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December 2025 Bangladesh violence

2026-05-02T15:40:21Z

Moin Khan: adding pg

{{Short description|Political violence in the aftermath of Osman Hadi's assassination}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = December 2025 Bangladesh violence
| partof = the [[Aftermath of the July uprising]] and the [[Bangladesh post-resignation violence (2024–2026)]]
| image = Burnt exterior of Prothom Alo office Karwan Bazar.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Burned exterior of Daily ''[[Prothom Alo]]'s'' head office
| location = [[Bangladesh]]
| target = {{blist|Offices and journalists of ''[[Prothom Alo]]'' and ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]''|Remnants of [[Bangabandhu Memorial Museum]]|[[Chhayanaut]] and [[Bangladesh Udichi Shilpigoshthi]]|[[Awami League]], [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]] and [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] politicians' houses and offices|[[High Commission of India, Dhaka|Indian high commission]] and assistant high commissions}}
| date = 18–20 December 2025 ({{Age in years, months and days|2025|12|18|2025|12|20}})
| type = {{blist|[[Political violence]]|[[Political demonstration|Demonstration]]s|[[Vandalism]]|[[Arson]]|[[Riot]]s}}
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| perpetrators =
| assailants =
| weapons =
| numparts =
| dfens =
| motive = {{blist|Revenge for the [[Osman Hadi]]|[[Criticism of the Awami League|Anti-Awami League sentiment]]|[[Anti-India sentiment]]|Opposition to [[Indian influence in Bangladesh]]|}}
| inquiry =
| accused =
| convicted =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| charges =
| litigation =
| judge =
}}

Between 18 and 20 December 2025, a series of [[riot]]s, [[arson]] attacks, and political unrest occurred across Bangladesh following the assassination of [[Osman Hadi]], the spokesperson of the [[Inqilab Moncho]]. Hadi died on 18 December after being shot six days earlier. Since the announcement of his death, violent mobs have targeted various civic and cultural institutions, including the offices of the national dailies [[Prothom Alo]] and [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]], and cultural centres including [[Chhayanaut]] and [[Bangladesh Udichi Shilpigoshthi]]. [[High Commission of India, Dhaka|Diplomatic missions of India]] and [[Awami League]]-related sites have also been targeted.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 December 2025|language=bn|title=ওসমান হাদির মৃত্যুকে কেন্দ্র করে দেশের বিভিন্ন স্থানে ভাঙচুর-অগ্নিসংযোগ|trans-title=Nationwide vandalism-arson over the death of Osman Hadi|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c4gp4rd8y8wo|website=[[BBC Bangla]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Violent protests in Bangladesh after pro-democracy figure dies in hospital |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/19/sharif-osman-hadi-dead-bangladesh-violence-protests |website=The Guardian |access-date=19 December 2025 |date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Riots Erupt in Bangladesh After the Killing of a Student Leader |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/19/world/asia/bangladesh-riots-student-killing.html |website=New York Times |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Main|Osman Hadi|Indian influence in Bangladesh}}
{{Further|Anti-India sentiment#Bangladesh|Criticism of the Awami League}}
[[File:2025-12-15, Health officials Nurjahan Begum and Md Sayedur Rahman at Dhaka airport for Sharif Osman Hadi medical transfer (cropped).jpg|thumb|Osman Hadi being transported to Singapore via air ambulance in [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport]], Dhaka]]
[[File:ওসমান হাদির হত্যার প্রতিবাদ.jpg|thumb|Supporters of Hadi protesting his death at [[Shahbag]], Dhaka]]

Osman Hadi was a Bangladeshi politician and activist known for his [[Anti-India sentiment#Bangladesh|anti-India]] and [[Criticism of Awami League|anti-Awami League]] positions, as well as [[Populism|populist]] criticism of the [[political establishment]]. He was the founding leader of Inqilab Moncho, an organization established in the [[Aftermath of the July uprising]] to preserve the movement's ideals.

On 12 December 2025, Hadi was shot by unidentified assailants. These individuals were later identified as members of the [[Chhatra League]], the student wing of the Awami League, which had been outlawed in Bangladesh since August 2024. Reports indicated that the assailants fled Bangladesh to take shelter in India. On 18 December, Hadi succumbed to his [[gunshot wounds]] at [[Singapore General Hospital]]. Before the outbreak of violence, nationwide demonstrations were held in various locations across the country.

== Violence ==
=== Violence against media ===
On the night of 18 December, Mostakur Rahman, vice-president of RUCSU and a leader of [[Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir|Islami Chhatra Shibir]], called for the shutdown of ''[[Prothom Alo]]'' and ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'' at a protest rally in [[Rajshahi]]; his remarks circulated widely on social media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prothom Alo, Daily Star must definitely be shut down: RUCSU VP |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/pd1cc8z2tl |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=Prothomalo |date=20 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Prothom Alo, Daily Star must be closed: Rucsu VP | website=The Business Standard | date=2025-12-20 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/prothom-alo-daily-star-must-be-closed-rucsu-vp-1314821 | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> That night, a mob of protesters marched from Shahbagh to the Karwan Bazar area, targeting the headquarters of ''[[Prothom Alo]]'' (Pragati Bhaban). Witnesses reported that the attackers scaled the building's grille, vandalized the reception area, and set fire to furniture and documents at the entrance.<ref>{{cite web| title=After night of violence, The Daily Star, Prothom Alo employees return to burnt newsrooms to assess damage | website=The Business Standard | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/after-night-violence-daily-star-prothom-alo-employees-return-burnt-newsrooms-assess | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Attack, vandalism, and arson at Prothom Alo office in Dhaka | website=Dhaka Tribune | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/399061/attack-vandalism-and-arson-at-prothom-alo-office | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Rawnsley | first=Jessica | title=Violence erupts in Bangladesh after death of youth protest leader | website=BBC Home | date=18 December 2025 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c623rzzenmyo | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=9 sent to jail in The Daily Star office attack case |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/9-sent-jail-the-daily-star-office-attack-case-4064681 |website=The Daily Star |access-date=23 December 2025 |language=en |date=23 December 2025}}</ref>

Subsequently, the mob moved to the nearby building of ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]''. Attackers, described by witnesses as chanting "[[Takbir|Nara-e-Takbeer]]" and "Allahu Akbar", breached the main gate and vandalized the ground and first floors.<ref>{{cite web | title=Prothom Alo, The Daily Star offices vandalised, set on fire; all trapped staff evacuated | website=The Business Standard | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/fire-daily-star-doused-trapped-staff-rescued-prothom-alo-building-still-fire-1313526 | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> They set the lobby ablaze before stealing many office amenities, trapping approximately 25 to 28 journalists and staff on the roof due to rising toxic smoke.<ref>{{cite web | title='Gathered plant tubs, barricaded rooftop entry': Bangladesh journalists recall night of horrific arson | website=Hindustan Times | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bangladesh-journalists-recount-night-of-horrific-arson-in-dhaka-prothom-alo-the-daily-star-101766123709031.html | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> The besieged journalists were later rescued by the fire service and the army.<ref>{{cite web | title=At least 25 journalists of Daily Star rescued after more than 4 hours | website=bdnews24.com | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/4c562936bfba | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> Nurul Kabir, the editor of ''[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]'', stated that he was physically assaulted and branded an "Indian agent" by the angry [[Riot|mob]] when he attempted to intervene.<ref>{{cite web | title=New Age Editor Nurul Kabir harassed by protesters near Daily Star office | website=The Business Standard | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/new-age-editor-nurul-kabir-harassed-protesters-near-daily-star-office-1313596 | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Namita | title=Angry mob sets fire to offices of leading newspapers after activist shot dead in Bangladesh | website=The Independent | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/bangladesh-protest-sharif-osman-hadi-death-b2887518.html | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> [[Mahfuz Anam]] described the incident as deliberate and violent, referring to a video circulating on social media in which the attackers were allegedly heard threatening to kill journalists from ''The Daily Star'' and ''Prothom Alo'' at their homes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-22 |title=We have entered an 'era of murder,' says Mahfuz Anam |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/mob-wanted-murder-daily-star-staff-not-just-burn-building-mahfuz-anam-1316186 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Newspaper Owners' Association of Bangladesh|Newspaper Owners’ Association of Bangladesh]] (NOAB) and the Editors' Council jointly protested in a rally titled "Bangladesh Under Mob Violence."<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-12-22 |title=Journalists' personal safety has now become the overriding concern: Mahfuz Anam |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/3decerco7m |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref>

=== Attacks on cultural sites ===
Following the news of the death of Sharif Osman Hadi, Mostafizur Rahman—secretary of the [[Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir]] unit at Jahangirnagar University has addressed a protest rally on 18 December.<ref name="alo" /> Rahman stated that "true independence" for Bangladesh required a "cultural struggle" rather than just a political one. He called for the dismantling of the "cultural hegemony" of organizations such as [[Chhayanaut]] and [[Bangladesh Udichi Shilpigoshthi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=বাম, শাহবাগী, ছায়ানট, উদীচীকে তছনছ করে দিতে হবে: জাবি ছাত্রশিবির সেক্রেটারি |url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/bangladesh/dhaka/ajp4xbj2gosux |website=[[Ajker Patrika]] |date=6 December 2025 |access-date=21 December 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="alo" /> Additionally, he demanded the severance of diplomatic ties with India and the expulsion of Indian nationals from Bangladesh until former Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] was extradited.<ref name="alo" />

Following criticism on social media regarding his use of the word ''tosh-nosh'' (dismantle/devastate), Rahman issued a clarification via Facebook. He stated that the term was not intended to incite violence but referred to challenging "fascist narratives" through systematic and institutional means. He characterized the struggle as disciplined and constitutional.<ref name="alo">{{cite news |title=বাম, শাহবাগি, ছায়ানট, উদীচীকে তছনছ করে দিতে হবে: জাবি ছাত্রশিবির সেক্রেটারি |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/0wo01g15a3 |work=Prothom Alo |date=19 December 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Report |first1=Star Online |title='Left, Shahbagi groups, Chhayanaut and Udichi must be dismantled' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/campus/news/left-shahbagi-groups-chhayanaut-and-udichi-must-be-dismantled-4062081 |access-date=19 December 2025 |work=The Daily Star |date=19 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

In the early hours of 19 December, unidentified attackers targeted the [[Chhayanaut]] Sangskriti Bhaban in Dhanmondi. The attackers vandalized the auditorium and set fire to classrooms of the Nalonda school.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chhayanaut building vandalised, set on fire by unknown protesters | website=The Business Standard | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/chhayanaut-building-vandalised-set-fire-unknown-protesters-1313566 | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Chhayanaut building vandalised, set on fire after news of Hadi's death | website=bdnews24.com|date=19 December 2025 | url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/ba54a5bd5950 | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> Witnesses reported that the perpetrators chanted Islamic slogans and justified the attacks by labeling Chhayanaut as a "promoter of Indian culture".<ref>{{cite web | title='They burnt my child's school': Shock and anger after vandals attack Chhayanaut | website=bdnews24.com | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/af9ac678b676 | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Bangla cultural organisation Chhayanaut targeted during violent attack in Dhaka, members demand probe | website=Malaysia Sun | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://www.malaysiasun.com/news/278763833/bangla-cultural-organisation-chhayanaut-targeted-during-violent-attack-in-dhaka-members-demand-probe | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

On 19 December, a fire broke out at the central office of [[Bangladesh Udichi Shilpigoshthi]] on Topkhana Road in Dhaka. Udichi leader Amit Ranjan Dey alleged the fire was deliberate, though the Fire Service had not confirmed the cause.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fire breaks out at Udichi office in Dhaka |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/jgsb52gxnr |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=Prothomalo |date=19 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Attacks on individual persons and houses ===
On 18 December, a Hindu man named [[Lynching of Dipu Chandra Das|Dipu Chandra Das]] was lynched and burned in Bhaluka Upazila after allegations of blasphemy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-bangladesh-protest-new-delhi-dhaka-hindu-abcadd91cb85f6639bbed6d95b9a9763 |title=Protest erupts in India’s capital city over lynching of Hindu man in Bangladesh |date=23 December 2025 |website=Associated Press |access-date=24 December 2025 |quote=Hadi’s death triggered widespread violence in Dhaka. The offices of two national daily newspapers were torched and Indian diplomatic missions were targeted. A Hindu man also was burned alive, which sparked the protest Tuesday in India.}}</ref> On 19 December, the residence of a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]] joint organizing secretary, was set on fire in Bhavaniganj Union, [[Lakshmipur Sadar Upazila|Lakshmipur Sadar]]. The family was inside the building at the time. The fire resulted in the death of one child, and injuries to other members of the family.<ref>{{cite web | title=Child dies in arson attack on BNP leader's home in Lakshmipur | website=[[bdnews24.com]] | date=2025-12-20 | url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/b18b099201d7 | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=7-year-old killed as BNP leader's house locked, set ablaze | website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] | date=2025-12-21 | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/accidents-fires/news/7-year-old-killed-bnp-leaders-house-locked-set-ablaze-4062861 | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Child dies in arson attack on BNP leader's home in Lakshmipur | website=[[Dhaka Tribune]] | date=2025-12-20 | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/399195/child-dies-in-arson-attack-on-bnp-leader%E2%80%99s-home-in | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Report | first=TBS | title=Child burnt to death, two others injured in arson attack on BNP leader's home in Lakshmipur | website=[[The Business Standard (Bangladesh)]]| date=2025-12-20 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/crime/child-burnt-death-two-others-injured-arson-attack-bnp-leaders-home-lakshmipur | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> An 18-year-old girl who had suffered 90 percent burns died at the [[National Institute of Burn and Plastic Surgery|Burn Institute]] on December 25 after battling for her life for six days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-25 |title=মারা গেল লক্ষ্মীপুরে ঘরে আগুন দেয়া বিএনপি নেতার বড় মেয়েও |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/live/c79x0glnrlyt?post=asset%3A5a980dff-51bc-456b-881a-6f535cdac4dc&fbclid=IwdGRjcAO5_pBjbGNrA7n-bGV4dG4DYWVtAjExAHNydGMGYXBwX2lkDDM1MDY4NTUzMTcyOAABHvZGOVJUk7EVHLyAPUuWBPvUf6b3WaQ0CppWd-ZMO0vur_dWOa79wF4giXdL_aem_H6smLgSkKZaRhQKEikdNQQ&post=asset%3A5a980dff-51bc-456b-881a-6f535cdac4dc&post=asset%3A5a980dff-51bc-456b-881a-6f535cdac4dc&post=asset%3A5a980dff-51bc-456b-881a-6f535cdac4dc#asset:5a980dff-51bc-456b-881a-6f535cdac4dc |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=BBC News বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref> After 10:30 p.m. on 18 December, miscreants set fire to houses owned by [[Bangladesh Television]] (BTV) Director General Md. Mahbubul Alam Goura and [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] prosecutor Tanvir Hasan Juhar in [[Magura District|Magura]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=মাগুরায় বিটিভির মহাপরিচালক ও অপরাধ ট্রাইবুনালের প্রসিকিউটর এ-র বাড়িতে আগুন |url=https://dailyinqilab.com/bangladesh/news/844006 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=দৈনিক ইনকিলাব |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=বিটিভির মহাপরিচালকের বাড়িতে আগুন |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/country/news/1077510 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=jagonews24.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ekusheysangbad.com |date=2025-12-20 |title=বিটিভির মহাপরিচালকের ভবনে অগ্নিসংযোগ |url=https://www.ekusheysangbad.com/national/news/501766 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=ekusheysangbad.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=bdnews24.com |title=ICT prosecutor Zoha's home 'set ablaze' in Magura |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/5b7db23a2cd6 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=ICT prosecutor Zoha's Magura home 'torched' |language=en}}</ref>

=== Destruction of political and diplomatic sites ===
Protesters also targeted the site of the [[Bangabandhu Memorial Museum]] (Dhanmondi 32), which had been demolished during the August 2024 uprising. The mob damaged the remaining debris and burned posters of Sheikh Hasina.<ref>{{cite web | title=After national dailies, Dhanmondi-32 also vandalised again last night | website=The Business Standard | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/after-national-dailies-dhanmondi-32-also-vandalised-again-last-night-1313721 | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Nath | first=Sanstuti | title=Why Anti-India Mob Attacked Bangladesh Media Houses, Mujibur Rahman's House | website=NDTV | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/bangladesh-crisis-live-updates-why-anti-india-mob-attacked-bangladesh-media-houses-mujibur-rahmans-house-9845298 | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

In [[Chittagong]], protesters clashed with police while attempting to storm the Assistant High Commission of India.<ref>{{cite web | title=2 cops among 4 injured in clash outside Indian Assistant High Commission in Chittagong | website=Dhaka Tribune | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/399071/2-cops-among-4-injured-in-clash-outside-indian | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> Separately, mobs set fire to the residences of the late former mayor Mohiuddin Chowdhury<ref>{{cite web | author=Ex-mayor Mohiuddin's Ctg home torched | title=Former mayor Mohiuddin's Chattogram residence set ablaze amid protests | website=Ex-mayor Mohiuddin's Ctg home torched | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/83720dad091d | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> and former education minister Mohibul Hasan Chowdhury Naufel.<ref>{{cite web | title=Former Awami League minister Naufel's house set on fire in Chittagong | website=Dhaka Tribune | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/399072/former-awami-league-minister-naufel%E2%80%99s-house-set-on | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sharif Osman Hadi death: Bangladesh urges citizens to 'resist mob violence', condemns lynching of Hindu man |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/world/sharif-osman-hadi-death-bangladesh-urges-citizens-to-resist-mob-violence-condemns-lynching-of-hindu-man-1503528007.html |website=The Statesman |access-date=19 December 2025 |language=en-in |date=19 December 2025}}</ref> On 19 December, house of [[Anisul Islam Mahmud]], chairman of [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] faction and [[National Democratic Front (Bangladesh)|National Democratic Front]], was vandalized and arsoned at around 11.40 pm.<ref>{{cite web | title=Arson attack damages ex-MP Anisul Islam's home in Chattogram | website=The Business Standard | date=2025-12-20 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/arson-attack-damages-ex-mp-anisul-islams-home-chattogram-1314346 | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=National Democratic Front president's house attacked, set on fire in Hathazari | website=The Daily Star | date=2025-12-20 | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/national-democratic-front-presidents-house-attacked-set-fire-hathazari-4062371 | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Jatiya Party leader Anisul's home torched in Ctg's Hathazari | website=[[bdnews24.com]]| date=2025-12-20 | url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/3e253ea6431b | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref>

In [[Rajshahi]], demonstrators bulldozed a local [[Awami League]] office<ref>{{cite web |title=Awami League office in Rajshahi demolished with bulldozer amid protests following Hadi's death | website=The Business Standard | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/awami-league-office-rajshahi-demolished-bulldozer-amid-protests-following-hadis-death | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Hadi's death: Awami League office demolished by protesters in Rajshahi | website=bdnews24.com | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/c881014a0f2b | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> and attempted to march on the Indian diplomatic mission before being intercepted by police.<ref>{{cite web | title=Protests in Bangladesh 'for repatriation of all killers' as India cites security concerns | website=Dawn | date=18 December 2025 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1961852/protests-in-bangladesh-for-repatriation-of-all-killers-as-india-cites-security-concerns | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> In [[Bandarban]], the house of the former [[Minister of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs|minister of Chittagong Hill Tracts affairs]] and Awami League politician [[Ushwe Sing]] was set ablaze.<ref>{{cite web | title=Angry protesters set ex-CHT minister U Shwe Sing's house on fire in Bandarban | website=The Business Standard | date=2025-12-19 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/angry-protesters-set-ex-cht-minister-u-shwe-sings-house-fire-bandarban-1313581 | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Former minister Bir Bahadur's house torched in Bandarban | website=[[bdnews24.com]] | date=2025-12-19 | url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/f22dddd8fee0 | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref>

=== Diplomatic and political fallout ===
The violence was characterized by strong anti-India sentiment. Leaders of the [[National Citizen Party]] (NCP) issued statements describing the situation as a "war" and demanded the closure of the Indian High Commission until Hadi's "killers" were returned. In response to security threats, Indian authorities temporarily closed their visa centres in Rajshahi and Khulna.<ref>{{cite web | last=Mollan | first=Cherylann | title=India summons Bangladesh envoy over security concerns | website=BBC Home | date=18 December 2025 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8jwkv2l922o | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NCP Leader Demands Closure of Indian High Commission Until Hadi's Alleged Killers Are Extradited | website=Network Bangladesh | date=19 December 2025 | url=https://networkbangladesh.com/ncp-leader-demands-closure-of-indian-high-commission-until-hadis-alleged-killers-are-extradited/ | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

Inqilab Moncho warned it would launch a movement to oust the [[Interim government of Muhammad Yunus|interim government]], a warning issued by member secretary Abdullah Al Jaber at an emergency press conference at Shaheed Hadi Chattar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Inqilab Moncho warns of movement to oust interim govt |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/inqilab-moncho-warns-movement-oust-interim-govt-4063811 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
=== Government ===
[[File:Muhammad Yunus televised address to the nation 2025-12-19.jpg|thumb|Chief Adviser [[Muhammad Yunus]] addressing the nation following the death of Osman Hadi]]
[[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh]] [[Muhammad Yunus]] personally spoke with the editors of Prothom Alo and the Daily Star, ensuring their personal safety and the protection of the media outlets. He described the attacks on the national dailies as "tantamount to an attack on independent media," stating that the incident created "a major obstacle to the country's democratic progress."<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2025 |title= |script-title=bn:প্রথম আলো ও ডেইলি স্টার হামলায় ঘটনায় যে প্রতিক্রিয়া জানিয়েছে |trans-title=Prothom Alo and Daily Star's reaction to the attack |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c8dy8yqg968o |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=[[BBC Bangla]] |language=bn}}</ref> He urged to "resist all forms of mob violence committed by fringe elements" nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resist all forms of mob violence committed by fringe elements: Govt urges all |url=https://www.unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/resist-all-forms-of-mob-violence-committed-by-fringe-elements-govt-urges-all/175510 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=unb.com.bd |language=English}}</ref>

The government increased the presence of law enforcement agencies in major cities, including the [[Bangladesh Police|police]] and [[Border Guards Bangladesh]] (BGB) units. Officials stated that security measures were necessary to prevent further escalation, while some opposition figures and civil society groups questioned the proportionality of the state response.<ref>{{cite web |title=Security tightened across Bangladesh amid unrest after Osman Hadi death |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bangladesh-rocked-by-unrest-over-death-student-leader-2025-12-19/ |access-date=19 December 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Security Tightened at Bangladesh High Commission in New Delhi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/security-tightened-at-bangladesh-high-commission-in-new-delhi-3836782 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=19 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Election commissioner Abul Fazal Md. Sanaullah stated that the joint forces of the police, [[Rapid Action Battalion]] (RAB) and the [[Bangladesh Army|army]] will conduct regular operations until the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election|2026 general election]] to ensure public safety.<ref>{{cite web | title=Joint forces' operation to continue ahead of National Elections: EC | website=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]] | date=2025-12-21 | url=https://en.bd-pratidin.com/national/2025/12/21/53235 | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref>

Special assistant for the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|home affairs ministry]], [[Khoda Baksh Chowdhury]] had to resign for failing to control the deteriorating law and order situation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-25 |title=Khoda Baksh resigns as special assistant for home ministry |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/Country/286140/ca-special-assistant-khuda-baksh-chowdhury-resigns |url-status=live |work=NEWAGE}}</ref>

=== Non-government ===
The attacks were condemned by several organizations, including the Newspaper Owners' Association of Bangladesh (NOAB),<ref>{{cite web | title=Editors' Council, NOAB condemn attacks on Prothom Alo, Daily Star | website=[[Dhaka Tribune]] | date=2025-12-19 | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/399131/editors%E2%80%99-council-noab-condemn-attacks-on-prothom | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> the [[Editors' Council]], and [[Transparency International Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web | title=TIB condemns Hadi murder, warns of growing threats to media freedom, democracy | website=[[The Business Standard (Bangladesh)]] | date=2025-12-19 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/tib-condemns-hadi-murder-warns-growing-threats-media-freedom-democracy-1314086 | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> The Media Freedom Coalition expressed deep concern and condemned the violence, stating that such actions undermine press freedom and violate the public's right to information.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Freedom Coalition condemns attacks on journalists in Bangladesh |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/bangladesh/846964/media-freedom-coalition-condemns-attacks-on-journalists-in-bangladesh |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Freedom Coalition condemns attacks on journalists, calls for investigation |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/399111/media-freedom-coalition-condemns-attacks-on |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Media Freedom Coalition condemns attacks on journalists, calls for investigation | website=Dhaka Tribune | date=2025-12-19 | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/399111/media-freedom-coalition-condemns-attacks-on | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhattacherjee |first1=Kallol |title=Bangladesh violence: UN rights chief calls for end to revenge attacks in Bangladesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladesh-violence-un-rights-chief-calls-for-end-to-revenge-attacks-in-bangladesh/article70417420.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=20 December 2025 |language=en-IN |date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) leader [[Salahuddin Ahmed (Cox's Bazar politician)|Salahuddin Ahmed]] condemned the violence against media houses, calling it "[[mobocracy]]".<ref>{{cite web | title=Mobocracy must be suppressed with a firm hand: Salahuddin | website=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]] | date=2025-12-21 | url=https://en.bd-pratidin.com/national/2025/12/21/53218 | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> [[National Citizen Party]] (NCP) leader [[Nahid Islam]] accused that an internal faction within the interim government was responsible for the attack.<ref>{{cite web|title=প্রথম আলো-ডেইলি স্টার কার্যালয়ে হামলায় সরকারের ভেতরের একটা অংশের সংশ্লিষ্টতা রয়েছে: নাহিদ|website=[[Daily Ittefaq]]|url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/767122/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0|date=22 December 2025|language=bn}}</ref>

UN Special Rapporteur [[Irene Khan]] condemned the mob attacks, describing them as deeply alarming and calling for prompt and effective investigations and accountability. She said the arson and vandalism reflected a dangerous weaponization of public anger against journalists and artists. Khan warned that such violence could have a chilling effect on media freedom, minority voices, and dissent, particularly ahead of elections, and attributed the attacks to a failure by the [[Interim government of Muhammad Yunus|interim government]] to address impunity and protect media and artistic freedom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Star Online |date=2025-12-23 |title=Impunity at the core of mob violence against media: UN expert |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/impunity-the-core-mob-violence-against-media-un-expert-4064646 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

===Protests===
[[Chhayanaut]] organized musical protests on 19 December in Sankar, Dhaka.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chhayanaut protests vandalism, arson through song | website=[[bdnews24.com]] | date=2025-12-19 | url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/90547ec43fee | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> [[Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Chatradal]] organized protest against mob violence in the [[University of Dhaka]] on 21 December.<ref>{{cite web| title=Vested quarters spreading propaganda over killing of Hadi: Chhatra Dal president | website=The Business Standard | date=2025-12-21 | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/politics/du-chhatra-dal-stages-protest-demanding-justice-over-mob-violence-1315166 | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Chhatra Dal vows to resist mob violence fuelled by religious exploitation | website=Daily Sun | date=2025-12-21 | url=https://www.daily-sun.com/bangladesh/847298/chhatra-dal-vows-to-resist-mob-violence-fuelled-by-religious-exploitation | access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> Udichi organized nationwide protests on 23 December against the assassination of Hadi, [[lynching of Dipu Chandra Das]], [[2025 Magura child rape case|child rape in Magura]], and attacks on media houses and cultural organizations.<ref>{{cite web|title='বিশ্বের কাছে বাংলাদেশের মাথা নিচু হয়ে যাচ্ছে'|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/lxki8htalc|website=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=23 December 2025|language=bn}}</ref> Several journalists, businessmen, human rights and cultural activists led by the Newspaper Owners Association Bangladesh (NOAB) organized protests against the violence in front of [[Pan Pacific Sonargaon]] on 22 December.<ref>{{cite web|title=এ আঘাত বাংলাদেশের ওপর|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/x4ygl0q1nt|website=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=23 December 2025|language=bn}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Demolition of Dhanmondi 32]]
* [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman statue destruction]]
* [[Trial of Sheikh Hasina]]
* [[Lynching of Dipu Chandra Das]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bangladesh}}

[[Category:2020s political riots]]
[[Category:2025 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Aftermath of the July Uprising]]
[[Category:Attacks on government buildings and structures in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Attacks on diplomatic missions of India]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations]]
[[Category:Building and structure arson attacks in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:2025 riots]]
[[Category:December 2025 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Arson in 2025]]
[[Category:Attacks on mass media offices in Asia]]
[[Category:Electoral violence in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:2025 fires in Asia]]

Kavi Daad

2026-05-01T04:22:06Z

Moin Khan: put up entry.

{{Short description|Gujarati poet (1940–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
'''Dadudan Pratapdan Gadhvi''',<ref name="Akila" /> (11 September 1940 – 26 April 2021) also known as '''Kavi Dad''',<ref name="TOI1"/> was a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] poet and folk singer from [[Gujarat]], India. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Keshubhai Patel among five Padma awardees from Gujarat {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/keshubhai-patel-among-five-padma-awardees-from-gujarat/articleshow/80454820.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[Charan|Gadhvi]] was born in 1940 at Ishwariya (Gir) (now in Veraval Taluka of [[Gujarat]], India).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hindi|first=TV9|date=2021-04-27|title=गुजराती भाषा के कवि दादू दान गढ़वी का 81 साल की उम्र में निधन, पीएम मोदी ने जताया शोक|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/india/gujarati-poet-dadu-dan-gadhavi-dies-at-the-age-of-81-pm-modi-mourns-632626.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=TV9 Hindi|language=hindi}}</ref> His father's name was Pratapdan Gadhvi. He was the [[Poet laureate|Rajkavi]] and Advisor to [[Nawab of Junagarh|Navab of Junagadh]]. He was granted two tehsils Sapar and Ishwariya by Nawab of Junagadh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-27 |title='કવિ દાદ'થી ઓળખાતા 'કાળજાના કટકા' દાદુદાન ગઢવીનું અવસાન |url=https://www.bbc.com/gujarati/india-56886610 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=BBC News ગુજરાતી |language=gu}}</ref> His mother's name was Karniba Gadhvi. He had studied till fourth grade. He was a native of Ishwaria village near [[Gir Forest National Park|Gir]]. He lived in [[Junagadh]]. He had written songs for 15 [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati films]].<ref name="Akila">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-01-26|title=દાદુદાન પ્રતાપદાન ગઢવી કવિ દાદના ઉપનામથી જાણીતાઃ માત્ર ચાર ચોપડી ભણ્યાં હોવા છતાં ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય ક્ષેત્રે કવિ દાદનું મોટું યોગદાન|url=https://www.akilanews.com/Gujarat_news/Detail/27-01-2021/157178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203022014/https://www.akilanews.com/Gujarat_news/Detail/27-01-2021/157178 |archive-date=2021-02-03 |access-date=2021-01-28|website=Akila News|language=gu}}</ref> His complete works are collected in ''Terva'' (2015) and ''Lachhanayan'' (2015)''.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-10-13|title=કવિ દાદુદાન ગઢવીના સમગ્ર કાવ્યસંગ્રહનું કાલે વિમોચન|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-RJK-HMU-MAT-latest-rajkot-news-050503-1171293-NOR.html|access-date=2021-01-28|website=Divya Bhaskar|language=gu}}</ref><ref name="Akila" /> His other works are ''Terva'' (four volumes), ''Chittaharnu Geet'', ''Shri Krishna Chhandavali'' and ''Ramnam Barakshari''.<ref name=":0" /> His popular songs include a marriage song "''Kalaja Kero Katko Maro Ganththi Chhuti Gayo"'', "''Kailas Ke Niwasi", "Thakorji Nathi Thavu Ghadvaiya Mare''" and "''Hiran Halkali''".<ref name="Akila" /><ref name=":0" /> He wrote book "''Bengal Bavani"'' during Bangladesh Liberation war and donated all the earnings from the book to "''Bangladesh Refugee Fund".''

[[Keshubhai Patel]] former CM of Gujarat started a government scheme "''Kunwarbai nu mameru"'' (a scheme that helps bride's parents financially for wedding) inspired by his poem "''Kalja Kero Katko".[https://epaper.divyabhaskar.co.in/ahmedabad/12/28012021/0/9/]''

His poem,

{{Quote|text=Bapu Gandhi tamare barane betho, Aatlu aaj tu batav, Aa desh ma kedi have raam raj aave, Daad ke azadi fare ughadi, Ane sharme mukhda chupave, Jaja dhani ni dhaniyani ne prabhu tu lugda perave.|author=Kavi Dad}}

was banned from reciting or reading as it questioned then situation in India during [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]].[https://epaper.divyabhaskar.co.in/ahmedabad/12/28012021/0/9/]

[[Swami Anand]] heard his poem "''Ghadvaiya Mare thakorji nathi thavu''" and thought of him being a Saint from medieval era, later on knowing he was poet from modern era. Kavi Dad was given name "''Saint Poet Kavi Dad bapu''".[http://epaper.phulchhab.com/viewpage.php?edition=Phulchhab%20Purti&edid=PHULCHHAB_BPU&date=2021-09-08&pn=1#Page/7/Article/PHULCHHAB_BPU_20210908_7_1/360px/19B420B] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908062601/http://epaper.phulchhab.com/viewpage.php?edition=Phulchhab%20Purti&edid=PHULCHHAB_BPU&date=2021-09-08&pn=1#Page/7/Article/PHULCHHAB_BPU_20210908_7_1/360px/19B420B |date=8 September 2021 }}

He died on 26 April 2021.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=પદ્મ શ્રી એવોર્ડથી સન્માનિત કવિ દાદ બાપુનું 82 વર્ષની ઉંમરે નિધન |website=Zee News Gujarati |date=26 April 2021 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/poet-laureate-daad-bapu-dies-at-82-150232 |language=gu |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref> Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi mourned his demise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-27 |title=PM Narendra Modi condoles demise of Gujarati poet Dadudan Gadhvi |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/pm-narendra-modi-condoles-demise-of-gujarati-poet-dadudan-gadhvi/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |language=en-US |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416210821/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/pm-narendra-modi-condoles-demise-of-gujarati-poet-dadudan-gadhvi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Gadhvi had received the Gujarat Gaurav Award as well as the [[Jhaverchand Meghani Award]].<ref name="Akila" /> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2021 for his contribution in literature and education.<ref name="TOI1">{{Cite web|last=Shastri|first=Parth|date=2021-01-25|title=Keshubhai Patel among five Padma awardees from Gujarat|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/keshubhai-patel-among-five-padma-awardees-from-gujarat/articleshow/80454820.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125233214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/keshubhai-patel-among-five-padma-awardees-from-gujarat/articleshow/80454820.cms |archive-date=2021-01-25 |access-date=2021-01-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=જેના પર થાય છે પીએચડી, એવા કવિ દાદ માત્ર 4 ધોરણ પાસ, રચનાની આ છે વિશેષતા|url=https://gujarati.abplive.com/photo-gallery/news/gujarat-poet-dad-dadudan-gadhavi-profile-601590|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208165805/https://gujarati.abplive.com/photo-gallery/news/gujarat-poet-dad-dadudan-gadhavi-profile-601590 |archive-date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2021-01-28|website=gujarati.abplive.com|language=gu}}</ref> He was the recipient of [[Kavi Kag Award]] in 2004.<ref name=":1" />

A Government Commerce and Arts college in Padadhari, Rajkot, Gujarat was given his name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavi Shree Daad Government Arts & Commerce College, Paddhari |url=https://gaccpaddhari.ac.in/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=gaccpaddhari.ac.in |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131184930/http://gaccpaddhari.ac.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Dadudan |sopt=t}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadhvi, Dadudan}}
[[Category:People from Junagadh]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Gadhavi (surname)]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:People from Junagadh district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Science Olympiad Foundation

2026-04-27T02:47:19Z

Moin Khan: Starting Stub

{{Short description|Educational foundation in India}}
{{For|the primary/secondary school competition in the United States|Science Olympiad}}

{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Science Olympiad Foundation (SOF)
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| footnotes =
}}

'''Science Olympiad Foundation''' ('''SOF''') is an [[educational]] [[Foundation (nonprofit)|foundation]] established in 1998, based in [[New Delhi]], [[India]] which promotes science, mathematics, general knowledge, introductory computer education and English language skills among school children in [[India]] and many other countries through various Olympiads. However, they are not the official organizer of Olympiads in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Science Olympiad Foundation (SOF)|url=https://sofworld.org/about-science-olympiad-foundation-sof|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Science Olympiad Foundation}}</ref>

== Olympiads ==
Every year over 91000+ schools from 70+ countries register for the 8 Olympiad exams and millions of students appear in them.

===Current===
Annually, about 5 million students take part in each of the following Olympiad exams:

* '''International Computer Science Olympiad (ICSO)''' is a single level exam. It was the second Olympiad conducted by SOF. It has been conducted since 2000. Students from class I-X may participate in the examination.
* '''International Science Olympiad (ISO)''' is conducted at two levels each year. It was the first Olympiad conducted by SOF. It has been conducted since 1998. Students from class I-XII may participate in the examination.The name of the Olympiad was changed from "National Science Olympiad (NSO)" to "International Science Olympiad (ISO)" in 2026.
* '''International Mathematics Olympiad (IMO)''' is conducted at two levels each year. Students from class I-XII may participate in the examination.
* '''International English Olympiad (IEO)''' used to be a single level exam each year, but since 2017–2018 it is conducted at two levels. Students from class I-XII can participate in this Olympiad.
* '''International General Knowledge Olympiad (IGKO)''' is a single level exam. Students from classes I-X may participate in the examination. This Olympiad was introduced in the 2017–2018 academic session.
* '''International Commerce Olympiad (ICO)''' is a single level exam. Students from classes XI and XII may participate in the examination. It is conducted in partnership with [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India|ICSI]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-16 |title=Cusat, ICSI sign deal for academic collaboration |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/cusat-icsi-sign-deal-for-academic-collaboration/article34078447.ece |access-date=2021-03-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Under The Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
* '''SOF International Social Studies Olympiad (ISSO)''' is a single level exam. Students from classes III-X may participate in the examination.
* '''SOF International Hindi Olympiad (IHO)''' is a single level exam. Students from classes III-X may participate in the examination.

===Former===

* National Cyber Olympiad Level-2 (NCO) was formerly a two-level exam, but it has been converted to a single level exam since 2017–18.
* International Sports Knowledge Olympiad (ISKO) was conducted only once, during the 2016–2017 session. It was a single level exam conducted in partnership with Star Sports in which students of classes 1 to 10 could participate.

== Eligibility and pattern ==
'''For Level 1''':

Students from classes 1 through 12{{Clarify|date=November 2022}} can participate. The exams consist of 35 [[multiple choice questions]] of 40 marks for classes I to IV, and 50 [[multiple choice questions]] for classes V to XII of 60 marks, to be answered in one hour. Five questions that are part of the 'Achievers' section' carry three marks (and for primary classes excluding 5th, it has only two marks) each whereas the remaining questions carry one mark each. Students are required to mark their answers on an [[Optical mark recognition|OMR]] sheet. Results are announced for every student and they include the student's international rank, regional rank (since 2020-21),<ref>{{cite web|title=Zone/State Categorization|url=https://sofworld.org/zone-state-categorization}}</ref> zonal rank, city rank and school rank and winners are awarded with cash prizes, medals, trophies, gift certificates and Merit Certificates. SOF also generates a performance report for all participating students and schools, as well as awards teachers and principals whose pupils excelled in the exam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Science Olympiad Foundation|url=http://www.sofworld.org}}</ref> SOF also runs 3 scholarship Schemes for under privileged girl students, for students from defence and internal security families and for academically brilliant students.

'''For Level 2:'''

If fulfilled the eligibility criteria, students participated in the Level 1 olympiads of NSO, IMO, IEO qualify for the Level 2 conducted at various centres in India.

== Controversies ==
Although being a non-governmental organisation it works on a profit-making model and charges heavily for its books and study materials. Silver Zone Foundation, a similar 24-year-old Olympiad company, rakes in 50% of its revenues from book sales and the rest from exam registration fees (at Rs 120 per student). Close to a million kids from 5,000 schools have been sitting their Olympiads every year, claims CEO Kamal Kishore.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fernandez|first=Joeanna Rebello|date=December 18, 2016|title=Olympiads: The new status symbol for parents|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/olympiads-the-new-status-symbol-for-parents/articleshow/56041451.cms|access-date=2021-04-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Questions are deliberately asked from their own books which are not according to state prescribed board syllabi which compel students to buy their expensive books.

The foundation has been criticized by Anwesh Mazumdar, national coordinator, Science Olympiads from the academics at Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education saying, "It is a misrepresentation to call a competition an Olympiad if it has no culmination on the international stage." He argues that the original science Olympiads — the first was in Maths held in Romania in 1959 — pursue nobler goals of intellectual inquiry. "These companies should not call it an 'Olympiad'; call it a competition if necessary. For example, the International Mathematical Olympiad is the real deal, but Science Olympiad Foundation, a private organisation, has an exam called the International Mathematics Olympiad, parents are misled and even the international organisers are concerned," says Mazumdar, adding that they have contemplated patenting the name.<ref name=new>{{Cite news|last=Fernandez|first=Joeanna Rebello|title=Olympiads: The new status symbol for parents|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/olympiads-the-new-status-symbol-for-parents/articleshow/56041451.cms|access-date=2021-04-14|website=The Times of India|date=18 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

There have been demands for government intervention to regulate the exams. Ashok Pandey, director at Ahlcon International School in Delhi, admits that private Olympiads need to be better regulated. "I had initially decided not to host them, but gave in when parents insisted," says Pandey.<ref name=new />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.sofworld.org}}

[[Category:Foundations based in India]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]

Old Bengali

2026-04-25T09:02:01Z

Moin Khan:

{{Short description|Early form of Bengali}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Old Bengali
| image = চর্যাপদ-এর ৩৯ নং পৃষ্ঠা; প্রাচীন বাংলা ভাষার নিদর্শন - Page-39 of the Charyapad manuscript, a sign of the Bengali or Old Bengali language.jpg
| imagecaption = Page no. 39 of the manuscript ''[[Charyapada]]'', having the content in Old Bengali
| nativename = {{lang|ang|Adi Bangla}}
| pronunciation =
| ethnicity = [[Bengalis]]
| region = [[Bengal|Bengal region]]
| era = Mostly developed into Middle Bengali by the 14th century
| fam1 = [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan]]
| ancestor = [[Gaudi Prakrit]]
| ancestor2 =
| script = [[Gaudi script]]
| iso2 =
| iso3 =
| iso6 =
| glotto =
| glottorefname = Old Bengali (ca. 650/900–1350)
| dia1 =
| dia2 =
| dia3 =
| dia4 =
| notice = IPA
| familycolor = Indo-European
}}
'''Old Bengali''' was the earliest recorded form of the [[Bengali language]], spoken in the [[Bengal|Bengal region]] of eastern [[Indian subcontinent]] during the Middle Ages. It developed from an [[Apabhraṃśa]] of [[Magadhi Prakrit]] around 650 AD, and the first [[Bengali literature|Bengali literary works]] date from the 8th century. Between 1200 and 1350 AD, no written form or literary work of Bengali language is found; during this period the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent#Third phase (13th to 16th centuries)|Islamic conquest]] took place in Bengal.{{sfn|Shahidullah|1998|p=42}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengali literature |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Bengali-literature |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref> It is marked as the barren age, and also marks the end of the Old Bengali era, as the Middle Bengali language developed later.

Old Bengali is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] that is one of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, and its closest relatives are [[Old Odia]] and [[Kamarupi Prakrit]]. Like other Old Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, it is distinct from Modern Bengali and is not fully comprehensible to Modern Bengali speakers without study. Within Old Bengali grammar, the verb evolved and a letter is omitted from a [[Ligature (writing)|ligature]] formed by consonants.

== History ==
Old Bengali was spoken in the Bengal region which became the [[Pala Empire]] and the [[Sena dynasty|Sena kingdom]]. These included present-day [[Bangladesh]], the Indian state [[West Bengal]] and its western border areas of [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]], the [[Barak Valley]] of Assam.

