന്‍റര്‍ടൈന്‍മെന്‍റ് |title=മലയാളത്തില്‍ ഉണ്ടായിരുന്ന ബീഫ് കന്നടയില്‍ മട്ടന്‍ ആയി; തല്ലുമാലയിലെ ബീഫിനെ വെട്ടിയ നെറ്റ്ഫ്‌ളിക്‌സിന്റെ സംഘിപ്പേടി! വിവാദം |url=https://www.southlive.in/movie/film-news/thallumala-kannada-version-netflix-removed-beef-from-dialogues |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Southlive |date=16 September 2022 |language=ml |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030183328/https://www.southlive.in/movie/film-news/thallumala-kannada-version-netflix-removed-beef-from-dialogues |url-status=live }}</ref> Some critics even pointed out that Netflix is doing ''"such degrading work"'' out of fear of [[Cow vigilante violence in India|cow vigilante organisations]], working with the support of the then [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-16 |title=Netflix cuts beef from Thallumala Kannada version; Controversy {{!}} Netflix cuts beef from Thallumaala Kannada version; Controversy |url=https://time.news/netflix-cuts-beef-from-thallumala-kannada-version-controversy-netflix-cuts-beef-from-thallumaala-kannada-version-controversy/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Time News |language=en-US |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030183330/https://time.news/netflix-cuts-beef-from-thallumala-kannada-version-controversy-netflix-cuts-beef-from-thallumaala-kannada-version-controversy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=വെബ് |date=2022-09-16 |title=തല്ലുമാല കന്നഡ പതിപ്പിൽ നിന്ന് ബീഫിനെ വെട്ടി നെറ്റ്ഫ്ലിക്സ്; വിവാദം {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/netflix-cuts-beef-from-thallumaala-kannada-version-controversy-1074824 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030183330/https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/netflix-cuts-beef-from-thallumaala-kannada-version-controversy-1074824 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Accusation by Animation Team ===
On 11 September 2022, The film's animation team ''Studio'' ''Kokaachi'' accused the makers of the film for repeatedly not crediting them in titles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-18 |title=Thallumaala Makers Apologizes to the Film's Animation Team After 34 Days of Its Release for Not Giving Them Credits {{!}} 🎥 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/thallumaala-makers-apologizes-to-the-films-animation-team-after-34-days-of-its-release-for-not-giving-them-credits-4218307.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=LatestLY |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030183327/https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/thallumaala-makers-apologizes-to-the-films-animation-team-after-34-days-of-its-release-for-not-giving-them-credits-4218307.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After ''Thallumaala'' dropped on [[Netflix]], the animation team said that "''powers-that-be'' had refused to acknowledge their contribution and share the names of the artistes who had worked on the film's animated scenes, which were wide praised by the audience and to an extent gave the film its unique style".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thallumaala: After subtitle artists lash out against Netflix, animators accuse m |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thallumaala-animators-accuse-makers-for-not-crediting-them-after-subtitle-artists-lash-out-against-netflix/b0d3d5318d552 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030183330/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thallumaala-animators-accuse-makers-for-not-crediting-them-after-subtitle-artists-lash-out-against-netflix/b0d3d5318d552 |url-status=live }}</ref> The makers of the movie then apologised "for missing" their names on the title credits, explaining "it was an honest mistake from our side".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=Thallumaala row: Animation team Kokaachi on how they were repeatedly not credited |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thallumaala-row-animation-team-kokaachi-how-they-were-repeatedly-not-credited-168078 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030183330/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thallumaala-row-animation-team-kokaachi-how-they-were-repeatedly-not-credited-168078 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Kokaachi'', however, stated that they first spotted the error when the movie had released in theatres and they found out that their names were missing from the end credits, the makers had "ample time and opportunity to correct the mistake".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=The Cue |title=സമയമുണ്ടായിട്ടും തെറ്റ് തിരുത്താത്തത് 'ഹോണസറ്റ് മിസ്റ്റേക്' അല്ല, തല്ലുമാല അണിയറപ്രവര്‍ത്തകര്‍ക്കെതിരെ അനിമേഷന്‍ ടീം |url=https://www.thecue.in/entertainment/filmy-features/kokaachi-studio-against-thallumala-team |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Cue |date=17 September 2022 |language=ml |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030183330/https://www.thecue.in/entertainment/filmy-features/kokaachi-studio-against-thallumala-team |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=11075264}}

[[Category:Films directed by Khalid Rahman]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thalassery]]
[[Category:2022 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]

Nagana, Balotra

2026-05-03T14:27:46Z

Mokx71: Data!

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
'''Nagana'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |title=Nagana Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Nagana, Barmer, Rajasthan, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/nagana |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> is a village in the [[Balotra district]], formerly in the [[Barmer district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagana Village Population - Pachpadra - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/87499-nagana-rajasthan.html#google_vignette |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagana Village (Pincode: 344026), Pachpadra, Balotra {{!}} Rajasthan {{!}} – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/87499 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Nagana Pin Code - 344026, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search barmer Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/nagana-pincode-344026.html |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>It is primarily known for the [[Nagnechiya Mata|Nagnechiya Mata Temple]], the ancestral deity (Kuldevi) of the Rathore Rajputs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-08-13 |title=उपमुख्यमंत्री दीया कुमारी ने नागाणा धाम में किए दर्शन, वृक्षारोपण कार्यक्रम में लिया भाग - Diya Kumari visited Nagana Dham |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/deputy-chief-minister-diya-kumari-visited-nagana-dham-participated-in-tree-plantation-program-rajasthan-news-rjs24081304271 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Nagnecha Mata.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Nagnechiya Mata]] Nagana.]]
==Nagnechya Mataji Temple==
Nagnechya Mataji Temple<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deepsa |date=2020-09-21 |title=Nagnechiya Mata Nagana History: Kuldevi of Rathore |url=https://rjdeependrahistory.news.blog/2020/09/21/nagnechiya-mata-nagana-history-kuldevi-of-rathore/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Rj Deependra |language=en}}</ref> in Nagana is a highly revered Hindu shrine dedicated to the goddess Nagnechiya Mata, the Kuldevi (clan deity) of the Rathore Rajputs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naganechiyan Mata - Kuldevi of Rathore Dynasty |url=https://www.vedadhara.com/nagnechi-mata |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=www.vedadhara.com |language=en}}</ref>Located in the Barmer region (now Balotra district) of Rajasthan, it is a significant pilgrimage site known for its spiritual atmosphere and intricate marble architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deepsa |date=2020-09-21 |title=Nagnechiya Mata Nagana History: Kuldevi of Rathore |url=https://rjdeependrahistory.news.blog/2020/09/21/nagnechiya-mata-nagana-history-kuldevi-of-rathore/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Rj Deependra |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Villages in Balotra district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Harsh Vardhan Shringla

2026-04-24T18:08:41Z

Mokx71: Put Up A Data!

{{short description|Indian diplomat (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| state =
| name = Harsh Vardhan Shringla
| image = Amb - GU India Initiative - 2019-04-23.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Foreign Secretary Harsh Vardhan Shringla at Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi
| caption = Shringla in 2019
| office = [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 21 July 2025
| nominator = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor = [[Sonal Mansingh]]
| constituency = [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] (Diplomacy)
| office1 = 33rd [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]]
| term_start1 = 29 January 2020
| prime_minister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1 = [[S. Jaishankar]]
| term_end1 = 30 April 2022<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indian-envoy-to-united-states-harsh-vardhan-shringla-will-be-the-next-foreign-secretary/articleshow/72942706.cms |title=Indian envoy to United States Harsh Vardhan Shringla will be the next Foreign Secretary |work=The Economics Times}}</ref>
| predecessor1 = [[Vijay Keshav Gokhale]]
| successor1 = [[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vinay-kwatra-is-new-foreign-secretary-harsh-shringla-coordinator-for-2023-g20-101649075956913.html |title=Vinay Kwatra is new Foreign Secretary, Harsh Shringla coordinator for 2023 G-20 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 April 2022}}</ref>
| office2 = [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|Ambassador of India to the United States]]
| term_start2 = 9 January 2019
| term_end2 = 11 January 2020
| predecessor2 = [[Navtej Sarna]]
| successor2 = [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]
| office3 = [[List of High Commissioners of India to Bangladesh|High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh]]
| term_start3 = January 2016
| term_end3 = January 2019
| predecessor3 = [[Pankaj Saran]]
| successor3 = [[Riva Ganguly Das]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/30793/Riva_Ganguly_Das_appointed_as_the_next_High_Commissioner_of_India_to_the_Peoples_Republic_of_Bangladesh |title=Riva Ganguly Das appointed as the next HCI to Bangladesh |accessdate=24 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-bangladesh-relations-riva-ganguly-das-appointed-new-envoy-to-bangladesh-1965666 |title=Riva Ganguly Das Named HCI To Bangladesh |publisher=NDTV |access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref>
| office4 = Ambassador of India to Thailand
| term_start4 = January 2014
| term_end4 = January 2016
| predecessor4 = [[Anil Wadhwa]]
| successor4 = Bhagwant Singh Bishnoi
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Harsh Vardhan Shringla
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|5|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| party =
| other_party = 
| height = 
| spouse = Hemal Shringla
| partner = 
| children = Ashok Vardhan Shringla
| relatives = [[Chokila Iyer]] (aunt)
| alma_mater = [[Mayo College]] ([[Higher Secondary|HSC]]) [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Delhi University]]
| occupation = Diplomat
| profession =
| known_for =
| net_worth = 
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| blank2 =
| data2 =
| blank3 =
| data3 =
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| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|https://mea.gov.in/fs.htm}}

| module =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Harsh Vardhan Shringla''' (born 1 May 1962) is a [[retired]] [[Indian people|Indian]] [[diplomat]] of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] who is currently serving as the [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of the Rajya Sabha]] having been nominated by the [[President of India]] since 2025.<ref name="President Murmu nominates four to Rajya Sabha, including former Foreign Secretary Shringla, 26/11 prosecutor Nikam">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 July 2025 |title=President Murmu nominates four to Rajya Sabha, including former Foreign Secretary Shringla, 26/11 prosecutor Nikam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-foreign-secretary-shringla-ujjwal-nikam-c-sadanandan-master-and-meenakshi-jain-nominated-to-rajya-sabha/article69806580.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713180529/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-foreign-secretary-shringla-ujjwal-nikam-c-sadanandan-master-and-meenakshi-jain-nominated-to-rajya-sabha/article69806580.ece |archive-date=13 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> He has served as [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]] from 2020 to 2022 and India's [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|Ambassador to the United States]] where he was closely involved in the planning of [[Howdy Modi]] in 2019. He has also previously served as the [[List of high commissioners of India to Bangladesh|High Commissioner to Bangladesh]], and the Ambassador to Thailand.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/senior-diplomat-harsh-vardhan-shringla-appointed-foreign-secretary/articleshow/72942616.cms |title=Harsh Vardhan Shringla appointed new Foreign Secretary of India |date=23 December 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/harsh-vardhan-shringla-appointed-new-indian-ambassador-to-us/article25787480.ece |title=Harsh Vardhan Shringla appointed new Indian Ambassador to US |date=20 December 2018 |newspaper=Business Line |access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=hin>[https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/22412/Shri+Harsh+Vardhan+Shringla+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+Kingdom+of+Thailand Harsh V Shringla, India's new Abmassadir to Thailand] ''[[Ministry of External Affairs of India]]'', 29 October 2013.</ref> His aunt [[Chokila Iyer]] was the Foreign Secretary of India from 2001 to 2002. He is also a Viksit Bharat Distinguished Fellow.

==Educational background==
Born in [[Bombay]], Shringla was schooled at [[Mayo College|Mayo College, Ajmer]] and received a B.A. from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]. He worked in private industry in India prior to joining the Indian Foreign Service (IFS). He since has published papers on conflict prevention, economic diplomacy, the Indian diaspora, and India-Bangladesh relations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indianembassy.org/pages.php?id=326 |title=Harsh Vardhan Shringla, Indian Ambassador to the United States |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122094700/https://www.indianembassy.org/pages.php?id=326 |archive-date=22 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Diplomatic career==
Shringla joined the IFS in 1984 and spent 38 years in the service. He held a variety of positions both in New Delhi, at the headquarters of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|MEA]], and abroad at Indian diplomatic missions. He was posted in France (as part of India's Mission to [[UNESCO]]), the Permanent Mission of India to the [[United Nations]] in [[New York City]], [[Vietnam]] (at the consulate-general and embassy in [[Hanoi]] and [[Ho Chi Minh City]], respectively), Israel, and South Africa (at the consulate-general in [[Durban]]).<ref name="embassy Harsh">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indianembassy.org/pages.php?id=326 |title=Harsh V Shringla, Indian Ambassador to the United States |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122094700/https://www.indianembassy.org/pages.php?id=326 |archive-date=22 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Ambassador of India to Thailand===

Shringla received his first ambassadorial assignment to the Kingdom of Thailand and served for two years from January 2014 to January 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://embassyofindiabangkok.gov.in/pages.php?id=3 |title=Embassy of India in Bangkok |date=8 August 2018 |access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref>

===High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh===
[[File:Harsh Vardhan Shringla (portrait) Meets Nasrul Hamid Bangladesh Secretariat Dhaka 2016-03-13 (PID-0055434) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shringla as the [[List of High Commissioners of India to Bangladesh|Indian High Commissioner to Bangladesh]] in [[Dhaka]] in 2016.]]
Shringla served as [[List of High Commissioners of India to Bangladesh|High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh]] from January 2016 to January 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://ibtbd.net/harsh-vardhan-shringla-high-commissioner-india-bangladesh/ |title=Harsh Vardhan Shringla, High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh |date=7 March 2018 |access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref> During this period, Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] of Bangladesh visited India in April 2017, a visit that Shringla helped coordinate. Prime Minister Narendra Modi described her visit as the heralding of a "Sonali Adhyay" or a "Golden Era" in the [[India-Bangladesh relations|bilateral ties]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/et-analysis-indo-bangla-relations-enjoy-golden-period/articleshow/66118543.cms |title=ET Analysis: Indo-Bangla relations enjoy golden period |work=The Economic Times |date=8 October 2018 |access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref> He is also credited for his role as the co-chair of the India-Bangladesh Joint Boundary Working Group,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/1636/Meeting+of+IndiaBangladesh+Joint+Boundary+Working+Group |title=Meeting of India-Bangladesh Joint Boundary Working Group |date=11 November 2010 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> which finalized India's [[India–Bangladesh enclaves|Land Boundary Agreement with Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/harsh-vardhan-shringla-is-new-indian-envoy-in-bangladesh/articleshow/49833588.cms |title=Harsh Vardhan Shringla is new Indian envoy in Bangladesh |work=The Economic Times |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref>

===Ambassador of India to the United States===

Shringla in 2019 was appointed the [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|Indian Ambassador to the United States]]. Within two days of his arrival in [[Washington, D.C.]], he presented his credentials to [[U.S. President]] [[Donald J. Trump|Donald Trump]] on 11 January 2019 in a ceremony at [[The White House]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indianembassy.org/press_detail.php?nid=24820 |title=Press Release - Ambassador Mr. Harsh Vardhan Shringla presented his Credentials to U. S. President Mr. Donald Trump |date=11 January 2019 |access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref>

He traveled across the U.S. in an effort to become a bridge for people-to-people ties between India and the U.S. He traveled to 21 U.S. states during his one-year tenure, making an effort to reach out to students, Americans of Indian-origin, working professionals, and state governments.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rtp.org/calendar/driving-innovation-technology-and-indias-rise-as-a-global-power/ |title=Driving Innovation: Technology and India's Rise as a Global Power |date=10 October 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref>

During his time in the U.S., the [[Howdy Modi]] event took place in [[Houston]], [[Texas]] on 22 September 2019, where Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] jointly addressed a gathering of over 50,000 people, with a plurality of the attendees being of Indian-origin.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/Modi-in-Houston-howdy-Modi-Houston-mahatma-Gandhi-Donald-trump/story/1/32041.html |title=How Modi weaved magic in Houston |date=25 September 2019 |access-date=3 October 2019}}</ref> The event was the largest rally ever hosted by a foreign leader in the United States, and the first one to be jointly held with a U.S. president.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/29/prime-minister-modi-india-donald-trump-addressed-huge-houston-rally-who-was-signaling-what/ |title=How Modi Attracted 50000 in Houston |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=29 September 2019 |access-date=3 October 2019}}</ref> Shringla, as India's Ambassador, was heavily involved in the planning of the event.

==Foreign Secretary of India==
[[File:Deputy Secretary Sherman Participates in the India Ideas Summit with Foreign Secretary Shringla (51563242193).jpg|thumb|[[United States Deputy Secretary of State|Deputy Secretary]] [[Wendy Sherman|Sherman]] Participates in the India Ideas Summit with Foreign Secretary Shringla]]
On 29 January 2020, Shringla assumed the charge of Foreign Secretary of India as the 33rd [[Foreign Secretary of India|Foreign Secretary]]. While addressing media ahead of taking charge, Shringla acknowledged the responsibilities and challenges that came with it and added that he would work under the leadership of Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister of India for a more secure and prosperous India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/harsh-vardhan-shringla-takes-charge-as-the-new-foreign-secretary/article30683044.ece |title=Ambassador Shringla Takes Charge As 33rd FS |date=29 January 2020 |work=Business Line |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

As Foreign Secretary of India, he visited [[Myanmar]] in December 2021 and emphasized India's interest in seeing Myanmar's return to democracy at the earliest; release of detainees and prisoners; resolution of issues through dialogue and complete cessation of all violence in relation to the [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacherjee|first=Kallol|date=2021-12-24|title=India seeks early return of democracy in Myanmar|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-seeks-early-return-of-democracy-in-myanmar/article38024643.ece}}</ref>

During his tenure as Foreign Secretary, he dealt with some of the most pressing foreign policy issues namely, fallout of the [[COVID pandemic]], [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|India-China border issues at Ladakh]], [[2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan]] and military takeover in Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-13|title=Despite COVID-19 pandemic, India and UAE continued to work closely together|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/others/despite-covid-19-pandemic-india-and-uae-continued-to-work-closely-together-shringla20211213192321/|work=ANI News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-01|title=Foreign Secretary Harsh Vardhan Shringla meets EU special envoy for Afghanistan|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/foreign-secretary-harsh-vardhan-shringla-meets-eu-special-envoy-for-afghanistan/articleshow/88036363.cms|work=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref>

On 1 April 2022 he was succeeded by [[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]] as the 34th [[Foreign Secretary of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-04-04|title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra announced as the new foreign secretary|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vinay-mohan-kwatra-india-s-ambassador-to-nepal-to-be-new-foreign-secretary-101649073091154.html|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> After his superannuation from the Indian Foreign Service, Shringla was appointed Chief G20 Coordinator for [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|India's G20 Presidency in 2023]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-04-10|title = Harsh V Shringla was G20 chief coordinator|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/harsh-v-shringla-is-g20-chief-coordinator/articleshow/90752084.cms}}</ref>

==Publications==
Shringla has written on a number of topics such as international economy, climate change, preventive diplomacy and India-US bilateral relations, including ''The United Nations and Conflict Prevention: Balance Between Sovereignty and Action'' ([[Indian Journal of International Law]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shringla |first1=Harsh Vardhan |title=The United Nations and Conflict Prevention: Balance Between Sovereignty and Action |url=https://www.isil-aca.org/download/contents/2007.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of International Law |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=429–445 |access-date=5 December 2019}}</ref> and ''Project Granite at the New International Airport in Israel'' (CUTS International, 2011).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rana |first1=Kishan S |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Bipul |year=2011 |title=Economic Diplomacy: India's Experience |pages=79, 84 |place=Jaipur |publisher=CUTS International |isbn=978-81-8257-139-6}}</ref>

Shringla has also contributed articles in newspapers and magazines on a diverse range of topics including an [[Op-ed|Op-ed piece]] in [[The New York Times]], ''India Is Building a More Prosperous Kashmir'' giving the context and objectives of India's decision to abrogate the temporary [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/19/opinion/india-pakistan-kashmir-jammu.html |title=India Is Building a More Prosperous Kashmir |first=Harsh Vardhan |last=Shringla |date=19 September 2019 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/30/opinion/imran-khan-kashmir-pakistan.html |title=The World can't Ignore Kashmir. We Are All In Danger. |first=Imran |last=Khan |date=30 August 2019 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/30/opinion/imran-khan-kashmir-pakistan.html |title=Indian ambassador briefs US lawmakers on Kashmir |first=Harsh Vardhan |last=Shringla |date=17 October 2019 |work=Deccan Herald |accessdate=5 December 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Shringla was born in Mumbai, to Tenduf Tshering La, a [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhist]] [[Sikkimese people|Sikkimese]] father and Hari Devi Basnet, a [[Hindu]] [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]] mother. Both his parents were Sikkimese from [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]]. His family name ''Tshering La'' was recorded as ''Shringla'' in the birth and school documents made in Bombay. His father was also part of the Indian civil service.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-01-29|title=Foreign secretary Harsh Vardhan Shringla has overcome challenges pragmatically|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-diplomat-foretold-harsh-vardhan-shringla-foreign-secretary-6240024/|access-date=2020-11-26|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He speaks Nepali, English, French, Vietnamese, Hebrew and other Indian languages like Bengali, Hindi and [[Sikkimese Bhutia language|Sikkimese]].<ref name=":0" /> He is married to Hemal Shringla and has one son.<ref name="embassy Harsh" /> His aunt [[Chokila Iyer|Chokila Iyer (Tshering)]] also served as [[India]]'s first female [[Foreign Secretary (India)|foreign secretary]] from March 2001 to June 2002.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The non-accidental rise of Harsh Shringla|url=https://nepalitimes.com/news/the-non-accidental-rise-of-harsh-shringla|date=14 April 2023|work=The Nepali Times}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
* He was awarded the [[Jack Gibson (schoolmaster)|JTM Gibson Award]] for Outstanding Alumni by Mayo College, Ajmer in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://jtmgibson.typepad.com/my_weblog/jtm-gibson-award-for-exce.html |title=Remembering Jack Gibson |date=1 January 2017 |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>
* The ICFAI University, Sikkim bestowed on him a [[Honorary Doctorate|D. Litt Honoris Causa Honorary Doctorate]] degree on 9 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FM0XBpEW4VI&t=92s |title=Ambassador Harsh V Shringla's acceptance speech on receiving Honorary Doctorate |date=9 September 2019 |access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Vijay Keshav Gokhale|Vijay Gokhale]]
*[[List of Mayoites]]
*[[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar|Dr. S Jaishankar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202044934/https://www.mea.gov.in/fs.htm Bio data of Foreign Secretary] – Ministry of External Affairs of India

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anil Wadhwa]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Indian Ambassador to Thailand|years=2014–2016}}
{{s-aft|after=Bhagwant Singh Bishnoi}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pankaj Saran]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of ambassadors of India to Bangladesh|Indian High Commissioner to Bangladesh]]|years=2016–2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Riva Ganguly Das]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Navtej Sarna]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|Indian Ambassador to the United States]]|years=2019–2020}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vijay Keshav Gokhale|Vijay Gokhale]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Foreign Secretary of India]]|years=2020–2022}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Indian Ambassadors to the United States}}
{{Ambassadors of India}}
{{Indian civil servants}}

{{Authority control}}

{{commons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shringla, Harsh Vardhan}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Foreign secretaries of India]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Mayo College alumni]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Thailand]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]

Human rights

2026-04-24T06:34:58Z

Mokx71: basic adjust page per standard format further

{{Short description|Fundamental rights belonging to all humans}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
[[File:Magna Carta.jpg|upright=1.15|thumb|right|''[[Magna Carta]]'' or "Great Charter" was one of the world's first documents containing commitments by a [[sovereign]] to his people to respect certain legal rights.{{Dubious|reason=See Wikipedia's page on the Magna Carta for why this description is flawed: "Research by Victorian historians showed that the original 1215 charter had concerned the medieval relationship between the monarch and the barons, rather than the rights of ordinary people. The majority of historians now see the interpretation of the charter as a unique and early charter of universal legal rights as a myth that was created centuries later." Probably this image should be replaced with a document that is actually concerned with universal rights.|date=December 2024}}]]
{{Rights|By claimant}}
'''Human rights''' are universally recognized [[Morality|moral]] principles or [[Social norm|norms]] that establish standards of [[human behavior]] and are often protected by both [[Municipal law|national]] and [[international law]]s.<ref>https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/human-rights-manual-fourth-edition.pdf Human Rights</ref> These [[rights]] are considered inherent and inalienable, meaning they belong to every individual simply by virtue of being [[human]], regardless of characteristics like nationality, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, caste, or socioeconomic status. They encompass a broad range of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, such as the [[right to life]], [[freedom of speech]], protection against [[enslavement]], and [[right to education]].

While ideas related to human rights predate modernity, the modern concept of human rights gained significant prominence after [[World War II]], particularly in response to the atrocities of [[the Holocaust]], leading to the adoption of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (UDHR) by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 1948.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carey |first1=Sabine C. |last2=Gibney |first2=Mark |last3=Gohdes |first3=Anita R. |date=2025 |title=The Politics of Human Rights: The Quest for Dignity in the 21st Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/the-politics-of-human-rights/083224FB9522DCD387DB0D3D745D99FB/what-are-human-rights/8486E0C1C67A96565F5D6E593077EE08 |website=Cambridge University Press |language=en |doi=10.1017/9781009537889.003}}</ref> This document outlined a comprehensive framework of rights that countries are encouraged to protect, setting a global standard for [[human dignity]], freedom, and justice. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) has since inspired numerous international treaties and national laws aimed at promoting and protecting human rights worldwide.

While the principle of universal human rights is widely accepted, [[Philosophy of human rights|debates persist]] regarding which rights should take precedence, how they should be implemented, and their applicability in different cultural contexts. Criticisms often arise from perspectives like [[cultural relativism]], which argue that individual human rights are inappropriate for societies that prioritize a [[Communitarianism|communal]] or [[collectivist]] identity, and may conflict with certain cultural or traditional practices.

Nonetheless, human rights remain a central focus in international relations and legal frameworks, supported by institutions such as the United Nations, various non-governmental organizations, and national bodies dedicated to monitoring and enforcing human rights standards worldwide.

== History ==
{{Main|History of human rights}}[[File:Us declaration independence.jpg|thumb|The [[United States Declaration of Independence]], unanimously ratified by the [[Second Continental Congress]] in [[Philadelphia]] on 4 July 1776]]

Many of the basic ideas that animated the [[human rights movement]] developed in the aftermath of the [[Second World War]] and the events of [[the Holocaust]],<ref name="twsGaryJBass">Gary J. Bass (book reviewer), Samuel Moyn (author of book being reviewed), 20 October 2010, The New Republic, [https://newrepublic.com/article/books-and-arts/magazine/78542/the-old-new-thing-human-rights The Old New Thing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912121454/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/books-and-arts/magazine/78542/the-old-new-thing-human-rights|date=12 September 2015}}. Retrieved 14 August 2014</ref> culminating in the adoption of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in Paris by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 1948.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simmons |first=Beth A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfQfAwAAQBAJ |title=Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1139483483 |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref>

Ancient peoples did not have the same modern-day conception of universal human rights.{{sfnp|Freeman|2002|pp=15–17}} However, the concept has in some sense existed for centuries, although not in the same way as today.{{sfnp|Freeman|2002|pp=15–17}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sutto |first1=Marco |title=Human Rights Evolution, A Brief History |journal=The CoESPU Magazine |date=2019 |volume=2019 |issue=3 |pages=18–21 |doi=10.32048/Coespumagazine3.19.3 |url=https://www.coespu.org/articles/human-rights-evolution-brief-history |access-date=6 March 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154842/https://www.coespu.org/articles/human-rights-evolution-brief-history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/edumat/hreduseries/hereandnow/Part-1/short-history.htm | title=A Short History of Human Rights | access-date=6 March 2023 | archive-date=6 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154840/http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/edumat/hreduseries/hereandnow/Part-1/short-history.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/international-human-rights-law-short-history | title=International Human Rights Law: A Short History | access-date=6 March 2023 | archive-date=14 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314173537/https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/international-human-rights-law-short-history | url-status=live }}</ref> In the West, Jewish and Christian scriptures provided some conceptual foundations for discourse on rights along with Roman law providing legal foundations on what implementation may look like.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Witte Jr. |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Alexander |editor2-first=Frank |title=Christianity and Human Rights: An Introduction |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521143745 |pages=15–20}}</ref>

The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of [[Natural and legal rights|natural rights]], which first appeared as part of the medieval [[natural law]] tradition. It developed in new directions during the European [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] with such philosophers as [[John Locke]], [[Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)|Francis Hutcheson]], and [[Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui]], and featured prominently in the political discourse of the [[American Revolution]] and the [[French Revolution]].<ref name=twsGaryJBass/> From this foundation, the modern human rights arguments emerged over the latter half of the 20th century,{{sfnp|Moyn|2010|p=8}} possibly as a reaction to slavery, torture, genocide, and war crimes.<ref name=twsGaryJBass/>

The medieval [[natural law]] tradition was heavily influenced by the writings of [[Paul the Apostle|St Paul's]] early Christian thinkers such as [[Hilary of Poitiers|St Hilary of Poitiers]], [[Ambrose|St Ambrose]], and [[Augustine of Hippo|St Augustine]].<ref>{{cite book|first=A. J.|last=Carlyle|title=A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West|volume=1|page=83|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorymedival00carlgoog|location=New York|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|year=1903|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608004930/https://archive.org/details/ahistorymedival00carlgoog|archive-date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Augustine was among the earliest to examine the legitimacy of the laws of man, and attempt to define the boundaries of what laws and rights occur naturally based on wisdom and conscience, instead of being arbitrarily imposed by mortals, and if people are [[An unjust law is no law at all|obligated to obey laws that are unjust]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://lawexplores.com/the-philosophy-of-law-in-the-writings-of-augustine/#Fn23| title = Augustine on Law and Order — Lawexplores.com}}</ref>

The ''[[Kouroukan Fouga]]'' was the constitution of the [[Mali Empire]] in [[West Africa]]. It was composed in the 13th century, and was one of the very first charters on human rights. It included the "right to life and to the preservation of physical integrity" and significant protections for women.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Adewale |first1=Adeyinka |title=Pre-colonial Political Order in Africa |date=2023 |work=Reimaging Africa: Lifting the Veil of Ignorance |pages=9–38 |editor-last=Adewale |editor-first=Adeyinka |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40360-6_2 |access-date=2024-10-05 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-40360-6_2 |isbn=978-3-031-40360-6 |last2=Schepers |first2=Stefan |editor2-last=Schepers |editor2-first=Stefan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2AFmBOiLRAC&dq=kouroukan+fouga+human+rights&pg=PA334 |title=Frontiers of Language and Teaching, Vol.2: Proceedings of the 2011 International Online Language Conference (IOLC 2011) |publisher=Universal-Publishers |isbn=978-1-61233-559-9 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=334}}

Spanish scholasticism insisted on a subjective vision of law during the 16th and 17th centuries: Luis de Molina, Domingo de Soto and Francisco Vitoria, members of the School of Salamanca, defined law as a moral power over one's own. Although they maintained at the same time, the idea of law as an objective order, they stated that there are certain natural rights, mentioning both rights related to the body (right to life, to property) and to the spirit (right to [[freedom of thought]], dignity). The jurist Vázquez de Menchaca, starting from an individualist philosophy, was decisive in the dissemination of the term {{lang|la|iura naturalia}}. This natural law thinking was supported by contact with American civilizations and the debate that took place in Castile about the just titles of the conquest and, in particular, the nature of the indigenous people. In the Castilian colonization of America, it is often stated, measures were applied in which the germs of the idea of Human Rights are present, debated in the well-known [[Valladolid Debate]] that took place in 1550 and 1551. The thought of the School of Salamanca, especially through Francisco Vitoria, also contributed to the promotion of European natural law.

From this foundation, the modern human rights arguments emerged over the latter half of the 20th century.{{sfnp|Moyn|2010|p=8}} ''[[Magna Carta]]'' is an English charter originally issued in 1215 which influenced the development of the [[common law]] and many later constitutional documents related to human rights, such as the 1689 [[Bill of Rights 1689|English Bill of Rights]], the 1789 [[United States Constitution]], and the 1791 [[United States Bill of Rights]].<ref name="hazeltine">{{cite book |last1=Hazeltine |first1=H. D. |title=Magna Carta commemoration essays |date=1917 |publisher=BiblioBazaar |isbn=978-1116447477 |editor-last=Malden |editor-first=Henry Elliot |chapter=The Influence of Magna Carta on American Constitutional Development}}</ref>

17th century English [[philosopher]] [[John Locke]] discussed natural rights in his work, identifying them as being "life, liberty, and estate (property)", and argued that such [[fundamental rights]] could not be surrendered in the [[social contract]]. In Britain in 1689, the English [[Bill of Rights 1689|Bill of Rights]] and the Scottish [[Claim of Right Act 1689|Claim of Right]] each made a range of oppressive governmental actions, illegal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Britain's unwritten constitution |url=http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution |publisher=British Library |access-date=27 November 2015 |quote=The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown ... providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from 'cruel or unusual punishment. |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908171308/https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution |url-status=live }}</ref> Two major revolutions occurred during the 18th century, in the United States (1776) and in France (1789), leading to the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] and the French [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] respectively, both of which articulated certain human rights. Additionally, the [[Virginia Declaration of Rights]] of 1776 encoded into law a number of fundamental [[civil rights]] and civil freedoms.

{{blockquote|text=We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.|source=''United States Declaration of Independence'', 1776}}

=== 1800 to World War I ===
[[File:Declaration of Human Rights.jpg|thumb|[[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] approved by the National Assembly of France, 26 August 1789]]
Philosophers such as [[Thomas Paine]], [[John Stuart Mill]], and [[Hegel]] expanded on the theme of [[Universality (philosophy)|universality]] during the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1831, [[William Lloyd Garrison]] wrote in a newspaper called ''[[The Liberator (newspaper)|The Liberator]]'' that he was trying to enlist his readers in "the great cause of human rights",{{sfnp|Mayer|2000|p=110}} so the term ''human rights'' probably came into use sometime between Paine's ''The Rights of Man'' and Garrison's publication. In 1849 a contemporary, [[Henry David Thoreau]], wrote about human rights in his treatise ''[[Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)|On the Duty of Civil Disobedience]]'' which was later influential on human rights and civil rights thinkers. United States [[David Davis (Supreme Court justice)|Supreme Court Justice David Davis]], in his 1867 opinion for [[Ex Parte Milligan]], wrote "By the protection of the law, human rights are secured; withdraw that protection and they are at the mercy of wicked rulers or the clamor of an excited people."<ref>{{cite web |title=''Ex Parte Milligan'', 71 U.S. 2, 119. (full text) |url=http://www.law.uchicago.edu/tribunals/docs/milligan.pdf |date=December 1866 |access-date=28 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307053820/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/tribunals/docs/milligan.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Many groups and movements have managed to achieve profound social changes over the course of the 20th century in the name of human rights. In Western Europe and North America, [[trade union|labour union]]s brought about laws granting workers the right to strike, establishing minimum work conditions and forbidding or regulating [[child labor|child labour]]. The [[women's rights]] movement succeeded in gaining for many women the right to [[vote]]. [[National liberation]] movements in many countries succeeded in driving out colonial powers. One of the most influential was [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s leadership of the [[Indian independence movement]]. Movements by long-oppressed racial and religious minorities succeeded in many parts of the world, among them the [[civil rights movement]], and more recent diverse [[identity politics]] movements, on behalf of women and minorities in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crenshaw |first=Kimberle |date=1991 |title=Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229039 |journal=Stanford Law Review |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1241–1299 |doi=10.2307/1229039 |jstor=1229039 |issn=0038-9765}}</ref>

The foundation of the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]], the 1864 [[Lieber Code]] and the first of the [[Geneva Conventions]] in 1864 laid the foundations of [[International humanitarian law]], to be further developed following the two World Wars.

=== Between World War I and World War II ===
The [[League of Nations]] was established in 1919 at the negotiations over the [[Treaty of Versailles]] following the end of [[World War I]]. The League's goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation, diplomacy and improving global welfare. Enshrined in its Charter was a mandate to promote many of the rights which were later included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The League of Nations had mandates to support many of the former colonies of the Western European colonial powers during their transition from colony to independent state. Established as an agency of the League of Nations, and now part of United Nations, the [[International Labour Organization]] also had a mandate to promote and safeguard certain of the rights later included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR):

{{blockquote|text=the primary goal of the ILO today is to promote opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work, in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity.|source=''Report by the Director General for the International Labour Conference 87th Session''}}

=== After World War II ===
==== Universal Declaration of Human Rights ====
{{main|Universal Declaration of Human Rights}}

[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg|right|thumb|"It is not a [[treaty]]... [In the future, it] may well become the international [[Magna Carta]]."<ref>{{cite web |title=Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human |url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/centres-institutes/bonavero-institute-human-rights/eleanor-roosevelt-and-universal-declaration-human |website=www.law.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] with the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in 1949.]]

The [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (UDHR) is a non-binding declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948,<ref>(A/RES/217, 10 December 1948 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris)</ref> partly in response to the events of [[World War II]]. The UDHR urges member states to promote a number of human, civil, economic and social rights, asserting these rights are part of the "foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world". The declaration was the first international legal effort to limit the behavior of states and make sure they did their duties to their citizens following the model of the [[corelative|rights-duty duality]].

{{blockquote|text={{omission}} recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and [[inalienable rights]] of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world|source=''Preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights'', 1948}}

The UDHR was framed by members of the Human Rights Commission, with [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] as chair, who began to discuss an ''International Bill of Rights'' in 1947. The members of the Commission did not immediately agree on the form of such a bill of rights, and whether, or how, it should be enforced. The Commission proceeded to frame the UDHR and accompanying treaties, but the UDHR quickly became the priority.<ref name=Glendon>{{cite journal |title=The Rule of Law in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights |last=Glendon |first=Mary Ann |url=http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/jihr/v2/5/ |journal=Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights |date=July 2004 |volume=2 |number=5 |access-date=7 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720014500/http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/jihr/v2/5/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Canadian law professor [[John Peters Humphrey|John Humphrey]] and French lawyer [[René Cassin]] were responsible for much of the cross-national research and the structure of the document respectively, where the articles of the declaration were interpretative of the general principle of the preamble. The document was structured by Cassin to include the basic principles of dignity, liberty, equality and brotherhood in the first two articles, followed successively by rights pertaining to individuals; rights of individuals in relation to each other and to groups; spiritual, public and political rights; and [[economic, social and cultural rights]]. The final three articles place, according to Cassin, rights in the context of limits, duties and the social and political order in which they are to be realized.<ref name=Glendon/> Humphrey and Cassin intended the rights in the UDHR to be legally enforceable through some means, as is reflected in the third clause of the preamble:<ref name=Glendon/>

{{blockquote|text=Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law.|source=''Preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights'', 1948}}

Some of the UDHR was researched and written by a committee of international experts on human rights, including representatives from all continents and all major religions, and drawing on consultation with leaders such as [[Mahatma Gandhi]].{{sfnp|Glendon|2001}} The inclusion of both [[civil and political rights]] and economic, social, and cultural rights was predicated on the assumption that basic human rights are indivisible and that the different types of rights listed are inextricably linked.<ref name=Glendon/>{{sfnp|Ball|Gready|2007|p=34}} Although this principle was not opposed by any member states at the time of adoption (the declaration was adopted unanimously, with the abstention of the [[Soviet bloc]], [[apartheid]] South Africa, and [[Saudi Arabia]]), this principle was later subject to significant challenges.{{sfnp|Ball|Gready|2007|p=34}} On the issue of the term ''universal'', the declarations did not apply to domestic discrimination or racism.<ref>[[Paul Gordon Lauren]], "First Principles of Racial Equality: History and the Politics and Diplomacy of Human Rights Provisions in the United Nations Charter", ''Human Rights Quarterly'' 5 (1983): 1–26.</ref> Henry J. Richardson III argued:<ref>Henry J. Richardson III, "Black People, Technocracy, and Legal Process: Thoughts, Fears, and Goals", in ''Public Policy for the Black Community,'' ed. by Marguerite Ross Barnett and James A. Hefner (Port Washington, N.Y.: Alfred Publishing, 1976), p, 179.</ref>
:All major governments at the time of drafting the U.N. charter and the Universal declaration did their best to ensure, by all means known to domestic and international law, that these principles had only international application and carried no legal obligation on those governments to be implemented domestically. All tacitly realized that for their own discriminated-against minorities to acquire leverage on the basis of legally being able to claim enforcement of these wide-reaching rights would create pressures that would be political dynamite.

The onset of the [[Cold War]] soon after the UDHR was conceived brought to the fore divisions over the inclusion of both economic and social rights and civil and political rights in the declaration. Capitalist states tended to place strong emphasis on civil and political rights (such as [[freedom of thought]], [[freedom of speech]], and [[freedom of association]]), and were reluctant to include economic and social rights (such as the [[right to work]] and the right to join a union). Socialist states placed much greater importance on economic and social rights and argued strongly for their inclusion.{{sfnp|Ball|Gready|2007|p=35}} Because of the divisions over which rights to include and because some states declined to ratify any treaties including certain specific interpretations of human rights, and despite the Soviet bloc and a number of developing countries arguing strongly for the inclusion of all rights in a Unity Resolution, the rights enshrined in the UDHR were split into two separate covenants, allowing states to adopt some rights and derogate others. Although this allowed the covenants to be created, it denied the proposed principle that all rights are linked, which was central to some interpretations of the UDHR.{{sfnp|Ball|Gready|2007|p=35}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Human Rights and Human Wrongs |author=Littman, David G. |website=[[National Review]] |date=19 January 2003 |quote=The principal aim of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was to create a framework for a universal code based on mutual consent. The early years of the United Nations were overshadowed by the division between the Western and Communist conceptions of human rights, although neither side called into question the concept of universality. The debate centered on which "rights" – political, economic, and social – were to be included among the Universal Instruments |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-littman011903.asp |access-date=7 January 2008 |archive-date=11 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111120259/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-littman011903.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the UDHR is a non-binding resolution, it is now considered to be a central component of international [[customary law]] which may be invoked under appropriate circumstances by state judiciaries and other judiciaries.{{sfnp|Ball|Gready|2007|p={{page needed|date=May 2022}}}}

In 2021 the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] officially recognized "having a clean, healthy and sustainable environment" as a human right.<ref>{{cite web |title=Access to a healthy environment, declared a human right by UN rights council |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1102582 |website=United Nations |date=8 October 2021 |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> In April 2024, the [[European Court of Human Rights]] ruled, for the first time in history, that the Swiss government had violated human rights by not acting strongly enough to stop climate change.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharp |first1=Alexandra |title=Swiss Women Win Landmark Climate Victory |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/09/switzerland-human-rights-climate-change-case-court-ruling-women/ |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> In 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has said in an advisory opinion, a "clean, healthy and sustainable environment" is a human right, and that failing to protect the planet from the impacts of climate change may be a violation of international law.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborne |first=Louise |date=2025-07-23 |title=World's top court says healthy environment is a human right |url=https://www.dw.com/en/worlds-top-court-says-healthy-environment-is-a-human-right/a-73373617 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Deutsche Welle |publisher=DW |language=en}}</ref>

==== Human Rights Treaties ====
In 1966, the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] (ICCPR) and the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (ICESCR) were adopted by the United Nations, between them making the rights contained in the UDHR binding on all states.{{efn|This does not include the Vatican, which although recognized as an independent state, is not a member of the UN.}} They came into force only in 1976, when they were ratified by a sufficient number of countries (despite achieving the ICCPR, a covenant including no economic or social rights, the US only ratified the ICCPR in 1992).{{sfnp|Ball|Gready|2007|p=37}} The ICESCR commits 155 state parties to work toward the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to individuals.
{{clear}}

Numerous other treaties ([[International human rights instruments|pieces of legislation]]) have been offered at the international level. They are generally known as ''human rights instruments''. Some of the most significant are:
* [[Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]] (adopted 1948, entry into force: 1951) [http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci.htm unhchr.ch]
* [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] (CERD) (adopted 1966, entry into force: 1969) [http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_icerd.htm unhchr.ch]
* [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]] (CEDAW) (entry into force: 1981) [http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/index.html Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]
* [[United Nations Convention Against Torture]] (CAT) (adopted 1984, entry into force: 1984)<ref>{{Cite web|title= Convention against Torture|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cat.aspx |date=10 December 1984 |access-date=14 August 2021|website=OHCHR |archive-date=27 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327135059/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CAT.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] (CRC) (adopted 1989, entry into force: 1989) [http://www.unicef.org/crc Convention on the Rights of the Child | UNICEF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426003630/https://www.unicef.org/crc/ |date=26 April 2019 }}
* [[United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families]] (ICRMW) (adopted 1990)
* [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]] (ICC) (entry into force: 2002)

== Promotion strategies ==
=== Paradigms of implementation ===
[[Charles Beitz]] proposes a typology of six paradigms of action that agents, such as human rights agencies, international organizations, individual states, and [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], could use to enforce human rights: (1) accountability, (2) inducement, (3) assistance, (4) domestic contestation and engagement, (5) compulsion, and (6) external adaptation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beitz |first=Charles |title=The Idea of Human Rights |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=New York |pages=33}}</ref>

Accountability refers to the process of examining and evaluating reports to ensure that states adhering to treaties are meeting their obligations. Inducement consists of the use of incentive systems, including the threat of sanctions, to deter violations and promote adherence to human rights standards. Assistance means providing support to societies that lack the resources or capabilities to meet human rights commitments. Domestic contestation and engagement refers to the notion that external actors can impact a state's behavior by participating in its internal political and social processes. Compulsion is the most extreme method of enforcing human rights through external action involves the use of coercive measures. External adaptation as a paradigm of implementation recognizes that human rights compliance may require not only domestic efforts but also reforming external factors like trade policies or international laws that hinder a government's ability to uphold rights.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beitz |first=Charles |title=The Idea of Human Rights |publisher=Oxford |year=2009 |location=New York |pages=34–42}}</ref>

=== Military force ===
{{See also|R2p|Peacekeeping}}
[[Responsibility to protect]] refers to a doctrine for [[United Nations]] member states to intervene to protect populations from atrocities. It has been cited as justification in the use of recent military interventions. An example of an intervention that is often criticized is the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|2011 military intervention]] in the [[First Libyan Civil War]] by [[NATO]] and [[Qatar]] where the goal of preventing atrocities is alleged to have taken upon itself the broader mandate of [[Regime change|removing]] the target government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1= Akbarzadeh|first1= Shahram|last2= Saba|first2= Arif |date=2020|title= UN paralysis over Syria: the responsibility to protect or regime change?|journal=International Politics|volume=56|issue=4|pages=536–550|doi=10.1057/s41311-018-0149-x|s2cid= 150004890|issn = 1384-5748}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Emerson|first1=Michael|date=1 December 2011|title=The responsibility to protect and regime change|publisher=Centre for European Policy Studies|url=https://aei.pitt.edu/33004/1/Dec_ME_on_R2P.pdf|access-date=4 May 2022|archive-date=6 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606232728/https://aei.pitt.edu/33004/1/Dec_ME_on_R2P.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Economic actions ===
{{See also|Economic sanctions}}
[[Economic sanctions]] are often levied upon individuals or states who commit human rights violations. Sanctions are often criticized for its feature of collective punishment in hurting a country's population economically in order dampen that population's view of its government.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Habibzadeh|first1=Farrokh|title= Economic sanction: a weapon of mass destruction|journal=[[The Lancet]]|year=2018 |language=en|volume=392|issue=10150|pages=816–817|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31944-5 |pmid=30139528 |s2cid=52074513 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mueller|first1=John|last2=Mueller|first2=Karl|title= Sanctions of mass destruction|journal=Foreign Affairs|year=1999 |language=en|volume=78|issue=3|pages=43–53|doi=10.2307/20049279 |jstor=20049279 }}</ref> It is also argued that, counterproductively, sanctions on offending authoritarian governments strengthen that government's position domestically as governments would still have more mechanisms to find funding than their critics and opposition, who become further weakened.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/03/sanctions-against-sudan-didnt-harm-an-oppressive-government-they-helped-it/ |url-access=subscription |website=Foreign Policy |author=Nesrine Malik|date=3 July 2018|access-date=5 May 2022|title=Sanctions Against Sudan Didn't Harm an Oppressive Government — They Helped It|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505001527/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/03/sanctions-against-sudan-didnt-harm-an-oppressive-government-they-helped-it/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sejersen |first=Mikkel |date=2021-01-08 |title=Winning Hearts and Minds with Economic Sanctions? Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Venezuela |url=https://academic.oup.com/fpa/article-abstract/17/1/oraa008/5823729?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Foreign Policy Analysis |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=45–66 |doi=10.1093/fpa/oraa008 |issn=1743-8586}}</ref>

The risk of human rights violations increases with the increase in financially vulnerable populations. Girls from poor families in non-industrialized economies are often viewed as a financial burden on the family and marriage of young girls is often driven in the hope that daughters will be fed and protected by wealthier families.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/apr/30/ethiopian-drought-leading-to-dramatic-increase-in-child-marriage-unicef-warns |first1=Lizzy |last1=Davies |title=Ethiopian drought leading to dramatic increase in child marriage Unicef warns|date=30 April 2022|work=The Guardian|access-date=11 May 2022|language=en|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512001619/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/apr/30/ethiopian-drought-leading-to-dramatic-increase-in-child-marriage-unicef-warns|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Female genital mutilation]] and [[Leblouh|force-feeding]] of daughters is argued to be similarly driven in large part to increase their marriage prospects and thus their financial security by achieving certain idealized standards of beauty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ICRW-WGF-Leveraging-Education-to-End-FGMC-Worldwide-November-2016-FINAL.pdf|title=Leveraging education to end female genital mutilation/cutting worldwide|publisher=International Center for Research on Women|page=3|access-date=11 May 2022|quote=For women and girls living in areas where FGM/C is prevalent, they are often dependent upon marriage for financial stability. As a result, FGM/C is seen as a way to guarantee a woman's status, making her able to have children in a socially acceptable way and providing her with economic security, typically provided by the husband. Parents who choose to have their daughters cut consider their decision to be necessary, if not beneficial, for their daughter's future marriage prospects, in light of the financial and social constraints they may face. |archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006161225/http://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ICRW-WGF-Leveraging-Education-to-End-FGMC-Worldwide-November-2016-FINAL.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In certain areas, girls requiring the experience of [[Sexual rites of passage#Sexual cleansing after menarche|sexual initiation rites]] with men and passing [[Sexual rites of passage#Sex training tests|sex training test]]s on girls are designed to make them more appealing as marriage prospects.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/01/confronting-a-sexual-rite-of-passage-in-malawi/283196/ |url-access=subscription |first1=Beenish |last1=Ahmed |title=Confronting a sexual rite of passage in Malawi|date=20 January 2014|work=The Atlantic|access-date=11 May 2022|language=en|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202205557/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/01/confronting-a-sexual-rite-of-passage-in-malawi/283196/|url-status=live}}</ref> Measures to help the economic status of vulnerable groups in order to reduce human rights violations include [[girls' education]] and [[guaranteed minimum income]]s and [[conditional cash transfer]]s, such as [[Bolsa familia]] which subsidize parents who keep children in school rather than contributing to family income, has successfully reduced [[child labor]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/09/18/how-to-stop-children-working |url-access=subscription |title=How to stop children working – Focus on reducing poverty and helping parents instead of punishing them|date=18 September 2021|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=11 May 2022|language=en|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512001619/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/09/18/how-to-stop-children-working|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Informational strategies ===
{{See also|Human rights education|Activism}}
Human rights abuses are monitored by United Nations committees, national institutions and governments and by many independent [[non-governmental organizations]], such as [[Amnesty International]], [[Human Rights Watch]], [[World Organisation Against Torture]], [[Freedom House]], [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]] and [[Anti-Slavery International]]. These organisations collect evidence and documentation of human rights abuses and apply pressure to promote human rights. Educating people on the concept of human rights has been argued as a strategy to prevent human rights abuses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/holocaust-key-to-understanding-isis-1.5302945 |url-access=subscription |title=Holocaust Key to Understanding ISIS, Says UN Human Rights Chief|date=7 February 2015|work=Haaretz|access-date=8 May 2022|language=en|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509000612/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/holocaust-key-to-understanding-isis-1.5302945|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Legal instruments ===
Many examples of legal instruments at the international, regional and national level described below are designed to enforce laws securing human rights.

== Protection at the international level ==
{{Main|International human rights instruments}}

=== United Nations ===
{{main|United Nations}}

[[File:23.09.2025 – Abertura do Debate Geral da 80.ª Sessão Ordinária da Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas - 54807092026.jpg|thumb|right|The UN General Assembly]]
The United Nations (UN) is the only multilateral governmental agency with universally accepted international [[jurisdiction]] for universal human rights legislation.{{sfnp|Ball|Gready|2007|p=92}} All UN organs have advisory roles to the [[United Nations Security Council]] and the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], and there are numerous committees within the UN with responsibilities for safeguarding different human rights treaties. The most senior body of the UN with regard to human rights is the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. The United Nations has an international mandate to:

{{blockquote|text={{omission}} achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.|source=Article 1–3 of the [[Charter of the United Nations]]}}

=== Human Rights Council ===
{{main|United Nations Human Rights Council}}

The UN Human Rights Council, created in 2005, has a mandate to investigate alleged human rights violations.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=UN News Centre |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocusRel.asp?infocusID=114&Body=human%20rights%20council&Body1= |title=Human Rights Council |access-date=14 May 2007 |archive-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913181247/http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocusRel.asp?infocusID=114&Body=human%20rights%20council&Body1= |url-status=dead }}</ref> 47 of the 193 UN member states sit on the council, elected by simple majority in a secret ballot of the [[United Nations General Assembly]]. Members serve a maximum of six years and may have their membership suspended for gross human rights abuses. The council is based in [[Geneva]], and meets three times a year; with additional meetings to respond to urgent situations.{{sfnp|Ball|Gready|2007|p=95}} Independent experts (''rapporteurs'') are retained by the council to investigate alleged human rights abuses and to report to the council. The Human Rights Council may request that the Security Council refer cases to the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) even if the issue being referred is outside the normal jurisdiction of the ICC.{{efn|The Security Council referred the human rights situation in [[Darfur]] in Sudan to the ICC despite the fact that Sudan has a functioning legal system.}}

=== United Nations treaty bodies ===
{{main|Treaty body}}

{{anchor|Treaty bodies}}
In addition to the political bodies whose mandate flows from the UN charter, the UN has set up a number of ''treaty-based'' bodies, comprising committees of independent experts who monitor compliance with human rights standards and norms flowing from the core international human rights treaties. They are supported by and are created by the treaty that they monitor, With the exception of the CESCR, which was established under a resolution of the Economic and Social Council to carry out the monitoring functions originally assigned to that body under the Covenant, they are technically autonomous bodies, established by the treaties that they monitor and accountable to the state parties of those treaties – rather than subsidiary to the United Nations, though in practice they are closely intertwined with the United Nations system and are supported by the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (UNHCHR) and the UN Centre for Human Rights.{{sfnp|Shaw|2008|p=311}}
* The [[Human Rights Committee]] promotes participation with the standards of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|ICCPR]]. The members of the committee express opinions on member countries and make judgments on individual complaints against countries which have ratified an Optional Protocol to the treaty. The judgments, termed "views", are not legally binding. The member of the committee meets around three times a year to hold sessions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CCPR/Pages/CCPRIntro.aspx|title= Introduction of the Committee|website=OHCHR |access-date=6 October 2017|archive-date=7 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307032750/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CCPR/Pages/CCPRIntro.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] monitors the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|ICESCR]] and makes general comments on ratifying countries performance. It will have the power to receive complaints against the countries that opted into the Optional Protocol once it has come into force. Unlike the other treaty bodies, the economic committee is not an autonomous body responsible to the treaty parties, but directly responsible to the Economic and Social Council and ultimately to the General Assembly. This means that the Economic Committee faces particular difficulties at its disposal only relatively "weak" means of implementation in comparison to other treaty bodies.{{sfnp|Shaw|2008|p=309}} Particular difficulties noted by commentators include: perceived vagueness of the principles of the treaty, relative lack of legal texts and decisions, ambivalence of many states in addressing economic, social and cultural rights, comparatively few non-governmental organisations focused on the area and problems with obtaining relevant and precise information.{{sfnp|Shaw|2008|p=309}}<ref>{{cite book
|editor-last= Alston
|editor-first= Philip
|title= The United Nations and human rights: a critical appraisal
|year= 1992
|publisher= Clarendon Press
|location= Oxford
|isbn= 978-0198254508
|page= 474
}}</ref>
* The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination monitors the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination|CERD]] and conducts regular reviews of countries' performance. It can make judgments on complaints against member states allowing it, but these are not legally binding. It issues warnings to attempt to prevent serious contraventions of the convention.
* The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women monitors the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women|CEDAW]]. It receives states' reports on their performance and comments on them, and can make judgments on complaints against countries which have opted into the 1999 Optional Protocol.
* The Committee Against Torture monitors the [[United Nations Convention Against Torture|CAT]] and receives states' reports on their performance every four years and comments on them. Its subcommittee may visit and inspect countries which have opted into the Optional Protocol.
* The [[Committee on the Rights of the Child]] monitors the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child|CRC]] and makes comments on reports submitted by states every five years. It does not have the power to receive complaints.
* The Committee on Migrant Workers was established in 2004 and monitors the [[United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families|ICRMW]] and makes comments on reports submitted by states every five years. It will have the power to receive complaints of specific violations only once ten member states allow it.
* The [[Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]] was established in 2008 to monitor the [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]. It has the power to receive complaints against the countries which have opted into the [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]].
* The Committee on Enforced Disappearances monitors the [[International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance|ICPPED]]. All States parties are obliged to submit reports to the committee on how the rights are being implemented. The Committee examines each report and addresses its concerns and recommendations to the State party in the form of "concluding observations".

Each treaty body receives secretariat support from the Human Rights Council and Treaties Division of Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR) in Geneva except CEDAW, which is supported by the Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW). CEDAW formerly held all its sessions at United Nations headquarters in New York but now frequently meets at the United Nations Office in Geneva; the other treaty bodies meet in Geneva. The Human Rights Committee usually holds its March session in New York City. The human rights enshrined in the UDHR, the Geneva Conventions and the various enforced treaties of the United Nations are enforceable in law. In practice, many rights are very difficult to legally enforce due to the absence of consensus on the application of certain rights, the lack of relevant national legislation or of bodies empowered to take legal action to enforce them.