According to [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|Suniti Kumar]], it overlapped the last [[Apabhraṃśa]] phase. Proto-Bengali was the last stage of an already decayed order, so it inflection less than later languages with its new postpositional affixes and other devices. Chatterji compares it to the 'Sea Old' period of modern [[Romance languages|Romance]] and Teutonic languages. Old Bengali is dated to 650 AD, and it originated from proto-Bengali, a form of the Bengali language of the period before 600 AD.{{sfn|Chatterji|1926a|p=17}}

A Sanskrit-Chinese dictionary compiled by the Chinese poet Li-Yen in 782 AD shows the presence of Bengali. A four-volume research document "Classical Bangla" published in 2024 by the Kolkata-based institute "[[Institute of Language Studies and Research]]" (ILSR), mentions the presence of 51 Bengali words in the dictionary. The inclusion or rather Compulsion to include of the Bengali (Bengali word) as a third language in the Sanskrit-Chinese dictionary indicates the fact that—Bengali was already standardized and was the dominant language considered as the language of the geographical region ([[Bengal]]). The lexicon strongly supports the existence of Old Bengali in the [[8th century]] or earlier, including many Bengali words, some of which are listed below:<ref name="Mitra">{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Atri |title=Behind Bengali's classical language tag, a Kolkata institute's 2,000-page research document |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengalis-classical-language-tag-kolkata-institute-research-9609939/ |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 October 2024 |location=Kolkata |quote=And the West Bengal government-run organisation that prepared the document, the Institute of Language Studies and Research (ILSR), is delighted its more than a year-long efforts have paid off....“…a Chinese-Sanskrit Dictionary compiled by Li-Yen bears testimony to the fact that at least 51 Bangla words made their way into that dictionary…The Chinese-Sanskrit dictionary, compiled in the 8th Century CE, included or rather was compelled to include words of a third language, i.e., Bangla. This is indicative of the fact that Bangla had already been standardized and was one of the influential tongues which was regarded as the lingua franca of the geographic area that was known as Bengal,”....}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Das |editor1-first=Amitava |editor2-last=Sanyal |editor2-first=Rajat |editor3-last=Chakraborty |editor3-first=Rajib |title=Classical Bangla |url=https://archive.org/details/classical-bangla |date=2025 |publisher=[[Institute of Language Studies and Research]] (ILSR), Kolkata |location=[[Kolkata]] |isbn=9788198479358 |page=332 |quote=The Chinese-Sanskrit dictionary, compiled in the 8th Century CE, included or rather was compelled to include words of a third language, i.e., Bangla. This is indicative of the fact that Bangla had already been standardized and was one of the influential tongues which was regarded as the lingua franca of the geographic area that was known as Bengal. This illustrates with absolute certainty that Bangla must have been the language of communication for several centuries before the time of composition of Carya songs. By the time Carya songs were composed, Bangla had already acquired prosodic as well as rhetoric sophistication to be considered as a medium of literary discourse.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
!Old Bengali
!Modern Bengali
!English meaning
|-
|āiśa
|āśô, ēśô
|(you) come
|-
|śuna
|śunô, śonô
|(you) hear
|-
|ki jani
|ke jane
|who knows
|-
|āśai
|āśē
|(he) comes
|-
|Taṛātāṛi
|Tāṛatāṛi
|hurry up
|-
|triśa
|triś
|thirty
|-
|chatvariśa
|choutriś
|thirtyfour
|-
|kachi
|kôchi
|small/tiny
|-
|bhātāra
|bhātār
|husband
|-
|moṭā
|moṭā
|fat
|-
|māṅsa
|maṅsô
|meat
|}

[[Vajrayana|Vajrayani]] and Sahajani Acharyas composed ''charyas'' between the tenth and twelfth centuries AD. There is disagreement among historians about the period of composition. According to [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] and [[Prabodh Chandra Bagchi]], the ''Charyapadas'' were composed between the 10th and 12th centuries; but [[Muhammad Shahidullah]] and [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] put this period back by another 200 years and expressed the opinion that the period of Charya's composition was from eighth to twelfth century AD. Some of the Old Bengali songs compiled in ''[[Manasollasa|Mānasollāsa]]''—also known as ''Abhilashitartha Chintamani''—were composed in the third decade of the twelfth century. [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya king]] [[Someshvara III]] was the patron of the book. The songs were composed in the [[Bengal]] and circulated as far as [[Maharashtra]].{{sfn|Ray|2022|p=764}} The 12th-century text ''Sekhasubhodaya'', written by the court poet of King [[Lakshmana Sena]], has two songs, one proverb and five rhymed couplets in the Bengali language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sekhashubhodaya|title=Sekhashubhodaya|publisher=Banglapedia|access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
=== Sound changes ===
Some of the major sound changes that took place in the history of Old Bengali were as follows:
* One of the consonants of the [[Ligature (writing)|ligatures]] was lost, and the preceding vowel was lengthened to compensate for this loss. Exception to this rule is found in the ''[[tatsama|Ardha-tatsama]]'' words. There is a loss of assimilative consonant but the preceding vowel is not lengthened. Ligatures formed by joining with nasal consonants are also often unassimilated; however, in Old Bengali the preceding vowel of such added consonants is lengthened.{{sfn|Shaw|1984|p=601}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2012|p=147}}
* The nasal consonant was lost in many cases, and as a result the preceding vowel became nasal.{{sfn|Shaw|1984|p=601}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2012|p=148}}
* Widespread use of /s/ (''স্‌'') in place of (/ʃ/) (''শ্‌'').{{sfn|Shaw|1984|p=601}}
* Multiple vowels located side by side were retained. But multiple vowels at the end of words were pronounced as compound vowel and eventually two together became a single vowel.{{sfn|Shaw|1984|p=601}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2012|p=147}}

== Grammar ==
=== Morphology ===
Signs of Sanskrit, Prakrit and Avahatta can be found in the grammar of Old Bengali in various—[[part of speech]], [[declension]] for [[Grammatical case|case]], genders, numbers etc.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2012|p=191}}

In Old Bengali, adjectives had gender, which has declined in Modern Bengali. In the case of adverbs, the suffix /æ/ (''এ'') or /æm̐/ (''এঁ'') was added. Besides, adverbs are made by adding /i/ (''ই'') or /ja/ (''ইয়া'') to infinitive verbs.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2012|pp=192}}

There were two types of pronouns—personal and demonstrative. Personal pronouns were of two types, and demonstrative pronouns were of five types—general demonstrative, near demonstratives, far demonstrative, relative demonstrative and indefinite demonstrative or indefinite demonstrative. There were no gender differences in pronouns. I used to refer to any gender, male or female.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2012|pp=194–1945}}

== Literature ==
[[File:Rajshahi College Library Inside 02.JPG|thumb|right|Four pages—38 to 41—of the ''[[Charyapada]]'' manuscript]]

The collection of Old Bengali literature is small but still significant, with only a few surviving manuscripts. Many of the [[Buddhist tantric literature|written works of the Buddhist Tantric Sahajiyas]] mingle in Old Bengali, which is one of the richest and most significant bodies of literature preserved among the early language groups derived from [[Magadhi Prakrit]].{{sfn|Shaw|1984|pp=600–601}}

The most important surviving work of Old Bengali literature is the ''[[Charyapada]]'', a collection of devotional song; which is considered as the best sign created in Old Bengali.{{sfn|Shaw|1984|p=600}} According to Tibetan sources, the original manuscript was called ''Charyagiti-koshavrtti'' and contained 100 verses. But till now 51 Padas or verses of the manuscript have been discovered. There are also some literary works, such as few Bengali songs and proverbs compiled in ''Sekshuvodaya'' by Halayudha Mishra, the court poet of King [[Lakshmana Sena]], some rhymes and poems of ''Bidagdha Mukhomandal''.{{sfn|Shaw|1984|pp=600–601}} Bandyaghatiya Sarbananda wrote the note on the Sanskrit lexicon ''Amarkosh'' by Amar Singh, which contains about 400 Bengali words which are consider ed to be traces of Old Bengali.{{sfn|Shaw|1984|p=600}}

Some of the songs written in Old Bengali were compiled in ''Mānasōllōsa'' or ''Abhilaṣitārthacintāmaṇi''. These Bengali songs were placed in the ''gitbinod'' section of the Sanskrit text. The theme of the songs was the story of [[Raslila|Krishna's ''lila'']] with the [[gopi]]s and [[Vishnu]] in various [[Dashavatara|incarnations]].{{sfn|Ray|2022|p=764}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last1=Mukherji |first1=Tarapada |title=The old bengali language and text |date=1963 |publisher=Calcutta University Press |location=Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]) |url=https://ia803004.us.archive.org/32/items/oldbengalilanguageandtext/MUKHERJI%20The%20Old%20Bengali%20Language%20and%20Text.pdf |access-date=22 October 2024}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Dr. Rameswar |title=সাধারণ ভাষাবিজ্ঞান ও বাংলা ভাষা |date=21 February 1984 |publisher=Pustak Bipani |location=[[Kolkata]] |isbn=81-85471-12-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/sadharon-bhasabiggyan-o-bangla-bhasa |access-date=6 October 2024 |language=bn}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Subhash |title=ভাষার তত্ত্ব ও বাংলা ভাষা |date=2012 |publisher=Bangiya Sahitya Samsad |location=[[Kolkata]] |isbn=978-93-82012-12-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0018/page/n2/mode/1up |access-date=7 October 2024 |language=bn}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=Suniti Kumar |title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language |date=1926a |publisher=Calcutta University Press |location=Kolkata |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70509/page/n355/mode/2up |access-date=8 October 2024 |volume=1 |language=English}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=Suniti Kumar |title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language |date=1926b |publisher=Calcutta University Press |location=Kolkata |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42610/page/n5/mode/2up |access-date=8 October 2024 |volume=2 |language=English}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shahidullah |first1=Dr. Muhammad |title=Bangla Vasar Itibritto |date=1998 |publisher=Mowla Brothers |location=Dhaka |url=https://archive.org/details/BanglaBanglaVasarItibrittoDr.MdShahidullah/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=8 October 2024 |language=bn}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Niharranjan |title=বাঙ্গালীর ইতিহাস: আদি পর্ব |script-title=bn:Bāṅgālīra itihāsa: Ādiparba |trans-title=History of Bengalis: Early Phases |date=1993 |publisher=Dey's Publishing |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-7079-270-3 |edition=Dey's [3rd] |url=https://ia801203.us.archive.org/8/items/BangalirItihasAdiparbaByNiharranjanRoy/Bangalir%20Itihas%20Adiparba%20by%20Niharranjan%20Roy.pdf |access-date=26 November 2023 |language=bn}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Niharranjan |title=বাঙ্গালীর ইতিহাস: আদি পর্ব |script-title=bn:Bāṅgālīra itihāsa: Ādiparba |trans-title=History of Bengalis: Early Phases |date=2022 |publisher=Dey's Publishing |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-81-295-1977-1 |edition=Dey's [17th] |language=bn}}

[[Category:Medieval languages]]

Potheri Village, Chengalpattu

2026-04-23T23:45:53Z

Moin Khan: Started basic place more to come

{{short description|Village locality of Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
[[File:Potheri Chennai.jpg|thumb|right|250px|SRM Lake]]

'''Potheri''' is a rapidly-growing village locality in the South suburbs of the Metroepolitan city [[Chennai]]. It is a town that comes under [[Maraimalai Nagar]] municipality of Chengalpattu taluk in the [[Chengalpattu]] district of [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu, India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Potheri {{!}} Locality {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Potheri/Locality |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref> and suburb of [[Chennai]] within [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]. It is about 2.5 kilometers from [[Guduvancheri]].The primary educational institutions located in Potheri are [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]] and Valliammai Engineering College.

The neighbourhood is served by the [[Potheri railway station]] Chengalpattu taluk to [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]].

The population of Potheri is primarily composed of students from the educational institutions located in Potheri. The socioeconomic status of the village almost entirely depends upon the SRM Institute of Science and Technology. Most of the population of Potheri live in apartment buildings.
Potheri is located in South Chennai and it is developing rapidly in the modern developments. These are experiencing major infrastructural developments due to their proximity to the New [[Chennai]] [[Kilambakkam Bus Terminus|Kilambakkam Mofussil Bus Terminus (KMBT)]].

==Transportation==
Potheri is located in the southern part of the [[Chennai city]] and is well-connected by roads and railways. The city is located along the National Highway-45 (NH-45) [[GST Road]], [[Chennai]] [[Tambaram]] and [[Chengalpattu]] Kanchipuram district highway.

==See also==
* [[Guduvancheri]] at [[Chengalpattu]] region
* [[Thailavaram]] at [[Chengalpattu]] region
* [[Kattankulathur]] at [[Chengalpattu]] region

{{coord|12.825527|80.039606|display=title}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre= Potheri
|North= [[Guduvanchery]]
|South=[[Kattankulathur]]
|West=[[Thailavaram]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Chennai]]

{{Chennai-geo-stub}}

Ernavoor A. Narayanan

2026-04-23T07:23:01Z

Moin Khan: adding a pg!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ernavoor A.Narayanan
| office = [[Member of parliament|Member]] of [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] for [[Nanguneri]]
| term_start = 15 May 2011
| term_end = 12 May 2016
| office1 = [[Organizational founder|Founder]] and [[president (corporate title)|president]] of [[Samathuva Makkal Kazhagam]]
| term_start1 = 11 March 2016
| term_end1 =
| office2 =
| term_end2 =
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = A Narayanan
| other_names = Ernavoor A Narayanan
| birth_date = 5 May 1957 , Sathankulam, Madras State ( now Tamilnadu) , India
| occupation = Politician and Businessman
| organization = [[Sri Mangalam Finance]]
[[Hotel Chennai Deluxe]]
[[Apple Residency]]
[[Hotel Chennai Le palace]]
| spouse = Latha Narayanan
| children = Pappathi Varunkumar
Karthik Narayanan
Shakila Prabhu
Usha Kumaran
}}
'''A. Narayanan''' is an Indian politician and an incumbent member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Nanguneri (State Assembly Constituency)|Nanguneri constituency]]. He is the founder and president of Samathuva Makkal Kazhagam, a political party in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He formerly represented the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party in 2011 and won from Nanguneri.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011 |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-20 }}</ref> He is also the Managing Director of Sri Mangalam Finance, Hotel Chennai Deluxe, Apple Residency and Chennai Le Palace.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanan, A.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam politicians]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Pallavi Patel

2026-04-20T07:02:01Z

Moin Khan: Started some info w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Pallavi Patel
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1 january {{birth year and age|1981}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = '''Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]'''
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = Sheetala Prasad
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)]]
| spouse = Pankaj Niranjan
| children =
| father = [[Sone Lal Patel]]
| mother = Krishna Patel
| constituency = [[Sirathu Assembly constituency|Sirathu]]
| relations = [[Anupriya Patel]] (sister) [[Ashish Singh Patel|Ashish Singh]] (brother-in-law)
}}
'''Pallavi Patel''' is an Indian politician from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She is the leader of [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)]] party. She is the daughter of [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]] founder [[Sone Lal Patel]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=सोनेलाल पटेल की मौत की सीबीआई जांच की मांग, बेटी पल्‍लवी पटेल बोलीं- कात‍िल हैं ज‍िंंदा, हम हैं शर्म‍िंदा |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/up/pallavi-patel-demand-for-cbi-inquiry-death-apna-dal-founder-sonelal-patel-nrj |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Prabhat Khabar |date=17 October 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> and current member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sirathu Assembly constituency|Sirathu]] as [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Pallavi Patel-डॉ. पल्लवी पटेल Sp Candidate Sirathu Election Result 2022 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/candidates/dr.-pallavi-patel-sp-2022-sirathu-239-uttar-pradesh |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

Pallavi Patel is the sister of [[Anupriya Patel]], a former [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|minister of State for Commerce and Industry of India]] and president of [[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]] political party.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patel |first1=Priya |title=Anupriya Patel & Pallavi Patel: The direct fight between two sisters of Apna Dal from Phulpur Lok Sabha seat |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/anupriya-patel-and-pallavi-patel-the-direct-fight-between-two-sisters-of-apna-dal-from-phulpur-lok-sabha-seat |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
In the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)]]'s leader, Dr. Pallavi Patel contested on the [[Samajwadi Party]] symbol and defeated Deputy Chief Minister [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]] by 7,337 votes in [[Sirathu Assembly constituency|Sirathu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=Sirathu seat: In huge upset, Pallavi Patel beats Dy CM Keshav Maurya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/sirathu-seat-in-huge-upset-pallavi-patel-beats-dy-cm-keshav-maurya-101646937468388.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Pallavi}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Apna Dal politicians]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kanpur]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Jhandewalan Temple

2026-04-17T16:54:29Z

Moin Khan: put up new place

{{short description|Hindu temple in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shri Jhandewalan Temple
| image = Jhandewali Devi Mandir, Delhi by Ashish05.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India New Delhi
| map_caption = Location in Delhi
| coordinates = {{coord|28|38|57|N|77|12|15|E|type:adm2nd_region:NP_source:unmaps-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
| location = [[Jhandewalan metro station]] North Delhi
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Jhandewali Mata]]
| festivals= [[Navratri]], [[Durga Ashtami]], [[Diwali]], [[Durga Puja]]
| architecture = [[Hindu temple architecture]]
| website = {{URL|https://jhandewalamandir.org}}
}}
The '''Jhandewalan Mandir''', a Delhi [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Vaishno Devi]], was founded in the 19th century by Badri Bhagat, named for a large flag hoisted when a deity was discovered. Formerly in Ram Bagh, it hosted events like the Pavan Pariksha Mela, which ended after Partition. Now surrounded by urban development, it remains a major religious center, especially during Navratras.<ref name="SobersKhan2021"/>

== Location and surroundings ==

Historically, Jhandewalan lay in a populated, central stretch of the Delhi Ridge, an area where rocks and building stone were extensively quarried. Over time, the locality developed into a major commercial hub, including the relocation of a large wholesale bicycle market from the Jama Masjid and Esplanade Road areas, with the new market reportedly costing about ₹14 crore to construct.<ref name="DelhiGazetteer1976">{{cite book |last=Perti |first=R.K. |title=Delhi Gazetteer |year=1976 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.07900/mode/2up |publisher=Delhi Administration}}</ref>

The area also developed local infrastructure and educational institutions. It housed the Jhandewala Sanskrit Pathshala, a donation-funded school offering Shastri courses and free boarding for students, and a Municipal T.B. Clinic in Jhandewalan Extension. Nearby Idgah–Jhandewalan localities have historically included informal jhuggi–jhonpri (shack) settlements.<ref name="DelhiGazetteer1976"/>

==History==

===Discovery of idol===

Shri Badri Das, also known as Badri Bhagat, was a successful cloth merchant from [[Chandni Chowk]] and a devoted follower of [[Vaishno Devi]].<ref name="TempleHistory">{{cite web |url=https://jhandewalamandir.org/temple-history |title=History of Jhandewala Devi Mandir |website=Badri Bhagat Jhandewala Temple Society |access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref> In the 1800s, the area was a quiet hill with fruit trees and a freshwater spring where he would go to meditate. It is said that he had repeated dreams about an ancient shrine buried near the spring. Following these dreams, he started digging near a small waterfall and found an old idol of [[Vaishno Devi]] deep inside a cave. Because the idol’s hands broke while digging, Badri Das left it in its original place and placed a new idol directly above it using traditional rituals. To mark the event, a large flag (jhanda) was raised on the hill so people could see the shrine from far away. Over time, the temple and the hill became known as the Jhandewalan Temple, meaning the "place of the goddess with the flag". Today, the main goddess worshipped in the upper temple is [[Jhandewali Mata]], who is also known locally as Sheranwali.<ref name="TempleHistory" /><ref name="SobersKhan2021">{{cite journal |last=Sobers-Khan |first=N. |year=2021 |title=Jinnealogy: time, Islam, and ecological thought in the medieval ruins of Delhi: by Anand Vivek Taneja, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2018, 313 pp., ISBN: 9781503603936 |journal=Global Intellectual History |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=560–564 |doi=10.1080/23801883.2018.1520951 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23801883.2018.1520951}}</ref>

=== Badri Bhagat Jhandewalan Temple Society ===
After the death of Bhagat Badri Das, his son Ramji Das and later his grandson Shyam Sundar took over the management of the temple. Under their leadership, the temple grounds were developed and improved. In 1944, Shyam Sundar established a legal organization called the Badri Bhagat Jhandewalan Temple Society to properly manage the temple and its daily programs.<ref name="TempleHistory" />

The founding members of the society were:<ref name="TempleHistory" />
*Rai Saheb Girdhari Lal (businessman and banker) – Chairman
*Pt. Chundamani Sharma (Superintendent at the Delhi Electric Supply and Traction Company) – Vice President
*Rai Saheb Shriram (lawyer) – Secretary
*Bhagat Shyam Sundar (textile businessman) – Manager
*Lala Kanwar Kishore (textile businessman) – Treasurer
*Rai Saheb Guru Prasad Kapoor (commission agent) – Member
*Lala Harnam Das Khanna (landlord) – Member
*Lala Banwari Lal Gupta (commission agent) – Member

===Hindu Jat and Muslim riots of 1924===
{{anchor | Hindu Jat and Muslim riots of 1924 | Jhandewalan Hindu Jat and Muslim riots of 1924 | Jhandewalan riots of 1924}}
During the [[British Raj]], Muslims had built a slaughterhouse close to the temple. In May 1924, on the day of [[Eid al-Adha|Bakri Eid]], the Muslims of [[Paharganj|Pahari Dhiraj]] slaughtered a cow - which is revered by the Hindus as sacred - in the slaughterhouse close to the Jhandewala temple. This angered the Hindu [[Jat people|Jats]] of [[Sadar Bazaar, Delhi|Sadar Bazaar]], which led to riots among the Jats and Muslims between 11 July and 18 July, resulting in loss of life and property. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] repeatedly requested [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) to stop the Jats, but Gandhi and INC were unable to control the situation. Riots were eventually stopped by the police.<ref name=chauhan5>BIRESH CHAUDHUR, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vS4qDwAAQBAJ&dq=Jhandewalan+Temple&pg=PA78 NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN DELHI 1911-1932], Page 78.</ref>

=== 2025 Demolition Drive ===
On November 29, 2025, a significant demolition drive was carried out by the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] (MCD) in the Jhandewalan, specifically affecting the ancient Baba Pir Ratan Nath temple-dargah complex located near the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] headquarters. The action involved the removal of structures cited as illegal encroachments, including a langar hall and several residential units. The demolition led to widespread local protests, with residents and devotees alleging that the site held over 800 years of historical significance and that no prior legal notice was served.<ref>{{cite news |last=Staff |title=Delhi: Jhandewalan mein MCD ka bulldozer action, Baba Pir Ratan Nath mandir-dargah par karyawahi |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/delhi-ncr/jhandewalan-bulldozer-action-in-old-temple-complex-large-scale-demolition-near-keshav-kunj-and-protest-by-local-residents-ann-3051936 |work=ABP Live |date=2025-11-29 |access-date=2026-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Staff |title=Delhi Jhandewalan: Baba Peer Ratan Nath temple bulldozers demolished |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/india/delhi-jhandewalan-bawa-pir-ratan-nath-temple-mc-action-protest-3597784.html |work=TV9 Hindi |date=2025-11-29 |access-date=2026-02-27}}</ref>

== Architecture ==

The temple derives its name from its location on a hillock known as Jhandewala, situated near the crossroads of Deshbandhu Road and Panchkuian Road on the way to Karol Bagh. The neighborhood immediately surrounding the temple is also referred to as Motia Khan. Inside the temple compound, visitors can find a garden, several dharamshalas (rest houses), a Hanuman temple, and an old well renowned for its cold water. The main shrine is an octagonal Devi temple that rests on a stone platform reached by four steps. It houses a white marble idol of the goddess and features a dalān (pavilion) in the front with a parikrama (circumambulation path) surrounding the structure.<ref name="GillSethi2023">{{cite book |last1=Gill |first1=J. |last2=Sethi |first2=N. |year=2023 |title=In Search of Delhi: A Translation of Brij Kishan Chandiwala's Dilli ki Khoj |edition=1st |publisher=Routledge India |doi=10.4324/9781003387107 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003387107/search-delhi-jitender-gill-namita-sethi}}</ref>

==Social service==
The temple is known for its extensive charitable work, particularly through its [[Wiktionary:langar|langar]] (a communal kitchen providing food to the needy). During the [[2020]] [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 lockdown]], the temple executed one of Delhi's largest humanitarian efforts, serving over 1.85 million meals to nearly 35,000 people over a 50-day period. These efforts extended to the homeless in [[Karol Bagh]] and Rani Jhansi Road. In recognition of this service, the [[Delhi Police]] honored the temple's volunteers with a ceremonial bike salute and a drone-led flower petal tribute in [[May 2020]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lockdown in Delhi: Jhandewalan temple authorities served more than 18.5 lakh meals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/lockdown-in-delhi-jhandewalan-temple-authorities-served-more-than-18-5-lakh-meals/articleshow/75780531.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2020-05-16 |access-date=2026-02-27}}</ref>

==Religious celebrations==

The daily worship at the temple follows a regulated schedule of five ''Aartis'', with timings adjusting between summer and winter seasons. The day begins with the ''Mangal Aarti'' at 5:30 AM (Summer) or 6:00 AM (Winter), where dry fruits are offered as ''bhog''. This is followed by the ''Shringar Aarti'' at 9:00 AM, during which devotees offer ''cheele'', ''chane'', milk, and coconut. At noon, the ''Bhog Aarti'' takes place, featuring a meal of rice, dal, and roti. Evening rituals commence with the ''Sayam Aarti'' at 8:00 PM (Summer) or 7:30 PM (Winter), where ''chane'' is offered. The day concludes with the ''Shayan Aarti'' at 10:00 PM (Summer) or 9:30 PM (Winter), with an offering of milk before the temple closes. The temple premises open at 5:00 AM in the summer and 5:30 AM in the winter. The shrine remains closed for a break from 1:00 PM to 4:00 PM, although this closure is suspended on Sundays, Tuesdays, and during [[Ashtami]]. The temple hosts specific weekly and monthly events. A ''Havan'' and ''Kirtan'' are performed daily in the morning. On Tuesday evenings, a special ''Kirtan'' is held. A ''Jagaran'' is performed on the ''Ashtami'' of every [[Shukla Paksha]] (waxing phase of the moon) starting at 10:00 PM.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/badri-bhakta-jhandewalan-devi-mandir-jhandewala-devi-mandir |title=Badri Bhakta - Jhandewalan Devi Mandir (Jhandewala Devi Mandir) |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>

===Navratri Festival Management===
During the [[Navratri]] festival, the temple experiences a massive influx of pilgrims. To manage the scale of the event the temple administration appoints a festival head who oversees a large-scale operation supported by over 2,000 volunteers, including a dedicated 300-member women's team. The volunteers are divided into specialized departments to handle the daily logistics of the festival. Crowd control and security are managed in coordination with local police, utilizing a central control room and [[CCTV]] surveillance. Other dedicated volunteer teams manage traffic, provide free parking, and run a lost-and-found service for separated families. Essential services for devotees are provided continuously, including free daily meals, drinking water distribution, shoe storage, and primary medical care.<ref name="TempleDepartments">{{cite web |url=https://jhandewalamandir.org/temple-departments |title=Temple Departments |publisher=Badri Bhagat Jhandewala Temple Society |access-date=2026-04-04 |language=en}}</ref>

Volunteers also handle the religious and environmental logistics of the festival. Teams manage the distribution of offerings, such as coconuts and fruit prasad. To handle the high volume of floral offerings, the temple operates an on-site recycling plant that converts discarded flower garlands into fertilizer, which is then distributed to local parks for free. The temple's publicity department also manages the live broadcasting of major events and aartis on digital platforms.<ref name="TempleDepartments" />

=== Festivals and pandemic response ===
The temple is a major center for [[Navratri]] celebrations in Delhi, featuring rituals such as [[Jyoti Kalash]], [[Kanya Puja]], and [[Devi Mahatmya]]. During the [[2020]] [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], the temple authorities implemented strict safety protocols, including twice-daily sanitization and the deployment of medical teams consisting of hundreds of volunteers to manage devotee flow. Despite a decrease in footfall due to government restrictions, traditional ceremonies like the ''Grand Aarti'' on [[Durga Ashtami]] continued to be performed by the priests under specialized health guidelines.<ref>{{cite news |title=Grand 'aarti' performed at Delhi's Jhandewalan temple on Durga Ashtami |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/grand-aarti-performed-at-delhis-jhandewalan-temple-on-durga-ashtami/articleshow/78839009.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2020-10-24 |access-date=2026-02-27}}</ref>

The temple hosts numerous festivals, with [[Navratri]] and [[Durga Puja]] featuring special pujas. During these festivals, the temple is adorned with lights and flowers, and kirtan, bhajans, and havans are held each morning. Photography is prohibited in the prayer hall.<ref name="TimesOfIndia957">{{cite web |date=2022-11-23 |title=Jhandewalan Mata Mandir: Know everything about this temple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/religious-places/jhandewalan-mata-mandir-know-everything-about-this-temple/articleshow/95709759.cms |access-date=2025-11-28 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
* [[Devi]]
* [[Shakti]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|https://jhandewalamandir.org|Official Website}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Delhi]]

Akkampeta railway station

2026-04-15T06:32:07Z

Moin Khan: Starting New Article

{{Short description|Railway Junction in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Akkampeta railway station
| native_name =
| other_name =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[rail station]]
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Akkampeta, [[Tirupati district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.6481|80.0189}}
| elevation = {{convert|10|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| line = [[Gudur–Chennai section|Chennai–Gudur]]
| platforms = 2 [[side platforms]]
| tracks =
| structure =
| parking = Available
| accessible = Yes
| status = Functional
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = AKAT<ref>{{cite web|title=Station Code Index|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf|work=Centre For Railway Information Systems|access-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2024|date=2023–24}}</ref>
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Chennai}}
}}
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh
| image_size =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
}}

'''Akkampeta railway station''' (station code: AKAT) is a [[List of railway stations in India|railway station]] located in Akkampeta, [[Tirupati district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/akkampeta-akat/6647#st|title=Tada railway station|work=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> It is located on the [[Gudur–Chennai section]] of the [[Howrah-Chennai main line]] and comes under the jurisdiction of [[Chennai railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]]. It is classified as a HG-2 station (annual revenue between 0.5 and 5 million rupees and between 0.1 and 0.3 million passengers handled).<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern Railway list of stations|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf|work=Centre For Railway Information Systems|access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2024|page=1|date=1 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177784|title=Categorization of Railway Stations|date=21 March 2018|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925075945/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177784|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|6647}}

{{Railway stations in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Chennai railway division|Chennai]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Tirupati district]]

Baisinga Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:53:41Z

Moin Khan: Starting Entry

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baisinga
| type = SLA
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = ST
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Baisinga''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Mayurbhanj district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1956 |title=1956 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1957}}</ref> It was established in 1957 and abolished in 2008. After 2008 delimitation, It was subsumed by the [[Badasahi Assembly constituency]].<ref name=dpaco2008>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|page=321}}</ref> It was reserved for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Between 1957 & 2008, 12 elections were held.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=LIST OF MEMBERS OF ODISHA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1951–2004) |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/orissa%20reference%20annual-2011.pdf |journal=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011}}</ref> It was a 2 member constituency for 1957.

List of members elected from Kuliana constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
| Prasanna Kumar Dash
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Panchanana Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| Arjun Patra
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" | Prasanna Kumar Dash
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Kuanria Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Ramachandra Kisku
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Kuanria Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Pruthunath Kisku
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Ananta Charan Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Pruthunath Kisku
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| Kandra Soren
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Pramila Giri
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan="4" |{{center|''From 2009 : See [[Badasahi Assembly constituency|Badasahi]]''}}
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mayurbhanj district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Mayurbhanj-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Sampada Malla

2026-04-13T12:52:45Z

Moin Khan: Starting A Article...

{{unreliable sources|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sampada Malla सम्पदा मल्ल
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
|
| birth_place = [[Kathmandu]], Nepal
|
| other_names =
| occupation = Writer Film maker Journalist
| known_for = VOW College Women Award 2007
}}

'''Sampada Malla''' ({{langx|ne|सम्पदा मल्ल}}) is a Nepalese media personality, writer, film maker and journalist working in Nepal and India. She serves as the board director and creative director of [[Sarwanam Theatre Group]], the leading theatre group of Nepal. She is the recipient of "Travel Writer of the Year" ([[Nepal Tourism Board]], 2005) and "VOW College Women Award", (VOW Magazine, 2007). She was featured as one of Nepal's eligible bachelorettes by enasha.com in 2008, a popular web magazine. She received her master's degree in journalism and mass communication from Punjab Technical University, India. She is an alumna of Asian Academy of Film and Television, India, with a master diploma in cinema.

Malla published her debut Nepali fiction book, ''Anayas Ek Din'' (Suddenly One Day) at the age of 17, a collection of stories which featured various social-based issues, published in leading Nepali newspapers and magazines like ''Kantipur Daily'', ''Annapurna Post'' and ''Gorakhapatra''. Renowned Nepali literary figures such as Dhruba Chandra Gautam and Dr. Govinda Raj Bhattarai inaugurated the book, and gave positive reviews about the book and the writer. The book received critical acclaim from various
national media. She was chosen among the five Nepali writers to represent Nepal at the "SAARC Literature Festival" at Park Village, Kathmandu.

Malla has made documentaries for [[The Asia Foundation]] and [[Save the Children Norway]] focusing on the role of street theatre in creating awareness in Nepal. She serves as the board of management team of Sarwanam Dramatic Art Centre, the first of its kind in Nepal which houses a theatre auditorium, art gallery, cafeteria and a workshop hall. The Art Centre is one of the respected and popular art places of Kathmandu, Nepal. She is the President of Women in Animation, Nepal Chapter{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==Early life==

Sampada Malla was born in Kathmandu, Nepal, to [[Ashesh Malla]], a Nepalese theatre personality and Dr. Sabitri Malla Kakshapati. She is the descendant of the [[Malla (Nepal)|Malla]] King of [[Bhaktapur]], whose legacy ended when the Shahs attacked the then kingdom, leading them to flee. Her grandfather, [[Khagendra Kumar Pradhananga]] is a literary figure of Nepal.

Apart from attending her school in [[Galaxy Public School]], Kathmandu, she worked as a child artist in National TV commercials and radio drama shows in [[Radio Nepal]]. She gave her voice to many documentaries made by Redbarnna, Nepal and Save the Children, Nepal. At 13, she began writing socio-based articles in various popular national dailies like ''Kantipur Daily'', ''[[The Himalayan Times]]'', ''[[The Kathmandu Post]]'' and pursued her career as a freelance journalist working in various popular national magazines such as: ''Wave'', ''ECS'', ''Spaces'', ''Infotiser'', and Cybersansar.com.

==Career==
After completing her master's degree, she shifted her base to [[Mumbai]], where she worked as an associate screenplay writer in popular shows like ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' ([[Star Plus]]), ''Bhagyavidhata'' ([[Color TV]]), ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' ([[Color TV]]), ''[[Saubhagyavati Bhava]]'' ([[Life OK]]), ''Navya'' ([[Star Plus]]), ''[[Uttaran]]'' ([[Color TV]]), and ''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi|Parvarish]]'' ([[Sony TV]]). She worked as a screenplay writer in a popular soap, ''[[Badalte Rishtey]]'' telecasted in [[ETV Kannada]], Ishq ka Rang Safed (Colors TV) and Sankha Sindura telecasted in Tarang TV, Odisa.

In 2013, Malla wrote 30-minute Nepali film ''Pratibimba'' which was directed by Ashok Yadav and produced by 360 Degree Mountain Films. It was premiered in the prestigious [[Eka Deshma Festival]] amidst a houseful audience in QFX Cinema Hall, Kathmandu.

Currently, she is working on her fictional book about the [[Maoist]] revolution detailing effects on the people of Nepal. She is also the screenplay writer of ''[[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]]'', a TV series telecasted in Colors TV. She is the Creative Producer of a Hindi feature film, ''Kerry On Kutton''. She has recently written a short film Nepali script entitled Chyanti directed by International award-winning director Veemsen Lama. She is the script writer for a famous Nepali political TV Series ''Singha Durbar''.

In 2014, she initiated Drishyansha, a nationwide Nepali Cell Phone Cinema Competition in Nepal. The festival was hugely acclaimed and saw more than 600 entries from Nepal and abroad. Her debut Nepali feature film, Kathaputali as a writer and executive producer is releasing soon worldwide.

==Personal life==

{{Empty section|date=January 2015}}

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sarwanam.org.np/family/sampada-malla |title=Sampada Malla |publisher=sarwanam |date= |accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/tkp/reporter/6979.html |title=Reporter | Sampada Malla | :: The Kathmandu Post :: |publisher=Ekantipur.com |date=1 April 2001 |accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/where-have-all-the-mallas-gone-the-descendants-of-the-mallas |title=Where Have All The Mallas Gone?: The Descendants of the Mallas | Features | ECSNEPAL – The Nepali Way |publisher=Ecs.com.np |date=19 July 2010 |accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spacesNepal.com/archives/jan_feb08/contributors.htm |title=S P A C E S |publisher=Spacesnepal.com |accessdate=19 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528011616/http://www.spacesnepal.com/archives/jan_feb08/contributors.htm |archivedate=28 May 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Phuyal |first=Surendra |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2011/08/16/voices/katmandu-whats-the-best-thing-to-do-in-Nepal/ |title=Katmandu: What's the best thing to do in Nepal? |publisher=The Japan Times |date=16 August 2011 |accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lebichson.org/Eng/00Kohinoor.htm |title=www.lebichson.org |publisher=www.lebichson.org |date=10 September 2003 |accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5900722/ |title=Sampada Malla |publisher=[[IMDb]] |date= |accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotelparkside.com/news_list10.php |title=cheap accommodation Nepal, jungle safari in Nepal, tours in Nepal, bird watching, jeep safari, elephant breeding center, cultural tour, village tour, religious tour, boat trip, trip, jeep drive, tharu culture, tradition |publisher=Hotel Parkside |date=27 September 2005 |accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=14492 |title=Nepali Times |publisher=Nepali Times |date= |accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/whats-nepali-now |title=What's Nepali Now | Features | ECSNEPAL – The Nepali Way |publisher=Ecs.com.np |date=7 January 2013 |accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://202.166.193.40/2012/04/06/entertainment/role-reversal/351875.html |title=Role reversal | Movies | Entertainment |publisher=202.166.193.40 |date= |accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=2305 |title=Sisters three |publisher=Nepali Times |date= |accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2013/01/25/on-saturday/behind-the-scenes-nepalis-in-indian-cinema--tv/244518.html |title=behind the scenes Nepalis in Indian cinema tv |publisher=ekantipur.com |date= |accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/yzine/docs/y13 |title=Y!13 by Y! |publisher=ISSUU |date= |accessdate=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/05/13/entertainment/always-creating/389496.html |title=Always creating {{!}} Entertainment |website=www.ekantipur.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520124057/http://ekantipur.com/2014/05/13/entertainment/always-creating/389496.html |archive-date=2014-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mydreamsmag.com/article/sampada-malla/ |title=Stories in Motion : DREAMS Magazine |website=mydreamsmag.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010221136/http://mydreamsmag.com/article/sampada-malla/ |archive-date=2016-10-10}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malla, Sampada}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Nepalese women writers]]

Jungle Cry

2026-04-13T05:39:54Z

Moin Khan: put up new entry.

{{Short description|2022 Hindi film Directed by Sagar Ballary}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jungle Cry
| image =
| alt =
| native_name =
| director = [[Sagar Ballary]]
| writer =
| screenplay = {{plainlist|*Dipankar Giri
*Shubhodeep Pal
*Diane Charles
}}
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = {{plainlist|*Prashant Shah
*Jaswant Shah
*Jessica Kaur}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Abhay Deol]]
*Emily Shah
*Atul Kumar}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Parixit Warrier
| editing = Suresh Pai
| music = Rohit Kulkarni Palash Muchhal
| studio = [[Lionsgate Play]]
| distributor = Lionsgate Play
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|06|03|}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi English
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''Jungle Cry''' is an Indian Hindi language sports drama film directed by [[Sagar Ballary]]. The film stars [[Abhay Deol]], Emily Shah and Atul Kumar in the lead role. The movie was released on 3 June 2022 on [[Lionsgate Play]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Jungle Cry Review: An honestly told story of unsung glory |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jungle-cry/ottmoviereview/91894422.cms |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603212600/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jungle-cry/ottmoviereview/91894422.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhay Deol-starrer 'Jungle Cry' to release on Lionsgate Play in June |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/may/14/abhay-deol-starrer-jungle-cry-to-release-on-lionsgate-play-in-june-2453476.html |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517172522/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/may/14/abhay-deol-starrer-jungle-cry-to-release-on-lionsgate-play-in-june-2453476.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=IX1>{{Cite web |title='Jungle Cry' Review: A lousy try with no larger point |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jun/03/jungle-cry-review-a-lousy-try-with-no-larger-point-2461071.html |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603212617/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jun/03/jungle-cry-review-a-lousy-try-with-no-larger-point-2461071.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Abhay Deol]] as Rudra Singh<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=Abhay Deol's bland sports drama Jungle Cry forgets to score at all |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/abhay-deols-bland-sports-drama-jungle-cry-forgets-to-score-at-all-10754501.html |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603212617/https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/abhay-deols-bland-sports-drama-jungle-cry-forgets-to-score-at-all-10754501.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Emily Shah<ref>{{Cite web |title='Abhay Deol is a gem to work with,' says Jungle Cry actress Emily Shah |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/abhay-deol-is-a-gem-to-work-with-says-jungle-cry-actress-emily-shah |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=Free Press Journal |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603212609/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/abhay-deol-is-a-gem-to-work-with-says-jungle-cry-actress-emily-shah |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Atul Kumar<ref name=IX1 />
* Joynal

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt9319826}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Indian association football films]]

{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{Sport-film-stub}}
{{2020s-drama-film-stub}}

Henry Dobbs

2026-04-07T14:47:18Z

Moin Khan: put up new entry.

{{Short description|British civil servant and colonial administrator}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sir Henry Dobbs
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GBE|KCSI|KCMG|KCIE|FRGS}}
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[British Ambassador to Iraq|High Commissioner and Consul-General for Iraq]]
| term_start = 1923
| term_end = 1929
| office2 = Foreign Secretary to the Government of India
| term_start2 = 1919
| term_end2 = 1920
| office3 = [[Chief Commissioner of Baluchistan]]
| term_start3 = 5 December 1917
| term_end3 = 1 September 1919
| birth_name = Henry Robert Conway Dobbs
| birth_date = 26 August 1871
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1934|05|30|1871|08|26|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Sir Henry Robert Conway Dobbs''' (26 August 1871 – 30 May 1934) was an [[Administrator of the Government|administrator]] in [[British India]] and High Commissioner of Iraq.

==Career==
Dobbs was educated at [[Winchester College]] and [[Brasenose College, Oxford]]. He joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1892, and in 1903 he was sent to repair boundary pillars erected by the [[Afghan Boundary Commission]] along the Russo-Afghan border.<ref name="pillars">{{cite book |last1=Clements |first1=Frank |title=Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/conflictafghanis00clem |url-access=limited |date=2003 |location=California |page=[https://archive.org/details/conflictafghanis00clem/page/n111 73]|isbn=9781851094028 }}</ref> After several other posts, he served as the Chief Commissioner of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] 1917–1919. Dobbs was the British Representative on the Kabul Mission in January 1921, during which he met with Afghan Foreign Minister [[Mahmud Tarzi]] to discuss Anglo-Afghan relations.

The result was the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 22 November 1921, which confirmed the [[Durand Line|Indo-Afghan border]], established diplomatic ties between [[London]] and [[Kabul]], and defined special trade agreements.<ref>Afghanistan Strategic Intelligence: British Records 1919-1970, Archive Editions Limited, 2002, p. 159-184</ref> He later served as [[High Commissioner]] to the [[Kingdom of Iraq (Mandate administration)|Kingdom of Iraq]] from 1923 to 1929, the longest time this position was held by anyone during the course of the Iraq Mandate.<ref>[http://rulers.org/indprov.html Provinces of British India], rulers.org; accessed 21 March 2016.</ref>

==Honours==
He was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) on 31 May 1905 for his services in Afghanistan,<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/27801/pages/4029 London Gazette, 6 June 1905]</ref> and appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (CSI) on 18 August 1916 for meritorious war services.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/29712/supplements/8223 London Gazette, 18 August 1916]</ref> In January 1921, he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE),<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32178/supplements/6, London Gazette, 1 January 1921]</ref>

He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India in 1923, a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG) in the 1925 Birthday Honours List<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/33053/supplements/3770 London Gazette, 3 June 1925]</ref> and a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) on 1 March 1929.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/33472/supplements/1443 London Gazette, 1 March 1929]</ref>

==Publications==
*''A monograph on the pottery and glass industries of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh'', North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press, Allahabad, 1895.
*''Korah (A drama, in verse)'', Grant Richards, London, 1903.

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
*[http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U208640 DOBBS, Sir Henry Robert Conway], Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007, accessed 22 July 2012

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[List of Chief Commissioners of Balochistan|Chief Commissioner of Balochistan]]||
years=5 December 1917 – 1 September 1919|
before= [[John Ramsay (commissioner)|John Ramsay]]|
after=[[Armine Brereton Dew]]}}
{{s-dip}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Iraq|High Commissioner for Iraq and Commander-in-Chief therein]]
|before=[[Percy Cox|Sir Percy Cox]]
|after=[[Gilbert Clayton|Sir Gilbert Clayton]]
|years=1923–1929}}
{{end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dobbs, Henry}}
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Iraq]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:Indian Political Service officers]]

Anamika Singh Patel

2026-04-04T03:10:08Z

Moin Khan: Starting A Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anamika Singh Patel
| image =
| office1 = [[Bihar Legislative Council|Member of Bihar Legislative Council]]
| constituency1 = ''elected by Legislative Assembly members''
| term_start1 = 7 May 2024
| term_end1 =
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|49|2025|12}}
| birth_place = Rasulpur Village, Parasbigha, [[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]], [[Bihar]], India<ref name="Anamika Singh Patel"/>
| alma_mater = (B.A. program) [[Barkatullah University]]<ref name="Anamika Singh Patel"/>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Praveen Kumar Sinha<ref name="Anamika Singh Patel"/>
| children =
| father =
| mother =
}}

'''Anamika Singh Patel''' is an Indian politician who has been serving as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] since 2024.<ref name="Anamika Singh Patel">{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/election/Bihar_council_2024/Anamika%20Singh.pdf|title = ANAMIKA SINGH ALIAS ANAMIKA SINHA all information}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/election-2024-bjp-fields-candidates-for-mlc-seat-chance-for-mangal-pandey-anamika-singh-lal-mohan-gupta-2024-03-09|title=Election 2024 : विधान परिषद् सीट भाजपा ने उतारे प्रत्याशी, मंगल रिपीट हुए, शाहनवाज और संजय को नहीं मिला मौका|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref> She is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/shahnawaz-hussain-ticket-cut-dr-lal-mohan-gupta-and-anamika-singh-place-in-list-of-bihar-bjp-mlc-candidates-2634792|title=कौन हैं लाल मोहन गुप्ता और अनामिका सिंह, जिन्हें BJP ने दिया मौका, शाहनवाज हुसैन का कटा टिकट|first=एबीपी|last=लाइव|date=9 March 2024|website=www.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/lok-sabha-elections/who-is-anamika-singh-bihar-bjp-mlc-candidates/2148648|title=Who is Anamika: जानिए कौन हैं अनामिका सिंह, जिन्हें बीजेपी पहली बार भेज रही विधान परिषद|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/chief-minister-nitish-kumar-rabri-devi-and-9-others-sworn-in-as-mlcs-in-bihar-legislative-council/articleshow/109931466.cms|title=CM, Rabri, 9 others take oath as MLCs|newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="CM Nitish Kumar, RJD leader Rabri Devi among 11 elected unopposed to Bihar Legislative Council">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 March 2024 |title=CM Nitish Kumar, RJD leader Rabri Devi among 11 elected unopposed to Bihar Legislative Council |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-rabri-among-11-elected-unopposed-to-bihar-legislative-council/article67950467.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125132709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-rabri-among-11-elected-unopposed-to-bihar-legislative-council/article67950467.ece |archive-date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Education==
Patel completed her [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] at her alma mater [[Barkatullah University]], [[Bhopal]].<ref name="Anamika Singh Patel"/>

==Personal life==
After completing her education, Patel married Praveen Kumar Sinha.<ref name="Anamika Singh Patel"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Anamika Singh}}
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from Jehanabad district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Maneckji Byramji Dadabhoy

2026-03-29T22:51:14Z

Moin Khan: creating initial info first draft!

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and political figure}}
{{nofootnotes|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
'''Sir Maneckji Byramji Dadabhoy''', [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire|KCSI]], [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India|KCIE]] (30 July 1865 – 14 December 1953) was an Indian lawyer, industrialist, and political figure. He was President of the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] from 1933 to 1946.

Born into a prominent [[Parsis|Parsi]] family in [[Bombay]], Dadabhoy was educated at the Fort and Proprietary High School and [[St. Xavier's College, Bombay|St Xavier's College]], before going to England, where he joined the [[Middle Temple]] in 1884 and was [[Call to the bar|called to the English bar]] three years later. He initially practised in at the [[Bombay High Court]], was elected to the [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]], and became a [[Justice of the Peace|JP]] in 1888. In 1890, he moved to [[Nagpur]] to practise at the Court of the Judicial Commissioner, [[Central Provinces]], where he achieved considerable prominence. He was also a [[Freemasonry|freemason]] at a lodge at [[Nagpur]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lodge Corinth |url=https://www.lodgecorinth1122ecnagpur.org/history.php |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=www.lodgecorinth1122ecnagpur.org}}</ref>

In parallel with his legal career, he pursued a successful business career and served on several government commissions concerned with finance and economics. He was a governor of the [[Imperial Bank of India]] from 1920 to 1932.

In 1908, he was nominated by the Government of the Central Provinces to the [[Imperial Legislative Council|Governor-General's Legislative Council]]. In 1910, he became an elected member of the same body. In 1921, he was elected to the Council of State, to which he was nominated in 1926, 1931, and 1937. He became President of the Council of State in 1932, serving until 1946.

In politics, Dadabhoy was a liberal, a committed but moderate nationalist. He did not support the [[Indian National Congress]]' radicalism under [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]], and was a frequent, but constructive critic of the British government in India.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dadabhoy, Maneckji Byramji}}
* {{Cite ODNB|id=32689|title=Dadabhoy, Sir Maneckji Byramji|first1=Frederick|last1=James|first2=A.-M.|last2=Misra}}
* {{cite news |date=15 December 1953 |title=Sir Maneckji Dadabhoy |pages=8 |work=[[The Times]]}}

{{Wikiquote}}

[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:Indian justices of the peace]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of State (India)]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Middle Temple]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]

2013 North India floods

2026-03-22T18:38:31Z

Moin Khan: brief reworked citations to improve readability and updated info

{{short description|Floods that occurred in Northern India in 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox flood
|name = 2013 Northern Indian Floods
|image location = Northern India 17 Jun 2013.jpg
|image size =
|image name = NASA satellite imagery of Northern India on 17 June, showing rainclouds that led to the disaster
|date= {{start date and age|2013|06|16|df=y}}
|duration =
|total damages = 4,550 villages were affected <ref name=IOL>{{cite web |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/5-748-feared-dead-after-india-floods-1.1546813#.UePfZdIVNlc |title=5,748 feared dead after India floods |publisher=IOL News |author=Kumar, Siddhartha |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=19 September 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004225753/http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/5-748-feared-dead-after-india-floods-1.1546813#.UePfZdIVNlc |url-status=live }}</ref>
|total fatalities =6,054<ref name="rw">{{cite web |title=Human cost of disasters - An overview of the last 20 years 2000-2019 |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Human%20Cost%20of%20Disasters%202000-2019%20Report%20-%20UN%20Office%20for%20Disaster%20Risk%20Reduction.pdf |author1=UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction |author2=Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428052120/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Human%20Cost%20of%20Disasters%202000-2019%20Report%20-%20UN%20Office%20for%20Disaster%20Risk%20Reduction.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|areas affected = [[Uttarakhand]] [[Himachal Pradesh]] [[Uttar Pradesh]] '''[[Nepal]]''' [[Sudurpashchim Province|Sudurpashchim Pradesh]] [[Karnali Province|Karnali Pradesh]] Some parts of [[Tibet]]}}

In June 2013, a mid-day [[cloudburst]] centered on the North Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]] caused devastating floods and [[landslides]], becoming the country's worst [[natural disaster]] since the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 tsunami]]. The rainfall received that month was far greater than the rainfall the state usually received. [[Debris]] blocked the rivers, causing major overflow. The main day of the flood was 16 June 2013.

Some parts of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India experienced the heavy rainfall, as well as regions of Western [[Nepal]] and some parts of Western [[Tibet]]. Over 89% of the casualties occurred in Uttarakhand. {{As of|2013|07|16}}, according to figures provided by the [[Government of Uttarakhand]], more than 5,700 people were "presumed dead."<ref name="AP">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57593939/india-raises-flood-death-toll-reaches-5700-as-all-missing-persons-now-presumed-dead/ | title=India raises flood death toll to 5,700 as all missing persons now presumed dead | date=16 July 2013 | access-date=16 July 2013 | work=CBS News | archive-date=17 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717111417/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57593939/india-raises-flood-death-toll-reaches-5700-as-all-missing-persons-now-presumed-dead/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> This total included 934 local residents.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/world/india-says-5748-missing-in-floods-now-presumed-dead/ "India says 5,748 missing in floods now presumed dead"], ''Fox News'', 15 July 2013</ref> The death toll was later placed at 6,054.<ref name="rw"/>

Destruction of bridges and roads left about 300,000 pilgrims and tourists trapped in the valleys leading to three of the four [[Hindu]] [[Chota Char Dham]] pilgrimage sites.<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{cite journal | last1 = Kala | first1 = C. P. | author-link = Chandra Prakash Kala | year = 2014 | title = Deluge, tire disaster and development in Uttarakhand Himalayan region of India: Challenges and lessons for disaster management | journal = International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction | volume = 8 | pages = 143–152 | doi=10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.03.002}}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttarakhand-army-commander-walks-with-500-people-out-of-badrinath-526670|title=Uttarakhand: Army Commander walks with 500 people out of Badrinath|website=NDTV.com|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200720/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttarakhand-army-commander-walks-with-500-people-out-of-badrinath-526670|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/uttarakhand-himachal-pradesh-battered-by-rain-death-toll-rises-to-130-more-than-70-000-stranded-381352 | title=Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh battered by rain: death toll rises to 130, more than 70,000 stranded | date=19 June 2013 | access-date=19 June 2013 | newspaper=NDTV | archive-date=20 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620054840/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/uttarakhand-himachal-pradesh-battered-by-rain-death-toll-rises-to-130-more-than-70-000-stranded-381352 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Heavy-rain-lashes-north-India-50-killed/articleshow/20638547.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621005735/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-18/india/40048069_1_chardham-yatra-heavy-rains-gangotri | url-status=live | archive-date=21 June 2013 | title=Heavy rain lashes north India, 50 killed | date=18 June 2013 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=19 June 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Kedarnath HT"/><ref name="Hindu rescue 23">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rescue-operations-resume-after-brief-suspension-due-to-rain/article4843018.ece?homepage=true | title=Uttarakhand floods: Over 10,000 rescued amidst misery and devastation | date=23 June 2013 | access-date=24 June 2013 | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=C.K. | last=Chandramohan | archive-date=26 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626225523/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rescue-operations-resume-after-brief-suspension-due-to-rain/article4843018.ece?homepage=true | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WSJ 23 rescue">{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323683504578562762365319582 | title=India Intensifies its Rescue Efforts | date=23 June 2013 | access-date=24 June 2013 | work=The Wall Street Journal | archive-date=30 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530224929/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323683504578562762365319582 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Indian Air Force]], the [[Indian Army]] and paramilitary troops evacuated more than 110,000 people from the flood-ravaged area.<ref name="ndtv.com"/>

== Origin==
From 16 June 2013 a well-marked cyclonic circulation developed around a low pressure area over the Bay of Bengal, moving westwards, rapidly intensified due to moisture supplied from both the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, combining with intense western disturbances from the north,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nidm.gov.in/pdf/pubs/ukd-p1.pdf |title=Uttarakhand Disaster 2013 |publisher=National Institute of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |page=41 |date=2013 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508042724/https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/pubs/ukd-p1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> thus causing the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]] and adjoining areas to receive heavy rainfall, leading to 375% of the benchmark rainfall during a normal monsoon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/Uttarakhand-rescue-efforts-in-full-swing-toll-58-70000-stranded/399846-3.html |title=Uttarakhand: Rescue efforts in full swing; 102 dead, 72000 stranded-India News |work=IBNlive |publisher=IBNLive Mobile |date=18 June 2013 |access-date=22 June 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215133/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/Uttarakhand-rescue-efforts-in-full-swing-toll-58-70000-stranded/399846-3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This caused the melting of Chorabari Glacier at the height of 3800 meters and cresting of the [[Mandakini River]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/Kedarnath-temple-uttarakhand-survives-glacier-floods |title=Kedarnath temple in Uttarakhand survives glacier, floods {{!}} Down To Earth |access-date=30 August 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215731/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/Kedarnath-temple-uttarakhand-survives-glacier-floods |url-status=live }}</ref> which led to heavy floods near Gobindghat, [[Kedarnath (Mountain)|Kedar Dome]], [[Rudraprayag district]], [[Uttarakhand]], Himachal Pradesh and Western Nepal, and acute rainfall in other nearby regions of Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and some parts of Tibet.<ref name=ibn1>{{cite news|title=Uttarakhand floods, landslides leave 40 dead; over 60,000 stranded|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/uttarakhand-floods-landslides-leave-40-dead-over-60000-stranded/399619-3-243.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621194515/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/uttarakhand-floods-landslides-leave-40-dead-over-60000-stranded/399619-3-243.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 June 2013|access-date=18 June 2013|newspaper=IBN Live|date=18 June 2013}}</ref>

The upper Himalayan territories of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and Uttarakhand are full of forests and snow-covered mountains and thus remain relatively inaccessible. They are home to several major and historic Hindu and Sikh pilgrimage sites besides several tourist spots and trekking trails. Heavy rainfall for four consecutive days as well as melting snow aggravated the floods.<ref name=damage/> Warnings by the [[India Meteorological Department]] predicting heavy rains were not given wide publicity beforehand, causing thousands of people to be caught unaware, resulting in huge loss of life and property.<ref>{{Cite news |title=2013 Kedarnath flood disaster |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/2013-kedarnath-flood-disaster-how-a-cloudburst-killed-6000-people-9-years-ago |work=[[The Free Press Journal]]}}</ref>

[[File:Mandakini-left-bank-broken-bridge-rudraprayag-sangam-g.jpg|thumb|right|Broken end of footbridge over the [[Mandakini River]] at Rudraprayag Sangam]]
[[Landslide]]s, due to the floods, damaged several houses and structures, killing those who were trapped.<ref name="sciencedirect.com"/><ref name=damage>{{cite news|title=58 dead, over 58,000 trapped as rains batter Uttarakhand, UP|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/58-dead-over-58-000-trapped-as-rains-batter-uttarakhand-up-113061800143_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=18 June 2013|date=18 June 2013|archive-date=22 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622011953/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/58-dead-over-58-000-trapped-as-rains-batter-uttarakhand-up-113061800143_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The heavy rains resulted in large flash floods and massive landslides.<ref name=ibn1/> Entire villages and settlements such as [[Gaurikund]] and the market town of Ram Bada, a transition point to Kedarnath, had been obliterated, while the market town of Sonprayag suffered heavy damage and loss of lives.<ref name="Kedarnath HT">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Monsoon-fury-in-north-India-131-dead-70-000-stranded-Kedarnath-town-ruined/Article1-1078740.aspx |title=Monsoon fury in north India: 131 dead(the locals believe the true figure to be in the region of 5000), 70,000 stranded; Kedarnath town ruined |publisher=Hindustan Times |work=Dehra dun/Shimla |date=19 June 2013 |access-date=19 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620043012/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Monsoon-fury-in-north-India-131-dead-70-000-stranded-Kedarnath-town-ruined/Article1-1078740.aspx |archive-date=20 June 2013 }}</ref><ref name=mandakini>{{cite news|title=Uttarakhand worst hit as rain, floods kill at least 60 in north India|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/picture-gallery/uttarakhand-worst-hit-as-rain-floods-kill-at-least-60-in-north-india/2914-9.html|access-date=18 June 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=18 June 2013|archive-date=22 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622013625/http://www.indianexpress.com/picture-gallery/uttarakhand-worst-hit-as-rain-floods-kill-at-least-60-in-north-india/2914-9.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Pilgrimage centres in the region, including [[Gangotri]], [[Yamunotri]], [[Kedarnath]] and [[Badrinath]], the hallowed Hindu [[Chardham|Chardham (four sites)]] pilgrimage centers, are usually visited by thousands of devotees, especially after the month of July on wards. Over 70,000 people were stuck in various regions because of damaged or blocked roads.<ref name=damage/> People in other important locations like the [[Valley of flowers]], [[Roopkund]] and the [[Sikh]] pilgrimage centre [[Hemkund]] were stranded for more than three days.<ref name=damage/> [[National Highway 7 (India)|National Highway 7]] (Old [[National Highway 58 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 58]]), an important artery connecting the region was also washed away near [[Jyotirmath]] and in many other places.<ref name=mandakini/> Because summers have more tourists, the number of people impacted was substantial.<ref name="Recipe for disaster TOI">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Recipe-for-disaster-in-Uttarakhand-1-crore-population-2-5-crore-tourists/articleshow/20721226.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626085056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-23/india/40146281_1_forest-land-land-revenue-land-use | url-status=live | archive-date=26 June 2013 | title=Recipe for disaster in Uttarakhand: 1 crore population, 2.5 crore tourists | date=23 June 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=24 June 2013 }}</ref> For more than three days, stranded pilgrims and tourists were without rations or survived on little food.<ref name=food>{{cite news|title=AP pilgrims stranded in Uttarakhand|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-pilgrims-stranded-in-uttarakhand/article4822701.ece?ref=relatedNews|access-date=18 June 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 June 2013|location=Chennai, India|archive-date=30 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630114253/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-pilgrims-stranded-in-uttarakhand/article4822701.ece?ref=relatedNews|url-status=live}}</ref> The roads were seriously damaged at more than 450 places, resulting in huge traffic jams, and the floods caused many cars and other vehicles to be washed away.<ref name=damage/> On 18 June, more than 12,000 pilgrims were stranded at [[Badrinath]], the popular pilgrimage center located on the banks of the [[Alaknanda River]].<ref name=relief1>{{cite news|last=PTI|title=Relief work picks up momentum as north India reels under severe flood|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/relief-work-picks-up-momentum-as-north-india-reels-under-severe-flood/1130996/|access-date=19 June 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=19 June 2013|archive-date=23 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623022025/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/relief-work-picks-up-momentum-as-north-india-reels-under-severe-flood/1130996/?|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=pioneer1/><ref name=woes>{{cite news|title=Flood of woes|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2013/jun/200613-flood-of-woes.htm|access-date=20 June 2013|newspaper=Mid-Day|date=20 June 2013|archive-date=23 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623220127/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2013/jun/200613-flood-of-woes.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Rescuers at the Hindu pilgrimage town of [[Haridwar]] on the river [[Ganga]] recovered bodies of 40 victims washed down by the flooded rivers as of 21 June 2013.<ref name=float>{{cite news | title =Over 500 dead in Uttarakhand flood, toll may rise| newspaper =The Hindustan Times | date =21 June 2013 | url =http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndiaRainFury2013/Over-500-dead-in-Uttarakhand-disaster-toll-may-rise/Article1-1080073.aspx | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130928080952/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndiaRainFury2013/Over-500-dead-in-Uttarakhand-disaster-toll-may-rise/Article1-1080073.aspx | url-status =dead | archive-date =28 September 2013 |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Bodies of people washed away in Uttarakhand were found in distant places like [[Bijnor]], [[Allahabad|Prayagraj]] (then Allahabad) and [[Bulandshahr]] in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Aashish|title=Uttarakhand floods: 13 bodies recovered in UP rivers|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-22/india/40133694_1_three-bodies-two-bodies-decomposed-bodies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626094419/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-22/india/40133694_1_three-bodies-two-bodies-decomposed-bodies|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2013|access-date=26 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 June 2013}}</ref> Searching for bodies who died during the extreme natural fury of June in Kedar valley continued for several months and even as late as September 2013, about 556 bodies were found out of which 166 bodies were found in highly decomposed state during fourth round of search operations.<ref name="68 bodies">{{cite news|title=Uttarakhand tragedy: 68 more bodies found in Kedar Valley|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uttarakhand-tragedy-68-more-bodies-found-in-kedar-valley/article5103660.ece|access-date=7 September 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 September 2013|location=Chennai, India|archive-date=9 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909222807/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uttarakhand-tragedy-68-more-bodies-found-in-kedar-valley/article5103660.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Kedarnathji-mandir.JPG|thumb|The [[Kedarnath Temple]], before the floods]]
Although the [[Kedarnath Temple]] and the main Shiva Lingam inside was not damaged, its base was inundated with water, mud and boulders from the landslide, damaging its perimeter.<ref name=pioneer1>{{cite news|title=Flood Fury Toll Now 131|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/top-stories/flood-fury-toll-now-131.html|access-date=19 June 2013|newspaper=The Pioneer, Dehradun|date=19 June 2013|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004225413/http://www.dailypioneer.com/top-stories/flood-fury-toll-now-131.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Many hotels, rest houses and shops around the temple in Kedarnath township were destroyed, resulting in several casualties. Most of the destruction at Kedarnath was caused by a sudden rapid melting of ice and snow on the [[Kedarnath (Mountain)|Kedarnath Mountain]], {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} from the temple, which flooded the [[Chorabari Lake]] (upstream) and then Kedarnath. The temple was flooded with water resulting in several deaths due to drowning and panic-driven stampede.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Uttarakhand/Kedarnath-temple-stays-intact-its-surroundings-have-gone-with-flow/Article1-1078410.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620024522/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Uttarakhand/Kedarnath-temple-stays-intact-its-surroundings-have-gone-with-flow/Article1-1078410.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 June 2013 | title=Kedarnath temple stays intact, its surroundings have gone with flow | publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=18 June 2013 | access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref> Even after a week, dead bodies had not been removed from Kedarnath town, resulting in water contamination in the Kedarnath valley and villagers who depend on spring water suffered various types of health problems such as fever and diarrhea.<ref name="sciencedirect.com"/><ref name=fever>{{cite news|title=Uttarakhand floods: Epidemic looms as people complain of fever, diarrhoea|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Uttarakhand-floods-Epidemic-looms-as-people-complain-of-fever-diarrhoea/articleshow/20770540.cms|access-date=26 June 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 June 2013|archive-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626074257/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Uttarakhand-floods-Epidemic-looms-as-people-complain-of-fever-diarrhoea/articleshow/20770540.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> When the flood receded, satellite images showed one new stream at Kedarnath town. No damage at the Kedarnath Temple occurred. The Uttarakhand Government announced that due to the extensive damage to the infrastructure, the temple will be temporarily closed to regular pilgrims and tourists for a year or two, but the temple rituals will still be maintained by priests.<ref name=toi >{{cite news |title=Kedarnath temple closed for a year, PM announces Rs 1,000 crore relief for Uttarakhand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kedarnath-temple-closed-for-a-year-pm-announces-rs-1000-crore-relief-for-uttarakhand/articleshow/20667035.cms |work=The [[Times of India]] |date=19 June 2013 |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-date=29 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929211734/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kedarnath-temple-closed-for-a-year-PM-announces-Rs-1000-crore-relief-for-Uttarakhand/articleshow/20667035.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IBN Live Kedarnath 2 years">{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kedarnath-yatra-may-take-23-years-to-start-sources/400040-3-243.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623012725/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kedarnath-yatra-may-take-23-years-to-start-sources/400040-3-243.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 June 2013 | title=Kedarnath yatra may take 2-3 years to start: Sources | date=19 June 2013 | access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Business Standard kedarnath 2 years">{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/no-kedarnath-yatra-for-2-years-says-bahuguna-113062400086_1.html | title=No Kedarnath yatra for 2 years, says Bahuguna | date=24 June 2013 | access-date=24 June 2013 | archive-date=27 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627084530/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/no-kedarnath-yatra-for-2-years-says-bahuguna-113062400086_1.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The Temple was opened for pilgrims on Sunday, 4 May 2014 by Rawal [[Bhimashankaralinga Shivacharya|Bhimashankarlingam]].
<ref>{{cite news | title =Kedarnath temple reopens for devotees | quote =Sacred portals of the Kedarnath temple were reopened to devotees amid elaborate rituals early morning on Sunday (May 4), about a year after the Himalayan shrine was marred by flash floods that had left hundreds of people dead and many others stranded | newspaper =The Indian Express | date =12 May 2014 | url =http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/kedarnath-temple-reopens-for-devotees/#kedarnath-5 | access-date =12 May 2014 | archive-date =12 May 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225931/http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/kedarnath-temple-reopens-for-devotees/#kedarnath-5 | url-status =live }}</ref>

=== Other regions affected by the disaster ===

==== National Capital Region ====
[[New Delhi]], [[Gurugram]], [[Faridabad]] and surrounding areas received a high amount of rainfall on 16 June 2013, leading to flooding of the low-lying areas of the cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/delhi-airport-flooded-passengers-wade-through-knee-deep-water-380351 |title=Delhi airport flooded, passengers wade through knee deep water |publisher=NDTV |date=16 June 2013 |access-date=22 June 2013 |archive-date=25 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625230053/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/delhi-airport-flooded-passengers-wade-through-knee-deep-water-380351 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Yamuna River]] swelled to a new height of 207.75 meters submerging the low lying flood plains along the banks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/yamuna-swells-crosses-danger-mark/article4829314.ece |title=Yamuna swells, crosses danger mark |work=The Hindu |date=19 June 2013 |access-date=22 June 2013 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622021729/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/yamuna-swells-crosses-danger-mark/article4829314.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Gurgaon/Drainage-system-collapses-heavy-rains-pour-misery/Article1-1078610.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619123346/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Gurgaon/Drainage-system-collapses-heavy-rains-pour-misery/Article1-1078610.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 June 2013 |title=Drainage system collapses, heavy rains pour misery |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=19 June 2013 |access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref>

==== Uttar Pradesh ====
Six-hundred and nine villages, covering a population of 700,000, in 23 districts of Uttar Pradesh were affected by the flood and drought. {{as of|2013|7|11}}, more than 120 deaths were reported from the state. The number of people who went to Uttarakhand were mostly from Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1859643/report-uttar-pradesh-flood-situation-worsens | title=Uttar Pradesh flood situation worsens | publisher=DNA India | date=11 July 2013 | access-date=12 July 2013 | archive-date=15 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715020927/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1859643/report-uttar-pradesh-flood-situation-worsens | url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Himachal Pradesh ====
In Himachal Pradesh, floods caused loss of life and property and death toll in the state was 20.<ref>{{cite news|title=Death toll in Himachal floods rises to 20 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/HimachalPradesh/Death-toll-in-Himachal-floods-rises-to-20/Article1-1079507.aspx |access-date=21 June 2013 |newspaper=The Hindustan Times |date=20 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930083340/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/HimachalPradesh/Death-toll-in-Himachal-floods-rises-to-20/Article1-1079507.aspx |archive-date=30 September 2013 }}</ref>

==== Nepal ====
[[File:Darchula flood Rajendra 03.jpg|thumb|Effect of flood in [[Darchula district]] of Nepal]]
About 6000 citizens of Nepal were visiting the Indian region, of which 1,000 were rescued as of 22 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=1%26sbquo%3B000+plus+rescued+from+India+arrive+home+&NewsID=381094 |title=1'000 plus rescued from India arrive home - Detail News : Nepal News Portal |publisher=The Himalayan Times |access-date=23 June 2013 |archive-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926154801/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=1%26sbquo%3B000+plus+rescued+from+India+arrive+home+&NewsID=381094 |url-status=live }}</ref> Flooding of the [[Dhauliganga River|Dhauliganga]] and the [[Sharda River|Mahakali]] rivers had caused extensive damage, with reports of 128 houses and 13 government offices swept away and over 1000 people homeless.<ref name="Nepal flooding 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Relief+distribution+to+Darchula+flood+victims+starts+&NewsID=380746 |title=Relief distribution to Darchula flood victims starts - Detail News : Nepal News Portal |publisher=The Himalayan Times |access-date=23 June 2013 |archive-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622225727/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Relief+distribution+to+Darchula+flood+victims+starts+&NewsID=380746 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Nepal flooding 2">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Minister+says+joint+team+will+look+into+Mahakali+floods&NewsID=381009&a=3 |title=Minister says joint team will look into Mahakali floods - Detail News : Nepal News Portal |publisher=The Himalayan Times |access-date=23 June 2013 |archive-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926181850/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Minister+says+joint+team+will+look+into+Mahakali+floods&NewsID=381009&a=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A bridge that joins the India-Nepal border was highly damaged.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

== Rescue operations ==
[[File:North India May 2013 satellite preflood.jpg|right|thumb|Satellite image of the affected region, taken on 30 May by [[NASA]]'s [[MODIS]]]]
[[File:North India June 2013 satellite postflood.jpg|right|thumb|Same location, shot on 21 June floods]]
{{see also|Operation Rahat|Operation Surya Hope}}
The [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]], [[Indian Navy|Navy]], [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP), Border &
[[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF), [[Public Works Department]] and local administrations worked together for quick rescue operations.<ref name="ibn1" /> Several thousand soldiers were deployed for the rescue missions.<ref name="IBN Rescue">{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/uttarakhand-rescue-efforts-in-full-swing-toll-58-70000-stranded/399846-3.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620201314/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/uttarakhand-rescue-efforts-in-full-swing-toll-58-70000-stranded/399846-3.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 June 2013 | title=Uttarakhand: Rescue efforts in full swing; 102 dead, 72000 stranded | publisher=IBN | date=18 June 2013 | access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref> Activists of political and social organisations were also involved in the rescue and management of relief centres.<ref name="Zee rescue Party">{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttarakhand/parties-asks-workers-to-assist-in-relief-work-in-uttarakhand_856246.html | title=Parties asks workers to assist in relief work in Uttarakhand | date=19 June 2013 | access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-date=28 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628002652/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttarakhand/parties-asks-workers-to-assist-in-relief-work-in-uttarakhand_856246.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The national highway and other important roads were closed to regular traffic.<ref name=damage/> Helicopters were used to rescue people, but due to the rough terrain, heavy fog and rainfall, manoeuvring them was a challenge.<ref name=record>{{cite news|last=Upadhyay|first=Kavitha|title=57,000 pilgrims stranded in Uttarakhand|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/57000-pilgrims-stranded-in-uttarakhand/article4824087.ece|access-date=18 June 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 June 2013|location=Chennai, India|archive-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621005404/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/57000-pilgrims-stranded-in-uttarakhand/article4824087.ece?|url-status=live}}</ref> By 21 June 2013, the Army had deployed 10,000 soldiers and 11 helicopters,<ref name="toi"/><ref name=thin20j>{{cite news|title=Dhruv helicopters fly high in Uttarakhand|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dhruv-helicopters-fly-high-in-uttarakhand/article4833766.ece|access-date=22 June 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 June 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=Vinay|last=Kumar|archive-date=27 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627103735/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dhruv-helicopters-fly-high-in-uttarakhand/article4833766.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> the Navy had sent 45 naval divers, and the Air force had deployed 43 aircraft including 36 helicopters.<ref name=tect21j>{{cite news|title=IAF deploys 13 more aircraft for Uttarakhand rescue ops|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/iaf-deploys-13-more-aircraft-for-uttarakhand-rescue-ops/articleshow/20703902.cms|access-date=22 June 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=21 June 2013|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320110937/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/iaf-deploys-13-more-aircraft-for-uttarakhand-rescue-ops/articleshow/20703902.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> From 17 to 30 June 2013, the IAF airlifted a total of 18,424 people - flying a total of 2,137 sorties and dropping/landing a total of 3,36,930 kg of relief material and equipments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=96912 |title=IAF 'OP Rahat' Update Upto 6 O' Clock |publisher=Government of India |date=30 June 2013 |access-date=19 September 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927053354/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=96912 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 25 June, one of three IAF [[Mil Mi-17]] rescue helicopters returning from Kedarnath, carrying five Air Force Officers, nine of the NDRF, and six of the ITBP crashed on a mountainous slope near [[Gauri Kund]], killing all on board.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/will-make-sure-job-is-done-air-chief-nak-browne-to-ndtv-384408| title=Will make sure job is done: Air Chief NAK Browne to NDTV| date=26 June 2013| access-date=26 June 2013| archive-date=29 June 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629221321/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/will-make-sure-job-is-done-air-chief-nak-browne-to-ndtv-384408| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=twenty>{{cite news|title=Uttarakhand floods: Bodies of chopper crash victims recovered|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2013/jun/260613-uttarakhand-floods-bodies-of-chopper-crash-victims-recovered.htm|access-date=26 June 2013|newspaper=Mid-day|date=26 June 2013|archive-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629192849/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2013/jun/260613-uttarakhand-floods-bodies-of-chopper-crash-victims-recovered.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The deceased soldiers were given a ceremonial [[Guard of honour]] by Home minister of India, at an event organised by the Uttarakhand State Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bravehearts-who-died-in-uttarakhand-chopper-crash-given-guard-of-honour-526747|title=Bravehearts who died in Uttarakhand chopper crash given Guard of Honour|website=NDTV.com|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200955/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bravehearts-who-died-in-uttarakhand-chopper-crash-given-guard-of-honour-526747|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Stranded mules during the Uttarakhand Floods of 2013 as encountered by People for Animals during a rescue operation.jpg|thumb|Animals suffered greatly during the calamity]]
Indo Tibetan border Police (ITBP) a Force which guards the Indo China borders on the high himalayas with its three Regional Response Centres (RRCs) based at Matli (Uttarkashi), Gauchar (Chamoli) and Pithoragarh swung into action and started rescue and relief operation. 2000 strong ITBP force with its mountaineering skills and improvisation methods started rescue of stranded pilgrims. It was a simultaneous effort by ITBP at Kedar ghati, Gangotri valley and Govind ghat areas. According to official figures by ITBP, they were able to rescue 33,009 pilgrims in 15 days on their own from extremely remote and inaccessible areas. Before Army or Air Force called in, being deployed in the nearby areas, ITBP took the first call and saved many lives. They also distributed food packets to stranded pilgrims who were in a pathetic condition being not having any food for more than 72 hours at many places.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Even [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] Supremo [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] hurried to Dehradun by a special aircraft to undertake rescue operations for pilgrims in the state. He carried 196 stranded pilgrims back to safety and arranged buses for their commute back to their destinations. In order to inform the families of the stranded and missing people in Uttarakhand, the party had established a phone centre at the NTR Trust Bhavan in Hyderabad. At the stations in Secunderabad, Kazipet, and Vijaywada, the party has also established information and assistance desks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/india/naidu-scores-over-cm-brings-pilgrims-in-special-aircraft.html|title=Naidu scores over CM, brings pilgrims in special aircraft}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] undertook an aerial survey of the affected areas and announced {{INRConvert|10|b}} aid package for disaster relief efforts in the state.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news | title =Rs 1000 cr relief for flood hit Uttarakhand announced| newspaper =Hindustan Times | date =19 June 2013 | url =http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndiaRainFury2013/Rs-1000-cr-relief-for-flood-hit-Uttarakhand-announced/Article1-1079085.aspx | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130620041706/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndiaRainFury2013/Rs-1000-cr-relief-for-flood-hit-Uttarakhand-announced/Article1-1079085.aspx | url-status =dead | archive-date =20 June 2013 |access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref> Several state governments announced financial assistance, with [[Uttar Pradesh]] pledging {{INRConvert|250|m}},<ref>{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/up-govt-announces-financial-help-to-uttarakhand_856082.html | title=UP govt announces financial help to Uttarakhand | publisher=[[Zee News]] | location=Lucknow | date=19 June 2013 | access-date=19 June 2013 | archive-date=24 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624162858/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/up-govt-announces-financial-help-to-uttarakhand_856082.html | url-status=live }}</ref> the governments of [[Haryana government|Haryana]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/haryana-announces-rs-10-crore-help-for-uttarakhand-381652 | title=Haryana announces Rs. 10-crore help for Uttarakhand | publisher=[[NDTV]] | location=Chandigarh | date=19 June 2013 | access-date=20 June 2013 | archive-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621105009/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/haryana-announces-rs-10-crore-help-for-uttarakhand-381652 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Maharashtra government|Maharashtra]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/chavan-announces-rs-10crore-aid/article4831248.ece | title=Chavan announces Rs. 10-crore aid | work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Mumbai | date=20 June 2013 | access-date=20 June 2013 | archive-date=3 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803174517/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/chavan-announces-rs-10crore-aid/article4831248.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Government of Delhi|Delhi]] {{INRConvert|100|m}} each, the governments of [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/uttarakhand-floods-tamil-nadu-donates-rs-5-crore/401125-62-128.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627071353/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/uttarakhand-floods-tamil-nadu-donates-rs-5-crore/401125-62-128.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 June 2013 | title=TamilNadu donates Rs.5 Crore | publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |location=TamilNadu | date=23 June 2013 | access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref> [[Government of Odisha|Odisha]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-20/news/40093968_1_uttarakhand-state-relief-fund-dehradun |title=Odisha announces Rs 5 crore for Uttarakhand, 100 Odias trapped - Economic Times |work=indiatimes.com |quote=Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik today announced a contribution of Rs 50 million for relief work in the flood hit mountain state. |access-date=27 June 2013 |date=20 June 2013 |archive-date=3 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803151731/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-20/news/40093968_1_uttarakhand-state-relief-fund-dehradun |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndiaRainFury2013/Modi-sends-Rs-3-cr-more-renews-offer-to-help-in-Uttarakhand/Article1-1083065.aspx |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130627043225/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndiaRainFury2013/Modi-sends-Rs-3-cr-more-renews-offer-to-help-in-Uttarakhand/Article1-1083065.aspx |url-status= dead |archive-date= 27 June 2013 |title=Modi sends Rs 3 cr more, renews offer to help in Uttarakhand - Hindustan Times |first= Shekhar |last=Iyer|work=hindustantimes.com |year=2013 |quote=Modi has again sent an offer and a cheque for Rs. 30 million, besides the Rs. 20 million his state already donated |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Government of Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]] {{INRConvert|50|m}} each.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/kerala-floods-bjp-leaders-launch-social-media-campaign-against-the-state/articleshow/65540867.cms|title=Kerala Floods: BJP leaders launch social media campaign against the state|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826183021/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/kerala-floods-bjp-leaders-launch-social-media-campaign-against-the-state/articleshow/65540867.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The US Ambassador to India extended a financial help of US$150,000 through the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) to the NGOs working in the area <ref name=":0">{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/us-announces-additional-usd-75000-aid-for-flood-victims/articleshow/20897368.cms | title=US Ambassador announces relief to flood victims in Uttarakhand | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=23 June 2013 | access-date=24 June 2013 | archive-date=23 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523174205/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/us-announces-additional-usd-75000-aid-for-flood-victims/articleshow/20897368.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> and announced that the US will provide further financial aid of US$75,000. The help was later politely rejected by Government of India.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Government of Kerala]] offered 20 million rupees and all ministers offered one month's salary.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-to-give-2-cr-aid-to-uttarakhand-flood-relief-fund/articleshow/20793322.cms|title=Kerala to give 2-cr aid to Uttarakhand flood relief fund | Thiruvananthapuram News|website=The Times of India|date=27 June 2013 |access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625070648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-to-give-2-cr-aid-to-uttarakhand-flood-relief-fund/articleshow/20793322.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

The Government of India also cancelled 9 batches, or half the annual batches of the Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra, a Hindu pilgrimage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Government cancels Kailash Manasarovar Yatra due to Uttarakhand disaster : North, News |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/kailash-manasarovar-yatra-uttarakhand-disaster-kedarnath-flash-floods-167315-2013-06-18 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=19 June 2013 |access-date=19 June 2013 |archive-date=19 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619200415/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kailash-manasarovar-yatra-uttarakhand-disaster-kedarnath-flash-floods/1/284234.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Chardham Yatra pilgrimage, covering Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath was cancelled for 2 years to repair damaged roads and infrastructure, according to the Uttarakhand Government.<ref name=cancel>{{cite news|title=150 dead in Uttarakhand flood, toll may rise|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndiaRainFury2013/150-dead-in-Uttarakhand-flood-toll-may-rise/Article1-1079086.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620094930/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndiaRainFury2013/150-dead-in-Uttarakhand-flood-toll-may-rise/Article1-1079086.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2013|access-date=19 June 2013|newspaper=The Hindustan Times|date=19 June 2013}}</ref>

Government agencies and priests of Kedarnath temple were planning mass cremation of the hundreds of victims, after one week of tragedy.<ref name="masscremation1">{{cite news |title=India plans mass cremation for flood victims |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/06/201362465625349861.html |date=24 June 2013 |agency=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 June 2013 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624130526/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/06/201362465625349861.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="masscremation2">{{cite news|title=India to begin mass cremation of flood victims|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/india-to-begin-mass-cremation-of-flood-victims/|date=24 June 2013|agency=Fox News|access-date=24 June 2013|archive-date=3 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003215659/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/06/24/india-to-begin-mass-cremation-flood-victims/|url-status=live}}</ref> Local youths from several affected villages near Gangotri helped stranded tourists and pilgrims, by sending messages to their places and by providing food.<ref name=youth>{{cite news|title=Uttarakhand floods: When all else failed, youth took charge|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndiaRainFury2013/Uttarakhand-floods-When-all-else-failed-youth-took-charge/Article1-1082430.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626021410/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndiaRainFury2013/Uttarakhand-floods-When-all-else-failed-youth-took-charge/Article1-1082430.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2013|access-date=26 June 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=26 June 2013}}</ref> Rescuers also retrieved approximately {{INRConvert|10|m}} and other jewellery from local persons, including some people dressed like sadhu babas, who reportedly collected it from a destroyed building of a Bank and damaged shops.<ref name="Indian Express Godmen">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/religious-men-held-with-rs-1-cr-in-stolen-money/1133005/ | title='Religious men' held with Rs 1 cr in stolen money | date=24 June 2013 | access-date=24 June 2013 | archive-date=26 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626035427/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/religious-men-held-with-rs-1-cr-in-stolen-money/1133005/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bhaskar Godmen">{{cite news | url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/CHD-uttarakhand-floods-babas-priests-and-godmen-looted-over-rs-1-crore-from-devastat-4300943-NOR.html | title=Babas, priests and godmen looted over R 1 crore from devastated people, bank; rescuers recover cash, jewellery | date=24 June 2013 | access-date=24 June 2013 | archive-date=26 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626114438/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/CHD-uttarakhand-floods-babas-priests-and-godmen-looted-over-rs-1-crore-from-devastat-4300943-NOR.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="HT steal">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndiaRainFury2013/Uttarakhand-horror-stranded-pilgrims-raped-murdered/Article1-1080734.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624004601/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NorthIndiaRainFury2013/Uttarakhand-horror-stranded-pilgrims-raped-murdered/Article1-1080734.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 June 2013 | title=Uttarakhand horror: stranded pilgrims raped, murdered | date=22 June 2013 | access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref>

Nehru Institute of Mountaineering (NIM) was given the responsibility of rebuilding Kedarnath. Although the institute did not have the expertise in urban planning or construction, they mastered high-altitude training. Under the leadership of Colonel [[Ajay Kothiyal]], the NIM was successful in rebuilding Kedarnath.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==Climate and environmental factors==
A study by Utah State University<ref name=ClimateDynamics>{{cite journal|last1=Cho|first1=Changrae|last2=Li|first2=Rong|last3=S.-Y.|first3=Wang|last4=Jin-Ho|first4=Yoon|last5=Robert R.|first5=Gillies|title=Anthropogenic footprint of climate change in the June 2013 northern India flood|journal=Climate Dynamics|volume=46|issue=3–4|date=29 April 2015|pages=797|doi=10.1007/s00382-015-2613-2|bibcode=2016ClDy...46..797C|s2cid=129575971|url=https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/psc_facpub/735|access-date=5 January 2019|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731191345/https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/psc_facpub/735/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> analyzed the natural and anthropogenic influences on the climate anomalies using simulations, and found that (a) northern India has experienced increasingly large rainfall in June since the late 1980s, (b) the increase in rainfall appears to be associated with a tendency in the upper troposphere towards amplified short waves, and (c) the phasing of such amplified short waves is tied to increased loading of green-house gases and aerosols. In addition, a regional modeling diagnosis attributed 60–90 % of rainfall amounts in the June 2013 event to post-1980 climate trends.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Unprecedented destruction the rainfall witnessed in Uttarakhand state was also attributed, by environmentalists, to unscientific developmental activities undertaken in recent decades contributing to high level of loss of property and lives. Roads constructed in haphazard style, new resorts and hotels built on fragile river and more than 70 hydroelectric projects in the [[Drainage basin|watersheds]] of the state led to a "disaster waiting to happen" as termed by certain environmentalists.<ref name=environ>{{cite news|last=Shadbolt|first=Peter|title=Indian floods a man-made disaster, say environmentalists|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/25/world/asia/india-floods-development/index.html|access-date=26 June 2013|newspaper=CNN|date=25 June 2013|archive-date=9 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809031211/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/25/world/asia/india-floods-development/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The environmental experts reported that the tunnels built and blasts undertaken for the 70 hydro electric projects contributed to the ecological imbalance in the state, with flows of river water restricted and the streamside development activity contributing to a higher number of landslides and more flooding.<ref name="sciencedirect.com"/><ref name=environ/>

==In popular culture==
A novel titled ''A Long Journey'' was written and published by independent author Pawan Kumar Pandey, who has the floods and the resulting tragedy in his background.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00II5AQXA|title=A Long Journey|first=Pawan Kumar|last=Pandey|via=Amazon}}</ref>
The 2018 film ''[[Kedarnath (film)|Kedarnath]]'' starring [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] and [[Sara Ali Khan]] tells of a love story set in the times of the disaster in the valley around the Kedarnath Temple.<ref>{{cite news |title=KEDARNATH MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kedarnath/movie-review/66971514.cms |website=Times of India |date=7 December 2018 |access-date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410234906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kedarnath/movie-review/66971514.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Nepal}}
*[[2021 Uttarakhand flood]]
*[[2025 Uttarakhand flash flood]]

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Krishnamurti | first1 = T. N. | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Vinay | last3 = Simon | first3 = Anu | last4 = Thomas | first4 = Aype | last5 = Bhardwaj | first5 = Amit | last6 = Das | first6 = Sweta | last7 = Senroy | first7 = Soma | last8 = Bhowmik | first8 = S. K. Roy | year = 2016 | title = March of buoyancy elements during extreme rainfall over India | journal = Climate Dyn | volume = 48| issue = 5–6| pages = 1931–1951| doi = 10.1007/s00382-016-3183-7 | bibcode = 2017ClDy...48.1931K | s2cid = 133524532 }}

{{Disasters in Uttarakhand}}
{{Disasters in India in 2013}}
{{Natural disasters in India}}

[[Category:2013 floods in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2013 disasters in India|North India floods]]
[[Category:Floods in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Uttarakhand|2013]]
[[Category:Disasters in Uttarakhand|2013]]
[[Category:History of Himachal Pradesh (1947–present)|2013]]
[[Category:2010s in Himachal Pradesh|2013]]
[[Category:Disasters in Himachal Pradesh|2013]]
[[Category:Landslides in India|North India floods 2013]]
[[Category:2013 in Nepal]]
[[Category:Floods in Nepal]]
[[Category:North India]]
[[Category:Landslides in 2013|North India floods]]
[[Category:June 2013 in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Uttar Pradesh]]

Paisa Vasool (2004 film)

2026-03-20T10:51:52Z

Moin Khan:

{{About||the 2017 film|Paisa Vasool (2017 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paisa Vasool
| image = Paisa Vasool 2004 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Srinivas Bhashyam
| producer = [[Manisha Koirala]] [[Siddharth Koirala]]
| writer = [[Srinivas Bhashyam]] [[Anurag Kashyap]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Manisha Koirala]] [[Sushmita Sen]] [[Sushant Singh]]
| music = [[Bapi–Tutul]]
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]
| editing = [[Shirish Kunder]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2004|01|09}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}3 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=492|title=Paisa Vasool – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}69 lakh<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Paisa Vasool''''' (a common phrase meaning "value for money") is a 2004 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Srinivas Bhashyam]], starring [[Manisha Koirala]] and [[Sushmita Sen]]. The film was [[Manisha Koirala]]'s debut as producer.

==Plot==

After a chance encounter at a club, the struggling actress Baby decides to move in with Maria, a withdrawn divorcee who is having financial troubles and run-ins with the mafia. By accident, the two women overhear a conversation in which a man confesses committing robbery to his girlfriend. The two women decide to blackmail him for a piece of the action. Unfortunately, the robbers have no intention of sharing the loot, nor are they too thrilled about anyone knowing their secret.

==Cast==
* [[Manisha Koirala]] as Maria
* [[Sushmita Sen]] as Baby
* [[Sushant Singh]] as Johnny
* [[Tinnu Anand]]
* [[Makrand Deshpande]] as Biryani
* [[Rakhi Sawant]] (item song 'Maine Saiyan Ki Demand')
* [[Rajkumar Kanojia]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Paisa Vasool
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Bapi-Tutul]]
| cover =
| released = November 2003
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Hindi film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
}}

Satyajit from Smashhits.com called the soundtrack 'a complete washout' stating that the soundtrack is 'rather a rehashed version of many remix albums'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smashits.com/music-review-of-paisa-vasool/music-review-3144.html |title=Paisa Vasool Music Review |publisher=[[Smash Hits]] |date=10 December 2003 |access-date=15 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630080500/http://www.smashits.com/music-review-of-paisa-vasool/music-review-3144.html |archive-date=30 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Paisa Vasool
| extra1 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length1 = 04.18

| title2 = Maine Saiyan Ki Demand
| extra2 = [[Ila Arun]]
| length2 = 03.03

| title3 = Rukte Chalte
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length3 = 04.44

| title4 = Bindas
| extra4 = [[Vasundhara Das]]
| length4 = 04.07

| title5 = Paisa Vasool – Male
| extra5 = [[Hamza Farooqui]]
| length5 = 04.16

| title6 = Helen’s Dance
| extra6 = [[Pandit Sukhdev Chaturvedi]], [[Swastika]]
| length6 = 06.40

| title7 = Yaadon Mein Aksar Aate Rahe
| extra7 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length7 = 03.25

| title8 = Sabse Bada Rupayya
| extra8 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length8 = 04.42

| title9 = Hai Re Hai Tera Ghungta
| extra9 = [[Kunal Ganjanwala]], [[Soumya Rao]]
| length9 = 05.11
}}

==Critical reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 0.5 stars out of 5, writing ″Director Srinivas Bhashyam is saddled with an uninspiring screenplay and he needs to partner the blame partly. He may be a sound technician, but a director ought to be a good story teller.″<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/paisa-vasool/critic-review/paisa-vasool-movie-review/|title=Paisa Vasool Review 0.5/5 | Paisa Vasool Movie Review | Paisa Vasool 2003 Public Review | Film Review|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=December 2003 }}</ref>

Ronjita Kulkarni of [[Rediff.com]] gave a positive review, writing ″It must have taken guts for Koirala to make her production debut with a film like this. Her efforts are commendable. Paisa Vasool may not tell a unique story, but it definitely lives up to its name″.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/paisa/20040109.htm|title=Manisha, Sushmita are paisa vasool!|first=Ronjita|last=Kulkarni|website=Rediff}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0396782|Paisa Vasool}}

{{Anurag Kashyap}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Anurag Kashyap]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy-drama films]]

Sameera Aziz

2026-03-15T10:35:44Z

Moin Khan: Starting New Stub...

{{short description|Saudi journalist, poet, writer, filmmaker, and activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sameera Aziz
| image = Conference 2 (cropped to Sameera Aziz).jpg
| caption = Aziz in 2008
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|06|24}}
| birth_place = [[Khobar|Al-Khober]], Saudi Arabia
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = Journalist, Poet, Writer, Filmmaker, Activist, Businesswoman
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| website = {{URL|sameeraaziz-group.com}}
}}
'''Sameera Aziz''' ({{langx|ar|سميرة عزيز}}; born 24 June 1979) is a [[Saudi people|Saudi]] media personality, social worker, radio host, and businesswoman. She is a Jeddah-based Saudi national. Her companies are Sameera Aziz Group and Sameera Aziz Entertainment, the latter of which was the first Saudi production house in India. Aziz is the first Saudi female director in Bollywood.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-19|title=أول مخرجة سعودية في بوليود|url=http://roaanews.com.sa/archives/536667|access-date=2020-06-20|website=بوابة رؤى الخبر الإلكترونية|language=ar}}</ref> Her events company holds a Guinness World Record for making world's largest human-picture mosaic in 2017.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_d2OyMphdE] Making of Guinness World Record</ref>

She is the first Saudi novelist to publish in the Urdu language in Saudi Arabia. She was named the ambassador for Women and Children in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by the SPMUDA International Organization.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-05|title=Sameera Aziz becomes an ambassador of women & children|url=http://www.albiladdailyeng.com/sameera-aziz-becomes-ambassador-women-children/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404110405/http://www.albiladdailyeng.com/sameera-aziz-becomes-ambassador-women-children/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=2020-09-05|website=Al Bilad English Daily|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sameera Aziz was born on 24 June 1976 in [[Khobar|Al-Khober]], Saudi Arabia, to Aziz-ur-Rehman and Mehar Afroz. She has two brothers, and is the only daughter. Her early education was completed abroad, in [[Karachi]]'s Gulistan Shah Abdul Latif School, and later at P.E.C.H.S. Girl's College and the [[University of Karachi]]. She married at the age of fifteen and completed her education after her marriage. Aziz has two children.