=== International courts ===
[[File:International Criminal Court logo.svg|thumb|The official logo of the ICC]]
There exist a number of internationally recognized organisations with worldwide mandate or [[jurisdiction]] over certain aspects of human rights:
* The [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ) is the United Nations' primary judiciary body.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icj-cij.org/|title=Cour internationale de Justice – International Court of Justice | International Court of Justice|website=icj-cij.org|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702121854/https://www.icj-cij.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> It has worldwide [[Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice|jurisdiction]]. It is directed by the [[International Court of Justice#The ICJ and the Security Council|Security Council]]. The ICJ settles disputes between nations. The ICJ does not have jurisdiction over individuals.
* The [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) is the body responsible for investigating and punishing [[war crimes]], and [[crimes against humanity]] when such occur within its jurisdiction, with a mandate to bring to justice perpetrators of such crimes that occurred after its creation in 2002. A number of UN members have not joined the court and the ICC does not have jurisdiction over their citizens, and others have signed but not yet ratified the [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court|Rome Statute]], which established the court.<ref name=untreaty>United Nations. ''Multilateral treaties deposited with the Secretary-General: [http://untreaty.un.org/ENGLISH/bible/englishinternetbible/partI/chapterXVIII/treaty11.asp Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509190308/http://untreaty.un.org/ENGLISH/bible/englishinternetbible/partI/chapterXVIII/treaty11.asp |date=9 May 2008 }}''. Retrieved 8 June 2007.</ref>

The ICC and other international courts (see [[#Regional human rights regimes|Regional human rights below]]) exist to take action where the national legal system of a state is unable to try the case itself. If national law is able to safeguard human rights and punish those who breach human rights legislation, it has primary jurisdiction by complementarity. Only when all ''local remedies'' have been exhausted does international law take effect.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Resource Part II: The International Human Rights System|url=http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/comp201.htm#1.1|publisher=United Nations|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-date=21 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121045919/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/comp201.htm#1.1|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Regional human rights regimes ==
{{see also|National human rights institutions|Human rights commission}}

In over 110 countries, [[national human rights institutions]] (NHRIs) have been set up to protect, promote or monitor human rights with jurisdiction in a given country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhri.net/|title=National Human Right Institutions Forum – An international forum for researchers and practitioners in the field of national human rights|access-date=6 September 2007|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915131117/http://www.nhri.net/|archive-date=15 September 2002|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Although not all NHRIs are compliant with the Paris Principles,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhri.net/2007/List_Accredited_NIs_Nov_2007.pdf|title=Chart of the Status of National Institutions|publisher=National Human Rights Institutions Forum|quote=Accredited by the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion of Human Rights In accordance with the Paris Principles and the ICC Sub-Committee Rules of Procedure, the following classifications for accreditation are used by the ICC: A: Compliance with the Paris Principles; A(R): Accreditation with reserve – granted where insufficient documentation is submitted to confer A status; B: Observer Status – Not fully in compliance with the Paris Principles or insufficient information provided to make a determination; C: Non-compliant with the Paris Principles. |date=November 2007|access-date=6 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216052314/http://www.nhri.net/2007/List_Accredited_NIs_Nov_2007.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref> the number and effect of these institutions is increasing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huridocs.org/|title=HURIDOCS|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420124835/https://www.huridocs.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Paris Principles (human rights standards)|Paris Principles]] were defined at the first International Workshop on National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in Paris on 7–9 October 1991, and adopted by United Nations Human Rights Commission Resolution 1992/54 of 1992 and the General Assembly Resolution 48/134 of 1993. The Paris Principles list a number of responsibilities for national institutions.<ref>"National Human Rights Institutions – Implementing Human Rights", Executive Director Morten Kjærum, The Danish Institute for Human Rights, 2003. {{ISBN|8790744721}}, p. 6</ref>

=== Africa ===
[[File:Flag of the African Union.svg|thumb|Flag of the [[African Union]]]]
{{main|Human rights in Africa}}

The [[African Union]] (AU) is a [[continental union]] consisting of fifty-five African states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/memberstates/map.htm|title=AU Member States|publisher=African Union|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105082457/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/memberstates/map.htm|archive-date=5 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Established in 2001, the AU's purpose is to help secure Africa's democracy, human rights, and a sustainable economy, especially by bringing an end to intra-African conflict and creating an effective common market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/AboutAu/au_in_a_nutshell_en.htm|title=AU in a Nutshell|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230204052/http://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/AboutAu/au_in_a_nutshell_en.htm|archive-date=30 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights]] (ACHPR) is a quasi-judicial organ of the African Union tasked with promoting and protecting human rights and collective (peoples') rights throughout the African continent as well as interpreting the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and considering individual complaints of violations of the Charter. The commission has three broad areas of responsibility:<ref name="mandate">{{cite web|url=http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/mandate_en.html|title=Mandate of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120104536/http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/mandate_en.html|archive-date=20 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Promoting human and peoples' rights
* Protecting human and peoples' rights
* Interpreting the [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]]

In pursuit of these goals, the commission is mandated to "collect documents, undertake studies and researches on African problems in the field of human and peoples, rights, organize seminars, symposia and conferences, disseminate information, encourage national and local institutions concerned with human and peoples' rights and, should the case arise, give its views or make recommendations to governments" (Charter, Art. 45).<ref name=mandate/>

With the creation of the [[African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights]] (under a protocol to the Charter which was adopted in 1998 and entered into force in January 2004), the commission will have the additional task of preparing cases for submission to the Court's jurisdiction.<ref name=court>{{cite web|url=http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/court_en.html|title=Protocol to the African Charter on Human Rights and Peoples's Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302212249/http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/court_en.html|archive-date=2 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a July 2004 decision, the AU Assembly resolved that the future Court on Human and Peoples' Rights would be integrated with the African Court of Justice. The [[African Court of Justice|Court of Justice of the African Union]] is intended to be the "principal judicial organ of the Union" (Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union, Article 2.2).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africa-union.org/official_documents/Treaties_%20Conventions_%20Protocols/Protocol%20to%20the%20African%20Court%20of%20Justice%20-%20Maputo.pdf|title=Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union |publisher=African Union|access-date=4 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724225448/http://www.africa-union.org/official_documents/Treaties_%20Conventions_%20Protocols/Protocol%20to%20the%20African%20Court%20of%20Justice%20-%20Maputo.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although it has not yet been established, it is intended to take over the duties of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, as well as act as the supreme court of the African Union, interpreting all necessary laws and treaties. The Protocol establishing the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights entered into force in January 2004,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/dc501e2c-a5f9-11dc-bc7d-3fb9ac69fcbb/ior630082004en.pdf|title=Open Letter to the Chairman of the African Union (AU) seeking clarifications and assurances that the Establishment of an effective African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights will not be delayed or undermined|publisher=Amnesty International|date=5 August 2004|access-date=28 January 2019|archive-date=18 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218001241/http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/dc501e2c-a5f9-11dc-bc7d-3fb9ac69fcbb/ior630082004en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> but its merging with the Court of Justice has delayed its establishment. The Protocol establishing the Court of Justice will come into force when ratified by 15 countries.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=African International Courts and Tribunals|url=http://www.aict-ctia.org/courts_conti/acj/acj_home.html|title=African Court of Justice|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726152112/http://aict-ctia.org/courts_conti/acj/acj_home.html|archive-date=26 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are many countries in Africa accused of human rights violations by the international community and NGOs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/africa|publisher=Human Rights Watch|title=Africa|access-date=20 July 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719193033/https://www.hrw.org/africa|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Americas ===
{{Main|Human rights in Canada|Human rights in Mexico|Human rights in the United States|Human rights in Venezuela|Human rights in Peru}}

The [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) is an international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States. Its members are the thirty-five independent states of the Americas. Over the course of the 1990s, with the end of the [[Cold War]], the return to democracy in Latin America, and the thrust toward [[globalization]], the OAS made major efforts to reinvent itself to fit the new context. Its stated priorities now include the following:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/key_issues/eng/default.asp|title=OAS Key Issues|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-date=3 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203085159/http://www.oas.org/key_issues/eng/default.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Strengthening democracy
* Working for peace
* Protecting human rights
* Combating corruption
* The rights of Indigenous Peoples
* Promoting sustainable development

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (the IACHR) is an autonomous organ of the Organization of American States, also based in Washington, D.C. Along with the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]], based in [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], Costa Rica, it is one of the bodies that comprise the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/documents/eng/biographies.asp?group=hhrr|publisher=Organization of American States|title=Directory of OAS Authorities|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-date=20 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120112223/http://www.oas.org/documents/eng/biographies.asp?group=hhrr|url-status=live}}</ref> The IACHR is a permanent body which meets in regular and special sessions several times a year to examine allegations of human rights violations in the hemisphere. Its human rights duties stem from three documents:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidh.oas.org/what.htm|title=What is the IACHR?|publisher=Inter-Americal Commission on Human Rights|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-date=14 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114130108/http://www.cidh.oas.org/what.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* the [[American Convention on Human Rights]]
* the [[American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man]]
* the [[Charter of the Organization of American States]]

The Inter-American Court of Human Rights was established in 1979 with the purpose of enforcing and interpreting the provisions of the American Convention on Human Rights. Its two main functions are thus adjudicatory and advisory. Under the former, it hears and rules on the specific cases of human rights violations referred to it. Under the latter, it issues opinions on matters of legal interpretation brought to its attention by other OAS bodies or member states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corteidh.or.cr/index.cfm?CFID=25331&CFTOKEN=36922058|title=InterAmerican Court on Human Rights homepage|publisher=Inter-American Court on Human Rights|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-date=27 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027062127/http://www.corteidh.or.cr/index.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Asia ===
{{main|Human rights in Asia|Human rights in East Asia|Human rights in Central Asia|Human Rights in the Middle East}}

There are no Asia-wide organisations or conventions to promote or protect human rights that have been adopted by governments until 2012. However, lawyers have been producing their own such as the [[RCHRA#Declaration of the Basic Duties of ASEAN Peoples and Governments|Declaration of the Basic Duties of ASEAN Peoples and Governments]], the first of its kind in 1983. Unique to the declaration is its invocation of governmental liabilities rather than basic human rights provisions found in the UDHR.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Welch|first=Claude|title=Asian Perspectives On Human Rights|year=2021|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-71032-2}}</ref> Countries vary widely in their approach to human rights and their record of human rights protection.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Repucci|first1=Sarah|last2=Slipowitz|first2=Amy|year=2021|title=Democracy Under Siege|url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/FIW2021_World_02252021_FINAL-web-upload.pdf|journal=[[Freedom in the World]]|quote=Beijing's export of antidemocratic tactics, financial coercion, and physical intimidation have led to an erosion of democratic institutions and human rights protections in numerous countries...Political rights and civil liberties in the country have deteriorated since Narendra Modi became prime minister in 2014, with increased pressure on human rights organizations, rising intimidation of academics and journalists, and a spate of bigoted attacks, including lynchings, aimed at Muslims.|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210180546/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/FIW2021_World_02252021_FINAL-web-upload.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Reports {{!}} V-Dem|url=https://www.v-dem.net/en/publications/democracy-reports/|access-date=7 July 2021|website=v-dem.net|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630040915/https://www.v-dem.net/en/publications/democracy-reports/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN)<ref name="Overview">{{cite web|url=http://www.aseansec.org/64.htm|title=Overview – Association of Southeast Asian Nations |access-date=3 January 2008|archive-date=11 November 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021111125204/http://www.aseansec.org/64.htm|url-status=usurped}}</ref> is a geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed in 1967 by [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], the [[Philippines]], Singapore and [[Thailand]].<ref>[[s:Bangkok Declaration|Bangkok Declaration]]. Wikisource. Retrieved 14 March 2007</ref> The organisation now also includes [[Brunei Darussalam]], [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Timor-Leste]].<ref name="Overview" /> In October 2009, the [[ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights]] was inaugurated,<ref>{{Cite web|title=ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR)|url=https://asean.org/asean-political-security-community/asean-intergovernmental-commission-on-human-rights-aichr/|url-status=live|access-date=21 April 2021|website=ASEAN|language=en-US|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421042242/https://asean.org/asean-political-security-community/asean-intergovernmental-commission-on-human-rights-aichr/}}</ref> and subsequently, the [[ASEAN Human Rights Declaration]] was adopted unanimously by ASEAN members on 18 November 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2013|title=ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (AHRD) and the Phnom Penh Statement on the Adoption of the AHRD and Its Translations|url=https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/resources/ASEAN%20Publication/2013%20(7.%20Jul)%20-%20ASEAN%20Human%20Rights%20Declaration%20(AHRD)%20and%20Its%20Translation.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=21 April 2021|website=ASEAN|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910081341/http://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/resources/ASEAN%20Publication/2013%20(7.%20Jul)%20-%20ASEAN%20Human%20Rights%20Declaration%20(AHRD)%20and%20Its%20Translation.pdf}}</ref>

The [[Arab Charter on Human Rights]] (ACHR) was adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States on 22 May 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=English Version of the Statute of the Arab Court of Human Rights |url=https://acihl.org/texts.htm?article_id=44 |website=acihl.org |publisher=ACIHL |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119054458/https://acihl.org/texts.htm?article_id=44 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Europe ===
[[File:European Court of Human Rights.jpg|thumb|right|European Court of Human Rights in [[Strasbourg]]]]

{{main|Human rights in Europe}}

{{see also|Human rights in the Soviet Union}}

The [[Council of Europe]], founded in 1949, is the oldest organization working for European integration. It is an international organization with legal personality recognized under public international law and has observer status with the United Nations. The seat of the Council of Europe is in [[Strasbourg]] in France. The Council of Europe is responsible for both the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] and the [[European Court of Human Rights]].<ref name=Council>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/T/E/Human_rights/|title=Council of Europe Human Rights|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=4 January 2008|archive-date=20 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720060441/http://www.coe.int/T/E/human_rights/|url-status=live}}</ref> These institutions bind the council's members to a code of human rights which, though strict, are more lenient than those of the United Nations charter on human rights. The council also promotes the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] and the [[European Social Charter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/T/E/Human_Rights/Esc/|title=Social Charter|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=4 January 2008|archive-date= 2015-11-21 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20151121025031/http://www.coe.int:80/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/default_en.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> Membership is open to all European states which seek [[European integration]], accept the principle of the [[rule of law]] and are able and willing to guarantee democracy, fundamental human rights and [[freedom]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/T/e/Com/about_coe/|title=The Council of Europe in Brief|access-date=4 January 2008|archive-date=24 November 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031124043105/http://www.coe.int/T/e/Com/about_coe/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Council of Europe is an organisation that is not part of the [[European Union]], but the latter is expected to accede to the European Convention and potentially the Council itself. The EU has its own human rights document; the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/actualite/2006/04/11conseil_europe/english_mod.pdf|title=Council of Europe – European Union: "A sole ambition for the European Continent"|author=Juncker, Jean-Claude|date=11 April 2006|publisher=Council of Europe|access-date=4 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501121011/http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/actualite/2006/04/11conseil_europe/english_mod.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The European Convention on Human Rights defines and guarantees since 1950 human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe.<ref name="EUCourt">{{cite web|url=http://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/EN/Header/The+Court/The+Court/History+of+the+Court/|title=Historical Background to the European Court of Human Rights|publisher=European Court of Human Rights|access-date=4 January 2008|archive-date=22 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222001646/http://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/EN/Header/The+Court/The+Court/History+of+the+Court/|url-status=live}}</ref> All 47 member states of the Council of Europe have signed this convention and are therefore under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.<ref name="EUCourt" /> In order to prevent torture and inhuman or degrading treatment (Article 3 of the convention), the [[European Committee for the Prevention of Torture]] was established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/about.htm|title=About the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture|publisher=European Committee for the Prevention of Torture|access-date=4 January 2008|archive-date=2 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102110836/http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/about.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Philosophies of human rights ==
{{rights}}

Several theoretical approaches have been advanced to explain how and why human rights become part of social expectations. One of the oldest Western philosophies on human rights is that they are a product of a [[natural law]], stemming from different philosophical or religious grounds. Other theories hold that human rights codify moral behavior which is a human social product developed by a process of biological and social evolution (associated with [[David Hume]]). Human rights are also described as a sociological pattern of rule setting (as in the sociological theory of law and the work of [[Max Weber]]). These approaches include the notion that individuals in a society accept rules from legitimate authority in exchange for security and economic advantage (as in [[John Rawls]]) – a social contract.

=== Natural rights ===
{{main|Natural law|Natural rights}}

Natural law theories base human rights on a "natural" moral, religious or even biological order which is independent of transitory human laws or traditions. [[Socrates]] and his philosophic heirs, [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]], posited the existence of [[natural justice]] or natural right ({{Transliteration|grc|dikaion physikon}}, ''δικαιον φυσικον'', [[Latin]] {{lang|la|ius naturale}}). Of these, Aristotle is often said to be the father of natural law,{{sfnp|Shellens|1959}} although evidence for this is due largely to the interpretations of his work by [[Thomas Aquinas]].{{sfnp|Jaffa|1979}} The development of this tradition of [[natural justice]] into one of natural law is usually attributed to the [[Stoicism|Stoics]].<ref>Sills (1968, 1972) ''Natural Law''</ref>

Some of the early [[Church Fathers]] sought to incorporate the until then [[pagan]] concept of natural law into Christianity. Natural law theories have featured greatly in the philosophies of [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[Francisco Suárez]], [[Richard Hooker]], [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[Hugo Grotius]], [[Samuel von Pufendorf]], and [[John Locke]]. In the 17th century, [[Thomas Hobbes]] founded a [[social contract|contractualist theory]] of [[legal positivism]] on what all men could agree upon: what they sought (happiness) was subject to contention, but a broad consensus could form around what they feared (violent death at the hands of another). The natural law was how a rational human being, seeking to survive and prosper, would act. It was discovered by considering humankind's [[natural rights]], whereas previously it could be said that natural rights were discovered by considering the natural law. In Hobbes' opinion, the only way natural law could prevail was for men to submit to the commands of the sovereign. In this lay the foundations of the theory of a social contract between the governed and the governor.

[[Hugo Grotius]] based his philosophy of international law on natural law. He wrote that "even the will of an [[omnipotent]] being cannot change or abrogate" natural law, which "would maintain its objective validity even if we should assume the impossible, that there is no God or that he does not care for human affairs." (''De iure belli ac pacis'', Prolegomeni XI). This is the famous argument ''etiamsi daremus'' (''non-esse Deum''), that made natural law no longer dependent on theology. [[John Locke]] incorporated natural law into many of his theories and philosophy, especially in ''[[Two Treatises of Government]]''. Locke turned Hobbes' prescription around, saying that if the ruler went against natural law and failed to protect "life, liberty, and property," people could justifiably overthrow the existing state and create a new one.

The Belgian philosopher of law [[Frank van Dun]] is one among those who are elaborating a secular conception of natural law in the liberal tradition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.ugent.be/~frvandun/Texts/Logica/NaturalLaw.htm|author=van Dun, Frank|access-date=28 December 2007|title=Natural Law|archive-date=13 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213180721/http://users.ugent.be/~frvandun/Texts/Logica/NaturalLaw.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also emerging and secular forms of natural law theory that define human rights as derivative of the notion of universal human dignity.{{sfnp|Kohen|2007}} The term "human rights" has replaced the term "[[natural rights]]" in popularity, because the rights are less and less frequently seen as requiring [[natural law]] for their existence.<ref>{{cite web|author=Weston, Burns H.|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106289?query=human%20rights&ct=eb|title=Human Rights|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica Online, p. 2|access-date=18 May 2006|archive-date=18 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218024623/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106289?query=human%20rights&ct=eb|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Other theories of human rights ===
The philosopher [[John Finnis]] argues that human rights are justifiable on the grounds of their instrumental value in creating the necessary conditions for human well-being.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hum-rts.htm#SH4b|title=Human Rights|encyclopedia=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|author=Fagan, Andrew|year=2006|access-date=1 January 2008|archive-date=14 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414035713/http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hum-rts.htm#SH4b|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Finnis|1980}} Interest theories highlight the duty to respect the rights of other individuals on grounds of self-interest:

{{blockquote|text=Human rights law, applied to a State's own citizens serves the interest of states, by, for example, minimizing the risk of violent resistance and protest and by keeping the level of dissatisfaction with the government manageable|author=Niraj Nathwani|source=''Rethinking Refugee Law''{{sfnp|Nathwani|2003|p=25}} }}

The [[Biology|biological]] theory considers the comparative [[reproductive advantage]] of human social behavior based on empathy and [[altruism]] in the context of [[natural selection]].{{sfnp|Arnhart|1998}}{{sfnp|Clayton|Schloss|2004}}<ref>Paul, Miller, Paul (2001): Arnhart, Larry. ''Thomistic Natural Law as Darwinian Natural Right'' p.1</ref> The philosopher [[Zhao Tingyang]] argues that the traditional human rights framework fails to be universal, because it arose from contingent aspects of Western culture, and that the concept of inalienable and unconditional human rights is in tension with the principle of [[justice]]. He proposes an alternative framework called "credit human rights", in which rights are tied to responsibilities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Han |first1=Sang-Jin |title=Confucianism and Reflexive Modernity: Bringing Community back to Human Rights in the Age of Global Risk Society |chapter=A Universal but Non-Hegemonic Approach to Human Rights in International Politics |date=2020 |pages=102–117 |doi=10.1163/9789004415492_008 |isbn=978-9004415492 |s2cid=214310918 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004415492/BP000007.xml |access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=赵汀阳 |title="预付人权"：一种非西方的普遍人权理论 |url=http://ex.cssn.cn/zt/zt_rdzt/ggkfzgshkxdllsyzt/llsyzt_gggl/201812/t20181218_4795278.html |publisher=中国社会科学网 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210518175432/http://ex.cssn.cn/zt/zt_rdzt/ggkfzgshkxdllsyzt/llsyzt_gggl/201812/t20181218_4795278.html?COLLCC=2753256016& |archive-date=18 May 2021}}</ref>

== Concepts in human rights ==
{{See also|Human Rights Law}}

=== Indivisibility and categorization of rights ===
The most common categorization of human rights is to split them into civil and political rights, and economic, social and cultural rights. Civil and political rights are enshrined in articles 3 to 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the ICCPR. Economic, social and cultural rights are enshrined in articles 22 to 28 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the ICESCR. The UDHR included both economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights because it was based on the principle that the different rights could only successfully exist in combination:

{{blockquote|text=The ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights, as well as his social, economic and cultural rights|source=''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights'', 1966}}

This is held to be true because without civil and political rights the public cannot assert their economic, social and cultural rights. The [[freedom from fear]] and the [[Right to an adequate standard of living|freedom from want]] is essential to this by allowing a communities population to pursue endeavors without international or state interference. Similarly, without livelihoods and a working society, the public cannot assert or make use of civil or political rights (known as the ''full belly thesis'').

Although accepted by the signatories to the UDHR, most of them do not in practice give equal weight to the different types of rights. Western cultures have often given priority to civil and political rights, sometimes at the expense of economic and social rights such as the [[right to work]], [[right to education]], [[right to health]] and [[right to housing]]. For example, in the United States there is no [[Universal health care|universal access to healthcare]] free at the point of use.{{sfnp|Light|2002}} That is not to say that Western cultures have overlooked these rights entirely (the welfare states that exist in Western Europe are evidence of this). Similarly, the ex Soviet bloc countries and Asian countries have tended to give priority to economic, social and cultural rights, but have often failed to provide civil and political rights.

Another categorization, offered by [[Karel Vasak]], is that there are ''[[three generations of human rights]]'': first-generation civil and political rights (right to life and political participation), second-generation economic, social and cultural rights (right to subsistence) and third-generation solidarity rights (right to peace, right to clean environment). Out of these generations, the third generation is the most debated and lacks both legal and political recognition. This categorization is at odds with the indivisibility of rights, as it implicitly states that some rights can exist without others. Prioritization of rights for pragmatic reasons is however a widely accepted necessity. Human rights expert [[Philip Alston]] argues:

{{blockquote|text=If every possible human rights element is deemed to be essential or necessary, then nothing will be treated as though it is truly important.{{sfnp|Alston|2005|p=807}}|author=Philip Alston}}

He, and others, urge caution with prioritisation of rights:

{{blockquote|text={{omission}} the call for prioritizing is not to suggest that any obvious violations of rights can be ignored.{{sfnp|Alston|2005|p=807}}|author=Philip Alston}}

{{blockquote|text=Priorities, where necessary, should adhere to core concepts (such as reasonable attempts at progressive realization) and principles (such as non-discrimination, equality and participation.{{sfnp|Ball|Gready|2007|p=42}}|author=[[Olivia Ball]], Paul Gready}}

Some human rights are said to be "[[inalienable rights]]". The term inalienable rights (or unalienable rights) refers to "a set of human rights that are fundamental, are not awarded by human power, and cannot be surrendered".

The adherence to the principle of indivisibility by the international community was reaffirmed in 1995:

{{blockquote|text=All human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent and related. The international community must treat human rights globally in a fair and equal manner, on the same footing, and with the same emphasis.|source=''Vienna Declaration and Program of Action'', World Conference on Human Rights, 1995}}

This statement was again endorsed at the 2005 World Summit in New York (paragraph 121).

=== Universalism vs cultural relativism ===
{{main|Cultural relativism|Moral relativism|Moral universalism|Universal ethic}}

[[File:Fgm map.svg|right|thumb|Map: Estimated prevalence of Female Genital Cutting (FGC) in Africa. Data based on uncertain estimates.]]

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights enshrines, by definition, rights that apply to all humans equally, whichever geographical location, state, race or culture they belong to. Proponents of cultural relativism suggest that human rights are not all universal, and indeed conflict with some cultures and threaten their survival. This is backed by the Paragraph 5 of 1993 [[Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action]] which states that "the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural and religious backgrounds must be borne in mind," indicating that the specific understanding of human rights is subject to local nuances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/vienna-declaration-and-programme-action |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref>

Rights which are most often contested with relativistic arguments are the rights of women. For example, [[female genital mutilation]] occurs in different cultures in Africa, Asia and South America. It is not mandated by any religion, but has become a tradition in many cultures. It is considered a violation of women's and girl's rights by much of the international community, and is outlawed in some countries.

Universalism has been described by some as cultural, economic or political imperialism. In particular, the concept of human rights is often claimed to be fundamentally rooted in a politically liberal outlook which, although generally accepted in Europe, Japan or North America, is not necessarily taken as standard elsewhere. For example, in 1981, the Iranian representative to the United Nations, Said Rajaie-Khorassani, articulated the position of his country regarding the UDHR by saying that the UDHR was "a [[Secularism|secular]] understanding of the [[Judeo-Christian]] tradition", which could not be implemented by Muslims without trespassing the Islamic law.{{sfnp|Littman|1999}} The former Prime Ministers of Singapore, [[Lee Kuan Yew]], and of [[Malaysia]], [[Mahathir Mohamad]] both claimed in the 1990s that ''Asian values'' were significantly different from western values and included a sense of loyalty and foregoing personal freedoms for the sake of social stability and prosperity, and therefore authoritarian government is more appropriate in Asia than democracy. This view is countered by Mahathir's former deputy:

{{blockquote|text=To say that freedom is Western or unAsian is to offend our traditions as well as our forefathers, who gave their lives in the struggle against tyranny and injustices.|author=[[Anwar Ibrahim]]|source=in his keynote speech to the Asian Press Forum title ''Media and Society in Asia'', 2 December 1994}}

Singapore's opposition leader [[Chee Soon Juan]] also states that it is racist to assert that Asians do not want human rights.{{sfnp|Ball|Gready|2007|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Human Rights: Dirty Words in Singapore |publisher=Activating Human Rights and Diversity Conference (Byron Bay, Australia)|date=3 July 2003|author=Chee, S.J.}}</ref> An appeal is often made to the fact that influential human rights thinkers, such as [[John Locke]] and [[John Stuart Mill]], have all been Western and indeed that some were involved in the running of Empires themselves.{{sfnp|Tunick|2006}}{{sfnp|Jahn|2005}} Relativistic arguments tend to neglect the fact that modern human rights are new to all cultures, dating back no further than the UDHR in 1948. They also do not account for the fact that the UDHR was drafted by people from many different cultures and traditions, including a US Roman Catholic, a Chinese Confucian philosopher, a French Zionist and a representative from the Arab League, amongst others, and drew upon advice from thinkers such as Mahatma Gandhi.{{sfnp|Ball|Gready|2007|p=34}}

[[Michael Ignatieff]] has argued that cultural relativism is almost exclusively an argument used by those who wield power in cultures which commit human rights abuses, and that those whose human rights are compromised are the powerless.{{sfnp|Ignatieff|2001|p=68}} This reflects the fact that the difficulty in judging universalism versus relativism lies in who is claiming to represent a particular culture. Although the argument between universalism and relativism is far from complete, it is an academic discussion in that all international human rights instruments adhere to the principle that human rights are universally applicable. The [[2005 World Summit]] reaffirmed the international community's adherence to this principle:

{{blockquote|text=The universal nature of human rights and freedoms is beyond question.|source=2005 World Summit, paragraph 120}}Human rights that depend on an [[Individualism|individualist]] orientation have been criticized as unsuited to [[Communitarianism|communally]] orientated societies, which critics say makes individual human rights non-universal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cruft |first=Rowan |date=2005 |title=Human Rights, Individualism and Cultural Diversity |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13698230500187151 |journal=Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=265–287 |doi=10.1080/13698230500187151 |issn=1369-8230}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chemhuru |first=Munamato |date=2018-12-01 |title=African Communitarianism and Human Rights: Towards a Compatibilist View |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/theoria/65/157/th6515704.xml |journal=Theoria |language=en-US |volume=65 |issue=157 |pages=37–56 |doi=10.3167/th.2018.6515704 |issn=0040-5817}}</ref>

=== Universal jurisdiction vs state sovereignty ===
{{See also|Universal jurisdiction|State sovereignty}}
[[Universal jurisdiction]] is a controversial principle in international law whereby states claim criminal jurisdiction over persons whose alleged crimes were committed outside the boundaries of the prosecuting state, regardless of nationality, country of residence, or any other relation with the prosecuting country. The state backs its claim on the grounds that the crime committed is considered a crime against all, which any state is authorized to punish. The concept of universal jurisdiction is therefore closely linked to the idea that certain international norms are [[erga omnes]], or owed to the entire world community, as well as the concept of [[jus cogens]]. In 1993, [[Belgium]] passed a ''law of universal jurisdiction'' to give its court's jurisdiction over crimes against humanity in other countries, and in 1998 [[Augusto Pinochet]] was arrested in London following an indictment by Spanish judge [[Baltasar Garzón]] under the universal jurisdiction principle.{{sfnp|Ball|Gready|2007|p=70}} The principle is supported by [[Amnesty International]] and other [[List of human rights organisations|human rights organisations]] as they believe certain crimes pose a threat to the international community as a whole and the community has a moral duty to act, but others, including [[Henry Kissinger]], argue that [[state sovereignty]] is paramount, because breaches of rights committed in other countries are outside states' sovereign interest and because states could use the principle for political reasons.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kissinger, Henry|date=July–August 2001|title=The Pitfall of Universal Jurisdiction|journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=80|issue=4|pages=86–96 |doi=10.2307/20050228|jstor=20050228|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html |access-date=6 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024521/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html|archive-date=14 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== State and non-state actors ===
Companies, NGOs, political parties, informal groups, and individuals are known as ''non-State actors''. Non-State actors can also commit human rights abuses, but are not subject to human rights law other than International Humanitarian Law, which applies to individuals. [[Multinational corporation|Multinational companies]] play an increasingly large role in the world, and are responsible for a large number of human rights abuses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/worldreport99/special/corporations.html|title=Corporations and Human Rights|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-date=14 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114135422/http://www.hrw.org/worldreport99/special/corporations.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Although the legal and moral environment surrounding the actions of governments is reasonably well developed, that surrounding multinational companies is both controversial and ill-defined. Multinational companies often view their primary responsibility as being to their [[shareholders]], not to those affected by their actions. Such companies are often larger than the economies of the states in which they operate, and can wield significant economic and political power. No international treaties exist to specifically cover the behavior of companies with regard to human rights, and national legislation is very variable. [[Jean Ziegler]], Special Rapporteur of the UN [[Commission on Human Rights]] on the [[right to food]] stated in a report in 2003:

{{blockquote|text=the growing power of transnational corporations and their extension of power through privatization, deregulation and the rolling back of the State also mean that it is now time to develop binding legal norms that hold corporations to human rights standards and circumscribe potential abuses of their position of power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=8536&Cr=right&Cr1=food|title=Transnational corporations should be held to human rights standards – UN expert|access-date=2008-01-03|date=13 October 2003|publisher=UN News Centre|archive-date=21 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121045905/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=8536&Cr=right&Cr1=food|url-status=live}}</ref>|author=Jean Ziegler}}

In August 2003, the Human Rights Commission's Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights produced draft ''Norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human rights''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.Sub.2.2003.12.Rev.2.En.|title=Norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human rights|publisher=UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912022723/http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/%28Symbol%29/E.CN.4.Sub.2.2003.12.Rev.2.En.|url-status=live}}</ref> These were considered by the Human Rights Commission in 2004, but have no binding status on corporations and are not monitored.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report on the Economic and Social Council on the Sixtieth Session of the Commission (E/CN.4/2004/L.11/Add.7)|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/e06a5300f90fa0238025668700518ca4/169143c3c1009015c1256e830058c441/$FILE/G0413976.pdf|page=81|publisher=United Nations Commission on Human Rights|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-date=16 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216052312/http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/e06a5300f90fa0238025668700518ca4/169143c3c1009015c1256e830058c441/$FILE/G0413976.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the United Nations [[Sustainable Development Goal 10]] aims to substantially reduce inequality by 2030 through the promotion of appropriate legislation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goal 10 targets|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities/targets.html|access-date=23 September 2020|website=UNDP|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140337/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities/targets.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Human rights in emergency situations ===
[[File:Camp x-ray detainees.jpg|thumb|Extrajudicial detention of captives in [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo Bay]]]]

{{see also|Derogation|National security|Anti-terrorism legislation}}

With the exception of non-derogable human rights (international conventions class the right to life, the right to be free from slavery, the right to be free from torture and the right to be free from retroactive application of penal laws as non-derogable),<ref name=resourceII>{{cite web|title=The Resource Part II: Human Rights in Times of Emergencies|url=http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/comp210.htm#10.2|publisher=United Nations|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-date=21 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221003911/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/comp210.htm#10.2|url-status=live}}</ref> the UN recognizes that human rights can be limited or even pushed aside during times of national emergency, although it clarifies:

{{blockquote|text=the emergency must be actual, affect the whole population and the threat must be to the very existence of the nation. The declaration of emergency must also be a last resort and a temporary measure.|source=United Nations, ''The Resource''<ref name=resourceII/>}}

Rights that cannot be derogated for reasons of national security in any circumstances are known as [[Peremptory norm|peremptory norms or ''jus cogens'']]. Such International law obligations are binding on all states and cannot be modified by treaty.


== Criticism ==
{{see also|Philosophy of human rights#Critiques of human rights|Human rights inflation}}

Critics{{Who|date=May 2025}} of the view that human rights are universal argue that human rights are a Western concept that "emanate from a European, [[Judeo-Christian]], and/or Enlightenment heritage (typically labeled Western) and cannot be enjoyed by other cultures that don't emulate the conditions and values of 'Western' societies."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Shaheed |first1=Ahmed |last2=Richter |first2=Rose Parris |date=17 October 2018 |title=Is 'Human Rights' a Western Concept? |url=https://theglobalobservatory.org/2018/10/are-human-rights-a-western-concept/ |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=IPI Global Observatory |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710161631/https://theglobalobservatory.org/2018/10/are-human-rights-a-western-concept/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Right-wing critics{{Who|date=May 2025}} of human rights argue that they are "unrealistic and unenforceable norms and inappropriate intrusions on state sovereignty", while left-wing critics{{Who|date=May 2025}} of human rights argue that they fail "to achieve – or prevents better approaches to achieving – progressive goals".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silk |first=James |date=23 June 2021 |title=What do we really talk about when we talk about human rights? |url=https://www.openglobalrights.org/what-do-we-really-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-human-rights/ |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=OpenGlobalRights |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811025818/https://www.openglobalrights.org/what-do-we-really-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-human-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Simone Weil]] argues for a focus on human obligations over individual human rights. Weil advocated for rebuilding a Free France{{Vague|date=February 2026}} around a framework of obligations and needs and cautioning against a system built of rights.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Weil |first1=Simone |title=The need for roots: prelude to a declaration of obligations towards the human being |last2=Kirkpatrick |first2=Kate |date=2023 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-241-46797-8 |series=Penguin classics |location=UK USA |translator-last=Schwartz |translator-first=Ros |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> Weil felt that in our moral culture centered on individual rights, it's as though we constantly turn away from others' suffering because we lack the moral strength to confront its most extreme expressions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kruk |first=Edward |date=2006 |title=Spiritual Wounding and Affliction: Facilitating Spiritual Transformation in Social Justice Work |url=https://ojs.uwindsor.ca/index.php/csw/article/view/5775/4714#:~:text=Spiritual%20affliction%20is%20an%20extreme,another%20and%20away%20from%20oneself. |journal=Critical Social Work |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.22329/csw.v7i1.5775 |issn=1543-9372 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Weil maintained that all humans share universal obligations, though expressed differently in varying contexts, and that “duty to the human being as such, that alone is eternal.”{{r|Zaretsky|pp=105,129}} Weil saw rights and obligations as interdependent: obligations belong to the self; rights exist only when others recognize their duties toward us. A person alone in the universe would have no rights, but still obligations. She emphasized that while rights are conditional, obligations are absolute and universal.{{r|Zaretsky|pp=105,129}}

Human rights evaluations can show systematic [[political bias]].<ref name="h308">{{cite journal | last1=nieman | first1=mark david | last2=ring | first2=jonathan j | title=the construction of human rights: accounting for systematic bias in common human rights measures | journal=European Political Science | volume=14 | issue=4 | date=2015 | issn=1680-4333 | doi=10.1057/eps.2015.60 | pages=473–495 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/eps.2015.60 | access-date=2026-04-12}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Animal rights]]
* [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]
* [[Civil liberties]]
* [[Deaf rights movement]]
* [[Disability rights movement]]
* [[Discrimination]]
* [[Human right to water and sanitation]]
* [[Justice delayed is justice denied]]
* [[Labor rights]]
* [[LGBT rights by country or territory]]
* [[List of human rights awards]]
* [[List of human rights organisations]]
* [[Minority rights]]
* [[Needs]]
* [[Patients' rights]]
* [[Prisoners' rights]]
* [[Right to a healthy environment]]
* [[Right to clothing]]
* [[Right to an effective remedy]]
* [[Right to food]]
* [[Right to health]]
* [[Right to housing]]
* [[Right to property]]
* [[Right to rest and leisure]]
* [[Righteousness]]
* [[Security of person]]
* [[Universal health care]]
* [[Welfare rights]]
{{div col end}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References==
* Amnesty International (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20061110032631/http://www.bookwire.com/PDF/amnesty.pdf ''Amnesty International Report'']. Amnesty International. {{ISBN|0862103541|1887204407}}
* {{cite journal |last=Alston |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Alston |year=2005 |title=Ships Passing in the Night: The Current State of the Human Rights and Development Debate seen through the Lens of the Millennium Development Goals |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=755–829|doi=10.1353/hrq.2005.0030 |s2cid=145803790 }}
* {{cite book|last=Arnhart|first=Larry|year=1998|title=Darwinian Natural Right: The Biological Ethics of Human Nature|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=0791436934}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ball |first1=Olivia |last2=Gready |first2=Paul |year=2007 |title=The No-Nonsense Guide to Human Rights |publisher=New Internationalist |isbn=978-1904456452}}
* Chauhan, O.P. (2004). ''Human Rights: Promotion and Protection''. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. {{ISBN|812612119X}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Clayton|first1=Philip|last2=Schloss|first2=Jeffrey|year=2004|title=Evolution and Ethics: Human Morality in Biological and Religious Perspective|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=0802826954}}
* Cope, K., Crabtree, C., & Fariss, C. (2020). "Patterns of disagreement in indicators of state repression" ''Political Science Research and Methods'', 8(1), 178–187. {{doi|10.1017/psrm.2018.62}}
* Cross, Frank B. "The relevance of law in human rights protection." ''International Review of Law and Economics'' 19.1 (1999): 87–98 [https://ceja.cl/bitstream/handle/2015/1237/5088.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422184717/https://ceja.cl/bitstream/handle/2015/1237/5088.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=22 April 2021 }}.
* Davenport, Christian (2007). [http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/davenport/STATER%7e2.PDF ''State Repression and Political Order.''] ''Annual Review of Political Science.''
* Donnelly, Jack. (2003). ''Universal Human Rights in Theory & Practice.'' 2nd ed. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press. {{ISBN|0801487765}}
* {{cite book|last=Finnis|first=John|year=1980|title=Natural Law and Natural Rights|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=0198761104}}
* Formerand, Jacques. ed. ''Historical Dictionary of Human Rights'' (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Dictionaries-Religions-Philosophies/dp/1538123053/ excerpt]
* Forsythe, David P. (2000). ''Human Rights in International Relations.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. International Progress Organization. {{ISBN|3900704082}}
* Freedman, Lynn P.; Isaacs, Stephen L. (Jan–Feb 1993). "Human Rights and Reproductive Choice". ''Studies in Family Planning'' '''Vol.24''' (No.1): p.{{spaces}}18–30 {{JSTOR|2939211}}
* {{cite book |last1=Freeman |first1=Michael |title=Human Rights: An Interdisciplinary Approach |date=2002 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-7456-2356-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfQvRh4NqwgC |language=en}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Mary Ann Glendon|last=Glendon|first=Mary Ann|year=2001|title=A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|publisher=Random House of Canada Ltd.|isbn=0375506926}}
* Gorman, Robert F. and Edward S. Mihalkanin, eds. ''Historical Dictionary of Human Rights and Humanitarian Organizations'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Humanitarian-Organizations-Dictionaries-International/dp/0810855488/ excerpt]
* Houghton Mifflin Company (2006). ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language''. Houghton Mifflin. {{ISBN|0618701737}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Michael Ignatieff|last=Ignatieff|first=Michael|year=2001|title=Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry|location=Princeton & Oxford|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691088934}}
* Ishay, Micheline. ''The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Era of Globalization'' (U of California Press, 2008) [https://www.amazon.com/History-Human-Rights-Ancient-Globalization/dp/0520256417/ excerpt]
* {{cite book |last1=Moyn |first1=Samuel |title=The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History |date=2010 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-04872-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcHUQetuH2EC&pg=PA8 |language=en}}
* Istrefi, Remzije. "International Security Presence in Kosovo and its Human Rights Implications." ''Croatian International Relations Review'' 23.80 (2017): 131–154. [https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/277738 online]
* {{cite book|author-link=Harry V. Jaffa|last=Jaffa|first=Harry V.|year=1979|title=Thomism and Aristotelianism; A Study of the Commentary by Thomas Aquinas on the Nicomachean Ethics|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0313211493}} (reprint of 1952 edition published by University of Chicago Press)
* {{cite journal|last=Jahn|first=Beate|year=2005|title=Barbarian thoughts: imperialism in the philosophy of John Stuart Mill|journal=Review of International Studies|volume=31|issue=3 |pages=599–618|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0260210505006650 |s2cid=146136371 |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/12416/1/S0260210505006650a.pdf }}
* [[Hans Köchler|Köchler, Hans]] (1981). [http://hanskoechler.com/Filosofia-del-derecho.htm ''The Principles of International Law and Human Rights'']. hanskoechler.com
* [[Hans Köchler|Köchler, Hans]]. (1990). "Democracy and Human Rights". ''Studies in International Relations, XV.'' Vienna: International Progress Organization.
* {{cite book|last=Kohen|first=Ari|year=2007|title=In Defense of Human Rights: A Non-Religious Grounding in a Pluralistic World|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415420150|postscript=none}}
* Landman, Todd (2006). ''Studying Human Rights''. Oxford and London: Routledge {{ISBN|0415326052}}
* {{cite journal|last=Light|first=Donald W.|year=2002|url=https://pnhp.org/news/a-conservative-call-for-universal-access-to-health-care/|title=A Conservative Call For Universal Access To Health Care|journal=Penn Bioethics|volume=9|number=4|pages=4–6}}
* {{cite magazine|author-link=David Littman (historian)|last=Littman|first=David|year=1999|title=Universal Human Rights and 'Human Rights in Islam'|magazine=Midstream Magazine|volume=2|number=2|pages=2–7}}
* [[Bashir Maan|Maan, Bashir]]; [[Alastair McIntosh|McIntosh, Alastair]] (1999). [http://www.alastairmcintosh.com/articles/2000_watt.htm "Interview with William Montgomery Watt"] ''The Coracle'' '''Vol. 3''' (No. 51) pp.{{spaces}}8–11.
* Maret, Susan 2005. {{" '}}Formats Are a Tool for the Quest for Truth': HURIDOCS Human Rights Materials for Library and Human Rights Workers". ''Progressive Librarian'', no. 26 (Winter): 33–39.
* {{cite book|last=Mayer|first=Henry|year=2000|title=All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery|publisher=St Martin's Press|isbn=0312253672}}
* [[Jane McAuliffe|McAuliffe, Jane Dammen]] (ed) (2005). ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an: vol 1–5'' Brill Publishing. {{ISBN|978-9004147430}}
* McLagan, Meg (2003) [http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.2003.105.3.605 "Principles, Publicity, and Politics: Notes on Human Rights Media"]. ''American Anthropologist''. '''Vol. 105''' (No. 3). pp.{{spaces}}605–612
* Maddex, Robert L., ed. ''International encyclopedia of human rights: freedoms, abuses, and remedies'' (CQ Press, 2000).
* Möller, Hans-Georg. "How to distinguish friends from enemies: Human rights rhetoric and western mass media". in ''Technology and Cultural Values'' (U of Hawaii Press, 2003) pp.{{spaces}}209–221.
* {{cite book|last=Nathwani|first=Niraj|year=2003|title=Rethinking Refugee Law|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=9041120025}}
* Neier, Aryeh. ''The international human rights movement: a history'' (Princeton UP, 2012)
* Paul, Ellen Frankel; Miller, Fred Dycus; Paul, Jeffrey (eds) (2001). ''Natural Law and Modern Moral Philosophy'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0521794609}}
* Power, Samantha. ''A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide'' (Basic Books, 2013).
* Robertson, Arthur Henry; Merrills, John Graham (1996). ''Human Rights in the World: An Introduction to the Study of the International Protection of Human Rights''. Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|0719049237}}.
* Reyntjens, Filip. [https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Reyntjens-26-3.pdf "Rwanda: progress or powder keg?."] ''Journal of Democracy'' 26.3 (2015): 19–33.
* Salevao, Lutisone (2005). ''Rule of Law, Legitimate Governance and Development in the Pacific''. ANU E Press. {{ISBN|978-0731537211}}
* Scott, C. (1989). "The Interdependence and Permeability of Human Rights Norms: Towards a Partial Fusion of the International Covenants on Human Rights". ''Osgood Law Journal'' '''Vol. 27'''
* {{Cite book |last=Shaw |first=Malcolm |title=International Law |year=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Leiden |isbn=978-0-511-45559-9 |edition=6th}}
* Shelton, Dinah. "Self-Determination in Regional Human Rights Law: From Kosovo to Cameroon". ''American Journal of International Law'' 105.1 (2011): 60–81 [http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1323&context=faculty_publications online].
* Sills, David L. (1968, 1972) ''International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences''. MacMillan.
* {{cite journal|last=Shellens|first=Max Salomon|year=1959|title=Aristotle on Natural Law|journal=Natural Law Forum|volume=4|number=1|pages=72–100}}
* [[Amartya Sen|Sen, Amartya]] (1997). ''Human Rights and Asian Values''. {{ISBN|0876411510}}.
* Shute, Stephen & [[Susan Hurley|Hurley, Susan]] (eds.). (1993). ''On Human Rights: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures.'' New York: BasicBooks. {{ISBN|046505224X}}
* Sobel, Meghan, and Karen McIntyre. "Journalists' Perceptions of Human Rights Reporting in Rwanda". ''African Journalism Studies'' 39.3 (2018): 85–104. [http://karenmcintyre.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/human_rights_rwanda_2018.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707134426/http://karenmcintyre.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/human_rights_rwanda_2018.pdf |date=7 July 2021 }}
* Steiner, J. & [[Philip Alston|Alston, Philip]]. (1996). ''International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|019825427X}}
* Straus, Scott, and Lars Waldorf, eds. ''Remaking Rwanda: State building and human rights after mass violence'' (Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2011).
* [[Brian Tierney|Tierney, Brian]] (1997). ''The Idea of Natural Rights: Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law, and Church Law''. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. {{ISBN|0802848540}}
* {{cite journal|last=Tunick|first=Mark|year=2006|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-politics/article/abs/tolerant-imperialism-john-stuart-mills-defense-of-british-rule-in-india/5524ACAD25572165CD34F0B183220310|title=Tolerant Imperialism: John Stuart Mill's Defense of British Rule in India|journal=The Review of Politics|volume=68|issue=4 |pages=586–611|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0034670506000246 |s2cid=144092745 }}

=== Primary sources ===
* Ishay, Micheline, ed. ''The Human Rights Reader: Major Political Essays, Speeches, and Documents from Ancient Times to the Present'' (2nd ed. 2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Human-Rights-Reader-Political-Documents/dp/0415951607/ excerpt]

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Beitz |first=Charles R. |title=The idea of human rights |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-957245-8}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Fifer |editor-first1=Julian |editor-last2=Impey |editor-first2=Angela |editor-last3=Kirchschlaeger |editor-first3=Peter G. |editor-last4=Noway |editor-first4=Manfred |editor-last5=Ulrich |editor-first5=George |year=2022 |title=The Routledge Companion to Music and Human Rights |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-000-57479-1 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=6GBuEAAAQBAJ}} }}

* Langley, Winston. ''Encyclopedia of human rights issues since 1945.''(Greenwood, 1999); international coverage [https://books.google.com/books?id=IYLG7O-tbroC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Langley+%22+HUMAN+rights%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjT2_nI64WUAxVFrSsGHRtgDdkQ6AF6BAgLEAM online]

* Lauren, Paul Gordon. ''The evolution of international human rights: Visions seen'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=efV5wvpUjDgC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=%22the+evolution+of+international+Human+Rights+%22&ots=2zAgWmAK_h&sig=YDkdzcFP--q_oZkq5BTUnLxM-uk online]

* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Human Rights |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |last=Nickel |first=James |year=2010 |edition=Fall 2010 |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-human/}}
* Sepulveda, Magdalena, et al. eds. ''Human Rights Reference Handbook'' (3rd ed. 2004) [https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/human-rights-reference-handbook-2/ online]

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Scholia|topic}}
* [https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights] by the [[United Nations]]
* [http://www.ohchr.org Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights] (OHCHR.org)
* [https://uhri.ohchr.org/ The Universal Human Rights Index of United Nations documents] from [[Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]]

{{International Criminal Law|state=collapsed}}
{{Family rights}}
{{Western culture}}{{Human rights}}
{{International human rights legal instruments}}
{{International human rights organizations}}
{{United Nations}}
{{Geneva Conventions}}
{{International Criminal Court}}
{{Charity}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|Law|Switzerland}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Human rights| ]]
[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:Egalitarianism]]
[[Category:International relations]]
[[Category:Law and economics]]
[[Category:Legal doctrines and principles]]
[[Category:Philosophy of law]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Society]]
[[Category:Theories of law]]
[[Category:Universalism]]
[[Category:Western culture]]

Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan

2026-04-20T10:47:02Z

Mokx71: new

{{short description|Title of the primate of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}
{{distinguish|Catholicos of the East|Malankara Metropolitan}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Catholicos
| name = the East and Malankara Metropolitan
| latin =
| local =
| image = Malankara Metropolitan Mathews III.jpg
| image_size = frameless
| image_alt =
| caption = Catholicos [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]]
| country = India
| territory =
| province =
| metropolitan =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions =
| coordinates =
| suffragan_diocese =
| area_km2 =
| area_sqmi =
| population =
| population_as_of =
| catholics =
| catholics_percent =
| parishes =
| churches =
| congregations =
| members =
| denomination = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| rite = [[West Syriac Rite]]
| established = 1653 (by [[Thoma I]] - Malankara Metropolitan) 1912 (by Patriarch [[Ignatius Abded Mshiho II]] - Catholicate of the East)
| cathedral = Mar Eliyah Cathedral, Kottayam
| coadjutor =
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
|first_incumbent=Thoma I as Malankara Metropolitan, 
Baselios Paulose I as Catholicos of the East, 
Baselios Geevarghese II as (Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan)}}

The leader of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] uses the title '''Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan'''. The incumbent 'Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan' is [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mosc.in/catholicate | title=Catholicate | Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church }}</ref>

==History==
The leaders of the ''Puthenkoor'' faction (also known as the Malankara Church) of the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] were called Malankara Metropolitans since the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] of 1653. Archdeacon [[Thoma I|Parampil Thoma]], the leader of the Coonan Cross Oath rebellion against the Portuguese Roman Catholic authorities, is known to be the first in this lineage. The protesting Christians met at the church in Alangad to discuss their further steps and declared Thoma as the Malankara Metropolitan. However, this episcopal ordination, which took place in the absence of another bishop, was questioned from the very beginning. Therefore Thoma sought help from other Eastern churches. Only the Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch responded favorably to his plea and in the person of Archbishop Gregorios Abdal Jaleel recognised Thoma as bishop. In the following years, the Malankara Church moved further into an ecclesiastical union with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] of Antioch and its patriarch was recognised as the supreme spiritual leader of the Malankara Church.<ref name=":1" />

In 1909 [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]] [[Ignatius Abded Aloho II|Ignatius Abd-Allah II]] appointed [[Dionysius of Vattasseril|Geevarghese Dionysius Vattasseril]] as Malankara Metropolitan. But soon the Malankara Metropolitan who was at loggerheads with the Patriarch declared independence from the Patriarch. The Patriarch deposed him and appointed a new Malankara Metropolitan in his stead.<ref name=Dis>{{cite book|title=The Dissident Eastern Churches|url=https://archive.org/details/dissidenteastern0000attw|author=Attwater, Donald|publisher=Bruce Publishing Company|date=1937|page=[https://archive.org/details/dissidenteastern0000attw/page/272 272]}}</ref><ref name=Go>{{cite book|title=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians|chapter=Thomas Christians|publisher=Gorgias Press|author=Brock, Sebastian P.|date=2018|editor=Beth Mardutho|access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref>

In the meantime, the deposed former Patriarch [[Ignatius Abded Mshiho II]] arrived in Kerala in 1912 on the invitation of Dionysius. He, at the request of Dionysius, announced the relocation of the Maphrianate of the East to India and appointed [[Baselios Paulose I|Paulos Ivanios Murimattathil]] as the Catholicos of the East with the regnal name Baselios Paulus I. This triggered a lasting split the community and from then on, those who followed the Malankara Metropolitan was called the "Metran party" (later [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], and those who affirmed the rule of the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East | Patriarch of Antioch in Syria]] and the new Malankara Metropolitan he appointed were called the "Bawa party" (later [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]]).<ref name=WCC>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of the Ecumenical Movement|chapter=Oriental Orthodox Churches|page=756-757|publisher=World Council of Churches|location=Geneva|editor1-last=Lossky|editor1-first=Nicholas|editor2-last=Bonino|editor2-first=José Miguez|editor3-last=Pobee|editor3-first=John|date=1991}}</ref><ref name=CNEWS>{{cite web|url=https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/oriental-orthodox-churches/the-malankara-orthodox-syrian-church/|title=The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|publisher=Catholic Near East Welfare Association|access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref><ref name=cec>{{cite book|title=The Catholic Eastern Churches|url=https://archive.org/details/catholiceasternc0000attw|author=Attwater, Donald|chapter=The Malankarese|publisher=Bruce Publishing Company|date=1935|edition=1937 revised|page=[https://archive.org/details/catholiceasternc0000attw/page/197 197]}}</ref>

==Organization==
* The church is in the [[Oriental Orthodox]] family following the Orthodox faith of the three [[Ecumenical Councils]] of [[First Council of Nicaea|Nicaea]], [[First Council of Constantinople|Constantinople]] and [[First Council of Ephesus|Ephesus]].
* The ''Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church'' is a division of the ''Orthodox Syrian Church'' and the chief Primate of the Orthodox Syrian Church is the ''Patriarch of Antioch''.<ref name=mosc>{{cite web|title=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Constitution|year= 1934|url= https://mosc.in/uploads/2015/05/MOSC-Constitution.pdf|quote=The Malankara Church is a division of the Orthodox Syrian Church. The Primate of the Orthodox Syrian Church is the Patriarch of Antioch.}}</ref>
* The ''Orthodox Syrian Church of the East'' is an autocephalous branch of the ''Orthodox Syrian Church'' and the chief Primate of the ''Orthodox Syrian Church of the East'' is the ''Catholicos of the East'' aka ''Maphrian''.<ref name=mosc/>
* The ''Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church'' is an autonomous metropolitan Archdiocese of the Orthodox Syrian Church of the East. The Primate of the ''Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church'' is called the ''Malankara Metropolitan''.
* The two titles, Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan, are with separate responsibilities, but have been always held by the same individual in accordance with the constitution of the Church adopted in 1934.
* As Catholicos of the East, he consecrates [[bishop]]s for the Indian Orthodox Church, presides over the [[synod]], declares and implements its decisions, conducts the administration on behalf of the synod, and consecrates the [[Holy Mooron]] (oil).
* As [[Malankara Metropolitan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ovsonline.in/1934-constitution-malankara-orthodox-church/|title=1934 constitution(മലങ്കരസഭ ഭരണഘടന)|access-date=2020-02-15|archive-date=2018-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502165529/http://www.ovsonline.in/1934-constitution-malankara-orthodox-church/|url-status=dead}}</ref>., he is the head of the Malankara Church, the President of the Malankara Syrian Christian Association and the Managing Committee. The prime jurisdiction regarding the temporal, ecclesiastical, and spiritual administration of the Indian Orthodox Church is vested in the Malankara Metropolitan subject to the provisions of the church constitution adopted in 1934.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mosc.in/catholicate/catholicate|title=The Catholicate of the Malankara orthodox Syrian Church |}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |date=2006-11-23 |orig-date=1934-12-26 |url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2015/05/MOSC-Constitution.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190126/https://mosc.in/uploads/2015/05/MOSC-Constitution.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-09}}</ref>
[[File:H.H Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan.jpg|thumb|Baselius Marthoma Mathews III]]

==Malankara Metropolitan==
[[File:Morseverios.png|200px|thumb|Baselios Marthoma Mathews III, vested in the ceremonial robes of the Malankara Metropolitan]]

Malankara Metropolitan is the episcopal title given by the government [[Travancore State]] to the head of the historic [[Malankara Church]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC| series=India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World|last=Varghese|first=Alexander P.|date=2008|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0903-2|language=en|title=The Jacobite Church in India | page = 357-380}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yt6vAwAAQBAJ&dq=malankara+metropolitan&pg=PT573|title=Syriac Christians in India|series=Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century| editor-last=Leustean| editor-first=Lucian N. |author1=M. P. Joseph |author3= Istvan Perczel|author2= Uday Balakrishnan|date=2014-05-30|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-81865-6|language=en}}</ref>

The main responsibility for the secular administration of the church rests with the Malankara Metropolitan. Powers of the Malankara Metropolitan is to convene and preside over committees such as the Malankara Association and the Managing Committee, and to act as Metropolitan Trustee to administer the common church properties in cooperation with the Priest and Laity Trustees.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Catholicos of the East==
{{redirect|Catholicos of the East (Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church)|other uses of the title|Catholicos of the East}}
[[File:Baselius Mathews III.jpg|thumb|200px|Baselios Marthoma Mathews III as Catholicos of the East]]

The Catholicos of the East is a primatial title that came into usage in the Malankara Church during the schism of 1912. The office of the [[catholicos]], called the catholicate, was established by Patriarch Ignatius Abded Mshiho II, at the request of Dionysius Geevarghese Vattasseril, as a sign of jurisdictional independence from the reigning Patriarch Ignatius Abded Aloho II. Baselios Paulos I Murimattathil was the founding Catholicos of the Church. Their reasoning to its establishment was that the Malankara Church was under the [[Church of the East]] in ancient times and therefore, it can be seen as the only remaining Oriental Orthodox part of the Persian Church. Hence the [[Maphrian|Maphrianate]] or Catholicate of the East is to be present in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kiraz |first=George A. |author-link=George A. Kiraz |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/entry/Maphrian |title=Maphrian |publisher=Gorgias Press |year=2011 |series=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition}}</ref>

The Catholicate of the East is autocephalous in nature and has the right to administer the responsibilities of the Patriarch of Antioch in the Malankara Church as the Vicar of the Patriarch. The powers of the Patriarch that are delegated to the Catholicos include the consecration of bishops, presiding over the episcopal synod, canonization of saints, and consecration of the [[Chrism|Holy Myron]]. The Patriarch remains superior to the Catholicos and retains his historical powers in the Malankara Church but he is expected to administer his powers only in conjunction with the Catholicos.{{sfnp|SCI|2017||ps=:It may be that by this act of revival of Catholicate and the Kalpanas A-13 and A-14, the Patriarch is not denuded of the powers delegated by him to the Catholicos — assuming that these powers were not already possessed by the Catholicos and that they came to be conferred upon him only under A-13 and A-14 — yet, reasonably speaking, the Patriarch was, and is, expected to exercise those powers thereafter in consultation with the Catholicos and the Malankara Sabha (Association) — and, of course, in accordance with the 1934 Constitution. This was necessary for the reason (i) to avoid creating parallel authorities leading to conflict and confusion and (ii) the acceptance by the local people was a sine qua non for any Metropolitan or melpattakar in Malankara Church as provided in the Mulanthuruthy Synod (convened and presided over by the then Patriarch himself) and given a judicial sanction by the judgment of the Travancore Royal Court of Appeal aforementioned. Without removing the Catholicos in accordance with the canon law and the principles of natural justice, the Patriarch could not have purported to exercise unilaterally the powers delegated by him to the Catholicos under A-14.}} An Indian Supreme Court ruling determined that the Patriarch of Antioch's power in the Malankara Church had reached a "vanishing point" following the catholicate's establishment.<ref name=InSC2017>{{cite web |author=SCI|year=2017|title=K.S. Varghese vs St.Peter'S & Paul'S Syrian Orth.. on 3 July, 2017 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/107194354/ |publisher=Indian Kanoon |access-date=29 October 2024|quote=This Court accepted the revival of the Catholicate on a threadbare scrutiny of the recorded facts and held that it was no longer open to the Patriarch or his followers to contend that the revival of Catholicate was not in accordance with the religious tenets and faith of the Syrian Jacobite Christian Church, and that the power of the Patriarch was reduced to a vanishing point due to revival of Catholicate. It was ruled that the power and authority of the Catholicos was affirmed in Kalpana A-13 and A-14 issued by the Pariarch and was re-enforced and enlarged in the 1934 Constitution. It was however noted that the Catholicos did at the same time not repudiate the spiritual supremacy of the Patriarch. It reaffirmed that he is the primate of the Orthodox Syrian Church. }}</ref>

==List of primates==
===List of Malankara metropolitans till 1934===

*[[Thoma I|Marthoma I]] (1653–1670)
*[[Thoma II|Marthoma II]] (1670–1686)
*[[Thoma III|Marthoma III]] (1686–1688)
*[[Thoma IV|Marthoma IV]] (1688–1728)
*[[Thoma V|Marthoma V]] (1728–1765)
*[[Dionysius I, Metropolitan of Malankara|Dionysius I]] (Marthoma VI; 1765–1808)
*[[Thoma VII|Marthoma VII]] (1808–1809)
*[[Thoma VIII|Marthoma VIII]] (1809–1816)
*[[Thoma IX|Marthoma IX]] (1816–1817)
*[[Pulikkottil Dionysius II|Dionysius II]] (Pulikkottil Dionysius Joseph I; 1816–1816)
*[[Geevarghese Philoxenos II]] (Kidangan Geevarghese Mar Philexenos II; 1816–1818)
*[[Punnathra Dionysius III|Dionysius III]] (Punnathara Dionysius Geevarghese; 1818–1825)
*[[Dionysius IV of Cheppad|Dionysius IV]] (Cheppad Dionysius Philppose; 1825–1852)
*[[Mathews Athanasius]] (1852–1877)
*[[Pulikkottil Joseph Dionysious II|Dionysius V]] (Pulikkottil Dionysius Joseph II; 1864–1909)
*Dionysius VI (Vattasseril Dionysius Geevarghese; 1909–1934)

===List of catholicoses up to 1934===
#[[Baselios Paulose I]] (1912–1913)
#[[Baselios Geevarghese I]] (1925–1928)
#[[Baselios Geevarghese II]] (1929–1964)

===List of catholicoses of the East and Malankara Metropolitans since 1934===
*[[Baselios Geevarghese II]] (Catholicos: 1929–1964; from 1934 the two titles were held together)
*[[Baselios Augen I]] (1964–1975)

====Primates after the 1975 schism====
*[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews I]] (1975–1991)
*[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews II]] (1991–2005)
*[[Baselios Marthoma Didymos I]] (2005–2010)
*[[Baselios Marthoma Paulose II]] (2010–2021)
*[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]] (2021–present)

==See also==
* [[Malankara Metropolitan]]
* [[List of Malankara metropolitans]]
* [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090923113736/http://www.catholicate.org/ Official Website of The Catholicos of The East and Malankara Metropolitan ]
*[http://www.theorthodoxchurch.info/gal2/pages/i.htm Catholicos of The East and Malankara Metropolitan]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite web | url = https://stocc.org/about-st-thomas-orthodox-church | title = The Malankara Orthodox Church: Holy Synod and American diocese | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190110223518/https://stocc.org/holy-synod | archive-date = January 10, 2019 | url-status = live}}

{{Patriarchates in Christianity}}
{{Christianity footer}}



[[Category:Catholicoi of the East and Malankara metropolitans|*]]

Hrangturzo Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:24Z

Mokx71: Put Up A Entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hrangturzo
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Hrangturzo highlighted).png
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| district = [[Serchhip district|Serchhip]]
| constituency_no = 28
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Lalmuanpuia Punte.jpg
| mla = [[Lalmuanpuia Punte]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:14710}}
}}
'''Hrangturzo''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

It is part of [[Serchhip district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Lalthansanga]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Mizoram People's Conference}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Lal Thanhawla]] (resigned)<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Lalchamliana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Lalmuanpuia Punte]]<ref name=election2023/>
|{{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Hrangturzo<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mizoram-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2023- Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 January 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Lalmuanpuia Punte]]|party=Zoram People's Movement|votes={{formatnum:6280}} |percentage=44.92 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lalremruata Chhangte|party=Mizo National Front|votes={{formatnum:5025}} |percentage=35.94 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=F. Lalroenga|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:2340}} |percentage=16.74 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lalmalsawma|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}} |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes={{formatnum:37}} |percentage=0.26|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:}} |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:13981}} |percentage=83.32|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Zoram People's Movement
|loser = Mizo National Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Hrangturzo<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Lalchamliana
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coord|23.147|93.013|display=title}}

[[Category:Serchhip district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Girish Chandra (politician)

2026-04-19T10:02:34Z

Mokx71: stub

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Girish Chandra
| image = File:Girish Chandra.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|1|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Moradabad district|Khushalpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Nagina (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagina]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2019
| term_end1 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Yashwant Singh (Lok Sabha member)|Yashwant Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Chandrashekhar Azad (Bhim Army Chief)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
| majority1 =
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| profession =
| other_party = [[Mahagathbandhan (2019)|Mahagathbandhan]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5156?from=members
}}
'''Girish Chandra''' (born 15 January 1964) is an Indian politician who was a former [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Lok Sabha]] for [[Nagina (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagina]] from 2019 till 2024.<ref name="After 15 years, BSP picks a Dalit as its floor leader in Lok Sabha">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=After 15 years, BSP picks a Dalit as its floor leader in Lok Sabha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/after-15-years-bsp-picks-a-dalit-as-its-floor-leader-in-lok-sabha-5760668/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001061450/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/after-15-years-bsp-picks-a-dalit-as-its-floor-leader-in-lok-sabha-5760668/ |archive-date=1 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mayawati’s brother, nephew get plum posts in BSP, Danish Ali named Lok Sabha leader">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Mayawati's brother, nephew get plum posts in BSP, Danish Ali named Lok Sabha leader |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mayawati-brother-nephew-akash-anand-bsp-danish-ali-lok-sabha-leader-5795756/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=23 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001061807/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mayawati-brother-nephew-akash-anand-bsp-danish-ali-lok-sabha-leader-5795756/ |archive-date=1 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
In March 2019, [[Mahagathbandhan (2019)|Mahagathbandhan]], the grand alliance of [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] announced that Chandra would contest the [[2019 Indian general election]] from [[Nagina (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagina constituency]] on the symbol of Bahujan Samaj Party.<ref>{{cite web |title=मायावती ने किया चुनाव लड़ने से इनकार, नगीना से गिरीश चंद का रास्ता साफ |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/news/mayawati-is-not-going-to-contest-loksabha-elections-girish-chand-might-get-ticket-from-nagina-seat/articleshow/68500136.cms |publisher=Nav Bharat Times |accessdate=24 May 2019 |language=hi |date=20 March 2019}}</ref> On 23 May 2019, Chandra was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] after defeating [[Yashwant Singh (Lok Sabha member)|Yashwant Singh]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], his nearest rival by a margin of 1,66,832 votes. Chandra polled 5,68,378 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nagina Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 UP: BSP's Girish Chandra wins by 1,66,832 votes |date=23 May 2019 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nagina-lok-sabha-election-results-2019-up-bsp-s-girish-chandra-wins-by-166832-votes-2752381 |publisher=DNA India |accessdate=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Nagina Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Nagina Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/nagina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626082057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/nagina |archive-date=26 June 2025 |access-date=26 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

* He was well known for his attendance in Lok Sabha. He had 93% attendance in parliament as opposed to the national average of 84%. Varta Broadcasting helped him to interact with public <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 Mar 2020|title=Girish Chandra|url=https://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/17th-lok-sabha/girish-chandra|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/girish-chandra|title=Girish Chandra}}</ref>

In [[2024 Indian general election]], the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] announced that Chandra contest the lok sabha election from [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency]] but he was defeated by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bhola Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Bhola Singh]] by a margin of 479,886.4<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bulandshahr">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bulandshahr |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2414.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001062720/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2414.htm |archivedate=1 October 2024 |accessdate=1 October 2024}}</ref>
votes. He finished third and polled 1,17,424 votes.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandra, Girish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BSP-politician-stub}}

Venmani Haridas

2026-04-14T15:17:10Z

Mokx71: started data

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Kalamandalam Venmani Haridas
| image =Venmani Haridas.jpg
| caption =Venmani Haridas
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1946|9|15}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2005|9|17|1946|9|15}}
| death_place =
| image_size =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Haridas
| alias =
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre = [[Kathakali]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}

'''Kalamandalam Venmani Haridas''' (15 September 1946 – 17 September 2005) was an Indian [[Kathakali]] musician noted for his rendition of the Kathakali padams (playback songs) for the characters in the classical [[Kerala]] dance-drama. Born in Venmani Mana, a [[Namboodiri]] mansion of literary repute in Vellarappilly village east of [[Aluva]] off [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], Haridas developed interest in Kathakali by watching performances of the classical dance-drama in the neighbouring Akavoor Mana. He was taught the basics in music by Mundakkal Sankara Varrier. He learned 'padams' from stories like Rugmini Swayamvaram and Kuchela Vritham.

==Early life ==
{{unreferenced section|date= January 2023}}
In 1960, he joined [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] and learned music under leading Kathakali musicians like [[Kalamandalam Neelakantan Nambisan]], Sivaraman Nair and [[Kalamandalam Gangadharan Nair]]. He was the first student of Kalamandalam Gangadharan when the latter became a teacher in the institution. Haridas was known as a very talented student during his stay in Kalamandalam. [[Kalamandalam Sankaran Embranthiri]], [[Madambi Subramanian Namboodiri]], [[Kalamandalam Hyderali]] and Kalamandalam Subrahmanyan were immediate seniors to Haridas in the Kathakali Music section. In 1968, completing the course in Kalamandalam he joined Darpana, a noted performing arts institute set up by the famous danseuse [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]] in [[Ahmedabad]], as a music teacher. This stint beyond the [[Vindhyas]] exposed him to various styles of north Indian renditions, including classical [[Hindustani music]], which in later years will become a mounted musical backup for his innovations as a kathakali singer. A decade later, in 1978, Haridas fulfilled his ambition to get back to his home state for good when he was offered the post of music teacher at Margi in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], where he subsequently worked for three decades.