She completed her PhD thesis in trade relations, and earned two master's degrees, one in international relations, and the second in journalism. She then went to the United States to study filmmaking in Hollywood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/middle-east/news/835196|title=Female journalist from KSA honored in India|date=14 November 2015|website=Arab News}}</ref> She did postgraduate work in mass communication and film direction at ''Livewires-The Media Institute'' in Mumbai, India.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livewires.org.in/|title=Acting Courses Academy | Acting School | Acting Classes Institute Mumbai|website=www.livewires.org.in}}</ref> She is currently completing a PhD at [[Osmania University]] in Hyderabad, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sapulse.com/new_comments.php?id=2854_0_1_20_M9|title=Interview of Sameera Aziz By Taqat By: Usman Shahid - South Asian Pulse|website=www.sapulse.com}}</ref>

According to the book ''Sold For Dowry,'' she was sold as a bride and forbidden to further her education as had been promised.<ref>[https://www.justlanded.com/english/Saudi-Arabia/Saudi-Arabia-Guide/Legal-System/Marriage-Divorce/ Marriage customs in Saudi Arabia]</ref> According to Saudi customs, a groom gives the dowry amount to the bride, but the book claims that she was unaware of the dowry amount her step mother took on her behalf, and she was only told that she would be permitted to further her education and pursue a media career after marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whoiswhoinkarachi.blogspot.com/2013/02/sameera-aziz.html/|title=Saudi female Achiever}}</ref>

== Career ==
Aziz is a chief editor of business and entertainment publications. She is a past president of the Asian Information Agency (AIA), a worldwide news service. She was also the Saudi country head of the South Asian Regional Information Agency, and the voice of SAARC countries (SARIA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sarianews.com/?page_id=6|title=South Asian Regional Information Agency (SARIA)|access-date=24 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406090353/http://sarianews.com/?page_id=6|archive-date=6 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> She served as the Bureau Chief of the first Saudi independent English news website [[The Peninsula Times]].<ref>[http://www.peninsulatimes.org The Peninsula Times]</ref>

Until 2013, she was a senior editor of the Jeddah-based ''Saudi Gazette'', one of the two English-language newspapers printed in the country.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/791936.stm#media BBC Media Profile: Saudi Arabia] Retrieved 3 October 2009</ref> She was simultaneously [[managing editor]] of ''Awaz,'' a youth-oriented weekly [[Urdu]] newspaper, published by parent company Okaz, that ceased publication in 2003, and also the managing editor of ''Fresh,'' a quarterly magazine published by ''Saudi Gazette's'' Okaz publications.<ref>[http://www.arabnews.com/services/print/print.asp?artid=114794&d=25&m=9&y=2008&hl=Zardari%20urged%20to%20repatriate%20Biharis Arab News: Aftermath of Mumbai Bombings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118093838/http://www.arabnews.com/services/print/print.asp?artid=114794&d=25&m=9&y=2008&hl=Zardari%20urged%20to%20repatriate%20Biharis |date=18 November 2008 }} Retrieved 3 October 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.pak-times.com/2009/02/09/plebiscite-in-kashmir-urged/ Pakistan Times article] Retrieved 3 October 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.con&ContentId=20110530101919/ Saudi Gazette article]{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 14 August 2011</ref>

During 1999 she was a writer for [[Gulf News]] and several other Pakistan-based newspapers. She also served as the supervising editor of the women's sections in ''Urdu News'' and ''Urdu Magazine,'' owned by the Saudi Research and Marketing Group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Kn3PtS_ojo|title=Saudi Media Personality Sameera Aziz at MORNING WITH MUNSIF- Indian TV show|date=12 November 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref> [[File:Sameera Aziz with SETWIN worker for a woman development program.JPG|thumb|Sameera Aziz with SETWIN worker for a woman development program]]Her columns and features are written exclusively in English and Urdu, and translated into other languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sauress.com/en/author/Sameera+Aziz|title=Sauress : Articles of the author With Sameera Aziz|website=www.sauress.com}}</ref> She focuses on Saudi domestic, social, cultural, educational and expatriate's issues, as well as Saudi Arabia's relationship with the international community. She has conducted undercover sting operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2008083115964|title=Saudi Gazette/ Home Page|website=www.saudigazette.com.sa|access-date=21 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330183826/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2008083115964|archive-date=30 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2008091317128|title=Saudi Gazette/ Home Page|website=www.saudigazette.com.sa|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007104340/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2008091317128|archive-date=7 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2008100718610|title=Saudi Gazette/ Home Page|website=www.saudigazette.com.sa|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218145506/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2008100718610|archive-date=18 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some of her work considers the challenges of social and labour issues, human rights, women's rights, violence against children, and other topics of concern to the community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=20110530101919|title=Saudi Gazette/ Home Page|website=www.saudigazette.com.sa|access-date=20 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920035746/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=20110530101919|archive-date=20 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009072845011&archiveissuedate=28/07/2009|title=Saudi Gazette/ Home Page|website=www.saudigazette.com.sa|access-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094716/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009072845011&archiveissuedate=28%2F07%2F2009|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aziz is known as a human rights' volunteer, raising awareness of child marriage. She also spoke out about domestic violence after a TV presenter, [[Rania Al-Baz]], was assaulted by her husband in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009030731348|title=Saudi Gazette/ Home Page|website=www.saudigazette.com.sa|access-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227160145/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009030731348|archive-date=27 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2009, she wrote and spoke about child abuse that she witnessed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sauress.com/en/saudigazette/58407|title=Shocking incident of abuse I hope I'll never see again|website=Sauress}}</ref>

Aziz has a weekly radio show, "Marhaba with Sameera Aziz," heard on Asian Radio Live, based in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianradiolive.com/home.html|title=Asian Radio Live - Home Of Desi Beats|website=www.asianradiolive.com}}</ref> She is an elected Saudi Director of the United Nations' affiliated Global Sports Federation (GSF).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.okaz.com.sa/article/1504435/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9?ts=1557712403|title=سعودية تُنتخب مديرةً لمنظمة رياضية تابعة للأمم المتحدة|date=24 October 2016|website=Okaz}}</ref>

== Author of fiction and poetry ==
Aziz is the first Saudi novelist of the Urdu Language to publish in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/895417/a-welcome-guest-journalist-wants-to-bring-smiles-on-saudis-faces/|title=A welcome guest: Journalist wants to bring smiles on Saudis' faces|date=1 June 2015|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

Her poems in the Urdu language have been published in various magazines and newspapers. She has participated in poetic symposia and has received awards.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdAOcW5nZ9I|title=Sameera Aziz [HD] Latest Mushaira, Mumbai, Oct 2015, Org. Sayyed Jalaluddin|date=16 October 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref> In July 2006, she wrote a heart-wrenching anthem "Lahu Lahu Lebanon" (Lebanon under blood) for her campaign to support Lebanese victims in [[2006 Lebanon War]], also called "the 2006 Israel–Hezbollah War."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYUkBlAZ4M8|title=Lahu Lahu Lebanon|date=4 August 2011|via=YouTube}}</ref> Aziz received permanent honor of one of the top 100 influential media members list under the hospitality of Saudi Arabian Society for Culture & Arts in Madina City under the Saudi Ministry of Culture.<ref>[http://www.yahind.com/sameera-aziz-receives-honor-of-100-special-media-personalities-position/YaHindNews]{{Dead link|date=May 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Retrieved 19 Nov 2018</ref><ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/saudi-journalist-become-bollywood-filmmaker-051419286.html/ANI News]{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved 24 June 2013</ref>

== Film and stage work ==
Aziz was a production team member for Kauthar Media in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. She worked as a production assistant with Saudi producer, actor, and director Dr. Fahad Ghazoli in many Saudi projects such as the film "Lamar," the comic stage play "Hala Barra," and a drama serial that ran for 12 episodes. She was also an assistant and a production team member for director Majed Azzi on the film "Hayath," produced by Al-Mpda Media. She also wrote, directed, and acted in a women-only comedy stage play which was presented by the Silsila Organization for Women in Jeddah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yahind.com/saudi-beauty-sameera-aziz-in-munshi-premchands-drama-for-mentor-mujeeb-khan/|title=Saudi beauty Sameera Aziz in Munshi Premchand's drama for mentor Mujeeb Khan|date=3 November 2015}}</ref>

Her Production House Sameera Aziz Entertainment in Jeddah is interlinked with her Bollywood Production House services in India.<ref>[http://sameeraaziz-entertainment.com Sameera Aziz Entertainment SAENT]</ref>

== Feminist controversies ==
Aziz has been criticized for the feminist content of her fiction and journalism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://upload.jibranilyas.com/abnchicago/index.htm|title=Asian Broadcasting Network|website=upload.jibranilyas.com}}</ref> She enraged some men in her audience when she presented a [[Ghazal]] against male-dominated society in 1999 at a jam-packed auditorium in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. However, she also received a standing ovation from many of the women present, and even some of the men, as she left the hall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/Error.html?CFID=250960177&CFTOKEN=83498474|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324120303/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/Error.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2012|title=Memorable grand Mushaira for Urdu lovers}}</ref>

She was the only female speaker at an International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women in Jeddah on 10 December 2014, which was the last day of UN women's 16-day global campaign of activism against gender violence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yahind.com/nshr-observes-united-nations-global-activism-campaign-to-end-violence-against-women/|title=NSHR observes United Nation's global activism campaign to end violence against women|date=12 December 2014}}</ref> The event was organized by The National Society of Human Rights. She spoke about the international criticism that Saudi Arabia has often received for its lack of laws protecting women and domestic workers from abuse. "But this is not the case anymore. Saudi Arabia has outlawed domestic violence and this problem is already being acknowledged here. There is a legal ban on physical and sexual violence and other forms of abuse against women in Saudi Arabia, which applies both at home or within the workplace," she said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sarianews.com/?p=1116|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141226012823/http://www.sarianews.com/?p=1116|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-12-26|title=SARIA News}}</ref>

Aziz supports women driving in Saudi Arabia. However, she does not support civil disobedience. She asked for lenience for those women in Saudi Arabia who defied their nation's de-facto ban on women driving by getting behind the steering wheel herself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mepc.org/commentary/saudi-arabia-debates-right-women-drive?print=|title=Saudi Arabia Debates Right of Women to Drive | Middle East Policy Council|website=www.mepc.org|date=2 June 2011 }}</ref>

She is a special adviser for International Affairs and Women's Rights for the Journalist Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.journalistfoundation.com/index.html |title=Journalist Foundation |access-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211230832/http://journalistfoundation.com/index.html |archive-date=11 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Volunteer work and activism ==
Aziz runs a social media campaign, #SupportSmile, with her team, Desi Vines and The Khalli Walli Show to promote what she calls a culture of smiles, love, and peace.<ref>[http://www.desivines.net Desi Vines]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sarianews.com/?p=1149|title=Desi Vines website launched with a bang!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmLmnkgWFIc|title=That Filmy Guy | TKWS VINE | Full HD|date=28 September 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref> She also consults for various international organizations focusing on social development and human rights such as the [[National Society for Human Rights]] (NSHR), We the Youth, and the Society For International Peace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wetheyouth.org/team.html|title=We The Youth Team|website=www.wetheyouth.org}}</ref>

She has become a voice for labor rights, focusing on the ill treatment of and crimes against domestic workers in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009120956505|title=Saudi Gazette/ Home Page|website=www.saudigazette.com.sa|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228032000/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009120956505|archive-date=28 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009032232893|title=Saudi Gazette/ Home Page|website=www.saudigazette.com.sa|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918192256/http://saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009032232893|archive-date=18 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Aziz works to bridge the gap between Saudi Arabia and the rest of the world. She has stated an agenda of dispelling various misconceptions about Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytaqat.com/Intro/Taqat-UAE.html|title=Daily Taqat UAE}}</ref> Sameera Aziz was the most awaited speaker at Pakistan's first-ever International Media Conference titled One World One Media, which was organised by the Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists from 1 to 3 May 2015 in Karachi, Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pfuj.pk/international-media-conference-2015-organised-by-the-pfuj-from-may-1-to-3-in-karachi/|title=International Media Conference 2015}}</ref>

Aziz uses sports for cultural and business exchanges that strengthen the Saudi economy. She has been elected as the Director of the United Nations' affiliated Global Sports Federation (GSF).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://enewspaper.com.pk/saudi-woman-elected-as-director-of-united-nations-affiliated-body-with-83-votes/|title=Saudi Woman elected at UNO|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220111416/http://enewspaper.com.pk/saudi-woman-elected-as-director-of-united-nations-affiliated-body-with-83-votes/|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Global Sports Federation works to bring peace through sports. She stated, “I have been serving internationally in radio, theatre, and conferences as a speaker and writer, but sports and film production is the most powerful mediums of mass-media to convey the message. This is the reason I am utilizing these platforms too."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akhbaar24.argaam.com/article/detail/307342|title=انتخاب سعودية مديراً لمنظمة الرياضات العالمية بالأمم المتحدة من بين 158 مرشحاً|website=اخبار 24|date=26 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/saudi-today/2016/10/26/من-هي-السعودية-التي-تدير-الإتحاد-الدولي-للرياضيات؟.html|title=من هي السعودية التي تدير الاتحاد الدولي للرياضات؟|first=العربية|last=نت|date=26 October 2016|website=العربية نت}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Year
! Organization
! Summary
|-
| Youth Ambassador
| 2007
| We The Youth, a UN-affiliated organization to promote talent
| She was especially appreciated by young people for her sting operations. She was the first Saudi Journalist to go undercover in the year 2000.<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| Humanity Award
| 2008
| A non-political, social & welfare organization.
| She received an award for "high performances for humanity."<ref>[http://www.pnctrust.org/rewards-derives-high-performance-sameera-aziz-saudi-gazette-ksa/ PNC Human Rights]</ref>
|-
| Pride of the Nation Award
| 2009
| -
| A ceremony for Sameera Aziz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=200803231226|title=Saudi Gazette/ Home Page|website=www.saudigazette.com.sa|access-date=3 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928151957/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=200803231226|archive-date=28 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>'
|-
| The Woman of Today
| 2012
| The Ladies Night Event
| Sameera Aziz was paid tribute in Jeddah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yahind.com/gulf/saudi-arabia/desi-entertainers-tributes-to-the-women-of-today_72449.html|title=Tribute to the woman of today}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| Best Ind-o-Pak Friendship Icon award
| 29 January 2014
| Pak-O-Hindh Literary Forum
| She received this award at a show in Riyadh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pkonweb.com/riyadh-pak-o-hindh-literary-forum-honor-sameera-aziz-saffrongreen-event/|title=Pak-O-Hindh Literary Forum Honor Sameera Aziz|access-date=5 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201083343/http://pkonweb.com/riyadh-pak-o-hindh-literary-forum-honor-sameera-aziz-saffrongreen-event/|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Accolade
| -
| An evening with a personality.
| An open session by a community organization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=200805116107|title=Saudi Gazette/ Home Page|website=www.saudigazette.com.sa|access-date=4 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154419/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=200805116107|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Accolade
| -
| A Morning with Sameera Aziz
| An open session by a community organization.
|-
| Nominee for Best Saudi Female Journalist & Media Person
| upcoming
| iiGlobal Awards Org
| Women Leaders in Saudi Arabia Awards nominated Sameera Aziz for this Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yahind.com/sameera-aziz-is-nominated-for-the-best-saudi-female-journalist-media-person-award/|title=Sameera Aziz is nominated for the best Saudi female Journalist & media person award|date=20 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sarianews.com/?p=751|title=SARIA News}}</ref>
|-
| Maulana Abul Kalam Azad special award
| 11 November 2015
| Telangana State Govt. of India
| She became the first Saudi woman to be recognized for the promotion of the Urdu language in Saudi Arabia. This award recognized her work as a bridge between Saudi Arabia and the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/saudi-national-sameera-aziz-receives-award-promotion-urdu-868703/|title=Saudi national Sameera Aziz receives award for promotion of Urdu|date=14 November 2015|website=The Siasat Daily}}</ref>
|-
| Salam India Award
| 6 February 2016
| Maharashtra State Govt. of India
| Poetry book award at a launch ceremony in Mumbai, India.
|-
| Gr8! Woman Award- The Great Cultural Icon of the Middle East
| 19 March 2016
| The sixth GR8! Women Awards 2016- Middle East
| She became the first Saudi woman to receive this international award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GR8! TV Magazine - 6th GR8 Women Awards ME 2016|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=4664|access-date=2020-09-05|website=www.gr8mag.com}}</ref>
|-
| Art & Literature Award
| 23 April 2016
| Granthappura Jeddah
| The South Indian community gave her this award for her contributions to arts and literature in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-xEyI2_F-o|title=Sameera Aziz at Jeevan TV receiving Award from South Indian Community|date=29 April 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| Maulana Fareed Al Waheedi Award <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04xRG4OOrvU|title=Sameera Aziz {{sic|rec|ieved|nolink=y}} Maulana Fareed Al Waheedi Award from Gulf Urdu Council|date=15 May 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| 13 May 2016
| Gulf Urdu Council (GUC) Jeddah Saudi Arabia gave this award to Sameera Aziz
| She received this award for her worldwide services in Urdu Literature and Media.
|-
| Media Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrKOgbRR1rw|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
| 8 March 2017
| Islam GymKhana of Mumbai, India, gave this award to Aziz.
| She received the "Moderate Female Muslim Media Icon 2017" on International Women's Day.
|-
| Special award for the top 100 Saudi people in media<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.al-madina.com/article/600284/|title=سميرة عزيز: "بوليود" أبعدتني عن الساحة المحلية|first=سهيل طاشكندي-|last=جدة|date=23 November 2018|website=Madina}}</ref>
| 8 November 2018
| The Saudi Arabian Society for Culture and Arts (SASCA) under the Saudi Ministry of Culture in Madinah AlMunawarah gave her this award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scholarsimpact.com/urdu/?p=5321|title=سمیرہ عزیز بااثرشخصیت وممتازصحافی ایوارڈ سے سرفراز|first=ڈاکٹر محمد راغب|last=دیشمکھ|date=18 November 2018}}</ref>
| She was awarded permanent membership in SASCA as one of the top 100 influential Saudi media personalities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://roaanews.com.sa/archives/368670|title=سميرة عزيز .. في ضيافة فنون المدينة في أول ثمار مبناها الجديد|date=17 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alhadathonline.org/news/265232|title=المخرجة سميرة عزيز تكرم كأفضل عضو ضمن ١٠٠ اعلامي في جمعية الثقافة والفنون بالمدينة المنورة }}</ref>
|-
|Business Excellence Award
| 2018
| Friends Creation - Riyadh, KSA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6qDGm_LI3s/|title=റിയാദില്‍ ഫ്രണ്ട്സ് ക്രിയേഷന്‍ കാര്‍ണിവല്‍ സംഘടിപ്പിച്ചു | Riyadh Carnival|date=10 February 2019|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| She received this for leadership and constant progress in business during a recession.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sM6Z2wYzzu4/|title=ഫ്രന്റ്സ് ക്രിയേഷൻസ് റിയാദ് കാർണിവൽ 2019 ശ്രദ്ധേയമായി|date=10 February 2019|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Additional sources ==
* [http://www.saudiinfocus.com/en/forum/showthread.php?p=12539 Saudi In Focus]
* [http://www.prideofpakistan.com:8080/maincontroller?requestId=4&userId=673 Pride of Pakistan biography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110625101814/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=200805116107 An article on Sameera Aziz – From obscurity to fame]
* Sally Buzbee, "Beyond the Veil – Female Saudi Arabian Journalists", ''Columbia Journalism Review'', September 2001, Volume: 40 Issue: 3 Page: 22.

==External links==
{{commons category|Sameera Aziz (journalist)}}
*[http://www.sameeraaziz.com Sameera Aziz Official Website]
*[http://www.sameeraazizentertainment.com Sameera Aziz Entertainment]
*[http://www.asianradiolive.com/sameera.htm Asian Radio Live]
*[http://www.sarianews.com SARIA News Agency]
*[https://archive.org/details/DR.GhaziUrduTalkRadioShowJune102007 Urdu Talk Radio Interview]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gh3w7LB0b8A Interview of Sameera Aziz at MBC]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160704030546/https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/episode/133941/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-2016-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-544.html Sameera Aziz in Kalam AlNawaeem]

{{authority control}}

{{Gulf Arab literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aziz, Sameera}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian journalists]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian novelists]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian people of Pakistani descent]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian women journalists]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian women novelists]]
[[Category:University of Karachi alumni]]

Viral Shah (director)

2026-03-15T08:51:12Z

Moin Khan: Starting New Data...

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Viral Shah
| image =
| caption = Viral Shah interview with TOI
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1986|08|28}}
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter, voice actor
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Midnights with Menka]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Golkeri]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Kutch Express (film)|Kutch Express]]'' (2023)
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Pooja Thakar|2022}}<ref name=":3"/>
}}

'''Viral Shah''' is an Indian filmmaker and screenwriter who primarily works in Gujarati cinema. He in known for directing films including ''[[Midnights with Menka]]'' (2018), ''[[Golkeri]]'' (2020), ''[[Kutch Express (film)|Kutch Express]]'' (2023), and ''[[Gulaam Chor]]'' (2023).<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Rathod |first=Vaishali |title=Viral Shah: I am working on my first Hindi feature film |website=The Times of India |date=2021-10-15 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/viral-shah-i-am-working-on-my-first-hindi-feature-film-exclusive/articleshow/87038992.cms |access-date=2023-02-07}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=મનોરંજન: 'કચ્છ એક્સપ્રેસ' ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ આવતા વર્ષે રિલીઝ થશે |website=Divya Bhaskar |date=2022-11-22 |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/kutch/news/kutch-express-gujarati-movie-will-release-next-year-130591909.html |language=gu |access-date=2023-03-02}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Shah was born on 28 August 1986 in [[Mumbai]]. He studied [[media studies]] at [[Usha Pravin Gandhi College of Management]], Mumbai.<ref name=":6">{{cite web |title=A well known director of the Gujarati film industry Viral Shah is ready to enter Bollywood - ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ ઈન્ડસ્ટ્રીના આ જાણીત દિગ્દર્શક બૉલિવૂડમાં કરશે ધમાકેદાર એન્ટ્રી |website=Gujarati Mid-day |date=2023-04-26 |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/article/a-well-known-director-of-the-gujarati-film-industry-viral-shah-is-ready-to-enter-bollywood-193179 |language=gu |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref>

He started his career as a director with ''[[Midnights with Menka]]'' in 2018. He directed ''[[Golkeri]]'' in 2020.<ref name=":6"/> His next film ''Kutch Express'' was announced in 2022,<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Rathod |first=Vaishali |title=Viral Shah ties the knot with Pooja Thakar: My love story is very filmy |website=The Times of India |date=2022-11-21 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/viral-shah-ties-the-knot-with-pooja-thakar-my-love-story-is-very-filmy-exclusive/articleshow/95653036.cms |access-date=2023-03-02}}</ref> and was released in 2023, starring [[Ratna Pathak Shah]], [[Manasi Parekh]], Dharmendra Gohil, [[Darsheel Safary]], and [[Viraf Patel]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Viral Shah Is Celebrating His Directorial "Kutch Express" This Jan'23 And The Audience Has Showered Their Support |website=Outlookindia |date=2023-01-11 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/viral-shah-is-celebrating-his-directorial-kutch-express-this-jan-23-and-the-audience-has-showered-their-support-news-252701 |access-date=2023-02-07}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Shivani |title=રત્ના પાઠક શાહએ કહ્યું, "એ ભાષા બોલવાની તક મળી જે માત્ર જીંદગીથી સાંભળી હતી, એનો મને આનંદ છે" |website=Indian Express Gujarati |date=2023-01-02 |url=https://gujarati.indianexpress.com/entertainment/ratna-pathak-shah-kutch-express-gujarati-film-bollywood-box-office/39061/ |language=gu |access-date=2023-03-02}}</ref>

Shah married Pooja Thakar in November 2022.<ref name=":3"/>

== Filmography ==
'''As a director'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+Films
!Year
!Title
|-
|2018
|''[[Midnights with Menka]]''<ref name=":6"/>
|-
|2020
|''[[Golkeri]]''<ref name=":6"/>
|-
|2020
|''Haba Goba'' (short film)
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[Kutch Express (film)|Kutch Express]]''<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Rao |first=Justin Joseph |title=Ratna Pathak Shah on her Gujarati debut and what's Bollywood getting wrong: 'Don't spend budget on buying people Starbucks coffee' |website=The Indian Express |date=2023-01-02 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ratna-pathak-shah-on-gujrati-debut-what-bollywood-getting-wrong-dont-spend-budget-on-starbucks-coffee-8337269/ |access-date=2023-02-07}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gulaam Chor]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/malhar-thakar-s-gulaam-chor-is-a-comedy-suspense-drama-centering-around-a-heist-news-292611|title=Malhar Thakar's 'Gulaam Chor' Is A Comedy Suspense Drama Centering Around A Heist|date=2023-06-06|work=Outlook India|access-date=2023-06-12}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Maharani (2025 film)|Maharani]]''
|-
|}
'''As voice actor'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2019-2021
|''Golmaal Junior''
|Gopal
|Hindi
|Animated series
|-
|2024
|''Golmaal Jr: Humshakals Ka Golmaal''
|Gopal
|Hindi
|Animated film
|}

==Dubbing==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Original actor
!Role
!Dub Language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2017
|''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]''
|[[Tony Revolori]]
|[[Flash Thompson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Eugene "Flash" Thompson]]
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2017-2019
|''[[Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia]]''
|[[Anton Yelchin]] [[Emile Hirsch]]
|Jim Lake Jr.
|Hindi
|Animated series
|
|-
|2019
|''[[3Below: Tales of Arcadia]]''
|[[Emile Hirsch]]
|Jim Lake Jr.
|Hindi
|Animated series
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]''
|[[Tony Revolori]]
|[[Flash Thompson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Eugene "Flash" Thompson]]
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Wizards: Tales of Arcadia]]''
|[[Emile Hirsch]]
|Jim Lake Jr.
|Hindi
|Animated series
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Trollhunters: Rise of the Titans]]''
|[[Emile Hirsch]]
|Jim Lake Jr.
|Hindi
|Animated film
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]''
|[[Tony Revolori]]
|[[Flash Thompson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Eugene "Flash" Thompson]]
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Heads of State (film)|Heads of State]]''
|[[Jack Quaid]]
|Marty Comer
|Hindi
|
|{{centre|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.primevideo.com/-/hi/detail/0Q0ZD7AIZGM4ISJE4J5T9AF9FA |title=Heads of State |language=hi |publisher=[[Amazon MGM Studios]] |year=2025 |place=United States |access-date= 10 August 2025 |via=[[Amazon Prime Video]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}}
|}

==Awards==
Shah's film ''[[Golkeri]]'' received the Film Excellence Awards Gujarati and GIFA-Gujarati Iconic Film Award in Best Film category.<ref name=":6"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of Gujarati films]]
* [[List of Indian film directors]]
* [[List of Indian dubbing artists]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10285716}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values National Film Award]]

National Film Award for Best Cinematography (non-feature film)

2026-03-12T14:23:58Z

Moin Khan:

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = National Film Award for Best Cinematography
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = National award for contributions to non-feature films
| awarded_for =
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1990
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = Saravanamaruthu Soundarapandi and Meenakshi Soman, ''Little Wings'' (2023)
}}

The '''National Film Award for Best Cinematography''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] presented annually by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It is one of several awards presented for non-feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus).

The award was instituted in 1990, at [[38th National Film Awards]] and awarded annually for short films produced in the year across the country, in all Indian languages. Since the [[70th National Film Awards]] (2022), the primary/main cinematographer is eligible to the award, thus eliminating the existing Cameraman and Laboratory Processing sub-categories.<ref>{{cite web |author=Under Secretary to the Government of India |date=14 December 2023 |title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India |url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting |access-date=25 August 2024 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]}}</ref>

== Winners ==

Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|bgcolor="#EBEBE0" width=30| ||Indicates a joint award for that year
|}

===1991–2021===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="6" | List of award recipients, showing the year (award ceremony), film(s) and language(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Cameraman(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Laboratory Processing
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Language(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%;" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | [[Santosh Sivan]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Film Laboratories]]
| [[Sivan (cinematographer)|''Mohiniyattam'']]
| English
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/79_38thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | [[Victor Banerjee]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | Prasad Film Laboratories
| ''Where No Journeys End''
| English
|-
| align="center" | [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Shekar Dattatri]]
! scope="row" | Prasad Film Laboratories
| ''Silent Valley: An Indian Rain forest''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/78_39ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Soumendu Roy]]
! scope="row" | [[Reliance MediaWorks|Adlabs]]
| ''Sucitra Mitra''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| align="center" |<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/77_40thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[:en:Piyush_Shah|Piyush Shah]]
! scope="row" | {{dash}}
| ''Moksha''
| Bengali
| align="center" |<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/76_41stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | Anoop Jotwani
! scope="row" | Vijay Color Lab
| ''Rasayatra''
| Hindi and English
| align="center" |<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/75_42ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | Rafey Mehmood
! scope="row" | Adlabs
| ''Tarana''
| Hindi
| align="center" |<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/74_43rdNfacatalogue.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Hari Nair]]
! scope="row" | Prasad Film Laboratories
| ''Sham's Vision''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/73_44thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Ashok Dasgupta
! scope="row" | {{dash}}
| ''The Trail''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/72_45thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Ranjan Palit]]
! scope="row" | Prasad Film Laboratories
| ''In The Forest Hangs a Bridge''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/71_46thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Mankada Ravi Varma]]
! scope="row" | Prasad Film Laboratories
| ''Kalamandalam Gopi''
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| align="center" |<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/70_47thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Prasann Jain
! scope="row" | Adlabs
| ''Rasikpriya''
| Hindi and English
| align="center" |<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/69_48thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | Nilotpal Sarkar
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | Prasad Film Laboratory
| ''Jorasanko Thakurbari''
| English
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/68_49thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=49th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | [[Irom Maipak]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | Prasad Kalinga Lab
| ''The Monpas of Arunachal Pradesh''
| English
|-
| align="center" | [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/67_50thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | [[Ranjan Palit]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | Prasad Film Laboratory
| ''Kaya Poochhe Maya Se''
| Hindi
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/66_51stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | [[K. G. Jayan (cinematographer)|K. G. Jayan]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | Prasad Film Laboratory
| ''The 18th Elephant: Three Monologues''
| Malayalam
|-
| align="center" | [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | Manoj Raymond Lobo
! scope="row" | Adlabs
| ''Girni''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| align="center" |<ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | Paramvir Singh
! scope="row" | Adlabs
| ''Parsiwada, Tarapore Present Day''
| English and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| align="center" |<ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/49_53Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Rajendra Janglay
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | {{dash}}
| rowspan="2" | ''Raga of River Narmada''
| rowspan="2" | {{dash}}
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/48_54sthNfaArchives.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Sanjay V.
|-
| align="center" | [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Savita Singh
! scope="row" | {{dash}}
| ''Kramasha''
| Hindi
| align="center" |<ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/47_55Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | Shariqva Badar Khan
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | Filmlab
| ''Three of Us''
| {{dash}}
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/46_56thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | [[Jaya Krishna Gummadi]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | Adlabs
| ''When This Man Dies''
| Hindi and English
|-
| align="center" | [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Deepu S. Unni
! scope="row" | Adlabs
| ''Gaarud''
| Hindi and Marathi
| align="center" |<ref name="57thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/45_57thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=57th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Murali G]].
! scope="row" | Filmlab
| ''Shyam Raat Seher''
| Hindi and English
| align="center" |<ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/44_58thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=58th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row" | S. Nallamuthu
! scope="row" | {{dash}}
| ''Tiger Dynasty''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="59thaward">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | Abhimanyu Dange
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | [[Reliance MediaWorks]]
| ''Kaatal''
| Marathi
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press_release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | Raja Shabir Khan
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | {{dash}}
| ''Shepherds of Paradise''
| Gojri and Urdu
|-
| align="center" | [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row" | Kavin Jagtiani
! scope="row"| Reliance MediaWorks
| ''Mandrake !Mandrake !''
| Hindi
| align="center" |<ref name="61staward">{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=16 April 2014|access-date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | Indraneel Lahiri
! scope="row"| {{dash}}
| ''Aamaar Katha: Story of Binodini''
| Bengali
| align="center" |<ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press_release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Amartya Bhattacharyya]]
! scope="row"| {{dash}}
| ''Benaras: The Unexplored Attachments''
| Bengali
| align="center" |<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press_release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=28 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | Alpesh Nagar
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" rowspan="2" | {{dash}}
| ''Kalpvriksha''
| Hindi
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press_release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | Vishal Sangwai
| ''Adnyat''
| English
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | [[Appu Prabhakar]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" rowspan="2" | {{dash}}
| ''Eye Test''
| {{dash}}
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/national-awards-sridevi-wins-best-actress-posthumously-for-mom-1837079|title=National Awards: Sridevi Wins Best Actress Posthumously For MOM, Dadasaheb Phalke For Vinod Khanna|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | Arnold Fernandes
| ''Dawn''
| {{dash}}
|-
| align="center" | [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Ajay Bedi
! scope="row" | {{dash}}
| ''The Secret Life of Frogs''
| {{dash}}
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=66th National Film Awards for 2018 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192564 |accessdate=5 October 2024 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Savita Singh
! scope="row" | {{dash}}
| ''Sonsi''
| Hindi
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title=67th National Film Awards announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1706663 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[68th National Film Awards|2020 {{small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Nikhil S Praveen
! scope="row" | {{dash}}
|''Shabdikkunna Kalappa (Talking Plow)''
| Malayalam
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=68th National Film Awards announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1843932 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Bittu Rawat
! scope="row" | {{dash}}
| ''Pataal-Tee''
| [[Bhotiya]]
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=69th National Film Awards for the year 2021 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1951758 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|}

===2022–present===
Since the [[70th National Film Awards]], cinematographer alone is awarded.
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="5" | List of award recipients, showing the year (award ceremony), film(s) and language(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;" | Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:15%;" | Language(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | [[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{small|(70th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Siddharth Diwan
| ''Mono No Aware''
| Hindi and English
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=70th National Film Awards for the year 2022 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2045960 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row" | Saravanamaruthu Soundarapandi and Meenakshi Soman
| ''Little Wings''
| Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards 2025 Live Updates: Shah Rukh Khan, Rani Mukerji win first National Awards; Vikrant Massey and 12th Fail bag trophies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2025-live-updates-winners-list-10160873/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]

{{National Film Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Cinematography Non-feature]]
[[Category:Awards for best cinematography]]

Allahabad Pillar

2026-03-07T07:06:49Z

Moin Khan: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|One of the Pillars of Ashoka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{infobox monument
| monument_name = Allahabad Pillar
| native_name =
| image = Ashoka Pillar in Allahabad.jpg
| caption = The Allahabad Pillar.<ref name="RT"/>
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|25|52|N|81|52|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Prayagraj]] (Allahabad), [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| designer =
| type = [[Column|Pillar]]
| material = [[Sandstone]]
| length =
| width = {{convert|35|in|m|1}}{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|pp=37–38}}
| height = {{convert|35|ft|m|1}}{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|pp=37–38}}
| begin =
| complete = {{circa|3rd century BCE}}
| open =
| dedicated_to =
| map_image =
| map_text =
| map_width =
| relief =
| extra =
}}
The '''Allahabad Pillar''' is a ''stambha'', containing one of the [[Edicts of Ashoka|pillar edicts of Ashoka]], erected by [[Ashoka]], emperor of the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] dynasty, who reigned in the 3rd century BCE. While it is one of the few extant pillars that carry Ashokan [[Edicts of Ashoka|edicts]],{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=3}} it is particularly notable for containing later inscriptions attributed to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperor [[Samudragupta]] (4th century CE).{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2010}} Also engraved on the stone are inscriptions by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]], from the 17th century.{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|pp=37–38}}

According to some scholars, the pillar was moved from its original location and installed within [[Akbar]]'s [[Allahabad Fort]] in [[Prayagraj]] (formerly Allahabad), [[Uttar Pradesh]] by Emperor Akbar himself, but this theory is disputed by other scholars who point out the absence of any confirmatory evidence that the pillar was moved, and pre-Mughal inscriptions that indicate that it was already present in its current location. As the fort is now occupied by the [[Indian Army]], the public are only allowed limited access to the premises and special permission is required to view the pillar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Arjun |title=Allahabad's hidden treasure|date=13 August 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/HiddenHeritage/allahabad-s-hidden-treasure/ |publisher=Times of India |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006172405/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/HiddenHeritage/allahabad-s-hidden-treasure/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Army, SCE Allahabad, Places of Interest |url=http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/inner.aspx?status=3&menu_id=36&id=1 |publisher=Indian Army |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-date=11 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611083911/http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/inner.aspx?status=3&menu_id=36&id=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Allahabad pillar abacus.jpg|thumb|Frieze of the lost [[capital (architecture)|capital]] of the Allahabad Pillar, with [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotuses]] framing a [[palmette|"flame palmette"]] surrounded by small [[rosette (design)|rosette]] flowers.]]
The Allahabad Pillar is a single shaft of polished sandstone standing {{convert|35|ft|m|1}} high. It has a lower diameter of {{convert|35|in|m|1}} and an upper diameter of {{convert|26|in|m|1}}. The customary lotiform bell-shaped capital seen in the other Ashoka Pillars is lost, as is whichever statue mounted it. However the [[Abacus (architecture)|abacus]], adorned by a "graceful scroll of alternate lotus and honeysuckle" that the statue must have rested upon, was found nearby. Cunningham believed that the capital must have been mounted by a single lion.{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|pp=37–38}}{{sfn|Le|2010|p=39}} The abacus is almost identical to the one found on the pillar at [[Sankasya]] suggesting proximate erection dates.{{sfn|Le|2010|p=39}}

[[File:Ashoka Pillar, Allahabad, 1870.jpg|thumb|left|The ancient Ashoka Pillar at Allahabad topped with a colonial-era lion capital (photographed {{Circa|1870}}). The lion capital was possibly designed by Captain Edward Smith in 1838.{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=697–706}}]]

===Ashokan Pillar from Kaushambi===
According to the theory proposed by 19th-century archaeologists, and supported by Indian scholars such as [[Upinder Singh]], the Allahabad Pillar came from somewhere else, probably [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA327 |year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=327}}</ref> The Ashokan inscriptions suggest that the pillar was first erected at Kaushambi, an ancient town some 30 miles (50 kilometres) west of its current location which was then the capital of the kingdom of [[Vatsa]]. It was moved to Allahabad much later when the region came under Muslim rule.{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=697–706}}{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|pp=37–38}} The presence of another broken pillar at Kaushambi near the ruins of the Ghoshitarama monastery<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=25.344268&lon=81.386746&z=18&m=b&show=/664259/Ashoka-Pillar | title=Ashoka Pillar Kaushambi (Excavation site of ancient ruins) | publisher=Wikimapia | access-date=7 October 2014 | archive-date=29 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129213056/http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=25.344268&lon=81.386746&z=18&m=b&show=/664259/Ashoka-Pillar | url-status=live }}</ref> has led some to believe that the Allahabad Pillar might have been one of a pair, not unlike the ones discovered at [[Rampurva]].{{sfn|Le|2010|p=39}}

[[File:Allahabad Pillar by Joseph Tiefenthaler, 18th Century.jpg|thumb|The Allahabad Pillar as seen by the missionary [[Joseph Tiefenthaler]] in the 18th century]]
The pillar has been taken down and re-erected a number of times since the 13th century.<ref name="asia" />{{rp|968}} It was once re-erected during the time of [[Jahangir]] in 1605,{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|pp=37–38}} albeit crowned by a globe surmounted by a cone, and was later sketched by the Jesuit missionary, [[Joseph Tiefenthaler]], in the mid-18th century.{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=697–706}} General Kyd pulled the pillar down in 1798.{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=39}} In 1838, Captain Edward Smith "of the Engineers" set up the pillar once again, this time with a new lion capital of his own design. Cunningham criticised this effort at restoration as "a signal failure" as he thought the statue was "small and recumbent". He summed up the design with the following remark,{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=697–706}}
{{blockquote|Indeed, it looks to me not unlike a stuffed poodle stuck on the top of an inverted flower pot.}}

===Ashokan Pillar, in situ===
An alternate theory proposed by Krishnaswamy and Ghosh in 1935 states that the Allahabad Pillar was never moved. They dismissed the theory that Muslim Sultans, anyone from the Mughal empire, [[Hindu king]]s before the arrival of Islam, or any private individual may have moved the pillar from Kaushambi to the current location.{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=697–703}} Their arguments are based on the dates of the numerous inscriptions on the pillar, the lack of textual evidence in any historical texts, or of a reason for anyone to move the pillar from Kaushambi to Allahabad, since there is no evidence that these were significant cities.{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=697–703}} They also dismiss the possibility that a private individual may have moved it because the pillar is too big and heavy, and required a very large amount of resources to move it. Ashoka may have installed it at [[Triveni Sangam|Prayag]] because the confluence of [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers was already a major pilgrimage site during his time, thus a location that gave more access and visibility to his edicts. The Ashokan inscription is merely a copy of the Kausambi inscription, state Krishnaswamy and Ghosh.{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=697–7063}} The surface damage and the addition of numerous new inscriptions happened while the pillar stood in Allahabad.{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=697–703}}

===Pre-Ashokan, Prayāga bull-pillar===
A third theory was proposed in 1979 by John Irwin, who concurred with Krishnaswamy and Ghosh that the Allahabad Pillar was never moved and was always at the confluence of the rivers Ganges and Yamuna. He further stated that the pillar's origins were undoubtedly pre-Ashokan based on all the evidence at the site, the major and minor inscriptions as well as textual evidence, taken together.<ref name=irwin1>{{cite book|author=John Irwin| editor=Herbert Hartel|title= South Asian Archaeology |year=1979|oclc= 8500702|isbn= 978-3-49600-1584|publisher = D. Reimer Verlag (Berlin)|pages=313–340}}</ref><ref name=irwin2>{{cite journal|author=John Irwin| title= The ancient pillar-cult at Prayāga (Allahabad): its pre-Aśokan origins| journal= The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland| issue= 2| year=1983|jstor= 25211537|publisher = Cambridge University Press|pages=253–280}}</ref> According to Irwin, an analysis of the minor inscriptions and ancient scribblings on the pillar first observed by Cunningham, also noted by Krishnaswamy and Ghosh, reveals that these included years and months, and the latter "always turns out to be Magha, which also gives it name to the [[Magh Mela]]", the bathing pilgrimage festival of the Hindus.<ref name=irwin2/>

Archaeological and geological surveys done since the 1950s, states Irwin, have revealed that the rivers – particularly Ganges – have a different course now than in distant past. The original path of river Ganges had settlements dating from 8th-century BCE onwards.<ref name=irwin2/> This ancient path of the river placed the pillar more directly on the banks of the confluence. Further, east from the pillar is the remains of an ancient massive well (''samudra-kup'' in early Sanskrit texts), in the direction of the remains of ''Pratisthan'' (now Jhusi). The Vasuki temple and Alarkapuri, which pilgrims visit after ritual bathing as a part of their traditional ''parikrama'' (circumambulation, Magha Mela walking circuit), are also ancient and consistent with early Sanskrit texts.<ref name=irwin1/><ref name=irwin2/> According to Irwin, the pillar itself is pre-Buddhist, to which Ashoka added the Brahmi script inscription to advertise his edicts to the masses of pilgrims and the extant Buddhist monasteries there. He adds, "we also know with certainty that its original emblem had been – not a lion, as previously supposed – but the bull of pre-Buddhist, Brahmanical religion".<ref name=irwin1/><ref name=irwin2/>

According to [[Karel Werner]] – an Indologist known for his studies on religion particularly Buddhism, Irwin work "showed conclusively that the pillar did not originate at Kaushambi", but had been at Prayaga from pre-Buddhist time as a center of a very ancient pillar cult and that in fact, this was incorrectly attributed to Ashoka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Karel Werner|title=Symbols in Art and Religion: The Indian and the Comparative Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSGzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95 |year=1990|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7007-0215-6|pages=95–96}}</ref>

==Inscriptions==
When [[James Prinsep]] of the [[Asiatic Society]] came across the broken pillar just inside the gates of the [[Allahabad Fort]] in {{Circa|1834}}, its inscriptions were being eroded by the rain and sun. He remarked,{{sfn|Allen|2012|loc=Chapter 7}}{{sfn|Prinsep|1834|p=114–123}}

{{blockquote|I could not see the highly curious column lying at Allahabad, falling to rapid decay, without wishing to preserve a complete copy of its several inscriptions …}}

There are three sets of inscriptions on the column from the three emperors, [[Ashoka Maurya]], [[Samudragupta]] and [[Jahangir]]. They are accompanied by some minor inscriptions by pilgrims and others, which were derided as a mass of modern scribblings by [[Alexander Cunningham]]. Some of these are, however, dated and coupled with the style of scripts used, are useful to establish the periods when the pillar was in an erect position, and when it was lying prone on the ground.

===Ashoka inscriptions===
[[File:Major Pillar Edicts 1-6 on the Allahabad pillar of Ashoka.jpg|upright=1.75|thumb|Major Pillar Edicts 1-6 on the Allahabad Pillar of Ashoka]]
The Ashokan inscriptions on the Allahabad Pillar (along with inscriptions elsewhere) were pivotal to the decipherment of the Brahmi script by [[The Asiatic Society]]'s James Prinsep. It led to the rediscovery of the [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan emperor]] and the unearthing of the full extent of his empire.<ref name=asia>{{cite book|last1=Prinsep|first1=James|author-link1=Prinsep|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|publisher=Open Library|pages=566–609, 953–980|year=1832|ol=25456976M}}</ref><ref name=kang>{{cite news|last1=Kang|first1=Kanwarjit Singh|title=He deciphered India's past|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100328/spectrum/main2.htm|access-date=2 October 2014|work=The Tribune|date=28 March 2010|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071903/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100328/spectrum/main2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="charry">{{cite news | url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep14/at4.asp | title=Re-discovering an Emperor | publisher=Deccan Herald | date=14 September 2003 | access-date=2 October 2014 | first1=V Shankar | last1=Charry | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009051447/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep14/at4.asp | archive-date=9 October 2014 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The inscription is engraved in continuous lines around the column in [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and contains the same six [[Edicts of Ashoka|edicts]] that can be seen on the other [[Pillars of Ashoka|pillars]]. The surviving inscriptions from the Ashoka period are "uniform in size, neat and deeply engraved" observed Cunningham.{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|pp=37–38}}

====Major Pillar Edicts 1-6====
The pillar contains the [[Major Pillar Edicts]] of Ashoka, from 1 to 6. The first and second edicts have survived in full. However, much of the third and fourth edicts were "ruthlessly destroyed by the cutting of the vain-glorious inscription of [[Jahangir]], recording the names of his ancestors".{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|pp=37–38}} Only two lines of the fifth edict have survived, the others lost by surface peel off. The sixth is almost complete, with a loss of about half a line. These edits are the same as found at other Ashokan pillars. Besides the six edicts, the Allahabad pillar also includes what are known as the ''Schism edict'', the ''Queen's edict'' and the ''Birbal Magha Mela inscription''.{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|pp=37–38}}

====Schism edict====
[[File:Schism and Queen Edict inscriptions on the Allahabad pillar of Ashoka.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Schism and Queen Edict inscriptions on the Allahabad Pillar of Ashoka]]
The Schism Edict, referred to as the ''Kaushambi edict'' by Cunningham, is a command from the emperor addressing the senior officials (''[[Mahamatra]]s'') of [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]]{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=697–706}} urging them to avoid dissension and stay united. The following is a conflation of various fragmented versions of the edict:

{{blockquote|The [[Devanampriya|Beloved of the Gods]] orders the officers of [[Kosambi|Kauśāmbī]]/[[Patliputra|Pāṭa(liputra)]] thus:

No one is to cause dissention in the [[Sangha|Order]]. The Order of [[Bhikkhu|monks]] and [[Bhikkhunī|nuns]] has been united, and this unity should last for as long as my sons and great grandsons, and the moon and the sun. Whoever creates a schism in the Order, whether monk or nun, is to be dressed in white garments, and to be put in a place not inhabited by monks or nuns. For it is my wish that the Order should remain united and endure for long. This is to be made known to the Order of monks and the Order of nuns. Thus says the Beloved of the Gods: You must keep one copy of this document and place it in your meeting hall, and give one copy to the [[Householder (Buddhism)|laity]]. The laymen must come on every [[Uposatha]] day [day of confession and penance] to endorse this order. The same applies to special officers who must also regularly attend the Uposatha, and endorse this order, and make it known. Throughout your district you must circulate it exactly according to this text. You must also have this precise text circulated in all the fortress districts [under military control].<ref name="thapar" />}}

====Queen's edict====
[[File:Vajrasana front frieze design.jpg|thumb|300px|Similar decorative friezes can be seen at the [[Diamond throne]] of [[Bodh Gaya]], also built by Ashoka.]]
The Queen's Edict refers to the charitable deeds of Ashoka's second queen, [[Karuvaki]], the mother of [[Tivala|Prince Tivala]].{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1925|p=336}}{{sfn|Smith|1920|pp=215–219}}

{{blockquote|On the order of the Beloved of the Gods, the officers everywhere are to be instructed that whatever may be the gift of the second queen, whether a mango-grove, a monastery, an institution for dispensing charity or any other donation, it is to be counted to the credit of that queen … the second queen, the mother of Tīvala, Kāruvākī.<ref name="thapar">{{cite book|last1=Thapar|first1=Romila|author-link1=Romila Thapar|title=Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780198077244|pages=388–390|edition=3rd|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.001.0001/acprof-9780198077244-appendix-5|access-date=8 February 2016|chapter=Appendix V: A Translation of the Edicts of Aśoka|chapter-url-access=subscription|archive-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325113829/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.001.0001/acprof-9780198077244-appendix-5|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

===Samudragupta inscription===
A later inscription, also known as the ''Prayag [[Prashasti]]'', is attributed to the 4th century CE [[Gupta Empire|Gupta Emperor]] [[Samudragupta]], and follows immediately below the edicts of Ashoka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Nandini |title=Social Sci. (History) 6 |publisher=Ratna Sagar |isbn=9788183321600 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQXAhtyQ4PwC&pg=PA72 |language=en}}</ref> It is considered "the most important historical document of the classical Gupta age".{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2010}} It is in excellent [[Sanskrit]],{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2010}} written in the more refined [[Gupta script]] (a later version of [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]) by the poet and minister, [[Harisena|Harishena]].<ref name="majumdar">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC | title=Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | author=Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra | author-link=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar | author2 = Altekar, Anant Sadashiv | author-link2 = Anant Sadashiv Altekar | year=1967 | pages=136–155| isbn=9788120800267 }}</ref> The inscription is a panegyric praising Samudragupta and lists the political and military achievements of his reign including his expeditions to the south.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2010}}<ref name="singh">{{cite book | last1=Singh | title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century | publisher=Pearson Education India | date=2008 | first1=Upinder | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC | access-date=6 October 2014 | author-link=Upinder Singh | pages=477–478 | isbn=978-8131711200}}</ref> It provides a unique snapshot of the Gupta Empire and its neighbours and is the source of much of what is known of the geopolitical landscape of that era.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2010}}<ref name="majumdar" />

The following is from the translation of the inscription by [[D. R. Bhandarkar]]:{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2010}}<ref name="cci81">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADvRMgEACAAJ | title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the early Gupta Kings | publisher=Archaeological Survey of India | author=Bhandarkar, D. R. | author-link=Devadatta Ramakrishna Bhandarkar | year=1981 | author2=Chhabra, B. C. | editor=Gai, G. S.}}</ref><ref name="ganguly">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C | title=The Imperial Guptas and Their Times | publisher=Abhinav Publications | author=Ganguly, Dilip Kumar | year=1987 | pages=63–64 | isbn=8170172225}}</ref>

{{blockquote|
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=450|caption_align=center
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| header=Samudragupta inscription
| image1 = Allahabad pillar relative sizes and position of the inscriptions.jpg
| caption1 = The Samudragupta inscription relative to the Edicts of Ashoka.
| image2 = Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta.jpg
| caption2 = Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta. It almost completely circles the pillar, and is written around the Minor Edicts of Ashoka.
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}}
[[File:Maharaja Sri Gupta inscription on the Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription.jpg|thumb|[[Gupta script]] inscription "Maharaja Sri Gupta" ([[File:Gupta allahabad m.svg|11px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad haa.jpg|11px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|11px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|12px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|12px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad gu.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg|12px]] Great King, Lord Gupta"), mentioning the first ruler of the dynasty king [[Gupta (king)|Gupta]]. Inscription by [[Samudragupta]] on the Allahabad pillar, where Samudragupta presents king Gupta as his great-grandfather. Dated circa 350 CE.<ref>[[:File:Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta.jpg|Full inscription]], {{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n197 1]-17 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403}}</ref>]]
* '''(Verse 3)''' Whose mind is surcharged with happiness in consequence of his association with the wise, who is thus accustomed to retain the truth and purpose of (any) science . . . . . . fixed . . . . . . upraised . . . . . . who, removing impediments to the grace of good poetry through the very injunction (''ājñā'') of (poetic) excellence (''[[guṇa]]'') clustered together (''guṇita'') by the experts, enjoys, in the literate world, in an attractive fashion, sovereignty, in consequence of fame for copious lucid poetry.
* '''(Verse 4)''' (Exclaiming) "Come, oh worthy (one)", and embracing (him) with hair standing on end and indicating (his) feeling, (his) father, perceiving (him) with the eye, overcome with affection, (and) laden with tears (of joy), (but) discerning the true state (of things) said to him "so protect (thou) the whole earth", while he was being looked up with sad faces by others of equal birth, (but) while the courtiers were breathing cheerfully.
* '''(Verse 5)''' Beholding whose many super-human actions, some felt the thrill of marvel and burst into horripilation, some relishing with feeling . . . . . ., some afflicted with his prowess sought (whose) protection after performing obeisance;. . . . . .
* '''(Verse 6)''' (Whose enemies), whose offence was always great, being conquered by his arm in battles . . . . . . day by day . . . . . . pride . . . . . . (develop) repentance with their minds filled with delight and expanding with much and evident pleasure and affection.
* '''(Verse 7)''' By whom, with the impetuosity of the prowess of (his) arm, which grew to overflowing, having singly and in a moment uprooted Achyuta and Nāgāsēna and Gaṇapati come together in a battle (against him) thereafter, causing, indeed, the scion of the Kōta family to be captured by (his) forces, (while) amusing himself at (the city) named Pushpa, while the sun . . . . . . the banks . . . . . .
* '''(Verse 8)''' (Being) the enclosing structure of Dharma (Sacred Law), (his) multifarious sprouting fame is as bright as the rays of the moon; (his) erudition pierces down to Truth . . . . . . quiescence . . . . . ., the course of (his) wise utterances is worthy of study; (his) again is poetry which outdistances the greatness of the genius of (other) poets. What excellence is there which does not belong to him ? So has he alone become a fit subject of contemplation with the learned.?
* '''(Lines 17–18)''' Of him (who) was skillful in engaging in hundreds of battles of various kinds, whose only ally was valour (''parākrama'') through the might of his own arm, and who (has thus) the epithet ''Parākrama'', whose body was most charming, being covered over with the plenteous beauty of the marks of hundreds of promiscuous scars, caused by battle-axes, arrows, spikes (''śaṅku''), spears (''śakti''), barbed darts (''prāsa''), swords, iron clubs (''tōmara''), javelins for throwing (''bhindipāla''), barbed arrows (''nārācha''), span-long arrows (''vaitastika'') and many other weapons.
* '''(Lines 19–20)''' Whose magnanimity blended with valour was caused by (his) first capturing, and thereafter showing the favour of releasing, all the kings of [[Dakshinapatha|Dakshiṇāpatha]] such as Mahēndra of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kōsala]], Vyāghrarāja of ''Mahākāntāra'', Maṇṭarāja of Kurāḷa, Mahēndragiri of [[Pithapuram|Pishṭapura]], Svāmidatta of Kōṭṭūra, Damana of Ēraṇḍapalla, [[Pallava dynasty|Vishṇugōpa of Kāñchī]], Nīlarāja of Avamukta, [[Salankayana|Hastivarman of Vēṅgī]], Ugrasēna of Pālakka, Kubēra of ''Dēvarāshṭra'', and Dhanañjaya of Kusthalapura.<ref name="majumdar" />{{rp|145}}
* '''(Line 21)''' (Who) is great through the extraordinary valour, namely, the forcible extermination of many kings of [[Āryāvarta]] such as Rudradēva, Matila, Nāgadatta, [[Chandravarman]], Gaṇapatināga, Nāgasēna, Āchyuta-Nandin and Balavarman; who has made all the kings of the forest regions to become his servants.
* '''(Lines 22–23)''' (Whose) formidable rule was propitiated with the payment of all tributes, execution of orders and visits (to his court) for obeisance by such frontier rulers as those of [[Samatata|Samataṭa]], [[Ḍavāka]], [[Kamarupa|Kāmarūpa]], [[Licchavis of Nepal|Nēpāla]], and [[Kartṛipura]], and, by the [[Malavas|Mālavas]], [[Arjunayanas|Ārjunāyanas]], [[Yaudheyas|Yaudhēyas]], [[Mādrakas]], [[Abhiras|Ābhīras]], Prārjunas, Sanakānīkas, Kākas, Kharaparikas and other (''tribes'')."<ref name="majumdar" />{{rp|142}}
* '''(Line 23)''' (Whose) fame has tired itself with a journey over the whole world caused by the restoration of many fallen kingdoms and overthrown royal families.

[[File:SamudraguptaCoin.jpg|thumb|A Samudragupta coin featuring the [[Garuda]] banner.]]
* '''(Lines 23–24)''' The unimpeded flow (''prasara'') of the prowess of (whose) arm (was arrested) by an earth embankment (''dharaṇi-bandha'') put up by means of service through such measures as self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces through the [[Garuḍa]] badge, by the [[Kushan Empire|Dēvaputra-Shāhi-Shāhānushāhi]]<ref>This expression obviously refers to the last rulers of the [[Kushan Empire]], in {{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Litvinovskiĭ |first2=Boris Abramovich |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250–750 |date=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120815407 |page=165 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&pg=PA165 |language=en}}</ref> and the Śaka lords and by (rulers) occupying all Island countries, such as [[Anuradhapura Kingdom|Siṁhala]]<ref name="majumdar" />{{rp|149}} and others.
* '''(Lines 24–26)''' He was without an antagonist on earth; he, by the overflowing of the multitude of (his) many good qualities adorned by hundreds of good actions, has wiped off the fame of other kings with the soles of (his) feet; (he is) [[Purusha]] (Supreme Being), being the cause of the prosperity of the good and the destruction of the bad (he is) incomprehensible; (he is) one whose tender heart can be captured only by devotion and humility; (he is) possessed of compassion; (he is) the giver of many hundred-thousands of cows; (his) mind has received ceremonial initiation for the uplift of the miserable, the poor, the forlorn and the suffering; (he is) resplendent and embodied kindness to mankind; (he is) equal to (the gods) [[Kubēra]], [[Varuṇa]], [[Indra]] and [[Yama]]; (his) Āyukta officers are always engaged upon restoring wealth (titles, territories, etc.) to the many kings conquered by the might of his arms.
* '''(Lines 27–28)''' (He) has put to shame [[Brihaspati|Bṛihaspati]] by (his) sharp and polished intellect, as also [[Tumburu]], [[Narada|Nārada]] and others by the graces of his musical performances; (his) title of "King of Poets" has been established through (his) many compositions in poetry which were a means of subsistence to the learned people; (his) many wonderful and noble deeds are fit to be praised for a very long time; (he is) a human being, only as far as he performs the rites and conventions of the world, (otherwise he is) God whose residence is (this) world.

[[File:Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I on a coin.jpg|thumb|A coin of [[Chandragupta I]], depicting Chandragupta and his Queen [[Kumaradevi]], parents of Samudragupta described in the Allahabad inscription.]]
* '''(Lines 28–30)''' This lofty column, (is) the raised arm of the earth, proclaiming as it were, that the fame having pervaded the entire surface of the world with (its) rise caused by the conquest of the whole earth, has acquired an easy and graceful movement in that it has repaired from here (''i.e.'' from this world) to the abode of (Indra) the lord of the gods—(the fame) of that prosperous Samudragupta the ''Mahārājādhirāja'', son of the prosperous [[Chandragupta I|Chandragupta (I)]], the ''Mahārājādhirāja'', born of the Mahādēvī [[Kumaradevi|Kumāradēvī]], (and) daughter's son of the [[Licchavis of Nepal|Lichchhavi]], son's son of the prosperous [[Ghatotkacha (king)|Ghaṭōtkacha]], the ''Mahārāja'' and the son of the son's son of the prosperous [[Sri Gupta|Gupta]], the ''Mahārāja''. Whose
* '''(Verse 9)''' fame, ever ascending higher and higher masses, and travelling by many paths, (namely) by liberality, prowess of arm, sobriety and utterance of scriptural texts, purifies the three worlds, like the white water of the (holy river) [[Ganga|Gaṅgā]], dashing forth rapidly when liberated from the confinement in the inner hollow of the matted hair of [[Pashupati|Paśupati]], (which rises up in ever higher and higher masses and flows through many paths).
* '''(Lines 31–32)''' And may this poetic composition (''[[kāvya]]'') of [[Harisena|Harishēṇa]], the servant of the very same venerable ''Bhaṭṭāraka'', whose mind has been enlightened through the favour of dwelling near (him), who is the ''Sāndhivigrahika'', ''Kumārāmātya'' (and) ''Mahādaṇḍanāyaka'', (and who is) a native of Khādyaṭapāka, and son of the ''Mahādaṇḍanāyaka'' Dhruvabhūti, lead to the welfare and happiness of all beings!
* '''(Lines 33)''' and (it) was executed by the ''Mahādaṇḍanāyaka'' Tilabhaṭṭaka who meditates on the feet of the ''Paramabhaṭṭāraka.''
}}

Earlier translations, including one by [[John Faithfull Fleet|J. F. Fleet]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n20 8] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403}}</ref> also exist.

===Birbal Magh Mela inscription===
The Birbal Magh Mela inscription is from the second half of the 16th century.{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=39}}

{{blockquote|In the Samvat year 1632, Saka 1493, in Magha, the 5th of the waning moon, on Monday, Gangadas's son [[Maharaja]] [[Birbal]] made the auspicious pilgrimage to Tirth Raj Prayag. Saphal scripsit.{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=39}}
}}

This inscription is significant because it confirms that Prayag was a significant pilgrimage center – Tirth Raj – for the Hindus in the 16th century, and that the festival was held in the month of Magha. The Samvat year 1632 is equivalent to 1575 CE, while Saka 1493 equals 1571 CE. One of these is a scribal error, but the decade is accurate because Allahabad was under Akbar's control at the time and where built a major fort. Historical documents also confirm that Birbal did visit Akbar and Allahabad often.{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=39}}{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=698-699}}

Cunningham noted that many smaller inscriptions were added on the pillar over time. Quite many of these inscriptions include a date between 1319 CE and 1397 CE, and most of these include the month Magha. According to Krishnaswamy and Ghosh, these dates are likely related to the [[Magh Mela]] pilgrimage at Prayag, as recommended in the ancient Hindu texts.{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=702-703}}

===Jahangir inscription===
[[File:Jahangir inscription on the Allahabad pillar of Ashoka.jpg|thumb|Jahangir inscription on the Allahabad Pillar of Ashoka.<ref name="RT">Description and recent photograph in {{cite web |last1=Thapar |first1=Romila |title=India and the World as Viewed from a Pillar of Ashoka Maurya |url=https://guftugu.in/2018/06/pillar-of-ashokamaurya-romila-thapar/ |date=13 June 2018 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930204907/https://guftugu.in/2018/06/pillar-of-ashokamaurya-romila-thapar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
A still later inscription in [[Persian language|Persian]] traces the ancestry of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Jahangir]]. It was carved by Mir Abdullah Mushkin Qalam, shortly before his accession to the throne when he was still ''Shah Salim''.<ref name=asherc>{{cite book|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine B.|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521267285|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC|access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> The Jahangir inscription overwrote and "ruthlessly destroyed" the significant portion of the ancient Ashoka inscription, states Cunningham.{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|pp=37–38}}{{sfn|Prinsep|1834|p=114–123}}

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
* [[Early Indian epigraphy]]
* [[Prashasti]]
* [[Gadhwa Stone Inscriptions]] (also in Prayagraj)
* [[Kahaum pillar]]

{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Cunningham|first1=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Cunningham|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of Ashoka|date=1879|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35693/page/n55 37]–38|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35693 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine B.|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521267285|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC }}
* {{cite book |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the Early Guptas. Vol. III |last=Fleet |first=John F |author-link=John Faithfull Fleet |year=1888 |publisher=Government of India, Central Publications Branch, Calcutta |pages=10–17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HON9OAAACAAJ }}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADvRMgEACAAJ | title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the early Gupta Kings | publisher=Archaeological Survey of India | author=Bhandarkar, D. R. | author-link=Devadatta Ramakrishna Bhandarkar | year=1981 | author2=Chhabra, B. C. | editor=Gai, G. S. }}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4o_URem5WMcC | title=Ashoka, the Buddhist Emperor of India | publisher=Asian Educational Services | last=Smith | first=Vincent Arthur | author-link=Vincent Arthur Smith | year=1920 | pages=215–219 | isbn=8120613031 }}
* {{cite web|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India: Samudragupta: "a God whose residence is this world?" |url=http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415485432/11.asp|publisher=Routledge|access-date=1 October 2014|year=2010 }}
* {{cite book|title = Buddhist Architecture|last = Le|first = Huu Phuoc|publisher = Grafikol|year = 2010|isbn = 978-0984404308|pages = 39|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC }}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C | title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor | publisher=Hachette UK | last1=Allen | first1=Charles | author-link=Charles Allen (writer) | year=2012 | isbn=978-1408703885 }}
* {{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzwzAQAAMAAJ | title=Note on Inscription on the Allahabad Column | last=Prinsep|first= James | author-link=James Prinsep | journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal | year=1834 | volume=3 | pages=114–123 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Prinsep|first1=James|author-link1=James Prinsep|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal | publisher=Open Library |pages=566–609, 953–980|year=1832 |ol=25456976M}}
* {{cite book | first1=D. R. | last1=Bhandarkar | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhlfSZLDjRsC | title=Ashoka | publisher=Asian Educational Services | date=1925 | author-link=D. R. Bhandarkar | pages=336 | isbn=8120613333 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Krishnaswamy |first1=C.S. |last2=Ghosh |first2=Amalananda |author-link2=Amalananda Ghosh |date=October 1935 |title=A Note on the Allahabad Pillar of Aśoka |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=697–706 |jstor=25201233 }}

[[Category:Monumental columns in India]]
[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:History of Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Mauryan art]]
[[Category:Gupta Empire]]
[[Category:4th century in India]]
[[Category:Gupta and post-Gupta inscriptions]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ashoka]]

Appapara

2026-03-05T22:29:51Z

Moin Khan:

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Pakshipathalam - views from the way to Pakshipathalam from Thirunelli (1).jpg|thumb|Kerala Forest Sign near Appapara]]
'''Appapara''' or Appappara is a small village in Wayanad district of Kerala state, India.

==Location==
Appappara is located on the border between Kerala and Karnataka near to near [[Thirunelli Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/11%C2%B054'17.5%22N+76%C2%B001'42.8%22E/@11.904853,76.0263669,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d11.904853!4d76.028561|title=Google Maps}}</ref><ref>http://www.distancemonk.com/mananthavady-to-appapara/8e6f035dd871cdc5/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==Education==
The nearest schools are Government Highschool Kattikkulam and Ashram school, Thirunelli.

==Administration==
Appapara is part of Thirunelli panchayath. The pin code for Appapara village is 670646.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.askmecodes.com/pin-code-of-appapara-dcmcd-school-kartikulam-wayanad |title=PIN Code of Appapara, DCMCD School, Kartikulam, Wayanad , Appapara, DCMCD School, Kartikulam, Wayanad Postal Code - Askmecodes |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117144716/http://www.askmecodes.com/pin-code-of-appapara-dcmcd-school-kartikulam-wayanad |archive-date=17 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Churches==
There is one St. George Church in Appappara. It comes under the Syro Malabar church of Mananthavady.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/parish.php?id=1548|title = St. George Church Appapara::Mananthavady Eparchy:: Syro Malabar Church Parish}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Papanasini River]]
* [[Iruppu Falls]]
* [[Brahmagiri (hill), Karnataka|Brahmagiri Hills]]
* [[Thirunelli temple]]
* [[Kattikkulam, Wayanad|Kattikkulam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wayanad district}}
{{coord|11.904853|N|76.028561|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Mananthavady Area]]

Sangama dynasty

2026-03-05T10:01:54Z

Moin Khan: brief refined formatting based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|First dynasty of Vijayanagara (1336–1485)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Vijayanagara empire|Sangama}}
The '''Sangama dynasty''' was a dynasty of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] founded in the 14th century by two brothers: [[Harihara I]] (also called ''Vira Harihara'' or ''Hakka Raya'') and [[Bukka Raya I]].<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (i) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605005217/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vA1DAAAAYAAJ&q=vijayanagara+empire+was+veerashaiva |title=Journal of Historical Research |date=1974 |publisher=Department of History, Ranchi University. |language=en}}</ref> They were the sons of [[Bhavana Sangama]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=103–106}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.preservearticles.com/biography/short-biography-of-harihara-i-ad-1336ad-1355/14111|title=Short biography of Harihara-I (A.D. 1336—A.D. 1355)|first=Aditya|last=Vardhan|date=29 October 2011|access-date=2 May 2024|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820074314/https://www.preservearticles.com/biography/short-biography-of-harihara-i-ad-1336ad-1355/14111|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book|first=Ramchandra |last=Dhere |title=Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press, 2011 |isbn=9780199777648 |pages=243}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ph.D |first=M. Jankiraman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36AGEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sangama+dynasty+cowherd+Yadava&pg=PT240 |title=Perspectives in Indian History: From the Origins to AD 1857 |date=2020-11-03 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64983-995-4 |language=en}}</ref> They belonged to the [[Yadava]] clan of [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamsa]] lineage.<ref name=":0" />

==Foundation and early history==
[[File:Sangamas of the Vijayanagara Empire.png|thumb|right|250px|Map of the Sangama dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire]]
The Sangama dynasty was founded by Harihara I and Bukka. Their father had been taken prisoner in 1327 by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]. They founded [[Vijayanagara]] in 1336.<ref name="sen2"/>

==Successors==
Bukka's successor, [[Harihara II]], continued Bukka's campaign throughout southern India and managed to take control of coastal [[Coastal Andhra|Andhra]] between [[Nellore]] and [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] and conquer the Addanki and [[Srisailam]] areas as well as most of the territories between the peninsula to the south of the [[Krishna River]]. Harihara II also managed to conquer many Indian ports such as that of Goa, [[Chaul]], and Dabhol.

After Harihara II died the throne was in conflict between [[Virupaksha Raya]], [[Bukka Raya II]], and [[Deva Raya]] of which Deva Raya would eventually come out as the victor. During his reign, Deva Raya managed to successfully control the vast number of territories in the empire. The kings after Deva Raya on the other hand did not manage to do anything significant at all for the kingdom. This was until [[Deva Raya II]], who would bring about the golden age of the Sangama Dynasty. Under Deva Raya II's rule, the empire would succeed in completely conquering southern India such as conquering Kondavidu, defeating the ruler of [[Venad|Quilon]] as well as other chieftains, extending the empire from [[Odisha]] to Malabar and from [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] to [[Gulbarga]], and also taking over a lot of the major Indian ports. However after Deva Raya II, his incompetent successors would eventually cause the destruction of the dynasty with the [[Bahamani]] Kingdoms continually taking over much of the Vijayanaga territory. [[Virupaksha Raya II]] was the last emperor of the dynasty.

== List of rulers ==
* [[Harihara I]] (1336–1356 CE), founder of empire and dynasty
* [[Bukka Raya I]] (1356–1377 CE), also founder of empire
* [[Harihara II]] (1377–1404 CE)
* [[Virupaksha Raya]] (1404–1405 CE)
* [[Bukka Raya II]] (1405–1406 CE)
* [[Deva Raya]] (1406–1422 CE)
* [[Ramachandra Raya]] (1422 CE)
* [[Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya]] (1422–1424)
* [[Deva Raya II]] (1424–1446 CE)
* [[Mallikarjuna Raya]] (1446–1465 CE)
* [[Virupaksha Raya II]] (1465–1485 CE)
* [[Praudha Raya]] (1485 CE), last ruler

== See also ==
* [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijaynagara Empire]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051219170139/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/HIST-CULT/history_medieval.html APonline - History and Culture - History-Medieval Period]

[[Category:Sangama dynasty| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1336]]
[[Category:Dynasties of the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Veerashaiva kings]]
[[Category:Veerashaiva clans]]

Archana Express

2026-03-02T09:06:12Z

Moin Khan:

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Archana Express
| logo = Archana Express.webp
| image = Archna express.jpg
| caption = Archana Express At [[Ludhiana Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2003|01|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]] (PNBE)
| stops = 18
| end = [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] (JAT)
| distance = {{convert|1515|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 26 hrs 50 mins
| frequency = Bi-weekly.
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12355 / 12356
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|56|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Archana Express (Jammu Tawi - Rajendranagar) Route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12355 / 12356 '''Archana Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[East Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} in India.<ref name=:0>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/2-trains-to-originate-from-terminate-at-patna-junction-now/articleshow/71585642.cms|title=2 trains to originate from, terminate at Patna Junction now |date=October 15, 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>

It operates as train number 12355 from Patna Junction to Jammu Tawi and as train number 12356 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

==Coach composition==
{| class="wikitable"
! Coach Type !! Code(s) !! Count
|-
| Luggage/Parcel || LPR || 1
|-
| General Un-Reserved || GEN || 4
|-
| Sleeper || S1–S6 || 6
|-
| Pantry Car || PC || 1
|-
| 3AC Economy || M1 || 1
|-
| 3AC || B1–B5 || 5
|-
| 2AC || A1–A2 || 2
|-
| 1AC || H1 || 1
|-
| 2nd Sitting || DL1 || 1
|-
| Total Coaches || || 22
|}

==Service==

When introduced into service in the 1990s, Archana Express was numbered 3289/3290 and had a moderate time table. 13289 departing Patna at 07.30 am, Mughalsarai at 11.15 am, Varanasi at 12.06 pm, Lucknow at 17.45 pm, Bareilly at 21.50 pm, Moradabad at 23.30 pm, Laksar at 01.54 am, Saharanpur at 03.00 am; Ambala Cantt at 04.40 am, Ludhiana at 07.00 am, Pathankot Junction at 10.05 am with reversal & Jammu Tawi arrival at 12.00 pm the next day. Later it used was made to run via Pathankot Cantt. In return 13290 Jammu Tawi departure was 23.45 pm, Ludhiana at 04.50 am; Ambala Cantt at 07.01 am; Saharanpur at 08.35 am; Laksar at 09.31 am; Moradabad at 12.05 pm; Bareilly at 13.45 pm, Lucknow at 18.15 pm, Varanasi at 23.45 pm, Mughalsarai at 00.35 am, arriving Patna at 04.15 am. It used to cover {{convert|1509|km|0|abbr=on}} in 28 hrs 30 mins (52.95 km/h).

Since 2005, The 12355 Patna Junction–Jammu Tawi Archana Express covers the distance of {{convert|1509|km|0|abbr=on}} in 27 hours 00 mins (55.89 km/h) and in 27 hours 00 mins as 12356 Jammu Tawi–Patna Junction Archana Express (55.89 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] surcharge.

==Routeing==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Station Name !! Code !! Distance (KM)
|-
| Patna Junction || PNBE || 0
|-
| Danapur || DNR || 10
|-
| Ara || ARA || 49
|-
| Buxar || BXR || 118
|-
| Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction || DDU || 208
|-
| Varanasi || BSB || 226
|-
| Bhadohi || BOY || 270
|-
| Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh || MBDP || 354
|-
| Amethi || AME || 389
|-
| Jais || JAIS || 420
|-
| Rae Bareli Junction || RBL || 449
|-
| Lucknow Junction || LKO || 527
|-
| Bareilly (NR) || BE || 762
|-
| Moradabad || MB || 852
|-
| Saharanpur Junction || SRE || 1045
|-
| Ambala Cantt Junction || UMB || 1126
|-
| Ludhiana Junction || LDH || 1240
|-
| Jalandhar Cantt || JRC || 1292
|-
| Pathankot Cantt || PTKC || 1405
|-
| Jammu Tawi || JAT || 1504
|}

==Traction==

As route is now fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur Loco Shed]] / [[Electric Loco Shed, Gomoh|Gomoh Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

==Operation==

12355 Patna Junction–Jammu Tawi Archana Express runs from Patna Junction every Tuesday and Saturday, reaching Jammu Tawi the next day.

12356 Jammu Tawi–Patna Junction Archana Express runs from Jammu Tawi every Wednesday and Sunday, reaching
Patna Junction the next day.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* http://www.holidayiq.com/railways/archana-express-12355-train.html
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2oyK02AI3o
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/48244096@N03/9526277313/

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=8 April 2014 |df=dmy }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Archana Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Transport in Jammu]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2003]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

Tamil Nadu Premier League

2026-03-01T10:49:23Z

Moin Khan: updated references additionally and added references

{{Short description|Indian T20 cricket league}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date = March 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = Tamil Nadu Premier League (TNPL)
| image = Tamil_Nadu_Premier_League.png
| imagesize =
| caption =
| country = [[India]]
| administrator = [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association|TNCA]]
| key_people =
| cricket format = [[Twenty20]]
| first = [[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]
| last = [[2025 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2025]]
| next = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2026]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round Robin format with Group System]] and [[Playoffs]]
| participants = [[#Teams|8]]
| champions = [[Tiruppur Tamizhans]] (1st title)
| most successful = [[Chepauk Super Gillies]] (4 titles)
| qualification =
| most runs = [[N Jagadeesan]] (2225)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2017/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=11901;type=tournament|title=TNPL Most runs|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127005051/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2017/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=11901;type=tournament|url-status=live}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[R Sai Kishore]] (75)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2017/engine/records/batting/most_wickets_career.html?id=11901;type=tournament|title=TNPL Most wickets|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref>
| TV = [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] (TV) [[Fancode]] (Internet)
| website = {{URL|https://tnpl.cricket/}}
| current = [[2025 Tamil Nadu Premier League]]
}}
{{Season sidebar
| tile = Seasons
| list =
* [[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]
* [[2017 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2017]]
* [[2018 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2018]]
* [[2019 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2019]]
* [[2021 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2021]]
* [[2022 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2022]]
* [[2023 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2023]]
* [[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024]]
* [[2025 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2025]]
}}

The '''Tamil Nadu Premier League (TNPL)''' is an annual men's [[Twenty20]] [[cricket]] league held in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is organised by the [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] and contested by eight city-based [[Franchise (sport)|franchise]] teams from the state. The [[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|inaugural season]] was held in 2016, and nine seasons have been contested till 2025.

[[Tiruppur Tamizhans]] are the defending champions, having won their first title in [[2025 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2025]]. [[Chepauk Super Gillies]] is the most successful team with four titles.{{efn|name=CSG|[[Chepauk Super Gillies]] shared the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Premier League]] title with [[Kovai Kings]] after the final was washed out.}}

== History ==
=== Background ===
In July 2015, the [[Rajendra Mal Lodha|R M Lodha]] committee appointed by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], suspended the [[Chennai]] based [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Chennai Super Kings]] for a period of two years due to the association of their owners with illegal betting.<ref name="Suspend">{{cite news|date=14 July 2015|title=CSK, RR owners suspended for two years|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/csk-rr-owners-suspended-for-two-years-898461|access-date=13 February 2023|archive-date=13 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213084432/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/csk-rr-owners-suspended-for-two-years-898461|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of the ban, there was no major competitive [[T20 cricket]] that was played in the state. The [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] (TNCA) introduced plans for T20 cricket league for the Chennai first-division league teams to be played in May 2016. Following the same, the TNCA announced the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|inaugural edition]] of the Tamil Nadu Premier League (TNPL).<ref name="Launch">{{cite news|title=TNCA announces franchise-based T20 league|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/tnca-announces-franchise-based-t20-league-996543|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|first=Arun|last=Venugopal|date=10 April 2016|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The league was aimed to make up for the absence of major T20 matches in the state that year and to serve as a platform for local players from the state.<ref name="Launch"/><ref name="Mint">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/aqCo5tjglYggXcLdPJ65gK/Backed-by-N-Srinivasan-Tamil-Nadu-gets-its-own-Premier-Leag.html|title=Backed by N Srinivasan, Tamil Nadu gets its own Premier League|last2=Ananth|first1=Dharani|last1=Thangavelu|first2=Venkat|date=9 June 2016|work=[[Livemint]]|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310110015/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/aqCo5tjglYggXcLdPJ65gK/Backed-by-N-Srinivasan-Tamil-Nadu-gets-its-own-Premier-Leag.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Franchise rights ===
The TNPL was proposed as an eight team event contested by city-based franchise teams.<ref name="Launch"/> On 1 May 2016, the TNCA invited bidders for the franchise rights with the base price set at {{INRconvert|12.5|m|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}}.<ref name="The Hindu2">{{cite news|last=Dinakar|first=S.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/TNPL-is-full-of-possibilities-says-CEO/article14260955.ece|title=TNPL is full of possibilities, says CEO|date=28 April 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 March 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> About 17 bidders participated in the bidding process and the eight franchises were unveiled later by the TNCA.<ref name="Franchise">{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/srinivasan-unveils-eight-franchise-tnpl-1024661|title=Srinivasan unveils eight-franchise TNPL|date=10 June 2016|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The franchise rights for the eight team were sold for {{INRConvert|335.1|m|year=2016|mode=historical}} with the highest bid at {{INRConvert|52.1|m|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}}.<ref name="Mint"/><ref name="Franchise"/><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/Tamil-Nadu-Premier-League-the-facts-and-figures/article14549152.ece|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League: the facts and figures|date=3 August 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505203412/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/Tamil-Nadu-Premier-League-the-facts-and-figures/article14549152.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%"
|+ Franchise rights<ref name="Mint"/><ref name="Franchise"/>
!Owner
!Franchise city
!Price
|-
|Thoothukudi Sports & Entertainments
|[[Thoothukudi]]
|{{INRConvert|52.1|m|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}}
|-
|[[Dina Thanthi|Metronation Chennai Television]]
|[[Chennai]]
|{{INRConvert|51.3|m|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}}
|-
|[[Lyca Productions]]
|[[Coimbatore]]
|{{INRConvert|50.1|m|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}}
|-
|Kothari (Madras) International
|[[Madurai]]
|{{INRConvert|40.01|m|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}}
|-
|Ruby Builders
|[[Kanchipuram]]
|{{INRConvert|36.9|m|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}}
|-
|VB Cricket Academy
|[[Thiruvallur]]
|{{INRConvert|34.8|m|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}}
|-
|Take Solutions
|[[Dindigul]]
|{{INRConvert|34.2|m|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}}
|-
|Chettinad Apparels
|[[Karaikkudi]]
|{{INRConvert|33.0|m|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}}
|}

=== Inauguration ===
In June 2016, the TNCA announced that the first season would consist of 27 matches to be played in August–September across three cities Chennai, [[Tirunelveli]], and [[Dindigul]] with the player draft to be held in July.<ref name="Mint"/><ref name="Franchise"/> The player draft was held in Chennai on 30 July.<ref name="Draft">{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/tnpl-2016-full-list-rules-player-draft-006916.html|title=TNPL 2016 player draft|work=mykhel|date=3 August 2016|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> On 16 August 2016, the first edition of the league was inaugurated by [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|MS Dhoni]] and was played from 24 August to 18 September.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/Dhoni-launches-the-TNPL/article14576737.ece|title=Dhoni launches the TNPL|date=19 August 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142254/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/Dhoni-launches-the-TNPL/article14576737.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The first edition featured international cricketers and other domestic cricketers registered with the TNCA.<ref name="Mint"/><ref name="Franchise"/>

== Organisation ==
=== Tournament format ===
During the inaugural season, the eight teams played every other team once and the top four qualified for the semifinals.<ref name="Franchise"/><ref name="TNPL16">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tn-premier-league-2016-1047323|title=2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530041228/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tn-premier-league-2016-1047323|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the [[2017 Tamil Nadu Premier League|second season]], a new system was introduced in which the eight teams played against each other in the league phase in [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format and the top four qualified for the [[playoffs]]. The playoffs consist of three matches – one eliminator and two qualifiers, followed by the final. The top two teams from the league phase play against each other in the first qualifier match with the winner progressing to the final. The loser would play against the winner of an eliminator match between the third and fourth-place teams from the league phase play in the second qualifier. The winner of this match would play the winner of the first qualifier for the title.<ref name="TNPL17R">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tn-premier-league-2017-1107170/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results|title=2017 Tamil Nadu Premier League, Results|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142306/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tn-premier-league-2017-1107170/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2024-schedule-fixtures-results-points/d4d42e3eba31844b0a45774c|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League 2024 schedule, fixtures, match times, latest results and points table|work=Sporting News|date=3 August 2024|access-date=1 September 2024|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142245/https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2024-schedule-fixtures-results-points/d4d42e3eba31844b0a45774c|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Player acquisition and salaries ===
For the first season, each team was allowed a minimum of 17 players and a maximum of 19. There were 888 players classified into three price bands with the highest price was fixed at {{INRconvert|0.5|m}}.<ref name="Draft"/> The team with the highest bid during the franchise auction had the first right followed in order by the value of the bids and the process was repeated till the time a team exhausted its purse or refused to choose a player.<ref name="Draft"/> For the subsequent season, the franchises retained the players and a short player draft were conducted to fill the vacant positions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.crictracker.com/tnpl-draft-goes-ahead-without-outstation-players/|title=TNPL draft goes ahead without outstation players|work=Crictracker|date=23 June 2017|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142314/https://www.crictracker.com/tnpl-draft-goes-ahead-without-outstation-players/|url-status=live}}</ref> For the [[2018 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2018 season]], the teams were allowed to retain three players and a new player draft was held with similar rules as the first draft.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/tnpl-player-draft-772-players-in-the-fray/article24037794.ece|title=TNPL player draft: 772 players in the fray|date=30 May 2018|work=[[Sportstar]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126154953/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/tnpl-player-draft-772-players-in-the-fray/article24037794.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> For the [[2019 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2019 season]], the teams were allowed to retain players from the previous season and were permitted a maximum of 22 players with at least two players from the districts represented by the franchise.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/tamil-nadu-premier-league-tnpl-2019-player-draft-auction-teams-squads/article28275926.ece|title=TNPL 2019: Player draft to feature 878 players|date=3 July 2019|work=[[Sportstar]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515021226/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/tamil-nadu-premier-league-tnpl-2019-player-draft-auction-teams-squads/article28275926.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ahead of the 2020 season, the franchises were allowed to retain three players each from the last season and a new player draft was held. The salary caps for the categories were also raised with the maximum cap set at {{INRconvert|0.6|m}}.<ref name="Draft20">{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/tnpl-2020-players-draft-full-list-chepauk-super-gillies-dindigul-dragons-dinesh-karthik-ashwin-shahrukh-khan-sai-kishore/article30859211.ece|title=TNPL Players Draft 2020: Mukund goes to Tamizhans, Spartans picks Vijay Shankar|date=20 February 2020|work=[[Sportstar]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409071408/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/tnpl-2020-players-draft-full-list-chepauk-super-gillies-dindigul-dragons-dinesh-karthik-ashwin-shahrukh-khan-sai-kishore/article30859211.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/tnpl-season-5-draft-today/article30865361.ece|title=TNPL Season-5 draft today|date=20 February 2020|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223095439/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/tnpl-season-5-draft-today/article30865361.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/feb/21/vijay-for-salem-tiruppur-gets-abhinav-2106423.html|title=Vijay for Salem; Tiruppur gets Abhinav|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 February 2020|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301050251/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/feb/21/vijay-for-salem-tiruppur-gets-abhinav-2106423.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ Player categories in the draft<ref name="Draft"/><ref name="Draft20"/>
!scope="col" |Category
!scope="col" |Description
!scope="col" |Salary (2016)
!scope="col" |Salary (2020)
|-
!scope="row" |A
|Players who have represented the [[Indian national cricket team]]
|align="center"|{{INRconvert|0.3|m}}–{{INRconvert|0.5|m}}
|align="center"|{{INRconvert|0.6|m}}
|-
!scope="row" |B1–B2
|Players who have played at least 20 TNPL matches or appeared in domestic [[first class cricket|first class]] matches conducted by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
|align="center"|{{INRconvert|0.15|m}}–{{INRconvert|0.25|m}}
|align="center"|{{INRconvert|0.2|m}}–{{INRconvert|0.3|m}}
|-
!scope="row" |C
|Others
|align="center" colspan="2"|{{INRconvert|0.5|m}}–{{INRconvert|1|m}}
|}

Until 2020, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] prevented TNCA from including outstation players in the league.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dinakar|first=S.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/TNPL-BCCI%E2%80%99s-response-awaited/article14580560.ece|title=TNPL: BCCI's response awaited|date=21 August 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142247/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/TNPL-BCCI%E2%80%99s-response-awaited/article14580560.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bccis-no-to-tnpl-for-other-states-players-could-lead-to-bigger-repercussions/articleshow/59380848.cms|title=BCCI's no to TNPL for other states' players could lead to bigger repercussions|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 June 2017|first=K Shriniwas|last=Rao|access-date=11 July 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111174954/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bccis-no-to-tnpl-for-other-states-players-could-lead-to-bigger-repercussions/articleshow/59380848.cms?|url-status=live}}</ref> For the fifth season, a maximum of two outstation players who were not part of the [[Indian Premier League]], were permitted per team and a separate draft for the outstation players was held after the conclusion of the [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 IPL season]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/tnpl-players-draft-salem-pick-disability-world-series-star/articleshow/74231215.cms|title=TNPL Player's Draft: Salem pick Disability World Series star|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 February 2020|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312125141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/tnpl-players-draft-salem-pick-disability-world-series-star/articleshow/74231215.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ahead of the [[2023 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2023 season]], the TNCA introduced a new player auction replacing the draft system. Each team was given a purse of {{INRconvert|7|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/tnpl-2023-changes-player-auction-replace-draft-drs-system/article66308328.ece|title=TNPL 2023 in June-July, player auction to replace draft; DRS to be introduced|date=26 December 2022|work=[[Sportstar]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142304/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/tnpl-2023-changes-player-auction-replace-draft-drs-system/article66308328.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> For the [[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024 season]], teams were permitted a maximum of 20 players and were allowed to retain a set of players before the rest went into an auction.<ref name="Auction">{{cite news|url=https://tnpl.cricket/news/2024/16934|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League Auction 2024: Sai Kishore and Sanjay Yadav Set New Records|date=8 February 2024|work=[[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142256/https://tnpl.cricket/news/2024/16934|url-status=live}}</ref> About 61 players were sold in the auction with the maximum bid at {{INRconvert|2.2|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/tnpl-2024-auction-sai-kishore-sanjay-yadav-most-expensive-players-sold-list-teams-tamil-nadu-premier-league/article67822515.ece|title=Sai Kishore, Sanjay turn heads in auction with record sum at TNPL 2024|date=27 February 2024|work=[[Sportstar]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529153211/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/tnpl-2024-auction-sai-kishore-sanjay-yadav-most-expensive-players-sold-list-teams-tamil-nadu-premier-league/article67822515.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ Player categories for the 2024 auction<ref name="Auction"/>
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Description
|-
!scope="row" |A
|Players who have represented the [[Indian national cricket team]]
|-
!scope="row" |B
|Players who have played at least 20 TNPL matches or appeared in domestic [[first class cricket|first class]] matches conducted by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
|-
!scope="row" |C
|Players who have played at least 30 TNPL matches (not in categories A and B)
|-
!scope="row" |D
|Others
|}

== Finances ==
The franchises were sold to the highest bidders for a period of ten years and The TNCA had earned {{INRconvert|335.1|m}} in franchise rights.<ref name="Mint"/><ref name="The Hindu"/> TNPL followed a similar business model to that of the IPL.<ref name="Cricbuzz">{{cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/108228/franchises-running-in-huge-losses-demand-changes-in-tnpl|title=Franchises, running in huge losses, demand changes in TNPL|work=[[Cricbuzz]]|date=30 May 2019|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530071926/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/108228/franchises-running-in-huge-losses-demand-changes-in-tnpl|url-status=live}}</ref> For the first five years, about 80 percent of the central rights (broadcast fees and sponsorship) after excluding match staging fees, were shared amongst the eight franchises and the rest went to the TNCA. About 65 per cent was divided equally between the franchises and the rest was given to the franchises as per their standing in the league.<ref name="The Hindu"/> Contrary to the IPL, gate collections were not shared with the franchises.<ref name="Cricbuzz"/> To attract sponsors, owners were advised to name their teams after the districts in the state.<ref name="The Hindu2"/>

In May 2019, five of the franchises wrote to the TNCA regarding the financial difficulties faced by the franchises. The franchises expressed concerns regarding the lack of outstation players' participation, quality of umpiring, unavailability of players who represent India and matches being held in smaller venues, which affected the viewership for the league and the [[Audience measurement|television rating points]]. The franchises reportedly suffered losses of up to {{INRconvert|250|m}} and suggested several changes including the inclusion of more outstation players and changes to the revenue-sharing model of the league.<ref name="Cricbuzz"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bleeding-franchises-demand-changes-in-tnpl/articleshow/69574433.cms|title='Bleeding' franchises demand changes in TNPL|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 May 2019|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901192301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bleeding-franchises-demand-changes-in-tnpl/articleshow/69574433.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Outlook">{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-tamil-nadu-premier-league-owners-want-better-revenue-model-quality-umpires-for-next-edition/338882|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League Owners Want Better Revenue Model, Quality Umpires For Next Edition|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=17 September 2019|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142326/https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/sports-news-tamil-nadu-premier-league-owners-want-better-revenue-model-quality-umpires-for-next-edition-news-338882|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the TNCA states that it already shares 80 per cent of the telecast and sponsorship fees with the franchises and gains only a net of {{INRconvert|50|m}} from the TNPL after meeting all expenses. However, some of the franchises were unsatisfied with the response and demanded an audit of the TNPL accounts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20190605/282458530451689|title=TNCA meets franchise owners|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|via=[[PressReader]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926144808/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20190605/282458530451689 |archive-date=26 September 2021 |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Sponsorship ===
From 2016 to 2019, [[India Cements]] owned the title rights of the league.<ref>{{cite news|last=Babu|first=Gireesh|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/coca-cola-star-india-india-cements-to-sponsor-tamil-nadu-s-t20-116081801147_1.html|title=Coca Cola, Star India, India Cements to sponsor Tamil Nadu's T20|date=18 August 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301071448/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/coca-cola-star-india-india-cements-to-sponsor-tamil-nadu-s-t20-116081801147_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://tnpl.tnca.cricket/newsdetail?mediaId=11583&mId=3&sId=2019|title=The Tamil Nadu Cricket Association Issues Tender For Title Rights Of The Tamil Nadu Premier League 2020 To 2022|work=Tamil Nadu Premier League|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929050451/http://tnpl.tnca.cricket/newsdetail/?mediaId=11583&mId=3&sId=2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> A tender for new title rights sponsor was released in March 2020 and was awarded to the
[[Shriram Group]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=1 June 2024|date=18 July 2021|title=It'll be Shriram Capital TNPL this season|url=http://tnpl.tnca.cricket/newsdetail/?mediaId=11992&mId=3&sId=2021|work=[[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718054606/http://tnpl.tnca.cricket/newsdetail/?mediaId=11992&mId=3&sId=2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnca.cricket/pdf/ITT-Covering-Information.pdf|title=Tender_Notice - ITT-Covering-Information.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306115811/http://www.tnca.cricket/pdf/ITT-Covering-Information.pdf|work=[[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]|archive-date=6 March 2020|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Sponsor
!Period
|-
|[[India Cements]]
|2016–2019
|-
|[[Shriram Group]]
|2021–2023
|}

=== Prize money ===
The winners of TNPL are awarded {{INRConvert|10|m}} with the runners-up receiving {{INRConvert|6|m}}. The two semi-finalists are awarded {{INRConvert|4|m}} each with the remaining four teams receiving {{INRConvert|2.5|m}} each.<ref name="Mint"/>

== Broadcasting ==
In 2016, [[Star India]] acquired the media rights for {{INRconvert|71|m}} for a minimum period of five years.<ref name="Mint"/><ref name="The Hindu"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/Star-India-set-to-bag-TNPL-media-rights/articleshow/52615711.cms|title=Star India set to bag TNPL media rights|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 June 2016|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201222009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/Star-India-set-to-bag-TNPL-media-rights/articleshow/52615711.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The matches are telecast with commentaries in [[English language|English]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. Star also streamed the matches over its [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platform, [[Disney+ Hotstar]] till 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2019-tnpl-live-streaming-telecast-when-and-where-to-watch-1571275-2019-07-19|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League 2019: TNPL Live Streaming, Telecast, When and where to watch|date=19 July 2019|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301070102/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2019-tnpl-live-streaming-telecast-when-and-where-to-watch-1571275-2019-07-19|url-status=live}}</ref> For the 2022 season, the digital rights were sold to [[Viacom18]] and [[FanCode]] became the streaming partner since the 2023 season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/tnpl-2024-live-streaming-when-and-where-to-watch-tamil-nadu-premier-league-matches-291667.html|title=TNPL 2024 Live Streaming: When and where to watch Tamil Nadu Premier League Matches|date=4 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024|work=mykhel}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Period
!Television
!Digital
|-
|2016–2021
|align="center" colspan="2"|[[Disney Star]]
|-
|2022
|align="center" rowspan="2"|[[Disney Star]]
|align="center" |[[Viacom18|Voot (Internet)]]
|-
|2023–present
|align="center" |[[FanCode]]
|}

== Teams ==
=== Current teams ===
Eight franchises are competing in the league. The franchises are named after a city it is representing in the state.<ref name="The Hindu2" /><ref name="Mint" /> Each team can have a maximum of 20 players that includes two outstation players.<ref name="Auction"/>

{{Location map+|Tamil Nadu|alt=Locations of the TNPL teams
|places={{location map~ |Tamil Nadu
|lat=13.091567|long=80.2770915 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Chepauk Super Gillies]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=10.366588 |long=77.977368 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Dindigul Dragons]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=11.014730|long=76.951098|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]]}}</div>|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=8.7139|long=77.7567|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Nellai Royal Kings]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=11.7743|long=78.1460|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Salem Spartans]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=9.923381 |long=78.122825 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Siechem Madurai Panthers|Madurai Panthers]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=10.789860|long=78.694516|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Trichy Grand Cholas]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=11.105955|long=77.339521 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]}}</div>|position=right}}
|caption=Team locations|float=right|width=250}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+TNPL teams
|-
!Team<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2024-1439628/teams|title=TNPL teams|date=4 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=17 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717053023/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2024-1439628/teams|url-status=live}}</ref>
!City
!Captain<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/tnpl-2024-squads-captains-and-players-of-eight-teams-in-tamil-nadu-premier-eighth-edition-291679.html|title=TNPL 2024 Squads: Captains and players of eight teams in Tamil Nadu Premier eighth edition|date=4 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024|work=mykhel|archive-date=21 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821163133/https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/tnpl-2024-squads-captains-and-players-of-eight-teams-in-tamil-nadu-premier-eighth-edition-291679.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Coach<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketcorner.net/tnpl-all-teams-squad-coaches/|title=TNPL all teams squad and coaches|work=Cricket Corner|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
!Owner<ref name="Franchise"/><ref name="Owner">{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-appeal/tnpl-2023-owners-of-all-8-teams/|title=TNPL 2023: Owners of all 8 teams|work=Crictracker|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142859/https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-appeal/tnpl-2023-owners-of-all-8-teams/|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|[[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Baba Aparajith]]
|[[Hemang Badani]]
|[[Dina Thanthi|Metronation Chennai Television]]
|-
|[[Dindigul Dragons]]
|[[Dindigul]]
|[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
|[[Subramaniam Badrinath]]
|Take Solutions
|-
|[[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]]
|[[Coimbatore]]
|[[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]]
|Sriram Somayajula
|[[Lyca Productions]]
|-
|[[Nellai Royal Kings]]
|[[Tirunelveli]]
|[[Arun Karthik]]
|A. G. Guruswamy
|Crown Forts
|-
|[[Salem Spartans]]
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|Shijit Chandran
|[[B. Ramprakash]]
|Selvakumar
|-
|[[Madurai Panthers]]
|[[Madurai]]
|[[Chezhian Harinishanth|Hari Nishaanth]]
|[[Bharath Reddy (cricketer)|Bharath Reddy]]
|Seichem Technologies
|-
|[[Trichy Grand Cholas]]
|[[Tiruchirapalli]]
|[[Antony Dhas]]
|[[Tinu Yohannan]]
|Drumstick Productions
|-
|[[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]
|[[Tiruppur]]
|[[Sai Kishore]]
|[[Ramaswamy Prasanna]]
|iDream Cinemas and Properties
|}