==Education and later life==
Haridas, on his return to the world of Kathakali, began as shinkiti (ശിങ്കിടി - accompanist singer) on stage, primarily under star musician Embranthiri, who trained him. But eventually his voice, enunciation of lyrics and support from friends and senior colleagues like Hyderali brought out his potential of rising to be the lead singer. He retained the Sopanam style of Kathakali music rendition even while infusing in it the voice culture of the south Indian classical [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/10/17/stories/2008101751090300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021003105/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/10/17/stories/2008101751090300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2008 |title=Friday Review Chennai / Personality : Immortal melodies |date=17 October 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> The most important fact, on analyzing his musical career is the importance he has given to the characterization in kathakali, the emotional quality and depth to the ´'vachikam´', as it is observed, to achieve this will be the most challenging for any future

== Acting ==
Haridas has acted in two [[Malayalam]] feature films, ''[[Swaham]]'' and ''[[Vanaprastham]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.film.com/celebrities/venmani-haridas/14773860 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202101453/http://www.film.com/celebrities/venmani-haridas/14773860 | archive-date=2 December 2009 | title=Venmani Haridas | publisher=film.com | access-date=26 August 2018 }}</ref> both directed by [[Shaji N. Karun]] & Bosco, Shayanam. He has also appeared in a few television serials like ''Neermathalam Poothakalam'' written by [[Kamala Surayya]].

== Death ==
Haridas died of an acute liver problem in a hospital in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091812110400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912164239/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091812110400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2006 |title=Kerala / Thiruvananthapuram News : Venmani Haridas dead |date=18 September 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>

==Family==
Haridas is survived by his wife Saraswathi and two sons – actor [[Sarath Das]] and Harith.{{citation needed|date= January 2023}}

==Work on Haridas==
A biography of Haridas, titled '''Bhava Gayakan''', has been published by Rainbow Books. Dr. N.P. Vijayakrishnan is the author.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/05/06/stories/2005050602790200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125093113/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/05/06/stories/2005050602790200.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=The Hindu : Entertainment Thiruvananthapuram / Music : Life and times of a singer |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=6 May 2005 |access-date=19 February 2014 }}</ref> The 2012 documentary film 'Chitharanjini: Remembering the Maestro', is focused on the musical life of Haridas.<ref name= YouTube>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVEsIck5DOs |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/nVEsIck5DOs |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title="CHITHARANJINI" – A Documentary on Kalamandalam Haridas|last=Ratheesh Ramachandran|date=5 March 2016|access-date=30 November 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3898981.ece |title=Kathakali award |work=The Hindu |date=15 September 2012 |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>
'''Chitharanjini''' is a documentary film made on the musical life of the Kathakali of Venmani Haridas directed by Ratheesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2016/feb/18/documentaries-on-kathakali-maestros-893899.html | title=Documentaries on Kathakali Maestros | date=18 February 2016 }}</ref><ref name= YouTube/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://kathakalipadam.com/index.php/en/srearch-padam?sstory=-1&sragam=-1&sartist=16&option=com_musicsearch&id=1&limitstart=0 List of kathakalipadams sung by Venmani Haridas from kathakalipadam.com: ''A comprehensive database for kathakali music with streaming'']

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haridas, Kalamandalam}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian classical singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Indian playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]

Paanch Minar

2026-04-14T13:12:43Z

Mokx71: Started A Entry

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Ram Kadumula}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paanch Minar
| image = Paanch Minar.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ram Kadumula
| producer = {{plain list|
* Madhavi
* MSM Reddy
}}
| writer = Ram Kadumula
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Raj Tarun]]
* [[Rashi Singh]]
}}
| music = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| cinematography = Aditya Javvadi
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| studio = Connect Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|11|21}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Paanch Minar''''' ({{translation|[[Charminar|Five minarets]]}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime comedy film]] written and directed by Ram Kadumula.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-11-19 |title=Raj Tarun promises clean, fun-filled crime comedy with ‘Panch Minar’ |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/raj-tarun-promises-clean-fun-filled-crime-comedy-with-panch-minar-1024673 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Raj Tarun]] and [[Rashi Singh]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ఇంతకంటే ఏం కావాలి: రాజ్‌ తరుణ్‌ {{!}} Raj Tarun Speech about Paanch Minar {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/raj-tarun-speech-about-paanch-minar-2625093 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>

The film was released on 21 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Raj Tarun’s Paanch Minar gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Nov/11/telugunews2025nov11raj-taruns-paanch-minar-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Krishan Chaitanya “Kittu” is a young man who has studied software engineering but is unable to find a job in his field. Under pressure from his family and his girlfriend’s father—who insists that Kittu secure stable employment before approving their marriage—he takes up work as a cab driver. To avoid embarrassment, Kittu lies to everyone, claiming he works as a software engineer. At his company, deaf drivers are paid more, so he pretends to be deaf while on duty to earn extra income.

Kittu drives a taxi purchased from Chotu’s garage, which serves as a front for his family’s illegal operations. One day, the family discovers that their accountant has stolen a large sum of money. They kill him before he can reveal where he hid it. Chotu later learns that his uncle Murthy was also involved in the theft. Because of their close relationship, Chotu does not confront him publicly but instead demands that he return the money. Although Murthy does not know where the accountant hid it, he agrees and secretly hires two contract killers to murder Chotu.

The two killers arrive in the city and hire Kittu’s taxi to take them to Chotu’s location. Kittu witnesses the murder but pretends not to have seen anything in order to protect himself. During the return journey, the killers—unaware that Kittu can hear—discuss their plan to retrieve the hidden money and then kill Kittu. Unable to react without revealing his deception, Kittu is forced to continue the ride while looking for a way to escape.

At a remote location, the killers attempt to kill Kittu, but a passing police patrol car interrupts them, forcing them to flee. They are subsequently arrested. Using the information he overheard, Kittu later retrieves the killers’ hidden money. However, the killers escape from police custody and discover that their money is missing. Suspecting Kittu, they go to his house the next day to confront him.

Meanwhile, Chotu’s gang—now led by Murthy—learns that the accountant had hidden information about the stolen money inside the car sold to Kittu. They also arrive at Kittu’s house. Murthy does not recognize the killers, as he hired them through a broker, and the rest of the gang is unaware of their involvement. A fight breaks out between the two groups, allowing Kittu to escape.

Kittu goes to a police station to report the situation while continuing to pretend to be deaf. However, a corrupt police inspector secretly contacts Murthy and offers to kill both Kittu and the two killers in exchange for a large sum of money. Kittu overhears this conversation and later manages to escape from the station.

Kittu’s family is eventually captured by Murthy’s gang. The police inspector and the two killers also arrive, leading to a confrontation between all parties. During the chaos, Kittu reveals that Murthy was responsible for hiring the killers to murder Chotu and exposes the inspector’s deal with him. This triggers a violent shootout among the gang, the killers, and the police, resulting in the deaths of all involved except Kittu and his family, who manage to escape. The money Kittu had stolen from the killers is destroyed in the fire during the conflict.

A few days later, while at home, Kittu absentmindedly tinkers with a component in his car and accidentally breaks it open. Inside, he discovers a key and a note referring to a bank locker. He goes to the bank, opens the locker, and finds the money that the accountant had originally stolen from Chotu’s family.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Raj Tarun]] as Krishan Chaitanya "Kittu"
* [[Rashi Singh]] as Khyathi
* [[Brahmaji]] as Koteswara Rao, Kittu's father
* Bindu Chandramouli as Kittu’s mother
* Nithin Prasanna as [[Inspector|CI]] Govind Aiyer
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Sherlock Reddy
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Murthy, Chotu’s uncle
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Chotu, Gangster
* [[Sudharshan]] as Sesh, Kittu’s friend
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Khyathi’s father
* [[Aziz Naser]] as Contract Killer
* Nanda Gopal as Contract Killer
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Chotu’s father
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Chotu’s right-hand man
* Laxman Meesala as Murthy’s assistant
* Krishna Teja as Kittu’s friend
* Karri Sonia as Dancer in "Mandu Tera" song
}}

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by [[Shekar Chandra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-13 |title=‘Mandu Tera’ from Paanch Minar is a quintessential local party song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Nov/13/mandu-tera-from-paanch-minar-is-a-quintessential-local-party-song |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Janu Meri Janu
| extra1 = Vinayak
| length1 = 3:32
| lyrics1 = Sri Harsha Emani
| title2 = Em Bathukura Naadi
| extra2 = Dinesh Rudra
| length2 = 3:53
| lyrics2 = [[Anantha Sriram]]
| title3 = Mandu Tera
| extra3 = Vinayak
| length3 = 3:17
| lyrics3 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
}}

==Release and reception==
''Paanch Minar'' was released on 21 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-11-11 |title=Raj Tarun’s ‘Panch Minar’ locks release date |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/raj-taruns-panch-minar-locks-release-date-1022455 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Suresh Kavirayani of [[Cinema Express|''Cinema Express'']] rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote in his review that, "with a crisp runtime, steady humour, and a decent mix of thrills, it works well as a stress-buster".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2025-11-21 |title=Paanch Minar Movie Review: An enjoyable Raj Tarun film after a long time |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Nov/21/paanch-minar-movie-review-an-enjoyable-raj-tarun-film-after-a-long-time |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Ramu Chinthakindhi of [[Times Now|''Times Now Telugu'']] too gave the same rating and appreciated Raj Tarun's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-20 |title=Paanch Minar movie Review: ‘పాంచ్ మినార్’ మూవీ రివ్యూ, రాజ్ తరుణ్‌కి కమ్‌బ్యాక్ హిట్ దక్కిందా... |url=https://telugu.timesnownews.com/entertainment/paanch-minar-movie-review-raj-tarun-raashi-singh-brahmaji-starrer-article-153180951 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Times Now Telugu |language=te}}</ref> [[Hindustan Times|''Hindustan Times Telugu'']] noted the screenplay and Raj Tarun's performance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=పాంచ్ మినార్ రివ్యూ.. 5 కోట్లు తీసుకొచ్చి తంటాలు.. రాజ్ తరుణ్ క్రైమ్ కామెడీ మూవీ నవ్వించిందా?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/entertainment/paanch-minar-review-in-telugu-and-rating-raj-tharun-rashi-singh-crime-comedy-movie-paanch-minar-explained-261763633215334.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2025-11-20|access-date=2025-11-27|language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|36188425|Paanch Minar}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shekar Chandra]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language crime films]]

Thelliyaragaram metro station

2026-04-12T08:42:59Z

Mokx71: started a details

{{short description|Upcoming Chennai Metro's Yellow Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] Thelliyaragaram
| style = Chennai Metro
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = 4}}
| image =
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.03691|80.14173|display=inline,title}}
| owned = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| operator = [[Chennai Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| platforms = [[Island platforms]] 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Vadapalani}} * Platform-2 → Train Terminates Here * ''(Further extension to '''{{stl|Chennai Metro|Lighthouse}}''' in the future)''
| tracks = 2
| structure = Elevated, [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Final Stages before Commercial Operations - 95% complete
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|June 2026}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| electrified = Single phase 25 kV, 35 Hz AC through [[overhead catenary]]
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line1=Yellow|left1=Iyyapanthangal|to-left1=Poonamallee Bypass|note-mid1=''(Operational around June 2026)''|right1=Porur Bypass|to-right1=Vadapalani|line2=Yellow|left2=Iyyapanthangal|to-left2=Poonamallee Bypass|note-mid2=''(Lighthouse - Around Dec 2027)''|right2=Porur Bypass|to-right2=Lighthouse|line3=Yellow|left3=Iyyapanthangal|to-left3=Parandur Airport|note-mid3=''(Extension in the future)''|right3=Porur Bypass|to-right3=Lighthouse}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Yellow Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Thelliyaragaram''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the East-West Corridor of the [[Yellow Line (Chennai Metro)|Yellow Line]] of [[Chennai Metro]] in [[Chennai]], India. This metro station will be among the 30 stations of Corridor IV and 12 underground stations along Corridor IV of the Chennai Metro, [[Poonamallee Bypass metro station|Poonamallee Bypass]]–[[Lighthouse metro station|Lighthouse]] stretch. This station initially named after [[Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre|Ramachandra Hospital]] nearby, was changed to Thelliyaragaram metro station. It is slated to be commercialized in December 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Poonamallee to Porur metro stretch to be inaugurated by December|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2025/Feb/14/poonamallee-to-porur-metro-stretch-to-be-inaugurated-by-december-says-cm-stalin|date=2025-02-14|access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The New Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Metro Phase 2 – Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/chennai-metro-phase-2-information-map/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
In February 2021, Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) invited bids for the construction of this Thelliyaragaram metro station along with eight other stations from Poonamallee Bypass to Iyyappanthangal and Porur Bypass stations, in a package.

Upon evaluation, '''[[Hindustan Construction Company|HCC]] - [[KEC International|KEC]] JV''', submitted the most favorable bid in both technical and financial terms and was consequently awarded the contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=HCC-KEC JV bags Rs 1,147 crore order from Chennai Metro Rail|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/construction/hcc-kec-jv-bags-rs-1147-cr-order-from-chennai-metro-rail/articleshow/82603523.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The Economic Times|language=en-US}}</ref> They commenced construction of elevated viaducts in accordance with the approved execution framework, marking another milestone in the progress of Corridor 4.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=Barricading Work Begins for Chennai Metro's Phase 2 |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/05/31/barricading-work-begins-for-chennai-metros-phase-2/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Station layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Thelliyaragaram track layout ''(TBC)''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}
| title-color = blue
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = CONTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Porur Bypass}} **
*'''P1'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P2'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Iyyapanthangal}} **
HSTg\CONTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform ** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="30" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="85" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street level
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
| rowspan="3" width="30" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Vadapalani}} * '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Porur Bypass}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the right </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards ← {{stl|Chennai Metro|Poonamallee Bypass}} ** '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Iyyapanthangal}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" valign="top" |'''''Note:'''''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" valign="top" |'''''Further extension to * {{stl|Chennai Metro|Lighthouse}} and ** {{stl|Chennai Metro|Parandur Airport}} in the future'''''
|-
|}

==Entry/Exit==
{{Empty section|date=April 2025}}

==See also==
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Chennai topics}}
{{Chennai Metro|line 4=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

Dharmveer Prajapati

2026-04-09T03:01:00Z

Mokx71: new - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dharmveer Prajapati
| office = Minister of State (I/C) [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 1namedata = *'''Home Guards'''
*'''Civil Defence'''
| term_start = 5 March 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = Himself
| successor =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = Himself [[Dara Singh Chauhan]]
| 1blankname1 = Ministry and Departments
| 1namedata1 = *'''Home Guards'''
| term_start1 = 25 March 2022
| term_end1 = 5 March 2024
| office2 = Minister of state in Industrial Development [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 26 September 2021
| term_end2 = 25 March 2022
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = Yogi Adityanath
| minister2 = [[Satish Mahana]]
| office3 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start3 = 31 January 2021
| constituency3 = ''elected by Legislative Assembly members''
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|12 July 1963}}
| birth_place = [[Hathras]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| profession = [[Ayurvedic Doctor]], [[politician]]
| image =
}}
'''Dharmveer Prajapati''' (born 12 July 1963) is an Indian politician from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=यूपी मंत्रिमंडल विस्तार: धर्मवीर प्रजापति बने राज्यमंत्री, यूपी सरकार में आगरा के तीसरे मंत्री |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/agra/up-cabinet-expansion-news-agra-mlc-dharamveer-prajapati-will-to-take-oath-of-minister |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=पिछड़ों को साधने की कवायद: डॉ. धर्मवीर ने आज तक नहीं लड़ा चुनाव, भाजपा ने मंत्री बनाकर खेला 'दांव' |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/agra/up-cabinet-expansion-news-agra-mlc-dharmveer-prajapati-took-oath-as-minister |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> He is a [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] and [[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Minister of State in the government of Uttar Pradesh]], he has the department of Industrial Development and assumed his office on 26 September 2021.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Grenonews |date=2019-01-12 |title=धर्मवीर प्रजापति चैयरमैन माटी कला बोर्ड का जोरदार स्वागत |url=https://www.grenonews.com/?p=17944 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=GrenoNews}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=मिट्टी कला के चेयरमेन धर्मवीर प्रजापति को यूपी में विधान परिषद के निर्विरोध निर्वाचित घोषित किये जाने पर खंदौली क्षेत्र में जगह-जगह भव्य स्वागत |url=http://www.ekhabar.in/state-news/dharmveer-prajapati-the-chairman-of-the-clay-art-was-given-a-grand-reception-in-khandauli-region-after-he-was-declared-elected-unopposed-by-the-legislative-council-in-up/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Ekhabar.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Posts held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Post !! Term start !! Term end
|-
| Minister Of State For Industrial Development || 26 September 2021 || Incumbent
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member Of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] || 31 January 2021 || Incumbent
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prajapati, Dharmveer}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from Hathras district]]

Sheetal Agashe

2026-03-29T17:27:14Z

Mokx71:

{{Short description|Indian businesswoman and actress (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sheetal Agashe
| image = File:Sheetal Agashe official portrait 2021.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2021
| office1 = [[Managing director]] of [[Brihans Natural Products]]
| term_start1 = 11 January 2013
| term_end1 = Incumbent
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|05|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India
| father = [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]]
| mother = Rekha Gogte
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]] ([[B.Com]])|[[University of Pune]] ([[MBA]])}}
| occupation = {{cslist|Businesswoman|film and television actress|}}
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Yes Boss (TV series)|Yes Boss]]'' (1999–2003)|''Minus One'' (2005)}}
}}

'''Sheetal Dnyaneshwar Agashe'''{{efn|{{IAST3|Śītala Jñāneśvara Āgāśe}}. Agashe bears her father's name (Dnyaneshwar) as a middle name as per the [[patronymic]] [[Indian name#Marathi|Marathi naming conventions]],{{sfn|Agashe|Agashe|2006|page=62|loc=आगाशे, शीतल ज्ञानेश्वर}} but she is widely known without her patronymic.{{sfnm|1a1=Nair|1a2=K.|1a3=Pahari|1y=2018|1pp=86–87|2a1=Sathe-Patwardhan|2y=2019|2pp=64–65}}}} (born 17 May 1977) is an Indian businesswoman and former actress, who has been serving as the managing director of [[Brihans Natural Products]] since 2013.

A former actress, she had a [[recurring role]] from 1999 to 2003 on the sitcom ''[[Yes Boss (TV series)|Yes Boss]]'' (1999–2009), and a leading role in the [[independent film]] ''Minus One'' (2005). A [[self-published]] [[Hindi poet]], she has also represented the interests of [[Women in India|Indian women]] [[women in business|in business]] and in the [[healthcare industry]] with her appearances on the [[Book cover|cover]] of the [[Pune]] [[Edition (book)|edition]] of ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]'' in August 2021 and May 2022.

== Early life and education ==
Agashe was born on 17 May 1977 in [[Pune]], Maharashtra,{{sfn|Agashe|Agashe|2006|page=62|loc=आगाशे, शीतल ज्ञानेश्वर}} into an aristocratic and entrepreneurial [[Chitpavan]] [[brahmin]] family of industrialist [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]] of the [[Agashe]] ''[[Noble house (term)|gharana]]'' of [[Mangdari]],{{sfn|Ranade|1974|pages=12–17, 59–61}} and wife Rekha Gogte, of the Gogte ''gharana'' of [[Belgaum]].{{Sfn|Kamath|1991|page=10}}

Through her father, Agashe is a granddaughter of [[Chandrashekhar Agashe]], a niece of [[Panditrao Agashe]] and [[Shakuntala Karandikar]], a younger sister of [[Mandar Agashe|Mandar]] and [[Ashutosh Agashe]],{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|page=Illustration 20}} of distant relation to [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] [[Army general|general]] [[Bapu Gokhale]],{{Sfn|Pathak|1978|page=976}} musician [[Ashutosh Phatak]],{{sfn|Ranade|1982|page=56}} historian [[Dinkar G. Kelkar]], and scientist [[P. K. Kelkar]].{{sfn|Kelkar|Kelkar|Kelkar|1993|pages=82, 89}}

Through her mother, Agashe is a great-niece of [[Raosaheb Gogte|B. M. Gogte]],{{Sfn|Kamath|1991|page=10}} a first cousin to poet [[Rashmi Parekh]], a descendant of the aristocratic [[Latey family|Latey (Bhagwat) family]], and of relation to [[Kokuyo Camlin]] head [[Dilip Dandekar]], and academic [[Jyoti Gogte]].{{sfnm|1a1=Gogaṭe Kulamaṇḍala|1y=2006|1p=532|2a1=Barve|2y=1982|2pp=170, 173}}

Agashe grew up in Pune, where she attended Vidya Bhavan school.{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|page=109}} She then attended the [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]] where she acquired a [[B.Com]] degree,{{sfn|Agashe|Agashe|2006|page=62}} and was educated further at the [[University of Pune]] where she acquired an [[MBA]] in marketing and advertising.{{sfnm|1a1=Nair|1a2=K.|1a3=Pahari|1y=2018|1pp=86–87|2a1=Sathe-Patwardhan|2y=2019|2pp=64–65}}

== Career ==

=== Entertainment: 1999–2005 ===
Agashe initially began her career as a television and film actress in [[Bollywood]].{{sfn|Barve|Vartak|Belvalkar|2002|page=98|loc=''प्रसन्न मित्र [Serene Friend]'' – [[Jabbar Patel]]}} Between 1999 and 2003, she had a [[recurring role]] on the [[SAB TV]] sitcom ''[[Yes Boss (TV series)|Yes Boss]]'', alongside [[Aasif Sheikh]], [[Rakesh Bedi]], [[Kavita Kapoor]], and [[Delnaaz Irani]]. Her [[eponym]]ous character was the personal assistant to Sheikh's character.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Abhay |title=Then & Now: अब कैसे दिखते हैं Yes Boss टीवी शो के आपके फ़ेवरेट क़िरदार, इन तस्वीरों में देखें |trans-title=Then & Now: How your favourite characters of the TV show Yes Boss look now, see in these pictures |url=https://hindi.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/yes-boss-tv-show-cast-then-and-now-photos/ |work=[[ScoopWhoop]] |date=5 May 2022 |language=Hindi |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818131356/https://hindi.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/yes-boss-tv-show-cast-then-and-now-photos/ |archive-date=18 August 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Rubeena Film Directory|2004|page=60}} In January 2000, her mother served as the official publisher of her [[literary collection|collection]] of [[Hindi poetry]] titled ''तुम्हारे लिये'' ({{literal translation|For You}}), which Agashe [[Self-publishing|self-published]] under the [[mononym]] ''Sheital''.{{efn|''Sheital'' being an alternate [[transliteration]] of her name in Marathi (शीतल);{{sfn|Sheital|2000|page=6}} her name has been generally and widely transliterated into the [[Latin script]] as ''Sheetal''.<ref>{{cite news |title="R&D is the seed from which an organization grows" Sheetal Agashe, MD, Brihans Natural Products (Greenleaf) underlines strategic growth and differentiation routes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/archivelist/year-2020,month-2,starttime-43874.cms |access-date=28 April 2025 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Economic Times]] |edition=[[The Economic Times|ET Edge]] |location=[[Pune]] |page=5 |date=13 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Arya |first=Charudatta |url=https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Femina/Entertainment/705917 |access-date=28 April 2025 |url-access=subscription |title=Aloe There: Sheetal Agashe of Brihans Natural Products talks about the brand's USP |date=July 2021 |magazine=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 6253/59] |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720170637/https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Femina/Entertainment/705917 |archive-date=20 July 2021 |issn=0971-7285 |via=[[Magzter]]}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Sheital|2000|page=6}} In April 2002, she contributed an essay titled ''Father's Daughter'' to her father's [[festschrift]].{{sfn|Barve|Vartak|Belvalkar|2002|page=4|loc=''Father's Daughter'' – Sheetal Agashe}}

In April 2005, she starred in a leading role alongside [[Archana Puran Singh]] and [[Seema Biswas]] in the English language [[independent film]] ''Minus One'' (2005), directed by Renny Mascarenhas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Minus 1 (2005) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/minus-1-2005 |access-date=21 September 2023 |work=[[The A.V. Club]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929210023/https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/minus-1-2005 |archive-date=29 September 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Screen World Publication|2005|page=60}} She subsequently left acting, stating that it was her father who encouraged her to transition from acting into business.<ref name="Sakal" />{{sfn|Monteiro-D'Souza|Rathod|Arivalan|2024|p=51}} She then began aiding her father and brothers in the family [[Corporate group|group of companies]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Barve|1a2=Vartak|1a3=Belvalkar|1y=2002|1p=100|1loc=''Unique Relationship'' – [[Jaywant Lele]]|2a1=Nair|2a2=K.|2a3=Pahari|2y=2018|2pp=86–87}}

[[File:Sheetal-agashe-femina-award-2018.jpg|Agashe on the [[Femina (India)|Femina Pune's Most Powerful Awards]] red carpet in July 2018|thumb|right]]

=== Business: 2005–present ===
In 2005, Agashe joined [[Brihans Natural Products|Brihans Natural Products Limited]],{{sfn|Monteiro-D'Souza|Rathod|Arivalan|2024|p=51}} an [[Ayurvedic]] [[skincare products]] manufacturing company founded by her brother Mandar Agashe in 2000, as their chief executive officer.{{sfn|Sathe-Patwardhan|2019|pp=64–65}} She had previously been appointed [[Director (business)|director]] at her father's investment firm in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheetal Dnyaneshwar Agashe – Director information |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/director/SHEETAL-DNYANESHWAR-AGASHE/00017598 |website=ZaubaCorp |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728065023/https://www.zaubacorp.com/director/SHEETAL-DNYANESHWAR-AGASHE/00017598 |archive-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> In January 2013, she was appointed as the managing director for Brihans Natural Products,{{sfn|Sathe-Patwardhan|2019|pp=64–65}} becoming the first woman in her family to head a business under their group of companies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bold, brave & beautiful |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2019/4/18/archivelist/year-2019,month-4,starttime-43573.cms |access-date=28 April 2025 |url-access=subscription |last1=Jasmine |first1=Lily |last2=Sudan |first2=Harshita |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 April 2019 |location=[[Pune]] |edition=[[Pune Times]] |page=3}}</ref>{{sfn|Nair|K.|Pahari|2018|pp=86–87}}

By May 2014, Agashe had limited the range of products being manufactured by the company, choosing to focus on [[Aloe vera]] as the prime ingredient in its products.<ref name="Acharya">{{Cite magazine |title=Naturally yours! |date=1 May 2014 |url=https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Femina/Entertainment/48029 |access-date=28 April 2025 |url-access=subscription |magazine=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |last1=Acharya |first1=Auyon |page=47 |last2=Sheikh |first2=Ghazala |location=[[Pune]] |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 6253/59] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331080211/https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Femina/Entertainment/48029 |archive-date=31 March 2025 |issn=0971-7285 |via=[[Magzter]]}}</ref> In September 2015, she was an award presenter at the [[Shraavana|Shraavan]] Queen beauty pageant held in [[Mumbai]] and hosted by the ''[[Maharashtra Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhor |first1=Vivek |title=छबीदार...सूरत देखणी! |trans-title=Pleasing... Beautiful looks! |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/lifestyle-news/fashion/shravan-queen/articleshow/48947362.cms |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=14 September 2015 |location=[[Mumbai]] |language=mr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820112601/https://maharashtratimes.com/?back=1 |archive-date=20 August 2022}}</ref> By 2016, she began restructuring the company's range under a single [[umbrella brand]].{{sfnm|1a1=Nair|1a2=K.|1a3=Pahari|1y=2018|1pp=86–87|2a1=Sathe-Patwardhan|2y=2019|2pp=64–65}}

In April 2018, ''[[The Times of India]]'' awarded Agashe with a [[The Times Group|Times Visionary Award]] from their Pune chapter. The award was presented to her by [[Abhay Deol]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Hemnaney |first=Jeenal |title=Celebration And Recognition of Excellence |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIPU/2018/04/19&entity=Ar02500&sk=78815F33&mode=text# |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=[[Pune]] |page=3 |date=19 April 2018 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426013531/https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIPU/2018/04/19&entity=Ar02500&sk=78815F33&mode=text |archive-date=26 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sane |first1=Shashank |title=Recognising excellence and contribution to society |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/archive/year-2018,month-4.cms |access-date=28 April 2025 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Times of India]] |edition=[[Pune Times]] |location=[[Pune]] |date=18 April 2018 |page=9}}</ref> In June 2018, she was the recipient of a Pune's Most Powerful Award from ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Femina Pune’s Most Powerful 2018–19 |url=https://www.femina.in/achievers/femina-punes-most-powerful-2018-19_-98634.html |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015153247/https://www.femina.in/achievers/femina-punes-most-powerful-2018-19_-98634.html |archive-date=15 October 2018 |location=[[Pune]] |issn=0971-7285 |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 6253/59] |language=en}}</ref> being presented the award by [[Huma Qureshi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/bollywood/punes-super-achievers-get-felicitated-at-an-event-bollywood-news/6708 |title=Pune's Super Achievers Get Felicitated At An Event |date=14 August 2018 |type=[[Television broadcast]] |language=hi |work=[[Times Now]] |access-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108100233/https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/bollywood/punes-super-achievers-get-felicitated-at-an-event-bollywood-news/6708 |archive-date=8 January 2019}}</ref> In October 2018, she was an award presenter alongside [[Amyra Dastur]] for the Mrs. Stylista beauty pageant hosted by the magazine.<ref>{{cite news |title=An evening of glamour and style saw the crowning of Pune's stylistas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2018/10/7/archivelist/year-2018,month-10,starttime-43380.cms |access-date=28 April 2025 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 October 2018 |location=[[Pune]] |page=8}}</ref> In December 2018, she was the recipient of a [[leadership|business leadership]] award by the [[research|business research]] firm White Page India.<ref name="Sakal">{{cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Praveen |title=शीतल आगाशे – प्रेरणादायी 'बिझनेस लीडर' |trans-title=Sheetal Agashe – Inspirational 'Business Leader' |date=3 April 2019 |work=[[Sakal]] |language=mr |location=[[Pune]] |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |title=India's Most Inspirational Business Leader Awards by White Page India |date=27 January 2019|type=[[Television broadcast]] |language=en |work=[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]}}</ref>

By 2019, Agashe had shifted Brihans Natural Products's production to locally sourcing the Aloe vera, [[Indian gooseberry]], and [[hibiscus]] used in their products from Indian farmers in drought-prone districts such as [[Solapur district|Solapur]] in Maharashtra. She has also leveraged her Bollywood background to secure [[Celebrity branding|celebrity endorsement]]s and film sponsorships for the company's brands. In April of that same year, she was the subject of an episode on [[Marathi people|Marathi]] businesswomen for [[Sakal|Sakal Money]].<ref name="Sakal" /> Later that same month, she was the recipient of a [[The Times Group|Times Women of the Year Award]] from ''The Times of India'', being presented the award by [[Kiara Advani]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sane |first=Shashank |title=Felicitating the women of Pune for their contribution in various walks of life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2019/4/19/archivelist/year-2019,month-4,starttime-43574.cms |access-date=28 April 2025 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Times of India]] |edition=[[Pune Times]] |date=19 April 2019 |page=4}}</ref> In December that same year, she and [[Diana Penty]] presented the [[Filmfare Award]] for Woman of Style & Substance to [[Dia Mirza]] at the [[Filmfare|6th Filmfare Glamour and Style Awards]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Seth |first=Analita |title=The Victory Wagon |url=https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Filmfare/Celebrity/398448 |url-access=subscription |via=[[Magzter]] |access-date=20 August 2022 |date=January 2020 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |editor-last=Pillai |editor-first=Jitesh |editor-link=Jitesh Pillai |volume=69 |issn=0971-7277 |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 1619/1957] |page=76 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011114716/https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Filmfare/Celebrity/398448 |archive-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Sheetal-agashe-anupam-kher-award-January-2021.jpg|Agashe accepting her [[The Times of India|Times Power Women Award]] from [[Anupam Kher]] in January 2021|thumb|right]]

In January 2021, ''The Times of India'' praised Agashe, after her company launched Ayurvedic [[Hand sanitizer|hand sanitisers]] and soaps in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] in 2020,<ref>{{cite news |title=Brihans Natural's "Greenleaf" one of the leaders in the Indian Aloe Vera market even in the new normal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/archivelist/year-2021,month-1,starttime-44217.cms |access-date=28 April 2025 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 January 2021 |location=[[Pune]] |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Jay |last2=Goyal |first2=Sagar |title=Climbing the ladder of success naturally! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2021/1/28/archivelist/year-2021,month-1,starttime-44224.cms |access-date=28 April 2025 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Times of India]] |edition=Times Power Women 2020 |date=28 January 2021 |location=[[Pune]] |page=3}}</ref> awarding her with a second Times Women of the Year Award that same month.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jadhav |first=Prashant |title=Felicitating women achievers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2021/1/30/archivelist/year-2021,month-1,starttime-44226.cms |access-date=28 April 2025 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Times of India]] |edition=[[Pune Times]] |date=30 January 2021 |page=6 |location=[[Pune]]}}</ref> The award was presented to her by [[Anupam Kher]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Times Women Of The Year 2020 Award |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/times-women-of-the-year-2020-award/articleshow/80643500.cms?picid=80643546 |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=[[India Times]] |date=2 February 2021 |location=[[Mumbai]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010225501/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/times-women-of-the-year-2020-award/articleshow/80643500.cms?picid=80643546 |archive-date=10 October 2022}}</ref> In August 2021, she was one of the [[women in business]] featured on the [[Magazine#Cover|cover]] of ''Femina'''s [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] issue of their Pune edition.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Khanna |first1=Saher |last2=Attar |first2=Samrah |title=At liberty |date=August 2021 |magazine=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |location=[[Pune]] |edition=[[Pune]], [[Aurangabad]], and [[Nagpur]] [[special edition|special]] |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 6253/59] |issn=0971-7285 |pages=Front cover, 10–11}}</ref>

In May 2022, Agashe featured on the cover of ''Femina'''s Pune issue for their cover story on women in the [[healthcare industry]].<ref name="Dave">{{cite magazine |last=Dave |first=Rushika |title=All for wellness |date=May 2022 |magazine=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |location=[[Pune]] |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 6253/59] |issn=0971-7285 |pages=Front cover, 12, 16}}</ref> In August 2022, at the [[67th Filmfare Awards]], she and Dia Mirza presented the [[Filmfare Award for Best Story]] to [[Abhishek Kapoor]], Supratik Sen and Tushar Paranjape, the writers of ''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Winners take it all! |date=October 2022 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |url=https://reader.magzter.com/preview/uubtmuvi5cqxq2xsgofbo11044710/1104471 |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |page=90 |volume=71 |access-date=20 October 2022 |editor-last=Pillai |editor-first=Jitesh |editor-link=Jitesh Pillai |via=[[Magzter]] |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 1619/1957] |issn=0971-7277 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020131359/https://reader.magzter.com/preview/uubtmuvi5cqxq2xsgofbo11044710/1104471 |archive-date=20 October 2022}}</ref>

In June 2023, Agashe alongside [[Jonita Gandhi]] and [[Shilpa Rao]] presented the [[Grazia India|Grazia Millennial Award]] for Breakthrough Performer of the Year to [[Sanya Malhotra]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=All About The Grazia Millennial Awards 2023 |date=July 2023 |magazine=[[Grazia India]] |url=https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Grazia-India/Fashion/1386322 |last=Lokhandwala |first=Yusuf |pages=62–66 |access-date=2023-08-09 |issue=4 |editor-last=Dhondy |editor-first=Mehernaaz |location=[[Mumbai]] |volume=16 |via=[[Magzter]] |url-access=subscription |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI MAHENG/2008/25042] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230254/https://www.magzter.com/IN/Worldwide-Media/Grazia-India/Fashion/1386322 |archive-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> In April 2024, alongside [[Hemant Dhome]], she presented the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] to [[Tie (draw)|tied]] winners [[Jitendra Joshi]] and Vithal Kale at the [[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Lights, camera, memories |date=June 2024 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/celebrity/Filmfare/LIGHTS-CAMERA-MEMORIES |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |pages=93–94 |volume=73 |access-date=21 March 2025 |editor-last=Pillai |editor-first=Jitesh |editor-link=Jitesh Pillai |via=[[Magzter]] |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 1619/1957] |issn=0971-7277 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321130304/https://www.magzter.com/stories/celebrity/Filmfare/LIGHTS-CAMERA-MEMORIES |archive-date=21 March 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In October 2024, Agashe was one of the women entrepreneurs invited alongside [[Pankaja Munde]] to the [[Ceremonial use of lights#Usage in Hinduism|lamp lighting ceremony]] at the inauguration of the Dhaga exhibition organised by [[Medha Vishram Kulkarni]] and the [[Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar|Ramabai Ambedkar Mahila Sabalikaran Kendra]].<ref>Multiple sources:{{Bulleted list|{{cite news |last1=Dolare |first1=Rahul |title='Dhaga': A Platform for Women Entrepreneurs Unveiled in Pune |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/dhaga-a-platform-for-women-entrepreneurs-unveiled-in-pune/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Punekar News |date=10 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113143257/https://www.punekarnews.in/dhaga-a-platform-for-women-entrepreneurs-unveiled-in-pune/ |archive-date=13 January 2025 |location=[[Pune]]}}|{{cite news |title=माजी मंत्री, आमदार पंकजा मुंडे यांच्या हस्ते 'धागा' स्वदेशी मेळ्याचे शुक्रवारी उद्घटन |trans-title=Former Minister and MLA Pankaja Munde inaugurated the 'Dhaaga' Swadeshi Mela on Friday. |url=https://shabnamnews.in/news/513897 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Shabnam News |date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007025846/https://shabnamnews.in/news/513897 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr}}|{{cite news |last1=Rajguru |first1=Bhushan |title=महिलांना केवळ शक्ती देऊन चालणार नाही, तर सन्मानही दिला पाहिजे – पंकजा मुंडे |trans-title=Women should not only be given power, but also respect – Pankaja Munde |url=https://marathi.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2024/10/5/Panakakja-maunde-nwe-lkdsfgdfg.php |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Samachar]] |date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330212831/https://marathi.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2024/10/5/Panakakja-maunde-nwe-lkdsfgdfg.php |archive-date=30 March 2025 |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr}}|{{cite news |title=महिलांना प्रोत्साहन, शक्ती देण्यासह सन्मानही मिळावा : पंकजा मुंडे |trans-title=Women should be encouraged, empowered and respected: Pankaja Munde |url=https://pudhari.news/maharashtra/pune/inauguration-of-thread-exhibition-of-ramabai-ambedkar-women-empowerment-centre |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[Pudhari]] |date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006031955/https://pudhari.news/maharashtra/pune/inauguration-of-thread-exhibition-of-ramabai-ambedkar-women-empowerment-centre |archive-date=6 October 2024 |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr}}}}</ref>

== Published works ==
=== Poetry collections ===
*{{cite book |author=Sheital |title=तुम्हारे लिये |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87/zir2EAAAQBAJ |trans-title=For You |date=2000 |location=[[Shaniwar Peth, Pune]] |publisher=R. D. Agashe |language=hi |others=Illustrated by Sagade, Abhijeet |isbn=9798987233498 |via=[[Google Books]]}}

=== Essays ===
*{{cite book |last=Agashe |first=Sheetal |chapter=Father's Daughter |pages=4–5 |editor-last1=Barve |editor-first1=Ramesh |editor-last2=Vartak |editor-first2=Taraprakash |editor-last3=Belvalkar |editor-first3=Sharchandra |date=17 April 2002 |title=पुत्र विश्वस्ताचा : गौरव ग्रंथ : ज्ञानेश्वर आगाशे षष्ट्यब्दीपूर्ती निमित्त |trans-title=Putra Viśvastācā : A Festschrift : In honour of Dnyaneshwar Agashe's 60th Birth Anniversary |type=[[Festschrift]] |url=https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/44OXF_INST/2d0ceh/alma990211048440107026 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=mr |edition=1st |location=[[Pune]]| publisher=Jñāneśvara Āgāśe Gaurava Samitī |isbn=978-1-5323-4594-4 |lccn=2017322864 |oclc=992168227 |via=[[University of Oxford]]}}
**{{Cite book |last=Agashe |first=Sheetal |chapter=Father's Daughter |page=5–6 |title=Putra Vishwastacha: A Festschrift to Dnyaneshwar Agashe |publisher=[[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.|The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]] |date=17 April 2022 |isbn=9780578292250 |oclc=1325123469 |lccn=2021276707 |edition=2nd |location=[[Pune]], Maharashtra |language=English |editor-last=Belvalkar |editor-first=Sharatchandra |editor-last2=Vartak |editor-first2=Taraprakash |editor-last3=Barve |editor-first3=Ramesh |others=Compiled by Agashe, Aditya |translator-last=Phadnis |translator-first=Nandan |translator-link=Nandan Phadnis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pm5rEAAAQBAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}

=== Commercial literature ===
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Agashe |editor1-first=Sheetal |title=Brihans Natural Products Brochure |date=20 April 2022 |publisher=Brihans Group |location=[[Pune]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gt_EAAAQBAJ |others=Illustrated by Biradar, Leena |access-date=17 February 2024 |language=en |type=[[Brochure]] |oclc=1397301619 |via=[[Google Books]]}}

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| [[2005 in film|2005]]
| ''Minus One''
| Dilshat
| [[Independent film]]
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| [[1999 in television|1999]]–[[2003 in television|2003]]
| ''[[Yes Boss (TV series)|Yes Boss]]''
| Sheetal
| [[SAB TV]]
| [[Recurring character|Recurring role]]
|-
| [[2018 in television|2018]]
| ''[[Femina (India)|Femina Pune's Most Powerful 2018–19]]''
| Herself
| [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]
| TV special
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Femina (India)|Femina Mrs. Stylista West 2018]]''
| Herself (presenter)
| Zoom
| TV special
|-
| [[2019 in television|2019]]
| ''बिझनेसवूमन: शीतल आगाशे'' ({{Literal|Businesswoman: Sheetal Agashe}})
| Herself (subject)
| [[Sakal|Sakal Money]]
| TV special
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Filmfare|6th Filmfare Glamour and Style Awards]]''
| Herself (presenter)
| [[ET Now]]
| TV special
|-
| [[2022 in television|2022]]
| ''[[67th Filmfare Awards]]''
| Herself (presenter)
| [[Colors TV]]
| TV special
|-
| [[2023 in television|2023]]
| ''[[Grazia India|Grazia Millennial Awards 2023]]''
| Herself (presenter)
| [[Times Now]]
| TV special
|-
| [[2024 in television|2024]]
| ''[[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi]]''
| Herself (presenter)
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| TV special
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |last1=Agashe |first1=Trupti |last2=Agashe |first2=Gopal. |editor1-last=Wad |editor1-first=Mugdha |title=आगाशे कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Agashe Family |chapter=मांगदरी घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Mangdari |date=2006 |publisher=Surbhi Graphics |location=[[Hyderabad]] |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |edition=2nd |language=mr |isbn=978-1-5323-4500-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IahqswEACAAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Barve |first1=D. K. |title=सागरमेघ: बा. म. ऊर्फ रावसाहेब गोगटे यांचा भैतिक व आत्मिक आविष्कार |trans-title= Sagarmegh: The Physical and Spiritual Invention of B. M. "Raosaheb" Gogte |date=1982 |publisher=Bombay Book Ḍepot |location=[[Mumbai]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2E6AAAAMAAJ |access-date=25 August 2022 |language=Marathi |oclc=12024875 |lccn=82905037 |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Barve |editor-first1=Ramesh |editor-last2=Vartak |editor-first2=Taraprakash |editor-last3=Belvalkar |editor-first3=Sharchandra |date=17 April 2002 |title=पुत्र विश्वस्ताचा : गौरव ग्रंथ : ज्ञानेश्वर आगाशे षष्ट्यब्दीपूर्ती निमित्त |trans-title=Putra Viśvastācā : A Festschrift : In honour of Dnyaneshwar Agashe's 60th Birth Anniversary |type=[[Festschrift]] |url=https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/44OXF_INST/2d0ceh/alma990211048440107026 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=mr |edition=1st |location=[[Pune]]| publisher=Jñāneśvara Āgāśe Gaurava Samitī |isbn=978-1-5323-4594-4 |lccn=2017322864 |oclc=992168227 |via=[[University of Oxford]]}}
*{{Cite book |title=Putra Vishwastacha: A Festschrift to Dnyaneshwar Agashe |publisher=[[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.|The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]] |date=17 April 2022 |isbn=9780578292250 |oclc=1325123469 |lccn=2021276707 |edition=2nd |location=[[Pune]], Maharashtra |language=English |editor-last=Belvalkar |editor-first=Sharatchandra |editor-last2=Vartak |editor-first2=Taraprakash |editor-last3=Barve |editor-first3=Ramesh |others=Compiled by Agashe, Aditya |translator-last=Phadnis |translator-first=Nandan |translator-link=Nandan Phadnis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pm5rEAAAQBAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{cite book |title=Hindi Cinema Year Book |date=2005 |publisher=Screen World Publication |location=[[Mumbai]] |ref={{SfnRef|Screen World Publication|2005}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=785kAAAAMAAJ |access-date=10 October 2022 |volume=5 |oclc=53359577 |lccn=2003306165 |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Kamath |first1=M. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7QgAAAAIAAJ |access-date=25 August 2022 |title=The Makings of a Millionaire: A Tribute to a Living Legend, Raosaheb B.M. Gogte, Industrialist, Philanthropist & Educationist |date=1 January 1991 |location=[[Mumbai]] |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |language=en |author-link=M. V. Kamath |oclc=25633742 |lccn=91906125 |via=[[University of California]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Karandikar |first=Shakuntala |author-link=Shakuntala Karandikar |date=10 July 1992 |title=विश्वस्त |trans-title=Viśvasta |url=https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/44OXF_INST/2d0ceh/alma990211048410107026 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=mr |edition=1st |location=[[Pune]] |publisher=Śrī Prakāśana |isbn=9781532345012 |lccn=2017322865 |oclc=992168228 |via=[[University of Oxford]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Karandikar |first=Shakuntala |author-link=Shakuntala Karandikar |title=Vishwasta – The Trustee: The Life of Industrialist Chandrashekhar Agashe |publisher=[[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.|The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]] |isbn=9780578355863 |edition=2nd |language=English |editor-last=Agashe |editor-first=Aditya |publication-place=[[Pune]] |translator-last=Phadnis |translator-first=Nandan |translator-link=Nandan Phadnis |date=14 February 2022 |oclc=1310118266 |lccn=2021276641 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6NaEAAAQBAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kelkar |first1=Bhaskar |last2=Kelkar |first2=Govind |last3=Kelkar |first3=Yashwant |url=https://www.kelkarkulvruttanta.com/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 August 2022 |title=केळकर कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Kelkar Family |chapter=कासारवेल – पुणे – धुळे घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Kasarvel – Pune – Dhule |date=1993 |edition=2nd |publisher=Yashoda Typesetting |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826131046/https://www.kelkarkulvruttanta.com/ |url-status=dead |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=Siddharth |last2=K. |first2=Samir |last3=Pahari |first3=Aishi |editor1-last=Sen |editor1-first=Anusua |editor2-last=Baweja |editor2-first=Garima |editor3-last=Zafar |editor3-first=S. |display-editors=etal |others=[[Research director|Research directed]] by Makky, M. Y. |title=India's Most Admired Brands 2018–19 : Research by White Page |date=2018 |type=[[Coffee table book]] |publisher=Pegasus Events & IQ Design Studio |location=New Delhi |chapter=Sheetal Agashe, MD, Brihans Natural Products Ltd. |volume=VII}}
*{{cite book |last=Pathak |first=Gangadhar |url=https://worldcat.org/en/title/8113665 |access-date=25 August 2022 |title=गोखले कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Gokhale Family |chapter=पिरंदावण वाडी – तळेखाजण घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Pirandavan Wadi – Talekhajan |date=1978 |publisher=Gokhale Kulavr̥ttānta Kāryakārī Maṇdaḷa |edition=2nd |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr |lccn=81902590 |oclc=8113665 |author-link=Gangadhar Pathak |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |via=[[WorldCat]]}}
*{{cite book|last=Ranade|first=Sadashiv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RstWAAAAMAAJ |title=चितपावन कौशिक गोत्री आगाशे कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Chitpavan Agashe Family belonging to the Kaushik Gotra |chapter=मांगदरी घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Mangdari |date=1974 |language=mr |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |lccn=74903020 |oclc=20388396 |author-link=Sadashiv Ranade |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ranade |first1=Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8O2GwAACAAJ |access-date=26 August 2022 |title=फाटक कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Phatak Family |chapter=जांभळी घराणा (पहिला) |trans-chapter=The First House of Jambli |date=1982 |edition=2nd |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr |author-link=Sadashiv Ranade |publisher=Phāṭaka Kula Samitī |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |lccn=84900881 |oclc=20671450 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
*{{cite book |title=Rubeena Film Directory |date=2004 |publisher=Rubeena Collection |location=[[Mumbai]] |ref={{sfnref|Rubeena Film Directory|2004}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FupkAAAAMAAJ |access-date=10 October 2022 |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]] |oclc=50727183 |lccn=2002248600}}
*{{cite book |title=Femina presents Pune's Most Powerful 2018–19 |date=2019 |publisher=Worldwide Media |last=Sathe-Patwardhan |first=Radhika |editor-last=Chaitanya |editor-first=Tanya |chapter=The Boss Lady: Sheetal Agashe, MD, Brihans Natural Products |location=[[Mumbai]] |type=[[Coffee table book]] |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 6253/59]}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqwgMwEACAAJ |access-date=25 August 2022 |title=गोगटे कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Gogte Family |chapter=बेळगाव घराणा (दुसरे) |trans-chapter=The Second House of Belgaum |date=2006 |ref={{SfnRef|Gogaṭe Kulamaṇḍala|2006}} |publisher=Gogaṭe Kulamaṇḍala |edition=2nd |location=[[Mumbai]] |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |language=mr |lccn=2012338796 |oclc=781940117 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite magazine |last1=Monteiro-D'Souza |first1=Primrose |last2=Rathod |first2=Kalwyna |last3=Arivalan |first3=Kayal |editor-last=Muttoo |editor-first=Ambika |interviewer-last1=Alfonso |interviewer-first1=Karen |title=Out of the Ordinary |url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/entertainment/Femina/OUT-OF-THE-ORDINARY |date=March 2024 |magazine=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |quote=Sheetal Agashe: Managing Director – Brihans Natural Products. |quote-page=51 |id=[http://rni.nic.in/T_Appl_Status_LetterDownload/Title_Application_Status.aspx RNI 6253/59] |pages=26–55 |volume=65 |issue=3 |type=Interview |access-date=21 March 2025 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321130304/https://www.magzter.com/stories/entertainment/Femina/OUT-OF-THE-ORDINARY |archive-date=21 March 2025 |via=[[Magzter]]}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm7474000}}
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Geographical indication

2026-03-25T18:43:40Z

Mokx71: enhanced details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indication of a product's source}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{essay|date=November 2019}}
}}

{{Intellectual property}}

A '''geographical indication''' ('''GI''') is a name or sign used on products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin (e.g., a town or region).<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Cheng |first=Wenting |title=China in Global Governance of Intellectual Property: Implications for Global Distributive Justice |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-3-031-24369-1 |series=Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies series}}</ref>{{Rp|page=39}} The use of a geographical indication, as an indication of the product's source, is intended as a certification that the product possesses certain qualities, is made according to traditional methods, or enjoys a good reputation due to its geographical origin.

Article 22.1 of the [[TRIPS Agreement]] defines geographical indications as ''"...indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a Member [of the [[World Trade Organization]]], or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin."''<ref name=":0" />

''[[Appellation d'origine contrôlée]]'' ('Appellation of origin') is a sub-type of geographical indication where quality, method, and reputation of a product originate from a strictly defined area specified in its intellectual property right registration.

==History==
Governments have protected [[trade name]]s and [[trademarks]] of food products identified with a particular region since at least the end of the 19th century, using [[law]]s against false trade descriptions or [[passing off]], which generally protects against suggestions that a product has a certain protection benefits.

One of the first GI systems is the one used in [[France]] from the early part of the 20th century known as ''[[appellation d'origine contrôlée]]'' (AOC). Items that meet geographical origin and quality standards may be endorsed with a government-issued stamp which acts as official certification of the origins and standards of the product. Examples of products that have such "appellations of origin" include [[Gruyère (cheese)|Gruyère cheese]] (from Switzerland) and many [[List of Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée wines|French wines]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Geographical Indications – a Virtual Experience|url=https://wkcexhibitions.wipo.int/gi/|access-date=2021-09-15|website=wkcexhibitions.wipo.int|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915070906/https://wkcexhibitions.wipo.int/gi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Under "''{{ill|Champagnerparagraph|de}}''" of the 1919 [[Treaty of Versailles]], Germany was forbidden from using allied geographical indications on products, which in particular affected the German "cognac" and "champagne" industries, as the French considered the terms misleading references to places in France. Since then, the terms "''[[Brandy|Weinbrand]]''" and "''[[Sekt]]''" have been used instead.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nw.de/nachrichten/wirtschaft/22467703_Warum-deutsche-Schaumweine-ein-Image-Problem-haben.html |title=Warum deutsche Schaumweine ein Image-Problem haben |newspaper=Neue Westfälische |first=Maike |last=von Galen |date=29 May 2019 |access-date=7 December 2022 |language=de |trans-title=Why German Sparkling Wines have an Image Problem }}</ref>

Geographical indications have long been associated with the concept of ''[[terroir]]'' and with [[Europe]] as an entity, where there is a tradition of associating certain food products with particular regions. Under [[Law of the European Union|European Union law]], a ''[[sui generis]]'' geographical indications framework was adopted in 1992 regulating two separate GI schemes called [[Protected designation of origin|Protected Designation of Origin]] (PDO) and [[Protected geographical indication|Protected Geographical Indication]] (PGI).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gragnani |first=M. |date=2012-04-01 |title=The law of geographical indications in the EU |url=https://academic.oup.com/jiplp/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jiplp/jps020 |journal=Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=271–282 |doi=10.1093/jiplp/jps020 |issn=1747-1532}}</ref>

Since 2006, the European Union has required provisions in geographical indications in its [[free trade agreement]]s.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=40}}

== Areas covered ==
The primary examples of geographical indications include agricultural products and wines and spirits, such as [[Champagne]], [[Coffee production in Colombia|Colombian coffee]], [[Feta|Feta cheese]], or [[Longjing tea]].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=39}}

The use of geographical indications is not limited to agricultural products. A geographical indication may also highlight specific qualities of a product that are due to human factors found in the product's place of origin, such as specific manufacturing skills and traditions. For example, handicrafts, which are generally handmade using local natural resources and usually embedded in the traditions of local communities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Geographical indications An introduction, 2nd edition|url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4562|access-date=2021-09-17 | doi=10.34667/tind.44179 |language=en| website=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi-access=free | year=2021 | author1=World Intellectual Property Organization. }}</ref>

An EU Regulation on geographical indication (GI) protection for craft and industrial products entered into force on 16 November 2023, introducing a new EU-wide GI protection scheme for these products. Following its entry into force, the EUIPO gained the authority to handle GIs for craft and industrial products. It showcased its continuous adaptation to new challenges and responsibilities in the IP realm. Leveraging its extensive experience in administering agricultural GIs, the EUIPO is well-prepared to assume competency over geographical indications for craft and industrial products.

From 1 December 2025, the EUIPO will be responsible for the registration of Geographical Indications (GIs) for craft and industrial products. It will be possible to file applications for the registration of names of craft and industrial products meeting the necessary requirements in the EU. The [[European Union Intellectual Property Office]] (EUIPO) is the body responsible for the management of this EU GI scheme.

== Differences between geographical indications and other protections ==

=== Trademarks ===
Geographical indications and [[trademark]]s are distinctive signs used to distinguish goods or services in the marketplace. Both convey information about the origin of a good or service, and enable consumers to associate a particular quality with a good or service. Trademarks inform consumers about the source of a good or service. They identify a good or service as originating from a particular company. Trademarks help consumers associate a good or service with a specific quality or reputation, based on information about the company responsible for producing or offering it.

Geographical indications identify a good as originating from a particular place. Based on its place of origin, consumers may associate a good with a particular quality, characteristic or reputation. A trademark often consists of an arbitrary sign that may be used by its owner or another person authorized to do so. A trademark can be assigned or licensed to anyone, anywhere in the world, because it is linked to a specific company and not to a particular place. In contrast, the sign used to denote a geographical indication usually corresponds to the name of the place of origin of the good, or to the name by which the good is known in that place. A geographical indication may be used by all persons who, in the area of origin, produce the good according to specified standards. However, because of its link with the place of origin, a geographical indication cannot be assigned or licensed to someone outside that place or not belonging to the group of authorized producers.<ref name=":0" />

=== Appellation of origin ===
Appellations of origin are a special kind of geographical indication. The term is used in the [[Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property|Paris Convention]] and defined in the [[Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration|Lisbon Agreement]]. Article 2 of the Lisbon Agreement defines appellations of origin as"''(1)... the geographical denomination of a country, region, or locality, which serves to designate a product originating therein, the quality or characteristics of which are due exclusively or essentially to the geographical environment, including natural and human factors."'' This definition suggests that appellations of origin consist of the name of the product's place of origin. However, a number of traditional indications that are not place names, but refer to a product in connection with a place, are protected as appellations of origin under the Lisbon Agreement (for example, [[Reblochon]] (cheese) and [[Vinho Verde]] (green wine)).It is sometimes argued that products with a certain reputation, but no other quality due to their place of origin are not considered appellations of origin under the Lisbon Agreement. However, this interpretation is not universally accepted.<ref name=":0" />

Nevertheless, appellations of origin and geographical indications both require a qualitative link between the product to which they refer and its place of origin. Both inform consumers about a product's geographical origin and a quality or characteristic of the product linked to its place of origin. The basic difference between the two terms is that the link with the place of origin must be stronger in the case of an appellation of origin. The quality or characteristics of a product protected as an appellation of origin must result exclusively or essentially from its geographical origin. This generally means that the raw materials should be sourced in the place of origin and that the processing of the product should also happen there. In the case of geographical indications, a single criterion attributable to geographical origin is sufficient, be it a quality or other characteristic of the product, or only its reputation. Moreover, the production of the raw materials and the development or processing of a GI product do not necessarily take place entirely in the defined geographical area. The term appellation of origin is often used in laws that establish a specific right and system of protection for geographical indications, in so-called sui generis systems of protection (see the section on how to obtain protection for geographical indications). Geographical indication is a more general concept that does not determine a specific mode of protection.<ref name=":0" />

==Rural development effects==

Geographical indications are generally applied to traditional products, produced by rural, marginal or indigenous communities over generations, that have gained a reputation on the local, national or international markets due to their specific unique qualities.

Producers can add value to their products through Geographical Indications by:
* communicating to consumers the product's characteristics, which derive from the climate, soil and other natural conditions in its particular geographical area;
* promoting the conservation of local traditional production processes; and
* protecting and adding value to the cultural identity of local communities.

The recognition and protection on the markets of the names of these products allows the community of producers to invest in maintaining the specific qualities of the product on which the reputation is built. Most importantly, as the reputation spreads beyond borders and demand grows, investment may be directed to the sustainability of the environment where these products originate and are produced. In the [[International Trade Centre]]'s "Guide to Geographical Indications: Linking Products and their Origins", authors Daniele Giovannucci, Professor Tim Josling, William Kerr, Bernard O'Connor and May T. Yeung clearly assert that geographical indications are by no means a panacea for the difficulties of rural development. They can however offer a comprehensive framework for rural development, since they can positively encompass issues of economic competitiveness, stakeholder equity, environmental stewardship, and socio-cultural value.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Giovannucci |first1=Daniele |last2=Josling |first2=Timothy E. |last3=Kerr |first3=William |last4=O'Connor |first4=Bernard |last5=Young |first5=May T. |title=Guide to Geographical Indications: Linking Products and their Origins |journal=International Trade Center, Geneva |url=https://fsi.stanford.edu/publications/guide_to_geographical_indications_linking_products_and_their_origins/ |publisher=International Trade Center |access-date=1 April 2020 |location=Geneva |date=2009}}</ref> The application of [[circular economy]] will ensure socio-economic returns in the long-run to avoid growth at an environmental cost. This approach for GI development may also allow for investment together with promoting the reputation of the product along the lines of sustainability when and where possible.

Rural development impacts from geographical indications, referring to environmental protection, economic development and social well-being, can be:
*the strengthening of sustainable local food production and supply (except for non-agricultural GIs such as handicrafts);
*a structuring of the supply chain around a common product reputation linked to origin;
*greater bargaining power to raw material producers for better distribution so as for them to receive a higher retail price benefit percentage;
*capacity of producers to invest economic gains into higher quality to access niche markets, improving circular economy means throughout the value chain, protection against infringements such as free-riding from illegitimate producers, etc.;
*economic resilience in terms of increased and stabilised prices for the GI product to avoid the commodity trap through de-commodisation, or to prevent/minimise external shocks affecting the premium price percentage gains (usually varying from 20 to 25%);
*added value throughout the supply chain;
*spill-over effects such as new business and even other GI registrations;
*preservation of the natural resources on which the product is based and therefore protect the environment;
*preservation of traditions and [[traditional knowledge]];
*identity based prestige;
*linkages to tourism.

None of these impacts are guaranteed and they depend on numerous factors, including the process of developing the geographical indications, the type and effects of the association of stakeholders, the rules for using the GI (or Code of Practice), the inclusiveness and quality of the collective dimension decision making of the GI producers association and quality of the marketing efforts undertaken.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

In China, the use of GIs have increased farmers' incomes and helped reduce rural poverty.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=73}}

==International issues==
[[Image:GI_Collective_Dimension.png|thumb|500px|center|GI Collective Dimension]]

Like trademarks, geographical indications are regulated locally by each country because conditions of registration such as differences in the generic use of terms vary from country to country. This is especially true of food and beverage names which frequently use geographical terms, but it may also be true of other products such as carpets (e.g. '[[Shiraz]]'), handicrafts, flowers and perfumes.

When products with GIs acquire a reputation of international magnitude, some other products may try to pass themselves off as the authentic GI products. This kind of competition is often seen as unfair, as it may discourage traditional producers as well as mislead consumers. Thus the European Union has pursued efforts to improve the protection of GI internationally.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Huysmans|first=Martijn|title=Exporting protection: EU trade agreements, geographical indications, and gastronationalism|journal=Review of International Political Economy|doi=10.1080/09692290.2020.1844272|year=2020|volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=979–1005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Inter alia, the European Union has established distinct legislation to protect geographical names in the fields of wines, spirits, agricultural products including beer. A register for protected geographical indications and denominations of origin relating to products in the field of agriculture including beer, but excluding mineral water, was established (DOOR). Another register was set up for wine region names, namely the E-Bacchus register. In November 2020, the European Union Intellectual Property Office launched the comprehensive database GI View covering food, wine, and spirit GIs.<ref name="GI View">{{cite web|url=https://www.tmdn.org/giview/gi/search|title=GI View}}</ref> A private database project (GEOPRODUCT directory) intends to provide worldwide coverage. Accusations of 'unfair' competition should although be levelled with caution since the use of GIs sometimes comes from European immigrants who brought their traditional methods and skills with them.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://agritrade.cta.int/en/content/view/full/1794 |title=Geographical Indications and the challenges for ACP countries, by O'Connor and Company |access-date=2011-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721221335/http://agritrade.cta.int/en/content/view/full/1794 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Paris convention and Lisbon agreement===

[[International trade]] made it important to try to harmonize the different approaches and standards that governments used to register GIs. The first attempts to do so were found in the [[Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property|Paris Convention]] on trademarks (1883, still in force, 176 members), followed by a much more elaborate provision in the 1958 [[Lisbon Agreement on the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their Registration]]. About 9000 geographical indications were registered by Lisbon Agreement members.

[[File:Geographical Indications in force for selected national and regional authorities in 2022.png|thumb|Estimated geographical Indications in force for selected national and regional authorities in 2022]]
According to WIPO [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]] 2023, with data received from 91 national and regional authorities, there were an estimated 58400 protected GI in existence in 2022. Of the 58,400 GIs in force in 2022, upper middle-income economies accounted for 46.3% of the world total, followed by high-income (43.1%) and lower middle-income economies (10.6%). In terms of regional distribution, Europe had the most GIs in force, amounting to 53.1%, followed by Asia (36.3%), Latin America and the Caribbean (4.3%), Oceania (3.6%), North America (2.6%) and Africa 0.1%. Figures should nevertheless be interpreted with caution as GIs can be protected through many different means, ''sui generis'' systems, trademark systems, other national legal means, regional systems and international agreements (e.g., Lisbon and Madrid systems).<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) - 2023 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/series/index.jsp?id=37 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en}}{{cc-notice|by4}}</ref>

===Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights===

The [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] [[Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights]] ("TRIPS") defines "geographical indications" as indications that identify a good as "originating in the territory of a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographic origin."<ref name="wto.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_04b_e.htm|title=WTO - intellectual property (TRIPS) - agreement text - standards|website=www.wto.org}}</ref>

In 1994, when negotiations on the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] [[Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights|TRIPS]] were concluded, governments of all WTO member countries (164 countries, as of August 2016) had agreed to set certain basic standards for the protection of GIs in all member countries. There are, in effect, two basic obligations on WTO member governments relating to GIs in the TRIPS agreement:

# '''Article 22 of the TRIPS Agreement''' says that all governments must provide legal opportunities in their own laws for the owner of a GI registered in that country to prevent the use of marks that mislead the public as to the geographical origin of the good. This includes prevention of use of a geographical name which although literally true "falsely represents" that the product comes from somewhere else.<ref name="wto.org"/>
# '''Article 23 of the TRIPS Agreement''' says that all governments must provide the owners of GI the right, under their laws, to prevent the use of a geographical indication identifying wines not originating in the place indicated by the geographical indication. This applies ''even where the public is not being misled'', where there is no unfair competition and where the true origin of the good is indicated or the geographical indication is accompanied by expressions such as "kind", "type", "style", "imitation" or the like. Similar protection must be given to geographical indications identifying spirits.<ref name="wto.org"/>

Article 22 of TRIPS also says that governments may refuse to register a trademark or may invalidate an existing trademark (if their legislation permits or at the request of another government) if it misleads the public as to the true origin of a good. Article 23 says governments may refuse to register or may invalidate a trademark that conflicts with a wine or spirits GI whether the trademark misleads or not.