=== Defunct teams ===
Ahead of the 2017 season, [[Ruby Kanchi Warriors|Kanchi Warriors]] moved its base to [[Tiruchirappalli]] and changed its name to [[Ruby Trichy Warriors|Trichy Warriors]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.crictracker.com/tnpl-franchise-trichy-warriors-appoint-jonty-rhodes-as-their-mentor/|title=TNPL franchise Trichy Warriors appoint Jonty Rhodes as their mentor|date=30 July 2017|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Crictracker|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142848/https://www.crictracker.com/tnpl-franchise-trichy-warriors-appoint-jonty-rhodes-as-their-mentor/|url-status=live}}</ref> Before the 2018 season, the Madurai franchise was sold to Seichem Technologies and was renamed as [[Madurai Panthers]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/indian/tnpl-2018-bharath-reddy-to-coach-seichem-madurai-panthers/article23980303.ece|title=TNPL 2018: Bharath Reddy to coach Seichem Madurai Panthers|date=24 May 2018|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Sportstar]]|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129062718/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/indian/tnpl-2018-bharath-reddy-to-coach-seichem-madurai-panthers/article23980303.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thiruvallur Veerans]] was renamed as Kanchi Veerans ahead of the same season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thesportsrush.com/tnpl-2019-owners-list-of-all-tamil-nadu-premier-league-owners/|title=TNPL 2019 Owners: List of all Tamil Nadu Premier League team Owners|date=18 July 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Sports Rush|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023054214/https://thesportsrush.com/tnpl-2019-owners-list-of-all-tamil-nadu-premier-league-owners/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, the BCCI said that action was initiated against the owners of two of the franchises for [[match fixing]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/cricket/a-bookie-approached-a-player-in-syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-reveals-sourav-ganguly|title=A bookie approached a player in Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy reveals Sourav Ganguly|work=[[Free Press Journal]]|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202173222/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/cricket/a-bookie-approached-a-player-in-syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-reveals-sourav-ganguly|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the TNCA asked the franchise [[Albert Tuti Patriots|Tuti Patriots]] to remove two of their co-owners.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/field/945908/tnpl-franchises-to-remain-despite-corruption-links-co-owners-of-team-tuti-patriots-expelled-report|title=TNPL franchises to remain despite corruption links, co-owners of team Tuti Patriots expelled: Report|author=Scroll Staff|work=Scroll.in|date=5 December 2019|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301080642/https://scroll.in/field/945908/tnpl-franchises-to-remain-despite-corruption-links-co-owners-of-team-tuti-patriots-expelled-report|url-status=live}}</ref> Tuti Patriots became solely owned by Selvakumar after two of the three owners moved out and the team was renamed as [[Salem Spartans]]. Ahead of the 2020 season, [[Karaikudi Kaalai]] was also renamed as [[Tiruppur Tamizhans]] after moving to the city of [[Tiruppur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Feb/19/coimbatore-salem-on-tnpl-map-this-season-2105419.html|title=Coimbatore, Salem on TNPL map this season|date=19 February 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220150739/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/feb/19/coimbatore-salem-on-tnpl-map-this-season-2105419.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kanchi Veerans franchise was also sold to Crown Forts and was known as [[Nellai Royal Kings]] after shifting its base to Tirunelveli.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2021/Apr/22/tnpl-to-be-held-behind-closed-doors-2293158.html|title=TNPL to be held behind closed doors|date=21 April 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610101232/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2021/apr/22/tnpl-to-be-held-behind-closed-doors-2293158.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ahead of the 2023 season, the Trichy Warriors franchise was bought by Drumstick productions and renamed to [[Ba11sy Trichy]] for a single season, before it was renamed again as [[Trichy Grand Cholas]] ahead of the 2024 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-appeal/tnpl-2023-owners-of-all-8-teams/5/|title=TNPL 2023: Owners of all 8 teams|work=Crictracker|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142902/https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-appeal/tnpl-2023-owners-of-all-8-teams/5/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: left;"
|-
!Team
!City
!Period
|-
|[[Ruby Kanchi Warriors|Kanchi Warriors]]
|[[Kanchipuram]]
|2016
|-
|[[Madurai Super Giants]]
|[[Madurai]]
|rowspan="2"|2016-2017
|-
|[[Thiruvallur Veerans]]
|[[Tiruvallur]]
|-
|[[Albert Tuti Patriots|Tuti Patriots]]
|[[Thoothukudi]]
|rowspan="2"|2016–2019
|-
|[[Karaikudi Kaalai]]
|[[Karaikudi]]
|-
|[[Thiruvallur Veerans|Kanchi Veerans]]
|[[Kanchipuram]]
|2018-2019
|-
|[[Ruby Trichy Warriors|Trichy Warriors]]
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]
|2017-2022
|-
|[[Ba11sy Trichy]]
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]
|2023
|}

=== Timeline of teams ===
<timeline>
DateFormat = yyyy
ImageSize = width:1100 height:auto barincrement:25
Period = from:2016 till:2025
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
PlotArea = right:120 left:20 bottom:50 top:5 #> to display a count on the left side of the graph, use "left:20" to suppress the count, use "left:20"<#
Colors = id:barcolor
id:line value:pink
id:bg value:white
id:Present value:rgb(0.4,0.80,0.67) # Use this color to denote a team that is a current league member
id:Former value:rgb(0.742,0.727,0.852) # Use this color to denote a team that is a former league member

PlotData=

width:15 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:S

bar:1 color:Present from:2016 till:end text: Chepauk Super Gillies (2016-present)

bar:2 color:Present from:2016 till:end text: Dindigul Dragons (2016-present)

bar:3 color:Present from:2016 till:end text: Kovai Kings (2016–present)

bar:4 color:Present from:2018 till:end text: Madurai Panthers (2018–present)

bar:5 color:Present from:2021 till:end text: Tiruppur Tamizhans (2021–present)

bar:6 color:Present from:2021 till:end text: Salem Spartans(2021–present)

bar:7 color:Present from:2021 till:end text: Nellai Royal Kings (2021–present)

bar:8 color:Present from:2024 till:end text: Trichy Grand Cholas (2024–present)

bar:9 color:Former from:2017 till:2023: text: Trichy Warriors (2017–2022)

bar:10 color:Former from:2016 till:2020: text: Karaikudi Kaalai (2016–2019)

bar:11 color:Former from:2016 till:2020: text: Tuti Patriots (2016–2019)

bar:12 color:Former from:2018 till:2020: text: Kanchi Veerans (2018–2019)

bar:13 color:Former from:2016 till:2018: text: Madurai Super Giants (2016–2017)

bar:14 color:Former from:2016 till:2018: text: Thiruvallur Veerans (2016–2017)

bar:15 color:Former from:2023 till:2024: text: Ba11sy Trichy (2023)

bar:16 color:Former from:2016 till:2017: text: Kanchi Warriors (2016)

ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:1 start:2016
TextData =
fontsize:L
textcolor:black
pos:(0,30) tabs:(400-center)
text:
</timeline>

{{Font color||{{RGB|102|205|170}}|Present teams}} {{Font color||{{RGB|190|186|220}}|Former teams}}

== Venues ==
{{Location map+|Tamil Nadu|alt=Locations of the TNPL teams
|places={{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=10.241207 |long=78.187190 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[NPR College Ground|Dindigul]]}}</div>|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=8.799398 |long=77.736355 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Indian Cement Company Ground|Tirunelveli]]}}</div>|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=13.063344 |long=80.279583 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]]}}</div>|position=left|mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=11.65 |long=78.39 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Salem Cricket Foundation Stadium|Salem]]}}</div>|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=11.022718|long=76.985422|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[SNR College Cricket Ground|Coimbatore]]}}</div>|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg}}|caption=Match venues|float=right|width=200}}

Three venues were used for the first the first four seasons. League matches were hosted at [[Indian Cement Company Ground]] in Tirunelveli and [[NPR College Ground]] at Dindigul with the playoffs held at the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] at Chennai.<ref name="Mint"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-premier-league-grand-start-be-played-3-cities-time-105845|title=TN Premier League off to a grand start, to be played in 3 cities this time|work=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=1 June 2024|date=11 March 2020|archive-date=28 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628031759/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-premier-league-grand-start-be-played-3-cities-time-105845|url-status=live}}</ref> From the 2020 season, matches were held at two new venues: [[Salem Cricket Foundation Stadium]] at [[Salem, India|Salem]] and [[SNR College Cricket Ground]] at [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/feb/19/coimbatore-salem-on-tnpl-map-this-season-2105419.html|title=Coimbatore, Salem on TNPL map this season|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=19 February 2020|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220150739/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/feb/19/coimbatore-salem-on-tnpl-map-this-season-2105419.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/tnpl-world-cup-2019-t20-coimbatore-chepauk/article27268042.ece|title=TNPL likely to begin after World Cup|last=Dinakar|first=S.|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=12 March 2020|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142900/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/tnpl-world-cup-2019-t20-coimbatore-chepauk/article27268042.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ragav|first=S. Dipak|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/chennai-may-not-host-tnpl-matches-this-year/article30830849.ece|title=Chennai may not host TNPL matches this year|date=16 February 2020|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142857/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/chennai-may-not-host-tnpl-matches-this-year/article30830849.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Stadium
!City
!Capacity
|-
|[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]]
|[[Chennai]]
|38,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008|title=M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chepauk|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206170647/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Salem Cricket Foundation Stadium]]
|[[Salem district|Salem]]
|5,000 (expandable to 25,000)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/salem-to-soon-have-a-cricket-stadium-of-intel-stature/articleshow/59613797.cms|title=Salem to soon have a cricket stadium of international stature|date=16 July 2017|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/salem-to-soon-have-a-cricket-stadium-of-intel-stature/articleshow/59613797.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[SNR College Cricket Ground]]
|[[Coimbatore]]
|Limited (expandable)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://statistics.cbtfspeednews.com/ground/116/SNR-COLLEGE-CRICKET-GROUND,-COIMBATORE|title=SNR College Cricket Ground|work=CBF News|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[NPR College Ground]]
|[[Dindigul]]
|5,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://advancecricket.com/cricket-stadium/npr-college-ground-dindigul/19709406|title=NPR College Ground, Dindigul|work=Advance cricket|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706065106/https://advancecricket.com/cricket-stadium/npr-college-ground-dindigul/19709406|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Cement Company Ground]]
|[[Tirunelveli]]
|4,000<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/jul/29/an-improved-tirunel-welcome-for-fans-1635187.html|title=An improved Tirunelveli ground welcome for fans|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=29 July 2017|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921142850/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/jul/29/an-improved-tirunel-welcome-for-fans-1635187.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Seasons and results ==
=== Summary ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center;"
|-
!Season
!Teams
!Winner
!Player of the series
!Most runs
!Most wickets
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]
| rowspan="9"|8
| [[TUTI Patriots|Tuti Patriots]]
| [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] ([[Dindigul Dragons|DD]])
| [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] ([[Dindigul Dragons|DD]])
| [[List of Tamil Nadu cricketers#D|Anthony Das]] ([[Chepauk Super Gillies|CSG]])
|-
| [[2017 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2017]]
| [[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
| [[Washington Sundar]] ([[TUTI Patriots|TP]])
| [[Washington Sundar]] ([[TUTI Patriots|TP]])
| [[Sai Kishore]] ([[Chepauk Super Gillies|CSG]])
|-
| [[2018 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2018]]
| [[Madurai Panthers]]
| [[Arun Karthik]] ([[Siechem Madurai Panthers|MP]])
| [[Arun Karthik]] ([[Siechem Madurai Panthers|MP]])
| [[Abhishek Tanwar]] ([[Siechem Madurai Panthers|MP]])
|-
| [[2019 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2019]]
| [[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
| [[Ganeshan Periyaswamy]] ([[Chepauk Super Gillies|CSG]])
| [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] ([[Dindigul Dragons|DD]])
| [[Ganeshan Periyaswamy]] ([[Chepauk Super Gillies|CSG]])
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2021]]
| [[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
| [[Hari Nishaanth]] ([[Dindigul Dragons|DD]])
| [[Hari Nishaanth]] ([[Dindigul Dragons|DD]])
| [[Saravana Kumar]] ([[Ruby Trichy Warriors|TW]])
|-
| [[2022 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2022]]
| [[Chepauk Super Gillies]] and [[Kovai Kings]]
| [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] ([[Nellai Royal Kings|NRK]])
| [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] ([[Nellai Royal Kings|NRK]])
| [[Abhishek Tanwar]] ([[Kovai Kings|KK]])
|-
| [[2023 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2023]]
| [[Kovai Kings]]
| Guruswamy Ajitesh ([[Nellai Royal Kings|NRK]])
| Guruswamy Ajitesh ([[Nellai Royal Kings|NRK]])
| [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]] ([[Kovai Kings|KK]])
|-
| [[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024]]
| [[Dindigul Dragons]]
| [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]] ([[Kovai Kings|KK]])
| Shivam Singh ([[Dindigul Dragons|DD]])
| M. Poiyamozhi ([[Salem Spartans|SS]])
|-
| [[2025 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2025]]
| [[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]
| colspan="2"|Tushar Raheja ([[Tiruppur Tamizhans|TT]])
| [[Sonu Yadav]] ([[Nellai Royal Kings|NRK]])
|-
|}

=== Finals ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center;"
|-
!Season
!Winner
!Winning margin
!Runner-up
!Final venue
!Player of the match
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]
| [[TUTI Patriots|Tuti Patriots]] 215/2 (20 overs)
| Patriots won by 122 runs [http://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/16987/tp-vs-csg-final-tamil-nadu-premier-league-2016 Scorecard]
| [[Chepauk Super Gillies]] 93 all out (18.5 overs)
| rowspan="5" | [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| Ganesh Moorthi ([[TUTI Patriots|TP]])
|-
| [[2017 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2017]]
| [[Chepauk Super Gillies]] 145/4 (19 overs)
| Won by 6 wickets [http://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/18437/tp-vs-csg-final-tamil-nadu-premier-league-2017 Scorecard]
| [[TUTI Patriots|Tuti Patriots]] 143/8 (20 overs)
| [[List of Tamil Nadu cricketers#S|Vasanth Saravanan]] ([[Chepauk Super Gillies|CSG]])
|-
| [[2018 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2018]]
| [[Madurai Panthers]] 119/3 (17.1 overs)
| Won by 7 wickets [https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/20500/ddd-vs-madurai-final-tamil-nadu-premier-league-2018 Scorecard]
| [[Dindigul Dragons]] 117 all out (19.5 overs)
| [[Arun Karthik]] ([[Madurai Panthers|MP]])
|-
| [[2019 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2019]]
| [[Chepauk Super Gillies]] 126/8 (20 overs)
| Won by 12 runs [https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scores/22948/csg-vs-dgd-final-tamil-nadu-premier-league-2019 Scorecard]
| [[Dindigul Dragons]] 114/9 (20 overs)
| [[Ganeshan Periyaswamy]] ([[Chepauk Super Gillies|CSG]])
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2021]]
| [[Chepauk Super Gillies]] 183/6 (20 overs)
| Won by 8 runs [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1261647.html Scorecard]
| [[Ruby Trichy Warriors|Trichy Warriors]] 175/7 (20 overs)
| [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] ([[Chepauk Super Gillies|CSG]])
|-
| [[2022 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2022]]
| [[Chepauk Super Gillies]] and [[Kovai Kings]] Joint winners
| colspan="2"|No Result [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2022-1312873/lyca-kovai-kings-vs-chepauk-super-gillies-final-1312905/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
| [[SNR College Cricket Ground]], [[Coimbatore]]
| [[Sandeep Warrier]] ([[Chepauk Super Gillies|CSG]])
|-
| [[2023 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2023]]
| [[Kovai Kings]] 205/5 (20 overs)
| Won by 104 runs [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2023-1379595/lyca-kovai-kings-vs-nellai-royal-kings-final-1379627/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| [[Nellai Royal Kings]] 101 all out (15 overs)
| [[Indian Cement Company Ground]]
| [[Jhathavedh Subramanyan]] ([[Kovai Kings|KK]])
|-
| [[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024]]
| [[Dindigul Dragons]] 131/4 (18.2 overs)
| Won by 6 wickets [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tnpl-2024-1439628/lyca-kovai-kings-vs-dindigul-dragons-final-1439792/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| [[Kovai Kings]] 129/7 (20 overs)
| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] ([[Dindigul Dragons|DD]])
|-
| 2025
| [[Tiruppur Tamizhans]] 220/5 (20 overs)
| Won by 118 runs [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2025-1489106/idream-tiruppur-tamizhans-vs-dindigul-dragons-final-1489138/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| [[Dindigul Dragons]] 102 (14.4 overs)
| [[NPR College Ground]], [[Dindigul]]
| Tushar Raheja ([[Tiruppur Tamizhans|TT]])
|-
|}

=== Teams' performance ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center;"
!|Season
![[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]
![[2017 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2017]]
![[2018 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2018]]
![[2019 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2019]]
![[2021 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2021]]
![[2022 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2022]]^
![[2023 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2023]]
![[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024]]
![[2025 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2025]]
|-
|align=left|[[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
|style="background: silver"|RU
|style="background: gold"|C
|8th
|style="background: gold"|C
|style="background: gold"|C
|style="background: gold"|C
|5th
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|-
|align="left"|[[Dindigul Dragons]]
|style="background: #cfc"|SF
|6th
|style="background: silver"|RU
|style="background: silver"|RU
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|6th
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|style="background: gold"|C
|style="background: silver"|RU
|-
|align="left"|[[Tiruppur Tamizhans]]
|5th
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|8th
|8th
|5th
|6th
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|style="background: gold"|C
|-
|align=left |[[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]]
|style="background: #cfc"|SF
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|5th
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|style="background: gold"|C
|style="background: gold"|C
|style="background: silver"|RU
|6th
|-
|align="left"|[[Siechem Madurai Panthers|Madurai Panthers]]† / [[Madurai Super Giants]]
|8th
|8th
|style="background: gold"|C
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|6th
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|7th
|8th
|-
|align="left"|[[Thiruvallur Veerans]]† / [[Thiruvallur Veerans|Kanchi Veerans]]† / [[Nellai Royal Kings]]
|6th
|5th
|7th
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|5th
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|style="background: silver"|RU
|5th
|7th
|-
|align="left"|[[Ruby Kanchi Warriors|Kanchi Warriors]]† / [[Ruby Trichy Warriors|Trichy Warriors]]† / [[Ba11sy Trichy]]† / [[Trichy Grand Cholas]]
|7th
|7th
|6th
|7th
|style="background: silver"|RU
|7th
|8th
|6th
|style="background: #cfc"|PO
|-
|align="left"|[[TUTI Patriots|Tuti Patriots]]† / [[Salem Spartans]]
|style="background: gold"|C
|style="background: silver"|RU
|5th
|6th
|7th
|8th
|7th
|8th
|5th
|}


† Team now defunct 
^ Final was a no-result and trophy shared
* {{color box|border=darkgray|gold}} C: champions
* {{color box|border=darkgray|silver}} RU: runner-up
* {{color box|border=darkgray|cfc}} SF or PO: team qualified for the semi-final or playoff stage of the competition

== Records ==

=== Highest totals ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Score
!Team
!Opponent
!Season
|-
!236/2
|[[Nellai Royal Kings]]
|[[Ruby Trichy Warriors|Trichy Warriors]]
|align="center" |2022
|-
!220/5
|IDream Tiruppur Tamizhans
|[[Dindigul Dragons]]
|align="center" |2025
|-
!217/5
|[[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
|[[Salem Spartans]]
|align="center" |2023
|-
!215/2
|[[Albert Tuti Patriots|Tuti Patriots]]
|[[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
|align="center" |2016
|-
!212/7
|[[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
|[[Nellai Royal Kings]]
|align="center" |2025
|-
|}
Source:<ref name="T2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/team-highest-innings-totals/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2022-14611|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League 2022 - Highest Team Totals|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2020|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921143908/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/team-highest-innings-totals/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2022-14611|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="T2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/team-highest-innings-totals/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2023-15467|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League 2023 - Highest Team Totals|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2020|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921143925/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/team-highest-innings-totals/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2023-15467|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="T2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/team-highest-innings-totals/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2016-11459|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League 2016 - Highest Team Totals|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2020|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921143909/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/team-highest-innings-totals/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2016-11459|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Most runs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Runs
!Batter
!Seasons
|-
!2260
|[[Narayan Jagadeesan]]
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]-[[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024]]
|-
!2145
|[[Arun Karthik]]
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]-[[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024]]
|-
!2035
|[[Baba Aparajith]]
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]-[[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024]]
|-
!1607
|[[Kaushik Gandhi]]
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]-[[2023 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2023]]
|-
!1561
|[[Hari Nishaanth]]
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]-[[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024]]
|}
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-runs-career/tamil-nadu-premier-league-675|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League - Most Runs|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref>

=== Highest individual scores ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Runs
!Batter
!Opponent
!Season
|-
!123[[Not out|*]]
|[[Sai Sudharsan]] {{Small| (Kovai Kings)}}
|[[iDream Tiruppur Tamizhans|Tiruppur Tamizhans]]
| align="center"|[[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024]]
|-
!121
|[[Murali Vijay]] {{Small| (Trichy Warriors)}}
|[[Nellai Royal Kings]]
| align="center" |[[2022 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2022]]
|-
!118[[Not out|*]]
|[[Baba Aparajith]] {{Small|(Kanchi Veerans)}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Karaikudi Kaalai]]
| align="center" |[[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]
|-
!112[[Not out|*]]
|[[Bharath Shankar]] {{Small|(Trichy Warriors)}}
| align="center" |[[2017 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2017]]
|-
!112
|Gurusamy Ajitesh {{Small|(Nellai Royal Kings)}}
|[[Lyca Kovai Kings|Kovai Kings]]
| align="center" |[[2023 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2023]]
|-
|}
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-innings/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2022-14611|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League 2022 - Highest Scores|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2020|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921143908/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-innings/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2022-14611|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-innings/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2023-15467|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League 2023 - Highest Scores|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2020|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921143913/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-innings/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2023-15467|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-innings/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2016-11459|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League 2016 - Highest Scores|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2020|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921143915/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-innings/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2016-11459|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-innings/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2017-11901|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League 2017 - Highest Scores|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2020|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921143915/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-innings/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2017-11901|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-innings/tamil-nadu-premier-league-2024-1439628|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League 2024 - Highest Scores|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>

=== Most wickets ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Wickets
!Bowler
!Seasons
|-
!78
|[[Sai Kishore]]
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]-[[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024]]
|-
!74
|[[Abhishek Tanwar]]
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]-[[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024]]
|-
!72
|[[Athisayaraj Davidson]]
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]-[[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024]]
|-
!68
|[[Rahil Shah]]
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]-[[2023 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2023]]
|-
!65
|[[Harish Kumar (cricketer)|Harish Kumar]]
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2016]]-[[2024 Tamil Nadu Premier League|2024]]
|}
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-most-wickets-career/tamil-nadu-premier-league-675|title=Tamil Nadu Premier League - Most Wickets|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of regional T20 cricket leagues in India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Official website|http://tnpl.tnca.cricket}}

{{Tamil Nadu Premier League}}
{{Cricket in India}}
{{Sports_leagues of India}}
{{Portal bar|Cricket|India}}

[[Category:Regional cricket leagues in India]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu Premier League| ]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2016]]
[[Category:Cricket in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

White Desert National Park

2026-02-25T04:08:51Z

Moin Khan: added info

{{Short description|National park in Egypt}}
{{Redirect|White Desert|the British tour operator|White Desert (company)|the desert in India|Rann of Kutch}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = White Desert National Park
| iucn_category =
| image = Al Farafrah, New Valley Governorate, Egypt - panoramio (21).jpg
| image_caption = Rock formations at White Desert National Park
| map = Egypt
| map_caption = Location in [[Egypt]]
| location = {{cvt|570|km|mi}} southwest of Cairo
| nearest_city = [[Farafra|Qasr Al Farafra]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|16|38.41|N|28|12|1.59|E|region:EG_type:landmark_dim:20|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 300
| url =
| title =
| work =
| established =2002
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
}}

'''Sahara el Beyda''', the '''White Desert Protected Area''', is a [[national park]] in [[Egypt]], first established as a protected area in 2002. It is located in the [[Farafra depression]], {{cvt|45|km|mi}} north of the town of [[Farafra, Egypt|Qasr Al Farafra]]. Part of the park is in the Farafra Oasis ([[New Valley Governorate]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to White Desert |url=http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/portals/0/eeaaReports/protect/Leaflets/whitedesert-english.pdf |publisher=Parks Egypt |website=Ministry of Environment, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency |access-date=23 June 2021 |location=Cairo |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103123917/https://www.eeaa.gov.eg/portals/0/eeaaReports/protect/Leaflets/whitedesert-english.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The park is the site of large white [[chalk]] rock formations, created through erosion by wind and sand. It is also the site of cliffs (at the northern end of the Farafra Depression), sand dunes (part of the [[Great Sand Sea]]), as well as [[Wadi Hennis]] and oases at [[Ain El Maqfi]] and [[Ain El Wadi]].

White Desert National Park covers an area of {{cvt|300|km2|mi2}}. The highest point in the park is at El Qess Abu Said at {{cvt|353|m|ft}} above sea level, and the lowest is at Wadi Hennis at {{cvt|32|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=White Desert National Park |publisher= Global Alliance of National Parks |location=Irving, TX|url=https://national-parks.org/egypt/white-desert |access-date=2021-02-25 |website=National Parks}}</ref>

The park serves as the refuge for various animals, including the endangered [[rhim gazelle]] and the vulnerable [[dorcas gazelle]], as well as [[Barbary sheep]]; [[jackal]]s; [[Rüppell's fox|Rüppell's]], [[Red fox|red]] and [[Fennec fox|fennec]] foxes; and the [[sand cat]].

==In popular culture==
* In the [[Civilization VI: Gathering Storm|Gathering Storm]] expansion pack released in 2019 for the turn-based strategy game [[Civilization VI]], the Sahara el Beyda is featured as one of the Natural Wonders.

* Parts of the video for the song “Suraj Hua Madhyam” from the Bollywood film “Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gam” were shot here.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Kalksteinfelsen-limestonerock.jpg
File:White Desert, Egypt.jpg
File:White Desert, Rock formations in desert landscape 2, Egypt.jpg
File:White Desert, Rock formations in desert landscape, Egypt.jpg
File:Al Farafrah, New Valley Governorate, Egypt - panoramio (14).jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx Ministry of Environment Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency - Natural Protectorates Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829071334/http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx |date=2019-08-29 }}

{{National Parks of Egypt}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:National parks of Egypt]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2002]]
[[Category:IUCN Category II]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Egypt]]

{{Egypt-geo-stub}}
{{Africa-protected-area-stub}}

Kerala Thunderbolts

2026-02-23T15:16:09Z

Moin Khan:

{{Short description|Indian police unit}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox law enforcement unit
| unit_name = Kerala Thunderbolts
| native_name = 
| native_namea = 
| native_namer = 
| image = Kerala Thunderbolts logo (HD).png
| image_size = 150px
| alt =
| caption = Insignia of Kerala Thunderbolts
| dates = 2012 – present
| country = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| agency = [[File:Flag of Kerala Police.svg|23px]] [[Kerala Police]]
| type = [[Police tactical unit]]
| role = [[Air assault]] Anti-irregular military [[Bodyguard]] [[Bomb disposal]] [[Clandestine operation]] [[Close-quarters battle]] [[Counterinsurgency]] [[Counterterrorism]] [[Crowd control]] [[Direct action (military)|Direct action]] [[Emergency management]] [[Force protection]] Hostage rescue [[Jungle warfare]] [[Law enforcement]] [[Long-range penetration]] [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|Manhunt]] [[Mountain warfare]] [[Parachuting]] [[Patrolling]] [[Raid (military)|Raiding]] [[Riot control]] [[Reconnaissance]] [[Search and rescue]] [[Special operations]] [[Special reconnaissance]] [[Tracking (Scouting)|Tracking]] [[Urban warfare]]
| ops_juris = [[Kerala]]
| command_structure = [[India Reserve Battalion]] (IRBn)
| headquarters_label =
| headquarters = [[Thrissur]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.justkerala.in/thunderbolt-commandos-failed-to-trace-maoists.php
|title=Thunderbolt Commandos Failed to Trace Maoists|date=28 October 2013 |publisher=Just Kerala|accessdate=2014-12-11}}</ref>
| coordinates =
| motto = Swift, Strong and Secure
| motto_translated =
| common_name =
| abbreviation = 
| sworn_type_label = Officers
| sworn = 200
| unsworn_type_label =
| unsworn =
| subunit_type_label = Squads
| subunits = {{plainlist}}
* Avengers {{Smaller|(Urban Commandos)}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/irb-unit-of-kerala-police-bags-national-level-recognition/articleshow/89007010.cms | title=IRB unit of Kerala police bags national-level recognition | newspaper=The Times of India | date=20 January 2022 }}</ref>
* Scorpions {{Smaller|(Regular Wing)}}
{{endplainlist}}
| station_type_label =
| stations = 
| current_commander = Superintendent of Police (Operations)
| notable_commanders = 
| programs = 
| significant_operations =
| anniversaries = 24 August
| awards = 
| vehicles =
| boats =
| aircraft =
| animals = 
| website = 
}}

'''Kerala Thunderbolts''' is a [[police tactical unit]] of the [[Kerala Police]] under the India Reserve Battalion, set up in accordance with the Indian central government's directions post the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].

The commando force has been created to carry out anti-irregular military, apprehension of armed and dangerous criminals, counterinsurgency in [[Kerala]], counter possible terror strikes, emergency management for search and rescue of disaster victims, executive protection, high-risk tactical law enforcement situations, hostage rescue, operating in difficult to access terrain especially in mountainous forest areas, long-range penetration, providing security in areas at risk of attack or terrorism in Kerala, support crowd control and riot control, and other tactical special operations.

The force modeled on the [[Special Protection Group]] and [[National Security Guard]] are trained to engage in air, water and land attacks.<ref name=mbumi>{{cite news|title=Thunder Bolts add feather to Kerala Police |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=127184 |accessdate=3 September 2013 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=14 August 2012 |agency=UNI |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816110441/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=127184 |archivedate=16 August 2012 }}</ref><ref name=hbl>{{cite news|title=Kerala Thunder Bolts ready for action|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/kerala-thunder-bolts-ready-for-action/article3762385.ece|accessdate=3 September 2013|newspaper=Business Line|date=13 August 2012|agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thunderbolts' training period will be added in service records: CM - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/Jan/05/thunderbolts-training-period-will-be-added-in-service-records-cm-2085223.html |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-20 |title=IRB unit of Kerala police bags national-level recognition |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/irb-unit-of-kerala-police-bags-national-level-recognition/articleshow/89007010.cms |access-date=2023-04-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala police mull Special Operational Group to counter Maoists - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/Mar/08/cops-mull-spl-operational-group-to-counter-maoists-1948637.html |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

== Operations ==
{{See also|Nilambur incident|}}

A Thunderbolt team carried out a combing operation in the [[Malappuram]] district following reports of sighting of Maoist insurgents in February, 2013.<ref name=satp>{{cite web|title=Kerala Timeline 2013|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/timelines/2013/Kerala.htm|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|publisher=Institute for Conflict Management|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref>
In March 2013, a 30-member Thunderbolt team was involved in a counterinsurgency combing operation in search of suspected Maoist insurgents in [[Kannur]] district in Kerala. On 6 December 2014, A gunfight broke out in a forest in Kerala's hilly [[Wayanad]] district between the Thunderbolt unit and the left-wing rebels (Maoist). It was the first direct encounter between police and Maoists in the history of Kerala and no casualties were reported.<ref name=satp /><ref>{{cite news|title=Thunderbolt team begins hunt for Maoists in Western Ghats|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Thunderbolt-team-begins-hunt-for-Maoists-in-Western-Ghats/2013/05/14/article1589196.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223042831/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Thunderbolt-team-begins-hunt-for-Maoists-in-Western-Ghats/2013/05/14/article1589196.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2014|accessdate=3 September 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=14 May 2013|agency=Express News Service|location=Thrissur}}</ref>{{Multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 =
| caption1 = Ashok Leyland Medium bulletproof Vehicle (MBPV), armoured vehicle of Thunderbolts.
}}

== Selection and training ==

The Commando police force consists of 2 companies of 160 personnel, who have been recruited after undergoing 2 years of rigorous and specialized training at various institutions around the country including Army's Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School, Mizoram.<ref name=TNE>{{cite news|title=Thunderbolt team set to go Hi-tech|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Thunderbolt-team-set-to-go-Hi-tech/2013/05/27/article1607887.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131003023214/http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Thunderbolt-team-set-to-go-Hi-tech/2013/05/27/article1607887.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2013|accessdate=3 September 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=27 May 2013|agency=Express News Service|location=Kochi}}</ref>
Ex-Chief minister [[Oommen Chandy]], announced the approval of the Central Government for raising a second battalion of 40 more personnel, in the wake of increased terrorist activity across India.<ref name=2ndbatt /> Thunderbolts commandos are being trained at Special Operations Group, an elite commando police force of the Kerala Police.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/jul/30/thunderbolts-commandos-of-kerala-police-undergo-anti-extremist-training-in-odisha-2337678.html | title=Thunderbolts commandos of Kerala Police undergo anti-extremist training in Odisha }}</ref>

The recruits, in the 18–21 age group, were selected after going through the Three Star Physical Efficiency Test and Endurance test, as specified by the [[Kerala Public Service Commission]]. The second stage training was completed at Commando School, [[Chennai]], National Disaster Management School, [[Coimbatore]], Counter insurgency and Anti Terrorism School, [[Silchar]], National Adventure School, [[Munnar]], Underwater Operation and Diving school, [[Kochi]] and Airborne Operation Air force School, [[New Delhi]].<ref name=2ndbatt>{{cite web|title=Kerala gets approval for 2nd battalion of Thunderbolts: CM |url=http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=7f5a0a82-294b-4fbd-9cf2-317a96d342fa=South |publisher=Chennai Online |accessdate=3 September 2013 |date=24 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025619/http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=7f5a0a82-294b-4fbd-9cf2-317a96d342fa%3DSouth |archivedate=29 November 2014 }}</ref>

== Deployment ==
The commandos are known as "Thunderbolts" and are mostly used to battle [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Left Wing Extremism]]. They are deployed in various maoist insurgency affected districts in Kerala. Commandos are also stationed in major cities of Kozhikode, Kochi, and Thiruvananthapuram as "Avengers-The Urban Commandos," which are used in apprehension of armed and dangerous criminals, emergency scenarios like VIPs abductions or obstruction, hostage crisis, prison riot (if necessary), protection of senior executives of government agencies at risk of harm, providing security in areas at risk of attack or terrorism, and urban terrorism and insurgencies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala state forms Avengers to combat 'urban threats' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/feb/18/kerala-state-forms-avengers-to-combat-urban-threats-2548490.html |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A third squad of commandos is tasked with protecting the chief minister of Kerala in the meantime.

== See also ==
* [[Nilambur incident]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

[[Category:Non-military counterterrorist organizations]]
[[Category:Kerala Police]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Kerala]]

Yuvanraj Nethrun

2026-02-23T14:10:41Z

Moin Khan:

{{Short description|Indian television actor (1979–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox actor
| birth_name = Murugan
| birth_date = 1979
| image = Yuvaran Nethrun.jpg
| death_date = 3 December 2024 (aged 45)
| years_active = 1999–2024
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = Deepa
| children = 2
}}

'''Yuvanraj Nethrun''' ({{Langx|ta|நடிகர் நேத்ரன்}}; 1979 – 3 December 2024) was an Indian actor known for his work in Tamil television and reality shows. He gained recognition for his role in television serial ''Marudhani''. He worked in shows like ''[[Singapennae]],'' ''[[Ponni (TV series)|Ponni]], [[Mannan Magal (TV series)|Mannan Magal]]'', and [[Mahalakshmi (TV series)|''Mahalakshmi'']].

== Career ==
Yuvanraj Nethrun started his acting career as a child artist. He worked in the industry for over 25 years.

=== Television ===
Nethrun initially played negative roles mostly. He rose to fame after his role in a [[Tamil television drama|Tamil language television]] series Marudhani. He worked in soaps like ''[[Singapennae]]'', ''[[Ranjithame]]'', ''[[Paavam Ganesan]]'', ''[[Ponni (TV series)|Ponni]]'', ''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]'', ''[[Mannan Magal (TV series)|Mannan Magal]]'', ''[[Raja Magal]]'' and ''[[Mahalakshmi (TV series)|Mahalakshmi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-04 |title=Tamil TV actor Yuvanraj Nethrun passes away after battling cancer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-actor-yuvanraj-nethrun-passes-away-after-battling-cancer/articleshow/115959749.cms |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday" />

=== Film ===
Apart from television serials, he played few supporting roles in [[Tamil cinema]] as well.<ref name="indiatoday"/>

=== Reality shows ===
Nethrun participated in multiple reality shows on [[Star Vijay]] and [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. He was the winner on Sun TV's dance-based reality show ''Masthana Masthana''. He was a participant in Vijay Television's [[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|''Jodi Number 1'']] Season 3 and 5. ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai|Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai]]'' and ''Super Kudumbam'' are some of the other shows he took a part in.<ref name="indiatoday"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-04 |title=Who is Yuvanraj Nethrun? Veteran Tamil TV actor who passed away battling cancer |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/who-is-yuvanraj-nethrun-tamil-tv-actor-who-died-battling-cancer-and-his-last-post-will-leave-you-emotional-647456.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Nethrun was married to Deepa, a Tamil film and television actress and have two daughters

Nethrun died of stomach cancer on 3 December 2024 at the age of 45, survived by his wife, Deepa Murugan, and two daughters.<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-04 |title=Tamil television actor Yuvanraj Nethrun dies after battling cancer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/yuvanraj-nethrun-dies-after-battling-cancer-2644568-2024-12-04 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-12-04 |title=TV serial actor Yuvanraj Nethrun dies at 45 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/04/tv-serial-actor-yuvanraj-nethrun-dies-at-45 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm11517658}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nethrun, Yuvanraj}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]

2017–18 Bengaluru FC season

2026-02-18T14:24:31Z

Moin Khan: small edit

{{Short description|2017–18 season of Bengaluru FC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Bengaluru FC]]
| logo =
| season = 2017–18
| manager = [[Albert Roca]]
| chairman = [[Parth Jindal]]
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| league = [[Indian Super League]]
| league result = Runner-up
| cup1 = [[AFC Cup]]
| cup1 result = {{Plainlist|
* [[2017 AFC Cup|2017]]: Inter-zone play-off finals{{efn-ua|name=fn2|Bengaluru FC advanced to the inter-zone play-off semi-finals during [[2016–17 Bengaluru FC season|2016–17 season]].}}
* [[2018 AFC Cup|2018]]: ''Inter-zone play-off semi-finals''{{efn-ua|Bengaluru FC advanced to the inter-zone play-off semi-finals, played during [[2018–19 Bengaluru FC season|2018–19 season]]}}
}}
| cup2 = [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
| cup2 result = '''[[2018 Indian Super Cup|Winners]]'''
| league topscorer = [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{small|(15 goals)}}
| season topscorer = [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{small|(24 goals)}}
| highest attendance = 25,373 vs [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] (1 March 2018)
| lowest attendance = 1,051 vs [[Abahani Limited Dhaka|Dhaka Abahani]] (14 March 2018)
| average attendance = 19,053

| pattern_la1 = _blueshoulders
| pattern_b1 = _bengalurufc_home_2017
| pattern_ra1 = _blueshoulders
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _arsenalh9800
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| body1 = FFFFFF
| rightarm1 = FFFFFF
| shorts1 = 0000FF
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| pattern_la2 = _redborderandshoulder
| pattern_b2 = _bengalurufc_away_2017
| pattern_ra2 = _redborderandshoulder
| pattern_sh2 = _red stripes
| pattern_so2 =
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| body2 = FFFFFF
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| pattern_b3 = _bengalurufc_third_2017
| pattern_ra3 = _bengalurufc_third_2017
| pattern_sh3 = _bengalurufc_third_2017
| pattern_so3 = _bengalurufc_third_2017
| leftarm3 =
| body3 =
| rightarm3 =
| shorts3 =FFFFF0
| socks3 =
| updated =
| prevseason = [[2016–17 Bengaluru FC season|2016–17]]
| nextseason = [[2018–19 Bengaluru FC season|2018–19]]
}}

The '''2017–18 season''' was [[Bengaluru FC]]'s fifth season as club since its establishment in 2013. This was club's first season in [[Indian Super League]].

==Background==
{{main|2016–17 Bengaluru FC season}}
In '''2016–17''' season Bengaluru FC got mixed results. Club failed to defend their league title, finished fourth in the [[2016–17 I-League|I-League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=BFC End Campaign in Style, Finish at Fourth Spot|url=http://i-league.org/i-league/bfc-end-campaign-in-style-finish-at-fourth-spot/|accessdate=30 April 2017|work=i-league.org|date=29 April 2017}}</ref> The club did well in the [[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]], won their second cup title in four years by defeating [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] 2–0 in final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/bengaluru-vs-mohun-bagan/2452790/report|title=Federation Cup 2017: Bengaluru FC 2–0 Mohun Bagan – CK Vineeth seals championship victory for the Blues in extra time|first=Manasi|last=Pathak|work=Goal.com|date=21 May 2017}}</ref> Bengaluru FC finished the season well by advancing to [[2017 AFC Cup|AFC cup]] knock–out stage by beating [[Maziya S&RC]] in a must win game and keeping hope alive to better their previous seasons record in '''AFC Cup''' where Bengaluru FC finished runners–up.<ref name="AC2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/amp/match/bengaluru-vs-maziya/2383036/report|title=AFC Cup 2017: Bengaluru FC 1–0 Maziya S&RC: Sunil Chhetri freekick sends Eagles through|work=Goal.com|date=31 May 2017}}</ref>

On 11 May 2017, it was announced by the [[Indian Super League]] organizers, [[Football Sports Development]], that they would be inviting bids for new teams to join the league for the upcoming season.
Bengaluru FC had submitted a bid from [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="TOI Bengaluru FC">{{cite news|title=Bengaluru FC submit bid as ITB submission deadline ends|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bengaluru-fc-submit-bid-as-itb-submission-deadline-ends/articleshow/58851199.cms|accessdate=31 May 2017|work=The Times of India|date=26 May 2017}}</ref> On 12 June, it was officially announced that [[Bengaluru FC]] (for [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]) and [[Tata Group]] (for [[Jamshedpur]]) had won the bids for the new teams.<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL expanded to 10 teams, Bengaluru FC one of them|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-expanded-to-10-teams-bengaluru-fc-one-of-them/articleshow/59113316.cms|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=The Times of India|date=12 June 2017}}</ref>

===Transfers===

Due to the [[Indian Super League]] regulation each club is allowed to retain a maximum of two Indian players over the age of twenty-one (21). On 30 June, Bengaluru FC announced they are retaining the captain [[Sunil Chhetri]] and [[Udanta Singh]].<ref name="Chhetri and Udanta">{{cite news|title=Bengaluru FC retain Chhetri, Udanta|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/5572-bengaluru-fc-retain-chhetri-udanta|accessdate=30 June 2017|work=Indian Super League|date=30 June 2017}}</ref> Bengaluru FC also retained defenders [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]] and [[Juanan]].<ref name="Paartalu">{{cite news|title=Former Brisbane Roar Player Joins Blues on One Year Deal; Juanan Returns To Join Johnson in Defence|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/bengaluru-fc-sign-aussie-midfielder-paartalu/|accessdate=1 July 2017|work=Bengalurufc.com|date=5 July 2017}}</ref> Goalkeeper [[Amrinder Singh]] parted ways with the club. He was retained by [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]].<ref name="Amrinder">{{cite news|title=Indian Super League: Amrinder Singh joins Mumbai City FC in record-breaking deal|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/amp/news/136/india/2017/06/30/36741652/indian-super-league-amrinder-singh-joins-mumbai-city-fc-in|accessdate=1 July 2017|work=Goal.com|date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Bengaluru FC announced signing of Australian midfielder [[Erik Paartalu]] on 5 July.<ref name="Paartalu"/> Winger [[C.K. Vineeth]] switched the side. He joined [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]].<ref name="Vineeth">{{cite web|title=C.K. Vineeth Retained|url=https://twitter.com/KeralaBlasters/status/882573885060689920|website=Kerala Blasters (Twitter)}}</ref> On 11 July Bengaluru FC announced signing of Spanish midfielder [[Dimas Delgado]] who last played for [[A-League]] side [[Western Sydney Wanderers FC|Western Sydney Wanderers]].<ref name="Dimas">{{cite news|title=BENGALURU FC SIGN SPANISH MIDFIELDER DIMAS DELGADO|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/bengaluru-fc-sign-spanish-midfielder-dimas-delgado/|accessdate=1 July 2017|work=Bengalurufc.com|date=11 July 2017}}</ref> On 17 July Spanish winger [[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale|Antonio Dovale]] was signed for a season.<ref name="Toni">{{cite news|title=BENGALURU FC ADD WINGER ANTONIO DOVALE|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/bengaluru-fc-add-winger-antonio-dovale/|accessdate=1 July 2017|work=Bengalurufc.com|date=17 July 2017}}</ref> On 21 July, the club announced retention of under-22 players, defender [[Nishu Kumar]], midfielder [[Malsawmzuala]] and striker [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]] for a season.<ref>{{cite news|title=BENGALURU FC RETAIN NISHU, ZUALA FOR ISL; DANIEL FOR AFC CUP|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/bengaluru-fc-retain-nishu-zuala-isl-daniel-afc-cup/|accessdate=1 July 2017|work=Bengalurufc.com|date=21 July 2017}}</ref>

In ISL draft held on 23 July 2017, Bengaluru FC retained goalkeepers [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]] and Calvin Abhishek, midfielders [[Lenny Rodrigues]], [[Alwyn George]] and [[Harmanjot Khabra]].
Bengaluru FC added eight new players from draft, goalkeeper [[Abhra Mondal]], defenders [[Joyner Lourenco]], [[Rahul Bheke]], [[Subhasish Bose]], [[Zohmingliana Ralte]] and [[Collin Abranches]], midfielder [[Boithang Haokip]] and striker [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]].<ref name="Draft picks">{{cite news|title=BLUES RETAIN FIVE, SIGN EIGHT NEW PLAYERS AT ISL DRAFT|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/blues-retain-five-sign-eight-new-players-isl-draft/|accessdate=1 July 2017|work=Bengalurufc.com|date=23 July 2017}}</ref>

Eight players from Bengaluru FC were signed by other clubs in the draft. Goalkeeper [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]] signed by [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]. Defender [[Keegan Pereira (footballer)|Keegan Pereira]], midfielders [[Eugeneson Lyngdoh]] and [[Shankar Sampingiraj]] were signed by [[Atlético de Kolkata]]. Defenders [[Rino Anto]] and [[Lalchhuan Mawia]] were signed by [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] and [[FC Pune City|Pune City]] respectively. Striker [[Seminlen Doungel]] and defender [[Gursimrat Singh]] were signed by [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].<ref name="Draft out">{{cite news|title=ISL 2017 Draft LIVE: Complete list of players signed|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/amp/news/136/india/2017/07/23/37264062/isl-2017-draft-live-complete-list-of-players-signed|accessdate=1 July 2017|work=Goal.com|date=23 July 2017}}</ref>

Bengaluru FC announced signing of midfielders [[Bidyananda Singh]] and Robinson Singh for two years on 31 July.<ref name="Bidyananda and Robinson">{{cite news|title=BIDYANANDA, ROBINSON SIGN WITH BENGALURU FC|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/bidyananda-robinson-sign-bengaluru-fc/|accessdate=1 July 2017|work=Bengalurufc.com|date=31 July 2017}}</ref> On 7 August the club announced signing of Spanish forward [[Braulio Nóbrega]] for a season.<ref name="Braulio">{{cite news|title=The Blues strengthen squad further; complete sixth foreign signing|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/bengaluru-fc-sign-spanish-striker-braulio-nobrega/|accessdate=7 August 2017|work=Bengalurufc.com|date=7 August 2017}}</ref> Bengaluru fc added their academy graduates defender Prashanth Kalinga and forward Leon Augustine to the squad for [[2017 AFC Cup]] knockout rounds.<ref name="Leon and Kalinga">{{cite news|title=ROCA ANNOUNCES BLUES SQUAD FOR 2017 AFC CUP KNOCKOUT ROUNDS|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/roca-announces-blues-squad-2017-afc-cup-knockout-rounds/|accessdate=16 August 2017|work=Bengalurufc.com|date=16 August 2017}}</ref> On 17 August Bengaluru FC announced signing of [[India national football team]] goalkeeper [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] from Norwegian side [[Stabæk Fotball|Stabæk FC]] for an undisclosed transfer amount.<ref name="Sandhu">{{cite news|title=BENGALURU FC SIGN INDIA'S NO.1 GURPREET SINGH SANDHU|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/bengaluru-fc-sign-indias-no-1-gurpreet-singh-sandhu/|accessdate=17 August 2017|work=Bengalurufc.com|date=17 August 2017}}</ref>

On 29 August Bengaluru FC announced signing of Venezuelan international striker [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] for two years.<ref name="Miku">{{cite news|title=BENGALURU FC STRENGTHEN ATTACK, SIGN VENEZUELA INTERNATIONAL MIKU|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/bengaluru-fc-strengthen-attack-sign-venezuela-international-miku/|accessdate=29 August 2017|work=Bengalurufc.com|date=29 August 2017}}</ref> The club announced signing of Spanish winger [[Edu García]] for one year on 3 September.<ref name="Edu">{{cite news|title=BENGALURU FC SIGN EDUARDO GARCIA; FINALISE SQUAD FOR INDIAN SUPER LEAGUE|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/bengaluru-fc-sign-eduardo-garcia-finalise-squad-indian-super-league/|accessdate=3 September 2017|work=Bengalurufc.com|date=3 September 2017}}</ref>

During winter transfer window, Bengaluru FC released injured striker [[Braulio Nóbrega]] and signed another Spaniard [[Daniel Lucas Segovia|Daniel Segovia]] on 15 February 2018, in a short-term deal till the end of the season.<ref name="Segovia">{{cite news|title=ISL 2017–18: Bengaluru FC sign striker Daniel Segovia on deadline day|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-18-bengaluru-fc-sign-striker-daniel-segovia/70odw0lcppvd1bltd0mi78ry1|date=15 February 2018|work=Goal.com}}</ref> Bengaluru also agreed to the transfer for [[Edu García]] to [[China League One]] side [[Zhejiang Greentown F.C.|Zhejiang Greentown]] for an estimated transfer fee for $150,000. In the process, Bengaluru FC became the first club receive a transfer fee from a foreign club.<ref name="Edu transfer">{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/official-edu-garcia-joins-chinese-zhejiang-lucheng/1dhf3uhdkyt6710vm8drrbg55u|title=Official: Edu Garcia joins Chinese's Zhejiang Lǜchéng|work=Goal.com|date=23 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/revealed-the-transfer-fee-paid-by-zhejiang-lucheng-to/bhxus7p2altf1regmj8mv6hd0|title=REVEALED: The transfer fee paid by Zhejiang Lǜchéng to Bengaluru FC|work=Goal.com|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=23 February 2018}}</ref> Bengaluru signed Spanish midfielder [[Víctor Pérez Alonso]] as a replacement on a short team deal for the rest of the season.<ref name="Alonso">{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-18-bengaluru-fc-sign-victor-perez-to-replace-edu/lgke3we71mwl1xlz7qgr0bs31|title=ISL 2017–18: Bengaluru FC sign Victor Perez to replace Edu Garcia|work=Goal.com|date=2 March 2018}}</ref>

====In====
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!No.
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Previous club
!scope="col"|Transfer fee
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
| 46
|{{sort|46|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Erik Paartalu]]
|{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Al Kharaitiyat SC|Al Kharaitiyat]]
|Free agent
| 5 July 2017
|<ref name="Paartalu"/>
|-
| 9
|{{sort|9|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dimas Delgado]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Western Sydney Wanderers FC|Western Sydney Wanderers]]
|Free agent
| 11 July 2017
|<ref name="Dimas"/>
|-
| 49
|{{sort|49|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale|Antonio Dovale]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rayo Vallecano]]
|Free agent
| 17 July 2017
|<ref name="Toni"/>
|-
| 2
|{{sort|2|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Bheke]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
| 27
|{{sort|27|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhasish Bose]]
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
| 35
|{{sort|35|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Zohmingliana Ralte]]
| [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
| 48
|{{sort|48|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
| 1
|{{sort|1|GK}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhra Mondal]]
| [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
| 12
|{{sort|12|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Boithang Haokip]]
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
| 3
|{{sort|3|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Collin Abranches]]
| [[Ozone FC|Ozone]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
| 29
|{{sort|29|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Joyner Lourenco]]
| [[Sporting Clube de Goa]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
| —
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bidyananda Singh]]
| [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
| N/A
| 31 July 2017
|<ref name="Bidyananda and Robinson"/>
|-
| 38
|{{sort|38|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Robinson Singh
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| N/A
| 31 July 2017
|<ref name="Bidyananda and Robinson"/>
|-
| 9
|{{sort|9|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Braulio Nóbrega]]
|{{flagicon|CYP}} [[Doxa Katokopias FC|Doxa]]
| Free agent
| 7 August 2017
|<ref name="Braulio"/>
|-
| 39
|{{sort|39|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Leon Augustine
|[[Bengaluru FC Academy]]
| N/A
| 16 August 2017
|<ref name="Leon and Kalinga"/>
|-
| 27
|{{sort|27|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Prashanth Kalinga
|[[Bengaluru FC Academy]]
| N/A
| 16 August 2017
|<ref name="Leon and Kalinga"/>
|-
| 45
|{{sort|45|GK}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
|{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Stabæk Fotball|Stabæk]]
|undisclosed
| 17 August 2017
|<ref name="Sandhu"/>
|-
| 7
|{{sort|7|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rayo Vallecano]]
| Free agent
| 29 August 2017
|<ref name="Miku"/>
|-
| 13
|{{sort|13|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Edu García]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Zaragoza]]
| Free agent
| 3 September 2017
|<ref name="Edu"/>
|-
| 12
|{{sort|12|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Daniel Lucas Segovia]]
|{{flagicon|AZE}} [[Neftçi PFK]]
| Free agent
| 15 February 2018
|<ref name="Segovia"/>
|-
| 44
|{{sort|44|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Víctor Pérez Alonso]]
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Wisła Kraków]]
| Free agent
| 2 March 2018
| <ref name="Alonso"/>
|}

====Out====
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!No.
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|New club
!scope="col"|Transfer fee
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|1
|{{sort|1|GK}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrinder Singh]]
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| N/A
| 1 July 2017
|<ref name="Amrinder" />
|-
|26
|{{sort|26|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Cameron Watson (footballer)|Cameron Watson]]
| {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Madura United F.C.|Madura United]]
| N/A
| 12 July 2017
|<ref name="Watson">{{cite web|url=https://www.bola.net/indonesia/cameron-watson-bakal-gantikan-dane-di-madura-united-410755.html|title=Cameron Watson Bakal Gantikan Dane di Madura United|date=12 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|31
|{{sort|31|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[C.K. Vineeth]]
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| N/A
| 5 July 2017
|<ref name="Vineeth"/>
|-
|14
|{{sort|14|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Eugeneson Lyngdoh]]
| [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft out"/>
|-
|13
|{{sort|13|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rino Anto]]
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft out"/>
|-
|23
|{{sort|23|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalchhuan Mawia]]
| [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft out"/>
|-
|27
|{{sort|27|GK}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft out"/>
|-
|5
|{{sort|5|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Keegan Pereira (footballer)|Keegan Pereira]]
| [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft out"/>
|-
|16
|{{sort|16|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shankar Sampingiraj]]
| [[Atlético de Kolkata]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft out"/>
|-
|7
|{{sort|7|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Seminlen Doungel]]
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft out"/>
|-
|33
|{{sort|33|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gursimrat Singh]]
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| N/A
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft out"/>
|-
| 9
|{{sort|9|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Braulio Nóbrega]]
|
| Released
|15 February 2018
|<ref name="Segovia"/>
|-
| 13
|{{sort|13|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Edu García]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhejiang Greentown F.C.|Zhejiang Greentown]]
| $150,000
| 23 February 2018
|<ref name="Edu transfer"/>
|}

==Pre-season and friendlies==
Bengaluru FC, having completed the squad selection at [[2017–18 ISL Players Draft]], arranged a 10-day pre-season training camp in [[Murcia]], [[Spain]] before facing [[North Korea]]n side [[April 25 Sports Club]]. During the tour, the blues were scheduled to face [[Segunda División B]] side [[UCAM Murcia CF]] and [[UAE Pro League]] side [[Baniyas Club]] in the friendlies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/bengaluru-fc-set-to-train-in-spain-ahead-of-afc-cup-clash-4765592/|title=Bengaluru FC set to train in Spain ahead of AFC Cup clash|date=25 July 2017|work=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref> Later, a friendly against [[FC Cartagena]] was added as well. Bengaluru FC lost all three friendlies. During the AFC cup campaign, Bengaluru FC played [[India national under-19 football team]] and won with a solitary goal from [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]].