'''Article 24 of TRIPS''' provides a number of exceptions to the protection of geographical indications that are particularly relevant for geographical indications for wines and spirits (Article 23). For example, Members are not obliged to bring a geographical indication under protection where it has become a generic term for describing the product in question. Measures to implement these provisions should not prejudice prior trademark rights that have been acquired in good faith; and, under certain circumstances — including long-established use — continued use of a geographical indication for wines or spirits may be allowed on a scale and nature as before.<ref name="wto.org"/>

=== Post-TRIPS Agreement ===
Creation of a geographical indicator register for wines and spirits, as well as a geographical indication extension to products other than wine and spirits, have been important issues on the WTO's agenda since the TRIPS Agreement.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=60–61}} In the Doha Development Round of WTO negotiations, launched in December 2001, WTO member governments are negotiating on the creation of a 'multilateral register' of geographical indications. Some countries, including the EU, are pushing for a register with legal effect, while other countries, including the United States, are pushing for a non-binding system under which the WTO would simply be notified of the members' respective geographical indications.

Some governments participating in the negotiations (especially the European Communities) wish to go further and negotiate the inclusion of GIs on products other than wines and spirits under Article 23 of TRIPS. These governments argue that extending Article 23 will increase the protection of these marks in international trade. This is a controversial proposal, however, that is opposed by other governments including the United States who question the need to extend the stronger protection of Article 23 to other products. They are concerned that Article 23 protection is greater than required, in most cases, to deliver the consumer benefit that is the fundamental objective of GIs laws.

===Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement===
In 2015, The Geneva Act was adopted. It entered into force early-2020 with the accession of the European Union. The Geneva Act bridges the Lisbon system of Appellations of Origin, and the TRIPS system of Geographical Indications.

== Examples ==

* [[Scotch whisky]]: Whisky distilled and matured in Scotland under strict regulations.
* [[Champagne]]: Sparkling wine produced exclusively in the Champagne region of France.
* [[Tequila]]: Spirit from blue agave grown in designated regions of Mexico.
* [[Parmigiano Reggiano]]: Hard cheese produced in the provinces of Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Bologna, and Mantua in Italy.
* [[Darjeeling tea]]: Tea grown in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India.
* [[Kobe beef]]: Beef from Tajima strain Wagyu cattle raised in Japan's Hyōgo Prefecture.
* [[Roquefort]]: Blue cheese made from sheep's milk and aged in the natural caves of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon, France.

==Differences in philosophy==
One reason for the conflicts that occur between European and United States governments is a difference in philosophy as to what constitutes a "genuine" product. In Europe, the prevailing theory is that of ''[[terroir]]'': that there is a specific property of a geographical area, and that dictates a strict usage of geographical designations. The [[European Union]] has been successful internally in promoting geographical indications as intellectual property.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=39}} Producers from a designated place can exclude those who produce elsewhere from using the geographical name for similar products.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=39}} Thus, anyone with sheep of the right breeds can make [[Roquefort]] cheese if they are located in the part of France where that cheese is made, but nobody outside that part of France can make a [[blue cheese|blue]] sheep's milk cheese and call it Roquefort, even if they completely duplicate the process described in the definition of Roquefort.

Historically, European immigrants to countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand brought production of place-name related items to their new homes.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=39}} In these countries, the place named products became generic product names that were not restricted in their use.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=39}} This difference causes most of the conflict between the United States and Europe in their attitudes toward geographical names.<ref name="Zappalaglio-2015">{{cite journal |last1=Zappalaglio |first1=Andrea |title=The Protection of Geographical Indications: Ambitions and Concrete Limitations |journal=University of Edinburgh Student Law Review |date=2015 |volume=2 |page=88 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277867915 |access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> The US generally opposes EU-style geographical indication regulation because place names have either already been registered as trademarks or lost their distinctiveness through generic use.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=40}} Disagreements on geographical indications is one of the few areas in global intellectual property governance where the EU and the US oppose each other.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=40}}

However, there is some overlap, particularly with American products adopting a European way of viewing the matter.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.017 |last1=Le Goffic |last2=Zappalaglio |first1=Caroline |first2=Andrea |title=The Role Played by the US Government in Protecting Geographical Indications |journal=World Development |year=2017 |volume=98 |issue=C |pages=35–44 }}</ref> The most notable of these are crops: [[Vidalia onion]]s, [[Florida]] [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s, and [[Idaho]] [[potato]]es. In each of these cases, the state governments of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], Florida, and Idaho registered trademarks, and then allowed their growers—or in the case of the Vidalia onion, only those in a certain, well-defined geographical area within the state—to use the term, while denying its use to others. The European conception is increasingly gaining acceptance in American viticulture; also, vintners in the various [[American Viticultural Area]]s are attempting to form well-developed and unique identities as [[New World wine]] gains acceptance in the wine community. Finally, the United States has a long tradition of placing relatively strict limitations on its [[American whiskey|native forms]] of [[whisky|whiskey]]; particularly notable are the requirements for labeling a product "[[straight whiskey]]" (which requires the whiskey to be produced in the United States in accordance with certain standards) and the requirement, enforced by federal law and several international agreements, ([[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]], among them) that a product labeled [[Tennessee whiskey]] be a straight [[Bourbon whiskey]] produced in the state of [[Tennessee]].

Conversely, some European products have adopted a more American system: a prime example is [[Newcastle Brown Ale]], which received an EU protected geographical status in 2000. When the brewery moved from Tyneside to Tadcaster in [[North Yorkshire]] (about 150 km away) in 2007 for economic reasons, the status had to be revoked.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025|reason=Source needed, preferably a news article from 2007}}

China has adopted geographical indication from European law, but did not keep the terroir approach, instead drawing on EU law's analysis of the relevant public to apply trademark law principles. Under China Supreme Court rules, disputes over disputed geographical indication marks must be resolved based on whether the public may be misled into thinking products originate from a particular region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=最高人民法院关于审理商标授权确权行政案件若干问题的规定 |url=http://gongbao.court.gov.cn/Details/24b8d167656cee1b3329634dcefaa6.html |language=zh |date=2020-12-29|orig-date=Issued 2020-12-29 |website=最高人民法院 }} Translated in {{Cite web |title=Trademark Administrative Appeals Rules |url=https://cbltranslations.com/en-us/china-law/trademarks/trademark-administrative-appeals-translated/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=CBL Translations |language=en-US }}</ref> Academic commentators argue that China's approach of using two types of law for the same matter creates conflicts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhu |first=Lanye |year=2006 |title=An Analysis of China's System of Protecting Geographical Indications |journal=Asian Journal of Comparative Law |volume=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1017/S2194607800000806 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/asian-journal-of-comparative-law/article/an-analysis-of-chinas-system-of-protecting-geographical-indications/1D3ACBCD6A481CDF1DA3DDA07AB260BB}}</ref>

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Appellation]] (wine)
* [[Country of origin]]
* [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)]]
* [[Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999]]
* [[Protected Geographical Status]] (European Union)
* [[Terroir]]
{{colend}}

==Notes==
:1.{{note|a}}See also the [[Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property|Paris Convention]], the [[Madrid system|Madrid Agreement]], the [[Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration|Lisbon Agreement]], the [[Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration#2015 Act|Geneva Act]].

== Sources ==
{{Free-content attribution
| title = Geographical indications An introduction, 2nd edition
| author = WIPO
| publisher = WIPO
| documentURL = https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4562
| license statement URL = https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4562
| license = CC BY 3.0 IGO
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* Baeumer, Ludwig, "Protection of Geographical Indications under WIPO Treaties and Questions Concerning the Relationship Between Those Treaties and the TRIPS Agreement", in Symposium on the Protection of Geographical Indications in the Worldwide Context (held in Eger, Hungary, October 24/25, 1997), WIPO publication No. 760(E), Geneva, 1999.
* Bramley, Cerkia, Estelle Biénabe, and Johann Kirsten, "The Economics of Geographical Indications: Towards a Conceptual Framework for Geographical Indication Research in Developing Countries", in The Economics of Intellectual Property, WIPO, 2009.
* Giovannucci, Daniele et al., Guide to Geographical Indications, Linking Products and their Origins, International Trade Centre (ITC), Geneva, 2009.
* Rangnekar, Dwijen, The Socio-Economics of Geographical Indications: A Review of Empirical Evidence from Europe, UNCTAD-ICTSD Project on IPTs and Sustainable Development Series, Issue Paper 8, 2004.
* Vandecandelaere, Emilie et al., Linking People, Places and Products, jointly published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and SINER-GI, FAO, 2009.
* United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Adding Value to Traditional Products of Regional Origin: A Guide to Creating a Quality Consortium, Vienna, 2010.
* World Trade Organization (WTO), "Review under Article 24.2 of the Application of the Provisions of the Section of the TRIPS Agreement on Geographical Indications", WTO document IP/C/W/253/Rev.1, 2003.
* WIPO: SCT/3/6: Geographical Indications.
* WIPO: SCT/5/3: Conflicts between Trademarks and GIs, Conflicts between Homonymous
* WIPO: GIs.SCT/8/4: Geographical Indications, Historic Background, Nature of the Right, Existing Systems of Protection, Obtaining Protection in Other Countries.
* WIPO: SCT/9/4: The Definition of Geographical Indications.

==External links==
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1760e/i1760e00.htm FAO guide: ''Linking people, places and products'' (2009)]
* [http://www.origin-gi.com/ Organization for an International Geographical Indications Network]
* [https://www.wipo.int/geo_indications/en/ World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): Geographical Indications]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070702062940/http://www.caslon.com.au/appellationsnote1.htm Caslon Analytics Appellations]

{{Geographical indications}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:European Union food law]]
[[Category:Geographical indications]]

Vishnugopa I

2026-03-25T06:38:09Z

Mokx71: started new info

{{Short description|4th-century Pallava emperor of Kanchipuram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vishnugopa I
| title = [[Pallava dynasty|King of Kanchi]]
| image =
| caption =
| succession = [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava king]]
| reign = c. 340–345 AD
| predecessor = Buddhavarman
| successor = Kumaravishnu I
| dynasty = [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]
| father = Buddhavarman
| religion =
}}

'''Vishnugopa I''' ([[IAST]]: ''Viṣṇugopa'') was a ruler of the [[Pallava dynasty]] based in [[Kanchipuram]] during the 4th century. He was the son and successor of Buddhavarman.<ref name="Reddy1996">{{cite journal |last1=Reddy|first1=N. Krishna |title=Alavakonda Prakrit Charter of Pallava Visnugopavarman, Year 1 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1996 |volume=57 |pages=949–958 |jstor=44133433 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

== Conflict with Samudragupta ==
Vishnugopa I is historically significant for his encounter with the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] Emperor [[Samudragupta]] during the latter's southern expedition (''Dakshinapatha'').<ref name="Agrawal1989">{{cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Ashvini |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |page=110 |isbn=9788120805927}}</ref>

According to the [[Allahabad pillar#Samudragupta inscription|Allahabad stone pillar inscription]], Vishnugopa was one of the twelve southern kings defeated by Samudragupta but was subsequently released and reinstated as a tributary ruler, a policy known as ''grahana-moksha-anugraha'' (capturing, releasing, and favoring).<ref name="majumdar">{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |last2=Altekar |first2=Anant Sadashiv |title=Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1967 |page=145 |isbn=9788120800267}}</ref>

The inscription (lines 19–20) mentions:
{{quote|Whose magnanimity blended with valour was caused by (his) first capturing, and thereafter showing the favour of releasing, all the kings of [[Dakshinapatha|Dakshiṇāpatha]] such as Mahēndra of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kōsala]]... '''Vishṇugōpa of Kāñchī''', Nīlarāja of Avamukta, [[Salankayana|Hastivarman of Vēṅgī]]...}}

== Succession ==
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Pallava dynasty]]}}
{{S-bef|before=Buddhavarman}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava King]]|years=c. 340–345 AD}}
{{S-aft|after=Kumaravishnu I}}
{{S-end}}

== See also ==
* [[Pallava dynasty]]
* [[Samudragupta]]
* [[Dakshinapatha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1955}}

[[Category:Pallava kings]]
[[Category:4th-century Indian monarchs]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Takht Sri Patna Sahib

2026-03-24T04:28:53Z

Mokx71: corrected section for consistency and added references

{{short description|Sikh takht in Patna, Bihar, India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Takht Sri Patna Sahib
| image = TheJoyof350thAnniversary@IncredibleIndia.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = The facade of Takht Sri Patna Sahib
| map_caption = Location in Bihar, India.
| coordinates = {{coord|25.59598255803165|85.2300015222042|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| alternate_names = Takhat Sri Harimandir Ji, Patna Sahib
| status = One of five [[Panj Takht|takhats]] of the [[Sikh]]s
| architectural_style = [[Sikh architecture]]
| address = Takhat Sri Harimandir ji, Patna Sahib, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]] 800008, [[India]]
| completion_date = [[Sikh Empire|18th century]]
| renovation_date = 1839 19 November 1954
| ren_cost = [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]20,00,000
| operator = Takhat Sri Harimandir Ji, Patna Sahib Prabandhak Committee
| website = {{URL|takhatpatnasahib.com}}
}}{{Sikhism sidebar}}'''Takht Sri Patna Sahib''' also known as '''Takhat Sri Harimandir Ji, Patna Sahib''', is one of the five [[Panj Takht|takhts]] of the [[Sikhs]], located in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].

== History ==
[[Guru Gobind Singh]], the tenth Sikh Guru, was born in Patna, [[Mughal Empire]] on 22 December 1666.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Mona |date=19 January 2012 |title=The tenth Guru was born here |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-tenth-guru-was-born-here/articleshow/11336445.cms |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Banjot Kaur |date=4 January 2014 |title=Takhat Saheb set for prakashotsav |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Takhat-Saheb-set-for-prakashotsav/articleshow/28354831.cms |access-date=2 January 2020}}</ref> He spent his early years here before moving to [[Anandpur Sahib]]. Besides being the birthplace of Gobind Singh, Patna was also honored by the visits of [[Guru Nanak]] and [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]].

The construction of the takht was commissioned by [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] in the 19th century<ref>{{cite web|title=Destinations :: Patna|url=http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Patna.htm|website=bstdc.bih.nic.in|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=18 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918091228/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/patna.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> to mark the birthplace of [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Five-jathedars-visit-Patna-kick-off-17-preparations/articleshow/48137108.cms|title=Five jathedars visit Patna, kick off '17 preparations|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 January 2020|date=19 July 2015}}</ref> Due to the damage caused by an earthquake in 1934, the building was rebuilt between 1948 and 1957 for [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]2,000,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-kumar-launches-125-hi-tech-luxury-buses-for-sikh-pilgrims-visiting-patna/articleshow/56159016.cms|title=Nitish Kumar: Nitish Kumar launches 125 hi-tech luxury buses for Sikh pilgrims visiting Patna|last=Kumar|first=Madan|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 January 2020|date=24 December 2016}}</ref>

The current acting jathedar of Takht Patna Sahib is Baldev Singh, who was appointed by Harpreet Singh, the acting [[jathedar of the Akal Takht]] on 2 December 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=IP |title=Now, 'edict' From Takht Patna Sahib 'rejects' Decisions Of Akal Takht {{!}} Chandigarh News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/now-edict-from-takht-patna-sahib-rejects-decisions-of-akal-takht/articleshow/96124133.cms |access-date=11 December 2022 |agency=The Times of India |date=10 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Jathedars of Takht Patna Sahib ==
{{Incomplete list|date=December 2022}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Name
!Portrait
!Term start:
!End:
!Reference(s)
|-
! colspan="5" |Head granthis
|-
|Sukha Singh
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|?
|?
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fazal |first=Tanweer |title=Nation-state and Minority Rights in India: Comparative Perspectives on Muslim and Sikh Identities |date=1 August 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317751793 |pages=111}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" |Mahants
|-
|[[Sumer Singh|Sumer Singh Bhalla]]
|[[File:Baba Sumer Singh Painting.jpg|237x237px]]
|1882
|1903
|<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sri Dasam Granth: Facts Beyond Doubt |publisher=Sri Guru Granth Sahib Academy |year=2021 |isbn=9781527282773 |edition=1st |location=Malaysia |pages=359 |quote=... Baba Sumer Singh Patna Sahib, the descendant of Guru Amar Das Ji. He served as the Head Priest of Patna Sahib from 1882-1903 CE.}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" |Jathedars{{Efn|After the dissolution of the ''[[Mahant]]'' title after the [[Akali movement|Gurdwara Reform movement]], ''[[Jathedar|Jathedars]]'' replaced their function.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=137}}</ref>
The list now continues with jathedars of Takhat Sri Harmandir Ji, Patna Sahib.|group=note}}
|-
|Bhai Maan Singh
|
|
|12 August 2000
|
|-
|Giani Iqbal Singh
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|13 August 2000
|4 March 2019
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Court reinstates Takht Patna Sahib former Jathedar Giani Iqbal Singh |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/court-reinstates-takht-patna-sahib-former-jathedar-312680 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Giani Rajinder Singh
|
|5 March 2019
|10 September 2019
|
|-
|Giani Ranjit Singh Gauhar
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|10 September 2019
|28 August 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranjit Singh is Takht Patna Sahib jathedar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/ranjit-singh-is-takht-patna-sahib-jathedar-830166 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-19 |title=Amid opposition, Giani Ranjit Singh reinstated as Takht Patna Sahib jathedar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/amid-opposition-giani-ranjit-singh-reinstated-as-takht-patna-sahib-jathedar-101668879464679.html |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Giani Baldev Singh
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|16 September 2022
|Incumbent
|
|}

== Presidents ==
This is a list of presidents of the Takhat Sri Harimandir Ji, Patna Sahib Prabandhak Committee:<ref>{{Cite web |title=list-of-president |url=https://www.takhatpatnasahib.com/list-of-president |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=www.takhatpatnasahib.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Presidents of Takht Patna Sahib
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Term
|-
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Name
!Start
!End
|-
!1
|Lakhbir Sing
|1956
|1959
|-
!2
|[[Surjit Singh Majithia]]
|1959
|1962
|-
!3
|Bakhshish Singh Dhillon
|1962
|1964
|-
!4
|Gian Singh Purewal
|1964
|1967
|-
!5
|Jagjit Singh Grewal
|1967
|1970
|-
!6
|Sohan Singh Raees
|1970
|1973
|-
!(4)
|Gian Singh Purewal
|1973
|1976
|-
!7
|Jaswant Singh Khochhar
|1976
|1980
|-
!(2)
|[[Surjit Singh Majithia]]
|1980
|1982
|-
!8
|Nirlep Kaur
|1982
|1984
|-
!9
|Joginder Singh Jogi
|1984
|1993
|-
!10
|[[S. S. Ahluwalia|Surendrajeet Singh Ahluwalia]]
|1994
|2000
|-
!11
|Mahender Singh Romana
|2001
|2012
|-
!12
|R.S. Gandhi
|2012
|2015
|-
!13
|Avtar Singh Makkar
|February 2015
|October 2018
|-
!14
|Avtar Singh Hit
|October 2018
|6 September 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jathedar Avtar Singh Hit re-elected President of Takht Patna Sahib Committee |url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=126969&headline=Jathedar-Avtar-Singh-Hit-re-elected-President-of-Takht-Patna-Sahib-Committee |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=www.babushahi.com}}</ref>
|-
!15
|Jagjot Singh Sohi {{small|(Acting)}}
|2022
|Incumbent<ref>{{cite news |title=Takht Patna Sahib mgmt board invalidates 'edict' of 'Panj Piaras' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/takht-patna-sahib-mgmt-board-invalidates-edict-of-panj-piaras-459721 |access-date=11 December 2022 |agency=The Tribune |date=10 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Guru Tegh Bahadar receives news of the birth of Gobind Rai.jpg|[[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] (in [[Dhaka]]) being told about the birth of [[Guru Gobind Singh|Gobind Rai]] (in [[Patna]]), 19th century painting
File:Painting of Guru Gobind Singh in their Bal Saroop (child form). Painting at Gurdwara Bal Leela Sahib, Sri Patna Sahib.jpg|Painting of Guru Gobind Singh in his ''Bal Saroop'' (child form, approximately aged 5–6). Painting at Gurdwara Bal Leela Sahib, Sri Patna Sahib
File:Historical photograph of Takht Sri Patna Sahib.jpg|Historical photograph of original Takht Sri Patna Sahib
File:Historic photograph of original gurdwara at Takht Patna Sahib.jpg|Historic photograph of original gurdwara at Takht Patna Sahib
File:GuruGobindBirthPlace.jpg|[[Guru Granth Sahib]] inside Takhat Sri Harmandir Ji, Patna Sahib.
File:Harmandir Patna.jpg|Main shrine
File:Takht Sri Harmandir sahib.jpg|Panorama view of the complex
File:Takht Sri Patna Sahib 01.jpg|Interior view
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Gurdwara Handi Sahib]]
*[[350th Prakash Parv]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://takhatpatnasahib.com/ Official website of Takhat Sri Patna Sahib]

{{Sikhism}}
{{Patna Division topics}}

[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Patna]]
[[Category:Gurdwaras in Bihar]]
[[Category:Religious tourism in India]]
[[Category:18th-century gurdwaras]]
[[Category:Sikh takhts]]

R. R. Keshavamurthy

2026-03-23T17:06:32Z

Mokx71: refined article for accuracy and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. R. Keshavamurthy
| image = R.R.KeshavamurthyPic.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = R. R. Keshavamurthy
| birth_date = 1913
| birth_place =
| death_date = 2006
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''RR Keshavamurthy''' (1913–2006) was an Indian [[violin]]ist. RRK, as he was popularly known specialised in the seven-stringed violin. RRK was a student of [[Bidaram Krishnappa]], the guru of the violinist [[Mysore T. Chowdiah]]. He was a said to be a legend of seven stringed violin. He influenced senior musicians like [[T. Rukmini]], Bhuvaneshawaraih, M. S. Krishnaveni and Anoor Ramakrishna.<ref>{{cite news|title=R.R. Keshava Murthy passes away|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/25/stories/2006102502970400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124090440/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/25/stories/2006102502970400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2006|accessdate=4 December 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 October 2006}}</ref>

RRK trained a number of young musicians and is the author of a dozen books on music. He was known for his rigorous practice and discipline. Today's other performing students trained by RRK include Dr. Meenakshi Ravi, Dr. Jyotsna Srikanth, Yogendra R, Vidwan. Mysore Sanjeev kumar - Violist and Violinist<ref>{{cite web|last=herald|first=deccan|title=Jyotsna Srikanth|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/153581/a-blend-beats.html|publisher=Deccanherald|accessdate=11 July 2011}}</ref> Nalina Mohan, Jyotsna Manjunath and Nikhil Joshi. RRK presented many papers on the subject of violin playing and violin [[Fingering (music)|fingering]] techniques.

R. R. Keshavamurthy was addressed with the title Sangeeta Vidya Sagara more frequently than others. He received many other titles such as Sangeetha Kala Rathna and Nada Bheeshma Vidwan. He was not celebrated much during his lifetime for his unique temperament and was not known to be very sociable. He was known for his terse and tough expressions.

He authored many music books.<ref>{{cite web|last=Swarasindhu|title=RR Keshavamurthy|url=http://www.swarasindhu.in/swarasindhu/showDetails.do?table=Artist&id=117|work=Web Research and Articles|publisher=Swarasindhu|accessdate=11 July 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321052911/http://www.swarasindhu.in/swarasindhu/showDetails.do?table=Artist&id=117|archivedate=21 March 2012}}</ref>

==Awards==
*Veena Seshanna Memorial Award
*Kanaka Purandara Prashasthi in 1993<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanaka Purandara Award Winners p521|url=http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20XIII%20CULTURE.pdf|work=Karnataka Handbook 2010|publisher=Government of Karnataka|accessdate=4 December 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008075154/http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20XIII%20CULTURE.pdf|archivedate=8 October 2011}}</ref>
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Awards)|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm#CarnaticVeena|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|accessdate=4 December 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm#CarnaticVeena|archivedate=17 February 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keshavamurthy, R. R.}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

2015 FIFA Club World Cup

2026-03-17T10:54:39Z

Mokx71: added first entry from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox international football competition
| tourney_name = FIFA Club World Cup
| year = 2015
| other_titles = FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2015 presented by Alibaba E-Auto Alibaba E-Auto プレゼンツ FIFAクラブワールドカップジャパン2015
| image = 2015 FIFA Club World Cup.svg
| size = {{Logo size|FIFA trophy}}
| country = Japan
| dates = 10–20 December
| num_teams = 7
| confederations = 6
| venues = 2
| cities = 2
| champion_other = {{fbaicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
| count = 3
| second_other = {{fbaicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]
| third_other = {{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]
| fourth_other = {{nowrap|{{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]]}}
| matches = 8
| goals = 21
| attendance = {{#expr: + 19421 + 18772 + 23609 + 11686 + 20133 + 63870 + 47968 + 66853}}
| top_scorer = [[Luis Suárez]] (Barcelona) 5 goals
| player = [[Luis Suárez]] (Barcelona)
| fair_play = {{fbaicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
| prevseason = [[2014 FIFA Club World Cup|2014]]
| nextseason = [[2016 FIFA Club World Cup|2016]]
}}
The '''2015 FIFA Club World Cup''' (officially known as the '''FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2015 presented by Alibaba E-Auto''' for sponsorship reasons)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=12/news=alibaba-e-auto-signs-as-presenting-partner-of-the-fifa-club-world-cup-2743056.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211021029/http://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=12/news=alibaba-e-auto-signs-as-presenting-partner-of-the-fifa-club-world-cup-2743056.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 December 2015 |title=Alibaba E-Auto signs as Presenting Partner of the FIFA Club World Cup |website=FIFA.com |date=9 December 2015}}</ref> was the 12th edition of the [[FIFA Club World Cup]], a [[FIFA]]-organised international club [[association football|football]] tournament between the winners of the six continental confederations, as well as the host nation's league champions.<ref name="regulations">{{cite web |url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/70/28/09/fcwcreg2015en_neutral.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126173136/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/70/28/09/fcwcreg2015en_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 November 2015 |title=Regulations – FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2015 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> The tournament was hosted by Japan between 10 and 20 December 2015.<ref name="hosts">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2015/m=4/news=japan-set-to-host-continental-champions-in-2015-and-2016-2593526.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425065733/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2015/m=4/news=japan-set-to-host-continental-champions-in-2015-and-2016-2593526.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2015 |title=Japan set to host continental champions in 2015 and 2016 |website=FIFA.com |date=23 April 2015}}</ref>

Defending champions [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] did not qualify as they were eliminated in the semi-finals of the [[2014–15 UEFA Champions League]]. The eventual winners of that competition, [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]], went on to win a record third Club World Cup title, beating [[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]] 3–0 in the semi-finals before beating [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] by the same margin in the [[2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final|final]].

==Host bids==
The application process for the 2015–2016 as well as the 2017–2018 editions, i.e. two hosts, each hosting two years, began in February 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/newsid=2248101/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219233246/http://www.fifa.com//clubworldcup/news/newsid=2248101/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2013 |title=Blatter: A legacy for the future |website=FIFA.com |date=19 December 2013}}</ref> Member associations interested in hosting had to submit a declaration of interest by 30 March 2014, and provide the complete set of bidding documents by 25 August 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/news/newsid=2293621/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306142058/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/news/newsid=2293621/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2014 |title=Bidding process opened for eight FIFA competitions |website=FIFA.com |date=19 December 2013}}</ref> The [[FIFA Executive Committee]] was to select the hosts at their meeting in [[Morocco]] in December 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/india-may-get-to-host-fifa-club-world-cup_1485299.html |title=India may get to host FIFA Club World Cup |website=India.com |date=15 October 2014}}</ref> However, no such decision regarding the 2015–2016 host was made until 2015.

The following countries expressed an interest in bidding to host the tournament:<ref>{{cite web |title=High interest in hosting FIFA competitions |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/news/newsid=2336227/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510175305/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/news/newsid=2336227/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 May 2014 |website=FIFA.com |date=9 May 2014}}</ref>
*{{fba|India}} (withdrew interest in November 2014)<ref>{{cite web |title=India not bidding for 2015 and 2016 Fifa Club World Cups |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/India-not-bidding-for-2015-and-2016-Fifa-Club-World-Cups/articleshow/45136849.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 November 2014 |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref>
*{{fba|Japan}}

Japan was officially confirmed as the host of the 2015 and [[2016 FIFA Club World Cup|2016]] tournaments on 23 April 2015.<ref name="hosts"/>

==Proposed change to format==
Under a proposed change to the competition, led by the [[Oceania Football Confederation]], the new format would mean a removal of the knockout rounds for the quarter-finals and play-off round, replacing it with two [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] groups of three teams, consisting of two teams from the host nation and the champions of AFC, CAF, CONCACAF, and OFC, with the group winners advancing to the semi-finals to play the champions of CONMEBOL and UEFA. This would allow for all teams to play at least two matches, avoiding the current situation where the loser of the play-off round would play only one match.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=11366502 |title=Football: More matches likely in Club Cup |work=[[New Zealand Herald]] |date=30 November 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref> However, this proposal was not implemented.<ref name="hosts"/>

==Qualified teams==
{{Location map+|World|width=600|float=right|caption=Location of teams of the '''2015 FIFA Club World Cup'''.|places=

{{Location map~|World|lat=-34.678|long=-58.340|label_size=80|label=[[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]|position=right}}

{{Location map~|World|lat=41.38087|long=2.122802|label_size=80|label=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|position=left}}

{{Location map~|World|lat=23.33333|long=113.266667|label_size=80|label={{nowrap|[[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]]}}|position=bottom}}

{{Location map~|World|lat=-11.67837|long=27.48924|label_size=80|label={{nowrap|[[TP Mazembe]]}}|position=right}}

{{Location map~|World|lat=19.302911|long=-99.150442|label_size=80|label=[[Club América|América]]|position=left}}

{{Location map~|World|lat=-36.898155|long=174.736487|label_size=80|label={{nowrap|[[Auckland City FC|Auckland City]]}}|position=left}}

{{Location map~|World|lat=34.451944|long=132.471944|label_size=80|label={{nowrap|[[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]}}|position=left}}
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Team
!Confederation
!Qualification
!Qualified date
!Participation (bold indicates winners)
|-
!colspan=5|Entering in the [[#Semi-finals|semi-finals]]
|-
|{{fbaicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]
|[[CONMEBOL]]
|Winners of the [[2015 Copa Libertadores]]
|22 July 2015{{refn|group=note|River Plate qualified as the CONMEBOL representatives on 22 July 2015 when [[Tigres UANL|UANL]], who are from Mexico and not eligible to represent CONMEBOL in the FIFA Club World Cup, were confirmed as their opponents in the final.}}
|Debut
|-
|{{fbaicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
|[[UEFA]]
|Winners of the [[2014–15 UEFA Champions League]]
|6 June 2015
|4th {{small|(Previous: [[2006 FIFA Club World Cup|2006]], '''[[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|2009]]''', '''[[2011 FIFA Club World Cup|2011]]''')}}
|-
!colspan=5|Entering in the [[#Quarter-finals|quarter-finals]]
|-
|{{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]]
|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|Winners of the [[2015 AFC Champions League]]
|21 November 2015
|2nd {{small|(Previous: [[2013 FIFA Club World Cup|2013]])}}
|-
|{{fbaicon|COD}} [[TP Mazembe]]
|[[Confederation of African Football|CAF]]
|Winners of the [[2015 CAF Champions League]]
|8 November 2015
|3rd {{small|(Previous: [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|2009]], [[2010 FIFA Club World Cup|2010]])}}
|-
|{{fbaicon|MEX}} [[Club América|América]]
|[[CONCACAF]]
|Winners of the [[2014–15 CONCACAF Champions League]]
|29 April 2015
|2nd {{small|(Previous: [[2006 FIFA Club World Cup|2006]])}}
|-
!colspan=5|Entering in the [[#Play-off for quarter-finals|play-off for quarter-finals]]
|-
|{{fbaicon|NZL}} [[Auckland City FC|Auckland City]]
|[[Oceania Football Confederation|OFC]]
|Winners of the [[2014–15 OFC Champions League]]
|26 April 2015
|7th {{small|(Previous: [[2006 FIFA Club World Cup|2006]], [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|2009]], [[2011 FIFA Club World Cup|2011]], [[2012 FIFA Club World Cup|2012]], [[2013 FIFA Club World Cup|2013]], [[2014 FIFA Club World Cup|2014]])}}
|-
|{{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]
|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] ([[Japan Football Association|host]])
|Winners of the [[2015 J1 League]]
|5 December 2015
|2nd {{small|(Previous: [[2012 FIFA Club World Cup|2012]])}}
|}
'''Notes'''
{{reflist|group=note}}

==Venues==
On 22 May 2015, [[Nagai Stadium]] in [[Osaka]] and [[International Stadium Yokohama]] in [[Yokohama]] were named as the two venues that would be used in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2015/m=5/news=osaka-to-debut-as-a-fifa-club-world-cup-venue-2607393.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522135202/http://www.fifa.com/news/y=2015/m=5/news=osaka-to-debut-as-a-fifa-club-world-cup-venue-2607393.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2015 |title=Osaka to debut as a FIFA Club World Cup venue |website=FIFA.com |date=22 May 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Osaka]]
!rowspan=5|{{location map+ |Japan |float=center |width=250 |caption= |places=
{{location map~ |Japan |lat=34.614119 |long=135.51845 |label=[[Osaka]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |Japan |lat=35.510044 |long=139.606247 |label=[[Yokohama]] |position=top}}}}
! [[Yokohama]]
|-
| [[Nagai Stadium]]
| [[International Stadium Yokohama]]
|-
| {{Coord|34|36|50.83|N|135|31|6.42|E|type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline|name=Nagai Stadium}}
| {{Coord|35|30|35|N|139|36|20|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=International Stadium Yokohama}}
|-
| Capacity: '''47,000'''
| Capacity: '''72,327'''
|-
| [[File:Nagai stadium20040717.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:NISSANSTADIUM20080608.JPG|200px]]
|}

==Match officials==
The appointed match officials were:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=11/news=referees-and-assistant-referees-selected-2731609.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112184549/http://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=11/news=referees-and-assistant-referees-selected-2731609.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 2015 |title=Referees and assistant referees selected |date=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/73/16/14/refereesfcwc2015_neutral.pdf |title=Referees & Assistant referees for FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2015 |website=FIFA.com|access-date=10 November 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220618/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/73/16/14/refereesfcwc2015_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Confederation
!Referee
!Assistant referees
|-
|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|[[Alireza Faghani]] ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]])
|Reza Sokhandan ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]]) Mohammadreza Mansouri ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]])
|-
|[[Confederation of African Football|CAF]]
|[[Sidi Alioum]] ([[Cameroonian Football Federation|Cameroon]])
|Evarist Menkouande ([[Cameroonian Football Federation|Cameroon]]) Elvis Guy Noupue Nguegoue ([[Cameroonian Football Federation|Cameroon]])
|-
|[[CONCACAF]]
|[[Joel Aguilar]] ([[Salvadoran Football Federation|El Salvador]])
|Juan Francisco Zumba ([[Salvadoran Football Federation|El Salvador]]) Marvin César Torrentera ([[Mexican Football Federation|Mexico]])
|-
|[[CONMEBOL]]
|[[Wilmar Roldán]] ([[Colombian Football Federation|Colombia]])
|Alexander Guzmán ([[Colombian Football Federation|Colombia]]) Cristian Jairo de la Cruz ([[Colombian Football Federation|Colombia]])
|-
|[[Oceania Football Confederation|OFC]]
|[[Matthew Conger]] ([[New Zealand Football|New Zealand]])
|Simon Lount ([[New Zealand Football|New Zealand]]) Tevita Makasini ([[Tonga Football Association|Tonga]])
|-
|[[UEFA]]
|[[Jonas Eriksson (referee)|Jonas Eriksson]] ([[Swedish Football Association|Sweden]])
|Mathias Klasenius ([[Swedish Football Association|Sweden]]) Daniel Wärnmark ([[Swedish Football Association|Sweden]])
|-
|[[Japan Football Association|Host]] (support)
|[[Ryuji Sato]] ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]])
|Akane Yagi ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]])
|}

==Squads==
{{main|2015 FIFA Club World Cup squads}}

Each team had to name a 23-man squad (three of whom had to be goalkeepers) by the FIFA deadline of 30 November 2015. The squads of six of the seven teams were released by FIFA on 3 December 2015 (except Sanfrecce Hiroshima, who only confirmed their place in the tournament on 5 December 2015).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=12/news=squad-lists-released-for-club-world-cup-2741686.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203223136/http://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=12/news=squad-lists-released-for-club-world-cup-2741686.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2015 |title=Squad lists released for Club World Cup |website=FIFA.com |date=3 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FCWC/2015/pdf/FCWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |title=FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2015 – Squad Lists |website=FIFA.com|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211024602/http://fifadata.com/document/FCWC/2015/pdf/FCWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf|archive-date=11 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Injury replacements were allowed until 24 hours before the team's first match.<ref name="regulations"/>

==Matches==
The schedule of the tournament, together with the emblem, was unveiled on 24 August 2015.<ref name="ticketing">{{cite web |url=http://l-tike.com/fcwc2015-en/index.html |title=Tickets for the FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2015|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923163750/http://l-tike.com/fcwc2015-en/index.html|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=8/news=japan-reveals-official-emblem-for-fifa-club-world-cup-2672132.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825164725/http://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=8/news=japan-reveals-official-emblem-for-fifa-club-world-cup-2672132.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2015 |title=Japan Reveals Official Emblem for FIFA Club World Cup |website=FIFA.com |date=24 August 2015}}</ref>

A draw was held on 23 September 2015, 14:00 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+02:00|UTC+2]]), at the FIFA headquarters in [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]], to determine the positions in the bracket for the three teams which enter the quarter-finals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=9/news=the-draw-live-on-fifa-com-2692134.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925023832/http://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=9/news=the-draw-live-on-fifa-com-2692134.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2015 |title=The draw LIVE on FIFA.com |date=22 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=9/news=draw-for-japan-2015-conducted-in-zurich-2695963.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925114918/http://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=9/news=draw-for-japan-2015-conducted-in-zurich-2695963.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2015 |title=Draw for Japan 2015 conducted in Zurich |website=FIFA.com |date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

If a match was tied after normal playing time:<ref name="regulations"/>
*For elimination matches, [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] was played. If still tied after extra time, a [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]] was held to determine the winner.
*For the matches for fifth place and third place, no extra time was played, and a penalty shoot-out was held to determine the winner.

{{7TeamBracket-StepladderToSF
| style = 5
| seeds = n
| team-width = 180
| score-width = 40
| nowrap = y
| boldwinner = y
| RD1 = [[#Play-off for quarter-finals|Play-off for quarter-finals]]
| RD2 = [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]
| RD3 = [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
| RD4 = [[#Final|Final]]
| RD3b = [[#Match for fifth place|Match for fifth place]]
| RD4b = [[#Match for third place|Match for third place]]


| RD1-text1 = 10 December – [[Nissan Stadium (Yokohama)|Yokohama]]
| RD1-team1 = {{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]
| RD1-score1 = 2
| RD1-team2 = {{fbaicon|NZL}} [[Auckland City FC|Auckland City]]
| RD1-score2 = 0


| RD2-text1 = 13 December – [[Nagai Stadium|Osaka]]
| RD2-team1 = {{fbaicon|COD}} [[TP Mazembe]]
| RD2-score1 = 0
| RD2-team2 = {{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]
| RD2-score2 = 3

| RD2-text2 = 13 December – [[Nagai Stadium|Osaka]]
| RD2-team3 = {{fbaicon|MEX}} [[Club América|América]]
| RD2-score3 = 1
| RD2-team4 = {{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]]
| RD2-score4 = 2


| RD3-text1 = 16 December – [[Nagai Stadium|Osaka]]
| RD3-team1 = {{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]
| RD3-score1 = 0
| RD3-team2 = {{fbaicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]
| RD3-score2 = 1

| RD3-text2 = 17 December – [[Nissan Stadium (Yokohama)|Yokohama]]
| RD3-team3 = {{fbaicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
| RD3-score3 = 3
| RD3-team4 = {{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]]
| RD3-score4 = 0


| RD4-text1 = 20 December – [[Nissan Stadium (Yokohama)|Yokohama]]
| RD4-team1 = {{fbaicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]
| RD4-score1 = 0
| RD4-team2 = {{fbaicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
| RD4-score2 = 3


| RD3-text3 = 16 December – [[Nagai Stadium|Osaka]]
| RD3-team5 = {{fbaicon|COD}} [[TP Mazembe]]
| RD3-score5 = 1
| RD3-team6 = {{fbaicon|MEX}} [[Club América|América]]
| RD3-score6 = 2


| RD4-text2 = 20 December – [[Nissan Stadium (Yokohama)|Yokohama]]
| RD4-team3 = {{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]
| RD4-score3 = 2
| RD4-team4 = {{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]]
| RD4-score4 = 1
}}

All times are local, [[Japan Standard Time|JST]] ([[UTC+09:00|UTC+9]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/69/63/16/fcwc2015_matchschedule_08122015_neutral.pdf |title=Match Schedule – FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2015 |website=FIFA.com|access-date=10 December 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101355/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/69/63/16/fcwc2015_matchschedule_08122015_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Play-off for quarter-finals===
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2015|12|10|df=y}}
|time=19:45
|team1=[[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]] {{fbaicon|JPN}}
|score=2–0
|team2={{fbaicon|NZL}} [[Auckland City FC|Auckland City]]
|report=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/matches/round=275778/match=300338751/report.html
|goals1=[[Yusuke Minagawa|Minagawa]] {{goal|9}} [[Tsukasa Shiotani|Shiotani]] {{goal|70}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[International Stadium Yokohama]], [[Yokohama]]
|attendance=19,421<ref>{{cite web |url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/34/29/eng_01_1210_sfc-akl_fulltime.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218201230/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/34/29/eng_01_1210_sfc-akl_fulltime.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2015 |title=Match report Sanfrecce Hiroshima – Auckland City FC 2:0 (1:0) |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |format=PDF |date=10 December 2015 |access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref>
|referee=[[Sidi Alioum]] ([[Cameroonian Football Federation|Cameroon]])
}}

===Quarter-finals===
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2015|12|13|df=y}}
|time=16:00
|team1=[[Club América|América]] {{fbaicon|MEX}}
|score=1–2
|team2={{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]]
|report=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/matches/round=275776/match=300338754/report.html
|goals1=[[Oribe Peralta|Peralta]] {{goal|55}}
|goals2=[[Zheng Long]] {{goal|80}} [[Paulinho (footballer, born July 1988)|Paulinho]] {{goal|90+3}}
|stadium=[[Nagai Stadium]], [[Osaka]]
|attendance=18,772<ref>{{cite web |url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/41/74/eng_02_1213_cfa-gze_fulltime.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218202251/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/41/74/eng_02_1213_cfa-gze_fulltime.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2015 |title=Match report Club América – Guangzhou Evergrande FC 1:2 (0:0) |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |format=PDF |date=13 December 2015 |access-date=13 December 2015}}</ref>
|referee=[[Jonas Eriksson (referee)|Jonas Eriksson]] ([[Swedish Football Association|Sweden]])
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2015|12|13|df=y}}
|time=19:30
|team1=[[TP Mazembe]] {{fbaicon|COD}}
|score=0–3
|team2={{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]
|report=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/matches/round=275776/match=300338749/report.html
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Tsukasa Shiotani|Shiotani]] {{goal|44}} [[Kazuhiko Chiba|Chiba]] {{goal|56}} [[Takuma Asano|Asano]] {{goal|78}}
|stadium=[[Nagai Stadium]], [[Osaka]]
|attendance=23,609<ref>{{cite web |url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/43/34/eng_03_1213_tpm-sfc_fulltime.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218202745/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/43/34/eng_03_1213_tpm-sfc_fulltime.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2015 |title=Match report TP Mazembe – Sanfrecce Hiroshima 0:3 (0:1) |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |format=PDF |date=13 December 2015 |access-date=13 December 2015}}</ref>
|referee=[[Wilmar Roldán]] ([[Colombian Football Federation|Colombia]])
}}

===Match for fifth place===
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2015|12|16|df=y}}
|time=16:30
|team1=[[TP Mazembe]] {{fbaicon|COD}}
|score=1–2
|team2= {{fbaicon|MEX}} [[Club América|América]]
|report=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/matches/round=275788/match=300338753/report.html
|goals1=[[Rainford Kalaba|Kalaba]] {{goal|43}}
|goals2=[[Darío Benedetto|Benedetto]] {{goal|19}} [[Martín Eduardo Zúñiga|Zúñiga]] {{goal|28}}
|stadium=[[Nagai Stadium]], [[Osaka]]
|attendance=11,686<ref>{{cite web |url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/54/60/eng_04_1216_cfa-tpm_fulltime.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218202828/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/54/60/eng_04_1216_cfa-tpm_fulltime.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2015 |title=Match report Club América – TP Mazembe 2:1 (2:1) |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |format=PDF |date=16 December 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref>
|referee=[[Alireza Faghani]] ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]])
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2015|12|16|df=y}}
|time=19:30
|team1=[[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]] {{fbaicon|JPN}}
|score=0–1
|team2={{fbaicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]
|report=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/matches/round=275782/match=300338748/report.html
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Lucas Alario|Alario]] {{goal|72}}
|stadium=[[Nagai Stadium]], [[Osaka]]
|attendance=20,133<ref>{{cite web |url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/55/83/eng_05_1216_sfc-car_fulltime.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218203543/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/55/83/eng_05_1216_sfc-car_fulltime.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2015 |title=Match report Sanfrecce Hiroshima – River Plate 0:1 (0:0) |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |format=PDF |date=16 December 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref>
|referee=[[Jonas Eriksson (referee)|Jonas Eriksson]] ([[Swedish Football Association|Sweden]])
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2015|12|17|df=y}}
|time=19:30
|team1=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] {{fbaicon|ESP}}
|score=3–0
|team2={{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]]
|report=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/matches/round=275782/match=300338752/report.html
|goals1=[[Luis Suárez|Suárez]] {{goal|39||50||67|pen.}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[International Stadium Yokohama]], [[Yokohama]]
|attendance=63,870<ref>{{cite web |url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/60/72/eng_06_1217_fcb-gze_fulltime.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218203719/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/60/72/eng_06_1217_fcb-gze_fulltime.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2015 |title=Match report FC Barcelona – Guangzhou Evergrande FC 3:0 (1:0) |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |format=PDF |date=17 December 2015 |access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref>
|referee=[[Joel Aguilar]] ([[Salvadoran Football Federation|El Salvador]])
}}

===Match for third place===
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2015|12|20|df=y}}
|time=16:00
|team1=[[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]] {{fbaicon|JPN}}
|score=2–1
|team2={{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]]
|report=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/matches/round=275786/match=300338747/report.html
|goals1=[[Douglas (footballer, born 1987)|Douglas]] {{goal|70||83}}
|goals2=[[Paulinho (footballer, born July 1988)|Paulinho]] {{goal|4}}
|stadium=[[International Stadium Yokohama]], [[Yokohama]]
|attendance=47,968<ref>{{cite web |url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/68/94/eng_07_1220_sfc-gze_fulltime.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220150915/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/68/94/eng_07_1220_sfc-gze_fulltime.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2015 |title=Match report Sanfrecce Hiroshima – Guangzhou Evergrande FC 2:1 (0:1) |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |format=PDF |date=20 December 2015 |access-date=20 December 2015}}</ref>
|referee=[[Matt Conger]] ([[New Zealand Football|New Zealand]])
}}

===Final===
{{main|2015 FIFA Club World Cup final}}

{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2015|12|20|df=y}}
|time=19:30
|team1=[[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] {{fbaicon|ARG}}
|score=0–3
|team2={{fbaicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
|report=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/archive/japan2015/
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{goal|36}} [[Luis Suárez|Suárez]] {{goal|49||68}}
|stadium=[[International Stadium Yokohama]], [[Yokohama]]
|attendance=66,853<ref>{{cite web |url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/70/97/eng_08_1220_car-fcb_fulltime.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220150951/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/74/70/97/eng_08_1220_car-fcb_fulltime.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2015 |title=Match report River Plate – FC Barcelona 0:3 (0:1) |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |format=PDF |date=20 December 2015 |access-date=20 December 2015}}</ref>
|referee=[[Alireza Faghani]] ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]])
}}

==Goalscorers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals
|-
|1
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Luis Suárez]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{fbaicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
|5
|-
|rowspan=3|2
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Paulinho (footballer, born July 1988)|Paulinho]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]]
|rowspan=3|2
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Douglas (footballer, born 1987)|Douglas]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tsukasa Shiotani]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]
|-
|rowspan=10|5
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Darío Benedetto]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{fbaicon|MEX}} [[Club América|América]]
|rowspan=10|1
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Oribe Peralta]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{fbaicon|MEX}} [[Club América|América]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Martín Eduardo Zúñiga]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{fbaicon|MEX}} [[Club América|América]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lionel Messi]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{fbaicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Long]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Rainford Kalaba]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{fbaicon|COD}} [[TP Mazembe]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lucas Alario]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{fbaicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuma Asano]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kazuhiko Chiba]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yusuke Minagawa]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]
|}

==Awards==
{{see also|FIFA Club World Cup awards}}

The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barcelona trio sweep awards |url=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=12/news=barcelona-trio-raumt-ab-2747108-2747184.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220152446/http://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/y=2015/m=12/news=barcelona-trio-raumt-ab-2747108-2747184.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2015 |website=FIFA.com|access-date=20 December 2015 |language=en-GB |date=20 December 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!style="background:gold; width:33%"|[[Adidas]] Golden Ball [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]] E-Auto Award
!style="background:silver; width:33%"|[[Adidas]] Silver Ball
!style="background:#CC9966; width:33%"|[[Adidas]] Bronze Ball
|-
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Luis Suárez]] ([[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]])
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lionel Messi]] ([[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]])
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Andrés Iniesta]] ([[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]])
|-
!colspan="3"|FIFA Fair Play Award
|-
|colspan="3"|{{fbaicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
|}

FIFA also named a [[man of the match]] for the best player in each game at the tournament.<ref name="2015 TR">{{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/7b39612ce9f3e3e5/original/cyvdhixzulx7d9ujsh5o-pdf.pdf |title=FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2015: Technical report and statistics |work=[[FIFA]] |access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]] E-Auto Match Award
|-
! Match
! Man of the match
! Club
! Opponent
|-
!1
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Douglas (footballer, born 1987)|Douglas]]||{{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]||{{fbaicon|NZL}} [[Auckland City FC|Auckland City]]
|-
!2
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Paulinho (footballer, born July 1988)|Paulinho]]||{{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]]||{{fbaicon|MEX}} [[Club América|América]]
|-
!3
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kazuyuki Morisaki]]||{{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]||{{fbaicon|COD}} [[TP Mazembe]]
|-
!4
|{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Osvaldo Martínez]]||{{fbaicon|MEX}} [[Club América|América]]||{{fbaicon|COD}} [[TP Mazembe]]
|-
!5
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lucas Alario]]||{{fbaicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]||{{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]
|-
!6
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Luis Suárez]]||{{fbaicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]||{{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]]
|-
!7
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takuma Asano]]||{{fbaicon|JPN}} [[Sanfrecce Hiroshima]]||{{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou F.C.|Guangzhou Evergrande]]
|-
!8
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Luis Suárez]] (2)||{{fbaicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]||{{fbaicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/clubworldcup/japan2015 FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2015], FIFA.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307161057/http://www.fifa.com/mm/Document/FootballDevelopment/TechnicalSupport/02/76/39/98/FCWCJapan2015web_Neutral.pdf FIFA Technical Report]

{{FIFA Club World Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fifa Club World Cup 2015}}
[[Category:2015 FIFA Club World Cup| ]]
[[Category:2015 in association football]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Japan|2015]]
[[Category:2015 in Japanese football]]
[[Category:FIFA Club World Cup tournaments|2015]]
[[Category:Football in Osaka]]
[[Category:Football in Yokohama]]
[[Category:2010s in Yokohama]]
[[Category:21st century in Osaka]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Osaka]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Yokohama]]
[[Category:2015–16 in New Zealand association football]]
[[Category:2015–16 in Mexican football]]
[[Category:2015–16 in Spanish men's football]]
[[Category:2015 in Argentine football]]
[[Category:2015 in Chinese men's football]]
[[Category:2015 in Democratic Republic of the Congo sport]]

Sire Mandir

2026-03-16T14:00:03Z

Mokx71: started a article

{{Short description|Temple in Rajasthan, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sire Mandir
| image = Popular Mahant of Sire Mandir.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ideal of popular [[Mahant]] of Sire Mandir
| map_type = India Rajasthan#India
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|25|19|49|N|72|35|16|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = सिरे मंदिर
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jalore district|Jalore]]
| location = [[Jalore]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals =
| architecture =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = Rawal Ratan Singh
| website =
}}
'''Sire Mandir''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]] (as a form of Jalindra Nath). It is located 646 meters above sea level on the Kanyachal hills near [[Jalore Fort|the Jalore Fort]] in Jalore city in the state of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chowdhary|first=Charu|date=2019-05-28|title=Jalore: Forts, Temples And a Whole Lot of History|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/jalore-forts-temples-and-a-whole-lot-of-history-3672834/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref>

Many saints traveled to meditate at Sire Mandir because it is considered the sacred grove of sage [[Jabali]]. [[Pandava]]s spent some of their time here and King Bhruthhari's path leader Suanath and his disciples made it their home. There are many temples for Shiva & Shakti nearby, out of which Sire Mandir is famous for its natural environment, belief and austerity.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}{{tone inline|date=July 2018}}

The road in front of the Hotel Geetco leads directly towards the Kanyachal mountain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotelgeetco.com/ |title=Home |website=hotelgeetco.com}}</ref> It is only 3 km from the town. While climbing the mountain, people {{who|date=July 2018}} may find Yogiraj Jalandhar Nath Ji's footsteps’ imprints. Nearby there is a temple and one big water hut and a parking place for vehicles.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

From the valley to the temple, it is only {{cvt|3|km|spell=in}} of climbing where stairs are made for safe climbing. In between, there is a temple of lord [[Hanuman]] and lord [[Ganesha]].

Sire Mandir is the house of lord [[Shiva|Shankar]] and was built by Raja Ratan Singh known as Ratneshwar. It is known for its vastness.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} [[Shivling]] is established in one rounded cave.

There is one Jhalara, a big Mansarovar, non-stop ‘Dhunna’, a Dining Hall, Palace of Raja [[Mansingh]], two gardens and a resting place on different locations.

In the undertaking of [[Mahant]] Shri 1008 Ganganath Ji Maharaj, new construction had taken place and plantation on a mass basis happened. There is a facility of both telephone and electricity. On the other side, a water facility for tourists is available 24 hours.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

In front of the Ratneshwar temple, one big elephant of cement & stone is built. Being the sacred grove of Yogi Jalandhar Nath Ji, it is also a sacred [[Grove (nature)|grove]] of Yogi Suanath, Dev Nath, Bhawani Nath, Bhairunath, Phoolnath Kesarnath and Bholenath. Jodhpur's king [[Mansingh]] also prayed here to get his kingdom back.

==History==
Ratneshwar Temple, located on Kanyachal Mountain in Jalore, Rajasthan, is a significant site of the Nath sect. It is associated with Yogi Jalandharnath, a revered saint who is believed to have performed penance in the nearby Bhanwar Cave. Impressed by his miracles, King Ratan Singh of Jalore accepted him as his spiritual guru and built a Shiva temple in Vikram Samvat 1708 (1651 AD), now known as Ratneshwar Temple.

In 1803 AD, Man Singh, fleeing an assassination attempt by his brother Bhim Singh of Marwar, took refuge in Jalore Fort. As the fort was besieged, Yogi Ayas Devnath of the Nath sect conveyed a prophetic message that Man Singh would become the ruler if he held out until Kartik Sudi 6. Man Singh followed this advice, and coincidentally, Bhim Singh and his commander died shortly after. Man Singh was crowned the ruler of Jodhpur.

In gratitude, he renovated the Mahamandir in Jodhpur, Ratneshwar Temple, and the Nath ashram at Kanyachal, as well as Jalore Fort, honoring the Nath sect’s role in his rise to power.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Shri Sire Mandir, Jalore Rajasthan - MyAdhyatm |url=https://myadhyatm.com/shri-sire-mandir-jalore-rajasthan/ |access-date=2025-04-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://jalore.nic.in/tourism.html#sire Sire Temple of Jalore]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090520042140/http://www.sundhamata.org/Sundha_LB050300.asp Sunda Mata]
* https://hotelgeetco.com

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jalore district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Temples of Jalore district]]

Hemlata Mahishwar

2026-03-14T06:46:33Z

Mokx71: Put Up A Data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian writer of Hindi language}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hemlata Mahishwar
| alt = This person
| image = Hemlata_Mahishwar_IMG_1175.JPG
| native_name = हेमलता महिश्वर
| native_name_lang = Hi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|11|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh, India
| education = B.A., M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil., Ph.D.
| occupation = Author, writer, academician
}}

'''Hemlata Mahishwar''' (born 5 November 1966) is an Indian Hindi writer,<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्‍क |first=FP Desk एफपी |date=2020-12-28 |title=मनुस्मृति दहन दिवस की मंगलकामना पर द्विजों को आपत्ति, हेमलता महिश्वर के घर पहुंची पुलिस |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2020/12/news-manusmriti-hemlata-mahishwar-hindi/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=[[Forward Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=رام چرت ماناس: قدیم ہندو نظم جس نے انڈیا میں سیاسی طوفان برپا کر دیا |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/articles/cv2np49e1xmo |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=BBC News اردو |language=ur}}</ref> literary critic, and scholar specializing in [[Dalit]] literature and women's studies.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-03-03 |title=शोषित महिलांनी प्रतिसंस्कृतीची निर्मिती केली पाहिजे : हेमलता महिश्वर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/amravati/exploited-women-should-create-counter-culture-said-ambedkarite-thinker-hemalatha-mahishwar-a736/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SC-ST वर्गों में उपवर्गीकरण: सुप्रीम कोर्ट के फैसले से गुस्साए बहुजन बोले- 2 अप्रैल 2018 का आंदोलन याद है ना? |url=https://m.themooknayak.com/article/society/black-day-for-dalit-and-adivasi-communities-activists-and-academics-decry-supreme-court-ruling-on-sc-st-sub-classification/288738c2-c920-41ae-b85a-b079c05693a1 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=www.themooknayak.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aruna |first=D. |date=2021 |title=Hindi Evam Marathi Dalit Stree Atmakathaon Mein Stree Asmita Ka Prashn |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/405712 |journal=University |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>https://ojs.unito.it/index.php/kervan/article/download/1676/1461</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Hemlata was born on 5 November 1966, in [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=گاندھی ہمارا ماضی تھا، گاندھی ہمارا حال اور گاندھی ہمارا مستقبل: تارا گاندھی |url=https://www.urdu.awazthevoice.in/india-news/gandhi-was-our-past-gandhi-our-present-and-gandhi-our-future-tara-gandhi-25713.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=urdu.awazthevoice.in |language=ur}}</ref> Her father, Ramprasad Meshram, worked as a food inspector, while her mother, Premlata Meshram, was a homemaker. Due to her father's frequent transfers to small villages and towns,<ref name=":0" /> continuing education in one place was challenging. Hemlata's schooling journey took her across various locations: she studied from first to third grade in [[Raipur]], fourth and fifth in Saraipali,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-09 |title=Ramcharitmanas: The Hindu epic poem causing a political storm in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64556116 |access-date=2025-01-25 |language=en-GB}}</ref> sixth and seventh in Balaghat, and eighth and ninth in Bastar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalit Literature and Ambedkar: In Conversation with Hemlata Mahishwar |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/dalit-literature-and-ambedkar-conversation-hemlata-mahishwar |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref> She completed her higher secondary education in 1983 at the Government Girls' High School,<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रेस विज्ञप्ति {{!}} 05 फरवरी 2019 {{!}} दलित साहित्य महोत्सव : देश भर से लगभग 15 भाषाओं से आये प्रसिद्द साहित्यकारों, कलाकारों, और सामाजिक कार्यकर्ताओं ने कई महत्वपूर्ण पहलुओं पर किया विमर्श; लक्ष्मण गायकवाड़, बल्ली सिंह चीमा, मोहन दास नैमिशराय, अब्दुल बिस्मिल्लाह, हेमलता महिश्वर, निर्मला पुतुल, चौथीराम यादव, मेधा पाटकर व कई अन्य हुए शामिल – Dalit Literature Festival |url=https://dalitlitfest.org/2019/02/05/press-release-05-feb/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=dalitlitfest.org}}</ref> Kalibadi, Bastar. Hemlata pursued her [[Bachelor of Arts|Bachelor of Arts (B.A.)]] and [[Master of Arts]] (M.A.) in [[Hindi literature]] from Durga College, [[Raipur]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=साहित्यकार, लेखक व पत्रकारों की अभिव्यक्ति की आजादी बरकरार रखने साहित्यकारों ने निकाली रैली |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chh-bil-omc-mat-latest-bilaspur-news-031005-952124-nor.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=लेखक हेमलता महिश्वर का व्यक्तित्व HEMLATA MAHISHWAR |url=https://www.hindisamay.com/writer/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0-HEMLATA-MAHISHWAR.cspx?id=2124 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=www.hindisamay.com}}</ref> She eventually completed a B.Ed., M.Phil., and Ph.D.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-06 |title=हेमलता महिश्वर — साहित्य गंगा |url=https://sahityaganga.com/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Swayamsiddhaa |title=दलित साहित्य की सशक्त हस्ताक्षर हेमलता महिश्वर |url=https://www.swayamsiddhaa.com/post/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=swayamsiddha |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/DalitChetana_28-7-2020.pdf |website=sahitya-akademi}}</ref>

== Career ==
Since 2010, she has served as a [[professor]] in the department of Hindi at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[New Delhi]], India. Prior to this, she was the head of the department of Hindi at [[Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], Chhattisgarh, where she contributed from 1989 to 2010.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzElAQAAIAAJ&q=Hemlata+Mahishwar |title=Commonwealth Universities Yearbook |date=1997 |publisher=Association of Commonwealth Universities. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=चाकू समय में हथेलियां: लोकतांत्रिक स्‍पेस तलाशती स्त्रियों की कहानियां {{!}} न्यूज़क्लिक |url=https://hindi.newsclick.in/Chaku-samay-mein-Hatheliyan-Stories-of-Women-Searching-for-Democratic-Space |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830101918/https://hindi.newsclick.in/Chaku-samay-mein-Hatheliyan-Stories-of-Women-Searching-for-Democratic-Space |archive-date=2024-08-30 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=न्यूज़क्लिक |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Imran |title=सिरपुर में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय बौद्ध महोत्सव का आगाज Babuaa.com, Digital Platform of Sumup Magazine and Sumupmail |url=https://babuaa.com/news/view/26293 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=babuaa.com}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
* {{Cite book |last=Mahishwar |first=Hemlata |title=Samkaleen Sahitya Aur Vimarsh |date=1 January 2019 |publisher=GPS Books |isbn=978-8193899502 |edition=1st |location=India |publication-date=2019 |language=Hi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mahishwar |first=Hemlata |title=Stri Lekhan Aur Samay Ke Sarokar |date=2008 |publisher=Shilpayan, Delhi |isbn=978-8188080083 |edition=1st |location=Delhi |publication-date=2008 |language=Hi}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=हेमलता माहीश्‍वर |url=http://library.cutn.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=13931 |title=स्त्री लेखन और समय के सरोकार: Stri Lekhan Aur Samay Ke Sarokar | publisher=Shilpayan, Delhi |isbn=978-81-88080-08-3}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=महिश्वर |first=प्रो. हेमलता |title=Dalit Sahitya Ki Charchit Prem Kahaniya |date=1 January 2019 |publisher=GPS Books |isbn=978-8193899502 |edition=1st |location=Delhi |publication-date=2019 |language=Hi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mahishwar |first=Hemlata |url=https://samkaleenjanmat.in/the-question-of-communalism-and-dalit-women-poetry-by-bajrang-bihari-tiwari/ |title=Neel Neele Rang Ke |date=2015 |edition=1st |location=India |publication-date=2015 |language=Hi}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-26 |title=साहित्य इस बरस |url=https://www.jansatta.com/sunday-column/literature-authorship-year-2015/57217/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=दलित साहित्य का समकालीन परिदृश्य/Dalit Sahitya ka Samkaleen Paridrishya/ |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AFdalit-sahitya-ka-samkaleen-paridrishya |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=भारती |first=Kanwal bharti कंवल |date=2023-04-24 |title=हेमलता महिश्वर की दलित चेतना पर प्रश्न चिन्ह लगातीं उनकी कविताएं |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2023/04/dalit-literature-hemlata-mahishwar/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Forward Press |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=युद्धरत आम आदमी |url=https://dbutec5fghzah.cloudfront.net/Images/preview/4052_preview.pdf}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Mahishwar |first=Hemlata |url=https://srapcollege.co.in/unki-jijivisha-dangarsha |title=Unki Jijivisha Dangarsha |date=2008 |publisher=Samiksha Publication |isbn=978-8190378413 |edition=1st |location=Delhi |publication-date=2008 |language=Hi}}

== Publications ==
* Rashtriya Asmita: Ek Bhartiy Drishtikon Rashtriy Asmita: Ek Bhartiy Drishtikon Anytha, Editor: Krishn Kishor. 1 Jun 2008{{fact|date=July 2025}}
* Bhasha Aur BhashaheentaBhasha Aur Bhashaheenta Kriti Sanskriti SANDHAN. 1 Jan 2005{{fact|date=July 2025}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite news |last=वाल्मीकि |first=राज |date=10 July 2022 |title="देश की जनता अभी भी प्रजा बनी हुई है, उसने नागरिक बनना नहीं सीखा" |url=https://hindi.newsclick.in/The-people-of-the-country-still-remain-subjects-they-have-not-learned-to-be-citizens |work=[[Newsclick]]}}
* [https://www.forwardpress.in/author/hemlata-maheshwar/ Hemlata Mahishwar] author at [[Forward Press]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahishwar, Hemlata}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Balaghat]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia people]]
[[Category:Writers from Madhya Pradesh]]

Mayor–council government

2026-03-07T08:28:31Z

Mokx71: update structure additionally to improve readability

{{short description|Form of local government}} {{Local government forms}}

A '''mayor–council government''' is a system of [[local government]] in which a [[mayor]] who is directly elected by the voters acts as chief executive, while a separately elected [[city council]] constitutes the legislative body. It is one of the two most common forms of [[local government in the United States]], and is the form most frequently adopted in large cities, although the other common form, [[council–manager government]], is the [[local government]] form of more municipalities.{{Cn|date=September 2024}}
==Variations and mayoral power==
The form may be categorized into two main variations depending on the relative power of the mayor compared to the council, the ''strong-mayor'' variant and the ''weak-mayor'' variant.