After the conclusion of [[2017 AFC Cup]] and before [[2017–18 Indian Super League]], Bengaluru FC played two games against the former I-League rivals [[East Bengal F.C.]], [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]]. The first game on 25 October 2017 ended in a draw with [[Surabuddin Mollick]] and [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] scoring a goal each for their respective teams. Bengaluru FC won the second friendly 3–1. [[Udanta Singh]] scored a brace, whereas [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] scored the third goal. Bengaluru FC then played two friendlies against [[I-League]] debutant, [[Gokulam FC]], winning both games 2–0 and 3–1, respectively. Before the international break, Bengaluru FC played two more friendlies with [[Chennai City F.C.]], drawing the first 2–2, and winning the second friendly 6–1. In the final friendly before ISL, Bengaluru FC played yet another I-League side [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]], and lost the game 2–3.

{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date=9 August 2017
|time= 19:00 [[Central European Time|CET]]
|team1=[[UCAM Murcia CF]]
|score=4–2
|report=[https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/895358607025254400 Report]
|team2=Bengaluru FC
|goals1=Chevi {{goal|33}} [[Isidro Ros Ríos|Isi Ros]] {{goal|49}} [[Urko Arroyo|Arroyo]] {{goal|55}} Victor Garcia {{goal|85}}
|goals2=[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|8||56}}
|location=[[Murcia]], [[Spain]]
|stadium=Pinatar Arena
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date=12 August 2017
|time= 19:00 [[Central European Time|CET]]
|team1=[[FC Cartagena]]
|score=3–0
|report=[https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/896444884869042176 Report]
|team2=Bengaluru FC
|goals1=Kuki Zalazar {{goal|44}} [[Isaac Aketxe|Aketxe]] {{goal|52||55}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Murcia]], [[Spain]]
|stadium=[[La Manga Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date=15 August 2017
|time=19:00 [[Central European Time|CET]]
|team1=[[Baniyas Club]]
|score=3–0
|report=[https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/897532270004781056 Report]
|team2=Bengaluru FC
|goals1=[[Harry Novillo|Novillo]] {{goal|17}} [[Saleh Al Menhali|Hamad]] {{goal|38}} Mubarak Al–Mansoori {{goal|76}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Murcia]], [[Spain]]
|stadium=Pinatar Arena
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date=1 September 2017
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=1–0
|report=[http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-bengaluru-fc-beat-india-u-19-national-team/nuoz6oba5il81kwiz5cy67qah Report]
|team2=[[India national under-19 football team|India U-19]]
|goals1=[[Daniel Lalhlimpuia|Lalhlimpuia]] {{goal}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date=25 October 2017
|time=10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=1–1
|report=[http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-ileague-bengaluru-fc-east-bengal-draw-pre-season/nic7eq777e23110r8wtx6uxrv Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|80}}
|goals2=
* [[Surabuddin Mollick|Mollick]] {{goal|9}}
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance=0
|referee=
|result=D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date=27 October 2017
|time=10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=3–1
|report=[http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/bengaluru-fc-defeat-east-bengal-3-1-in-pre-season-friendly/hvnnp7ckfy391vmy15jphr4ri Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
* [[Udanta Singh|Udanta]] {{goal}} {{goal}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal}}
|goals2=
* [[Willis Plaza|Plaza]] {{goal}}
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance=0
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date=31 October 2017
|time=10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=2–0
|report=[https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/925326486625697795 Report]
|team2=[[Gokulam FC]]
|goals1=
* [[Alwyn George|Alwyn]] {{goal}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Bellary]]
|stadium=Bengaluru FC residential academy ground
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date=2 November 2017
|time=10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=3–1
|report=[https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/926090487211089920 Report]
|team2=[[Gokulam FC]]
|goals1=
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal}}
* [[Dimas Delgado|Dimas]] {{goal}}
* [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia|Lalhlimpuia]] {{goal}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Bellary]]
|stadium=Bengaluru FC residential academy ground
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date=4 November 2017
|time=10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=2–2
|report=[https://thefangarage.com/articles/12850-pre-season-friendly-bengaluru-fc-held-to-a-draw-by-chennai-city-in-bellary-goalfest Report]
|team2=[[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
|goals1=
* [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia|Lalhlimpuia]] {{goal}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal| |pen. }}
|goals2=
* [[Gurpreet Singh (footballer)|G. Singh]] {{goal}}
* [[Venyamin Shumeyko|Shumeyko]]{{goal}}
|location=[[Bellary]]
|stadium=Bengaluru FC residential academy ground
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date=5 November 2017
|time=10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=6–1
|report=[https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/927060315073687552 Report]
|team2=[[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
|goals1=* [[Udanta Singh|Udanta]] {{goal}} {{goal}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal}}
* [[Braulio Nóbrega|Nóbrega]] {{goal}}
* [[Erik Paartalu|Paartalu]] {{goal}}
* [[Thongkhosiem Haokip|T. Haokip]] {{goal}}
|goals2=
* [[Ildar Amirov|Amirov]] {{goal}}
|location=[[Bellary]]
|stadium=Bengaluru FC residential academy ground
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date=8 November 2017
|time=10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=2–3
|report=[https://twitter.com/Minerva_AFC/status/928131901562306560 Report]
|team2=[[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|goals1=[[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|43||63}}
|goals2=[[Chencho Gyeltshen|Chencho]] {{goal|9||32||71}}
|location=[[Bellary]]
|stadium=Bengaluru FC residential academy ground
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=L
}}

==Competitions==
=== Overview ===
{{Fb overview2
|c=1
|c1=[[2017 AFC Cup]]
|fm1= 23 August 2017
|lm1= 18 October 2017
|sr1= Quarter-final
|fp1= Semi-inal
|w1= 1
|l1= 1
|d1= 2
|f1= 5
|a1= 3
|c2= [[2017–18 Indian Super League]]
|fm2= 19 November 2017
|lm2= 17 March 2018
|sr2= Matchday-1
|fp2= Runners-up
|w2= 14
|l2= 5
|d2= 2
|f2= 40
|a2= 20
|c3=[[2018 AFC Cup]]
|fm3= 23 January 2018
|lm3= 16 May 2018
|sr3= Preliminary round
|fp3= Qualified
|w3= 8
|l3= 1
|d3= 1
|f3= 25
|a3= 5
|c4=[[2018 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]]
|fm4= 1 April 2018
|lm4= 20 April 2018
|sr4= Round-of-16
|fp4= Champions
|w4= 4
|l4= 0
|d4= 0
|f4= 13
|a4= 5
|u=31 May 2018
}}

===Indian Super League===
{{main|2017–18 Indian Super League}}

====Summary====

=====November=====
[[File:West Block Blues unfurling banner against Mumbai City FC.jpg|thumb|[[West Block Blues]] celebrating Bengaluru FC's participation in [[Indian Super League]].]]
Bengaluru made their [[Indian Super League|ISL]] debut against [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] on 19 November 2017 at the Sree Kanteerava Stadium in Bengaluru. Roca handed starts to new foreign signings, [[Edu García]] and [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]. Despite wonderful link up play between the forward duo of Chhetri and Miku, the hosts lacked finishing in the final third in the first half. There was hardly any opportunities created by Mumbai themselves as they chose to sit deep and Bengaluru dominated the game. In the second half, Bengaluru scored their first goal in ISL, courtesy a short corner routine, when Edu Garcia drilled one past former BFC man [[Amrinder Singh]] at the near post at the 67th minute. A defensive mix up in added time meant that Chhetri could get his name on the scoresheet and sealed a 2–0 victory for the blues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/bengaluru-v-mumbai-city/report/eiez7gtmt58nhn8q9ec3ex562|title=ISL 2017: Bengaluru FC 2–0 Mumbai City FC – Blues down Islanders in comfortable debut win|work=Goal.com|date=19 November 2017}}</ref> Bengaluru continued the form against [[Delhi Dynamos F.C.|Delhi Dynamos]], whom they defeated 4–1 with [[Erik Paartalu]] scoring a brace and [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] scoring his first goal for the club. However, they conceded a penalty late in the second half when [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]] was adjudged to have a handball inside the penalty area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-bengaluru-fc-delhi-dynamos/k4z5pl2xc6o911lncayf3nb9m|title=ISL 2017: Bengaluru FC set the early pace in the title race|work=Goal.com|first=Soham|last=Mukherjee|date=27 November 2017}}</ref> Bengaluru played their first away game of the season against [[FC Goa]] on 30 November 2017. In the action packed first half, [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] was [[sent off]] and Bengaluru conceded three goals. With the team down to 10-men, Bengaluru managed to equalize score with Miku's brace at 3–3, but once Goa took the lead with [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]]'s hat-trick in 63rd minute, Bengaluru could not find an equalizer and tasted the first defeat of the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/goa-v-bengaluru/ejyj38o1tlfmqb0tqywit0fai|title=ISL 2017: FC Goa 4–3 Bengaluru FC: Coro's hat-trick seals a thriller in Gaurs' favour|first=Anselm|last=Noronha|work=Goal.com|date=30 November 2017}}</ref>

=====December=====
Bengaluru FC kicked off the month of December with an away game against [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] on 8 December. Bengaluru FC made multiple changes, including bringing in [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]] to replace [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]], who was suspended for 2 games. [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] scored the only goal of the match to ensure the first away win of the season for Bengaluru FC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/northeast-united-v-bengaluru/report/elncwp2ji76mos2rf6lx0lxt6|title=ISL 2017: NorthEast United 0–1 Bengaluru FC – Miku wins it for Blues|date=8 December 2017|work=Goal.com}}</ref> Bengaluru played third consecutive away game against [[FC Pune City]] on 14 December. Facing the crowded schedule ahead, Bengaluru FC chose to start without [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]] and [[Edu García]]. After lack of clear chances initially, Pune City took the lead from [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]]'s header. However, after Pune City's [[Baljit Sahni]] was sent-off after second yellow card, Bengaluru FC made the best of the situation and scored 3 goals in the second half with [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] scoring a brace and [[Sunil Chhetri]] scoring the final goal of the game in stoppage time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/pune-city-v-bengaluru/report/emgj0i3t55s7wpcaqgguqfgbu|title=ISL 2017: FC Pune City 1–3 Bengaluru FC: Miku brace fires visitors to the top of the league as Baljit Sahni sees red|date=14 December 2017|first=Ashish|last=Peter}}</ref> Bengaluru FC returned home against [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] on 17 December 2017. Chennaiyin's stubborn defence contained Bengaluru FC attack and inflicted 1–2 defeat on the home team, with [[Sunil Chhetri]] scoring the only goal for Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/bengaluru-v-chennaiyin/report/en1fhlsa8pdq1us8mag9fuq22|title=ISL 2017: Bengaluru FC 1–2 Chennaiyin FC – Solid Super Machans down Blues|date=17 December 2017|work=Goal.com|first=Swapnaneel|last=Parasar}}</ref> Playing against the fellow debutant [[Jamshedpur FC]], Bengaluru conceded the late penalty to lose the game 0–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-bengaluru-fc-vs-jamshedpur-coppell-defensive-team/b4fkm8uo1bz61mzc3jqyfxhid|title=ISL 2017: Bengaluru FC have no answers to Steve Coppell's 'defensive' team|date=22 December 2017|work=Goal.com}}</ref> In a highly anticipated match, Bengaluru FC faced [[Kerala Blasters]] on the New Year's Eve. The first half remained goalless in the first half, but Bengaluru FC took the lead with [[Sunil Chhetri]]'s penalty in the second half. The stoppage time saw a flurry of goals, including a brace from [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] and Bengaluru won the game 1–3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/kerala-blasters-v-bengaluru/report/eou4ervxdof4b2of8kux7sb56|title=ISL 2017/18: Kerala Blasters 1–3 Bengaluru FC: Miku and Sunil Chhetri stun Yellow Army into silence|first=Nisanth V|last=Easwar|work=Goal.com|date=31 December 2017}}</ref>

=====January=====
Bengaluru played the first game of 2018 at home against [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] on 7 January 2017 and won it 1–0 courtesy a goal from [[Sunil Chhetri]] in first half.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/bengaluru-back-winning-ways-fortress-atk-1-0/|title=Bengaluru back to winning ways at Fortress; down ATK 1–0|work=Bengalurufc.com|date=7 January 2018}}</ref> With upcoming fixtures of [[2018 AFC Cup]], Bengaluru FC rotated the squad against bottom-placed [[Delhi Dynamos FC]]. However, the rotation did not work out as Bengaluru faced 2–0 defeat away from home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-om/match/delhi-dynamos-v-bengaluru/report/er224vpcdjbfylt2mcmrfahka|title=ISL 2017–18: Delhi Dynamos 2–0 Bengaluru FC: Lions stun heavyweights to end seven-match winless run|first=Ashish|last=Peter|work=Goal.com|date=14 January 2018}}</ref> Still on the road, Bengaluru faced [[Mumbai City FC]] on 18 January 2018. [[Sunil Chhetri]] scored a brace against his former team and with a goal from [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]], Bengaluru registered a comfortable 3–1 win and climbed back to the top of the table.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-om/match/mumbai-city-v-bengaluru/report/erf3o1rygokx63p7oqf4abmui|title=ISL 2017–18: Mumbai City FC 1–3 Bengaluru FC – Blues do the double over the Islanders|first=Manasi|last=Pathak|date=18 January 2018|work=Goal.com}}</ref> Bengaluru secured another win at home against the highlanders, [[NorthEast United FC]] in the final game of January. [[Juanan]] and [[Sunil Chhetri]] scored a goal in each half to secure 3 points for the home team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/bengaluru-v-northeast-united/report/eswxyyv3edlkp7s9j5mr9guay|title=ISL 2017–18: Bengaluru FC 2–1 NorthEastUnited FC – Blues reclaim top spot after narrow win|first=Ashish|last=Peter|date=26 January 2018}}</ref>

=====February=====
Once again Bengaluru FC started month playing [[ATK (football club)|ATK]], this time an away match. Bengaluru won the match 0–2. [[Jordi Figueras Montel]] scored an [[Own goal#Association football|own goal]] to give Bengaluru lead in 3rd minute. At 69th minute Bengaluru reduced ten men, when [[Rahul Bheke]] received second yellow of the match and sent off. [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] scored second goal of the match at 83rd minute to keep Bengaluru FC top of the table.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/ten-man-bengaluru-complete-double-defending-champs-atk-2-0-win/|title=Ten-man Bengaluru complete double over defending champs ATK with 2–0 win|work=Bengalurufc.com |date=4 February 2018}}</ref> In top of the table clash, Bengaluru FC next played [[Chennaiyin FC]] away 6 February. [[Boithang Haokip]] gave the team an early lead, while [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] and [[Sunil Chhetri]] scored the goals in the second half to earn a decisive 3–1 victory in the South India derby and a lead of 7 points at the top.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-18-defending-chennaiyin-fc-bengaluru-fc/1b9vbi19wktst1rhep35ocsnfb|title=ISL 2017–18: Uncharacteristic defending lets down Chennaiyin FC against Bengaluru FC|work=Goal.com|first=Ashwin|last=Muralidharan}}</ref> Bengaluru continued the winning run against [[FC Goa]] at home on 9 February 2018. [[Edu García]] secured the lead in the first half while [[Dimas Delgado]] scored his first goal for the team and sealed the game 2–0 in the second half, extending the team's winning streak to five games. With the win, Bengaluru FC also became the first team to confirm their spot in the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/bengaluru-v-goa/report/evok2w4gj36z7uxudtomvfrze|title=ISL 2017–18: Bengaluru 2–0 Goa: Eagles better Gaurs to book semi-final berth|first=Manasi|last=Pathak|work=Goal.com|date=9 February 2018}}</ref> In another top of the table clash, Bengaluru FC faced [[FC Pune City]] at home on 16 February 2018. After conceding a goal in the first half, Bengaluru equalized with [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]'s goal in the second half. Bengaluru were denied a clear penalty opportunity in the dying minutes of the game and settled for their first draw of the season in Indian Super League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-18-bengaluru-fc-pune-city-report-miku-equaliser/qwlj9crgzl6dzk4a9tpw764q|title=ISL 2017–18: Miku strike helps Bengaluru FC dampen FC Pune City spirits|first=Swapnaneel|last=Parasar|date=16 February 2018|work=Goal.com}}</ref> In the last away game of the season, Bengaluru FC faced [[Jamshedpur FC]] on 25 February 2018. [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] and [[Sunil Chhetri]] secured lead in the first half with a goal each and [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] made crucial saves in the second half to earn a clean sheet and secured 2–0 win. With the win, Bengaluru FC also secured the top spot for the league stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/jamshedpur-v-bengaluru/report/ez672mdv299ipfl5pnnrkhkkq|title=ISL 2017–18: Gurpreet shines as Bengaluru FC sail past Jamshedpur FC|date=25 February 2018|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee}}</ref>

=====March=====
{{football squad on pitch|align=right
| GK_nat = IND | GK = [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Sandhu]]
| RCB_nat = ESP | RCB = [[Juanan]]
| CB_nat = AUS | CB = [[Erik Paartalu|Paartalu]]
| LCB_nat = ENG | LCB = [[John Johnson (footballer)|Johnson]]
| RWB_nat = IND | RWB = [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]]
| LWB_nat = IND | LWB = [[Boithang Haokip|Haokip]]
| RCM_nat = IND| RCM = [[Lenny Rodrigues|Rodrigues]]
| LCM_nat = ESP| LCM = [[Dimas Delgado|Delgado]]
| RW_nat =IND | RW = [[Udanta Singh|Singh]]
| LW_nat =IND | LW = [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]]
| CF_nat = VEN| CF = [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]
|caption=Lineup against [[Chennaiyin FC]] in [[2018 Indian Super League final]]
|image=striped
}}
In the final game of the league stage, Bengaluru faced southern rivals [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] at the home on 1 March 2018. The game remained deadlocked until [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] and [[Udanta Singh]] scored two goals in injury time to finish the league stage with a win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/bengaluru-v-kerala-blasters/report/ezl5m8ubq46dvpeanqx6y2i5m|title=ISL 2017–18: Blues strike twice in injury-time to break Blasters' resistance in southern derby|first=Ashish|last=Peter|date=1 March 2018|work=Goal.com}}</ref>

Bengaluru FC faced 4th placed [[FC Pune City]] in the semi-finals. Playing the first leg at away, Bengaluru had to settle for a goal-less draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-18-pune-city-bengaluru-match-report/19xru3l1tabr81rg7uxz7b85mg|title=ISL 2017–18: Stallions and Blues play out goal-less stalemate in cagey first-leg|date=7 March 2018|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|work=Goal.com}}</ref> In the return leg played at home, Bengaluru FC defeated Pune City 3–1 to enter final in their debut [[Indian Super League|ISL]] season. Captain [[Sunil Chhetri]] scored his first [[hat-trick]] for Bengaluru FC. [[Jonatan Lucca]] scored the lone goal for Pune City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-18-the-man-for-the-big-occasions-inspirational/x75p4sv24sip1xzzo2ohh4cs3|title=ISL 2017–18: 'The man for the big occasions' – Inspirational Sunil Chhetri powers Bengaluru FC into the final!|date=12 March 2018|work=Goal.com|first=Ashwin|last=Muralidharan}}</ref>

Bengaluru FC faced [[Chennaiyin FC]] in [[2018 Indian Super League final|the final]], played at Bengaluru FC's home [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]. Owing to [[Subhasish Bose]]'s suspension, Bengaluru opted to play three at the back with [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]], [[Erik Paartalu]] and [[Juanan]] playing in the defence and [[Rahul Bheke]] and [[Boithang Haokip]] playing as wing backs.<ref name="subhashish suspension">{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-super-league-final-three-man-defence-bengaluru-fc/1mpbiy7g73t3p1wz2ylvx4gb38|title=ISL Final: Three-man defence hasn't worked for Bengaluru FC|date=18 March 2018|first=Swapnaneel|last=Parasar}}</ref> Bengaluru took an early lead with [[Sunil Chhetri]] scoring a header from [[Udanta Singh]]'s assist in 9th minute. However, Chennaiyin quickly equalized via [[Maílson Alves]]'s header in 17th minute from a corner. Bengaluru FC suffered a double blow as [[Dimas Delgado]] had to be substituted just before the half time due to an injury and Maílson Alves scored the second goal just before the half time. Chennaiyin strengthened their lead as [[Raphael Augusto]] scored the third goal on the counter. Bengaluru FC's relentless attack in the dying minutes earned them a second goal by [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]], but Chennaiyin held on to the lead and emerged winner. The loss also ended Bengaluru FC's 15 match unbeaten streak across all tournaments and their first loss since their loss against [[Delhi Dynamos FC]] in January 2018.

Reacting to the defeat, [[Albert Roca]] said:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/albert-roca-perhaps-i-made-a-mistake-in-the-final|title=Albert Roca: Perhaps I made a mistake in the final|date=17 March 2018|work=[[Indian Super League]]}}</ref>

{{cquote|To concede from set-pieces is always disappointing. I don’t blame the defence for this. It is my responsibility to change the system. But, I accept I made a mistake in the formation. Sometimes in football it is not the players who make the mistakes, but the coaches. And perhaps this time I made a mistake. I don’t think we felt pressure, but Mailson scoring from two corners made a big difference. In a few minutes, the game changed. In football, you need players with his kind of experience to rise to the situation.}}

====League stage====
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Bengaluru FC v Mumbai City"
|round = 1
|date=19 November 2017
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=2–0
|report=[http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bengaluru-go-top-of-the-table-with-win-over-mumbai Report]
|team2=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|goals1=
* [[Edu García|Edu]] {{goal|67}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{yel|83}} {{goal|90+3}}
|goals2=
* [[Gerson Vieira|Gerson]] {{yel|15}}
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance=17,796
|referee=Aurélien Juenkou
|result=W
|motm = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Bengaluru FC v Delhi Dynamos"
|round = 2
|date=26 November 2017
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=4–1
|report=
|team2=[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|goals1=
* [[Erik Paartalu|Paartalu]] {{goal|24||45+3}}
* [[Lenny Rodrigues|Lenny]] {{goal|57}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|87}}
|goals2=
* [[Kalu Uche|Kalu]] {{goal|86|pen.}}
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance= 18,248
|referee= R Venkatesh
|result=W
|motm = [[Erik Paartalu]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="FC Goa v Bengaluru FC"
|round = 3
|date=30 November 2017
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|score=4–3
|report=[http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/corominas-hat-trick-helps-goa-beat-bengaluru-in-seven-goal-thriller Report]
|team2=Bengaluru FC
|goals1=
* [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]] {{goal|16||33||63}}
* [[Manuel Lanzarote|Lanzarote]] {{goal|40|pen.}}
|goals2=
* [[Lenny Rodrigues|Rodrigues]] {{yel|7}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|21||60}}
* [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{yel|24}}
* [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Sandhu]] {{sent off|0|36}}
* [[Erik Paartalu|Paartalu]] {{goal|57}}
* [[Abhra Mondal|Mondal]] {{yel|90}}
|location=[[Margao]]
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance=18,600
|referee=Palmson Raj Moses
|result=L
|motm = [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]] (FC Goa)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="NorthEast United v Bengaluru FC"
|round = 4
|date=8 December 2017
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|score=0–1
|report=[http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/mikus-strike-seals-the-deal-for-blues-against-northeast Report]
|team2=Bengaluru FC
|goals1=
* [[Nirmal Chettri|Nirmal]] {{yel|31}}
* [[Reagan Singh|Reagan]] {{yel|53}}
* [[Adilson Carlos Tavares Filho|Adilson]] {{yel|57}}
* [[Luis Alfonso Páez|Páez]] {{yel|90}}
|goals2=
* [[John Johnson (footballer)|Johnson]] {{yel|25}}
* [[Harmanjot Khabra|Khabra]] {{yel|38}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|47}}
|location=[[Guwahati]]
|stadium=[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|attendance=16,972
|referee=[[Pranjal Banerjee]]
|result=W
|motm = [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Pune City v Bengaluru FC"
|round = 5
|date=14 December 2017
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|score=1–3
|report=[http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/mikus-brace-and-chhetris-strike-help-bengaluru-beat-pune Report]
|team2=Bengaluru FC
|goals1=
* [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Khan]] {{goal|35}}
* [[Baljit Sahni|Sahni]] {{sent off|1|45+2|67}}
|goals2=
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{yel|28}} {{goal|90+6}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|64||78}}
|location=[[Pune]]
|stadium=[[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
|attendance=9,968
|referee=Raul Gupta
|result=W
|motm = [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Bengaluru FC v Chennaiyin"
|round = 6
|date=17 December 2017
|time= 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=1–2
|report=[http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/jeje-and-ganesh-help-chennai-go-level-on-points-with-bengaluru Report]
|team2=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals1=
* [[Harmanjot Khabra|Khabra]] {{yel|12}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|85}}
|goals2=
* [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Jeje]] {{goal|5}}
* [[Dhanpal Ganesh|Dhanpal]] {{yel|82}} {{goal|88}}
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance=21,924
|referee=Raktim Shah
|result=L
|motm = [[Mailson Alves]] (Chennaiyin)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Bengaluru FC v Jamshedpur"
|round = 7
|date=21 December 2017
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=0–1
|report=[http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/goncalves-late-penalty-downs-bengaluru-in-battle-of-debutants Report]
|team2=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|goals1=
* [[Erik Paartalu|Paartalu]] {{yel|67}}
* [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{yel|90+1}}
|goals2=
* [[Farukh Choudhary|Choudhary]] {{yel|88}}
* [[Matheus Gonçalves|Gonçalves]] {{goal|90+1}}
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance=12,564
|referee= [[C.R. Srikrishna]]
|result=L
|motm = [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Kerala Blasters v Bengaluru FC"
|round = 8
|date=31 December 2017
|time= 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kerala Blasters]]
|score=1–3
|report=[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/mikus-brace-and-chhetris-penalty-give-bengaluru-bragging-rights Report]
|team2=Bengaluru FC
|goals1=
* [[Samuel Shadap|Shadap]] {{yel|20}}
* [[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]] {{yel|60}}
* [[Nemanja Lakić-Pešić|Lakić-Pešić]] {{yel|75}}
* [[Courage Pekuson|Pekuson]] {{goal|90+5}}
|goals2=
* [[Juanan]] {{yel|18}}
* [[Subhasish Bose|Bose]] {{yel|47}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|60}}
* [[Harmanjot Khabra|Khabra]] {{yel|81}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|90+2||90+4}}
|location=[[Kochi]]
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance= 37,986
|referee=R Venkatesh
|result= W
|motm = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Bengaluru FC v ATK"
|round = 9
|date=7 January 2018
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=1–0
|report=[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/499-atk-profile/news/chhetris-strike-helps-bengaluru-edge-past-atk Report]
|team2=[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|goals1=
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|40}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{yel|73}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance=17,942
|referee=Tejas Nagvenkar
|result=W
|motm = [[Juanan]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Delhi Dynamos v Bengaluru FC"
|round = 10
|date=14 January 2018
|time= 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|score=2–0
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chhangte-dazzles-as-lions-stun-the-blues-in-delhi
|team2=Bengaluru FC
|goals1=
* [[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{yel|32}} {{goal|72}}
* [[Guyon Fernandez|Guyon]] {{goal|90+7|pen.}}
|goals2=
* [[Subhasish Bose|Bose]] {{sentoff|0|90+6}}
|location=[[New Delhi]]
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance=5,124
|referee=
|result=L
|motm = [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]] (Delhi Dynamos)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Mumbai City v Bengaluru FC"
|round = 11
|date=18 January 2018
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|score=1–3
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chhetri-nets-brace-against-former-side-as-bengaluru-beat-mumbai
|team2=Bengaluru FC
|goals1=
* [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{yel|38}}
* [[Amrinder Singh|Amrinder]] {{yel|42}}
* [[Davinder Singh (footballer)|Davinder]] {{yel|45}}
* [[Léo Costa (footballer, born 1986)|Costa]] {{goal|76}}
|goals2=
* [[Erik Paartalu|Paartalu]] {{yel|40}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|43|pen.|52}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|63}}
|location=[[Mumbai]]
|stadium=[[Mumbai Football Arena]]
|attendance=6,059
|referee=[[Santosh Kumar (referee)|Santosh Kumar]]
|result=W
|motm = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Bengaluru FC V NorthEast United"
|round = 12
|date=26 January 2018
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=2–1
|report=[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/blues-triumph-over-highlanders-to-reach-the-summit Report]
|team2=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|goals1=
* [[Juanan]] {{goal|14}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|51}}
* [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Sandhu]] {{yel|70}}
* [[Harmanjot Khabra|Khabra]] {{yel|78}}
|goals2=
* [[Nirmal Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{yel|41}}
* [[Márcio de Souza Gregório Júnior|Marcinho]] {{goal|45+2|pen.}}
* [[Sambinha]] {{yel|70}}
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance=15,272
|referee=Om Prakash Thakur
|result=W
|motm = [[Juanan]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="ATK V Bengaluru FC"
|round = 13
|date=3 February 2018
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|score=0–2
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bengaluru-overcome-atk-go-four-points-clear-at-the-top
|team2=Bengaluru FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
* [[Jordi Figueras Montel|Jordi]] {{goal|3|o.g.}}
* [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{sentoff|2|63|69}}
* [[Juanan]] {{yel|67}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|83}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=5,295
|referee=Tejas Nagvenkar
|result=W
|motm = [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Chennaiyin V Bengaluru FC"
|round = 14
|date=6 February 2018
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|score=1–3
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bengaluru-defeat-10-men-chennaiyin-to-pick-up-fourth-successive-victory
|team2=Bengaluru FC
|goals1=
* [[Henrique Sereno|Sereno]] {{sentoff|2|10|71}}
* [[Francis Fernandes|Francis]] {{goal|33}}
* [[Dhanpal Ganesh|Ganesh]] {{yel|43}}
|goals2=
* [[Boithang Haokip|B. Haokip]] {{goal|3}} {{yel|55}}
* [[John Johnson (footballer)|Johnson]] {{yel|51}}
* [[Dimas Delgado|Dimas]] {{yel|53}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|63}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|90+3}}
|location=[[Chennai]]
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance=12,499
|referee=[[Pranjal Banerjee]]
|result=W
|motm = [[Dimas Delgado]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Bengaluru FC V FC Goa"
|round = 15
|date=9 February 2018
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=2–0
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bengaluru-overcome-goa-to-qualify-for-playoffs
|team2=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|goals1=
* [[Edu García|Edu]] {{goal|35}}
* [[Dimas Delgado|Dimas]] {{yel|59}} {{goal|82}}
|goals2=
* [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan]] {{yel|66}}
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance=14,724
|referee=Ranjit Bakshi
|result=W
|motm =[[Dimas Delgado]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Bengaluru FC V FC Pune City"
|round = 16
|date=16 February 2018
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=1–1
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bengaluru-pune-share-the-spoils-after-battle-at-the-top
|team2=[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|goals1=
* [[John Johnson (footballer)|Johnson]] {{yel|61}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{yel|69}} {{goal|75}}
* [[Juanan]] {{yel|85}}
|goals2=
* [[Sarthak Golui|Golui]] {{goal|22}}
* [[Marcelo Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]] {{yel|34}}
* [[Emiliano Alfaro|Alfaro]] {{yel|36}}
* [[Sahil Panwar|Panwar]] {{yel|79}}
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance= 15,773
|referee=R Venkatesh
|result=D
|motm = [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Jamshedpur FC V Bengaluru FC"
|round = 17
|date=25 February 2018
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|score=0–2
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/goals-from-miku-and-chhetri-help-bengaluru-beat-jamshedpur
|team2=Bengaluru FC
|goals1=
* [[Subrata Pal|Pal]] {{yel|21}}
* [[Wellington Priori|Priori]] {{yel|23}}
* [[Mehtab Hossain|Hossain]] {{sentoff|2|72|90}}
* [[Izu Azuka|Azuka]] {{yel|77}}
|goals2=
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|23|pen.}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|34}}
* [[Juanan]] {{yel|75}}
* [[John Johnson (footballer)|Johnson]] {{yel|86}}
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
|attendance=8,178
|referee=Matt Conger
|result=W
|motm =[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Bengaluru FC V Kerala Blasters FC"
|round = 18
|date=1 March 2018
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=2–0
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/miku-udanta-inflict-injury-time-blues-on-kerala
|team2=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|goals1=
* [[Boithang Haokip|B.Haokip]] {{yel|19}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|90+1}}
* [[Udanta Singh|Udanta]] {{goal|90+3}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance=25,373
|referee= [[Pranjal Banerjee]]
|result=W
|motm =[[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}

====Playoffs====
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Pune City v Bengaluru FC"
|round = Semi-Finals
|date= 7 March 2018
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|score=0–0
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/pune-bengaluru-play-out-a-goalless-draw-in-the-first-leg
|team2=Bengaluru FC
|goals1=
* [[Gurtej Singh|G. Singh]] {{yel|30}}
* [[Marko Stanković|Stanković]] {{yel|87}}
|goals2=
* [[Dimas Delgado|Dimas]] {{yel|27}}
* [[Subhasish Bose|Subashish]] {{yel|71}}
|location=[[Pune]]
|stadium=[[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
|attendance=9,284
|referee=Om Prakash Thakur
|result=D
|motm = [[Marko Stanković]] (Pune City)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Bengaluru FC v Pune City"
|round = Semi-Finals
|date= 11 March 2018
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=3–1
|report=http://www.bengalurufc.com/bengaluru-fc-keep-final-date-fortress/
|team2=[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
|goals1=
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|15||65|pen.|89}}
* [[Subhasish Bose|Subashish]] {{yel|44}}
|goals2=
* [[Sahil Panwar|Panwar]] {{yel|31}}
* [[Diego Carlos (footballer, born 1988)|Carlos]] {{yel|34}}
* [[Rafa (footballer, born 1985)|Rafa]] {{yel|37}}
* [[Jonatan Lucca|Lucca]] {{goal|82}}
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance=24,214
|referee=Turki Al-Khudair
|result=W
|motm = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
;Final
{{Football box collapsible
|id="Bengaluru FC v Chennaiyin FC"
|round = [[2018 Indian Super League final|Final]]
|date= 17 March 2018
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Bengaluru FC
|score=2–3
|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/alves-headers-and-augustos-strike-give-chennaiyin-their-second-title
|team2=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals1=
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|7}} {{yel|85}}
* [[Lenny Rodrigues|Rodrigues]] {{yel|78}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|90}}
|goals2=
* [[Maílson Alves|Alves]] {{goal|17||45}}
* [[Gregory Nelson|Nelson]] {{yel|22}}
* [[Raphael Augusto|Augusto]] {{goal|67}}
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance=25,753
|referee=[[Ali Abdulnabi]]
|result=L
|motm = [[Maílson Alves]] (Chennaiyin FC)
}}

====Table====
{{:2017–18 Indian Super League|showteam=BEN}}

====Results by matchday====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Matchday
|label1= Ground
| res1=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|H]]/[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|H]]/[[Fatorda Stadium|A]]/[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium|A]]/[[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|A]]/[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|H]]/[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|H]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|A]]/[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|H]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|A]]/[[Mumbai Football Arena|A]]/[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|H]]/[[Salt Lake Stadium|A]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|A]]/[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|H]]/[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|H]]/[[Kalinga Stadium|A]] /[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|H]]
|label2= Result
| res2=W/W/L/W/W/L/L/W/W/L/W/W/W/W/W/D/W/W
|label3= Position
| res3=1/1/1/1/1/2/2/3/1/2/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd

|updated=1 March 2018
|source=[https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/indian-super-league/2017/regular-season/r39911/ soccerway]
|date=December 2017
}}

===2017 AFC Cup===
{{main|2017 AFC Cup}}

;Inter-zone play-off semi-finals
Bengaluru FC advanced to the inter-zone play-off semi-finals during [[2016–17 Bengaluru FC season|2016–17]] season.<ref name="AC2017" /> The draw for the Inter-zone play-off semi-finals was held on 6 June 2017. Bengaluru FC was pitted against east Asian zone champions [[North Korea]]n club [[April 25 Sports Club|April 25]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/bengaluru-draw-4-25-sc-afc-cup-inter-zone-semifinal/|title=BENGALURU DRAW 4.25 SC IN AFC CUP INTER-ZONE SEMIFINAL|date=6 June 2017|work=Bengalurufc.com}}</ref> Bengaluru FC kicked off its 2017–18 season with the home game. Bengaluru FC took the lead against North Korean champions in 33rd minute with [[Sunil Chhetri]]'s penalty. Bengaluru scored two more goals in the second half and took 3–0 lead in the first leg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/bengaluru-v-april-25/report/4g87w3vlyybrfy9n326votazt|title=AFC CUP 2017: BENGALURU FC 3–0 APRIL 25 SC – BLUES CLINCH CRUCIAL FIRST LEG ADVANTAGE IN SHOWERY SEASON OPENER|first=Rahul|last=Bali|work=Goal.com|date=23 August 2017}}</ref> In the second leg, Bengaluru FC managed to hold April 25 to a goalless draw. The home team was awarded a penalty in 75th minute, however [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] guessed it correctly to keep a clean sheet for Bengaluru FC and the team advanced to Inter-zone play-off finals with 3–0 aggregate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/april-25-v-bengaluru/4gb8ayys90y9msat12gllltd5|title=AFC Cup 2017: Bengaluru FC through to Inter-zonal final after holding April 25 SC to a goalless draw|first=Ashish|last=Peter|work=goal.com|date=13 September 2017}}</ref>

{{Football box collapsible
|id = Bengaluru FC v April 25
|date = {{Start date|2017|8|23|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Bengaluru FC {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 3–0
|team2 = {{flagicon|PRK}} [[April 25 Sports Club|April 25]]
|goals1 =
* [[Lenny Rodrigues|Rodrigues]] {{yel|22}} {{goal|77}}
* [[Dimas Delgado|Dimas]] {{yel|28}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|33|pen.}}
* [[Harmanjot Khabra|Khabra]] {{yel|43}}
* [[Udanta Singh|Udanta]] {{goal|51}}
|goals2 =
* [[Ri Kang]] {{yel|32}}
* O Hyok-chol {{yel|53}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|location = [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
|attendance =4,709
|referee =[[Turki Al-Khudhayr]] ([[Saudi Arabian Football Federation|Saudi Arabia]])
|report = http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=11682&stageid=447&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary
|result = W
|mvp = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id = April 25 v Bengaluru FC
|date = {{Start date|2017|9|13|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|17:00|8:30}}
|team1 = [[April 25 Sports Club|April 25]] {{flagicon|PRK}}
|score = 0–0
|aggregatescore = 0–3
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} Bengaluru FC
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
* [[Nishu Kumar|Nishu]] {{yel|32}}
* [[Toni Dovale|Toni]] {{yel|90+2}}
|stadium = [[Rungrado 1st of May Stadium]]
|location = [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]]
|attendance = 6,500
|referee = [[Wang Di (referee)|Wang Di]] ([[Chinese Football Association|China]])
|report = http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=11684&stageid=447&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary
|result = D
|mvp = [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}

;Inter-zone play-off finals
Bengaluru faced [[Tajik League]] champions [[FC Istiklol]] in the inter-zone play-off finals. In the first leg, Tajik champions got the better of the visitors and secured 1–0 lead with a goal from [[Dmitry Barkov (footballer)|Dmitry Barkov]] in the first half. Bengaluru FC's vocal appeals for a penalty in the injury time were denied by the referee and Bengaluru had to be content without an away goal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/istiqlol-v-bengaluru/report/v4buocgymlo1eh5a0i9s1o89|title=AFC Cup 2017: FC Istiklol 1–0 Bengaluru FC – The blues fail the Tajikistan test|work=Goal.com|date=27 September 2017}}</ref> In the home leg, Bengaluru FC gave away an early goal by conceding
a penalty and an important away goal to Tajik team. Bengaluru came back twice from behind but could not overcome the deficit and the game ended at 2–2, ending their campaign in 2017 AFC Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/bengaluru-fc-vs-istiklol-live-score-updates-second-leg-afc-cup-online-streaming-4896876/|title=Bengaluru FC vs Istiklol, AFC Cup 2017: Bengaluru FC draw 2–2 but lose 2–3 on aggregate|date=18 October 2017|work=Express Web Desk}}</ref>

{{Football box collapsible
|id = Istiklol v Bengaluru FC
|date = {{Start date|2017|9|27|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:00|5}}
|team1 = [[FC Istiklol|Istiklol]] {{flagicon|TJK}}
|score = 1–0
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} Bengaluru FC
|goals1 = [[Dmitry Barkov (footballer)|Barkov]] {{goal|27}} [[Nuriddin Davronov|Davronov]] {{yel|73}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Hisor Central Stadium
|location = [[Hisor]], [[Tajikistan]]
|attendance = 11,000
|referee =[[Valentin Kovalenko]] ([[Uzbekistan Football Federation|Uzbekistan]])
|report = http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=11686&stageid=447&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary
|result = L
|mvp = [[Fatkhullo Fatkhuloev]] (FC Istiklol)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id = Bengaluru FC v Istiklol
|date = {{Start date|2017|10|18|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Bengaluru FC {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 2–2
|aggregatescore = 2–3
|team2 = {{flagicon|TJK}} [[FC Istiklol|Istiklol]]
|goals1 =
*[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Sandhu]] {{yel|3}}
*[[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{goal|24}}
*[[Harmanjot Khabra|Khabra]] {{sent off|2|25|42}}
*[[Juanan]] {{yel|57}}
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|65|pen.}}
|goals2 =
*[[Nuriddin Davronov|Davronov]] {{goal|4|pen.}}
*[[Dmitry Barkov (footballer)|Barkov]] {{goal|56}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|location = [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
|attendance = 7,862
|referee = [[Khamis Al-Marri]] ([[Qatar Football Association|Qatar]])
|report = http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=11719&stageid=447&tMode=H&view=ajax&show=matchsummary
|result = D
|mvp = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}

===2018 AFC Cup===
{{main|2018 AFC Cup}}

====Qualifying play-offs====
{{main|2018 AFC Cup qualifying play-offs}}
As the winner of [[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup]], Bengaluru FC qualified for AFC cup for fourth consecutive time. They faced the [[2017 Bhutan National League]] champions [[Transport United F.C.|Transport United]] in the preliminary round. Facing crowded schedule in continental games and domestic league, Bengaluru FC fielded an inexperienced squad in the away leg. [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC Academy]] graduate Prashanth Kalinga made his debut for the senior team. Bengaluru could not capitalize on the chances created and had to settle for a 0–0 draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/transport-united-v-bengaluru/8to0y7s6u59nrxryfhsbrrgbu|title=AFC Cup 2018: Transport United 0–0 Bengaluru FC – Blues held in Bhutan|first=Nisanth V|last=Easwar|date=23 January 2018|work=Goal.com}}</ref> However, Bengaluru scored a convincing victory in the home leg, with [[Boithang Haokip]], [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]], and [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]] scoring a goal each.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/bengaluru-v-transport-united/report/8u12zvs4r6kcrjs9dcj8b3aei|title=AFC Cup 2018: Bengaluru FC 3–0 Transport United – Blues clear first hurdle in continental quest|date=30 January 2018|work=Goal.com|first=Ashish|last=Peter}}</ref>

In the play-off round, Bengaluru FC faced [[2017 Dhivehi Premier League]] runners-up, [[T.C. Sports Club]]. Bengaluru traveled to Malé for the first leg with [[2018 Maldives political crisis|ongoing political crisis in Maldives]]. The first half remained goalless, but Bengaluru scored two quick goals in the second half to take 0–2 lead with goals from [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]] and [[Erik Paartalu]], however defensive lapses allowed TC Sports to score two goals and equalize. However, Thongkhosiem Haokip scored again in 78th minute to snatch 2–3 victories for the visitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/tc-sports-club-v-bengaluru/report/1yfea3loscfdvkxijzuuwvqzu|title=AFC Cup 2018: Bengaluru FC sweep away advantage over TC Sports Club in five-goal thriller|first=Ashish|last=Peter|work=Goal.com|date=14 February 2018}}</ref> In the home leg, Bengaluru FC secured a dominant 5–0 victory against the visitors as [[Toni Dovale]] scored Bengaluru's first ever hat-trick in an Asian tournament, while [[Erik Paartalu]] and [[Rahul Bheke]] scored other goals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/afc-cup-2018-bengaluru-fc-demolish-tc-sports-club-storm-in-group-/7j7mlx4v1uu918d36wvnvf3mb|title=AFC Cup 2018: Five-star Bengaluru FC demolish TC Sports Club, storm in group stages|first=Swapnaneel|last=Parasar|work=Goal.com|date=20 February 2018}}</ref>

;Preliminary round
{{Football box collapsible
|id = Transport United v Bengaluru FC
|date = {{Start date|2018|1|23|df=y}}
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Transport United F.C.|Transport United]] {{flagicon|BHU}}
|score = 0–0
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} Bengaluru FC
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Changlimithang Stadium]]
|location = [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]]
|attendance = 3,100
|referee = [[Sivakorn Pu-udom]] ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])
|report = http://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/preliminary-stage-saif-sporting-club-limited-0-1-tc-sports-club
|result = D
|mvp = [[Toni Dovale]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id = Bengaluru FC v Transport United
|date = {{Start date|2018|1|30|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Bengaluru FC {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 3–0
|aggregatescore =3–0
|team2 = {{flagicon|BHU}} [[Transport United F.C.|Transport United]]
|goals1 =
* [[Thongkhosiem Haokip|T. Haokip]] {{yel|26}} {{goal|62}}
* [[Boithang Haokip|B. Haokip]] {{goal|27}}
* [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia|Daniel]] {{goal|54}}
|goals2 =
* Sangay Dorji {{yel|75}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|location = [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
|attendance = 1,167
|referee = [[Mooud Bonyadifar]] ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]])
|report = [http://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/preliminary-stage-fc-ahal-2-2-dordoi-fc Report]
|result = W
|mvp =
}}

;Play-off round

{{Football box collapsible
|id = TC Sports v Bengaluru FC
|date = {{Start date|2018|2|13|df=y}}
|time = 21:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[T.C. Sports Club|TC Sports]] {{flagicon|MDV}}
|score = 2–3
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} Bengaluru FC
|goals1 =
* Rilwan {{yel|43}}
* [[Anatoliy Vlasichev|Anatoliy]] {{goal|71}}
* [[Ibrahim Mahudhee|Mahudhee]] {{goal|73}}
|goals2 =
* [[Boithang Haokip|B. Haokip]] {{yel|43}}
* [[Thongkhosiem Haokip|T. Haokip]] {{goal|52||78}}
* [[Erik Paartalu|Paartalu]] {{goal|69}}
|stadium = [[National Football Stadium (Maldives)|Rasmee Dhandu Stadium]]
|location = [[Malé]], [[Maldives]]
|attendance = 890
|referee = Ilgiz Tantashev ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|Uzbekistan]])
|report = http://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/play-off-1st-leg-tc-sports-club-2-3-bengaluru-fc
|result = W
|mvp =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id = Bengaluru FC v TC Sports
|date = {{Start date|2018|2|20|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Bengaluru FC {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 5–0
|aggregatescore = 8–2
|team2 = {{flagicon|MDV}} [[T.C. Sports Club|TC Sports]]
|goals1 =
* [[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale|Toni]] {{goal|12||35||48}}
* [[Erik Paartalu|Paartalu]] {{goal|36}}
* [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{goal|90}}
|goals2 =
* Alaaeldin {{yel|37}} {{sentoff|0|61}}
* [[Ibrahim Mahudhee|Mahudhee]] {{yel|50}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|location = [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
|attendance =
|referee = [[Turki Al-Khudhayr]] ([[Saudi Arabian Football Federation|Saudi Arabia]])
|report = http://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/latest/news/play-off-south-jsw-bengaluru-5-0-tc-sports-club
|result = W
|mvp = [[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale|Toni]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}

====Group stage====
{{main|2018 AFC Cup group stage#Group E}}

Bengaluru FC competed in Group E alongside [[2016–17 I-League]] champions [[Aizawl F.C.]], [[2017 Dhivehi Premier League]] champions [[New Radiant S.C.]], and [[2017–18 Bangladesh Football Premier League|2017–18 Bangladesh Premier League]] champions [[Abahani Limited Dhaka|Dhaka Abahani]].