In a typical ''strong-mayor'' system, the elected mayor is granted almost total administrative authority with the power to appoint and dismiss department heads, although some city charters or prevailing state law may require council ratification. In such a system, the mayor's administrative staff often prepares the city budget, although that budget must be approved by the council.<ref name="JSOTR">{{Cite journal |author1=Kathy Hayes |author2=Semoon Chang |date=July 1990 |title=The Relative Efficiency of City Manager and Mayor–Council Forms of Government |journal=Southern Economic Journal |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=167–177 |doi=10.2307/1060487 |jstor=1060487}}</ref> The mayor may also have veto rights over council votes, with the council able to override such a veto.

Conversely, in a ''weak-mayor'' system, the mayor has no formal authority outside the council, serving a largely ceremonial role as council chairperson and is elected by the citizens of the city. The mayor cannot directly appoint or remove officials and lacks veto power over council votes.<ref name="saffell">{{Cite book |last1=Saffell, Dave C. |title=State and Local Government: Politics and Public Policies. |last2=Harry Basehart |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-07-352632-4 |edition=9th |page=237}}</ref>

==Use across the world==
Most major North American cities use the strong-mayor form of the mayor–council system, whereas middle-sized and small North American cities tend to use the [[Council–manager government|council–manager system]].<ref name="GIA">{{Cite book |author1=George C. Edwards III |title=Government in America |author2=Robert L. Lineberry |author3=Martin P. Wattenberg |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2006 |isbn=0-321-29236-7 |pages=677–678}}</ref> The system is also commonly in place in Asian countries.<ref>{{cite book |title=Decentralization and Local Democracy in the World: First Global Report by United Cities and Local Governments 2008 |date=4 November 2008 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-7735-2 |pages=80–81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8m2CQeX4EuwC&dq=mayor+council+system+in+asia&pg=PA80 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Germany]] uses a form that resembles the strong-mayor variant. [[Italy]] also uses the strong-mayor model system.

The mayor–council government system is also used in some Asian countries.

Mayors in [[Japan]] are directly elected, holding significant power, with the directly elected council (assembly) providing a check and balance, operating under central government oversight according to the Japanese [[Local Autonomy Act]] (UAL). While the local government has similarities to a strong mayor–council system, and the mayor has veto powers, there are also aspects of the parliamentary form of government; the local assembly can issue a vote of no confidence. If the vote is passed, the mayor will dissolve the assembly and the people will vote in a new one. If this happens a second time and passes, the mayor is removed.<ref>{{cite web|last1= Benjamin (senior researcher, Japan Local Government Center)|first1= Seth B.|last2= Grant (director, ICMA)|first2= Jason|title=Japan: Local Autonomy Is a Central Tenet to Good Governance|url=https://icma.org/articles/article/japan-local-autonomy-central-tenet-good-governance|publisher= [[International City/County Management Association]] (ICMA)|date= 29 March 2022|accessdate=30 July 2025|url-status=|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author1=Colin Copus |title=Leading the Localities: Executive Mayors in English Local Governance |publisher= Manchester University Press |date= 26 May 2006 |isbn=9780719071867 |chapter= Chapter 7 (''The elected mayor: lessons from overseas'') |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/manchester-scholarship-online/book/19882/chapter-abstract/178776330?redirectedFrom=fulltext | doi = 10.7228/manchester/9780719071867.003.0007}} {{Registration required}} (online date= 19 July 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-78170-137-9}})</ref>

[[Taiwan]]'s [[Administrative divisions of Taiwan|administrative divisions]] include six [[Special municipality (Taiwan)|special municipalities]], including the capital [[Taipei]], which use a mayor-council form of government; [[County (Taiwan)|counties]] use a similar system with a chief executive called a [[List of magistrates and mayors in Taiwan|magistrate]].<ref>{{cite web|last= |first= |title=Government organizations: (County (City) Level)|url= https://english.president.gov.tw/Page/106#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Local%20Government,%2C%20Hsinchu%2C%20and%20Chiayi)|publisher= Office of the President|date= |accessdate=30 July 2025|url-status=|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[City commission government]]
*[[Town meeting]]
*''[[Strong Mayors, Building Homes Act]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayor-council government}}
[[Category:Forms of local government]]
[[Category:Local government in the United States]]
[[Category:Local government in Canada]]

Stephen Hislop

2026-03-04T07:04:34Z

Mokx71: started new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Stephen Hislop
| image = Revd Stephen Hislop (1817-1863).jpg
| caption = Salted paper print (ca 1845)
| birth_date = 8 September 1817
| birth_place = [[Duns, Scottish Borders|Duns]], Berwickshire, Scotland
| death_date = {{death date and age text|4 September 1863|8 September 1817}}
| death_place = Bori River, Takalghat, India
| resting_place = [[Nagpur]], India
| resting_place_coordinates =
| education = University of Glasgow, University of Edinburgh
| employer = Free Church of Scotland
| occupation = Missionary; Geologist
| spouse = Erasma Hall
| children =
| parents = Stephen Hislop, Margaret Thomson
}}
'''Stephen Hislop''' (8 September 1817, in Duns, Scotland – 4 September 1863, in Takalghat) was a Scottish missionary who worked with the Free Church in India, an educationist and a keen geologist. [[Hislop College]], [[Nagpur]] is named after him, as is the green mineral [[wikt:hislopite|Hislopite]]. Among his geological discoveries is the fossil reptile, ''[[Brachyopidae|Brachyops laticeps]]'' which he found in his geological explorations of the Nagpur region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Owen|first=Richard|date=1854|title=Description of the Cranium of a Labyrinthodont Reptile (Brachyops laticeps) from Mangali, Central India|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society|language=en|volume=10|issue=1–2|pages=473–474|doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1854.010.01-02.55|s2cid=219230617|issn=0370-291X}}</ref>

==Early life==
Hislop was born in [[Duns, Berwickshire]] on 8 September 1817, the youngest son of Stephen Hislop, a local builder, and his wife, Margaret Thomson. As a boy, he, like his older brother Robert, collected insects in the country around Duns, and rocks such as [[copper ore]] from old mine workings.<ref name=Smith/>{{rp|12}}

Hislop was educated at Thomas Sherriff's school in Duns. He matriculated from the [[University of Glasgow]] in 1838 and completed his MA degree at the [[University of Edinburgh]].<ref name=Smith/>{{rp|7–8}} He then studied divinity at [[New College, Edinburgh]] 1843/44 studying to be a minister of the Free Church of Scotland but this was delayed by the [[Disruption of 1843]].

==Later life==
[[File:Stephen_Hislop.jpg|thumb|Calotype by [[David Octavius Hill]]|alt=|left]]
In 1843, Hislop was made Secretary of the Ladies' Society for Female Education in India.<ref name=HillAdamson/> He volunteered the next year to the Foreign Missions Committee and married Erasma daughter of William Hull of Olney. In September 1844 an unusual ceremony (people were usually ordained in the church they were to represent), overseen by Rev Dr [[John Wilson (Scottish missionary)|John Wilson]] of [[Bombay]] at St George's Free Church in Edinburgh, Hislop was ordained as a [[Free Church of Scotland (1843-1900)|Free Church of Scotland]] minister of [[Nagpur]] in India, his primary role to be a missionary.<ref name="HillAdamson">{{cite web | url=http://media.lib.gla.ac.uk/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external;jsessionid=761F7429C10A37EAECBE8A7598F9001F?lang=eng&sp=1000168&sp=T&suite=def | title=Hill & Adamson Collection | publisher=University of Glasgow | work=Rev Stephen Hislop | accessdate=17 March 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

He arrived by ship at [[Bombay]] on 13 December 1844.<ref name="Smith" />{{rp|31}} He lived and worked in the [[Vidarbha]] area of Eastern [[Maharashtra]] near [[Nagpur]] for 18 years. He spent the first 15 months learning [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref name="CollegeHistory">{{cite web | url=http://www.hislopcollege.ac.in/we.php | title=Founder History | publisher=Hislop College | access-date=17 March 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317023851/http://www.hislopcollege.ac.in/we.php | archive-date=17 March 2012 }}</ref> As soon as he was fluent, he began his missionary work, opening a school in Nagpur in May 1846; it later developed into [[Hislop College]].<ref name="DNB" /> Hislop also learnt Gondi and preached among the Gond tribes.

From 1847 to 1855 he was assisted by [[Robert Hunter (encyclopædist)|Rev Robert Hunter]] who shared his love of geology, and they made many study trips together.

Hislop was returning from a visit to some ruins at Taklghat during the night of 4/5 September 1863, when his horse fell into the water in darkness in the Bori river and he was drowned. He was buried at the Sitabaldi cemetery.<ref name="Ewings Annals of the Free Church">Ewing, William ''Annals of the Free Church''</ref>

===Reception===

[[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Temple]], who became chief commissioner of the central provinces in 1862, praised Hislop as "among the most gifted and accomplished missionaries whom this generation has seen in India"; as being notable "for philology and antiquarian research"; and "for physical science, especially botany and geology".<ref>Temple, Sir Richard. "[https://archive.org/details/menandeventsofmy034939mbp Men and Events of my Time in India]". John Murray, Albemarle Street, London, 1882. Page 241.</ref>

===Geology and natural history===
[[File:Brachyops laticeps 1854 (Richard Owen 1804-1892).jpg|thumb|The [[Labyrinthodont]] reptile, ''Brachyops laticeps'' (Owen, 1854) was discovered by Hunter and Hislop in India.]]
Hislop was assisted by another Free Church of Scotland missionary, [[Robert Hunter (Encyclopædist)|Robert Hunter]] (1823-1897), who later edited the [[Encyclopædic dictionary|Encyclopædic Dictionary]].<ref name=HunterObit>{{cite journal|author=H.W.|title= Obituary: The Rev. Robert Hunter, M.A., LL.D., F.G.S.| journal=Geological Magazine|volume= 4|issue= 8|pages=382–384|doi=10.1017/S0016756800184249|year=1897|doi-access=free}}</ref> Both men were naturalists and keen amateur geologists, and as they walked the area around Nagpur, studied the local geology and sent papers home to be read at the [[Geological Society of London]].<ref name=Smith>George Smith, 1888.</ref>{{rp|1}}

Joint papers with Hunter for the Geological Society included "On the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Nagpur, Central India"; "On the connection of the Umret Coal Beds with the Plant-beds of Nagpur, and of both with those of Burdwan".

Papers by Hislop (after Hunter became ill and returned to Britain) for the Geological Society included "Tertiary Deposits associated with Trap-Rock in the East Indies, and Fossil-shells from those deposits"; "On the Age of the fossiliferous thin-bedded Sandstone and Coal of Nagpur";<ref name=HunterObit/> "Supplementary Note on the Plant-bearing Sandstone of Central India";<ref name="Plant-Sandstone">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/stream/quarterlyjourna24londgoog/quarterlyjourna24londgoog_djvu.txt | title=Supplemental Note on the Plant-Bearing Sandstones of Central India | publisher=Proceedings of the Geological Society |orig-date=19 July 1861 |publication-date=February 1862 |format=Print |page=36 | accessdate=18 March 2012 | author=Hislop, Stephen}}</ref> and "Fossil Teeth and Bones of Reptiles from Central India".<ref name=HunterObit/>

The finds by Hislop and Hunter included a new species of [[Labyrinthodont]] reptile, ''Brachyops laticeps'' that was described by [[Richard Owen]] in 1854.<ref name=HunterObit/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/content/10/1-2/473.abstract | title=Description of the Cranium of a Labyrinthodont Reptile (Brachyops laticeps) from Mangali, Central India | publisher=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society | year=1854 | accessdate=18 March 2012 | author=Owen, Richard | pages=v. 10; issue.1–2; pp. 473–474}}</ref>

Hislop wrote three papers for the Royal Asiatic Society's Journal: "Geology of the Nagpoor State"; "On the Age of the Coal Strata in Western Bengal and Central India"; and "Remarks on the Geology of Nagpoor".<ref name=DNB/>

The mineral [[:wikt:Hislopite|Hislopite]] was named after Hislop by his friend the Rev. Prof. [[Samuel Haughton|Haughton]] in 1858.<ref name=HunterObit/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Haughton, Samuel|year=1859|title=Note on mineralology No VII. On some rocks and minerals from Central India, including two new Species Hislopite and Hunterite|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15825015|journal=The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|series=4|volume=17|pages=16–21|doi=10.1080/14786445908642615}}</ref>

===Activities===

In 1857, Hislop's connections to local people were instrumental in saving the lives of the Europeans in Nagpur: one of his Muslim friends warned him of an impending attack during the "[[Indian mutiny]]";<ref name=DNB/> among the [[Indian mutiny#Civilian disquiet|rebellion's causes]] was the public auction of the jewels of Nagpur's royal family.<ref>Collier, Richard. ''The Great Indian Mutiny''. New York: Dutton, 1964.</ref>

Hislop wrote several essays on different, mostly Dravidian, tribes of the Nagpur region. These essays were published posthumously by R. Temple in 1866. This work resulted in a mission for the [[Gondi people]].<ref name=HillAdamson/>

According to the entry on Hislop in the Dictionary of National Biography, he also worked on the geology of the Nagpur region and published his findings in three papers for the British Association in 1859.<ref name=DNB>{{cite DNB|wstitle= Hislop, Stephen |volume= 27 |last= Kingsford |first= Charles Lethbridge |author-link= Charles Lethbridge Kingsford |pages= 12-13 |year= |short=1}}</ref>

==Family==

Hislop's older brother [[Alexander Hislop]] (1807-1865), who wrote [[The Two Babylons]], was also a minister of the Free Church of Scotland, representing East. [[Arbroath]].<ref name="Ewings Annals of the Free Church"/>

Hislop married Erasma Hull<ref name=Smith/>{{rp|20}} from Olney in July 1844 at [[St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh]]. His wife returned to Edinburgh after Stephen's death, living in the [[Morningside, Edinburgh|Morningside]] district. She died at 20 Viewforth Terrace on 27 June 1903.<ref>Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1902</ref> They had several children: Margaret Erasma Hislop (d.1927); Stephen Robert Hislop (1846-1908); Elizabeth Crichton Hislop (1848-1920); and Wilhelmina Maitland Hislop (1851-1924). The daughters lived together as [[spinster]]s at 20 Viewforth Terrace.<ref>Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1911</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{DNB poster|Hislop, Stephen}}
* Smith, George. ''[https://archive.org/stream/MN41611ucmf_0/MN41611ucmf_0_djvu.txt Stephen Hislop: Pioneer Missionary & Naturalist in Central India]''. John Murray, Albemarle Street. London, 1888. [https://archive.org/download/MN41611ucmf_0/MN41611ucmf_0.pdf PDF]
* {{cite DNB|wstitle= Hislop, Stephen |volume= 27 |last= Kingsford |first= Charles Lethbridge |author-link= Charles Lethbridge Kingsford |pages= 12-13 |year= |short=1}}
* Geological Society. "Obituary: Hislop, Rev Stephen". 1864. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110826061949/http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/society/history/page6011.html The Geological Society]. Quarterly Journal 20.
* Free Church of Scotland (Continuing). [http://www.freekirkcontinuing.co.uk/FCC/Witness_and_Explorer_files/Explorer%2011-10.pdf Stephen Hislop, a Free Church Pioneer]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}. The Explorer, November 2010. Pages 4–5.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/190020396 Metropolitan Museum of Art: Rev. Stephen Hislop, Missionary (salted paper print, 1843-47)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hislop, Stephen}}
[[Category:Scottish geologists]]
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1863 deaths]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Scottish Presbyterian missionaries]]
[[Category:19th-century ministers of the Free Church of Scotland]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish Presbyterian ministers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in India]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

Vinayapoorvam Vidhyaadharan

2026-03-03T21:38:57Z

Mokx71: minor reworked information additionally and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vinayapoorvam Vidyaadharan
| image =
| caption =
| director = K. B. Madhu
| producer = P. G. Mohan
| writer = K. B. Madhu
| screenplay = P. Suresh Kumar
| starring = [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] [[Sukumari]] [[Harisree Ashokan]] [[Rajan P. Dev]] [[Jagadeesh]]
| music = [[Kaithapram]]
| cinematography = M. J. Radhakrishnan
| editing = G. Murali
| studio = Film Folks
| distributor = Film Folks
| released = {{Film date|2000|09|08|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Vinayapoorvam Vidyaadharan''''' ([[Malayalam]]:വിനയപൂർവ്വം വിദ്യാധരൻ) is a [[Malayalam films of 2000|2000]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by K. B. Madhu and produced by P. G. Mohan with executive producer Mohamed Siraj.The film stars [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Rajan P. Dev]], Salu Kuttanad, [[Jagadeesh]], [[Sukumari]], [[Indrans]] and [[N. F. Varghese]] in lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Kaithapram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3261|title=Vinayapoorvam Vidyaadharan|accessdate=2014-09-30|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bharatmovies.rave-staging.com/malayalam/info/vinayapoorvam-vidyaadharan.htm|title=Vinayapoorvam Vidyaadharan|accessdate=2014-09-30|publisher=bharatmovies.rave-staging.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://paaru.in/movies/vinayapoorvam-vidyaadharan-malayalam-2000|title=Vinayapoorvam Vidyaadharan|accessdate=2014-09-30|publisher=paaru.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/vinayapoorvam-vidyadharan.html|title=Vinayapoorvam Vidyaadharan|accessdate=2014-09-30|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/vinayapoorvam.html |title=Indiainfo: Malayalam: Movie Review - Vinayapoorvam Vidyaadharan |website=movies.indiainfo.com |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010211005217/http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/vinayapoorvam.html |archive-date=11 February 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Bank manager Vidyadharan, in the pursuit of more money at the behest of his wife, gets cheated and loses his job, and goes incognito, helped by a group of [[beggars]], to pursue the culprits to bring them to book and prove his innocence.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Vidhyadharan Nair
*[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Shalini Nair, Vidhyadharan's wife
*[[Harisree Ashokan]] as Punyalan
*[[Sukumari]] as Vidhyadharan's mother
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Hitler
*Salu Kuttanad as Punyalan's right hand
*Aloor Elsy
*[[Indrans]] as Peon Kuttappan
*[[Jagadish]] as Alex Paul
*[[Kalabhavan Rahman]] as security guard
*[[Kochu Preman]] as Captain
*[[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Appukuttan Nair, Vidhyadharan's elder brother
*[[N. F. Varghese]] as M.S. Nair, Shalini's father
*[[Ponnamma Babu]] as Vasantha, Shalini's mother
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Astrologer
*Mela Reghu as Hitler's assistant
*Kozhikode Sharada as Kalliyankattu Neeli
*[[Spadikam George]] as Mathai Panadan
*[[Valsala Menon]] as Sushma Aunty, Wife of the Captain
*Easwaran Nair as Nambuthiri
* Jaganadha Kuruppu as Nambiar
*[[Madhupal]] as Ashique
*Nandakishore as Ittooppu
*[[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Sales Marketing Executive
*[[Manju Pillai]] as Rexy (Alex's wife)
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Kaithapram]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Enniyaal Theeraatha" (M) || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]]||
|-
| 2 || "Enniyaal Theeratha" (F) || [[K. S. Chithra]]|| Kaithapram ||
|-
| 3 || "Kaattu Valli" || K. J. Yesudas, Swarnalatha || Kaithapram ||
|-
| 4 || "Kaattu Valli Oonjaalaadaam" (M) || K. J. Yesudas || Kaithapram ||
|-
| 5 || "Paadanariyilla" || K. S. Chithra || Kaithapram ||
|-
| 6 || "Paadanariyilla" (M) || K. J. Yesudas || Kaithapram ||
|-
| 7 || "Ponnumkudathinu" || K. J. Yesudas || Kaithapram ||
|-
| 8 || "Tholil Maarappu" || [[K. J. Yesudas]]|| [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]]||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=eKBYx_C_llQ|title=Vinayapoorvam Vidyaadharan}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Aisa Hota Hai

2026-03-02T09:22:25Z

Mokx71: enhanced information for accuracy for consistency

{{About|Indian short film|the song|Naujawan (album)}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aisa Hota Hai
| image =
| caption = Official Poster
| director = [[Aashish Dubey]]
| screenplay = Aashish Dubey
| story = Aashish Dubey
| producer = Aashish Dubey
| starring = [[Muzaffer Khan]] Deba [[Sahasra Pathak]] [[Pritha Nag]] [[Amar Yadav]] [[Salman Zaidi]] Aashish Dubey
| cinematography = [[Ravindra Nath Guru]]
| editing = Pankaj Yadav & [[Rohit Kanth]]
| released = {{Film date|2012|03|27|[[Fribourg International Film Festival]]|df=yes}}
| runtime = 13 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi / English
}}
'''''Aisa Hota Hai''''' ('''''It Happens''''') is an Indian short film. The film stars [[Muzaffer Khan]], Deba, [[Sahasra Pathak]], [[Pritha Nag]], [[Amar Yadav]], [[Salman Zaidi]], and [[Aashish Dubey]] in the lead, most of the cast is in this film is new. It is directed and produced by [[Aashish Dubey]]. The film is first screened at the [[Fribourg International Film Festival]] on 27 March 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-31 |title=Aisa Hota Hai: India's entry for Fribourg Film Festival - Movies News - Bollywood - ibnlive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aisa-hota-hai-indias-entry-in-fribourg-fest/244126-8-66.html |access-date=2022-05-13 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331072039/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aisa-hota-hai-indias-entry-in-fribourg-fest/244126-8-66.html |archive-date=31 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-01 |title=Short film Aisa Hota Hai to be screened at FIFF |url=http://screen.indianexpress.com/news/short-film-aisa-hota-hai-to-be-screened-at-fiff/930089/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=archive.ph |archive-date=1 February 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201231157/http://screen.indianexpress.com/news/short-film-aisa-hota-hai-to-be-screened-at-fiff/930089/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Afterwards the film got selected in many film festivals like the New Jersey Independent South Asian Cine Fest, [[Indian Film Festival Stuttgart]], [[Festival of Nations Film Festival AUSTRIA]] and many other film festivals around the world. The title of the film was taken from the song of [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Sagarika]]'s album ''[[Naujawan (album)|Naujawan]]''.

==Plot==
The story is about five people who have met in mysterious circumstances. All of them are on the other side of the law. Each one of them tries to maximize as the story progresses. The situation is very volatile and keeps changing every moment. So each one of them has to think about what they need to do in order to survive the ordeal.

==Cast==
* [[Muzaffer Khan]] as Javed Ali Khan
* Deba as Dina
* [[Sahasra Pathak]] as Riya
* [[Pritha Nag]] as Sonia
* [[Amar Yadav]] as Man in car -1
* [[Salman Zaidi]] as Man in car -2
* [[Aashish Dubey]] as Cop

==References==
{{Reflist}}
# http://www.afternoondc.in/48-hrs/short-and-sweet/article_55898
# https://archive.today/20130201231157/http://www.screenindia.com/news/short-film-aisa-hota-hai-to-be-screened-at-fiff/930089/
# http://dearcinema.com/news/two-indian-shorts-make-it-to-26th-fribourg-international-film-festival/2527

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSe0xgd1nS4 Aisa hota hai Trailer]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aisa Hota hai}}
[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 short films]]

Vakeel Babu

2026-03-02T04:30:47Z

Mokx71: started details

{{Short description|Hindi short film from 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
'''''Vakeel Babu''''' is a 2022 legal drama short film made in Hindi language. The film features a very distinct treatment of legal space in India. The film was directed by [[Sumit Purohit]] and starred actors [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]], Loveleen Mishra, [[Hetal Gada]] and Bhamini Oza in prominent roles. It was produced by Civic Studios, a Mumbai-based production house focussed on creating social change through the medium of entertainment. In the case of Vakeel Babu, it highlights the issues of gender based violence and need for gender sensitivity among legal practitioners.

== Plot ==
A young lawyer, distracted with chasing success through his digital video channel, is approached online by an anonymous female victim with a powerful abuser. Will he do justice to the challenge? The film traces the journey of Shiraz Hassan as he rediscovers his purpose in the justice system.

== Cast ==
[[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] as Shiraz Hasan
Loveleen Mishra as Rabiya Hasan
Bhamini Oza as Malti
Mitra Gadhvi
[[Hetal Gada]]
Pallavi Jadhav
Solanki Sharma
Vinod Surya

== Reception ==
''Vakeel Babu'' was widely appreciated by prominent film critics for its treatment of sensitive issues and for its distinct treatment of how legal system works. Times of India called it an engaging social commentary.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vakeel Babu Review : Abhishek Banerjee's social commentary is engaging |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/vakeel-babu/ottmoviereview/94305903.cms |access-date=2023-09-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Film Companion, leading digital Magazine on Indian films, remarked "Vakeel Babu practices more than it preaches"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=2022-10-28 |title=Long Story Short: 'Vakeel Babu' Practices More than it Preaches |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/short-film-review/long-story-short-vakeel-babu-practices-more-than-it-preaches |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=www.filmcompanion.in }}</ref> The leaflet, a reputed legal publication, called it a timely lesson in Public morality<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title='Vakeel Babu' offers a timely lesson in public morality – The Leaflet |url=https://theleaflet.in/vakeel-babu-offers-a-timely-lesson-in-public-morality/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=theleaflet.in }}</ref>
It went on to be officially nominated at several Indian and international film festivals like Chicago South Asian Film Festival '22, IFFSA Toronto '22, and New York Indian Film Festival '22.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-06 |title='Vakeel Babu' selected for New York Indian Film Festival 2022 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vakeel-babu-selected-for-new-york-indian-film-festival-2022/article65388064.ece |access-date=2023-09-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Stereotypes of South Asians

2026-02-28T07:17:52Z

Mokx71: general enhance formatting for consistency further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Stereotypes of subcontinent people}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Sikhs aboard Komagata Maru.jpg|thumb|Many stereotypes of South Asians date back to the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1914, Indian passengers on board the steamer ''[[Komagata Maru incident|Komagata Maru]]'' were stopped in [[Vancouver]], Canada, denied a chance to disembark for two months, then forced to go back to India due to stereotypes held against them.<ref name=mcdonald/>]]

'''Stereotypes of South Asians''' consist of various generalized beliefs about individuals from South Asia which derive from the [[South Asia#History|region's history]] and interaction with other cultures and peoples. These stereotypes are often rooted in [[orientalism]], [[xenophobia]] and [[racism]] and date back to the history of European [[colonialism]] and [[imperialism]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the 18th and 19th centuries along with the immigration of South Asians to the [[English-speaking world]] in the 20th century. According to academics Omar Rahman, David Pollock and John Berry, such stereotypes, which have been primarily propagated through popular culture, have influenced the process of [[acculturation]] for South Asian immigrants in [[Western world|Western nations]].<ref name=rahmanpollock/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hagendoorn |first1=Louk |title=Ethnic categorization and outgroup exclusion: Cultural values and social stereotypes in the construction of ethnic hierarchies |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |date=January 1993 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=26–51 |doi=10.1080/01419870.1993.9993771}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berry |first1=John W. |title=Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation |journal=Applied Psychology |date=January 1997 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=5–34 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x}}</ref>

From the 16th century onwards, European colonialists began to [[Colonial India|arrive in the subcontinent]] as part of the [[Age of Discovery]]. This contact soon led to the proliferation of stereotypes of the region's inhabitants by Europeans, which increased as the majority of South Asia came under colonial rule. European and North American commentators promulgated various stereotypes of South Asians, many of which served as implicit justification for colonial rule. During the 19th and 20th centuries, there were significant levels of immigration from South Asia to Africa, the Americas and Europe, which led to creation of further stereotypes. These stereotypes can have the effect of [[Dehumanization|dehumanizing]] those of South Asian descent, making them more prone to [[abuse]] or being the victim of a crime and potentially leading to [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and [[Disease|ill-health]].<ref name=rahmanpollock/><ref name="bowler">{{cite journal |last1=Bowler |first1=Isobel |title='They're not the same as us': midwives' stereotypes of South Asian descent maternity patients |journal=Sociology of Health & Illness |date=March 1993 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=157–178 |doi=10.1111/1467-9566.ep11346882}}</ref><ref name="Wang-2011">{{cite book |last1=Wang |first1=Jennifer |last2=Siy |first2=John Oliver |last3=Cheryan |first3=Sapna |author-link3=Sapna Cheryan |year=2011 |chapter=Racial Discrimination and Mental Health Among Asian American Youth |chapter-url=http://depts.washington.edu/sibl/Publications/ch10.pdf |editor-last=Leon |editor-first=Frederick T. |editor-last2=Juang |editor-first2=Linda |title=Asian American and Pacific Islander children and mental health |publisher=ABC-CLIO |publication-place=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-0-313-38300-7 |oclc=729636780}}</ref>

==Contemporary stereotypes==
South Asians are stereotyped around the world in ways that are dehumanizing, and in some cases it can lead to [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and mental health issues.<ref name=rahmanpollock>{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=Omar |last2=Rollock |first2=David |title=Acculturation, Competence, and Mental Health Among South Asian Students in the United States |journal=Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development |date=July 2004 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=130–142 |doi=10.1002/j.2161-1912.2004.tb00366.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Ankita |title=The Persistence of Apu: Why Hollywood Still Mocks South Asians |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2012/05/07/ashton_kutcher_s_racist_popchips_ad_why_hollywood_still_mocks_south_asians.html |work=Slate |date=7 May 2012}}</ref>

According to a study by Burr et al. (2002), cultural stereotypes among women from South Asian communities have been linked to patterns of suicide and depression. Medical research reveals that women from South Asian populations in the UK had high rates of suicide while low rates of untreated depression. In order to examine how cultural stereotypes are created within the discourse around mental health, a study used qualitative techniques such as focus groups and interviews with mental health care providers. General Practitioners (GPs) and psychiatrists, among other mental health care providers, took part in the research. It examined at their backgrounds, expertise, and knowledge of the situation when it came to caring for women in South Asian communities. Due to professionals' tendency to view cultural differences as inflexible, and fixed categories, the South Asian communities in Britain have been marginalized. According to the study, the expertise of mental health care providers may be influenced by these biases, which may cause errors in diagnosis and treatment. If these misconceptions are accepted as "facts" they might alter diagnoses and mislead therapies for women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burr |first1=J |title=Cultural stereotypes of women from South Asian communities: mental health care professionals' explanations for patterns of suicide and depression |journal=Social Science & Medicine |date=September 2002 |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=835–845 |doi=10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00220-9 |pmid=12190274}}</ref>

Stereotypes included cultural prejudices related to the South Asian predilection for certain professions, such as medicine, engineering, and computing, or their presence in service industries as motel owners or cab drivers.<ref name=claus>{{cite book |doi=10.4324/9781003061717 |title=South Asian Folklore |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-003-06171-7 |s2cid=126524265 |editor-last1=Mills |editor-last2=Claus |editor-last3=Diamond |editor-first1=Margaret A. |editor-first2=Peter J. |editor-first3=Sarah |page=109}}</ref> As South Asians continue to assimilate, more positive perceptions prevail.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/south-asian-american-stereotype-kondabolu-simpsons |title=How South Asian Americans Are Building a New American Dream |website=[[National Geographic Society]] |date=2018-09-04}}</ref><ref>Marieke Jochimsen, ''Deconstruction of Stereotypes'', Asian British Culture on Film and TV, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universität, MÜNSTER, Germany (March 2008)</ref>

===Dual socioeconomic profiling===
South Asians are stereotyped as belonging to two socioeconomic groups.<ref name=claus/> They are stereotyped either as convenience store or restaurant owners, cab drivers or motel operators who are uneducated, greedy, with large families and live in crowded homes. Alternatively, they are stereotyped as snobbish, upwardly-mobile software programmers and doctors, who lack English-speaking fluency and are willing to take a lower salary. These stereotypes are built, claim scholars,<ref name=claus/><ref>Jorge Sanchez, [http://193.147.33.53/selicup/images/stories/actas4/comunicaciones/globalizacion/DIEGO.pdf ''The South Asian Neighbour and Her/His Stereotype Goes Global''], Universidad de Salamanca, (2012)</ref> by media shows such as the Bangladeshi store owners represented as Sirajul and Mujibur in [[David Letterman]]'s show, or by the character [[Apu Nahasapeemapetilon|Apu]] in ''[[The Simpsons]]'', or the Babu Bhatt character on ''[[Seinfeld]]'', or the British TV show ''[[The Kumars at No. 42]]'' (though this may be an intentional invoking of the stereotype to call attention to it). This contrasts with the reality that South Asians are active, in various levels of prominence and service, in every profession.

===Model minority===
{{Main|Model minority}}

Along with East Asian people, South Asians are stereotyped as model minorities with certain expected behavior.<ref name=sn11>Navaratnam, S. (2011), [https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/30100/1/Navaratnam_Sangeetha_201111_MA_thesis.pdf Guilt, Shame and Model Minorities: How South Asian Youth in Toronto Navigate the Canadian Educational System], MA Thesis, University of Toronto, Canada</ref> These stereotypes are encouraged by media stories such as an article by ''Forbes'' magazine entitled "Indian Americans: The New Model Minority". Richwine claims, "The success of Indian Americans is often ascribed to the culture they bring with them, which places strong – some would even say obsessive – emphasis on academic achievement".<ref name=sn11/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Richwine |first1=Jason |title=Indian Americans: The New Model Minority |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/02/24/bobby-jindal-indian-americans-opinions-contributors_immigrants_minority.html?sh=3cdc963c583b |work=Forbes |date=24 February 2009}}</ref> Similarly, while Asian Indians in the United States have among the highest percentage of college degrees as well as highest income among all ethnic and racial groups, for every South Asian who has a degree with high income, there is another South Asian who struggles to gain job skills and become trained to be gainfully employed.<ref>Sarita Ahuja and Robert Chlala, [http://aapip.org/files/publication/files/aapip_bymoc-final.screen.pdf Widening the Lens on Boys and Men of Color], AAPI & AMEMSA PERSPECTIVES, California, page 12 (June 2013)</ref><ref>C.N. Le, [http://education.jhu.edu/PD/newhorizons/strategies/topics/multicultural-education/A%20closer%20look%20at%20asian%20americans%20and%20education/ ''School of Education at Johns Hopkins University-A Closer Look at Asian Americans and Education''] Johns Hopkins University (2010)</ref>

===South Asian women===
In a 1993 study of stereotypes held by midwives in the British [[National Health Service]], several stereotypes were found to be prevalent against women of South Asian descent.<ref name=bowler/> One, the South Asian mothers were stereotyped as abusing the social service and failing to take recommended treatment. Second, they were stereotyped as those who make a fuss about nothing. Third, they were stereotyped as lacking "normal maternal instinct". The study found communication difficulties to be part of the problem, particularly among women who were Muslim South Asians with [[Urdu]] as their first language; this problem vanished when hospital staff of South Asian descent were included in the team attending the expectant mother. Further, the study found [[experimenter's bias]] in a population wide study that included white British people, Britons of South Asian descent and British people from other parts of the world.<ref name=bowler/><ref>Jowell and Airey (1984), ''British Social Attitudes'', Gower, London, {{ISBN|978-0566007378}}</ref> Contrary to the stereotypes, comparative analysis revealed that the rate of health care service use, rate of diligent treatment and follow up, as well as "maternal instinct" behavior was no different among South Asian women than natives or other ethnic groups.

===Resistance to assimilation===
Two conflicting but prevailing stereotypes in Europe and North America relate to alienation and assimilation by people of South Asian origins.

Hernandez, for example, in her analysis of [[Richard Rodriguez]] – the [[Anisfield-Wolf Book Award]] winner – and [[V. S. Naipaul|V.S. Naipaul]] – the Nobel laureate in literature of Indo-Caribbean origin – quotes [[Albert Memmi]]'s classic, illustrating the stereotype. Memmi claims they make every effort to look Western, in the hope that no one will recognise them; from this proceeds their efforts to forget their past, to change their collective customs, their enthusiastic adoption of the Western language, culture and values, alleges Memmi.<ref name="Memmi, Albert 1973">{{cite book |last1=Memmi |first1=Albert |title=Portrait du décolonisé arabo-musulman et de quelques autres |trans-title=Portrait of the decolonized Arab-Muslim and some others |language=fr |date=2007 |publisher=Gallimard |isbn=978-2-07-034201-3}}{{page needed|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref name=hern1>{{cite journal |last1=de Hernandez |first1=Jennifer Browdy |title=Postcolonial Blues: Ambivalence and Alienation in the Autobiographies of Richard Rodriguez and V.S. Naipaul |journal=A/B: Auto/Biography Studies |date=January 1997 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=151–165 |doi=10.1080/08989575.1997.10815104}}</ref>

Simultaneously these people are also stereotyped as old fashioned, irrational, weird in their customs, servile to their ethnic habits, lacking all sense of individuality, not eager to learn and grow, not speaking or adopting local language (for example, French or English), not wanting to assimilate and be a part of the melting pot. Some stereotype them as betraying a past, others as betraying the future. These stereotypes reflect innate discomfort, confusion and possibly a struggle with rejection by those who stereotype as well as those who are being stereotyped.<ref name="Memmi, Albert 1973"/><ref name="hern1"/>

Hernandez notes, for Naipaul, after a start in a humble family background, personal and professional success could only be achieved through learning, understanding and assimilation. This conflicting stereotype is not unique to South Asians. As Hernandez outlines, the same stereotypes exist against people from different regions of the world, such as against Rodriguez of Mexico.<ref name=hern1/>

==Historical==

=== ''Komagata Maru'' ===
In 1914, a steamer named ''[[Komagata Maru]]'' arrived in the harbor of [[Vancouver]], Canada. On board were 376 Indians, mostly [[Sikhs]].<ref name=cic/><ref name=berkeley/> Both Canada and India were part of the [[British Empire]] at the time, and the movement of people within the empire was permissible, with millions of Indians being sought by the British government for its war effort outside India. The passengers on ''Komagata Maru'' were not soldiers but workers. The provincial government stopped the steamer at sea, refused the tired passengers from disembarking for two months, argued that the South Asians didn't belong in Canada, then forced the steamer and passengers to go back to India. Political leaders and newspaper media parroted allegations, impressions, and cartoons for two months, mocking the immigrants waiting in the boat at sea.<ref>see:
* [http://komagatamarujourney.ca/sites/default/files/Lesson%20Plan%202%20-%20Final.pdf Media Representations of the Komagata Maru Incident] Simon Fraser University (2010)
* [http://komagatamarujourney.ca/photos The story, documents, and cartoons against Komagata Maru] Canada</ref> This action has been explained by scholars,<ref name=mcdonald>Robert McDonald (2011), Making Vancouver: Class, Status, and Social Boundaries, 1863–1913, University of British Columbia Press, {{ISBN|0-7748-0555-2}}, pages 206–207</ref><ref>Patricia Roy, ''British Fear of Asians, 1900–1950'', in British Columbia: Historical Readings, Douglas & McIntyre, 1981</ref> as a result of four stereotypes. First, they were stereotyped as polluting the collective character of British Columbia as a land of White, European-based settlers. Second, South Asians were stereotyped to be from an insulated and unassimilable culture. Third, they were stereotyped as those who were willing to work for less than a fair wages. Fourth, South Asians were stereotyped as unclean, diseased and a threat to public health. Robert McDonald suggests<ref name=mcdonald/> that these stereotypes were false because it was the prevalent prejudice that contributed to their segregation and difficulty in their assimilation, they did not compete with Whites for employment but took the unskilled and rough jobs for which there were no White workers available, and they were neither diseased nor unclean as wealthier Europeans families eagerly sought them as cooks and errand houseboys inside their homes. The stereotypes, claims Robert McDonald, were irrational constructions.

After being forced to go back, ''Komagata Maru'' returned to India with the passengers emotionally distraught and angry. They were arrested upon their arrival by the [[Indian Imperial Police]]; a few passengers who resisted arrest were killed by police gunfire while others jumped off the ship while it was in the harbour and escaped before going on to join the [[Indian independence movement]]. The Indian government in 1952, and the Canadian government in 1989, marked the Komagata Maru incident with memorials and a reminder of the dangers of discrimination and stereotypes.<ref name=cic>[http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/department/media/releases/2012/2012-07-24.asp Citizenship and Immigration Canada] Government of Canada (2009)</ref><ref name=berkeley>[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/echoes/chapter5/chapter5.html Voyage of the Komagata Maru] ''Echoes of Freedom Series'', University of California, Berkeley (2009)</ref> On 18 May 2016, Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] tendered a formal "full apology" for the incident in the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/komagata-maru-live-apology-1.3587827 |title=Trudeau gives Komagata Maru apology in House of Commons |publisher=CBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/18/the-tragic-story-behind-justin-trudeaus-apology-in-canadas-parliament/ |title=Canada's Trudeau makes formal apology for racist Komagata Maru incident |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

===Indomania===
{{Main|Indomania}}

[[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel|Friedrich Schlegel]] wrote in a letter to Tieck that India was the source of [[Indo-European languages|all languages]], [[Indian philosophy|thoughts]] and [[Indian poetry|poems]], and that "everything" came from India.<ref>Ludwig Tieck und die Brüder Schlegel, Briefe. Edited by Lüdecke. Frankfurt/M. 1930.</ref> In the 18th century, [[Voltaire]] wrote that "I am convinced that everything has come down to us from the banks of the Ganges, [[Indian astronomy|astronomy]], [[Jyotiṣa|astrology]] and [[metempsychosis]].<ref>Voltaire, Lettres sur l'origine des sciences et sur celle des peuples de l'Asie (first published Paris, 1777), letter of 15 December 1775.</ref> [[Mark Twain]] similarly enthused about Indian culture and achievements.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2895 |access-date=7 February 2013 |last=Twain |first=Mark |via=Project Gutenberg |title=Following the Equator |date=2004-06-24}}</ref>

===Indophobia===
{{Main|Indophobia}}
The term "[[Anti-Indian sentiment|Indophobia]]" was first coined in western academia by American [[Indologist]] [[Thomas Trautmann]] to describe negative attitudes expressed by some British Indologists against Indian history, society, religions and culture.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dhbwDFfE9J8C&dq=indophobia&pg=PA99 "Aryans and British India"]. Thomas R. Trautmann</ref> Trautmann claimed that during the period of [[British Raj|British rule in India]], "evangelical influence drove British policy down a path that tended to minimize and denigrate the accomplishments of Indian civilization and to position itself as the negation of the earlier British [[Indomania]] that was nourished by belief in Indian wisdom."<ref>Trautmann 1997:113</ref>

In [[Charles Grant (British East India Company)|Charles Grant]]'s highly influential 1796 work ''Observations on the ...Asiatic subjects of Great Britain'',<ref>Grant, Charles. (1796) Observations on the state of society among the Asiatic subjects of Great Britain, particularly with respect to morals; and on the means of improving it, written chiefly in the year 1792.</ref> he alleged that the Hindus are "a people exceedingly depraved". Similarly, Scottish historian [[James Mill]] claimed that both Indian and Chinese people were cowardly, unfeeling, and mendacious. Both Mill and Grant attacked Orientalist scholarship that they felt was too respectful of Indian culture.<ref>Mill, James – 1858, 2:109, The history of British India.</ref> Mill wrote extensively about India and on Eastern religions, even though he never visited India.<ref>Leonard Gordon, in [[Ainslie Embree]] and [[Carol Gluck]] (Editors), Asia in Western and World History, {{ISBN|978-1563242656}}, Columbia Project on Asia, M.E. Sharpe Inc, pages 138–142</ref> Nevertheless, Mill was widely read, and influenced the initial impressions of South Asia in Western mind. Mill was later criticised for being prejudiced against [[Hindus]].<ref>Trautmann 1997:117</ref> The Indologist H.H. Wilson wrote that the tendency of Mill's work is "evil".<ref>H.H. Wilson 1858 in James Mill 1858, The history of British India, Preface of the editor</ref> Such historic Indophobic literature has been suggested as a possible source for some of the stereotypes about South Asians.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9781474470919-048 |chapter=8.6 'Of mimicry and man: The ambivalence of colonial discourse' |title=Deconstruction |date=2001 |last1=Bhabha |first1=Homi K. |pages=414–422 |isbn=978-1-4744-7091-9 |s2cid=246523310}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kopf |first1=David |title=Hermeneutics versus History |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=May 1980 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=495–506 |doi=10.2307/2054677 |jstor=2054677}}</ref>

===Miscegenation===

Stereotypes of South Asians also intensified and evolved during and after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], which was a widespread revolt against the [[Company rule in India|rule]] of the British [[East India Company]], which acted as a sovereign power on behalf of the [[The Crown|British Crown]]. British reports claimed that Indian rebels committed acts of [[Wartime sexual violence|rape]] against British women during the rebellion, claims which were unverified when they were published and have largely dismissed by modern scholars as [[Propaganda#Wartime|wartime propaganda]] with no basis in fact. Despite this, these reports became deeply ingrained into the British public consciousness when discussing India.<ref>{{citation |title=Vanishing Women: Magic, Film, and Feminism |first=Karen Redrobe |last=Beckman |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8223-3074-5 |pages=31–3}}</ref>

At the time of the rebellion, [[Media of the United Kingdom|British newspapers]] printed various apparently eyewitness accounts of English women and girls being raped by Indian rebels, with little corroboration to support these accounts. It was later found that many of these accounts were fabricated as wartime propaganda. One such account published by ''[[The Times]]'', regarding an incident where 48 English girls as young as 10–14 had been raped by Indian rebels in Delhi, was criticized as false propaganda by German philosopher [[Karl Marx]], who pointed out that the story was written by a clergyman in [[Bangalore]], far from the events of the rebellion.<ref>{{citation |title=Vanishing Women: Magic, Film, and Feminism |first=Karen Redrobe |last=Beckman |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8223-3074-5 |pages=33–4}}</ref> These stereotypes and allegations have been characterized as inaccurate by later scholars, but they did harden the British attitude to the Indian public as a whole.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Catherine |title='From Greenland's Icy Mountains ... to Afric's Golden Sand': Ethnicity, Race and Nation in Mid-Nineteenth-Century England |journal=Gender & History |date=June 1993 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=212–230 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0424.1993.tb00173.x}}</ref>

The stereotype of the "Indian rapist" occurred frequently in [[English literature]] of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This coincided with a period after the rebellion when the colonial government officially [[Anti-miscegenation laws|outlawed]] [[miscegenation]], a decision which was influenced by the reports of rape supposedly committed by Indian rebels during the 1857 rebellion. These policies remained in effect until Indian independence in 1947.<ref>{{citation |title=Converting Women |first=Eliza F. |last=Kent |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] US |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-516507-4 |pages=85–6}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Review Essay: Colonial Figures and Postcolonial Reading |first=Suvir |last=Kaul |journal=[[Diacritics (journal)|Diacritics]] |volume=26 |issue=1 |year=1996 |pages=74–89 [83–9] |doi=10.1353/dia.1996.0005 |s2cid=144798987}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Debate on the Rise of the British Empire |first=Anthony |last=Webster |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7190-6793-8 |pages=132–3}}</ref>

===Unqualified to be a judge===

In 1883, the [[Ilbert Bill]], which would have granted judges of Indian descent in [[Bengal]] the right to judge offenders irrespective of their ethnic origins (including those of European descent), came under fierce attack from the [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian community]]. Opposition to the bill was based on stereotyping Indian judges as someone who could not be trusted in dealing with cases involving white women, colloquially called ''[[Sahib|memsahib]]''.<ref>{{citation |first=Sarah |last=Carter |title=Capturing Women: The Manipulation of Cultural Imagery in Canada's Prairie West |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7735-1656-4 |page=17}}</ref> Anglo-Indian newspapers in India spread wild rumours about how Indian judges would abuse their power to fill their [[harem]]s with white women, which helped raise considerable support against the bill.<ref>{{citation |title=Feminist Postcolonial Theory: A Reader |editor=[[Reina Lewis]] |editor2=[[Sara Mills (linguist)|Sara Mills]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-94275-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/feministpostcolo0000unse/page/444 444] |url=https://archive.org/details/feministpostcolo0000unse/page/444 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

The colonial stereotype of Indian males as dark-skinned rapists lusting after white women was challenged by several novels such as [[E. M. Forster]]'s ''[[A Passage to India]]'' (1924) and [[Paul Mark Scott|Paul Scott]]'s ''[[The Jewel in the Crown (novel)|The Jewel in the Crown]]'' (1966), both of which involve an Indian male being wrongly accused of raping an English female.<ref>{{citation |title=Colonialism-postcolonialism |first=Ania |last=Loomba |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-12809-4 |pages=79–80}}</ref> Some activists argued that these stereotypes were wrong, claiming that Indians had proven to be more receptive to women's rights and progress, with the [[University of Calcutta]] becoming one of the first universities to admit [[Female education|female graduates]] to its degree programmes in 1878, before any university in Britain.<ref>{{citation |title=Feminist Postcolonial Theory: A Reader |last=Reina Lewis |first=Sara Mills |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-94275-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/feministpostcolo0000unse/page/451 451–3] |url=https://archive.org/details/feministpostcolo0000unse/page/451}}</ref>

== Region-specific stereotypes ==

=== United Kingdom and English-speaking territories ===

==== Cultural stereotypes ====
British sociologists Mike O'Donnell and Sue Sharpe studied [[British Asian]] students and came to similar conclusions regarding problems faced by Asian youths at lower class schools. Whereas [[Black British]] students were respected by their [[White British]] peers as "more confrontational", Asian youths had trouble gaining this same kind of respect and status. O'Donnell and Sharpe found that many Asian youths are stereotyped as non-confrontational, warriors or as a [[patriarch]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Langley |first1=Pete |last2=Moore |first2=Stephen |last3=Chapman |first3=Steve |title=Sociology AS for OCR |date=2010 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers Limited |isbn=978-0-00-735373-6 |pages=250–251}}</ref>

During the period of British rule, colonial officials stereotyped Sikhs and Muslims as "[[martial races]]",<ref name="rand">{{Cite journal |last=Rand |first=Gavin |title=Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914 |journal=European Review of History |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |date=March 2006 |doi=10.1080/13507480600586726 |s2cid=144987021}}</ref> which historians argue influence modern-day perceptions of South Asians in the UK.<ref name="bbcislam">{{cite web |title=Islam in the UK (1500s-present): Before the 20th century |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/uk_1.shtml |access-date=17 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="bengalport">{{cite web |title=Bengali-speaking community in the Port of London |publisher=PortCities UK |url=http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.126/chapterId/2600/Bengalispeaking-community-in-the-Port-of-London.html |access-date=17 February 2009}}</ref> The Warrior stereotype has become the replacement for the Thug stereotype. During the colonial era, South Asian criminals were referred as [[Crime|thugs]] due to the presence of the [[Thuggee]] syndicate. The word [[Crime|''thug'']] originates from the syndicate and was originally used as a term for South Asian criminals. Due to the African-American hip-hop group adopting the name [[Thug Life (band)|Thug Life]], the word ''thug'' is no longer associated with South Asian criminals. Many South Asian youths are often caricatured as rebelling against a society which stereotypes them as a [[model minority]], as well as against their perceived strict upbringing.<ref name="bbcdrugs">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6268931.stm |title=Why are British Asians turning to drugs? |publisher=BBC |author=Sangita Myska |date=16 January 2007 |access-date=6 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="butcher">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Christopher |title=Butchers knives' and samurai swords: 'All cops are targets' |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/IF0501553463/TTDA?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=be7d03e8 |newspaper=Times |location=London |date=27 February 2003 |page=14 |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="cosmo">{{cite book |last=Keith |first=Michael |title=After the Cosmopolitan? |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |page=144 |isbn=978-0-415-34169-1}}</ref><ref name="err">{{cite book |last=Troyna |first=Barry |author2=Bruce Carrington |title=Education, Racism, and Reform |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1990 |page=30 |isbn=978-0-415-03826-3}}</ref>

This has fed the stereotype that [[Pakistanis]] and [[Bangladeshis]] are more aggressive and form gangs. They are then further stereotyped as having poor [[social skills]], being unable to speak to ordinary [[White British]] people and have poor [[listening]] skills.<ref name=spitafields>{{cite book |last=J. Kershen |first=Anne |title=Strangers, Aliens and Asians: Huguenots, Jews and Bangladeshis in Spitalfields, 1660–2000 |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |page=247 |isbn=978-0-7146-5525-3}}</ref><ref name=power2choose>{{cite book |last=Kabeer |first=Naila |title=The power to choose: Bangladeshi women and labour market decisions in London and Dhaka |year=2000 |page=194}}</ref>

Since the events of [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] and [[7 July 2005 London bombings|7/7]], [[South Asians|South Asian]] [[Muslims]] (particularly those of [[Bangladeshi]] and [[Pakistani]] origin and in many cases of Indian origin), have been stereotyped as being [[Anti-Western sentiment|anti-Western]] and/or [[Extremism|extremists]].<ref name="BBC News-2017">{{Cite news |date=12 May 2017 |title=British, Muslim, Male: Am I a stereotype? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-39898158 |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chambers |first=Stuart |date=21 January 2021 |title=Islamophobia in western media is based on false premises |url=http://theconversation.com/islamophobia-in-western-media-is-based-on-false-premises-151443 |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> This may have contributed to increased tensions with ethnic and religious groups in the West.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://i-epistemology.net/v1/attachments/847_Ajiss21-3%20-%20Abbas%20-%20After%209%20over%2011.pdf |title=After 9/11: British South Asian Muslims, Islamophobia, Multiculturalism, and the State |author=Abbas, Tahir |journal=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences |volume=21 |issue=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.e-space.mmu.ac.uk/ |title=e-space |website=e-space.mmu.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamophobia: the othering of Europe's Muslims |date=11 April 2015 |first=Hassan |last=Mahamdallie |url=http://isj.org.uk/islamophobia-the-othering-of-europes-muslims/ |work=International Socialism}}</ref> In some cases even members of Hindu and Sikh community are stereotyped as terrorists in the West.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Following a number of high-profile controversies about the proportion of men of South Asian heritage found to be involved in child sexual exploitation, South Asian Muslims (particularly those of Pakistani origin) have often been [[Child sexual abuse in the United Kingdom#Group-based child sexual exploitation|stereotyped as sexual groomers]].<ref name="BBC News-2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Chris |date=13 January 2019 |title=Why are so many grooming suspects Pakistani men, ask councillors |url=https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/17353046.councillor-call-work-identify-disproportionately-high-number-grooming-suspects-pakistani-community/ |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=Bradford Telegraph and Argus}}</ref>

In literary studies, critics such as Homi Bhabha and [[Rey Chow]] have theorized that cultural stereotypes prevail because they work through repetition and ambivalence, easily shifting between contradictory meanings. Thus in colonial culture the 'native' or 'ethnic' is stereotyped as sly and indolent, lascivious and impotent.<ref>Bhabha, Homi. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28113876 The Location of Culture (Routledge, 1994)]; Chow, Rey. [https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-protestant-ethnic-and-the-spirit-of-capitalism/9780231124218 The Protestant Ethnic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Columbia University Press, 2002)]</ref> More recently, scholars such as Mrinalini Chakravorty have considered how contemporary fiction from and about South Asia traffics in stereotypes.<ref>Chakravorty, Mrinalini. [https://cup.columbia.edu/book/in-stereotype/9780231165976 In Stereotype: South Asia in the Global Literary Imaginary (Columbia University Press, 2014)]</ref>

=== China ===
Due to China's economic rivalry with India, a large number of Chinese people view India negatively, with several stereotypes of Indians commonplace in Chinese culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Chinese Hate Indians! |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/asia/why-chinese-hate-indians-44333.html |website=The Times of India |access-date=2015-10-14 |date=2012-10-19}}</ref>

In 2012, Krish Raghav, an Indian journalist, stated that within China, the notion of India and Indian-ness is largely built on rumour and stereotype. Raghav reported that for China's online community, "India" is a combined construct of the character Rajesh Koothrappali from the sitcom ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'', the comedian [[Russell Peters]], images of overcrowded [[Indian Railways|Indian trains]] with people hanging off the sides, and dead bodies floating down the river Ganges. These stereotypes are frequently evoked with the descriptor, "disgusting". The smell of curry is often used as a derogatory epithet. Within the Chinese state media, there is China's official line, parroted in newspapers and TV news media, of India as a "rival"; India's woeful infrastructure is emphasised and connected to defects of democracy. Historical documentaries on [[China Central Television]] frequently depict Indians as "soldiers of the British".<ref name="qz.com">[http://qz.com/39643/in-beijing-indians-are-seen-as-stereotypes-or-not-seen-at-all/ "In Beijing, Indians are seen as stereotypes or not seen at all"], Raghav, Krish (31 December 2012), ''Quartz''.</ref>

By recognizing that cultural views can differ greatly throughout regions in China, as they do in India. Still, there are some features that surpass national borders. China's official views India as a rival, stressing historical conflicts over Tibet and border issues as well as flaws in democracy-related structures. Chinese internet users' opinions of India are influenced by a limited range of visuals, such as photographs of media figures, viral pictures of crowded trains and unpleasant Ganges scenery, and movies like ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''. These portrayals frequently serve to continue negative stereotypes and interactions, being used as a demeaning descriptor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghav |first1=Krish |title=In Beijing, Indians are seen as stereotypes or not seen at all |url=https://qz.com/39643/in-beijing-indians-are-seen-as-stereotypes-or-not-seen-at-all |work=Quartz |date=31 December 2012}}</ref>

However, many Chinese citizens view Indian Hindus with positive attributes too due to historic connections through [[Buddhism]] and ancient cultural contact. A commonly held view is that India is rich in culture but under-developed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chinese Views of India: Culturally Rich but Backward |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/09/18/chinese-views-of-india-culturally-rich-but-backward/ |website=WSJ Blogs - India Real Time |access-date=2015-10-14 |first1=Aditi |last1=Malhotra |first2=Raymond |last2=Zhong |date=2014-09-18}}</ref>

=== Malaysia ===
Currently, around 7% of Malaysia's population consists of [[Malaysian Indians|Indians]], mainly from the Tamil ethno-linguistic group of Southern India, as a minority of a largely Malay population in Peninsular Malaysia.<ref name=Arasaratnam1970>{{cite book |last=Arasaratnam |first=Sinnappah |title=Indians in Malaysia and Singapore |url=https://archive.org/details/indiansinmalaysi0000aras |url-access=registration |year=1970 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiansinmalaysi0000aras/page/4 4], 168, 169, 170, 171, & 175 |isbn=978-0-19-218184-8}}</ref>

There are many stereotypes concerning Malaysian Indians.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://tofukicks.com/10-malaysian-indian-stereotypes-that-needs-to-stop/ |title=10 Malaysian Indian Stereotypes That Needs To STOP |date=2018-01-19 |work=TofuKicks |access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref> Some of them include that Malaysian Indians are considered as heavy drinkers and robbers. Malaysian Indians are also primely suspected of being members of criminal or terrorist organisations and sometimes fall victim to false accusation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://says.com/my/news/malaysian-flag-mistaken-for-isis-symbol-in-kansas-leads-to-discrimination-suit |title=A Man Became a Terrorist Suspect After Someone Thought the Malaysian Flag Had ISIS Symbols |work=Says.com |date=2018-03-20}}</ref>

Racism still remains a major problem in Malaysia and some stereotypes have led to cases of public bullying and racially hurtful commentary, such as being called a 'keling', 'mabuk' (drunkard) etc.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

=== Singapore ===
Around 10% of Singapore's population consists of [[Indian Singaporeans|Indians]], mainly from the Tamil ethno-linguistic group of Southern India, as a minority of a largely Chinese population. There are also some 160,000 non-skilled foreigners currently working in Singapore – a majority of them are from the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="SELVARAJ VELAYUTHAM 2006">{{cite book |last1=Velayutham |first1=Selvaraj |title=Everyday Multiculturalism |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-349-30297-0 |pages=255–273 |chapter=Everyday Racism in Singapore |doi=10.1057/9780230244474_14}}</ref>

A stereotype of [[Indian Singaporeans|Singaporean Indians]] is that the Indian body is lacking in athleticism.<ref name="SELVARAJ VELAYUTHAM 2006" /> They are however among the richest and most successful ethnic groups in Singapore,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/indicators.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919204403/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/indicators.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-19 |title=Income by Ethnicity}}</ref> with exceptional educational attainment rates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/esd/ESD%20Interactive/Table%2033%20(2005).pdf |title=Education in Singapore |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224653/http://www.moe.gov.sg/esd/ESD%20Interactive/Table%2033%20%282005%29.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> and low levels of poverty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/indicators.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919204403/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/indicators.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-19 |title=Poverty in Singapore}}</ref>

Racism remains a minor problem in Singapore and some stereotypes have led to cases of public bullying and racially hurtful commentary, such as being called a 'black tofu'.<ref name="SELVARAJ VELAYUTHAM 2006" />

Lower class foreign workers congregate in the Indian historical and now tourist enclave called [[Little India, Singapore|Little India]].<ref name="SELVARAJ VELAYUTHAM 2006" /> Little India, with its large concentration of Indians is not frequented by some Chinese Singaporeans because it is perceived as an alien space which is potentially threatening and dangerous.<ref name="SELVARAJ VELAYUTHAM 2006" /> In 2013 a [[2013 Little India riot|minor riot]] occurred in the area involving construction workers from Bangladesh, Pakistan and India, which helped fuel stereotypes of construction workers as being dangerous.<ref>{{cite news |title=Little India Riot: One Year Later – The night that changed Singapore |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/little-india-riot-one-year-later-the-night-that-changed-singapore |website=The Straits Times |access-date=2015-10-15 |date=2014-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718044332/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/little-india-riot-one-year-later-the-night-that-changed-singapore |archive-date=2015-07-18}}</ref>

=== Fiji ===
{{Further|Indo-Fijians}}
In Fiji, another country where large numbers of people of Indian origin were brought for agricultural plantation work, over 125 years ago, they are viewed in a manner different from some other parts of the world. Sienkiewicz finds the stereotypes popular in Pacific Islands is that Indians are too materialistic, caring only about money; that while the Indians work very hard to attain financial success, they refuse to share it. People with origins in India are also thought in Fiji to be too private and lacking a culture of caring for larger families.<ref name=ss1>{{cite web |title=Ethnic relations in Fiji: Peaceful coexistence and the recent shift in the ethnic balance |author=Stephanie Sienkiewicz |year=2000 |publisher=Union College, New York |url=http://minerva.union.edu/fiji99/sienkiewicz/ssind1.htm}}</ref>

Indo-Fijians, Sienkiewicz argued, intentionally prefer to be in nuclear families, living in isolated homes rather than communal joint families in koros (villages). Some she interviewed claimed, "Before we were in extended families, but now we are all in nuclear families. Just a small house, their family and that's it. Relatives come and they go; they do not live in that house. It is a better way of living. Everyone's needs and wants are cared for. Mostly, by having nuclear families and not living in the koro (village), we find that there is less conflict, less chance of conflict." This preference for private and diligent life is a matter of significant ethnic stereotypes and conflicts in Fiji.<ref name="ss1"/> Sienkiewicz suggests that the British incorporation of the ethnic separation model in Fiji, while originally devised to help the colonial administration govern the colony smoothly, has had long-term effects on the ethnic identities and mutual stereotypes between both Fijians and Indians in Fiji.<ref name=ss1/>

===New Zealand===
A [[Massey University]] study finds that the ethnic minority of Indian descent are stereotyped, but so are other ethnic groups. However, inter-ethnic and stereotypes-driven [[bullying]] of students of Indian descent was higher; the students of Indian descent were least likely to retaliate, report abuse to authorities or approach officials for assistance in prevention. Stereotyped and bullied Asian Indians were most likely to accept suffering, emotional trauma and ill health problems.<ref name=asm>A. Sobrun-Maharaj, ''The Social Acceptance of Visible Ethnic Minority Adolescents of Asian Origin in Auckland Secondary Schools'', Ph.D. Thesis, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand (2002)</ref>

Negative stereotypes for Asian Indians included being presumed as unfriendly, cliquish, unemotional, weird, snobbish, uncivilized, terrorists and cheap. Many of these stereotypes did not lead to inter-ethnic bullying, but some did.<ref name=asm/>

===United States===

====Cultural prejudices in American schools====
{{As of|2013}} cultural stereotypes prevalent in American schools negatively impact students of South Asian origin, in terms of social stress, feeling dehumanized and their general sense of well-being.<ref name=akd>{{cite journal |last1=Kaduvettoor-Davidson |first1=Anju |last2=Inman |first2=Arpana G. |title=South Asian Americans: Perceived discrimination, stress, and well-being |journal=Asian American Journal of Psychology |date=September 2013 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=155–165 |id={{ProQuest|1240894354}} |doi=10.1037/a0030634}}</ref> American sociologist Yvette Rosser found, as stated in a book published in 2001,<ref name=rosser1>{{cite book |last1=Rosser |first1=Yvette |chapter=Stereotypes in Schooling: Negative Pressures in the American Educational System on Hindu Identity Formation (Part I) |pages=213–236 |editor1-last=Rukmani |editor1-first=T. S. |title=Hindu Diaspora: Global Perspective |date=2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-1039-4}}</ref> that negative attitudes and images about South Asian cultures are taught in American schools or through the media, and these misconceptions may color people's personal socialization experiences.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zajda |first1=Joseph |title=Cultural Transferability and Cross-Cultural Textbook Development |journal=Education and Society |date=2004 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=83–95 |doi=10.7459/es/22.1.06}}</ref> Sensationalist news stories about India often reinforce preconceived ideas.

Social studies teachers can play a critical role in eliminating cultural prejudices, but instead typically reinforce stereotypes about cultures different from their own, and present biased information about Asians, thereby losing the opportunity for deeper understanding.

Many Americans of South Asian origin who participated in the survey reported numerous stereotypes. Some sample stereotypes reported by Rosser, and others,<ref name=daskemp/><ref>Nita Tewari and Alvin N. Alvarez (Editors), Asian ''American Psychology: Current Perspectives'', {{ISBN|978-0-8058-6008-5}}, Taylor & Francis, pages 321–325</ref> include the following:

{{blockquote|[The] presentation of South Asia can be summarized as running quickly from the "Cradle of Civilization Approach" contrasting the Indus Valley with Mesopotamia and Egypt, on past the Aryans, who were somehow our ... ancestors, to the poverty stricken, superstitious, polytheistic, caste ridden Hindu "way of life" and then somehow magically culminating with a eulogy of Mahatma Gandhi. This is the "ancient India Meets the Age of Expansion Approach" with a photo of the Taj Mahal.|<ref name=rosser1/>}}

Amid the dearth of information about Hinduism in world history textbooks there may be found an entire page dedicated to an obscure deity such as Varuna, while the beliefs of most modern Hindus are ignored.<ref name=rosser1/>

{{blockquote|India was considered as really dirty and the people not too intelligent ... teachers and textbooks
generally approached Asia from a negative perspective and, showed the desolate parts of India, not the beauty" ... "only lives of the poor were represented and the treatment of Asia showed only the problems". Students never learned that, in India, there is a middle class made up of approximately 300 million consumers. Another student complained that India is depicted as "just a poor country" and that the lives of the people are dealt with in a simplistic manner.|<ref name=rosser1/>}}

Most people stereotype South Asians as if the nation is little more than "Taj Mahal, famine, hunger, population, poverty, Hare Krishna, and Gandhi."<ref name=rosser1/>{{confusing|date=June 2024}}

Alternatively, the stereotypes stress prejudices about "Hinduism, the caste system, poverty, third world country, inferiority" as if that is all India is. One survey participant confided that the diversity of views and culture within India was not depicted accurately and "only negativity was enforced; we of South Asian origin are stereotyped as that we all starve, eat monkey brains, worship rats and cows." India is stereotyped as a backward country that treats their women poorly and kills their baby girls. Checking for facts or reality is considered unnecessary. Similar observations have been made by other scholars, for both recent immigrants and second generation South Asian Americans born in the United States.<ref name=akd/><ref name=daskemp>Das & Kemp (1997), ''Between two worlds: Counseling South Asian Americans'', Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 25(1), pages 23–33</ref>

In the minds of many Americans, Rosser writes, Indian women are to be pitied and the positive social progress made by many women in India is completely ignored.<ref name=rosser1/> The prevailing image is that if the unfortunate females of South Asia survive a deprived childhood they are likely to be burned in a dowry death after their forced marriage to a complete stranger. Indian women are shown as downtrodden and powerless victims, unlike American women who have more freedom. Indira Gandhi is seen as an anomaly.<ref name=rosser1/>

Rosser notes that while India's religion and the caste system are emphasized in American discourse, no mention is made of post-independence secular India's efforts toward national integration of its minorities. No mention is made of laws and efforts against discrimination, or the country's 60-year effort towards active inclusion of scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population in educational and employment opportunities. People also forget to introspect the fact that social discrimination and prejudice has been a widespread worldwide issue, for example the treatment of African Americans in southern United States.<ref name=rosser1/>

====Outsourcing/offshoring/call centres====

Former U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] has said that the prevailing stereotype being cultivated against Indians in the United States is that "all U.S. jobs are being outsourced to India," and the stereotype is adversely affecting [[India–United States relations]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2010/11/obama-stereotypes-shadow-us-indian-trade-relations/1 |title=Obama: 'Stereotypes' shadow U.S.-Indian trade relations |work=USA Today |date=8 November 2010}}</ref> He also commented that such stereotypes have "outlived their usefulness"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ciol.com/News/News/News-Reports/Obama-strikes-out-at-outsourcing-stereotypes/143163/0/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119042148/http://www.ciol.com/News/News/News-Reports/Obama-strikes-out-at-outsourcing-stereotypes/143163/0/ |title=Obama strikes out at 'outsourcing stereotypes' |website=CyberMedia India Online Ltd |archive-date=19 January 2013 |access-date=11 January 2011}}</ref> and "ignore today's reality." Obama said, "Trade between our countries is not just a one-way street of American jobs and companies moving to India. It is a dynamic two-way relationship that is creating jobs, growth and higher standards in both our countries."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-06/obama-says-india-s-economic-growth-win-win-situation-for-both-countries.html |publisher=Bloomberg News |first1=Hans |last1=Nichols |first2=Julianna |last2=Goldman |title=Obama, Visiting India, Promotes Trade, Democracy on First Asia Tour Stop |date=6 November 2010}}</ref>

==Consequences==

These stereotypes can have the effect of [[Dehumanization|dehumanizing]] those of South Asian descent, making them more prone to [[abuse]] or being the victim of a crime and potentially leading to [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and [[Disease|ill-health]].<ref name=rahmanpollock/><ref name="bowler"/><ref name="Wang-2011"/>

As reported in cases of other stereotyped ethnic groups, scholars also confirm the phenomenon of [[stereotype threat]] in South Asians, a psychological process that increases anxiety while reducing the potential performance of South Asians and their ability to productively contribute.<ref name="Woolf McManus Gill Dacre 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Woolf |first1=Katherine |last2=McManus |first2=I Chris |last3=Gill |first3=Deborah |last4=Dacre |first4=Jane |date=December 2009 |title=The effect of a brief social intervention on the examination results of UK medical students: a cluster randomised controlled trial |journal=BMC Medical Education |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=35 |doi=10.1186/1472-6920-9-35 |pmc=2717066 |pmid=19552810 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Crisp, R. J. 2009 pages 231">{{cite journal |last1=Crisp |first1=Richard J. |last2=Turner |first2=Rhiannon N. |title=Can imagined interactions produce positive perceptions?: Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact |journal=American Psychologist |date=2009 |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=231–240 |doi=10.1037/a0014718 |pmid=19449982}}</ref> The constant presence of a social or work environment filled with stereotypes has been found as a significant cause of depression and ill health.<ref name="rahmanpollock" /><ref name="bowler" /><ref name="daskemp" />

==See also==
*[[Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India]]
*[[Historical definitions of races in India]]
*[[Historical race concepts]]
*[[Racism against Asians]]
**[[Anti-Indian sentiment]]
***[[Anti-Hindu sentiment]]
****[[Anti-Brahminism]]
*[[Ethnic stereotype]]
**[[Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Indra |first1=Doreen M. |title=South Asian stereotypes in the Vancouver press |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |date=April 1979 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=166–189 |doi=10.1080/01419870.1979.9993261}}

{{Commons category|Stereotypes of South Asian people}}

{{Stereotypes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stereotypes of South Asians}}
[[Category:Anti-Asian sentiment in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment]]
[[Category:Anti-Pakistan sentiment]]
[[Category:Ethnic and racial stereotypes|South Asians]]
[[Category:Asian-American issues]]
[[Category:Stereotypes of South Asian people| ]]
[[Category:Anti–South Asian sentiment]]

Battle of Samdhara

2026-02-27T09:32:50Z

Mokx71: add intro further and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Battle between Mughals and Ahoms in 1616}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Samdhara
| place = Samdhara, [[Assam]]
| partof = [[Ahom-Mughal conflicts]]
| result = Ahom victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|25px]] [[Ahom kingdom]]
| combatant2 = {{tree list}} [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
** [[Bengal Subah]] {{tree list/end}}
| commander1 = [[Pratap Singha]] Shamkula Borgohain Lasham Charing Gohain Ailas Gohain Lama Barua Chepta Barua Langu Deoghria Bharali Barua Piksai Hazarika
| commander2 = [[Qasim Khan Chishti]] Syed Hakkim khan Syed Aba bakr{{KIA}} Sattrajit Raja Jagdeo Jamal khan kankali{{KIA}} Gokul Chand{{KIA}} Miran Sayed Masud {{POW}} Ilahdad Khan Dakhini {{POW}} Raja Rai{{POW}} Karamchand{{POW}}
| strength1 = 30,000 men 700 war elephants<ref>{{cite book |title=Sudhindra Nath Bhattacharya, A History of Mughal North-east Frontier Policy|pages=155}}</ref>
| strength2 = 10,000 troops 10,000 cavalry 400 war boats 2,000 musketeers<ref>{{cite book |title=Mohamed Nasr, Ahom Mughal Relations A Study In Diplomatic History |pages=82 |url=https://archive.org/details/AhomMughalRelationsAStudyInDiplomaticHistory/page/n89/mode/2up}}</ref>
| casualties1 = Light
| casualties2 = 1,700 killed
| date = January 1616
| image = Bhomoraguri Rock inscription 1616, commemorating the victory of Ahoms over the Mughals in Samdhara.png
| caption = Bhomoraguri Rock inscription 1616, commemorating the victory of Ahoms over the Mughals in Samdhara
}}

{{Assam History}}
'''Battle of Samdhara''' was the first naval battle fought between [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] in 1616.<ref name="Comprehensive history of Assam, SL">{{cite book |title=Comprehensive history of Assam, SL Baruah |pages=242}}</ref>

== Background ==
The first direct clash of arms between the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] was occasioned by an illegal trade-affair carried by a merchant, Ranta or Ratan Shah by name, who was procuring aloes-wood for [[Jahangir]], at Singri, that lay to the east of the [[Barnadi River|Barnadi]] and within the [[Ahom kingdom]]. On detection, his goods were confiscated and he was expelled from the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom territory]]. Shortly afterwards, unauthorised merchants of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] were found to the north of Kajali buying pulses, mustard seeds, and other commodities. Two such mechant vessels were seized by the Ahom government and two of the tradesmen killed.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03465/page/n47/mode/2up |title=Kamrupar Buranji: or an account of ancient Kamarupa and a history of the Mogul conflicts with Assam and Cooch Behar , up to A.D. 1682 |year=1930 |pages=20|publisher=Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Assam }}</ref> The incident of killing the merchants was only a pretext to launch an invasion to Assam, the Mughal viceroy had long preparing for an invasion.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mohamed Nasr, Ahom Mughal Relations A Study In Diplomatic History |pages=81 |url=https://archive.org/details/AhomMughalRelationsAStudyInDiplomaticHistory/page/n89/mode/2up}}</ref>

== Expedition ==
This stern action of the Ahom government was taken exception to by the Mughal government in [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], which was further dissatisfied with the Ahom king [[Susenghphaa|Pratap Singha]] for sheltering [[Balinarayan]], brother of Parikshit. [[Qasim Khan Chishti|Seikh Qasim Khan]], the governor of Bengal, sent immediately a force consisting of over 10,000 troops, and 300 well-equipped war-boats, under Syed Hakkim and Syed Aba Bakr.<ref name="Comprehensive history of Assam, SL"/> Sattrajit, son of the zamindar of Bhusna near [[Dhaka|Dacca]], who had earlier fought successfully against Parikshit and had been rewarded by his appointment as thanadar of [[Pandu, Guwahati|Pandu]] and [[Guwahati|Guahati]], also accompanied the expeditionary force. Beside, some noted officers of the central government like Raja Jagdeo, grandson of Raja [[Todar Mal]], Jamal Khan Mankali accompanied Aba Bakr.<ref>{{cite book |title=Comprehensive history of Assam, SL Baruah |pages=ibid}}</ref> The expeditionary force started from Bajrapur in Bengal in March 1616 and reached the mouth of the [[Kolong River|Kalang river]] in the midst of rains in May/June of that year. The Ahom fleet stationed at the Kajali Choucki attacked the invading force but suffered defeat and retreated with the loss of some boats. Elated at this victory, Sattrajit entered Sala by way of the [[Kolong River|Kalang]], killed a few men and looted a royal store. After three days, he crossed the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], moved westward and carried away three female dancers from the Siva temple at [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]] and sailed off.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Comprehensive history of Assam, SL Baruah |pages=243}}</ref>

== Battle ==
[[Qasim Khan Chishti|Qasim Khan]]'s campaign to extend [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] control over [[Assam]] culminated in a major expedition led by Sayyid Aba Bakr. This force, consisting of 10,000–12,000 cavalry and infantry, 200 musketeers, and 300–400 warboats, was accompanied by 1,500 imperial officers, including prominent figures like Raja Satrajit of Bhusna and Jamal Khan Mankali. The Mughal forces advanced into [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] territory, capturing key forts at Kajali, Kalang, Kalibar, and Sala, while also looting the [[Bishyanath Temple|Bishwanath Temple]] and seizing Ahom royal treasures.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEa8EAAAQBAJ |title=The Mughals and the North-East: Encounter and Assimilation in Medieval India |date=2023-07-17 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-90525-0 |pages=453–454 |language=en}}</ref>

In response, the Ahoms fortified Samdhara, a strategically located fort near the confluence of the [[Bharali River|Bharali]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra rivers]]. The [[Burhagohain]], [[Borgohain|Bargohain]], and [[Borpatragohain|Barpatragohain]] led efforts to reinforce the fort with 14,000 additional troops. Meanwhile, Ahkek Gohain, a former defector who returned to the Ahom side under a promise of pardon, provided critical intelligence about Mughal movements. The Mughals eventually stationed themselves on the Bharali's right bank, opposite Samdhara.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

The [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]], after consulting astrologers, planned a surprise night attack for January 1616. Exploiting the unpreparedness of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], the Ahom forces launched a devastating offensive, quickly overpowering their enemy. Key Mughal commanders, including Sayyid Aba Bakr, Jamal Khan Kankali, and Gokul Chand, were slain, along with 1,700 Mughal soldiers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Mohamed Nasr, Ahom Mughal Relations A Study In Diplomatic History |pages=84}}</ref> The Mughal fleet initially resisted but collapsed after the death of Aba Bakr. The Ahoms captured almost the entire Mughal flotilla, including its commander Miran Sayed Masud, while Satrajit and Sona Ghazi narrowly escaped with two boats. Many Mughal officers, including Ilahdad Khan Dakhini, Raja Rai, and Karamchand, were taken prisoner.<ref name=":1" />

Ahom spies played a crucial role in the victory by exposing weaknesses in the Mughal defenses, including poorly fortified camps and uncleared jungles. The Ahoms used this intelligence to clear the jungle and prepare for their assault, catching the Mughals by surprise. Following the victory, the Ahoms captured vast war resources, including elephants, horses, guns, and ammunition.<ref name=":1" />

King [[Susenghphaa|Pratap Singha]], upon hearing of the triumph at Samdhara, ordered that the captured [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] officers be spared, as he wished to see them personally. However, most of the prisoners were already slain by the time he arrived. Enraged, Pratap Singha ordered the execution of the Ahom officers responsible for killing the captives. To commemorate the victory, Pratap Singha constructed a new fort at Samdhara and inscribed the achievement as ''Visama Samara Vijayana'' (Victory in Unequal Battle). This marked a decisive moment in the Ahom-Mughal conflict, showcasing the resilience and military strategy of the Ahoms.<ref name=":1" />

== Aftermath ==
Thus the maiden attempt of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] to expand towards the east was successfully thwarted by the Ahoms. This defeat brought both ignominy and disaster to the Mughals.[[Qasim Khan Chishti|Qasim Khan]] was replaced by [[Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang|Ibrahim Khan Fathjang]] as the governor of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] in April 1617 and Lakshmi Narayan, who has been placed in detention for three years, was re-installed in his kingdom on the condition that he would serve the cause of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in their fight against the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]]. On the Ahom side, this victory greatly increased their prestige and solidified their position as the master-power of modern [[Northeast India|north-east]] India. It was at this time that they brought under their control the entire tract between the Barnadi and the [[Bharali River|Bharali]]. [[Pratap Singha]], the Ahom king, established [[Balinarayan]] as the tributary raja of [[Darrang district|Darrang]] and renamed him as [[Dharmanarayan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Baruah, S L (1986), A Comprehensive History of Assam, Munshiram Manoharlal |pages=243}}</ref> Many of the captured soldiers and commanders were sacrificed to goddess [[Kamakhya]] in [[Kamakhya Temple]], including the captured son of Sattrajit.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Power of Tantra: Religion, Sexuality and the Politics of South Asian Studies | isbn=9780857731586 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ-LDwAAQBAJ&dq=ahoms+sacrificed+muslims+to+kamakhya&pg=PP138| last1=Urban | first1=Hugh B. | date=30 October 2009 | publisher=Bloomsbury }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ahom Dynasty]]
* [[Ahom kingdom]]
* [[Ahom–Mughal conflicts]]
* [[Battle of Saraighat]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* Baruah, S L (1986), A Comprehensive History of Assam, Munshiram Manoharlal
{{refend}}

[[Category:History of Guwahati]]
[[Category:17th-century battles]]
[[Category:17th century in the Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1610s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:1616 in India]]

P. Vasu

2026-02-26T04:38:01Z

Mokx71: Started New Info

{{Short description|Indian film director, writer, and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Indian name|Vasudevan or Vasu|Peethambaram}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. Vasu
| image = P.Vasu at Aayirathil Oruvan (1965) Audio Launch.jpg
| caption = Vasu in 2014
| birth_name = Vasudevan Peethambaram
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|09|15}}<ref>[http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/25362.html P Vasu – Man with a Midas touch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112045930/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/25362.html |date=12 November 2013 }}. IndiaGlitz (16 September 2006). Retrieved 2012-04-20.</ref>
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Director, writer, producer, actor
| years active = 1981– 2023
| spouse = Shanthi Vasudevan
| children = [[Shakthi Vasudevan]] Abirami Vasudevan
}}

'''Vasudevan Peethambaram''' (born 15 September 1954), known professionally as '''P. Vasu''', is an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor who works predominantly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] films, apart from a few [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]], and [[Malayalam]] language films. In a career spanning three decades, Vasu has directed over 65 films to his credit.<ref name="indiaglitz1">[http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/14207.html Half-century not out] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024022617/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/14207.html |date=24 October 2012 }}. IndiaGlitz (13 April 2005). Retrieved 2012-04-20.</ref>

== Early life and education ==
P. Vasu's father, Nedumbaal Moothedathu Peethambaram, a Malayali from [[Irinjalakuda]] Thrissur, worked as a make-up man for [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[N. T. Rama Rao]] in their films during his time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2006 |title=In the right direction |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/09/stories/2006090900630100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228003251/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/09/09/stories/2006090900630100.htm |archive-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> He was one of the leading make-up artists during his period and was elected as the president of the make-up union Tamil Nadu for 30 years. He later went on to become a producer.

He produced about 25 films in Tamil and Telugu and became one of the leading producers in the south. He produced with his brother M. C. Sekhar, who was a cinematographer. M. C. Sekhar had worked as a cinematographer for more than 150 films. Peethambharan died on 21 February 2011 at the age of 89.<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-11-03/p-vasu-m-peethambaram-21-02-11.html P. Vasu's Father Peethambaram Passes Away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807124734/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-11-03/p-vasu-m-peethambaram-21-02-11.html |date=7 August 2011 }}. Behindwoods.com (21 February 2011). Retrieved 2012-04-20.</ref>

Vasu is an alumnus of Wesley High School, Chennai. Vasu is married to his Uncle's (His uncle Raman who was makeup man for [[Prem Nazir]] and [[M. N. Nambiar]]) daughter Shanthi and has a son, [[Sakthi Vasu]], who is a former film actor and a daughter, Abhirami Vasudevan. His mother is Kamala. Vasu's brothers are Vidyasagar and Vimal, and his sisters are Vijaylakshmi, Vasantha and Vanaja.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2011/p-vasu-peethambaram-passes-away-220211-aid0017.html P Vasu's father Peethambaram passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924195952/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2011/p-vasu-peethambaram-passes-away-220211-aid0017.html |date=24 September 2020 }} . Entertainment.oneindia.in (22 February 2011). Retrieved 2012-04-20.</ref> He is a Malayali from Nedumbal, a village in Thrissur district, Kerala, but settled in Tamil Nadu.

== Career ==
Vasu joined director [[C. V. Sridhar]] as an assistant. Vasu started his career with [[Santhana Bharathi]] as a co-director and made films such as ''[[Panneer Pushpangal]]'' (1981), ''Madhu Malar'' (1981), ''[[Mella Pesungal]]'' (1983), ''[[Sahasame Jeevitham]]'' (1984) and ''[[Needhiyin Nizhal]]'' (1985). "We compromised on certain things as we had different approaches to the subject. That's the reason why some of our other movies failed to make a big impression in the box office, prompting us to take our own paths," said Vasu and moreover Vasu was more interested in making commercial films while Bharathi wants to make different kind of films.<ref name="Vasu">{{Cite news |date=2006-09-09 |title=In the right direction |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/in-the-right-direction/article3199228.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2018-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208052251/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/in-the-right-direction/article3199228.ece |archive-date=8 December 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=Ta|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-04-06/page/28/mode/2up|pages=29–30|date=6 April 1997|access-date=20 May 2023|title=மாதா பிதா குரு நண்பன் தெய்வம்...}}</ref>

During his career, films like ''[[Panakkaran]]'' (1990), ''[[Nadigan]]'' (1990), ''[[Chinna Thambi]]'' (1991), ''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]'' (1992), ''[[Walter Vetrivel]]'' (1993) and ''[[Sethupathi IPS]]'' (1994) have become blockbusters.

The director went through a career slump in the mid-1990s after a series of failures, through his high budget romantic musical ''[[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Straits Times – Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=svxOAAAAIBAJ&pg=4889,5608258&dq=mr+romeo+prabhu+deva&hl=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208052251/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=svxOAAAAIBAJ&pg=4889%2C5608258&dq=mr+romeo+prabhu+deva&hl=en |archive-date=8 December 2021 |access-date=2018-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Groups |url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/soc.culture.tamil/qMqQhdPEmaM |url-status=live |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20110122130054/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/soc.culture.tamil/qMqQhdPEmaM |archive-date=22 January 2011 |access-date=2018-06-10}}</ref> He has made films in all the four South Indian languages and he has worked with almost all top stars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2017 |title=Veteran director reveals his plans to direct Kamal Haasan – Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/p-vasu-reveals-he-had-a-triple-role-script-for-kamal-haasan-which-was-dropped-due-to-dasavatharam-tamil-news-192048 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818212249/https://www.indiaglitz.com/p-vasu-reveals-he-had-a-triple-role-script-for-kamal-haasan-which-was-dropped-due-to-dasavatharam-tamil-news-192048 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>

From the 2000s, Vasu also began as an actor. He usually portrays a supporting role or an antagonistic role. His directed films ''[[Apthamithra]]'' (2004) went on to cross the one-year mark, while legendary ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005) has had a record run of 800 days and more.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2007 |title=Chandramukhi completes 890 days! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2007/chandramukhi-sets-new-record-210907.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806132656/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2007/chandramukhi-sets-new-record-210907.html |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref> Elated with the grand success of his Kannada film ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' (2010), which happens the last project of [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]. He completed remaking the film in Telugu titled ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'' (2010) (''Chandramukhi 2''), features [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] in the lead role. Earlier P. Vasu had plans about remaking the film in Tamil with Superstar [[Rajinikanth]] titled ''Chandramukhi 2''. However, the project didn't happen as the actor got busy with [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]’s ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |title='Nagavalli – Chandramukhi 2' to be released |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2010/oct/28/nagavalli-%E2%80%93-chandramukhi-2-to-be-released-198861.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806134919/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2010/oct/28/nagavalli-%E2%80%93-chandramukhi-2-to-be-released-198861.html |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref>

Soon after the grand success of ''Chandramukhi'', P Vasu was initially supposed to sign [[Kamal Haasan]] for a film featuring him in triple action roles. However, Kamal Haasan couldn't take up the project as he already got committed to ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008), where he had to play 10 roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Mani Ratnam to Saran – 5 films of Kamal Haasan that didn't take off - Kamal Haasan- Indian 2- Marutha Naayagam- AVM- Ulaga Naayagan- Bigg Boss | Thandoratimes.com | |url=https://thandoratimes.com/special-article-id-from-mani-ratnam-to-saran-5-films-of-kamal-haasan-that-didnt-take-off8958.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818212252/https://thandoratimes.com/special-article-id-from-mani-ratnam-to-saran-5-films-of-kamal-haasan-that-didnt-take-off8958.htm |archive-date=18 August 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>

Vasu made a film called ''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]'' (2007), with his son [[Shakthi Vasudevan|Shakthi]]. The young actor is not new to acting; he has acted as a child in his father's films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajni showers praises on P Vasu's son |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/24rajni.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818212252/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/24rajni.htm |archive-date=18 August 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>

In June 2013, P. Vasu revealed that he was set to direct an English film titled ''Curry in Love'', with an apparent star cast of [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Eddie Murphy]] and [[Jon Voight]]. However, the supposed cast denied the reports as baseless and P. Vasu postponed the film, citing a delay in production.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Not a part of Hollywood film Curry in Love, says Sonam Kapoor |language=en-US |work=Firstpost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/not-a-part-of-hollywood-film-curry-in-love-says-sonam-kapoor-884749.html |url-status=live |access-date=2018-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229142618/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/not-a-part-of-hollywood-film-curry-in-love-says-sonam-kapoor-884749.html |archive-date=29 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=P. Vasu – Ilayathalapthy Vijay for a Hollywood movie?, p vasu, Ilayathalapathy Vijay |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/p-vasu---ilayathalapthy-vijay-for-a-hollywood-movie-p-vasu-ilayathalapathy-vijay-17-06-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224035036/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/p-vasu---ilayathalapthy-vijay-for-a-hollywood-movie-p-vasu-ilayathalapathy-vijay-17-06-13.html |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=2018-06-10 |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref> Later in April 2017, Vasu revealed that he still had intentions of making the film if he found a producer to help finance the project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-13 |title=P Vasu talks about the status of his Hollywood film Curry in love with Vijay and Sonam Kapoor |work=Behindwoods |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/p-vasu-talks-about-the-status-of-his-hollywood-film-curry-in-love-with-vijay-and-sonam-kapoor.html |url-status=live |access-date=2018-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415103953/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/p-vasu-talks-about-the-status-of-his-hollywood-film-curry-in-love-with-vijay-and-sonam-kapoor.html |archive-date=15 April 2017}}</ref> Similarly in early 2014, P. Vasu released an official statement claiming that his next film would be an animatronics venture titled ''Aishwaryavum Aayiram Kaakkavum'' and that [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] would feature in the leading role. Aishwarya Rai's team later denied claims citing that such allegations of an agreement were premature.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-17 |title=Aishwarya Rai to make a comeback with P. Vasu's next? |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-to-make-a-comeback-with-p-vasu-s-next/article1-1184995.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=2018-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218083240/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-to-make-a-comeback-with-p-vasu-s-next/article1-1184995.aspx |archive-date=18 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's PR Clarifies on P Vasu's Film |work=International Business Times, India Edition |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/539312/20140218/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-p-vasu-comeback-film.htm |url-status=live |access-date=2018-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222181444/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/539312/20140218/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-p-vasu-comeback-film.htm |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>

Actor [[Raghava Lawrence]] have teamed up for the first time with the director in ''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]'' (2017) that too for the remake of Vasu's Kannada blockbuster ''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]'' (2016) as horror-comedy genre. ''Shivalinga'' is saved by its packaging as a commercial family entertainer and [[Vadivelu]]'s comedy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivalinga review. Shivalinga Tamil movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/shivalinga-review-tamil-movie-21081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806132656/https://www.indiaglitz.com/shivalinga-review-tamil-movie-21081 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref> Vasu is also his outing with [[Shiva Rajkumar]] in ''[[Ayushman Bhava (2019 film)|Ayushman Bhava]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title='Ayushman Bhava' review: Shivarajkumar-P Vasu entertainer is formulaic |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ayushman-bhava-review-shivarajkumar-p-vasu-entertainer-formulaic-112381 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806134525/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ayushman-bhava-review-shivarajkumar-p-vasu-entertainer-formulaic-112381 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref> With P. Vasu returning to director's chair, ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]'' (2023) fails to bring anything fresh to the film, and ends up delivering a colour-remastered copy of its predecessor.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chandramukhi 2 Movie Review: A colour-remastered reiteration that does a disservice to the original|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/Sep/28/chandramukhi-2-movie-review-acolour-remastered-reiteration-that-does-a-disservice-to-the-original-48107.html|access-date=2023-09-28|work=Cinema Express|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929021201/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/sep/28/chandramukhi-2-movie-review-acolour-remastered-reiteration-that-does-a-disservice-to-the-original-48107.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Style of working ==
Vasu's films are usually in the [[Masala film|masala]] genre, with melodrama as a key theme.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=2017-01-21 |title=Fascinated by the supernatural, says Director Vasu |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pvasu-on-shivalinga-and-working-with-raghava-lawrence/article17074079.ece |access-date=2022-01-15 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200403152612/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pvasu-on-shivalinga-and-working-with-raghava-lawrence/article17074079.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Indiaglitz wrote: "Vasu ruled the early 90's with his sentimental tearjerkers, The joke in film circles was that Vasu came to the studios with a `thali' ([[Mangala sutra|mangalsutra]]) and a script. He started using sister-brother- mother- father sentiment".<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2004 |title=P Vasu: Will he deliver the goods |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/p-vasu-will-he-deliver-the-goods-tamil-news-11154 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141229055227/http://www.indiaglitz.com/p-vasu-will-he-deliver-the-goods-tamil-news-11154 |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=2018-06-10 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> According to Behindwoods, "Vasu's style of storytelling has pervasive dramatization with a more-than-usual touch of sentiment".<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2005 |title=Director vasu's Milestones |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/News/12-5-05/dir_vasu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115131/http://www.behindwoods.com/News/12-5-05/dir_vasu.htm |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=2018-06-10 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

Vasu learnt the finer nuances of direction from Sridhar, under whom he started off as an assistant director, and added that he never followed Sridhar's style of filmmaking and has always tried to be original.<ref name="Vasu" /> Vasu said that during childhood, "I found myself watching films and narrating the stories to my friends in school. If the school would begin at nine I would reach there by eight and narrate the story for an hour".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-07-31 |title=Making up stories |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/making-up-stories/article2251324.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2018-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814153608/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/making-up-stories/article2251324.ece |archive-date=14 August 2020}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
Vasu has won recognition for his work from the film fraternity and the state government. He won state awards for three years in a row from 1990, for Best Screenplay and Dialogues in ''[[Nadigan]]'', in 1991 as Best Director in ''[[Chinna Thambi]]''. He was awarded the Filmfare award for Best Direction for the 2004, Kannada movie ''[[Apthamitra]]''. He also won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award]] – [[J. Jayalalithaa]] Award in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pvasu.in |url=http://www.pvasu.in/awards.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029200425/http://pvasu.in/awards.html |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> He was awarded the Kalaimaamani Award in 2004, reminiscent of his father Shri M. Peethambaram who was an awardee for Best make-up.

Vasu is a member of the state award selection committee and jury member of the committee for tax-free movies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kollywood Director P Vasu Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/director/p-vasu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303110751/https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/director/p-vasu |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Language !!class=unsortable| Note
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Panneer Pushpangal]]'' || Tamil || Co-directed with [[Santhana Bharathi]]
|-
| 1981 || ''Madhu Malar'' || Tamil ||Co-directed with [[Santhana Bharathi]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-12-27/page/n21/mode/2up|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|page=21|date=27 December 1981|title=மதுமலர்|language=Ta|access-date=12 March 2023|first=நளினி |last=சாஸ்திரி}}</ref>
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Mella Pesungal]]'' || Tamil ||Co-directed with [[Santhana Bharathi]]
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Sahasame Jeevitham]]'' || Telugu || Co-directed with [[Santhana Bharathi]]
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Needhiyin Nizhal]]'' || Tamil ||Co-directed with [[Santhana Bharathi]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1986 || ''[[Kathanayaka]]'' || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Guri (1986 film)|Guri]]'' || Kannada ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1987 || ''[[Jayasimha (1987 film)|Jayasimha]]'' || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1987 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]'' || Kannada ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1988 || ''[[Daada]]'' || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[En Thangachi Padichava]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1989 || ''[[Pillaikkaga]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ponmana Selvan]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Vaathiyaar Veettu Pillai]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1990 || ''[[Panakkaran]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Velai Kidaichuduchu]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Nadigan]]'' ||Tamil || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1991 || ''[[Chinna Thambi]]'' || Tamil || [[12th Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Director]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director]]
|-
| ''[[Adhikari (film)|Adhikari]]'' ||Tamil || Remake of ''[[Guri (1986 film)|Guri]]''
|-
| ''[[Kizhakku Karai]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1992
| ''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Rickshaw Mama]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Idhu Namma Bhoomi]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Amma Vanthachu]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Senthamizh Paattu]]'' ||Tamil ||25th Film
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1993 || ''[[Walter Vetrivel]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Uzhaippali]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Udan Pirappu]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1994 || ''[[Sethupathi IPS]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Saadhu (film)|Sadhu]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1995 || ''[[Kattumarakaran]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Coolie (1995 film)|Coolie]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Madras]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1996 || ''[[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1997 || ''[[Vaimaye Vellum]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Paththini (1997 film)|Paththini]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1999
| ''[[Ponnu Veetukaaran]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet]]'' || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Malabar Police]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2000 || ''[[Seenu (2000 film)|Seenu]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Vanna Thamizh Pattu]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kakkai Siraginilae]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Asathal]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Prudhvi Narayana'' || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2003 || ''[[Hrudayavantha]]'' || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Kisu Kisu]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Apthamitra]]'' || Kannada || [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada]]
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' || Tamil || Remake of ''[[Apthamitra]]'' [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]]
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Paramasivan]]'' ||Tamil || 50th Film
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''[[Maharadhi]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2008 || ''[[Krishnarjuna]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kuselan]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kathanayakudu (2008 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' || Kannada||
|-
| ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'' || Telugu|| Remake of ''[[Aptharakshaka]]''
|-
|| 2011 || ''[[Puli Vesham]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
|| 2012 || ''[[Arakshaka]]'' || Kannada||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2014 || ''[[Drishya]]'' || Kannada|| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A |title=Ravichandran Shines in this Well-crafted Drama |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2014/Jun/21/ravichandran-shines-in-this-well-crafted-drama-627009.html |access-date=30 March 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=21 June 2014 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331045000/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2014/Jun/21/ravichandran-shines-in-this-well-crafted-drama-627009.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2016 || ''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]'' || Kannada ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]'' || Tamil || Remake of ''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]''
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Ayushman Bhava (2019 film)|Ayushman Bhava]]'' || Kannada ||
|-
|2021||''[[Drishya 2]]'' || Kannada ||
|-
|2023 || ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]'' || Tamil ||Sequel to ''[[Chandramukhi]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jun/14/raghava-lawrence-p-vasus-chandramukhi-2-launched-32118.html | title=Raghava Lawrence-P Vasu's Chandramukhi 2 launched | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=14 June 2022 | access-date=22 June 2022 | archive-date=22 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622145513/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jun/14/raghava-lawrence-p-vasus-chandramukhi-2-launched-32118.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
|1996 ||''[[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]''|| Guy who throws coin for Vadivelu || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000 || ''[[Vallarasu]]'' || Kandhasamy || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Seenu (2000 film)|Seenu]]'' || Kesavan || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Ee Parakkum Thalika]]'' || R. K. Santhanam || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Thenkasi Pattanam]]'' || Devaraj || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002 || ''[[Seema Simham]]'' || MP Kaaleswara Rao || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Sundara Travels]]'' || Gayathri's father || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Virus]]'' || Himself || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003 || ''[[Banda Paramasivam]]'' || Chidambara Udayar || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Kisu Kisu]]'' || Inspector Vasu Devan || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' || DGP|| Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Arasatchi]]'' || Saravanaperumal || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Maha Nadigan]]'' || Arivanandan || Tamil ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' || Himself || Tamil || Special appearance in song "Devuda Devuda"
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Manikanda]]'' || Mahalakshmi's grandfather || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008 || ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' || J. Ragavendra (Jaa Raa) || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kuselan]]'' ||Himself || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Kathanayakudu (2008 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' || Himself || Telugu || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Nenu Meeku Telusa?]]'' || Aditya's Father || Telugu || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''[[Naane Ennul Illai]]'' || Himself || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' || Himself || Kannada|| Special appearance in the song "Chamundi Thaayiyaane"
|-
| ''[[Thanthonni]]'' || Adv. Anand Sharma|| Malayalam ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]'' || Himself || Kannada || Special appearance in the song "Yethara Yethara"
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Sivalinga (film)|Sivalinga]]'' || Himself || Tamil || Special appearance in song "Saarah Saarah"
|}

=== As writer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Film
! colspan="3" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" | Language
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! width=65 | Story
! width=65 | Screenplay
! width=65 | Dialogue
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1986
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ee Jeeva Ninagagi]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|Kannada
|Remade in Tamil as ''Amma Vandhachu''
|-
|1986
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ratha Sapthami (film)|Ratha Sapthami]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1987
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Karunamayi (film)|Karunamayi]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
| Kannada
|Remade in Tamil as ''Ponmana Selvan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1988
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Nammoora Raja]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
| Kannada
|Remade in Tamil as ''Vaathiyar Veettu Pillau''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1993
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Purusha Lakshanam]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1998
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Ayushman Bhava (1998 film)|Ayushman Bhava]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
| [[Malayalam]]
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

=== As producer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Language !!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Walter Vetrivel]]'' || Tamil || Produced by his wife Shanthi
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Saadhu (film)|Saadhu]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Malabar Police]]'' || Tamil || Produced by his wife Shanthi
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]'' || Tamil ||
|}

=== As singer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer !!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
|1989 ||''[[Pillaikkaga]]'' ||"Un Annai Naan"||[[Gangai Amaran]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pillaikkaagha – Tamil Bollywood Vinyl LP |url=https://bollywoodvinyl.in/collections/kannada-malayalam-telugu-tamil-lps/products/pillaikkaagha-tamil-bollywood-vinyl-lp-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402130751/https://bollywoodvinyl.in/collections/kannada-malayalam-telugu-tamil-lps/products/pillaikkaagha-tamil-bollywood-vinyl-lp-1 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6csKJAdHZp8 |title=உன் அன்னை நான் - P வாசு - பிள்ளைக்காக || Un Annai - Pillaikkaaga || Vijay Musicals |website=[[YouTube]] |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126161810/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6csKJAdHZp8 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm0890864}}

{{P. Vasu}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestDirector}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasu, P.}}
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]

Gamgul Siyabehi Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T20:54:14Z

Mokx71: new

{{Short description|Indian wildlife sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Gamgul Siyabehi Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location within Himachal Pradesh
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| label = Gamgul
| label_position = right
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Chamba district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|32.847|76.068|region:IN-HP|notes=<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/Gamgul_Siahbehi_Sanctuary| title=Gamgul Siahbehi Sanctuary| work=protectedplanet.net}}</ref>|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{Convert|109|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| established = 1962
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
| url =
}}

'''Gamgul Siyabehi Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a high-altitude [[wildlife]] sanctuary located in the Bhandal valley in [[Salooni]] tehsil of [[Chamba district|Chamba]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] adjoins it at the northern end. It's said that this is the only sanctuary located in [[Himachal Pradesh]] that has reported [[Kashmir stag]], which used to be present in the region till around 1970.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Khursheed |last2=Sambandam |first2=Sathyakumar |last3=Qureshi |first3=Qamar |year=2009 |title=Conservation status of the last surviving wild population of Hangul or Kashmir Deer Cervus elaphus hanglu in Kashmir, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265339736_Conservation_status_of_the_last_surviving_wild_population_of_Hangul_or_Kashmir_Deer_Cervus_elaphus_hanglu_in_Kashmir_India |journal=[[Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society]] |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=246 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

The sanctuary plays host to a small populations of [[Kashmir musk deer|Musk deer]], [[Himalayan tahr]], and [[Pheasant|pheasants]]. Also, one can spot number of colourful birds in the area. The vegetation is typical to the higher altitude area, and the landscape is interspersed with [[deodar forests]], [[coniferous forest]] and [[Alpine pasture|alpine pastures]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chamba district]]
[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Chamba district]]

Girishh Gopalakrishnan

2026-02-21T19:25:16Z

Mokx71: done - done

{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=January 2013}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=January 2013}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Girishh Gopalakrishnan
| image = VM2.jpg
| alt = Photo of Music Composer Girishh Gopalakrishnan
| caption = Composer of Vidiyum Munn, Marina & Yaar Bharathi
| birth_name = Girishh Gopalakrishnan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|09|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tanjore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| origin = Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = [[Composer|Film Composer]], [[Music Director]], [[Record Producer|Music Producer]], [[Arrangement|Arranger]], [[Lyricist]].
| instrument = [[Guitar]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]]/[[piano]].
| years_active = 2011–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
| fan_website =
}}

'''Girishh Gopalakrishnan''' ({{langx|ta| கிரிஷ் கோபாலகிருஷ்ணன் }}; born 26 September 1986) is an Indian [[music composer]], [[music producer]], singer in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. He made his debut as a music director with the Tamil film, ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' directed by [[Pandiraj]].<ref name=IndiaGlitz>{{cite news|last=India|first=Glitz|title=Pandiraj's Marina|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/70990.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924190853/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/70990.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2011|accessdate=15 September 2011|newspaper=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

==Early life and career==

Girishh was born on 26 September 1986 in Tanjore, Tamil Nadu. He is a student of violinist [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]] and started learning music under him from the age of 8.<ref name="Rekhs">{{cite web|last=Rekhs|title=A rare shell on the sands of Marina|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-celebrity-column/A-rare-shell-on-the-sands-of-Marina-18-04-12.html|publisher=Behindwoods.com|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> He also trained in western classical music under the late Das Daniel.<ref name="Rekhs"/>

Girishh graduated as an engineer in 2008 and went on to do his master's degree in music composition at [[Leeds College of Music]]. He then continued to stay on in the UK working as a freelance Composer and Conductor for Orchestras, composing music for film, dance and theatre productions.<ref name="Rekhs"/>

In October 2011, Girishh got a chance to meet Pandiraj through [[Sivakarthikeyan]], who eventually signed him on to compose music for ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'', as he required an international sound to the film's score.<ref name="IndiaGlitz"/> The music for Marina released on 9 January 2012, to extremely positive reviews, critical acclaim and popularity,<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|last=M|first=Suganth|title=Marina Music Review|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/78922723/Marina-TOI-Review-20-Jan#source:facebook|accessdate=4 April 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=S|first=Karthik|title=Milliblog|url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2012/01/11/marina-music-review-tamil-girishh-g/|work=Review|date=11 January 2012|publisher=milliblog.com|accessdate=5 April 2012}}</ref> with the song "Vanakkam Chennai" and its promo video going viral.<ref>{{cite web|last=Metro|first=Masti|title=Vanakkam Chennai Goes the Kolaveri Di Way|url=http://www.metromasti.com/kollywood/gossip/Marinas-Vanakkam-vaazhavaikkum-goes-Dhanushs-Kolaveri-di-way/15416}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nikhil|first=Raghavan|title=Waves of Melody|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/itsy-bitsy-lessons-learnt/article2820170.ece|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|date=21 January 2012}}</ref> The film's soundtrack and background score received critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ajay |title=Marina Review |url=http://www.mokkapadam.com/english/marina-review/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229232220/http://www.mokkapadam.com/english/marina-review/ |archivedate=29 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Indo Asian Service |title=NDTV: Marina Review |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=173771&subcatg=&keyword=Regional&nid=173771 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129211921/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=173771&subcatg=&keyword=Regional&nid=173771 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=IBN Live|title=Marina Review|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-marina-feelgood-movie-with-a-strong-message/227407-8-68.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205021807/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-marina-feelgood-movie-with-a-strong-message/227407-8-68.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-05}}</ref>

After Marina, Girishh worked on director Balaji K. Kumar's "[[Vidiyum Munn]]", an experimental thriller. The film features the song "Penne" sung by British Singer [[Susheela Raman]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Thamarai.com |title=Susheela Raman in Kollywood |url=http://www.thamarai.com/news-details/450649450/susheela-raman-in-k-town.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203232123/http://www.thamarai.com/news-details/450649450/susheela-raman-in-k-town.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=M|first=Suganth|title=Susheela's K-Town Debut|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-23/news-interviews/34708533_1_k-town-debut-tamil-film-english-films|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103192014/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-23/news-interviews/34708533_1_k-town-debut-tamil-film-english-films|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-11-03}}</ref>

"[[Vidiyum Munn]]" released on 29 November 2013, to rave reviews for the film, the film's music and the background score,<ref>{{cite web|last=Reviews|first=Piping Hot|title=Vidiyum Munn Review|date=30 November 2013|url=http://www.pipinghotviews.com/moviereviews/tamil/vidiyum-munn-tamil-2013/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=30 November 2013|title=In the mood for thrills|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/vidiyum-munn-in-the-mood-for-thrills/article5408389.ece|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hindustan Times|first=The|title=Vidiyum Munn Review|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil-movie-review-vidiyum-munn-is-a-well-executed-thriller/article1-1157035.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129102541/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil-movie-review-vidiyum-munn-is-a-well-executed-thriller/article1-1157035.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lead|first=Cine|title=Vidiyum Munn|url=http://www.cinemalead.com/moviereview-id-vidiyum-mun-movie-review-vidiyum-mun-tamil-movie-review-vidiyum-mun-review-review205.htm}}</ref> which was recorded in Manchester, UK with players from the [[BBC Philharmonic Orchestra]].

==Filmography==
===Film soundtracks===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:Lightgrey; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Languages !! Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' • || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Vidiyum Munn]]'' • || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Sadhuram 2]]'' •|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017 || ''[[Kalki (2017 film)|Kalki]]'' •|| Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[The House Next Door (2017 film)|The House Next Door]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aval-director-milind-rau-siddharth-and-i-did-not-want-to-dilute-horror-with-comedy-4131063.html|title=Aval director Milind Rau: 'Siddharth and I did not want to dilute horror with comedy'|date=11 October 2017}}</ref> • ''[[Aval (2017 film)|Aval]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|2019 ||''[[Iruttu]]'' • ||Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020 ||''[[Nishabdham]]'' • ''Silence'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] Tamil||BGM only
|-
|''[[Mookuthi Amman]]'' •|| Tamil||
|-
|2021 ||''[[Netrikann]]'' • ||Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 ||''[[Veetla Vishesham]]'' • ||Tamil||
|-
||''[[Super Senior Heroes]]''|| Tamil||Direct release on Sun TV
|-
|2023 || ''[[Kolai (film)|Kolai]]'' || Tamil || Also lyrics for "Yaar Nee"
|}

;Upcoming films
*''Pakshi''
*''[[Address (film)|Address]]'' (2025)
*''New Movie with Jai directed by Babu Vijay''

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Album details
!Track list
|-
|2015
|Yaar Bharathi? - Kaadhalan Bharathi
|
# Chandramadhi - Pachchai Kuzhandhaiyadi
# Valli Paattu - Entha Neramum
# Ninnaiye Rathiyendru
# Theerthak Karaiyinile
# Paayum Oli
# Ninnaiye Rathiyendru (Karaoke Version)
# Chandramadhi (Karaoke Version)
|}
* The films are listed in order that the music released, regardless of the dates the film released.
* The year next to the title of the affected films indicates the release year of the either dubbed or remade version in the named language later than the original version.
* • indicates original language release. Indicates simultaneous makes, if featuring in more languages
* ♦ indicates a remade version, the remaining ones being dubbed versions

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|ggirishh}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girishh G}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Leeds Conservatoire]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]

Lockhart Mission

2026-02-13T12:40:24Z

Mokx71: Stub

{{use British English|date=August 2020}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Lockhart River Mission]] in Queensland, Australia (1924–1967)}}
'''The Lockhart Mission''' was an [[Exploration|exploratory]] mission sanctioned in 1885 by the [[Secretary of State for India]] and headed by [[William Lockhart (Indian Army officer)|Sir William Alexander Lockhart]] to survey the [[Hindu Kush]] ranges and endeavor to cultivate friendly relations between the Mehtar of [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] and the [[British Raj|Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_Z8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|title=Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives|last=Warikoo|first=K.|date=2009-01-21|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781134032945|location=|pages=21|language=en}}</ref> The mission (1885–1886) yielded much success and set the course for the region for many decades to come.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/b29351194|quote=lockhart mission gilgit.|title=The Gilgit Mission: 1885–1886|last=Lockhart|first=Sir William Stephen Alexander|date=1889|publisher=Eyre u. Spottiswoode|language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The 1880s had seen a remarkable increase in [[Russian Empire|Russian]] activity in [[Central Asia]]; this fact, coupled with the unsettled state of [[Russia–United Kingdom relations|Anglo-Russian]] relations, necessitated assessment of the geography of the [[Hindu Kush]] region.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clo2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA407|title=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine|last=|first=|date=1895|publisher=J. Mason.|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=407|language=en}}</ref> The [[Gilgit Agency]] had been withdrawn by the liberal [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]] in 1881, but with the coming to office of [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]] and the changing political atmosphere, interest in its revival surged. In 1885, [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]], with the sanction of the [[Secretary of State for India]], assembled a team under [[William Lockhart (Indian Army officer)|Sir William Lockhart]] (then a Colonel) for exploration and strategic assessment of the [[Hindu Kush]] region.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA81|title=Contributions to Asian Studies|last=Ahmad|first=Aziz|last2=Ishwaran|first2=Karigoudar|date=December 1973|publisher=Brill Archive|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=81|language=en}}</ref> One of the principal tasks of the mission was to enter into more definite and complete relations with Mehtar [[Aman ul-Mulk]] of [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] and to report on the defences of the state.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAdFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|title=The Relief of Chitral|last=Younghusband|first=Francis|date=|publisher=Books on Demand|year=|isbn=9783732620463|location=|pages=7|language=en}}</ref>

== The Mission ==
Though [[William Lockhart (Indian Army officer)|Sir William Lockhart]] had no experience of hill tribes he was chosen to lead the mission, consisting of an [[British Indian Army|Army Intelligence Officer]], 2 competent officers from the Survey Department, 300 men and over 300 animals carrying goods and items of all kind including a load of 200 [[Snider–Enfield|Snider–Enfield Rifles]] along with ammunition as present for the Mehtar of [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8lk3JtMBv0C&pg=PA201|title=Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia 1810–1895|last=Morgan|first=Gerald|date=|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781136281532|location=|pages=201|language=en}}</ref> On the 25 June 1885 the mission started from [[Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]], and on 13 June 1885 it crossed the Kamri Pass. For many miles the road ran through [[snow]]. On 29 July 1885 the mission reached [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]]. Here it was deemed expedient to halt for some time, in order that the streams on the Chitral route, swollen by the melting snow, might subside. During the missions stay at Gilgit the officers acquired a good deal of useful knowledge regarding the area and the surrounding country.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7ZdzWPDFdwC&pg=PA310|title=Sepoy Generals: Wellington to Roberts|last=Forrest|first=George W.|date=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|isbn=9781108028530|location=|pages=310|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/blackwoodsedinb81unkngoog|quote=On the 25th of June the mission started from Kashmir, and on the 13th of the following month the Kamri Pass, about 13,100 feet above the sea, was passed. For many miles the road ran through snow. On the 29th of July the mission reached Gilgit. Here it was found advisable to halt for some time, in order that the streams on the Chitral route, swollen by.|title=Blackwood's Magazine|last=|first=|date=1900|publisher=W. Blackwood|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=720|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1880s in British India]]

Chaddi Baniyan gang

2026-02-11T08:37:26Z

Mokx71: new - done

{{Short description|Criminal groups in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
The '''Chaddi Baniyan Gangs''' (also known as '''Kachchadhari''') are [[Organized crime in India|criminal groups]] operating in parts of [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Chaddi-Baniyan-gang-returns-to-haunt-city/articleshow/4821073.cms | title=Chaddi-Baniyan gang returns to haunt city | newspaper=Times of India | date = 26 July 2009 | access-date = 7 May 2014}}</ref> Gang members perform attacks while wearing only their underwear, which is the source of their name (in the local languages, ''chaddi'', or ''kachcha'' are underpants and ''baniyan'' is undershirts). In addition to wearing undergarments, members wear face masks and cover themselves in oil or mud to protect their identities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dainikkausar.com/news_detail.php?id=125&type=2 |title=राजधानी में चड्डी बनियान धारी गिरोह फिर हुआ सक्रिय, Dainik Kausar, 6 May 2014 |access-date=7 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508061214/http://dainikkausar.com/news_detail.php?id=125&type=2 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Attacks==
The gangs tend to move in groups of 5-10 people,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://khabar.ibnlive.in.com/news/52306/3 |title=कच्छा-बनियान गिरोह की दिल्ली में दस्तक, दो जगह लूट आईबीएन-7 {{!}} 30 April 2011 |access-date=7 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215042843/http://khabar.ibnlive.in.com//news/52306/3/ |archive-date=15 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20140510000630/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2010/aug/230810-chaddi-baniyan-gang-robbers-temples.htm Chaddi-baniyan gang now targets temples, 2010-08-23, Mid-Day]</ref> and wear a ''[[kurta]]'' and ''[[lungi]]''. During the day, they gather at transport hubs or disused urban spaces. They conceal themselves as beggars or common labourers to identify potential houses to rob. Before moving on to a different town, the gangs attempt to steal from multiple homes.

The gang members often rent cars to get around,<ref name=" FPJ-Aug13"/> and are suspected of robbing temples.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2001 |title=India: Kacha Banian (Kucha Banyan) or Underwear-Undershirt Wearing Group or Shorts-Underwear Clad Group; its members; their activities; their targets; whether they are active throughout the country or just in Uttar Pradesh; whether the group targets Sikhs in particular; and their interests regarding Sikhs |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be4118.html |access-date=September 18, 2022 |website=refworld.org |publisher=Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada}}</ref>

==Identity==
In several cases, members of the gang have been identified as people of the [[Phase Pardhi]] tribe.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/panvel-villagers-kill-a-robber-of-chaddi-banyan-gang/article1-703903.aspx Panvel villagers kill a robber of chaddi banyan gang, G Mohiuddin Jeddy, Hindustan Times, Navi Mumbai, 31 May 2011] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629075710/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/panvel-villagers-kill-a-robber-of-chaddi-banyan-gang/article1-703903.aspx |date=29 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>Dreaded Phase Pardhis are back, Afternoon Dispatch & Courier, 27 September 2013, Zuber Ansari</ref> In some instances, the culprits have included members of the Pardhi community as well as some others.<ref name="FPJ-Aug13">{{Cite web |url=http://freepressjournal.in/four-chaddi-banian-burglars-caught-confess-to-36-house-breaks/ |title=Four ' chaddi- banian' burglars caught; confess to 36 house- breaks |website=Free Press Journal |date=6 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220228/http://freepressjournal.in/four-chaddi-banian-burglars-caught-confess-to-36-house-breaks/ |archive-date=12 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Incidents==
The Gang's activity has been reported since 1987.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, India: Kacha Banian (Kucha Banyan) or Underwear-Undershirt Wearing Group or Shorts-Underwear Clad Group; its members; their activities; their targets, 10 August 2001, IND37634.E, available at https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be4118.html [accessed 8 May 2014]</ref><ref>[https://article.wn.com/view/WNATed8f976ca7877e9dabf1d79934248f62/ दो साल बाद फिर सक्रिय हुआ कच्छा बनियान गिरोह]</ref> They have been active in [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090228165432/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/24/stories/2008072452911300.htm Inter-State burglar gang captured, Hindu, 24 July 2008]</ref>

==Arrests==
Four members of a Chaddi Baniyan Gang were arrested in [[Mumbai]] in an [[Encounter killing|encounter]] with [[Mumbai Police]] on April 4, 2016.<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/news/national-six-criminal-arrested-of-kaccha-baniyan-gang-9675234.html कच्छा-बनियान गिरोह के छह बदमाश गिरफ्तार, Jagran, 18 September 2012]</ref>

In February 2016, Chaddi Baniyan gang members were arrested after a [[Police siege|siege]] with police at [[Borivali]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Night-long-siege-shootout-as-suspected-chaddi-baniyan-gang-breaks-into-Borivali-house/articleshow/50896457.cms | title=Night-long siege, shootout as suspected 'chaddi-banyan' gang breaks into Borivali house | newspaper=The Times of India | date=8 February 2016 | access-date=19 April 2018 }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In the second season of the Indian drama anthology series ''[[Delhi Crime]]'' (released in 2022), Chaddi Baniyan Gang members are suspected of committing a string of murders in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Anurakti |date=August 26, 2022 |title=Who are the Chaddi Baniyan gang that have been law & order's nightmare since '90s? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/who-are-the-chaddi-baniyan-gang-that-have-been-law-orders-nightmare-since-90s-article-93802816 |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kala Kaccha Gang]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Organised crime in India}}

[[Category:Organised crime groups in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Punjab, India]]

2005 ICC Super Series

2026-01-28T17:56:17Z

Mokx71: further adjust lead based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|Cricket series held in Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = ICC Super Series
| image = Icc superseries.png
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = The official logo of the ''Johnnie Walker Super Series''
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council|ICC]]
| cricket format = [[Test cricket|Test]] and [[One Day Internationals|ODI]]
| tournament format = Series
| first = 2005
| last = 2005
| participants = 2
| champions = {{cr|AUS}} (both Test and ODI)
| most successful = {{cr|AUS}} 2 titles (Test and ODI)
| most runs = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Adam Gilchrist]] (275)
| most wickets = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Stuart MacGill]] (9)
}}

The '''ICC Super Series 2005''' was a cricket series held in Australia during October 2005, organised by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). It was played between [[Australian national cricket team|Australia]] (the world's top-ranked side at the time) and a World XI team of players selected from other countries. The series consisted of three [[One Day International]]s and one [[Test cricket|Test match]]. Australia won all 4 of them.

The matches attracted small crowds and were not competitive, in part because the ICC World XI had only one warm-up game to gel as a team. The Super Series concept had been controversial from its first proposal. The ICC's intention was to showcase the world's best players and provide a close contest with Australia, who had dominated international cricket for several years. However, many fans and experts dismissed the Super Series as a gimmick, comparing it unfavourably with the [[2005 Ashes Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4349434.stm |title=Super Series snore? |access-date=19 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823192850/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/4349434.stm |archive-date=23 August 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ICC had intended to hold a Super Series every four years, but the concept was not repeated.

==Background==
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Australian cricket side had become completely dominant in world cricket, and had a reputation of being unbeatable. In this climate, the concept of gathering the world's best players into one team to challenge them was born, and the ICC Super Series was developed.

==Fixtures==
*'''Warm-up match:''' [[Junction Oval]], [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|VIC]]
**ICC World XI vs. [[Victorian Bushrangers|Victoria]] – 2 October
*'''[[One Day International]]s:''' [[Telstra Dome]], [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|VIC]]
**'''Game 1''' – 5 October
**'''Game 2''' – 7 October
**'''Game 3''' – 9 October
*'''Super [[Test cricket|Test]]:''' [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales|NSW]]
**14 to 19 October

==Teams==

===Team Selectors - Australia===

The Australian squads were announced on 20 September, and the axe fell on the lacklustre performers on the team during [[The 2005 Ashes|the recent Ashes series]]. [[Damien Martyn]] was dropped from the Test side in favour of [[Brad Hodge]] but retained his one-day spot. [[Stuart MacGill]] and [[Shane Watson]], who toured England but did not play in any of the Ashes Tests, were included in the lineup. [[Jason Gillespie]] and [[Michael Kasprowicz]] were not included in the Test squad or the ODI squad, while [[James Hopes]] received a surprise call-up for the ODI side following his 146 in a [[first class cricket|first-class]] game for [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]] on their [[Australia A cricket team in Pakistan in 2005-06|tour of Pakistan in September 2005]].

===Team Selectors - ICC World XI===
The World XI selectors named a shortlist, from which the 11 Test players were named. The selection panel comprised:<ref>''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 2006, p. 1156.</ref>

*[[Sunil Gavaskar]] of [[Indian cricket team|India]] (chairman)
*[[Mike Atherton]] of [[English cricket team|England]]
*[[Sir Richard Hadlee]] of [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]]
*[[Clive Lloyd|Sir Clive Lloyd]] of the [[West Indian cricket team|West Indies]]
*[[Jonty Rhodes]] of [[South African cricket team|South Africa]]
*[[Aravinda de Silva]] of [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]]

The shortlist they named was: [[Andrew Flintoff]] (England), [[Steve Harmison]] (England), [[Michael Vaughan]] (England), [[Rahul Dravid]] (India), [[Virender Sehwag]] (India), [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (India), [[Anil Kumble]] (India), [[Brendon McCullum]] (New Zealand), [[Daniel Vettori]] (New Zealand), [[Shoaib Akhtar]] (Pakistan), [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] (Pakistan), [[Younis Khan]] (Pakistan), [[Mark Boucher]] (South Africa), [[Jacques Kallis]] (South Africa), [[Makhaya Ntini]] (South Africa), [[Shaun Pollock]] (South Africa), [[Graeme Smith]] (South Africa), [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] (Sri Lanka), [[Brian Lara]] (West Indies), [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] (West Indies)

The ICC World squads were announced on 23 August 2005, with additions on 23 September due to injuries to two players. Of the players in the final squads, five were from [[South Africa cricket team|South Africa]], three each were from [[England cricket team|England]] and [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]], two each were from [[India cricket team|India]], [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], and one was from [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]]. [[Zimbabwean cricket team|Zimbabwe]] and [[Bangladeshi cricket team|Bangladesh]] were unrepresented.

After first being reduced to 13, who travelled to Australia, the final 11 players to take the field were selected by the Chairman of Selectors, [[Sunil Gavaskar]] in consultation with the appointed team director, the coach and captain of the team, who will be appointed by the selection panel. The colour of the ICC World XI's uniform was predominantly blue and black. The coach of the team was India's former coach [[John Wright (cricketer, born 1954)|John Wright]].

===Squads for the Six Day Test Match ===
{{anchor|Test}}
{|align="center" class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" | {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia
! colspan="3" |ICC World XI
|-
! Player's Name
! National Cricket Team
! Team Role
! Player's Name
! National Cricket Team
! Team Role
|-
|| [[Ricky Ponting]] (c) || {{cr|AUS}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RM]] || [[Graeme Smith]] (c) || {{cr|RSA}} || [[batsman|LHB]], [[off break|OB]]
|-
|| [[Adam Gilchrist]] (vc) || {{cr|AUS}} || [[wicket-keeper|WK]], [[batsman|LHB]] || [[Mark Boucher]]{{efn|name=Boucher}} || {{cr|RSA}} || [[wicket-keeper|WK]], [[batsman|RHB]]
|-
|| [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] || {{cr|AUS}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[slow left arm|SLA]] || [[Rahul Dravid]] (vc) || {{cr|IND}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[off break|OB]]
|-
|| [[Matthew Hayden]] || {{cr|AUS}} || [[batsman|LHB]], [[fast bowling|RM]] || [[Shoaib Akhtar]] || {{cr|PAK}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RF]]
|-
|| [[Brad Hodge]] || {{cr|AUS}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[off break|OB]] || [[Andrew Flintoff]] || {{cr|ENG}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RF]]
|-
|| [[Simon Katich]] || {{cr|AUS}} || [[batsman|LHB]], [[Left-arm unorthodox spin|SLC]] || [[Steve Harmison]] || {{cr|ENG}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RF]]
|-
|| [[Justin Langer]] || {{cr|AUS}} || [[batsman|LHB]], [[fast bowling|RM]] || [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]]{{efn|name=Inzamam}} || {{cr|PAK}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[slow left arm|SLA]]
|-
|| [[Brett Lee]] || {{cr|AUS}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RF]] || [[Jacques Kallis]] || {{cr|RSA}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RFM]]
|-
|| [[Stuart MacGill]] || {{cr|AUS}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[leg break|LB]] || [[Brian Lara]] || {{cr|WIN}} || [[batsman|LHB]], [[leg break|LBG]]
|-
|| [[Glenn McGrath]] || {{cr|AUS}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RFM]] || [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] || {{cr|SRI}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[off break|OB]]
|-
|| [[Shane Warne]] || {{cr|AUS}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[leg break|LB]] || [[Shaun Pollock]] || {{cr|RSA}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RFM]]
|-
|| [[Shane Watson]] || {{cr|AUS}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RFM]] || [[Virender Sehwag]] || {{cr|IND}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[off break|OB]]
|-
|| || || || [[Daniel Vettori]] || {{cr|NZL}} || [[batsman|LHB]], [[slow left arm|SLA]]
|}

Statistics are correct as of 19 October 2005, after the only Test match played to date by the World XI<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/caps.html?country=140;class=1 |title=Players / World XI / Test caps |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825194206/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/caps.html?country=140;class=1 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=1;id=140;type=team |title=World XI Test Batting Averages |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224223713/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=1;id=140;type=team |archive-date=24 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=1;id=140;type=team |title=World XI Test Bowling Averages |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221053612/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=1;id=140;type=team |archive-date=21 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! colspan=4 |ICC World XI Test cricketers
! colspan=7 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]
! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]
! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]
|-
! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]]
! Name
! Career
! Mat
! [[Innings|Inn]]
! [[Not out|NO]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! HS
! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]]
! 100
! 50
! [[Cricket ball|Balls]]
! Mdn
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket|Wkt]]
! Best
! [[Bowling average|Avg]]
! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]]
! [[Stump (cricket)|St]]
|-
| 1 || {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Mark Boucher]] ([[wicket-keeper]]) || 2005 || 1 || 2 || – || 17 || 17 || 8.50 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 2 || –
|-
|| 2 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Dravid]] || 2005 || 1 || 2 || – || 23 || 23 || 11.50 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 1 || –
|-
|| 3 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andrew Flintoff]] || 2005 || 1 || 2 || – || 50 || 35 || 20.50 || – || – || 204 || 5 || 107 || 7 || 4/59 || 15.29 || – || –
|-
|| 4 || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steve Harmison]] || 2005 || 1 || 2 || – || 1 || 1 || 0.50 || – || – || 183 || 5 || 101 || 4 || 3/41 || 25.25 || – || –
|-
|| 5 || {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] || 2005 || 1 || 2 || – || 1 || 1 || 0.50 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || –
|-
|| 6 || {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Jacques Kallis]] || 2005 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 83 || 44 || 83.00 || – || – || 60 || 2 || 58 || 1 || 1/3 || 58.00 || 4 || –
|-
|| 7 || {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Brian Lara]] || 2005 || 1 || 2 || – || 41 || 36 || 25.00 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || –
|-
|| 8 || {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] || 2005 || 1 || 2 || – || 2 || 2 || 1.00 || – || – || 324 || 7 || 157 || 5 || 3/55 || 31.40 || 2 || –
|-
|| 9 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Virender Sehwag]] || 2005 || 1 || 2 || – || 83 || 76 || 41.50 || – || 1 || – || – || – || – || – || – || 1 || –
|-
|| 10 || {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Graeme Smith]] || 2005 || 1 || 2 || – || 12 || 12 || 6.00 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 3 || –
|-
|| 11 || {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Daniel Vettori]] || 2005 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 8 || 8* || 8.00 || – || – || 162 || 3 || 111 || 1 || 1/73 || 111.00 || – || –
|}

===Squads for the Three One-day Internationals===
{| align="center" class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" | {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia
! colspan="3" |ICC World XI
|-
! Player's Name
! National cricket team
! Team Role
! Player's Name
! National cricket team
! Team Role
|-
|| [[Ricky Ponting]] (c) || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RM]] || [[Shaun Pollock]] (c) || {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South African cricket team|South Africa]]
|[[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RFM]]
|-
|| [[Adam Gilchrist]] || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || [[wicket-keeper|WK]], [[batsman|LHB]] || [[Kumar Sangakkara]] || {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]] || [[wicket-keeper|WK]], [[batsman|LHB]]
|-
|| [[Nathan Bracken]] || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|LFM]] || [[Shahid Afridi]] || {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[leg break|LBG]]
|-
|| [[Stuart Clark]]{{efn|name=ClarkWhite}} || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RFM]] || [[Shoaib Akhtar]] || {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RF]]
|-
|| [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[slow left arm|SLA]] || [[Rahul Dravid]]{{efn|name=DravidGayle}} || {{flagicon|India}} [[Indian cricket team|India]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[off break|OB]]
|-
|| [[James Hopes]] || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RM]] || [[Andrew Flintoff]] || {{flagicon|England}} [[English cricket team|England]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RF]]
|-
|| [[Mike Hussey]] || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || [[batsman|LHB]], [[fast bowling|RM]] || [[Chris Gayle]]{{efn|name=DravidGayle}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || [[batsman|RHB]], [[off break|OB]]
|-
|| [[Simon Katich]] || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || [[batsman|LHB]], [[Left-arm unorthodox spin|SLC]] || [[Jacques Kallis]] || {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South African cricket team|South Africa]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RFM]]
|-
|| [[Brett Lee]] || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RF]] || [[Brian Lara]] || {{cr|West Indies}} || [[batsman|LHB]], [[leg break|LBG]]
|-
|| [[Damien Martyn]] || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RM]] || [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] || {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[off break|OB]]
|-
|| [[Glenn McGrath]] || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RFM]] || [[Makhaya Ntini]] || {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South African cricket team|South Africa]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RF]]
|-
|| [[Andrew Symonds]] || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[off break|OB]] || [[Kevin Pietersen]] || {{flagicon|England}} [[English cricket team|England]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[off break|OB]]
|-
|| [[Shane Watson]] || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[fast bowling|RFM]] || [[Virender Sehwag]] || {{flagicon|India}} [[Indian cricket team|India]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[off break|OB]]
|-
|| [[Cameron White]]{{efn|name=ClarkWhite}} || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || [[batsman|RHB]], [[leg break|LB]] || [[Daniel Vettori]] || {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] || [[batsman|LHB]], [[slow left arm|SLA]]
|}

== Status of the matches ==
[[File:ChrisGayle Cropped.jpg|thumb|Chris Gayle in an ODI match]]
The [[International Cricket Council]] declared that the matches would count as official One Day Internationals and Test matches. Some previous matches, such as the [[Rest of the World cricket team in England in 1970|series between England and the Rest of the World in 1970]], were initially regarded as Test matches, perhaps in the interests of attracting a sponsor, but later stripped of Test status by the ICC.<ref>{{cite web|title=The uncapped one cap wonder |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-uncapped-one-test-wonder-259050 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> At first it was unclear whether the Super Series matches would be recognised as official internationals, but following the decision to recognise the [[World Cricket Tsunami Appeal]] match as an official ODI, the ICC decided to award official status to the Super Series matches too. Apart from fixtures in which Caribbean islands and territories of the former [[British Empire]] compete together as the [[West Indies cricket|West Indies]], this was the first official Test match not between two countries. This decision proved controversial among players and writers alike. {{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Cricket historians have generally opposed the decision because of inconsistency in that the 1970 Rest of the World series in England is not accorded Test status, although those matches were advertised as Test matches at the time. Officially, however, Test status seems unlikely to be withdrawn from the 2005 Super Test in part because of the effect on noted cricket records; for instance without the wickets taken in this match, [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] would fall slightly short of 800 career test wickets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muthiah Muralidaran |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/muthiah-muralidaran-49636 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}} </ref> Statisticians such as [[Bill Frindall]] have said that they will not recognise the ruling and will exclude the matches from their records. Although it has been said that this "raises the possibility of two competing sets of cricket statistics being in circulation", that has always been a reality because there has never been a standard for match status and statisticians have always used their own match lists. {{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Many current and former Test cricketers also joined in the debate. For example, former Australian captain [[Allan Border]] said: "I firmly believe that this status should be restricted to matches between national sides. Test cricket is an institution that has been built up over a period of 128 years, and it should not be tampered with". (Although arguably this overlooks the anomaly related to the West Indies, as well as the fact that Australia and South Africa both competed in what are now deemed test matches in the nineteenth century prior to formal political unification.) Conversely, [[Tony Greig]], who played for the [[Rest of the World cricket team in Australia in 1971–72|Rest of the World against Australia in 1971–1972]], said "My understanding of the status of first-class and Test cricket is related to the standard of the players. These are all Test cricketers... [The 1971–72 matches] were played like Tests and were deadly serious. "

The matches themselves were characterised by poor crowds (half empty grounds) and lacklustre performances by the World XI. Former England batsman [[Geoffrey Boycott]] described the series as a "bunfight" and said that there was "nothing that resembled cricket" in it. {{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} The authoritative publication [[The Wisden Cricketer]] summed up the Test match as follows: " [it] was a terrible game of cricket. It had a small crowd, little meaning and was forgotten quickly." The World XI players seemed to be there more for fun than anything else. Andrew Flintoff came up with some refreshingly honest statements amidst all the bullish officials: "I've got the Super Series in two weeks' time. I can't think of anything worse," he said, adding on arrival; "I'm only here for the food."<ref>{{cite web | title = Cricinfo XI: The devil is in the detail | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/288887.html | access-date = 13 January 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101127163023/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/288887.html | archive-date = 27 November 2010 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

Captain Graeme Smith admitted to frustration in the aftermath of the series, saying he found it hard to deal with the fact that there weren't any repercussions to 'losing so badly'<ref>{{cite web | title = Smith admits to Super Series frustration | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/story/222710.html | access-date = 13 January 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110413201529/http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/story/222710.html | archive-date = 13 April 2011 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==Match reports==

===Warm-up: Victoria v ICC World XI (2 October)===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 2 October 2005
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 =[[List of ICC World ODI XI cricketers|ICC World XI]]
| team2 = {{cr-Aus|VIC}}

| score1 = 281/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] ([[India national cricket team|IND]]) 66 (80)
| wickets1 = [[Shane Harwood]] 4/37 (10 overs)

| score2 = 269/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Brad Hodge]] 92 (116)
| wickets2 = [[Shoaib Akhtar]] ([[Pakistan national cricket team|PAK]]) 2/29 (10 overs)

| result = ICC World XI won by 12 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/83/83773.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Junction Oval]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
| motm = None
| toss = No coin toss. Both sides agreed to ICC World XI batting first.
| rain =
| notes = 13 per side (11 to bat and field)
}}

In a practice match preceding the first One Day International, a fifty over game was arranged against a strong Victorian side. The game was thirteen-a-side, but with only eleven players allowed to bat and eleven to field. [[Andrew Flintoff]] was allowed to rest, with the other World XI players all playing. By agreement the World XI batted first, but they fared badly as they collapsed from 63 for no loss to 131 for 6, with [[Shane Harwood]] taking 4 for 37. [[Rahul Dravid]]'s knock of 66 off 80 balls and [[Shaun Pollock]]'s cameo of 54 not out off only 38 balls rescued the innings, which finished on a competitive 281 for 8. Victoria came close in reply, with [[Brad Hodge]] top-scoring with 92 before succumbing to [[Muttiah Muralitharan]].

[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/220688.html Scorecard]

===First ODI: Australia v ICC World XI (5 October)===

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 5 October 2005
| time =
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 =[[List of ICC World ODI XI cricketers|ICC World XI]]

| score1 = 255/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Simon Katich]] 58 (78)
| wickets1 = [[Daniel Vettori]] ([[New Zealand cricket team|NZ]]) 4/33 (10 overs)

| score2 = 162 (41.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] ([[Sri Lankan cricket team|SL]]) 64 (94)
| wickets2 = [[Shane Watson]] 3/43 (10 overs)

| result = Australia won by 93 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/83/83781.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Telstra Dome]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Shane Watson]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Cameron White]] (Aus) made his ODI debut.
}}

[[Australian cricket team|Australia]] won the toss and captain [[Ricky Ponting]] elected to bat first. They got off to a good start, with [[Adam Gilchrist|Gilchrist]] and [[Simon Katich|Katich]] putting on 80 [[run (cricket)|runs]] in only 14 [[over (cricket)|overs]] before Gilchrist was bowled by [[Jacques Kallis|Kallis]]. Katich and Ponting put on 48 in the next eight overs, and at 1 for 128 after 22.1 overs, Australia looked to be heading for a big score. But after that wickets fell regularly, with the spinners [[Muttiah Muralitharan|Muralitharan]] and [[Daniel Vettori|Vettori]] working their way steadily through the middle order to restrict Australia to 8 for 255 at the end of their 50 overs.

The ICC World XI never looked like challenging this total. They lost five of their top six batsmen – [[Virender Sehwag|Sehwag]], [[Jacques Kallis|Kallis]], [[Brian Lara|Lara]], [[Rahul Dravid|Dravid]] and [[Kevin Pietersen|Pietersen]] – for single figures, to collapse to 5 for 82 inside 22 overs. Only [[Kumar Sangakkara|Sangakkara]]'s [[innings]] gave any hope, but when he was out for 64 to leave the ICC World XI on 6 for 101, needing 7 runs an over off the last 22 overs, the game was over. Australia eventually wrapped up the ICC World XI's innings for 162 to record a comprehensive 93-run victory.

[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/220935.html Scorecard]

===Second ODI: Australia v ICC World XI (7 October)===

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 7 October 2005
| time =
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 =[[List of ICC World ODI XI cricketers|ICC World XI]]

| score1 = 328/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Adam Gilchrist]] 103 (79)
| wickets1 = [[Virender Sehwag]] ([[Indian cricket team|IND]]) 1/20 (3 overs)

| score2 = 273 (45.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] ([[Sri Lankan cricket team|SL]]) 61 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Nathan Bracken]] 3/43 (7.3 overs)

| result = Australia won by 55 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/83/83790.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Telstra Dome]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) and [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Adam Gilchrist]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Stuart Clark]] (Aus) made his ODI debut.
}}

[[Australian cricket team|Australia]] won the toss and captain [[Ricky Ponting]] elected to bat first. They got off to a good start, with [[Adam Gilchrist|Gilchrist]] and [[Simon Katich|Katich]] quickly putting on 110 [[run (cricket)|runs]] before Katich was bowled by a doosra from [[Muttiah Muralitharan|Muralitharan]]. Gilchrist and Ponting put on 63, with Gilchrist reaching his century off 73 balls, before missing a straight Sehwag delivery. Martyn and Ponting consolidated in a 103-run stand, working singles around. On 276, Ponting failed to beat Flintoff to the stumps at the other end and Martyn was bowled next ball, giving the World XI a sniff. However, [[Andrew Symonds]] and [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] pushed the Australian total comfortably past 300, with 4 for 328 at the end of their 50 overs. Every bowler was taken to, except for [[Muttiah Muralitharan|Muralitharan]], who finished with 1 for 43 off 10 overs.

The ICC World XI initially looked like challenging this total. [[Chris Gayle]] blasted a 48-ball half-century as the World XI reached 125 off only 16.1 overs. From then on however, they consistently lost wickets, due to insipid running between the wickets and a few soft dismissals, with [[Brian Lara|Lara]] again hitting [[Nathan Bracken]] straight to Symonds at cover.
The ICC World XI ended up being dismissed for 273, handing another victory to Australia.

[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/221083.html Scorecard]

===Third ODI: Australia v ICC World XI (9 October)===

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 9 October 2005
| time =
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 =[[List of ICC World ODI XI cricketers|ICC World XI]]

| score1 = 293/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mike Hussey]] 75[[not out|*]] (74)
| wickets1 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] ([[Sri Lankan cricket team|SL]]) 2/38 (10 overs)

| score2 = 137 (27.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virender Sehwag]] ([[Indian cricket team|IND]]) 37 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Brett Lee]] 4/30 (9 overs)

| result = Australia won by 156 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/83/83800.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Telstra Dome]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Shane Watson]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/221337.html Scorecard]

===Super Test: Australia v ICC World XI===
{{Test match
| date = 14–17 October 2005 (6–day match)
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 =[[List of ICC World ODI XI cricketers|ICC World XI]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 345 (90 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Matthew Hayden]] 111 (180)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Andrew Flintoff]] 4/59 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 190 (47.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 76 (82)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Stuart MacGill]] 4/39 (9.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 199 (65.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Matthew Hayden]] 77 (120)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Steve Harmison]] 3/41 (12.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 144 (50 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 39[[not out|*]] (86)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Stuart MacGill]] 5/43 (15 overs)

| result = Australia won by 210 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/83/83839.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales|NSW]]
| umpires = [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Matthew Hayden]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = The match was scheduled for six days but was completed in four days.
| notes =
}}

==Future==
The original aim was that the Super Series would be played every four years. However, immediately after the completion of the first Test match, [[Malcolm Speed]], the ICC Chief Executive, removed it from the regular ICC schedule, noting that it may be played in the future when there is a clear world champion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/superseries/content/story/222321.html |title=Super Series' future uncertain |first=Peter |last=English |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=17 October 2005 |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192803/http://www.espncricinfo.com/superseries/content/story/222321.html |archive-date=11 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Rest of the World cricket team in England in 1970]]
*[[Rest of the World cricket team in Australia in 1971–72]]
*[[Test cricket]]
*[[List of World XI ODI cricketers]]
*[[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|List of World XI T20I cricketers]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=Boucher|[[Ireland cricket team|Ireland's]] [[Niall O'Brien (cricketer)|Niall O'Brien]] was called up to replace [[South African cricket team|South Africa's]] Mark Boucher, who had visa issues, however he was able to play.}}
{{efn|name=Inzamam|Inzamam-ul-Haq replaced [[Indian cricket team|India's]] [[Sachin Tendulkar]], who was originally in the Test squad, but withdrew following an injury.}}
{{efn|name=ClarkWhite|[[Brad Hogg]] (who was originally called up for ODIs only) and [[Shaun Tait]] (called up for both Tests and ODIs) both withdrew from the Australian squad due to injuries. No replacement was named in the Test squad, but [[Stuart Clark]] and [[Cameron White]] were called up for the ODIs.}}
{{efn|name=DravidGayle|Dravid and Gayle replaced Tendulkar and [[South African cricket team|South Africa's]] [[Herschelle Gibbs]], who were both originally in the ODI squad, but withdrew due to injuries.}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*[http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/SUPERS/ News about the ICC Super Series] from [[Cricinfo]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050408042113/http://acscricket.com/Articles/2/2349.html Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians Representation to the ICC]
*[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/superseries/content/story/220686.html Cricinfo bulletin on Victoria v World XI]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060321184424/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/events/superseries/test_players.html World XI Test squad]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050908171129/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/events/superseries/selection_process.html Selection process]

{{International cricket in 2005-06}}
{{Australian cricket competitions in 2005-06}}
{{International cricket tours of Australia}}
{{International cricketers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ICC Super Series}}
[[Category:2005 in Australian cricket]]
[[Category:2005–06 Australian cricket season|Super]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2005]]
[[Category:Multi-national cricket tours of Australia]]

National Hydrographic Office

2026-01-18T03:06:20Z

Mokx71: Done

{{Short description|Indian government agency}}
{{about|the Indian government agency|for general information on hydrographic agencies|Hydrographic office}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = National Hydrographic Office
| native_name =
| native_name_a =
| native_name_r =
| type = Military
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| logo = [[File:National Hydrographic Office (India).jpg]]
| logo_width =
| logo_caption = Logo of National Hydrographic Office, headquarters of Indian Naval Hydrographic Department stationed at Dehradun.
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1954|06|01}}
| preceding1 = Marine Survey of India (1947-1954)
| preceding2 = Naval Hydrographic Office (1954-1997)
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 = 
| jurisdiction =
| headquarters = National Hydrographic Office, 107-A, Rajpur Road, [[Dehradun]], India<ref>{{cite web|title=National Hydrographic Office, India|url=http://www.hydro-international.com/content/company/national-hydrographic-office-india|website=Hydro International|accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|30.3447888|78.0580398|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Defence Ministry of India|Defence Ministry]]
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name = [[Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = Defence Ministry
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name = [[Vice Admiral]] Lochan Singh Pathania
| chief1_position = [[Chief Hydrographer to Government of India]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = 
| public_protector =
| deputy =
| parent_department = {{navy|India}}
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = [https://hydrobharat.gov.in/ NHO Official]
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| embed =
}}
The '''National Hydrographic Office''', formerly the '''Indian Naval Hydrographic Department''' ('''INHD'''), headed by the [[Chief Hydrographer]] to the [[Government of India]], is an Indian government agency responsible for hydrographic surveys and nautical charting in India. Its headquarters National Hydrographic Office is located in [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]] beside the Principal Controller of Defense Accounts Office (Air Force). Presently, the department is equipped with seven indigenously built [[Survey vessel|survey ships]] including a [[Makar-class survey catamaran|catamaran hull survey vessel (CHSV)]]. The [[National Institute of Hydrography (India)|National Institute of Hydrography]] is the training institute to impart knowledge regarding [[hydrography]] and to train its personnel. Two more ships are currently being constructed and expected to be commissioned by 2025-26.

The department is also responsible for making electronic navigational charts officially on behalf of the Government of India. The department has also signed memoranda of understanding with various countries for surveying their waters as part of international cooperation.<ref name="INHD - NHO Official">{{cite web|title=Welcome to INHD|url=http://www.hydrobharat.nic.in/views/index.php|website=NHO|publisher=Govt. of India|accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref>

[[File:INS Makar - 2.jpg|250px|thumbnail|INS Makar used by INHD for surveys]]

==History==

===Pre-independence===
[[Hydrography]] in India originated back in the 17th century. The first chart of the Indian Ocean was compiled by Thorntons of the [[British East India Company]] in 1703, which is considered as a major step towards the development of nautical charts of India. In 1874, the Indian Marine Survey Department was established in [[Calcutta]]; later it became a part of [[Royal Indian Marine|Royal Indian Navy]].<ref name="Brief History 1 -NHO Off">{{cite web|title=Brief History 1|url=http://www.hydrobharat.nic.in/views/brief_history.php|website=NHO|accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref>

===Post-independence===
After [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] in 1947, the department continued its functions under the Surveyor-in-Charge of the Marine Survey of India from Bombay. Later the office was shifted to [[Dehradun]] by renaming it as Naval Hydrographic Office headed by Chief Hydrographer of the Navy, which was later re-designated Chief Hydrographer to the Government of India in 1964. In view of international role of India in hydrography, the office was renamed once again in 1997 as National Hydrographic Office.<ref name="Brief History 1 -NHO Off"/> [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] (later [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] and [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]) [[Jal Cursetji]] was the first Indian to serve as the Chief Hydrographer of the Navy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=60 |date=24 March 1956 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy Information Resource and Facilitation Centre - Content |url=http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=84 |date=2012-04-19|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120419154106/http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=84|archive-date = 19 April 2012}}</ref>

==National Hydrographic Office==
The National Hydrographic Office, headquartered at Dehradun, is responsible for the publication of nautical charts relating to India on behalf of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Brief History 1 -NHO Off"/> It is the National Authority for publication of nautical charts and publications.

===Chief Hydrographer to the Government of India===
{{main|Chief Hydrographer}}
The Chief Hydrographer to the Government of India is the executive head of the Indian Naval Hydrographic Department. The Chief Hydrographer is a [[Vice Admiral (India)|vice admiral]] from the [[Indian Navy]]. The Chief Hydrographer is also the coordinator for charting Area "J" in the [[North Indian Ocean]] and NAVAREA VIII coordinator.<ref name="Chief Hydrographer - NHO">{{cite web|title=Chief Hydrographer|url=http://www.hydrobharat.nic.in/views/Golden_new.php|website=NHO|publisher=Govt. of India|accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Brief History 2 - NHO Off">{{cite web|title=Brief History 2|url=http://www.hydrobharat.nic.in/views/brief_history1.php|website=NHO|accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref>

==Organisational structure==
The department is headed by [[Chief Hydrographer]], assisted by a staff officer. The organisation is further divided into 6 divisions.
[[File:Organisational Structure of Indian Naval Hydrographic Department.jpg|600px|center]]

==Ships==
Presently 7 ocean-going survey ships are in service with the department. All these ships belong to [[Sandhayak-class survey vessel (1981)|Sandhayak class]], whose design was adopted as basic one, and later added on with minor changes in tandem with the existing technology, except [[INS Makar]] which belongs to the [[Makar-class survey catamaran|Makar class]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+Ships in Sandhayak class
|-
!Name !! Pennant No. !! Date of Commission !! Home Port !! Crest\ Emblem\ Image
|-
|{{INS|Nirupak}} || J 20 || 14 August 1985 || [[Visakhapatnam]] ||
|-
|{{INS|Investigator|J15|6}} || J 15 || 11 January 1990 || [[Mumbai]] || [[File:Exercise Milan 2014 for 17 navies of the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium, organised by Indian Navy, Andaman and Nicobar Command (9).jpg|150px]]
|-
|{{INS|Jamuna|J16|6}} || J 16 || 31 August 1991 || [[Kochi]]|| [[File:Survey tasking being undertaken by Southern Naval Command ships on World Hydrographic Day 2014.jpg|150px]] INS ''Jamuna'' in the foreground
|-
|{{INS|Sutlej}} || J 17 || 19 February 1993 || Kochi|| [[File:College students being shown different aspects of hydrography onboard INS Sutlej (4).jpg|150px]]
|-
|{{INS|Sandhayak|J18|6}} || J 18 || 14 March 1981 (Decommissioned on 04 June 2021) || Visakhapatnam|| [[File:INS Sandhayak (J-18).JPG|150px]]
|-
|{{INS|Darshak}}|| J 21 || 28 April 2001 || Visakhapatnam|| [[File:INS Darshak in Seychelles.jpg|150px]]
|-
|{{INS|Sarvekshak}}|| J 22 || 14 January 2002 || Kochi|| [[File:Survey tasking being undertaken by Southern Naval Command ships on World Hydrographic Day 2014.jpg|150px]] INS ''Sarvekshak'' in the background
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Ships in Makar class
|-
!Name !! Pennant No. !! Date of Commission !! Homeport !! Crest\ Emblem\ Image
|-
|[[INS Makar]] || J 31 ||21 Sep 2012|| Karwar||[[File:INS Makar - 1.jpg|150px]]

|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:National hydrographic offices]]
[[Category:Naval units and formations of India]]

Aye Mere Humsafar

2025-12-19T06:11:55Z

Mokx71: cleanup intro after review and updated info

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ayemerehumsafar2.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Shashi Mittal
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay = Garima Goyal
| story =
| director = Dharmendra Sharma
| creative_director = Yashvardhan Shukla Rohit K Mukherjee
| presenter =
| starring = [[Tina Philip]] [[Namish Taneja]]
| opentheme = '' Aye Mere Humsafar''
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 159  
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Shashi Mittal]] [[Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal]] Jitendra Singla
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor = Jaskaran Singh Omkaar Singh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22–24 minutes
| company = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| network = [[Dangal TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2020|8|31}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2021|03|06}}
}}
'''''Aye Mere Humsafar''''' is an Indian television drama series on [[Dangal TV]] produced under [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25 August 2020|title=Dangal strengthens its original programming with the launch of 'Aye Mere Humsafar'|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/movie-channels/dangal-strengthens-its-original-programming-with-the-launch-of-aye-mere-humsafar-200825|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831195751/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/movie-channels/dangal-strengthens-its-original-programming-with-the-launch-of-aye-mere-humsafar-200825 |archive-date=2020-08-31 |access-date=|website=Indian Television.com}}</ref> The series starred [[Tina Philip]] and [[Namish Taneja]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tina Philip on Aye Mere Humsafar and the New Normal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/tina-philip-on-aye-mere-humsafar-the-new-normal-and-life-in-lockdown-exclusive/videoshow/77806552.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 August 2020|accessdate=2 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/namish-taneja-plays-a-boy-with-no-ambition-in-aye-mere-humsafar-he-doesn-t-know-where-his-interest-lies-1711162-2020-08-14|title=Namish Taneja plays a man with no ambition in Aye Mere Humsafar: He doesn't know where his interest lies|website=India Today|date=14 August 2020 }}</ref> It premiered on 31 August 2020 to 6 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=September 2020|title=Aye Mere Humsafar's Tina Philip: 'A lot of people comment on my skin colour, say isko chamka do'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/aye-mere-humsafar-s-tina-philip-a-lot-of-people-comment-on-my-skin-colour-say-isko-chamka-do/story-3sABH5sPHu3Fhlc84dmKiO.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901154708/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/aye-mere-humsafar-s-tina-philip-a-lot-of-people-comment-on-my-skin-colour-say-isko-chamka-do/story-3sABH5sPHu3Fhlc84dmKiO.html |archive-date=2020-09-01 |access-date=|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Plot==
Payal and Vidhi are two sisters living with their mother, Surajmukhi. Payal wants to become an actor while Vidhi, who has a disabled leg, wants to become an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer. Ved, the son of Pratibha Devi, falls in love with Payal because of her outer beauty. But Pratibha Devi chooses Vidhi for his son's bride because of her inner beauty and simplicity. As confusion occurs, Ved thinks that his marriage is arranged with Payal, but actually it is with Vidhi. Divya, who knows all of this, does not tell anyone and plans that after the planned marriage falls apart, she will let her sister marry Ved. Imarti wants her sister to take that place.

After discovering the truth, Ved tells his mother which Vidhi then learns about. She tells her mother she refuses to marry Ved, neither telling the truth. But Divya tells her family. Surajmukhi is left heartbroken. But then Pratibha agrees that Ved and Payal will marry but still likes Vidhi. Surajmukhi also agrees to this. So marriage rituals begin. But Imarti hires a person to set up fake rehearsals for Payal to act in and Payal is happy. But she misses all the marriage rituals.

Instead of breaking up the marriage between Ved and Payal, Vidhi helps them, without knowing about the acting. But at the Haldi ceremony, Payal gives up her wish to become an actor and accepts that she will marry Ved. But on the day of the marriage, Payal leaves the Mandap and runs away to become an actor, leaving a note in the Mandap. Imarti humiliates Surajmukhi and Vidhi. They both leave the Kothari mansion. Then Imarti fills the ears of Pratibha and acted like that she is tensed for Ved. But then Surajmukhi locks herself up in a room and wants to burn herself. But Pratibha Devi promises her that she will marry Ved to Vidhi. Then, Ved and Vidhi had to marry each other for their family's respect in the society.

Ved still loves Payal and didn't want to make any married relationship with Vidhi. Meanwhile, a big revelation came out that Pratibha Devi planned all this to take her revenge from Vidhi as she thought that she had lost her one son just because of Vidhi's mistake. Pratibha repeatedly plotted revenge. She kidnapped Payal and she blamed Vidhi and her mother for plotting with a man for doing all this by sending that man on their honeymoon destination. Imarti, Divya and Bharti took advantage of this and make Vidhi to leave the house.

Vidhi returns on [[Navaratri|navratri]] week with the motive of proving her and her mother innocent and she succeeds. Later, Bharti was kidnapped by some goons and Vidhi saved her which created a soft corner for Vidhi in Bharti's Heart.

Pratibha planned a big conspiracy against Vidhi on the occasion of Karwa [[Chauth]]. She told Vidhi about Ved's Kundli and requested her for doing pooja for Ved. Meanwhile, she tried to kill Vidhi. Vidhi sincerely did all that and Ved saved her from the master plan of Pratibha Devi.

After the Karwa Chauth, Payal returns Vidhi's house and she still loves Ved. Pratibha Devi took advantage of this and brainwashed Payal against Vidhi. After a lot of tactics used by Payal to win the heart of Ved, she failed each time as Ved now only loves Vidhi. When Vidhi realises it's all done by her mother-in-law, Pratibha Devi, she asked her about the same. Pratibha recalled all the story to Vidhi and Vidhi decided to leave the house to make her mother-in-law happy. She left the house but Payal kidnapped her and pushed her from the valley into the river.

===1 month later===
Ved went into a deep depression after Vidhi passed, hasn't smiled or spoken in one month. Pratibha Devi brings Komalkali, a look-alike of Vidhi, in the house so that Ved's health could improve. Meanwhile, Komalkali taught a lesson to Divya and Imarti by flopping all their tactics. Komalkali step father return Raghu and try to kidnap Komalkali. Slowly, Komalkali developed feelings for Ved irks Prathibha give money to Raghu

== Cast ==
=== Main ===

* [[Namish Taneja]] as Ved Kothari– Pratibha's son, Vidhi's husband, Sundar, Bharti and Lakhan's brother; Divya and Imarti's brother-in-law; Payal's love interest (2020–2021)
* [[Tina Philip]] as Vidhi Kothari– Surajmukhi's daughter, Payal's sister, Ved's wife (2020)
** Komalkali– Vidhi's look-alike, bar dancer, Ved's helper (2020–2021)
*[[Ayaz Ahmed]] as Dr. Sahil– Vidhi's doctor and Pratibha's enemy (2021)

=== Recurring ===

* [[Neelu Vaghela]] as Pratibha Kothari– Sundar, Lakhan, Bharti and Ved's mother; Divya, Vidhi, Manoj and Imarti's mother-in-law<ref>{{Cite news|title=Diya Aur Baati Hum fame Neelu Vaghela returns to TV with a 'strong and beautiful' role|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/diya-aur-baati-hum-fame-neelu-vaghela-returns-to-tv-with-a-strong-and-beautiful-role/articleshow/77807972.cms|website=The Times of India|date=28 August 2020 }}</ref> (2020–2021)
*[[Rishina Kandhari]] as Imarti Kothari– Sundar's wife; Pratibha's daughter-in-law<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=28 August 2020|title='ऐ मेरे हमसफर' के सेट पर हादसा, गंभीर रूप से चोटिल हुईं मशहूर टीवी एक्ट्रेस रिशिना कंधारी|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/tv-accident-on-set-of-aye-mere-humsafar-severely-injured-famous-tv-actress-rishina-kandhari-3218369.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828232419/https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/tv-accident-on-set-of-aye-mere-humsafar-severely-injured-famous-tv-actress-rishina-kandhari-3218369.html |archive-date=2020-08-28 |access-date=|website=CNN-NEWS18}}</ref> (2020–2021)
* [[Pooja Singh]] as Divya Kothari– Lakhan's wife; Pratibha's daughter-in-law(2020–2021)
* [[Vaishnavi Mahant]] as Surajmukhi Sharma– Vidhi and Payal's mother; Ved's mother-in-law<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=September 2020|title=Aye Mere Humsafar actress Vaishnavi MacDonald: People don't know I'm a certified nutritionist|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aye-mere-humsafar-actress-vaishnavi-macdonald-people-dont-know-im-a-certified-nutritionist/articleshow/77870399.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104170952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aye-mere-humsafar-actress-vaishnavi-macdonald-people-dont-know-im-a-certified-nutritionist/articleshow/77870399.cms |archive-date=2021-01-04 |access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> (2020–2021)
* [[Urfi Javed]] / [[Heena Parmar]] as Payal Sharma– Surajmukhi's daughter, Vidhi's sister<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 September 2020|title=Urfi Javed surprises her co-actors with some healthy food|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/urfi-javed-surprises-her-co-actors-with-some-healthy-food/articleshow/78146659.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> (2020)/(2021)
* [[Parvati Sehgal]] as Bharati Mishra– Pratibha's daughter; Sundar, Lakhan and Ved's sister (2020– 2021)
* Hemant Thatte as Sundar Kothari– Pratibha's elder son, Imarti's husband, Lakhan, Ved and Bharti's brother (2020–2021)
*[[Achherr Bhaardwaj]] as Lakhan Kothari– Pratibha's son, Divya's husband; Ved, Bharti and Sundar's brother (2020–2021)
*[[Sailesh Gulabani]] as Manoj Mishra– Bharti's husband; Pratibha's son-in-law (2020–2021)
*[[Juhi Aslam]] as Choti Bua– Pratibha's sister-in-law (2020)

===Guest stars===
* [[Shraddha Arya]]
* [[Dulquer Salmaan]]

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The pre-production process of the show took place during the lockdown due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], they discussed the character and narrations over Zoom calls. They also had dialogue-reading sessions.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=28 August 2020|title=Diya Aur Baati Hum fame Neelu Vaghela returns to TV with a 'strong and beautiful' role|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/diya-aur-baati-hum-fame-neelu-vaghela-returns-to-tv-with-a-strong-and-beautiful-role/articleshow/77807972.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212232129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/diya-aur-baati-hum-fame-neelu-vaghela-returns-to-tv-with-a-strong-and-beautiful-role/articleshow/77807972.cms |archive-date=2020-12-12 |access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Initially titled ''Jeevan Saathi'', the title ''Aye Mere Humsafar'' was finalized while in pre-production itself.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Neelu Vaghela joins the cast of Shashi and Sumeet Mittal's 'Jeevan Sathi'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neelu-vaghela-joins-the-cast-of-shahi-and-sumeet-mittals-jeevan-sathi/articleshow/76998496.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717165131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/neelu-vaghela-joins-the-cast-of-shahi-and-sumeet-mittals-jeevan-sathi/articleshow/76998496.cms |archive-date=2020-07-17 |access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Lead [[Namish Taneja]] got offers for both ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' and this series at the same time, and he chose the latter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=September 2020|title=Namish Taneja Picked 'Aye Mere Humsafar' Over Bigg Boss 14|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/namish-taneja-picked-aye-mere-humsafar-over-bigg-boss-14-2838337.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114210023/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/namish-taneja-picked-aye-mere-humsafar-over-bigg-boss-14-2838337.html |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=|website=CNN-NEWS18}}</ref>

In mid-September 2020, Taneja burnt his hand while shooting for a sequence in the kitchen, despite this, they continued to shoot.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=16 September 2020|title=Namish Taneja burns his hand while shooting for Aye Mere Humsafar|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/namish-taneja-burns-his-hand-while-shooting-for-aye-mere-humsafar-1715838-2020-09-16|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918050925/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/namish-taneja-burns-his-hand-while-shooting-for-aye-mere-humsafar-1715838-2020-09-16 |archive-date=2020-09-18 |access-date=|website=India Today}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The first promo of the series was released on 23 August 2020 featuring the leads on the occasion of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://youtube.com/4F-Zmn1PsqM|title=Aye Mere Humsafar New TV Show...|website=YouTube}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dangaltv.enterr10tv.com/ Dangal TV]
* [http://www.shashisumeet.com/sslp/ Shashi Sumeet Productions]
* {{IMDb title|id=13150204}}
* [https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/aye-mere-humsafar ''Aye Mere Humsafar''] on Dangal Play
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]

Department of Dairy Development (Kerala)

2025-12-02T15:54:10Z

Mokx71: stub

{{Short description|Government department of Kerala, India}}

{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Dairy Development
| type = Department
| logo = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| formed = {{Start year|1962|df=yes}}
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Kerala]]
| headquarters = [[Pattom]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| minister1_name = [[J. Chinchu Rani]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development, Milk Co-operatives and Zoos
| chief1_name = Shri. Minhaj Alam IAS
| chief1_position = Secretary to Government
| chief2_name = Salini Gopinath
| chief2_position = Director of Dairy Development
| website = {{URL|https://dairydevelopment.kerala.gov.in/}}
}}

The Dairy Development Department is a department of the [[Government of Kerala]] responsible for the development of the dairy sector and related activities in the state. The department has its headquarters in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf |title=Rules of Business — Part II |publisher=Government of Kerala, General Administration Department |access-date=2025-11-28 }}</ref>
==History==
In 1962, during the tenure of Shri [[E. P. Poulose|E. P. Paulose]] as minister for food and animal husbandry, the Dairy Development Department was established in Kerala with Shri N. Balakrishna Pillai as its first Director.<ref>https://dairydevelopment.kerala.gov.in/Eng/index.php/at-a-glance/history</ref> The department initially functioned with a directorate in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and a district office attached to it with a small staff. Subsequently, district offices were opened in [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] and [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]].
==Governance==
The department is headed by a [[Minister (government)|Cabinet minister]] of the Government of Kerala. The incumbent minister for dairy development is [[J. Chinchu Rani]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dairy farmers urged to increase milk production|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/dairy-farmers-urged-to-increase-milk-production/article69531684.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2025-05-02|access-date=2025-12-02|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=The Hindu|last=Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Minister inaugurates State-level dairy farmers’ meet in Idukki|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/minister-inaugurates-state-level-dairy-farmers-meet-in-idukki/article67864158.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2024-02-19|access-date=2025-12-02|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=The Hindu|last=Bureau}}</ref>

The department is administratively headed by a principal secretary to government, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer. The secretary is assisted by additional secretaries, deputy secretaries and under secretaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf |title=Rules of Business — Part II |publisher=Government of Kerala, General Administration Department |access-date=2025-11-28 }}</ref>

The field-level department, the Directorate of Dairy Development, headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram, is headed by a director appointed by the government. The current director of dairy development is Dr. Salini Gopinath.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/dairy-farmers-urged-to-increase-milk-production/article69531684.ece</ref>
==Organisational structure==
The Directorate of Diary Development, functions under the director. The director is assisted by joint directors and deputy directors at the headquarters.

There are district-level offices in each of the 14 districts, headed by deputy directors of dairy development. In addition, there are five Dairy Training Centres—located in [[Kollam]], [[Kottayam]], [[Palakkad]] and [[Kozhikode]]—each headed by a deputy director.<ref>https://dairydevelopment.kerala.gov.in/Eng/index.php/institutions/district-wise-offices</ref>

At the grassroots, Dairy Extension Service Units operate mostly at the [[Panchayat samiti|block panchayat]] level and are headed by dairy extension officers (DEOs). These units also have dairy farm instructors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dairy Development Department {{!}} Welcome to Malappuram {{!}} India|url=https://malappuram.nic.in/en/dairy-development-department/|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Specialised divisions===
There is a State Fodder Farm at [[Valiathura|Valiyathura]] and a State Dairy Laboratory at [[Pattom|Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Fodder Grass Museum in Thiruvananthapuram showcases different varieties of fodder grass and fodder crops|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fodder-grass-museum-state-fodder-farm-thiruvananthapuram/article70112080.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2025-10-06|access-date=2025-12-02|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=Athira|last=M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=With Valiyathura fodder farm shrinking, Kerala govt. plans to open new one to meet demand|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/with-valiyathura-fodder-farm-shrinking-kerala-govt-plans-to-open-new-one-to-meet-demand/article66470944.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2023-02-04|access-date=2025-12-02|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=Tiki|last=Rajwi}}</ref> Regional laboratories are located in [[Kottayam]], [[Kasaragod]] and [[Alathur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala dairy development steps to ensure quality milk {{!}} Kerala dairy development steps to ensure quality milk|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/140816/kerala-dairy-development-steps-to-ensure-quality-milk.html|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|date=2016-08-14|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en|first=Krishna Kumar K.|last=E}}</ref>
==Autonomous institutions==
* Kerala Livestock Development and Milk Marketing Board<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Livestock Development Board – A Government of Kerala Undertaking|url=https://livestock.kerala.gov.in/|website=livestock.kerala.gov.in|access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation]]
==See also==
* [[Government of Kerala]]
* [[Department of Animal Husbandry (Kerala)]]
* [[Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (Kerala)]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category: Government departments of Kerala]]

Surendranagar–Bhavnagar line

2025-11-22T11:13:09Z

Mokx71: brief cleanup details for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|Railway line in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Surendranagar–Bhavnagar line
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Gujarat]]
| start = [[Surendranagar railway station|Surendranagar]]
| end = [[Bhavnagar Terminus]]
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1880
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = {{convert|170|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracks = 1
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification= [[25 kV AC]]
| speed = 100 km/h
| elevation = 72m
| website =
| map =
| map_state =
}}

{{Surendranagar–Bhavnagar line}}

The '''Surendranagar–Bhavnagar line''' is located in the Gujarat state of India. Some [[passenger trains]] run on this railway line.

==History==
The Surendranagar–Bhavnagar line was laid by [[Bhavnagar State Railway]] in 1879 and was opened by 18 December 1880.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pipavavrailway.com/update.htm |title=Pipavav Rail History}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title=Irfca history Part-2}}</ref> Gauge conversion of this section was announced in Rail budget 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://pib.nic.in/archive/bud9798/railbud.html |title=Rail budget 1997-98}}</ref> The gauge conversion foundation stone was laid by then Union Home Minister Lal Krishna Advani on 8 July 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19990708/fec08086p.html |title=Gauge conversion foundation stone}}</ref> Gauge conversion was sanctioned under SPV section from Surendranagar–Dhola–Pipavav in September 2000 by Indian Railway to serve Pipavav Port.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000924/ina24021.html |title=SPV section for Bhavnagar-Dhola}}</ref>
The gauge conversion of this section was completed by 2003.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surendranagar-Bhavnagar line}}
[[Category:Railway lines in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surendranagar district]]
[[Category:Western Railway zone]]
[[Category:Bhavnagar railway division|*]]
[[Category:Rajkot railway division|*]]
[[Category:1880 establishments in India]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]

Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited

2025-11-15T13:56:26Z

Mokx71: small reworked page after review and updated info

{{redirect|Mesco|Matsushita Engineering and Service Company|Panasonic}}
{{Short description|Indian electricity supplier}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
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| trading_name =
| former_name =
| type = [[Public utility]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Electric power|Power]]
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2002|06|p=y}}
| founder =[[Government of Karnataka]]
| hq_location =MESCOM Bhavan, Kavoor Cross Road, Bejai
| hq_location_city =Mangaluru, Karnataka
| hq_location_country =India
| num_locations ={{bulleted list
|14 (Divisions)
|63 (Subdivisions)
}}
| num_locations_year = 
| areas_served ={{bulleted list
|[[Shivamogga district]]
|[[Udupi district]]
|[[Chikkamagaluru district]]
|[[Dakshina Kannada district]]
}}
| key_people = Managing Director- Raji Jayakumar
| products =
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| owner =Government of Karnataka
| members =
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| parent ={{bulleted list
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
|[[Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation]]
}}
| divisions =
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| website = http://www.mesco.in/aboutus/index.asp
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited''' (abbreviated as '''MESCOM''') is an Indian electricity supplier to the districts of [[Karnataka]] namely [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Udupi district]], [[Chickmagalur]] and [[Shimoga]]. It has its headquarters at [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]. The company was formed in June 2002.

Karnataka Electricity Board (KEB) which was earlier involved in Transmission & Distribution of electricity in state of Karnataka was corporatised into Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited ([[KPTCL]]).

Later distribution wing was carved out of this company and five companies were formed to cater distribution of electricity to different regions of [[Karnataka state]]. Initially four entities were formed first namely MESCOM, [[BESCOM]], HESCOM and GESCOM. Later CESCOM was carved out of MESCOM in 2005 to cater electricity consumers of Mysore region.

Currently KPTCL looks after only Transmission and the Electricity Supply Companies (ESCOM's) look after distribution. The distribution of electricity to last mile or end users is done by this Electricity Supply Companies (ESCOM's) in the state of Karnataka. The electricity generated by Karnataka Power Corporation Limited and other producers is distributed by these ESCOM's.

MESCOM tried an idea of using drones to put electricity supply lines across a river Kumaradhara and was successful.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/for-mescom-a-trial-becomes-a-success/article24774895.ece|title = For MESCOM, a trial becomes a success|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 25 August 2018|last1 = Kamila|first1 = Raviprasad}}</ref> It has 22,61,785 consumers, 755.66 kilometre length of 33 Kilovolt (KV) electric power line and 34,507.71 kilometre length of 11 Kilovolt (KV) line as of November 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mesco.in/aboutus/index.asp |title=MESCOM : About Us |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423021111/http://www.mesco.in/aboutus/index.asp |archive-date=23 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The electricity bills of MESCOM can be paid online by its customers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mescom-urges-consumers-to-pay-power-bills-online/article31305624.ece |title=MESCOM urges consumers to pay power bills online |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 April 2020 |publisher= The Hindu, English daily newspaper |access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref> As Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited supplies electricity to high rainfall region of India, It suffers extensive damage to its infrastructure, properties during Southwest [[Monsoon|monsoon season]] in the months of June, July, August, September every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/mescom-s-rain-related-losses-pegged-at-rs-1231-crore-856384.html |title=Mescom's rain-related losses pegged at Rs 12.31 crore |date=3 July 2020 |publisher= Deccan Herald, English daily newspaper |access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref> Mescom is facing shortage of powermen (linemen) which is affecting maintenance of electricity distribution network to ensure electricity supply for end users as per K.Harish Kumar ,Chairman of Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/shortage-of-powermen-affects-maintenance-in-mescom-says-chairman/articleshow/124305889.cms|title=shortage of powermen affects maintenance in mescom says chairman|publisher=Times of India|access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Mescomjeoffice.jpg|thumb|right|Office of MESCOM J.E. at Kattehaklu]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Energy|Companies}}
*[[Solar power in India]]
*[[Karnataka Power Corporation Limited]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://mescom.karnataka.gov.in Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited]

{{Power Plants of Karnataka}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Electric power distribution network operators in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Energy in Karnataka]]
[[Category:State agencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:State electricity agencies of India]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Karnataka]]

{{energy-company-stub}}
{{India-company-stub}}

Lakhmi Chand

2025-11-09T07:36:59Z

Mokx71: further updated article after review

{{short description|Indian poet}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Lakhmi Das|Lakhmi Chand]], the second son of [[Guru Nanak]]}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Lakhmi Chand
| birth_place = Janti Kalan, [[Sonipat]], [[Haryana]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Author|poet}}
| language = [[Haryanvi]] language
| nationality = Indian
}}
'''Lakhmi Chand''', (1903–1945) also known as '''Suryakavi Pandit Lakhmi Chand''', was an Indian poet of [[Haryanvi]] language. He was given the title 'Pandit'. He was also known as the [[Kalidas]] of [[Haryana]]. He has been accorded the honor of the 'Surya Har' of [[Music of Haryana|Haryanvi music]] genre Raagni and [[Saang]]. He is popularly referred to as 'Dada Lakhmi Chand'. His work is filled with songs containing messages on moral values, which earned him respect in all corners of Haryana.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080530/haryana.htm#7 |title= Saang fest gets off to majestic start |last1=Sharma |first1=S D |date= 30 May 2008|newspaper= The Tribune India|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110201/harplus.htm#17 |title= Pandit Lakhmi Chand remembered |last1= Malik |first1= B S|date = 21 January 2011|newspaper= The Tribune India|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>

Recently, the movie ''Dada Lakhmi'' which portrays the life story of Pandit Lakhmi Chand was released. It was directed by [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]].

==Early life==
"Lakhmi Chand was born in Janti Kalan(in 1903), a village in the Sonepat district of Haryana, to a family of [[Gaur Brahmins|Gaur Brahmin]] farmers. He was determined to pursue a career in the arts despite opposition from his family. While he was not formally educated, he is widely considered one of the greatest poets in the Haryanvi language. His main disciples were Pandit Mangeram Susana and Mehar Singh Barona.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=Life story of famous ragini singer Dada Lakhmi wins accolades at Haryana int'l film fest |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/life-story-of-famous-ragini-singer-dada-lakhmi-wins-accolades-at-haryana-int-l-film-fest-101653347477310.html |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=भारती |first=Kanwal bharti कंवल |date=2023-02-20 |title=हरियाणवी समाज के प्रदूषक लोक कवि लखमी चंद |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2023/02/literature-haryanvi-folk-lakhmi-chand/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Forward Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

He would sing stories with moral messages in his 'Raagni' performances, and often used skits called [[Saang]] to convey messages about living a good life. His widely popular work, 'Lakhmichand Ka Brahmgyaan,' has been performed by many Haryanvi artists since his death. Through his performances, he entertained and educated people in their native language.<ref name=":0" />

==Writings==
His writings have marked influence on contemporary culture and the society of Haryana. Annually, Haryana Kala Parishad confers Pandit Lakhmi Chand Award to people for their contributions to Haryanvi literature.

Pandit Lakhmi Chand made the following Saangs:

1) [[Raja Harishchander]]

2) [[Shahi Lakadhara]]

3) [[Jyani Chor]]

4) [[Seth Tarachand]]

5) [[Satyewan Savitri]]

6) [[Heer Ranjha]]

7) [[Chap Singh Somwati]]

8) [[Raja Gopichand]]

9) [[Bhup Puranjan]]

10) [[Meera Bai]]

11) [[Bhagat Puranmal]]

12) [[Hiramal Jamal]]

13) [[Raghubir Dharamkaur]]

14) [[Chaanderkiran]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chand, Lakhmi}}
[[Category:Folk artists from Haryana]]
[[Category:Poets from Haryana]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

1950 Indian presidential election

2025-10-26T18:59:54Z

Mokx71: added some pg and citations

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1950 Indian presidential election
| country = India
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| next_election = 1952 Indian presidential election
| next_year = 1952
| election_date = 24 January 1950
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Food Minister Rajendra Prasad during a radio broadcast in Dec 1947 cropped.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=12|oTop=07}}
| nominee1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| home_state1 = [[Bihar]]
| electoral_vote1 = '''Unopposed'''
| title = [[List of governors-general of India|Governor-General]]
| before_election = [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| posttitle = [[List of presidents of India|President]]
| after_election = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}
Elections for the post of the first '''president of India''' were to be held on 24 January 1950. There was only one nominee for the post, [[Rajendra Prasad]] and he was elected, unopposed, as the [[President of India|President]].<ref name=constituentAssembly24Jan1950>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1810361/ |title=Constituent Assembly Debates On 24 January, 1950 |date=24 January 1950 |author= |access-date= 10 January 2022 |quote=I have to inform honourable Members that only one nomination paper has been received for the office of the President of India. The name of that candidate is Dr. Rajendra Prasad. ... His nomination has been proposed by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru ... and seconded by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel ... I hereby declare Dr. Rajendra Prasad to be duly elected to the Office of President of India}}</ref><ref name=archive.org>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ConstituentAssemblyDebates9thDecember1946-24thJanuary1950/page/n6749/mode/2up?q=nomination&view=theater |title=Constituent Assembly Debates 9th December, 1946 - 24th January, 1950 |author=Constituent Assembly |volume=XII|page=6749}}</ref><ref name=MG>{{cite news |url=https://dfg-viewer.de/show?tx_dlf%5Bdouble%5D=0&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=https%3A%2F%2Fpm20.zbw.eu%2Ffolder%2Fpe%2F0137xx%2F013799%2Fpublic.mets&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=4&cHash=a4ab30cfaf8b5dee0c9fb21673017ea3 |title=India's First President |newspaper=[[Manchester Guardian]] |date=24 January 1950 |location=Delhi |access-date=10 January 2002}}</ref>

==Details==
The [[Constituent Assembly of India]] met for the last time on 24 January 1950, two days before the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] came into effect on the 26th. On that day, they declared that the song [[Jana Gana Mana]] was the [[national anthem]] of India, signed a [[Hindi]] copy of the constitution and voted in a new President. Prasad had been the president of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] from December 1946. He was proposed to be the first Indian president by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and was seconded by [[Vallabhbhai Patel]].<ref name=MG /> There were no other nominations and hence the secretary of the assembly, [[H. V. R. Iengar]] declared that Rajendra Prasad was considered to be duly elected to the office of President of India.

[[File:Rajendra Prasad readies to take part in the first Republic Day parade.jpg|thumb|President Rajendra Prasad (in the horse-drawn carriage) readies to take part in the first Republic Day parade on Rajpath, New Delhi, in 1950]]
He was sworn in on the first [[Republic Day]], 26 January 1950, by the [[Governor-General of India]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]], in the presence of the [[Chief Justice of India]], [[Harilal Jekisundas Kania]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC |title=Presidents of India, 1950-2003 |author=Janak Raj Jai |publisher=Daya Books |year=2003 |isbn=818749865X |quote=.. the oath of office was taken by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the President-elect of India, in the presence of the Chief Justice of India, as prescribed by the Constitution.}}</ref> Prasad's sister, Bhagwati Devi, had died the previous day, 25 January. He attended her [[cremation]] after the founding and swearing-in ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |title=Know About Dr Rajendra Prasad: A Brilliant Scholar And The First President |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dr-rajendra-prasad-birth-anniversary-interesting-facts-about-the-scholar-teacher-and-the-first-president-of-india-2332409 |editor=Debjani Chatterjee |date=1 December 2020 |quote=After his sister died on January 25, 1950, a day ahead of the historic moment when the Indian Constitution was going to come into force, Dr Rajendra Prasad attended the cremation only after the founding ceremony of the Republic of India.}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[1952 Indian presidential election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian presidential elections}}

[[Category:1950 in India]]
[[Category:Presidential elections in India]]
[[Category:Uncontested elections|Indian presidential election, 1950]]
[[Category:1950 elections in India]]

Satyaki

2025-10-21T22:22:33Z

Mokx71: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Satyaki
| image = File:Krishna as Envoy, by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg
| caption = ''Krishna as envoy'' by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]; Satyaki (dressed in white, standing near [[Krishna]]) is shown taking out his sword in response to the insults made by [[Duryodhana]] (left) to Krishna
| other_names = Yuyudhana
| dynasty = [[Yadu dynasty|Yaduvamsha]]
| father = Satyaka
| children = Jaya
| texts = [[Mahabharata]]
}}{{short description|Vrishni warrior mentioned in Hindu texts}}
[[Image:Satyaki-kl.jpg|thumb|Satyaki in Javanese [[Wayang]] (Javanese shadow puppet). ''The picture above is a puppet form of Satyaki and does not resemble the actual character.'']]

'''Yuyudhana''' ({{langx|sa|युयुधान}}, {{IAST3|Yuyudhāna}}), better known as '''Satyaki''' ({{langx|sa|सात्यकि}}, {{IAST3|Sātyaki}}), was a powerful [[Yadava]] chieftain of [[Narayani Sena]], belonging to the [[Vrishni]] clan to which [[Krishna]] also belonged.<ref name="Agarwal2019">{{cite book|author=Himanshu Agarwal|title=Mahabharata Retold Part-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzCqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT50|date=20 August 2019|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64587-785-1|pages=50–}}</ref> According to the [[Puranas]], he was the grandson of Shini of the Vrishni clan, and son of Satyaka, after whom he was named.<ref name="p1">Pargiter, F.E. (1972) [1922]. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.107.</ref> A valiant warrior, Satyaki was devoted to Krishna and was a student of [[Arjuna]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-29 |title=Yuyudhana, Yuyudhāna: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/yuyudhana#purana |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Kurukshetra War ==

{{Main|Kurukshetra War}}
Satyaki strongly and passionately favors the cause of the [[Pandavas]] over the [[Kauravas]] in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. Prior to the war, Satyaki accompanied Krishna to the [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]] capital, with Krishna as the Pandavas' emissary of peace. He is a witness to [[Duryodhana|Duryodhana's]] attempt to arrest Krishna and Krishna's ''Vishwaroopa'' form, though he is not mentioned as one of the few persons not blinded by the apparation. After talks break down, Satyaki leads the Sivi and Vrishni army to the Pandava's camp. While Satyaki, along with others like [[Chekitana]] and Syenajita joins the Pandavas, Krishna promises his army to Duryodhana. Hence, Yadavas sworn directly to [[Dwarka]] like [[Kritvarma]] fight for the Kauravas, meaning Satyaki has to fight his kinsmen in the war. He provides 1 Akshauhini army to the Pandavas. According to Bhishma, he is capable of fighting 12 Atirathis alone.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

During the war, Satyaki is the commander of one [[akshauhini]] of the Pandava army.

===2nd day===

On the 2nd day of the war, Satyaki fought with [[Shakuni]]. Shakuni gave him a fierce battle. But Satyaki defeated him.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

===14th day===

The fourteenth day of the battle features Satyaki in a prominent role. With [[Arjuna]] attempting to pierce [[Drona|Drona's]] formation in order to fulfill his oath of killing [[Jayadratha]], Satyaki defends [[Yudhishthira]] from Drona, who was attempting to capture the emperor in Arjuna's absence. Rescuing [[Dhristadyumna]] from Drona, Satyaki engages in a long fight with Drona, taking up the morning's fight. Drona gets so frustrated by Satyaki, that he even uses [[Astra (weapon)|divine weapons]], which Satyaki counters using his knowledge of divine weapons from his education under Arjuna. Eventually, Satyaki tires, and he is wounded by Drona's arrows. He is rescued by a new attack from the [[Upapandavas]]. Ultimately, Satyaki manages to stall Drona long enough that [[Duryodhana]], frustrated with Drona's lack of progress, withdraws Drona to focus on the conflict with Arjuna.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

Later in the day, Yudhishthira gets worried for Arjuna's safety. Despite his protests that protecting the king is more important, Satyaki is ordered to find and aid Arjuna. At the entrance to the Padmavyuha, he meets Drona. Knowing that he cannot bypass the sage, he circumvents him, telling Drona that he must duplicate the actions of his guru (as Arjuna had declined to fight Drona at the start of the day).{{cn|date=November 2022}}

====Conflict with Bhurisrava====
As Arjuna is being attacked from multiple sides, Satyaki appears to give aid. Satyaki fights an intense battle with archrival, [[Bhurisravas]] with whom he had a long-standing family feud, following from when Satyaki's grandfather defeated [[Somadatta|Bhurishrava's father]]. After a long and bloody battle, Satyaki, already exhausted from fighting Drona, begins to falter, and Bhurisravas pummels him and drags him across the battlefield. Raising his sword, Bhurisravas prepares to kill Satyaki, but he is rescued from death by [[Arjuna]], who shoots an arrow severing Bhurisravas's arm. When criticized by Bhurisravas for interfering in the fight without warning. Bhurisravas lays out his weapons and sits down in meditation. Satyaki then emerges from his swoon and swiftly decapitates his enemy. He is condemned for this rash act, but Satyaki states that the moment Bhurisravas struck his semiconscious body, he had sworn that he would kill Bhurisravas. With the day's battle nearly over and Jayadratha still far away, the debate on the morality of Satyaki's actions is shelved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07143.htm|title=Defeat of Karna by hands of Satyaki|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

====Night War====
When the battle on the fourteenth day continued into the night killed Bhurisravas's father Somadatta, later assisting Bhima slay Somadatta's father, [[Bahlika (Mahabharata)|Bahlika]].{{cn|date=November 2022}}

==Yadava Warrior==
[[File:Krishna as Envoy.jpg|thumb|Krishna as envoy to the Kaurava court before Kurukshetra war. Satyaki takes out his sword when the Kauravas, raise their sword against Krishna, while Krishna holds his hand.]]

In the Kurukshetra war, Satyaki and [[Kritavarma]] were two important Yadava heroes who fought on the opposing sides. Satyaki fought on the side of the Pandavas, whereas Kritavarma joined the Kauravas. Satyaki is also noted as an [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] physician who was an expert in Shalya (surgery) and Shalakya (Eye/ENT). He is mentioned by Dalhana in Timir and Annantvat ([[Sushrut]]a Uttartantra) and by Chakrapani in Netraroga ([[Charaka|Charak]]). Some Mahabharat text says that during Mausala Parva, Satyaki killed [[Kritavarma]] by beheading him.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

==Death==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2016}}
After the Kurukshetra war, [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]] curses [[Krishna]] that his clan will be destroyed 36 years later in a fratricidal massacre.

During the 36th year, the Yadavas retire to [[Prabhasa (place)|Prabhāsa]] where they are allotted temporary residences and start reveling and drinking. Inebriated, Satyaki laughs at and taunts [[Kritavarma]] for [[Kurukshetra War#Day 18|his actions on the night of the 18th day of battle]]. As others agree with Satyaki, Kritavarma becomes enraged and lambasts Satyaki for slaying [[Bhurishravas]] in cold blood. Countering this, Satyaki narrates the story of Kritavarma plotting to kill [[Devaki|Devaki's father]]. Warriors start taking sides depending on who their clans had fought for during the war; wine flows and tempers flare. Enraged, Satyaki gets up from the ground, and to his shock he discovers that the grass he pulls up from his clenched hands has turned into weapons (thanks to a rishi's curse). Red-faced, Satyaki decapitates Kritavarma and begins assaulting the warriors who are on Kritavarma's side. The Bhojas and the Andhakas, incensed and drunk, surround Satyaki as Krishna comes to his aid. However, knowing the character of the hour, Krishna stands aside. The Bhojas and Andhakas pull their own weapons from the ground and advance towards Satyaki.

Satyaki's allies, like [[Pradyumna]] rush to his defense. In the end, Satyaki lies dead, as do all the Vrishini warriors.

==Descendants==

In other versions, Satyaki has a single son Asanga with one mentioned grandson Yugandhara.<ref name="p1"/> Yugandhara later became the ruler of the territory near the [[Sarasvati River]].<ref name="p2">Pargiter, F.E. (1972) [1922]. ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.284.</ref> There is also mention of two granddaughters Satyaki's hopes to marry into the Pandava's family.

The latter day Yaudheyas claimed themselves as sons of Dharmaraja and nephews of Arjun and claimed descent either through son of Satyaki or through the son of [[Yudhishthira]], Yaudheya (mentioned in Matsaya Purana).{{cn|date=November 2022}}

==See also==
*[[Narayani Sena]]
*[[Yadava]]
*[[Vrishni]]
*[[Historicity of the Mahabharata]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://mahabharata-resources.org/yadu_dynasty_opt_1.pdf Yadu Genealogy]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080509053954/http://www.gita-society.com/section3/mahabharata.pdf Mahabharata translated by C Rajagopalachari]

{{Mahābhārata}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]

History of the Indian Air Force

2025-10-13T03:01:42Z

Mokx71: fixed references also

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{lead too short|date=November 2016}}
The [[Indian Air Force]] was established on 8 October 1932 independently of the army and navy and in a similar format to the British [[Royal Air Force]].<ref name=Singh2013>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Jasjit |title=Defence from the Skies: 80 Years of the Indian Air Force: 80 Years of the Indian Air Force |date=2013 |publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-93-81904-53-4 |pages=22–32 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mku6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT22|language=en |chapter=1. Birth of an Independent Air Force}}</ref> It had been a recommendation of the Skeen Committee, which had been tasked to look into demands for the Indianisation of the Indian army.<ref name=Singh2013/> Its first squadron was raised on 1 April 1933.<ref name=Singh2013/>

==Formation and early pilots==
{{main|Royal Indian Air Force}}
[[File:Royal Indian Air Force.svg|thumb|Crest of the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] (1932–1950)]]
The Indian Air Force was established in [[British India]] as an auxiliary air force<ref name="clause4">{{cite book|contribution= CLAUSE 4.—(Relations between Royal Air Force and Indian Air Force, and attachment of personnel.) | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1933/apr/03/clause-4-relations-between-royal-air |title=HC Deb vol 276 cc1473-501|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date= 3 April 1933 | access-date=8 April 2009}}</ref> of the [[Royal Air Force]] with the enactment of the Indian Air Force Act 1932 on 8 October that year<ref name="IAF">{{cite web| title=History of the IAF| url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=98| work=Official Website| publisher=Webmaster IAF – Air Headquarters| access-date=7 April 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409235005/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=98| archive-date=9 April 2009| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="airpower3">{{cite journal |last=Bedi |first=Sanjeev |date=Summer 2008 |title=Strategic Role of Air Power |journal=Air Power Journal |volume=3 |publisher=Center for Air Power Studies |issue=2 |pages=27–45 |url=http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Summer%202008/Sanjeev%20Bedi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723023345/http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Summer%202008/Sanjeev%20Bedi.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2019-07-23 |access-date=8 April 2009 }}</ref> and adopted the Royal Air Force uniforms, badges, brevets and insignia.<ref name="Heraldry">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Palam/Heraldry.html |title=INDIAN AIR FORCE MUSEUM – Heraldry (Badges and Insignia) |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329193739/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Palam/Heraldry.html |archive-date=29 March 2010 }}</ref> On 1 April 1933, the IAF commissioned its first squadron, No.1 Squadron, with four [[Westland Wapiti|Westland Wapiti biplanes]] and five Indian pilots. The Indian pilots were led by [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] Commanding officer Flight Lieutenant (later Air Vice Marshal) [[Sir Cecil Bouchier|Cecil Bouchier]].<ref name="Goyal">{{cite web|last=Goyal |first=S.N. |title=1939–45 Second World War: Air Force Reminiscences |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1940s/Goyal.html |work=Sainik Samachar |publisher=Indian Air Force |date=October 1993 |access-date=8 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006180501/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1940s/Goyal.html |archive-date=6 October 2009 }}</ref>

The first five pilots commissioned into the IAF were Harish Chandra Sircar, [[Subroto Mukerjee]], Bhupendra Singh, Aizad Baksh Awan and Amarjeet Singh. A sixth officer, J N Tandon had to revert to logistics duties as he was too short. All of them were commissioned as [[Pilot Officer]]s in 1932 from RAF Cranwell. [[Subroto Mukerjee]] later went on to become the IAF's first [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]]. Subsequent batches inducted before [[World War II]] included [[Aspy Engineer]], K K Majumdar, Narendra, Daljit Singh, Henry Runganadhan, R H D Singh, Baba Mehar Singh, S N Goyal, Prithpal Singh and [[Arjan Singh]]. [[File:IAF Wapiti K1260.jpg|right|thumb|A [[Westland Wapiti]], one of the first aircraft of the Indian Air Force.]]

==World War II (1939–1945)==
{{main|India in World War II}}

[[File:Pilots of No.263 Squadron RAF.jpg|thumb|left|Pilots of [[No. 263 Squadron RAF|No. 263 Squadron]] pose in front of their Typhoon. Pilot Officer Thyagarajan, an Indian pilot is seated on the engine cowling]]
[[File:kk jumbo majumdar.jpg|thumb|Karun Krishna "Jumbo" Majumdar was the first Indian officer to be awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.]]
[[File:Pilots of No. 83 Squadron RAF.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|83 Squadron aircrew in front of their [[List of surviving Avro Lancasters#Surviving aircraft 2|Lancaster R5868]], Squadron Leader Shailendra Eknath Sukthankar, an Indian Navigator stands in the middle.}}]]
[[File:Royal Air Force Operations in the Far East, 1941-1945. CI204.jpg|thumb|Personnel of the RAF, Indian Air Force and Women's Auxiliary Corps (India) at work in the Operations Room at a Group Headquarters in North-eastern India.]]
[[File:Indian Airforce Pilots after a mission in Burma during WW2.jpg|thumb|Indian Airforce Pilots after a mission in Burma during WW2]]

During [[World War II]], the IAF played an instrumental role in halting the advance of the [[Imperial Japan|Japanese army]] in [[Myanmar|Burma]], where the first IAF air strike was executed. The target for this first mission was the Japanese military base in [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], after which IAF strike missions continued against the Japanese airbases at [[Mae Hong Son]], [[Chiang Mai]] and [[Chiang Rai]] in northern [[Thailand]].

The IAF was mainly involved in [[Airstrike|strike]], [[close air support]], [[aerial reconnaissance]], [[bomber escort]] and pathfinding missions for RAF and [[China Burma India Theater#USAAF Order of Battle|USAAF]] heavy bombers. RAF and IAF pilots would train by flying with their non-native air wings to gain combat experience and communication proficiency. Besides operations in the [[Burma campaign|Burma Theatre]] IAF pilots participated in air operations in [[North African campaign|North Africa]] and [[European theatre of World War II|Europe]].<ref name=rafmuseum>{{cite web |url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/blog/royal-indian-air-force/|title=Royal Indian Air Force |publisher=RAF Museum |access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mgtrust.org/w2.htm|title=Second World War – Europe|website=mgtrust.org}}</ref>

In addition to the IAF, many native Indians and some 200 Indians resident in Britain volunteered to join the [[RAF]] and [[Women's Auxiliary Air Force]]. One such volunteer was Sergeant Shailendra Eknath Sukthankar, who served as a navigator with No. 83 Squadron. Sukthankar was commissioned as an officer, and on 14 September 1943, received the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]]. Squadron Leader Sukthankar eventually completed 45 operations, 14 of them on board the [[List of surviving Avro Lancasters#Surviving aircraft 2|RAF Museum's Avro Lancaster R5868]]. Another volunteer was Assistant Section Officer [[Noor Inayat Khan]] a Muslim pacifist and Indian nationalist who joined the WAAF, in November 1940, to fight against Nazism. Noor Khan served bravely as a secret agent with the [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) in France, but was eventually betrayed and captured.<ref name=rafmuseum /> Many of these Indian airmen were seconded or transferred to the expanding IAF such as Squadron Leader [[Mohinder Singh Pujji]] DFC who led [[No. 4 Squadron IAF]] in Burma.

During the war, the IAF experienced a phase of steady expansion. New aircraft added to the fleet included the US-built [[Vultee A-31 Vengeance|Vultee Vengeance]], [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Douglas Dakota]], the British [[Hawker Hurricane]], [[Supermarine Spitfire]], [[Bristol Blenheim]], and [[Westland Lysander]].

[[Subhas Chandra Bose]] sent [[Indian National Army]] [[Tokyo Cadets|youth cadets]] to Japan to train as pilots. They went on to attend the [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Academy]] in 1944.<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Books/Reviews/810-Burma-to-Japan.html BURMA to JAPAN with Azad Hind: A War Memoir (1941–1945)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713173707/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Books/Reviews/810-Burma-to-Japan.html |date=13 July 2022 }} Air Cmde R S Benegal MVC AVSM</ref>

In recognition of the valiant service by the IAF, [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI]] conferred the [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] "Royal" in 1945. Thereafter the IAF was referred to as the ''Royal Indian Air Force''. In 1950, when India became a republic, the prefix was dropped and it reverted to being the Indian Air Force.<ref name=Ahluwalia2012>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sabUQ7zKUvsC&pg=PA41|title=Airborne to Chairborne: Memoirs of a War Veteran Aviator-Lawyer of the Indian Air Force|last=Ahluwalia|first=A.|date=2012|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4691-9657-2|page=41|language=en}}</ref>

Post war, [[No. 4 Squadron IAF]] was sent to [[Japan]] as part of the [[Occupation of Japan|Allied Occupation forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=No 4 Squadron(Oorials) |url=http://www.indianairforce.nic.in/show_unit.php?ch=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212211445/http://www.indianairforce.nic.in/show_unit.php?ch=7 |archive-date=2007-12-12 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.indianairforce.nic.in}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Partition of India (1947)==
With the [[Partition of India|partition of the Indian sub-continent]] into two separate nations—[[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]—the military forces were also partitioned. This gave a reduced Royal Indian Air Force and a new [[Royal Pakistan Air Force]] in 1947.

==First Kashmir War 1947==
{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947}}

In a bid to gain control of the erstwhile princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], Pathan tribesmen poured into [[Kashmir]] on 20 October 1947, aided by the Pakistani Army. Incapable of withstanding the armed assault in his province, the ''Maharaja'' of Kashmir, [[Hari Singh]], asked India for help. The [[Government of India]] made its assistance conditional upon Kashmir's accession to India. The [[Instrument of accession]] was signed on 26 October 1947 and the next day Indian troops were airlifted into [[Srinagar]]. The agreement was later [[ratified]] by the British.

Taking off from [[Safdarjung Airport|Safdarjang]], then known as ''[[Willingdon Airfield]]'', the IAF landed Indian troops at [[Srinagar]] airfield at 09:30 hours [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 27 October. This was the most instrumental action of the war as the troops saved the city from the invaders. Apart from the airlifting operations and supplying essential commodities to the ground troops, the Indian Air Force had other offensive roles to play in the conflict. Photo reconnaissance, bombing, strafing and interdiction roles were carried out extensively. Excerpts from logbooks of a fighter pilot: 01 Dec 1947 - "TAC/R: Ankur, Bhimber, Mirpur (D'Cruz Pranged - Believed to have been taken as Prisoner of War…Came back just before cease fire)", 18 Dec 1947 - "Border Recee: Ranbirsinghpura-Sambha Area", 31 Dec 1947 - "TAC/R - Bombing. Mirpur, Bhimbar, Jhangal, Naoshara, Berry Pattan", 01 Jan 1948 - "Msg drop at Punch", 12 Sep 1948 - "Baptiste bought it over Tithwal on 12th Sept. Shot down by enemy machine gun", 03 Oct 1948 - "Air Strike Pandu: 8 rockets, Wright bailed out - shot down by Ack/Ack Gun", 04 Oct 1948 and 13 Oct 1948 - "C/S - Tithwal 8 rockets", 25 Oct 1948 - "Air Strike - Skardu Fort (8 rockets)", 26 Oct 1948 - "Air Strike - Nausadda (2-1000 lb bombs)", 27 Oct 1948 - Close Support - Zojila (8 rockets) and Air Strike - Zojila (2-500 lb bombs)", 29 Oct 1948 - "Close Support - 161 Bde (Chakothi Area) 2-250 lb bombs", 03 Nov 1948 - "Air Strike - Biari Area (2-500 lb bombs) and Off/Recce: Dras Area (8 Rockets)", 04 Nov 1948 - "Off/Recce: Dras Area (8 Rockets)", 05 Nov 1948 - "Off/Recce: Dras 77 Bde (8 Rockets)", 06 Nov 1948 - "Air Strike - Chilas (8 Rockets)", 07 Nov 1948 - "Air Strike - Pandu (8 Rockets) and Off/Recce - Dras (8 Rockets)", 13 Nov 1948 - "Off/Recce - Chilas & Gilgit (2-250 lb bombs)', 14 Nov 1948 - "Close Support - Dras (2-500 lb bombs) and Close Support - Dras, Leaflet Drop - Kargil (8 rockets)", 18 Nov 1948 - "Close Support - Tithwal (8 rockets)". These are just some sorties flown in Harvard and Tempest aircraft.

On 31 December 1948, both nations agreed to a [[UN]] mediated cease-fire proposal marking the end of hostilities. A Line of Control has since separated Indian-held Kashmir from Pakistani-held Kashmir.

==Congo Crisis (1961)==
{{Main|Congo Crisis}}

Belgium's 75-year colonial rule of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] Congo ended abruptly on 30 June 1960. Unable to control the deteriorating situation in its former African colony, Belgium asked for [[UN]] assistance. In India, Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was quick to respond to the initial appeal for help and sent IAF [[English Electric Canberra|Canberra]] aircraft as a part of the UN-led mission in Congo.

==Sino-Indian War (1962)==
{{Main|Sino-Indian War of 1962}}
In 1962, border disputes escalated into full-scale war between India and China. Indian military and civilian leadership failed to organise and co-ordinate the air assaults efficiently and eventually the Indian Air Force was never used during the conflict apart from occasional supply missions.

==Second Kashmir War 1965==
{{Main|Indo-Pakistani Air War of 1965}}
[[File:PAF Sabre being shot down in combat by an IAF Gnat in September 1965.jpg|thumb|Pakistani [[North American F-86 Sabre|Sabre]] being shot down in combat by an IAF [[Folland Gnat|Gnat]] in September 1965 as seen from the Indian aircraft during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 War]].]]
Three years after the Sino-Indian conflict, India went to war with Pakistan again over Kashmir. Learning from the experiences of the Sino-Indian war, India decided to use its air force extensively during the war.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} This was the first time the IAF actively engaged an enemy air force.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Harvnb|Pradhan|Chavan|2007|p=xiv|Ref=ybChavan}}</ref> However, instead of providing close air support to the Indian Army, the IAF carried out independent raid missions against [[Pakistani Air Force]] (PAF) bases.<ref name="Emerging">{{Harvnb|Sisodia|Bhaskar|2005|p=82|Ref=Emerging}}</ref> These bases were situated deep inside the Pakistani territory, making IAF fighters vulnerable to anti-aircraft fire.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1997|p=43|Ref=Gupta}}</ref> conflict.<ref>{{Harvnb|Raju|1996|p=11|Ref=Raju}}</ref>

On 1 September 1965, the IAF fighters intervened in an ongoing battle between Indian and Pakistani forces in Chhamb.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> However, it was inadequate in [[close air support]] role.<ref name="Barua">{{Harvnb|Barua|2005|p=193|Ref=Barua}}</ref> Initially, IAF had sent the obsolete [[de Havilland Vampire|Vampires]] and later [[Dassault Mystère|Mystères]] to stop Pakistani advance.<ref name="Barua"/> But after incidents of [[friendly fire]], they were not called again for close air support.<ref name="Barua"/> Two days later, IAF [[Folland Gnat]] fighters shot down a PAF F-86 Sabre over Chhamb area.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The Gnats were effective against the F-86 and earned the nickname ''Sabre Slayer''.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Harvnb|Coggins|2000|p=164|Ref=Coggins}}</ref><ref name="Sabre Slayers">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/16/stories/2008101658120200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020061232/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/16/stories/2008101658120200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2008|title=Remembering the lethal 'Sabre Slayers' |date=16 October 2008|author=Staff Reporter|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-04-08}}</ref> According to one Western source, the Gnats accounted for at least 6 Sabre kills.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

During the course of the conflict, the PAF enjoyed qualitative superiority over the IAF because most of the jets in IAF's fleet were of World War II-vintage. Despite this, the IAF was able to prevent the PAF from gaining air superiority over conflict zones.<ref name="Dixit">{{Harvnb|Dixit|2002|p=149|Ref=Dixit}}</ref> By the time the conflict had ended, Both sides claimed victory in the air war; Pakistan claimed to have destroyed 104 aircraft against its own losses of 19, while India claimed to have destroyed 73 enemy aircraft and lost 35 of its own.<ref name="Van Creveld, 2012, pp. 286-287">Van Creveld, 2012, pp. 286–287.</ref> Despite the intense fighting, the conflict was effectively a stalemate.<ref>Coggins 2000, pp. 163–164.</ref> More than 60% of IAF's air combat losses took place during the disastrous battles over Kalaikunda and Pathankot.<ref name="Khan">{{Harvnb|Khan|2004|p=185|Ref=Khan}}</ref> However, the IAF lost most of its aircraft on ground and the attrition rate (losses per 100 sorties) of the IAF stood at 1.49 while PAF's attrition rate was 2.16, because the IAF has larger number of deployed aircraft with higher number of take off and landing sorties.<ref name="Emerging"/>

==Bangladesh Liberation War 1971==
{{main|Bangladesh Liberation War}}
[[File:PAF hangar at Dacca airfield after an air attack by the IAF, Dec 71.jpg|thumb|[[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] hangar at Dacca airfield after an air attack by the IAF in December 1971]]
After the 1965 War, the Indian Air Force went through an intense phase of modernisation and consolidation. With newly acquired [[HAL HF-24 Marut|HF-24]], [[MiG-21]] and [[Sukhoi]] [[Su-7]]BM (though the versions of these acquired between 1965 and 1971 did not have night-fight capability) aircraft, the IAF was able to measure up to the most powerful air forces in the world.

The professional standards, capability and flexibility were soon put to the test in December 1971 when India and Pakistan went to war over (then) [[East Pakistan]]. At the time, the IAF was under the command of Air Chief Marshal Pratap Chandra Lal. On 22 November, ten days before the start of a full-scale war, four [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] [[F-86 Sabre]] jets attacked Indian and [[Mukti Bahini]] positions near the Indo-Bangla border in the [[Battle of Garibpur]]. In what became the first ever [[Dogfight]] over East Pakistan skies (present day [[Bangladesh]]), three of the 4 PAF Sabres [[Battle of Boyra|were shot down by IAF Gnats]], and hostilities commenced. 3 December saw the formal declaration of war following massive, but [[Operation Chengiz Khan|failed preemptive strikes]] by the [[Pakistan Air Force]] against Indian Air Force installations in the west. The PAF targets were against Indian bases in Srinagar, Ambala, Sirsa, Halwara and Jodhpur on the lines of [[Operation Focus]]. But the plan failed miserably as Indians had anticipated such a move and no major losses were suffered. The Indian response over Pakistan skies, however, produced severe blows to the PAF.

Within the first two weeks, the IAF had carried out more than 4,000 sorties in East Pakistan and [[East Pakistan Operations 1971|provided successful air cover]] for the advancing [[Indian army]] in [[East Pakistan]]. IAF also assisted the [[Indian Navy]] in sinking several Pakistani naval vessels in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. In the west, the airforce demolished scores of tanks and armoured vehicles in a single battle – the [[Battle of Longewala]]. The IAF pursued [[strategic bombing]] by destroying oil installations in [[Karachi]], the [[Mangla Dam]] and gas plant in Sindh. As the IAF achieved complete [[air superiority]] over the eastern wing of Pakistan within a few days,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070112032245/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878969,00.html "Bangladesh: Out of War, a Nation Is Born"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 20 December 1971.</ref> the ordnance factories, runways, and other vital areas in East Pakistan were severely crippled. In the end, the IAF played a pivotal role in the victory for the Allied Forces leading to the liberation of Bangladesh. In addition to the overall strategic victory, the IAF had also claimed 94<ref>An air force Intelligence Unit of SI Directorate, commanded by then Flt Lt M L BALA while listening to a coded telephone call, after decoding it learnt that a high-level meeting chaired by the then Governor of East Pakistan was going to be held in Dhaka Governor house. He passed the information to the concerned authorities. Based on this information, the Governor House was bombed. Pak army surrendered the next day [http://orbat.com/site/cimh/iaf/IAF_1971_kills.pdf#search=%22iaf%20combat%20kills%22 IAF Combat Kills, 1971 war] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511153500/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/iaf/IAF_1971_kills.pdf |date=11 May 2013 }}</ref> Pakistani aircraft destroyed, with some 45 of their own aircraft admitted lost. The IAF had however, flown over 7000 combat sorties on both East and West fronts and its overall sortie rate numbered over 15000. Comparatively the PAF was flowing fewer sorties (though PAF had qualitative advantage; its [[Mirage III]] fighter/bombers could fly at night, where no IAF fighter had that capability—the only aircraft in IAF with this capability was the [[Canberra bomber]]) by the day fearing loss of planes. Towards the end of the war, IAF's transport planes dropped leaflets over Dhaka urging the Pak forces to surrender; East Pakistani sources note that as the leaflets floated down, the morale of the Pakistani troops sunk.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Ishfaq Ilahi |author-link=Ishfaq Ilahi Choudhury |title=Air aspect of the Liberation War 1971  Air Cdre Ishfaq Ilahi Choudhury (Retd) |url=https://mm-gold.azureedge.net/Articles/ishfaq/air_aspect71.html |website=mm-gold.azureedge.net}}</ref>

==Operation Meghdoot 1984==
{{Main|Operation Meghdoot}}

The Operation Meghdoot was the name given to the [[preemptive strike]] launched by the Indian Military to capture most of the [[Siachen Glacier]], in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region. Launched on 13 April 1984, this [[military operation]] was unique as it was the first assault launched in the world's highest battlefield. The [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] played an important role in the [[Operation Meghdoot]]. The IAF Strategic airlifters like the Il-76s, An 12s transported stores and troops, airdropped supplies to high altitude airfields while transport helicopters like Mi-17s, Chetaks transported men and material.<ref>[http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=72 OP Meghdoot]</ref> The military action was successful as India gained control over all of the [[Siachen Glacier]] and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of the [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro Ridge]].<ref name=Wirsing>{{cite book |last = Wirsing |first = Robert |title = Pakistan's security under Zia, 1977–1988: the policy imperatives of a peripheral Asian state |date = 13 December 1991 |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan, 1991 |isbn = 9780312060671}}</ref><ref name=Child>{{cite book |last = Child |first = Greg |title = Thin air: encounters in the Himalayas |year = 1998 |publisher = The Mountaineers Books, 1998 |isbn = 9780898865882 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/thinairencounter00chil }}</ref> According to ''''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'''' magazine, India gained more than {{convert|1000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1}} of territory because of its military operations in Siachen.<ref name=":1">{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312141921/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 March 2007 | magazine=Time | title=The Himalayas War at the Top of the World | date=31 July 1989 | first=Edward W. | last=Desmond/Kashmir}}</ref> Pakistan tried in 1987 and in 1989 to re-take the glacier but was unsuccessful.<ref name=Kapur>{{cite book|last=Kapur|first=S. Paul|title=Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia|year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0804755504|page=118}}</ref>

==Operation Poomalai (1987)==

Failing to negotiate an end to the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]], India sent a convoy of unarmed ships to northern [[Sri Lanka]] to provide more than 1000 tonnes of humanitarian aid,<ref name=Bharat-rakshak.com>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1987IPKF/Chapter1.html|title=Indian Air Force in Sri Lanka.Operation Poomalai – The Jaffna Food drop.|publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609120451/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1987IPKF/Chapter1.html|archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref> but it was intercepted by the Sri Lankan Navy and sent back.<ref name=Bharat-rakshak.com/> Following this, the Indian Government decided to carry out an airdrop of the humanitarian supplies on the evening of 4 June 1987 designated [[Operation Poomalai]] ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: Garland) or Eagle Mission 4 as a show of force to the Sri Lankan government, of symbolic support to the Tamil rebel and to preserve the credibility of the then Indian [[Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref name=Bharat-rakshak.com/> Five [[An-32]]s of the [[Para Commandos (India)|Paratroop Training School]] in [[Agra]], escorted by five [[Mirage 2000]]s of the [[No. 7 Squadron IAF|No. 7 Squadron]] were to carry out the supply drop.<ref name=Bharat-rakshak.com/><ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9B0DE0D8173FF936A35755C0A961948260&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fIndia|title=India Airlifts Aid to Tamil Rebels|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 June 1987 | first=Steven R. | last=Weisman}}</ref> The message was conveyed to the Sri Lankan [[Ambassador]] to [[New Delhi]] that Indian Air Force would be flying a mission at 1600 Hours to drop supplies over Jaffna. The ambassador was told that the aircraft were expected to complete their mission unhindered and any opposition by the Sri Lankan Air Force 'would be met by force' by the escorting Mirage 2000s.<ref name=Bharat-rakshak.com/> The air drop was a success and the IAF was unopposed by the Sri Lankan forces.<ref name=Bharat-rakshak.com/> Sri Lanka accused India of "blatant violation of sovereignty".<ref name=Bharat-rakshak.com/> India insisted that it was acting only on humanitarian grounds.<ref name=Bharat-rakshak.com/>

==Operation Pawan (1987)==
The IAF supported the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF) in northern and eastern [[Sri Lanka]]. About 70,000 sorties were flown by the IAF's transport and helicopter force in support of nearly 100,000 troops and paramilitary forces without a single aircraft lost or mission aborted.<ref name=oppawan>{{cite web|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/|title=OP PAWAN|access-date=24 July 2010}}</ref> IAF An-32s maintained a continuous air link between air bases in South India and Northern Sri Lanka transporting men, equipment, rations and evacuating casualties.<ref name=oppawan/> Mi-8s supported the ground forces and also provided air transportation to the Sri Lankan civil administration during the elections.<ref name=oppawan/> Mi-25s of No. 125 H.U. were utilised to provide suppressive fire against militant strong points and to interdict coastal and clandestine riverine traffic.<ref name=oppawan/>

==Kargil 1999==
{{Main|Kargil War}}
[[File:Sheeju mig21.JPG|thumb|left|IAF [[MiG-21]]s were used extensively in the [[Kargil war]].]]
On 11 May 1999, the Indian Air Force was called in to provide close air support to the Indian Army at the height of the ongoing [[Kargil conflict]] with the use of helicopters.<ref name=iafo>{{cite web|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/|title=Official website of Indian Air Force|access-date=28 July 2010}}</ref> The IAF strike was code named [[Operation Safed Sagar]].<ref name=iafo/> The first strikes were launched on 26 May, when the Indian Air Force struck infiltrator positions with fighter aircraft and [[helicopter gunship]]s.<ref name=BBCN>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/352995.stm|title=BBC News | South Asia | India launches Kashmir air attack|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> The initial strikes saw [[MiG-27]]s carrying out offensive sorties, with [[MiG-21]]s and later [[MiG-29]]s providing fighter cover.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Kargil/PCamp.html|title=The Kargil Operations. The Mirage-2000 at Kargil.|publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807084357/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Kargil/PCamp.html|archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> The IAF also deployed its radars and the [[MiG-29]] fighters in vast numbers to keep check on Pakistani military movements across the border.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bammi|2002|p=|Ref=Bammi}}</ref> Srinagar [[Airport]] was at this time closed to civilian air-traffic and dedicated to the Indian Air Force.<ref name=BBCN/>
[[File:IAF Mirage 2000.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right | IAF Mirage 2000 became a game changer in the Kargil war ]]
On 27 May, the first fatalities were suffered when a [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] and a [[MiG-27]] jets were lost over Batalik Sector to enemy action and mechanical failure, respectively.<ref name= BBC>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/354120.stm|title=BBC News | South Asia | India loses two jets|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=telegraph>{{cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060522/asp/frontpage/story_6254165.asp|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060618205854/http://telegraphindia.com/1060522/asp/frontpage/story_6254165.asp|url-status = dead|archive-date = 18 June 2006|title = Flyer pushes frontier again – Nachiketa returns to area where his plane was shot down|access-date = 2006-09-18|work = The Telegraph}}</ref> The following day, a Mi-17 was lost- with the loss of all four of the crew- when it was hit by three [[FIM-92 Stinger|Stinger]]s while on an offensive sortie.<ref name= Bharat-rakshak.com/> These losses forced the Indian Air Force to reassess its strategy. The helicopters were immediately withdrawn from offensive roles as a measure against the man-portable missiles in possession of the infiltrators. On 30 May, the Indian Air Force called into operation the [[Mirage 2000]] which was deemed the best aircraft capable of optimum performance under the conditions of high-altitude seen in the zone of conflict. Mirage 2000s not only had better defence equipment compared to the MiGs, but also gave IAF the ability to carry out aerial raids at night. The MiG-29s were used extensively to provide fighter escort to the Mirage 2000.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Harvnb|Ganguly|Kapur|2008|p=105|Ref=Ganguly}}</ref> The Mirages successfully targeted enemy camps and logistic bases in Kargil and within days, their supply lines were severely disrupted.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|2003|p=97|Ref=OJones}}</ref> Mirage 2000s were used for strikes on Muntho Dhalo<ref name= Bharat-rakshak.com/> and the heavily defended [[Tiger Hill, Kargil|Tiger Hill]] and paved the way for their early recapture.<ref name= Bharat-rakshak.com/> At the height of the conflict, the IAF was conducting over forty sorties daily over the Kargil region.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> By 26 July, the Indian forces had successfully liberated Kargil from Pakistani forces.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kapur|2007|p=122}}</ref>

==Atlantique incident==
{{Main|Atlantique incident}}
On 10 August 1999, a [[Pakistan Navy]] French-built naval [[Breguet Atlantic]] was flying over the [[Rann of Kutch]] area and was shot down by two IAF MiG-21 jets killing all 16 aboard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vayu-sena-aux.tripod.com/other-atlantique-gallery.html|title=IAF's Atlantique Kill Picture Gallery – Vayu Sena|website=vayu-sena-aux.tripod.com}}</ref>

== Historical aircraft==
{{Main|List of historical aircraft of the Indian Air Force}}

==See also==
*[[Royal Air Force mutiny]]
*[[RAF India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last1=Bammi |first1=Y.M. |title=Kargil 1999, Impregnable Conquered |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWVuAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Gorkha Publishers |pages=xxviii, 558, 65, 8 p |ref=Bammi |isbn=978-81-7525-352-0 |lccn=2003305922}}
*{{cite book |last1= Coggins|first1= Ed|title=Wings That Stay on|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG5wioBJyK0C |edition=Illustrated|year=2000 |publisher=Turner Publishing Company |isbn=978-1-56311-568-4 |pages=iii; 244|ref=Coggins
|no-pp=true}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ganguly |first1=Sumit |last2=Kapur |first2=S. Paul |title=Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fAgIdEtTYQgC |edition=illustrated |year=2008 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-44049-3 |pages=xii, 251 |ref=Ganguly}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Owen Bennett |title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONZpltd6UZ8C |edition=2, illustrated, revised |year=2003 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10147-8 |page=328 |ref=OJones}}
*{{cite book |last1= Pradhan|first1= R. D.|last2=Chavan |first2=Yashwantrao Balwantrao |title=1965 War, the Inside Story: Defence Minister Y.B. Chavan's Diary of India-Pakistan War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymYCJQjEGBUC |year=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-269-0762-5 |pages=xviii; 141|ref=ybChavan
|no-pp=true}}
*{{cite book |last1= Sisodia|first1= N.S.|last2=Bhaskar |first2=Chitrapu Uday |title=Emerging India: security and foreign policy perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykZKWATQgcoC |year=2005 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=978-81-86019-51-1 |pages=xx; 376|ref=Emerging
|no-pp=true}}
*{{cite book |last1= Gupta|first1= Amit|title=Building an arsenal: the evolution of regional power force structures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=illLSaObgL0C |edition=Illustrated|year=1997 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-95787-2 |pages=xi; 217|ref=Gupta
|no-pp=true}}
*{{cite book |last1= Thomas|first1= Raju G.C.|title=India's Security Environment: Towards the Year 2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYm0hnXJYmgC |year=1996 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-1389-9 |pages=iv; 33|ref=Raju
|no-pp=true}}
*{{cite book |last1= Barua|first1= Pradeep |title=The State at War in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC |year=2005 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9 |pages=xvi; 437|ref=Barua
|no-pp=true}}
*{{cite book |last1= Dixit|first1= Jyotindra Nath |title=India-Pakistan in War & Peace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnzRttnqExUC |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-30472-6|page=501|ref=Dixit
|no-pp=true}}
*{{cite book |last1= Khan|first1= J.A. |title=Air Power and Challenges to IAF |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Na-V9H0dbrgC |year=2004 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-593-7|pages=xxxii; 361|ref=Khan
|no-pp=true}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of the Indian Air Force}}
[[Category:History of the Indian Air Force| ]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Air force history|India]]

Jantar Mantar, Varanasi

2025-10-03T01:55:43Z

Mokx71: Put Up Article

{{Short description|Observatory in Varnasi, India}}
{{Other uses|Jantar Mantar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox historic site
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| location = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
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'''Jantar Mantar''' in [[Varanasi]] is an [[observatory]] designed to be used with the naked eye. It is one of the five [[Jantar Mantar]] in India and was built in 1737 by [[Jai Singh II|Maharaja Jai Singh II]] of [[Amber, India|the Kingdom of Amber]] (later called [[Jaipur]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=Coordinates|publisher=latlong.net|access-date=16 August 2015|url=http://www.latlong.net/|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807151635/http://www.latlong.net/|url-status=dead}} - {{cite news|title=Altitude|publisher=daftlogic.com|access-date=16 August 2015|url=http://www.daftlogic.com/}} - {{cite news|title=Places Of Interest|publisher=Varanasi.nic|access-date=16 August 2015|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/tourist/tourist4.html}} - {{cite news |title=Jantar Mantar information |publisher=visitinvaranasi.com |access-date=16 August 2015 |url=http://www.visitinvaranasi.com/jantar-mantar-varanasi.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915155657/http://visitinvaranasi.com/jantar-mantar-varanasi.aspx |archive-date=15 September 2015 }} - {{cite news|title=Jantar Mantar in Varanasi|publisher=hoteltravel.com|access-date=16 August 2015|url=http://www.hoteltravel.com/india/varanasi/jantar-mantar-in-varanasi.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031405/http://www.hoteltravel.com/india/varanasi/jantar-mantar-in-varanasi.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="History">{{cite news|title=History|publisher=Varanasi.org|access-date=16 August 2015|url=http://www.varanasi.org.in/jantar-mantar-varanasi|archive-date=15 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315084810/http://www.varanasi.org.in/jantar-mantar-varanasi|url-status=dead}} - {{cite news|title=Jantar Mantar|publisher=[[Varanasi]] city website|access-date=16 August 2015|url=http://www.varanasicity.com/jantar-mantar.html}} - {{cite news|title=About Jantar Mantar|publisher=holidayiq.com|access-date=16 August 2015|url=http://www.holidayiq.com/Jantar-Mantar-Varanasi-Sightseeing-588-2740.html|archive-date=9 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109172438/http://www.holidayiq.com/Jantar-Mantar-Varanasi-Sightseeing-588-2740.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
[[Jai Singh II|Maharaja Jai Singh II]] was also an [[astronomer]] and had a deep interest in science and astronomy. In the early 18th century, he sent his scholars to several countries to study design, construction and technology of the observatories and also the prevalent technology. The scholars returned with their observations and many manuals on astronomy. Subsequently, between 1724 and 1737, [[Jai Singh II|Maharaja Jai Singh II]] had five [[observatory|observatories]] constructed in [[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|Jaipur]], [[Mathura]], [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|New Delhi]], [[Ujjain]] and in [[Varanasi]].<ref name="History"/>
There is another evidence of the observatory being built at least two centuries before 1772. According to the ''Collected writing of [[Dharampal]]'',<ref>{{cite book|url=http://voiceofdharma.org/books/tbt/|title=Collected writing of Dharampal|volume=1|page=39}}</ref> [[Sir Robert Barker, 1st Baronet|Sir Robert Barker]], in 1772, wrote that the observatory was built about 200 years before by Raja Mawnsing, son of Jaysing. He states, "The principal curiosity here is the observatory, built by Mawnsing, the son of Jysing, about 200 years ago; there is an exceedingly good mural arch cut upon a fine plaister of chunam, so fine and smooth, that it has the appearance of marble; and though it is certainly very old, it still is perfect, but the index is wanting; that is a loss which could very easily be supplied by a person who has a taste for these studies; for the centres are left in the wall." It clearly indicates that the observatory was built centuries before the British came to India.

A rather curious point arises here out of this chronology about the dating of the Benares observatory: [[Sir Robert Barker, 1st Baronet|Barker]] along with Pearse, and A. Campbell visited the observatory in 1772. If the observatory was actually built in 1737, it was only 35 years old at this date. Both Barker and Pearse specifically state that it had been there for some two centuries. They must have arrived at this statement after meeting and conversing with people who, if the observatory had been constructed only 35 years previously, must have been eyewitnesses to its construction. As there was no controversy in 1772 about the date of the construction of the observatory, it is inconceivable that Barker's informants misled him on this point. The conversion of two centuries into 35 years
is the most fabulous aspect of this controversy.

==Purpose==
Jantar Mantar was constructed with an aim of measuring [[Time zone|local time]], [[altitude]] (of the place) and also to measure [[Position of the Sun#Declination of the Sun as seen from Earth|declination of Sun]], [[star]]s and [[planet]]s and to determine [[eclipse]]s. Motion, speed and properties of stars and planets were also recorded using several special instruments.<ref name="History"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of astronomical observatories]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202105808/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_up_mansingh.asp ASI link: Ticketed Monuments - Uttar Pradesh: Man Singh Observatory, Varanasi]

{{Indian mathematics}}
{{Indian astronomy}}
{{Telescopes and Observatories in India}}
{{Varanasi}}
{{Portal bar|India|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System|Education|Science}}

[[Category:Astronomical observatories in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1737]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Varanasi]]

Maharaja Aditya Narayan Singh

2025-07-25T08:39:56Z

Mokx71: Done!

{{Short description|Maharaja Bahadur of Benares from 1931–1939}}
[[File:Captain H.H Maharajadhiraja Sir Aditya Narayan Singh Bahadur of Banaras State.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Aditya Narayan Singh ]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
'''Captain H.H Maharaja Aditya Narayan Singh Bahadur''' (17 November 1874 – 4 April 1939) was the [[Narayan dynasty|Maharaja of Benares]] (1931–1939). He would reign for only seven and a half years before dying in 1939, aged 65, but in this short period of time established Colleges for higher education at Gayanpur, Badhohi. He was a great visionary and provided free education to all at all stages including higher education.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=obE-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=QkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5929,457954|access-date=2021-11-14|website=news.google.com}}</ref> He established many Sanskrit schools. He established free hospitals at Ramnagar and Badohi. He established a college in the name of his father where free education of great quality was provided to all. The quality of education can be assessed by the fact that his own adopted son studied in the same college with other children. Having no children of his own, Maharaja Aditya Narayan Singh adopted a distant cousin to succeed him. He was a great patron of education and gave his private land for the maintenance of expenditure of BHU in Sunderpur which was given by the state for his personal expenses.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Hoshiyar|title=Kashi Dharpan|year=1950|location=Patna|pages=55–61}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| title = Ruler of Benares State
| years = 1931–1939
| with =
| before = [[Prabhu Narayan Singh]]
| after = [[Vibhuti Narayan Singh]]
}}
{{S-end}}

[[Category:Maharajas of Benares]]
[[Category:Narayan dynasty]]
[[Category:History of Varanasi]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1939 deaths]]

Srughna

2025-06-16T02:50:21Z

Mokx71: revised

{{Short description|Ancient city or kingdom of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Location map
| India
| width = 250px
| float =
| border =
| caption = Location of Srughna/ Sughana.
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = Sughana
| label_size =
| position =
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg = 30.141915
| lon_deg = 77.354361
}}
[[File:Srughna or Sugh.jpg|thumb|250px|Plan of the ancient city of Srughna or Sugh.]]
{{coord|30.141915|N|77.354361|E|display=title}}
'''Srughna''', also spelt '''Shrughna''' in [[Sanskrit]], or '''Sughna''', '''Sughana''' or '''Sugh''' in the spoken form,<ref name="archive.org">{{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=alexander |title=Archeological Survey Of India Vol Ii |date=1871 |page=227 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62695/page/n271}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Alexander Cunningham |first1=Great Britain India Office |title=The Stûpa of Bharhut: A Buddhist Monument Ornamented with Numerous ... |date=1879 |publisher=W.H. Allen and Co. |page=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/stpabharhutabud00offigoog/page/n14 |language=English}}</ref> was an ancient city or kingdom of India frequently referred to in early and medieval texts. It was visited by Chinese traveller, [[Xuanzang]] (Hiuen Tsang) in the 7th century and was reported to be in ruins even then although the foundations still remained. Xuanzang described the kingdom as extending from the mountains to the north, to the [[Ganges river]] to the East, and with the [[Yamuna river]] flowing through it.<ref name="archive.org"/> He described the capital city on the west bank of the Yamuna as possessing a large [[Buddhist]] [[vihara]] and a grand [[stupa]] dating to the time of the [[Mauryan]] emperor, [[Ashoka]].{{sfn|Cunningham|1877|p=34}} Srughna is identified with the [[Sugh Ancient Mound]] located in the village of [[Amadalpur]] Dayalgarh, in the [[Yamunanagar|Yamunanagar district]] of [[Haryana]] state of India.<ref name="TourismGov1">{{cite web |url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/Destination/ancient-site-of-sugh|title=Ancient site of Sugh|website=HaryanaTourism.gov.in|publisher=Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited |access-date=2018-04-23}}</ref><ref name="Tribune1">{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/dc-orders-probe-into-damage-to-ancient-sugh-mound/419006.html |title=DC orders probe into damage to ancient Sugh mound |last=Sharma|first=Shriv Kumar |date=2018-06-08 |publisher=The Tribune, India. |access-date=2018-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archaeologyharyana.nic.in/sites/default/files/documents/List-of-Protected-Monuments-in-Haryana-with-notification-no.pdf |title=List of Protected Monuments in Haryana with notification no. |website=Archaeology Haryana|publisher=Department of Archaeology and Museums, Haryana |access-date=2018-04-23}}</ref> To this day, the ancient [[Chaneti Buddhist Stupa]], probably dating to the Mauryan period, stands in the area, about {{convert|3|km}} northwest of Sugh.<ref name="PG">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Parmanand |title=Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals |date=1989 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170222484 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzHpZ5N5MhcC&pg=PA154 |language=en}}</ref>

==Identification==
Xuanzang saw several stupas, which commemorated the visit of the Buddha or enshrined the relics of Buddhist monks [[Sariputta|Sariputra]] and [[Maudgalyayana]].<ref name=sadh2>[http://haryanajobalert.com/Admin/Upload/YJQMLC7Wyamunanagar.pdf Yamunanagar History], Gazatteer of Haryana: Yamunanagar.</ref> [[Alexander Cunningham]] identified the lost city with the village of Sugh (or Sugha) situated {{convert|5|km|mi}} from [[Yamunanagar]] in the state of [[Haryana]].{{sfn|Handa|2000|pp=517, 518}} The city probably lost its importance after the 7th century and the name survived in a localized form.<ref name=sadh2/> [[Panjab University]]'s 1965 excavation found artifacts dating from 600 BCE to 300 CE, including [[Painted Grey Ware culture|grey ware]] and [[Black and red ware culture|red ware]] pottery, coins, seals, animal remains, male and female terracotta figurines, animal terracotta figurines and miscellaneous terracotta objects such as [[Plug (jewellery)|flesh rubbers]], [[crucibles]], [[Toy rattle|rattle]], [[wikt:gamesmen|gamesmen]], stamp, seal impression, discs, frames and wheels, balls, goldsmiths heating cup, an ear ornament grooved on the exterior and a broken figurine of a headless child with writing board in lap with [[Shunga Empire|sunga]] (187 BCE to 78 BCE) period alphabets.<ref name=sadh2/> Collection of these figurines belong to Sunga, [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]], [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]], [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] and medieval period.<ref name=sadh2/>

Srughna is regularly mentioned in [[Panini (grammarian)|Panini]]'s [[Ashtadhyayi]], [[Patanjali]]'s [[Mahabhashya]], the [[Divyavadana]], the [[Mahabharata]], the [[Mahamayuri]], the ''Brihatsamhita'' of [[Varahamihira]], etc. Tūrghna, another location mentioned in ancient literary texts, is considered synonymous with Srughna.{{sfn|Handa|2000|pp=517, 518}}{{sfn|Bharadwaj|1980|p=192|ps=: {{quote|"Tūrghna is apparently a scribal error for Srughna which was the region about Jagadhari with its head-quarters at the present village of Sugha situated on the Western Yumunā Canal at a distance of about {{convert|5|km}} to the east of Jagadhari town in district Ambala."}}}}

The village of Sugh, with the nearby [[Sugh Ancient Mound]], is now a well known archaeological site which has yielded a trove of coins. It was excavated by Cunningham in the 19th century. [[Suraj Bhan (archaeologist)|Suraj Bhan]] partially excavated the site in 1964–65.{{sfn|Handa|2000|pp=517, 518}}

The original site of the [[Topra Kalan]] pillar of Ashoka is located about {{convert|18|km}} to the west.<ref name="PG"/> [[Ashoka]]'s [[Rock edicts of Khalsi]] is also from the region, about {{convert|60|km}} to the northeast.

==Dhanabhuti, king of "Sugana"==
It has been proposed that King [[Dhanabhuti]], the main sponsor of the Buddhist stupa at [[Bharhut]], came from Srughna or Sughana, and that Dhanabhuti was one of its important kings, who, besides building magnificent stupas in his capital city, also made some of the most important donations for the building of the [[torana]]s and railings at [[Bharhut]].<ref name="DCA">"A local Buddhist kingdom in Punjab with Srughna, modern Sugh, near Jagadhri in the district of Ambala, as its capital city, and covering an area of about 1000 miles in circuit. Raja Dhanabhuti, the pre-eminent king of this royal family ruled from 240 B.C. to 210 B.C. This pious Buddhist king apart from building magnificent stupas in his capital city, also made munificent donations to the world famous Stupa of Bharhut" in {{cite book |last1=Ahir |first1=D. C. |title=Buddhism in North India |date=1989 |publisher=Classics India Publications |isbn=9788185132099 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJQEAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahir |first1=D. C. |title=Buddhism In The Punjab Haryana And Himachal Pradesh |date=1971 |pages=27–28 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107652/page/n29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Ajit |title=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |date=2014 |volume=2 |pages=223‐241 |url=https://www.academia.edu/10237709 |language=en}}</ref>

{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=600|caption_align=center
| align = center
| direction =horizontal
| header=Child learning Brahmi (2nd century BCE, Sugh)
| image1 = Child learning Brahmi Alphabets, Shunga era 2nd Century BCE, National Museum, New Delhi.jpg
| image2 = Child seated and writing the Brahmi alphabet, Sugh, 2nd century BCE (detail of the writing plate).jpg
| footer=Ancient terracota sculpture from Sugh ''"Child learning [[Brahmi]]"'', 2nd century BCE. The writing on the ''takhtī'' writing tablet consists in a line made of the 12 primary Brahmi vowels (a ''Bhārākhadī''), repeated four times, in a script identical to that of [[Ashoka]] (an indicator for the object's datation):<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chhabra |first1=B. Ch. |title=Sugh Terracotta with Brahmi Barakhadi: appears in the Bulletin National Museum No. 2 |date=1970 |publisher=National Museum |location=New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/NationalMuseumBulletinNo.2/page/n1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chhabra |first1=B.Ch. |title=Sugh Terracotta with Brahmi Barakhadi: appears in the Bulletin National Museum No. 2 |date=1970 |publisher=Bulletin National Museum No. 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/NationalMuseumBulletinNo.2}}</ref>{{center|'''a ā i ī u ū e ai o au aṃ aḥ 𑀅 𑀆 𑀇 𑀈 𑀉 𑀊 𑀏 𑀐 𑀑 𑀒 𑀅𑀁 𑀅𑀂'''}}
}}

==See also==
* [[Sugh Ancient Mound]]
* [[History of Haryana#Buddhism|Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Haryana]]
* [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites]]
* [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last1=Cunningham|first1=Alexander|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum|date=1877|publisher=Рипол Классик|isbn=9785879911145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25IRAwAAQBAJ|language=en}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Handa|first1=Devendra|title=Minuscule Silver Coins from Sugh|journal=East and West|date=2000|volume=50|issue=1/4|pages=515–521|jstor=29757464}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Bharadwaj|first1=O. P.|title=Gautama Buddha in Kurukṣetra|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|date=1980|volume=61|issue=1/4|pages=189–204|jstor=41691865}}

==External links==
* [http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5368 Haryana tourism]
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/people/buddha-smiled-in-this-haryana-village/406678.html Article] in Tribune India
* [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023029485 Ancient Geography of India] by Alexander Cunningham (1871)

[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]
[[Category:Yamunanagar district]]

Pavoor Uliya

2025-05-31T17:32:29Z

Mokx71: Started New Article

{{Short description|Island in Mangalore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

[[File:Bridge-From-Adyar-SideTo-Pavoor-Uliya-Mangalore.jpg|thumbnail|Pavoor Uliya Bridge]]
[[File:Infant Jesus Chapel, Pavoor Uliya (2).jpg|thumbnail|right|Pavoor Uliya]]
[[File:Dakshina-Kannada-Jilla-Parishath-Kiriya-Prathamika-Shalai-Pavoor-Uliya-Mangalore.jpg|thumb|School in Pavoor Uliya]]

'''Pavoor Uliya''' is an island on the [[Netravathi River]] and located 12 km from [[Mangalore]] with 35 houses, a [[chapel]] and a former government school. It was adopted by Dakshina Kannada Zilla in May 2017 in order to improve development.<ref>{{cite web|title= Zilla panchayat to adopt Pavoor-Uliya |newspaper= The Hindu |date=29 July 2014 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/zilla-panchayat-to-adopt-pavoor-uliya/article18662421.ece }}</ref>
During summer, a temporary wooden bridge connects the island to the river bank. In the rainy season, a passenger ferry takes Pilates to and from the island. There are no street lights, shops or medical facilities on the island.

== Etymology ==
Uliya means "leftover or remaining land". The geography resembles a jagged oval shape. Most of the families here are Roman Catholic, except for one Hindu family. The native language is Konkani. Capuchin priests from Farangipet come here to celebrate Eucharistic Mass every Sunday. The chapel's name is Infant Jesus Chapel. Every year during [[Christmas]] youth and children organize a cultural program.

== Economy ==
The basic sources of living are fishing and agriculture. [[Coconut trees]] and other fruit trees such as [[mango]] and [[jackfruit]] are grown on the island.

Currently, the sand mining has caused huge damage to the island. There evaluation of the damage caused due to mining activities.

== Development ==
On Tuesday, 29 July 2014, the Minister for health and family welfare, U.T. Khadar of Karnataka, said the Karnataka state government, acting on the longstanding demands of the people of Pavoor-Uliya, has sanctioned the construction of a hanging bridge across the Netravati River,<ref>{{cite web|title= Mangalore: Hanging bridge for Pavoor-Uliya sanctioned: U T Khadar |publisher= Daiji World |date=29 July 2014 |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=252064 }}</ref> connecting the island to the mainland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Engg Students Try to Bridge Pavoor-Uliya Island to Mainland |first1=Kevin|last1=Mendonsa |newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 April 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/engg-students-try-to-bridge-pavoor-uliya-island-to-mainland/articleshow/58319598.cms}}</ref> A sum of Rs 3 crores has already been released for this purpose.<ref>{{cite web|title= Pavoor Uliya gets hanging bridge |newspaper= [[Deccan Herald]] |date=29 July 2014 |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/422565/pavoor-uliya-get-hanging-bridgeamp8200khader.html }}</ref>

== References ==
{{portal|Islands}}
<references />

{{Commons category|Pavoor Uliya}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Islands of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Geography of Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]

Latur–Miraj section

2025-04-17T15:16:19Z

Mokx71:

{{Short description|Train section in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 300
| name =
| other_name = [[Barsi Light Railway]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image = Pandharpur railway station signboard.jpg
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption = Pandharpur railway station platformboard
| type =
| system =
| status =
| locale =
| start =
| end =
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| planopen = 
| open = {{Start date|1897|df=y}}
| yearcommenced = 
| yearcompleted = 
| close = 
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator =
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength_km = 341.94<ref name="mrj-lur">{{cite web |title=MRJ/Miraj Junction to LUR/Latur |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/search/mrj-miraj-junction-to-lur-latur/78/0/2651 |website=Indiarailinfo |accessdate=18 February 2019}}</ref>
| linelength_mi =
| linelength =
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength_mi =
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge ={{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge = {{RailGauge|2ft6in}} [[narrow gauge]] (1897-1931) [[metre gauge]] (1931-2008)
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification = Yes
| speed_km/h =
| speed_mph =
| speed =
| signalling =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Latur–Miraj section}}
| map_name = Latur–Miraj section
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Latur–Miraj section''' of the [[Indian Railways]] is a {{convert|342|km|mi|abbr=on}} link from [[Latur]] to [[Miraj]]. It falls under the administration of the [[Solapur railway division]] of [[Central Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].

The [[Barsi Light Railway]] on the route with a [[track gauge]] of {{RailGauge|2ft6in}} opened in 1897.<ref name=Calthrop>Calthrop, E. R., 1997,''Light Railway Construction'', Plateway Press.</ref> It was converted to metre-gauge between 1929 and 1931 as part of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]. The section was converted from metre gauge to broad gauge in 2007–2008. The Kurduwadi–Latur–Latur Road line will be electrified as per union railway budget 2014–15 & completed electrification in 2023.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/latest-news-surveys-19-new-rail-lines-proposed-interim-rail-budg-33515.html |title=Surveys for 19 new rail lines proposed in Interim Rail Budget | publisher= India TV News, 12 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title= RAILWAY BUDGET: WHAT MAHARASHTRA GETS | publisher= Sakal Times, 2 May 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latur-Miraj section}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]

{{India-rail-transport-stub}}

National Highway 548C (India)

2025-02-27T20:47:20Z

Mokx71: adding new details.

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 548C
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q56242171|title=National Highway 548C|zoom = 6 |frame-lat=19.76|frame-long=75.91 |text= Map of National Highway '''548C''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| length_km = 668
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = [[Satara (city)|Satara]]
| terminus_b = [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Baitul]]
| junction = {{collapsible list
|{{jct|NH|48|country=IND}}
|{{jct|NH|65|country=IND}}
|{{jct|NH|63|country=IND}}
|{{jct|NH|52|country=IND}}
|{{jct|NH|548D|country=IND}}
|{{jct|NH|61|country=IND}}
|{{jct|NH|752I|country=IND}}
|{{jct|NH|548B|country=IND}}
|{{jct|NH|753C|country=IND}}
|{{jct|NH|53|country=IND}}
|{{jct|NH|161G|country=IND}}
|{{jct|NH|161A|country=IND}}
|{{jct|NH|353J|country=IND}}
|{{jct|NH|47|country=IND}}}}
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 48
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 48 
| next_route = 47 
| states = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 548C''', commonly referred to as '''NH 548C''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/173465.pdf|title=New national highways notifications dated Jan, 2017|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=18 Aug 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=18 Aug 2018}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=18 Aug 2018}}</ref> NH-548C traverses the states of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]] in India.

== Route ==

[[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Koregaon]], [[Pusegaon]], [[Mhaswad]], [[Malshiras]], [[Akluj]], Tembhurni, [[Kurudwadi]], [[Barshi]], Kuslamb, Yermala, [[Kalamb, Osmanabad|Kalamb]], [[Kaij]], Dharur, [[Majalgaon]], Partur, Watur, [[Mantha, Jalna|Mantha]], Lonar, [[Mehkar]], Janephal, [[Khamgaon]], [[Shegaon]], [[Akot]], [[Anjangaon]], Wadgaon, [[Paratwada]], [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Baitul]].<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/174498.pdf|title=National highways substitution notification.|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=18 Aug 2018}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} Terminal near Satara.<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|65|country=IND}} near Tembhurni.
: {{jct|NH|63|country=IND}} near Kuslamb, Barshi.
: {{jct|NH|52|country=IND}} near Yermala.
: {{jct|NH|548D|country=IND}} near Kaij.
: {{jct|NH|61|country=IND}} near Majalgaon.
: {{jct|NH|752I|country=IND}} near Mantha.
: {{jct|NH|548B|country=IND}} near Mantha.
: {{jct|NH|753C|country=IND}} near Mehkar.
: {{jct|NH|53|country=IND}} near Khamgaon.
: {{jct|NH|161G|country=IND}} near Shegaon.
: {{jct|NH|161A|country=IND}} near Patsul.
: {{jct|NH|161A|country=IND}} near Akot.
: {{jct|NH|353J|country=IND}} near [[Paratwada]].
: {{jct|NH|47|country=IND}} Terminal near Betul.<ref name=":122" />
:

:

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/6853451 NH 548C on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH48 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:National highways in Madhya Pradesh]]

Statue of Edward VII, Bengaluru

2024-12-02T16:01:10Z

Mokx71: started a page

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Statue of Edward VII
| image =
| caption =
| location = Queen's Park, [[Bangalore Cantonment]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|58|49.07568|N|77|35|41.76024|E|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India Bangalore
| map_caption = Statue of [[King Edward VII]] in [[Bangalore]]
| height =
| beginning_label = Dedicated
| beginning_date = 28 November 1919
| restored =
| sculptor = Leonard Jennings
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| visitation_ref =
| governing_body =
| designation1 =
| designation1_date =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_criteria =
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}}

[[File:Edward VII Front, Bangalore.JPG|thumb|240px|Edward VII Front, Bangalore]]
[[File:Edward VII Front Full, Bangalore.JPG|thumb|240px|Edward VII Front Full, Bangalore]]
[[File:Edward VII Statue, Bangalore.JPG|thumb|240px|Edward VII Statue, Bangalore]]
[[File:Edward VII Canaopy, Bangalore.JPG|thumb|240px|Edward VII Canopy, Bangalore]]
[[File:King Edward VII. Marble Statue for Bangalore, Mysore. Leonard Jennings, Sculptor (p.36, Academy of Architecture, 1914 - Sculptures) - Copy.jpg|thumb|240px|Studio photo of the Marble Statue of King Edward VII for Bangalore, Mysore. By Leonard Jennings, Sculptor(1914)<ref>{{cite journal|title=King Edward VII. Marble Statue for Bangalore, Mysore. Leonard Jennings, Sculptor|journal=Academy Architecture – Sculptures|date=May 1914|volume=45|page=36|url=https://archive.org/details/academyarchitect45londuoft|accessdate=12 January 2016|publisher=Alex Koch}}</ref>]]

The '''statue of Edward VII in Bangalore''' is located at Queen's Park, next to [[Cubbon Park]], [[Bangalore Cantonment]], at the junction of Queen's Road and Cubbon Road. The statue was unveiled in November 1919 by the then [[Viceroy]] and [[Governor-General of India]], [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Frederic John Napier, Baron Chelmsford]]. The statue was raised out of funds raised by the residents of the [[Bangalore Cantonment|Bangalore Civil and Military Station]]. The Statue of [[Edward VII|King Edward VII]] is one of the few of the original statues which were installed in [[British India]], to still stand at its original location. The statue rises above a flowering [[frangipani]] tree. On the other end of Queen's Park is the [[Statue of Queen Victoria, Bangalore]].<ref name=Rodricks>{{cite news|last1=Rodricks|first1=Allan Moses|title=Making their mark in stone|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/making-their-mark-in-stone/article6552649.ece|accessdate=12 January 2016|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=31 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Aliyeh>{{cite news|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=A place to see and be seen in|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-place-to-see-and-be-seen-in/article4603373.ece|accessdate=12 January 2016|issue=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|date=11 April 2013}}</ref> The statue was designed and sculpted by Leonard Jennings of Chelsea, London.<ref name=Monument-Australia>{{cite web|last1=Monument Australia|title=King Edward VII|url=http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/government/imperial/display/90261-king-edward-vii|website=Monument Australia|accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref>

==Edward VII, Emperor of India==
[[Edward VII]] reigned as the King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and [[Emperor of India]] between 1901 and 1910, following his mother [[Queen Victoria]]'s death in 1901. In 1875 he had toured British India as subcontinent as the [[Prince of Wales]], but never visited again as Emperor of India. His short reign ended with his death in 1910, and the throne was passed on to his son, [[George V]].

==Leonard Jennings==
Leonard Jennings (1877–1956), OBE, designed and sculpted the Statue of King Edward VII at Bangalore. Jennings was born in Acton, London, and studied art at the Lambeth School of Art, [[Glasgow School of Art]] and the [[Royal Academy of Arts]]. Jennings worked for the [[Government of India]] and also taught at the [[Calcutta School of Art]]. Most of Jennings's public commissions were in India. These include the statue of King Edward VII at Bangalore, Thackeray Memorial at [[Calcutta]], the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade Memorial at [[Teen Murti Bhavan]] [[New Delhi]], statue of the [[Prince of Wales]] (later the [[Duke of Windsor]]) commissioned by the [[Aga Khan]] at [[Bombay]], marble bust of [[Nawab Abdul Latif]], C.I.E (1913–14) at [[Calcutta University]] Senate House, and a 10 ft statue of [[George V]] in coronation robes at [[Patna]].<ref name=Jennings>{{cite web|last1=University of Glasgow History of Art|title=Leonard Jennings OBE|url=http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib2_1204578302|website=Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland|accessdate=12 January 2016|date=2011}}</ref>

==Inscriptions==
Inscription on the statue reads
{{Quotation|
{{center|
:EDWARD VII
:KING OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND
:AND
:EMPEROR OF INDIA
:1901–1910
:ERECTED BY PUBLIC SUBSCRIPTION
:1914
}}}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="220px" perrow="4">
File:Edward VII English, Bangalore.JPG|Edward VII English Inscription (Front)
File:Edward VII Left Kannada, Bangalore.JPG|Edward VII [[Kannada]] Inscription (Left)
File:Edward VII Right Tamil, Bangalore.JPG|Edward VII [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Inscription (Right)
File:Edward VII Back Urdu, Bangalore - Copy.JPG|Edward VII [[Urdu]] Inscription (Back)
</gallery>

Further, on the foot of the pedestal, another inscription says
{{Quotation|
{{center|
:UNVEILED BY
:HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
:FREDERICK JOHN NAPIER BARON CHELMSFORD
:VICEROY AND GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA
:P.C.G.M.S.I., G.C.M.G., G.M.I.E., O.B.E.
:ON THE 28TH DAY OF NOVEMBER 1919
}}}}

<gallery widths="300px" heights="100" perrow="4">
File:Edward VII English Pedestal, Bangalore.JPG|Edward VII English Inscription (Front)
</gallery>

There are inscriptions in [[Kannada]] on the left, [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] on the right and [[Urdu]] on the back, both on the pedestal and the foot of the pedestal, which are translations of the English Inscriptions.

==Present Status==
The Statue of King Edward VII lies largely ignored and neglected as a result of the [[Namma Metro|Bangalore Metro]], and lies covered by layers of dirt and dust.<ref name=Rodricks />

The Horticulture Department, [[Government of Karnataka]] have asked for expert reports for restoration of the King Edward VII's Statue, along with the [[Statue of Queen Victoria, Bangalore|Statue of Queen Victoria]] and statue of [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IV]]. Further it suggested polishing the statue of Edward VII, and pruning of surrounding trees to make the statue more visible.<ref name=Sharadhaa>{{cite news|last1=Sharadhaa|first1=A|title=Book to Help Park Statue Restoration|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Book-to-Help-Park-Statue-Restoration/2014/04/24/article2185189.ece1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119054153/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Book-to-Help-Park-Statue-Restoration/2014/04/24/article2185189.ece1|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2016|accessdate=12 January 2016|issue=Bangalore|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=TOI>{{cite news|title=5 statues in Cubbon Park set for facelift|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/5-statues-in-Cubbon-Park-set-for-facelift/articleshow/33922877.cms|accessdate=12 January 2016|agency=TNN|issue=Bangalore|work=The Times of India|date=19 April 2014}}</ref>

Since the 1960s, a group of political activists led by Vatal Nagaraj, (who is infamous for vandalising the cenotaph pillar which was raised in memory of the lives lost in the [[Siege of Bangalore|Siege of Bangalore, 1791]], opposite to the present Corporation Building, and [[Hudson Memorial Church, Bangalore|Hudson Memorial Church]]), has been demanding that the statue of [[Edward VII]], along with that of [[Queen Victoria]] and [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]] be removed. The Government had at one stage accepted these demands and agreed to remove the statues in 1977, but never implemented the decision. Further, historians, and heritage lovers of Banaglore City are enraged with these suggestions of destruction of history and have raised their opposition. Recently members of the '''Cubbon Park Walkers’ Association''' garlanded the statue of [[Mark Cubbon (army officer)|Mark Cubbon]] in open defiance of these demands.<ref name=Shyam>{{cite news|last1=Prasad S|first1=Shyam|title=Kannada activists want Victoria statue moved out|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Kannada-activists-want-Victoria-statue-moved-out/articleshow/33750446.cms|accessdate=11 January 2016|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=garland>{{cite news|title=Cubbon garlanded in hush-hush ceremony in front of High Court|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/Cubbon-garlanded-in-hush-hush-ceremony-in-front-of-High-Court/articleshow/22088724.cms|accessdate=5 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=24 August 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Statue of Queen Victoria, Bangalore]]
* [[Cubbon Park]]

==References==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Edward VII}}
[[Category:Edward VII]]
[[Category:Statues of monarchs|Edward VII]]
[[Category:Cantonments of British India]]
[[Category:Bangalore Civil and Military Station]]
[[Category:History of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Edward VII]]
[[Category:1919 sculptures]]

Ordnance Factory Board

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#REDIRECT [[Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination & Services)]]

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Tokawa, Ghazipur

2024-05-16T01:24:55Z

Mokx71: started new page

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Toakawa Urf Lotawa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Hindi]]
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|23|N|83|35|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1865}}
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Sarpanch|Gram Pradhan]]
| unit_pref = Founder
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 70
| population_total = 1481
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 232326
| registration_plate = UP 61
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05497
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| founder =
| area_total_acre =
| area_total_ha = 267.64
| area_land_ha =
| area_water_ha =
| leader_name =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| pushpin_relief = Yes
}}
'''Tokawa''' also known as Lotawa. Tokawa and Lotawa are actually the naugburing villages. They were the part of Daudpur(Dewaitha) bu{{?}} were layer, made new village. They were before known as Nishadpur when they wete in Daudpur.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Bhulekh"|url=http://upbhulekh.gov.in/public/public_ror/Public_ROR.jsp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="2011 census of India"|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district]]

{{Ghazipur-geo-stub}}