Bengaluru kicked off their campaign against [[Abahani Limited Dhaka|Dhaka Abahani]] on 14 March 2018. With upcoming [[2018 Indian Super League final|Indian Super League final]], Roca rested the key players and fielded the reserve side. [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]]'s goal in the second half proved sufficient as Bengaluru won the game 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/bengaluru-v-abahani/report/64croy0bfifx0vmpsihpeeb8q|title=AFC Cup 2018: Daniel dampens Abahani spirits as Bengaluru open Group E account with a win|first=Nisanth V|last=Easwar|work=Goal.com|date=14 March 2018}}</ref> Bengaluru's game against [[Aizawl F.C.]] was originally scheduled on the first match day, however it was postponed to 5 April due to scheduling conflicts with [[Indian Super League]] and [[I-League]] games. Aizawl took the early lead when they capitalized on the defensive lapse of Bengaluru. However, Bengaluru equalized when they were awarded a penalty just before the half-time. Bengaluru made the most of their possession in the second half and scored two more goals, in spite of missing a penalty, and registered 3–1 win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/afc-cup-2018-bengaluru-continue-their-winning-run-by-beating/1gj2umft97ww17ai5xhd6vlme|title=AFC Cup 2018: Bengaluru continue their winning run by beating Aizawl 3–1|first=Soham|last=Mukherjee|date=5 April 2018|work=Goal.com}}</ref> Bengaluru then faced [[New Radiant S.C.]] at home on 10 April 2018. Having rested many key players, Bengaluru failed to find many scoring opportunities and Roca was forced introduce [[Sunil Chhetri]] late in the second half and that turned out to be significant as Chhetri managed to shake off his marker in the dying minutes and created an assist to [[Nishu Kumar]] and Bengaluru won the close game 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/bengaluru-v-new-radiant/report/8p1fv2knl1vzu0vfdr9q3ypuy|title=AFC Cup 2018: Nishu Kumar scores last-gasp winner to place Bengaluru FC in driving seat|first=Nisanth V|last=Easwar|date=10 April 2018|work=Goal.com}}</ref>

Bengaluru's qualification chances were dealt a blow when they lost 2–0 to [[New Radiant S.C.|New Radiant]] in the reverse leg. Both the teams being equal on the points, New Radiant topped the group based on their head-to-head record, leaving Bengaluru's qualification dependent on New Radiant's results.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/new-radiant-v-bengaluru/report/9tpooybhn5hzm3w24m8ko2c8a|title=AFC Cup 2018: New Radiant punish impuissant Bengaluru|work=Goal.com|first=Nisanth V|last=Easwar|date=25 April 2018}}</ref> Bengaluru stayed in contention for the knockout stage with a convincing 5–0 win against [[Aizawl F.C.]] that included a brace from [[Daniel Lucas Segovia|Daniel Segovia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/bengaluru-v-aizawl/report/ento8aae4lvc8l98uucby194a|title=AFC Cup 2018: Bengaluru keep knockout hopes alive with a thumping win over Aizawl|work=Goal.com|date=2 May 2018}}</ref> In the final game of the group stage, Bengaluru FC scored a convincing 4–0 victory against [[Abahani Limited Dhaka|Dhaka Abahani]], with a brace from the defender [[Nishu Kumar]] and goals from [[Daniel Lucas Segovia]] and [[Sunil Chhetri]]. As [[New Radiant S.C.]] failed to overcome [[Aizawl F.C.]] on the final match day, Bengaluru advanced to the knock-out stage of the tournament for the fourth consecutive year, played in [[2018–19 Bengaluru FC season|2018–19 season]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/abahani-v-bengaluru/report/1fsdvrikxoqmjfl23196mwf3e|title=AFC Cup 2018: Sunil Chhetri leads Bengaluru FC to the inter-zone playoffs|first=Nisanth V|last=Easwar|date=16 May 2018|work=Goal.com}}</ref>

;Group E
{{2018 AFC Cup group tables|Group E|show_matches=yes|showteam=BFC}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id = Bengaluru FC v Dhaka Abahani
|date = {{Start date|2018|3|14|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|20:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Bengaluru FC {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 1–0
|team2 = {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Abahani Limited Dhaka|Dhaka Abahani]]
|goals1 =
* [[Asheer Akhtar|Akhtar]] {{yel|58}}
* [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia|Lalhlimpuia]] {{goal|72}}
|goals2 =
* Uddin {{yel|88}}
* [[Ndukaku Alison|Alison]] {{yel|90+1}}
|location = [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance = 1,051
|referee = [[Yaqoub Al-Hammadi]] ([[United Arab Emirates Football Association|United Arab Emirates]])
|result = W
|report = http://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/matches/2018/964126
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id = Aizawl v Bengaluru FC
|date = {{Start date|2018|4|5|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|18:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 1–3
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} Bengaluru FC
|goals1 =
* [[Léonce Dodoz Zikahi|Dodoz]] {{goal|5}}
|goals2 =
* [[Daniel Lucas Segovia|Segovia]] {{goal|45+1|pen.}}
* [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{goal|63}}
* [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia|Lalhlimpuia]] {{goal|77}}
|location = [[Guwahati]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|attendance = 879
|referee = Ahmad Ibrahim ([[Jordan Football Association|Jordan]])
|result = W
|report = http://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/matches/2018/964119
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id = Bengaluru FC v New Radiant
|date = {{Start date|2018|4|10|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|20:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Bengaluru FC {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 1–0
|team2 = {{flagicon|MDV}} [[New Radiant S.C.|New Radiant]]
|goals1 =
* [[Joyner Lourenco|Lourenco]] {{yel|10}}
* [[Subhasish Bose|Bose]] {{yel|89}}
* [[Nishu Kumar|Nishu]] {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2 =
* Gotor {{yel|35}}
|location = [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance = 1,839
|referee = Hanna Hattab ([[Syrian Arab Federation for Football|Syria]])
|result = W
|report = http://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/matches/2018/964135
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id = New Radiant v Bengaluru FC
|round =
|date = {{Start date|2018|4|25|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|21:00|5}}
|team1 = [[New Radiant S.C.|New Radiant]] {{flagicon|MDV}}
|score = 2–0
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} Bengaluru FC
|goals1 =
* [[Ali Fasir|Fasir]] {{goal|30}}
* [[Akram Abdul Ghanee|Ghanee]] {{yel|34}}
* [[Ali Ashfaq|Ashfaq]] {{goal|47}}
|goals2 =
* [[Lalthuammawia Ralte|Ralte]] {{yel|59}}
* [[Boithang Haokip|B. Haokip]] {{yel|77}}
|location = [[Malé]], [[Maldives]]
|stadium = [[National Football Stadium (Maldives)|Rasmee Dhandu Stadium]]
|attendance = 3,112
|referee =Khamis Mohamed Al Kuwari ([[Qatar Football Association|Qatar]])
|result =L
|report = http://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/matches/2018/964141
|mvp =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id = Bengaluru FC v Aizawl
|date = {{Start date|2018|5|2|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|20:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Bengaluru FC {{flagicon|IND}}
|score = 5–0
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|goals1 =
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|16|pen.}}
* [[Daniel Lucas Segovia|Segovia]] {{goal|17||62}}
* [[Udanta Singh|Udanta]] {{goal|30}}
* [[Víctor Pérez Alonso|Pérez]] {{yel|82}}
* [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia|Lalhlimpuia]] {{goal|89}}
|goals2 =
* Lalrosanga {{yel|71}}
|location = [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance = 1,570
|referee = Zaid Thamer ([[Iraq Football Association|Iraq]])
|result = W
|report = http://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/matches/2018/964149
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|id = Dhaka Abahani v Bengaluru FC
|date = {{Start date|2018|5|16|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:15|6}}
|team1 = [[Abahani Limited Dhaka|Dhaka Abahani]] {{flagicon|BAN}}
|score = 0–4
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} Bengaluru FC
|goals1 =
* [[Waly Faisal|Faisal]] {{yel|64}}
|goals2 =
* [[Daniel Lucas Segovia|Segovia]] {{goal|13}}
* [[Nishu Kumar|Nishu]] {{goal|16||58}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|60}}
|location = [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
|stadium = [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]]
|attendance = 750
|referee = [[Suhaizi Shukri]] ([[Football Association of Malaysia|Malaysia]])
|result = W
|report = http://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-cup/matches/2018/964156
}}

===Super Cup===
{{main|2018 Indian Super Cup}}

As one of the top six teams in [[Indian Super League]], Bengaluru FC qualified for the main round in [[2018 Indian Super Cup]]. Bengaluru FC met the qualifier [[I-League]] side, [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.]] in Round of 16 match. Determined Gokulam Kerala side took the lead in the first half as [[Henry Kisekka]] beat the offside trap to score the goal. Bengaluru's attack in the second half paid off when [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] scored the equalizer from [[Udanta Singh]]'s assist in the 70th minute. When the game destined to be heading for the extra time, man of the match Udanta Singh scored the goal in the 5th minute of injury time to secure the spot for Bengaluru in quarter-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/bengaluru-v-gokulam/report/2mnhqx4kthzfzp18m5fl3mjca|title=Super Cup 2018: Bengaluru FC 2–1 Gokulam Kerala – Miku bails out Bengaluru|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=1 April 2018}}</ref> In quarter-finals game, Bengaluru faced another I-League side, [[NEROCA F.C.]] [[Sunil Chhetri]] scored his second hat-trick of the season to manage a convincing 3–1 victory and set up the semi-final game against their I-League rival, [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/bengaluru-v-neroca/report/9f08zv8h3qdqdyq3ewjmz7fu|title=Super Cup 2018: Sunil Chhetri's hat-trick helps Bengaluru topple NEROCA FC by 3-1|first=Ashish|last=Peter|work=Goal.com|date=13 April 2018}}</ref> Bengaluru suffered a setback when Mohun Bagan took the lead just before the half-time and [[Nishu Kumar]] was sent-off soon after the restart. However, Bengaluru continued the attack and staged a convincing 4–2 comeback that included a hat-trick for [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-bengaluru/report/123oytn934c0n5ku9qobopw16|title=Super Cup 2018: Mohun Bagan 2-4 Bengaluru FC - Miku nets hat trick as 10-man Blues storm past Mariners|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=17 April 2018}}</ref>

====Final====
Bengaluru FC faced yet another I-League side and rival [[East Bengal F.C.]] in the final. East Bengal drew the first blood when [[Ansumana Kromah]] scored a goal from the corner kick, but East Bengal were reduced to 10-men before the half time when [[Samad Ali Mallick]] was sent-off for the violent conduct. Bengaluru dominated the proceedings in the second half as they scored four goals, a brace from [[Sunil Chhetri]] and a goal each from [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] and [[Rahul Bheke]], and won the inaugural Super Cup 4–1. Super Cup also marked Bengaluru FC's fifth trophy in as many years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-bengaluru/report/49qin56qcjcdc5reii52zlq3u|title=Super Cup 2018 Final: Bengaluru ease past East Bengal to register emphatic victory|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=20 April 2018|work=Goal.com}}</ref>

{{football box collapsible
|id= "Bengaluru vs Gokulam Kerala"
|date= 1 April 2018
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round= Round of 16
|team1= Bengaluru FC
|score= 2–1
|report= [http://www.supercup.in/news/bengaluru-break-gokulam-keralas-heart-to-enter-quarter-final Report]
|team2= [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1=
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|70}}
* [[Udanta Singh|Udanta]] {{goal|90+5}}
|goals2=
* [[Henry Kisekka|Kisekka]] {{goal|32}}
* [[Musa Mudde|Musa]] {{yel|63}}
|stadium= [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance= 4,233
|referee= Tejas Visvasrao Nagvenkar
|result= W
|motm = [[Udanta Singh]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id= "Bengaluru vs NEROCA"
|date= 13 April 2018
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round= Quarter-final
|team1= Bengaluru FC
|score = 3–1
|report = [http://www.supercup.in/news/chhetris-brilliance-breaks-nerocas-resistance Report]
|team2 = [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|goals1 =
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|12||55||90+4}}
* [[Subhasish Bose|Bose]] {{yel|58}}
|goals2 =
* [[Pritam Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|45+3}}
* [[Fabien Vorbe|Vorbe]] {{yel|73}}
|attendance = 1,100 
|referee= Tejas Nagvenkar
|stadium= [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location= [[Bhubaneswar]]
|result= W
|motm = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| date = 17 April 2018
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round= Semi-final
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–4
| report = [http://www.supercup.in/news/10-men-bengaluru-sink-bagans-boat-to-enter-final Report]
| team2 = Bengaluru FC
| goals1 =
* [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dipanda]] {{goal|42||90+2}}
* [[Rana Gharami|Gharami]] {{yel|88}}
| goals2 =
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{yel|38}} {{goal|90}}
* [[Harmanjot Khabra|Khabra]] {{yel|45+4}}
* [[Nishu Kumar|Nishu]] {{sentoff|0|50}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|62||65||89|pen.}}
* [[Boithang Haokip|B. Haokip]] {{yel|69}}
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| attendance = 3,600
| referee = Tejas Nagvenkar
| result= W
| motm = [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| date = 20 April 2018
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round= [[2018 Indian Super Cup Final|Final]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| score = 1–4
| team2 = Bengaluru FC
|report = [http://www.supercup.in/news/bengaluru-humble-east-bengal-to-become-hero-super-cups-first-champions Report]
|goals1 =
* [[Ansumana Kromah|Kromah]] {{goal|28}} {{yel|74}}
* [[Khalid Aucho|Aucho]] {{yel|44}}
* [[Samad Ali Mallick|Mallick]] {{sentoff|0|45+2}}
* [[Mahmoud Amnah|Amnah]] {{yel|75}}
|goals2 =
* [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Sandhu]] {{yel|8}}
* [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{goal|39}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|69|pen.|90+1}}
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|71}}
* [[John Johnson (footballer)|Johnson]] {{yel|88}}
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| attendance = 9,500
| referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna]]
| result= W
| motm = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (Bengaluru FC)
}}

==Management information==
[[File:Albert-Roca-FC-Barcelona-00.jpg|thumb|right|Albert Roca, Bengaluru FC's head coach for 2016–17 season]]
Midway through the season, Bengaluru FC parted ways with the assistant coach [[Carles Cuadrat]] owing to health concerns. He was replaced by former [[FC Barcelona]] youth coach, Marc Huguet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-bengaluru-fc-assistant-coach-carles-cuadrat/1qd8rhjb0ms8o15e95x54hlqhg|title=ISL 2017: Bengaluru FC assistant coach Carles Cuadrat steps down|date=29 December 2017|work=Goal.com}}</ref>

:''As of July 2017.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bengalurufc.com/detailclubnews.php?id=222 |title=Bengaluru FC fortify first team staff |date=9 December 2015 |work=Bengaluru FC |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163120/http://bengalurufc.com/detailclubnews.php?id=222 |archivedate=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/06/13/24587172/i-league-news-bengaluru-fc-appoint-john-kila-as-new-head-of|title=I-League News: Bengaluru FC appoint John Kila as new Head of Youth Development|date=13 June 2016|work=Goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/naushad-moosa-joins-bengaluru-fc-indian-assistant-coach/ |title=NAUSHAD MOOSA JOINS BENGALURU FC AS INDIAN ASSISTANT COACH |date=29 June 2017 |work=Bengaluru FC}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|SPA}} [[Albert Roca]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Marc Huguet
|-
| Assistant coach (India)
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naushad Moosa]]
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Edu Gasol
|-
| Head of Youth Development
| {{flagicon|NED}} John Killa
|-
| Under-18 coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} John Kenneth Raj
|-
| Head physiotherapist
| {{flagicon|RSA}} Timothy Vadachalam
|-
| Head of sports sciences
| {{flagicon|ENG}} Donavan Pillai
|}
{{clear}}

==Player statistics==

===Appearances and goals===
{{Efs start|[[2017–18 Indian Super League|ISL]]|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]|[[2018 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]}}
|-
! colspan=12 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Goalkeepers
{{Efs player|no=1|name=[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|19+0|0|4+0|0|4+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=23|name=[[Abhra Mondal]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|0+1|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=28|name=[[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|2+0|0|10+0|0|0+0|0 }}
{{Efs player|no=32|name=Calvin Abhishek|pos=GK|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
|-
! colspan=12 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Defenders
|-
{{Efs player|no=2|name=[[Rahul Bheke]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|19+0|0|9+1|3|3+0|1}}
{{Efs player|no=3|name=[[Collin Abranches]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|1+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=4|name=[[Zohmingliana Ralte]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+1|0|6+2|0|0+0|0 }}
{{Efs player|no=5|name=[[Juanan]]|pos=DF|nat=ESP|17+1|1|9+0|0|3+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=6|name=[[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]]|pos=DF|nat=ENG|16+2|0|0+0|0|4+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=10|name=[[Harmanjot Khabra]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|13+0|0|7+2|0|1+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=15|name=[[Subhasish Bose]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|14+4|0|7+5|0|4+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=22|name=[[Nishu Kumar]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|3+6|0|14+0|3|1+2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=24|name=[[Joyner Lourenco]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|2+3|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=27|name=Prashanth Kalinga|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|1+0|0 |0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=33|name=[[Asheer Akhtar]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|1+1|0 |0+0|0}}
|-
! colspan=12 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Midfielders
|-
{{Efs player|no=8|name=[[Lenny Rodrigues]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|13+4|1|6+1|1|3+1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=14|name=[[Dimas Delgado]]|pos=MF|nat=ESP|16+1|1|4+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=16|name=[[Erik Paartalu]]|pos=MF|nat=AUS|15+3|3|11+0|2|3+1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=17|name=[[Boithang Haokip]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|6+4|1|5+3|1|1+2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=19|name=[[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale|Toni]]|pos=MF|nat=ESP|6+7|0|7+1|3|1+3|0}}
{{Efs player|no=20|name=[[Alwyn George]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+7|0|7+2|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=29|name=Myron Mendes|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+1|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=30|name=[[Malsawmzuala]]|pos=MF|nat=IND| 0+0|0|7+4|0|0+1|0 }}
{{Efs player|no=38|name=Robinson Singh|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|1+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=39|name=Leon Augustine|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+1|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=44|name=[[Víctor Pérez Alonso]]|pos=MF|nat=ESP|0+1|0|5+1|0|4+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|name=[[Bidyananda Singh]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no= |name=Ragav Gupta|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
|-
! colspan=12 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Forwards
|-
{{Efs player|no=7|name=[[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]|pos=FW|nat=VEN|20+0|15|0+0|0|4+0|5}}
{{Efs player|no=11|name=[[Sunil Chhetri]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|21+0|14|7+1|4|4+0|6}}
{{Efs player|no=12|name=[[Daniel Lucas Segovia|Daniel Segovia]]|pos=FW|nat=ESP|0+5|0|4+1|4|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=18|name=[[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|1+1|0|7+2|3|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=21|name=[[Udanta Singh]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|16+3|1|8+1|2|4+0|1}}
{{Efs player|no=25|name=[[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|0+2|0|4+8|4|0+1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=26|name=[[Cletus Paul]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+1|0|0+0|0}}
|-
! colspan=12 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Players transferred out during the season
|-
{{Efs player|no=<s>9</s>|name=[[Braulio Nóbrega]]|pos=FW|nat=ESP|2+8|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=<s>13</s>|name=[[Edu García]]|pos=MF|nat=ESP|12+2|2|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs end|s=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru/25367/squad/ soccerway]|date=February 2024}}

Updated: 16 May 2018

===Top scorers===
[[File:Sunil Chhetri.jpg|thumb|right|Sunil Chhetri scored two hat-tricks in the season]]
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="1" !width=15|{{Abbr|Rank|Rank}}
!rowspan="1" !width=15|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
!rowspan="1" !width=15|{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}
!rowspan="1" !width=15|{{Tooltip| Nat | Nationality}}
!width=150|Player
!width=80|ISL
!width=80|AFC
!width=80|Super Cup
!width=80|Total
|-
| rowspan=1| '''1'''
| 11
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| align=left| [[Sunil Chhetri]]
| 14
| 4
| 6
|'''24'''
|-
| rowspan=1|'''2'''
| 7
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|VEN}}
| align=left| [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]
| 15
| 0
| 5
|'''20'''
|-
| rowspan=1|'''3'''
| 16
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}}
| align=left| [[Erik Paartalu]]
| 3
| 2
| 0
|'''5'''
|-
| rowspan=4|'''4'''
| 2
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| align=left| [[Rahul Bheke]]
| 0
| 3
| 1
|'''4'''
|-
| 12
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| align=left| [[Daniel Lucas Segovia]]
| 0
| 4
| 0
|'''4'''
|-
| 21
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| align=left| [[Udanta Singh]]
| 1
| 2
| 1
|'''4'''
|-
| 25
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| align=left| [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]]
| 0
| 4
| 0
|'''4'''
|-
| rowspan=3|'''8'''
| 18
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| align=left| [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
| 0
| 3
| 0
|'''3'''
|-
| 19
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| align=left| [[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale|Toni]]
| 0
| 3
| 0
|'''3'''
|-
| 22
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| align=left| [[Nishu Kumar]]
| 0
| 3
| 0
|'''3'''
|-
| rowspan=3|'''11'''
| 8
| [[Midfielder|MF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| align=left| [[Lenny Rodrigues]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
|'''2'''
|-
| 13
| [[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| align=left| [[Edu García]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
|'''2'''
|-
| 17
| [[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| align=left| [[Boithang Haokip]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
|'''2'''
|-
| rowspan=2|'''14'''
| 5
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| align=left| [[Juanan]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
|'''1'''
|-
| 14
| [[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| align=left| [[Dimas Delgado]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
|'''1'''
|-
|colspan="5"| '''[[Own goal|Own Goals]]'''
| 1
| 0
| 0
| '''1'''
|-
|colspan="5"|'''TOTALS'''
| '''40'''
| '''29'''
| '''13'''
| '''82'''
|}

Source: [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru/25367/squad/ soccerway] 
Updated: 16 May 2018

===Clean sheets===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="1" !width=15|{{Abbr|Rank|Rank}}
!rowspan="1" !width=15|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
!rowspan="1" !width=15|{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}
!rowspan="1" !width=15|{{Tooltip| Nat | Nationality}}
!width=150|Player
!width=80|ISL
!width=80|AFC
!width=80|Super Cup
!width=80|Total
|-
|rowspan=1|'''1'''
|45
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| align=left| [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
|7
|2
|0
|'''9'''
|-
|rowspan=1|'''2'''
|28
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| align=left| [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]
|1
|7
|0
|'''8'''
|-
|rowspan=1|'''3'''
|23
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| align=left| [[Abhra Mondal]]
|0
|0
|0
|'''0'''
|-
|colspan="5"|'''TOTALS'''
| '''8'''
| '''9'''
| '''0'''
| '''17'''
|}

Source: [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru/25367/squad/ soccerway] 
Updated: 16 May 2018

===Disciplinary record===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2" !width=15|{{Abbr|Rank|Rank}}
!rowspan="2" !width=15|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
!rowspan="2" !width=15|{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}
!rowspan="2" !width=15|{{Tooltip| Nat | Nationality}}
!rowspan="2"|Player
!colspan="2"|[[2017–18 Indian Super League|ISL]]
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|[[2018 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]
!colspan="2"|Total
!rowspan="2" style="width: 400px;"|Notes
|-
!width=34; background:#fe9;"|{{yel}}
!width=34; background:#ff8888;"|{{sent off}}
!width=34; background:#fe9;"|{{yel}}
!width=34; background:#ff8888;"|{{sent off}}
!width=34; background:#fe9;"|{{yel}}
!width=34; background:#ff8888;"|{{sent off}}
!width=34; background:#fe9;"|{{yel}}
!width=34; background:#ff8888;"|{{sent off}}
|-
| rowspan=1|'''1'''
| 10
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Harmanjot Khabra]]
| 4
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 6
| 1
| Missed a game, against [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] (4 yellow cards)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-om/match/atk-v-bengaluru/preview/eujflfvmzidify2d3lcp11awa|title=ISL 2017–18: ATK vs Bengaluru FC – TV channel, stream, kick-off time & match preview|work=Goal.com|date=2 February 2018}}</ref> (3 February 2018)
|-
| rowspan=1|'''2'''
| 15
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Subhasish Bose]]
| 3
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 5
| 1
|Missed a game, against [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (red card)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chhangte-dazzles-as-lions-stun-the-blues-in-delhi|title=Chhangte dazzles as Lions stun the Blues in Delhi|work=indiansuperleague.com|date=14 January 2018}}</ref> (18 January 2018) Missed [[2018 Indian Super League final|ISL Final]], against [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] (2 yellow cards in playoffs)<ref name="subhashish suspension"/> (17 March 2018)
|-
| rowspan=3|'''3'''
| 4
| DF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Juanan]]
| 4
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 5
| 0
|Missed a game, against [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] (4 yellow cards)<ref name="jj suspension">{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/bengaluru-v-kerala-blasters/preview/ezl5m8ubq46dvpeanqx6y2i5m|title=ISL 2017–18: Bengaluru FC vs Kerala Blasters – TV channel, stream, kick-off time & match preview|first=Rahul|last=Bali|date=28 February 2018|work=Goal.com}}</ref> (1 March 2018)
|-
| 6
| DF
| {{flagicon|ENG}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]]
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 5
| 0
|Missed a game, against [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] (4 yellow cards)<ref name="jj suspension"/> (1 March 2018)
|-
| 17
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Boithang Haokip]]
| 2
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 5
| 0
|
|-
| rowspan=3|'''6'''
| 1
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]}}
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 3
| 1
| Suspended for 2 games (red card)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-bengaluru-fc-gurpreet-singh-sandhu-two-match-ban/1v3ckkr0b1kes1qmc8yl97ctpz|title=ISL 2017: Bengaluru FC's Gurpreet Singh Sandhu handed two-match ban and fine for seeing red|work=Goal.com|date=5 December 2017}}</ref> (December 2017)
|-
| 11
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Sunil Chhetri]]
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 4
| 0
|
|-
| 14
| MF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Dimas Delgado]]
| 3
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 4
| 0
|
|-
| rowspan=2|'''9'''
| 2
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Rahul Bheke]]
| 2
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 1
|Missed a game, against [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] (red card)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bengaluru-overcome-atk-go-four-points-clear-at-the-top|title=Bengaluru overcome ATK, go four points clear at the top |work=indiansuperleague.com|date=3 February 2018}}</ref> (6 February 2018)
|-
| 8
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Lenny Rodrigues]]
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 0
|
|-
| rowspan=3|'''11'''
| 7
| FW
| {{flagicon|VEN}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 0
|
|-
| 16
| MF
| {{flagicon|AUS}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Erik Paartalu]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 0
|
|-
| 22
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Nishu Kumar]]
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 1
| Missed [[2018 Indian Super Cup Final|Super Cup Final]], against [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] (red card)<ref name="Goal Preview">{{cite news|title=East Bengal vs Bengaluru FC - TV channel, stream, kick-off time & match preview|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-bengaluru/preview/49qin56qcjcdc5reii52zlq3u|accessdate=4 May 2018|work=Goal.com|date=19 April 2018}}</ref> (20 April 2018)
|-
|rowspan=7|'''14'''
| 18
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| 23
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Abhra Mondal]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| 24
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Joyner Lourenco]]
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| 28
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| 33
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Asheer Akhtar]]
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| 44
| MF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Víctor Pérez Alonso]]
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| 49
| MF
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale|Toni]]
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|
|-
|colspan=5|'''TOTALS'''
|'''33'''
|'''3'''
|'''15'''
|'''1'''
| '''6'''
| '''1'''
|'''54'''
|'''5'''
|
|}

Source: [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru/25367/squad/ soccerway] 
Updated: 16 May 2018

==Awards==

===''Player of the Month'' award===

''Awarded monthly to the player that was chosen by fan voting''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! style="width:130px;"| Month
! style="width:200px;"| Player
! style="width:50px;"| Votes
|-
| November
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Erik Paartalu]]
| 57%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/937653935157870592|title=WINNER! With 57% of all the votes, @ErikPaartalu is your Fan Player of the Month for November. Congratulations, Big E! |publisher=[[Bengaluru FC]] |date=4 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| December
| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]
| 66%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/948530185376219137|title=With 66% of all the votes, Miku is our @IndiaEpson Fan Player of the Month for December 2017! Here are his numbers from the month gone by. |publisher=[[Bengaluru FC]] |date=3 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| January
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
| 58%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/960102463880642560|title=With 58% of all votes, skipper Sunil Chhetri is your BFC Fan Player of the Month for January. |publisher=[[Bengaluru FC]] |date=4 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| February
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dimas Delgado]]
| 41%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/970964100279820288|title=With two Man of the Match performances, Blues' midfielder Dimas Delgado is your Epson Fan Player of the Month for February 2018. |publisher=[[Bengaluru FC]] |date=6 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| March
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Udanta Singh]]
| 41%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/982161318797963265|title=WINNER! With 41% of all votes, winger @UdantaK is your @IndiaEpson Fan Player of the Month for March.|publisher=[[Bengaluru FC]] |date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| April
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Víctor Pérez Alonso]]
| 33%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/993402209147568130|title=For his stellar show in the Super Cup, and with 33% of all the votes, Spanish midfielder Victor Perez is your @IndiaEpson Fan Player of the Month for April.|publisher=[[Bengaluru FC]] |date=7 May 2018}}</ref>
|}

===Club's Annual Awards===
Bengaluru FC's Annual Awards Night for the 2017–18 season, held at the JW Marriott, in Bengaluru, on 17 May 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/sunil-chhetri-named-players-player-bengaluru-fc-awards-night/|title=Sunil Chhetri named Players' Player at Bengaluru FC Awards Night|date=18 May 2018|work=Bengaluru FC}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! style="width:230px;"| Award
! style="width:200px;"| Player
|-
| Top scorer
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|-
| Players' Player of the year
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|-
| Fans' Player of the Year
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
|-
| Goal of the Season
| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]
|-
| Upcoming Player of the Year
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Asheer Akhtar]]
|-
| U18 Player of the Year
| {{flagicon|IND}} Biswa Darjee
|-
| U15 Player of the Year
| {{flagicon|IND}} Bekey Oram
|}

===FPAI Annual Awards===
Football Players Association of India's Annual Awards for the 2017–18 season, held at the Calkutta Sports Journalist Club, in Kolkata, on 12 June 2018.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! style="width:230px;"| Award
! style="width:200px;"| Player
|-
| Coach of the year
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albert Roca]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/1006507707946262528|title=He's seen us through the highs and lows, and Roca has now been named the FPAI Coach of the Year 2017-18|work=Bengaluru FC (twitter)}}</ref>
|-
| Indian Player of the year
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/1006508248197824512|title=With 24 goals across all competitions, Sunil Chhetri picks up the FPAI Indian Player of the Year award|work=Bengaluru FC (twitter)}}</ref>
|-
| Foreign Player of the Year
| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/1006508653883490304|title=Our Venezuelan hitman has been named the Foreign Player of the Year at the FPAI Awards in Kolkata. Give it up for Miku!|work=Bengaluru FC (twitter)}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==See also==
* [[2017–18 in Indian football]]

{{Bengaluru FC}}
{{2017–18 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2017-18 Bengaluru FC Season}}
[[Category:Bengaluru FC seasons]]
[[Category:2010s in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2017–18 Indian Super League season by team|Bengaluru]]

Demography

2026-02-18T09:01:34Z

Moin Khan: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Science that deals with populations and their structures, statistically and theoretically}}
{{About-distinguish|the academic discipline|Demography (journal)|Demography (album)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2015}}

[[File:Global Population-Pyramid-1950-to-2100.jpg|alt=The Demography of the World Population from 1950 to 2100. Data source: United Nations — World Population Prospects 2017|thumb|350x350px|The Demography of the World Population from 1950 to 2100. Data source: United Nations — World Population Prospects 2017]]

'''Demography''' ({{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|δῆμος}}'' ({{grc-transl|δῆμος}})|people, society||''{{wikt-lang|grc|-γραφία}}'' ({{grc-transl|-γραφία}})|writing, drawing, description}})<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|demography}}</ref> is the [[statistics|statistical study]] of human [[population]]s: their size, composition (e.g., ethnic group, age), and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population: A Lively Introduction |url=https://www.prb.org/resources/population-a-lively-introduction/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=PRB |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Demographic analysis''' examines and measures the dimensions and [[Population dynamics|dynamics]] of populations; it can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as [[education]], [[nationality]], [[religion]], and [[ethnicity]]. Educational institutions<ref>{{cite web|title=The Science of Population |url=http://demographicpartitions.org/science-population-determines-population-change/ |website=demographicpartitions.org |access-date=4 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814023915/http://demographicpartitions.org/science-population-determines-population-change/ |archive-date=14 August 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref> usually treat demography as a field of [[sociology]], though there are a number of independent demography departments.<ref name="ub">{{Cite web | title=UC Berkeley Demography department website | url=http://www.demog.berkeley.edu/ | access-date=12 October 2006 | archive-date=1 September 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901191409/http://www.demog.berkeley.edu/ | url-status=live }}</ref> These methods have primarily been developed to study human populations, but are extended to a variety of areas where researchers want to know how populations of [[Social actions|social actors]] can change across time through processes of birth, death, and [[Human migration|migration]]. In the context of [[human]] biological populations, demographic analysis uses [[Public records|administrative records]] to develop an independent [[Approximation|estimate]] of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demographic Analysis |url=https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/cmb/cmbp/downloads/da.pdf |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=U.S. Census Monitoring Board}}</ref> [[Demographic]] analysis estimates are often considered a reliable standard for judging the accuracy of the [[census]] information gathered at any time. In the [[labor force]], demographic analysis is used to estimate sizes and flows of populations of workers; in [[population ecology]] the focus is on the birth, death, migration and immigration of individuals in a population of living organisms, alternatively, in social human sciences, this could involve movement of firms and [[institution]]al forms. Demographic analysis is used in a wide variety of contexts. For example, it is often used in business plans, to describe the population connected to the geographic location of the business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biztaxlaw.about.com/od/glossaryd/a/demographics.htm|title=How to Use Demographics for Business Advertising|author=Jean Murray|work=About.com Money|accessdate=26 March 2016|archive-date=6 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006194323/http://biztaxlaw.about.com/od/glossaryd/a/demographics.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Demographic analysis is usually abbreviated as DA.<ref name="census.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/coverage_measurement/demographic_analysis/|title=Coverage Measurement|author=US Census Bureau Webdesign: SSD, Laura K Yax, Content: DSSD, Phil Gbur, POP, Jason Devine|publisher=|accessdate=26 March 2016|archive-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110142138/http://www.census.gov/coverage_measurement/demographic_analysis/|url-status=live}}</ref> For the 2010 U.S. Census, The [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] has expanded its DA categories.<ref name="census.gov"/> Also as part of the 2010 U.S. Census, DA now also includes comparative analysis between independent housing estimates, and census address lists at different key time points.<ref name="census.gov"/>

'''Patient demographics''' form the core of the data for any medical institution, such as patient and emergency contact information and patient medical record data. They allow for the identification of a patient and their categorization into categories for the purpose of statistical analysis. Patient demographics include: [[date of birth]], [[gender]], date of [[death]], postal code, ethnicity, [[blood type]], emergency contact information, family doctor, insurance provider data, [[allergies]], major diagnoses and major medical history.<ref name="What Are Patient Demographics?">{{Cite web| title=What Are Patient Demographics?| date=21 December 2011| url=https://www.macadamian.com/learn/patient-demographics/| access-date=15 November 2020| archive-date=28 January 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128074040/https://www.macadamian.com/learn/patient-demographics/| url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Formal demography''' limits its object of study to the measurement of population processes, while the broader field of '''social demography''' or population studies also analyses the relationships between economic, social, institutional, cultural, and biological processes influencing a population.<ref>Andrew Hinde ''Demographic Methods'' Ch. 1 {{ISBN|0-340-71892-7}}</ref>

==History==
Demographic thought traces back to antiquity, and were present in many civilizations and cultures like [[Ancient Greece]], [[Ancient Rome]], [[China]] and [[India]].<ref name="Srivastava2006">{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oNcflpmW3BUC&dq=studies+in+demography&pg=PA1| title = S.C.Srivastava,''Studies in Demography'', p.39-41| isbn = 9788126119929| last1 = Srivastava| first1 = Sangya| date = December 2005| publisher = Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited}}</ref> Made up of the prefix ''[[wikt:demo-|demo-]]'' and the suffix ''[[-graphy]]'', the term ''[[wikt:demography|demography]]'' refers to the overall study of population.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/42674/excerpt/9781107042674_excerpt.pdf |title=Population and society |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-04267-4 |edition=2 |pages=3 |chapter=An Introduction to Demography}}</ref>

In ancient Greece, this can be found in the writings of [[Herodotus]], [[Thucydides]], [[Hippocrates]], [[Epicurus]], [[Protagoras]], [[Polus]], [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]].<ref name="Srivastava2006" /> In Rome, writers and philosophers like [[Cicero]], [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Marcus Aurelius]], [[Epictetus]], [[Cato the Elder|Cato]], and [[Lucius Columella|Columella]] also expressed important ideas on this ground.<ref name="Srivastava2006" />

In the [[Middle Ages]], [[Christians|Christian]] thinkers devoted much time to refuting the Classical ideas on demography. Important contributors to the field were [[William of Conches]],<ref name="Biller2000">Peter Biller,''The measure of multitude: Population in medieval thought''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LnqlgqeYhwYC&dq=Nicole+Oresme+on+demographics&pg=PA312].</ref> [[Bartholomew of Lucca]],<ref name="Biller2000" /> [[William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris|William of Auvergne]],<ref name="Biller2000" /> [[William of Pagula]],<ref name="Biller2000" /> and [[Muslims|Muslim]] sociologists like [[Ibn Khaldun]].<ref>See, e.g., [[Andrey Korotayev]], Artemy Malkov, & Daria Khaltourina (2006). [https://www.academia.edu/32757085/Introduction_to_Social_Macrodynamics._Models_of_the_World_System_Development._Moscow_KomKniga_URSS_2006 ''Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709103050/https://www.academia.edu/32757085/Introduction_to_Social_Macrodynamics._Models_of_the_World_System_Development._Moscow_KomKniga_URSS_2006 |date=9 July 2019 }}. Moscow: URSS, {{ISBN|5-484-00414-4}}.</ref>

One of the earliest demographic studies in the modern period was ''Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality'' (1662) by [[John Graunt]], which contains a primitive form of [[actuarial table|life table]]. Among the study's findings were that one-third of the children in [[London]] died before their sixteenth birthday. Mathematicians, such as [[Edmond Halley]], developed the life table as the basis for life insurance mathematics. [[Richard Price]] was credited with the first textbook on life contingencies published in 1771,<ref>"Our Yesterdays: the History of the Actuarial Profession in North America, 1809-1979," by E.J. (Jack) Moorhead, FSA, (1/23/10 – 2/21/04), published by the Society of Actuaries as part of the profession's centennial celebration in 1989.</ref> followed later by [[Augustus De Morgan]], ''On the Application of Probabilities to Life Contingencies'' (1838).<ref>The History of Insurance, Vol 3, Edited by David Jenkins and Takau Yoneyama (1 85196 527 0): 8 Volume Set: (2000) Availability: Japan: Kinokuniya).</ref>

In 1755, [[Benjamin Franklin]] published his essay ''[[Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.]]'', projecting [[exponential growth]] in [[British colonies]].<ref name=valtier>{{cite journal|title="An Extravagant Assumption": The Demographic Numbers behind Benjamin Franklin's Twenty-Five-Year Doubling Period|last=von Valtier|first=William F.|journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]]|volume=155|number=2|date=June 2011|pages=158–188|url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/proceedings/5VonValtier1550205.pdf|access-date=19 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305211515/https://amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/proceedings/5VonValtier1550205.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> His work influenced [[Thomas Robert Malthus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zirkle |first=Conway |author-link=Conway Zirkle |date=April 25, 1941 |title=Natural Selection before the 'Origin of Species' |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] |location=Philadelphia, PA |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=71–123 |jstor=984852 |issn=0003-049X}}</ref> who, writing at the end of the 18th century, feared that, if unchecked, population growth would tend to outstrip growth in food production, leading to ever-increasing famine and poverty (see [[Malthusian catastrophe]]). Malthus is seen as the intellectual father of ideas of [[Human overpopulation|overpopulation]] and the limits to growth. Later, more sophisticated and realistic models were presented by [[Benjamin Gompertz]] and [[Pierre François Verhulst|Verhulst]].{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In 1855, [[Belgium|Belgian]] scholar Achille Guillard defined demography as the natural and social history of human species or the mathematical knowledge of populations, of their general changes, and of their physical, civil, intellectual, and moral condition.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|pages=169}}</ref>

Newell (1988, p. 4-5) claims that the first major developments in the 20th century, in what was to become formal demography, were made in three papers by [[Alfred J. Lotka]] (1907, 1911 (with F.R. Sharpe) and 1922 where a Stable Population Model was developed. This model was similar to [[Leonhard Euler]]'s earlier but overlooked modeling which showed how a population with constant fertility and mortality might grow geometrically using a difference equation. Under this geometric growth Euler also examined relationships among various demographic indices showing how they might be used to produce estimates when data were missing. Lotka (and Sharpe) showed that a closed population (assuming constant both age-specific mortality and fertility) developed along a path leading to a fixed age structure - The Stable Population.<ref>Newell, Colin. (1988) Methods and models in demography. Belhaven Press.</ref><ref>Inaba, Hisashi (2017) Chapter 1 The Stable Population Model in ''Age-structured population dynamics in demography and epidemiology''. Springer Singapore.</ref><ref>Lotka, A. J. (1907). Relation between birth rates and death rates. Science, 26(653), 21-22.</ref><ref>Sharpe, F. R., & Lotka, A. J. (1911). L. A problem in age-distribution. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 21(124), 435-438.</ref><ref>Lotka, A. J. (1922). The stability of the normal age distribution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 8(11), 339-345.</ref>

==Methods==
{{copyedit|date=February 2026}}
[[File:1888-01-22, La Ilustración Española y Americana, El censo de población, Alcázar.jpg|thumb|Early censuses and surveys provided demographic data.]]

Demographic [[data collection]] can be direct, where the desired statistics are explicitly recorded, or indirect, where statistics must be estimated via proxy data.<ref name="un-manual-x">{{cite book
| title = Manual X: Indirect Techniques for Demographic Estimation
| series = Population Studies
| volume = 81
| publisher = United Nations
| location = New York
| date = 1983
| id = ST/ESA/SER.A/81
| collaboration = Population Division of the Department of International Economic and Social Affairs; Committee on Population and Demography, National Research Council, United States National Academy of Sciences
| url = https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/mortality/Manual_X.pdf
}}</ref>

=== Direct methods ===
Direct data comes from [[Civil registration|vital statistics registries]] that track births, deaths, and certain changes in legal status such as marriage, divorce, and migration (registration of place of residence). In [[Developed country|developed countries]], registry statistics are the most accurate method for estimating the number of births and deaths.<ref name="un-manual-x" />

A [[census]] is the other common direct method of collecting demographic data. A census is usually conducted by a national government and attempts to enumerate every person in a country. In contrast to vital statistics data, which are typically collected continuously and summarized on an annual basis, censuses typically occur only every 10 years or so, and thus are not usually the best source of data on births and deaths. Analyses are conducted after a census to estimate how much over or undercounting took place. These compare the [[sex ratio]]s from the census data to those estimated from natural values and mortality data.

Censuses also typically collect information about families or households in addition to individual characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, literacy/education, employment status, and occupation, and geographical location. They may also collect data on migration (or place of birth or of previous residence), language, religion, nationality, ethnicity/race, and citizenship. In countries in which the vital registration system may be incomplete, the censuses are also used as a direct source of information about fertility and mortality; for example, the censuses of the [[People's Republic of China]] gather information on births and deaths that occurred in the 18 months immediately preceding the census.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

[[File:Población Mundial.svg|thumb|Map of [[Country|countries]] by population]]
[[File:World population growth - time between each billion-person growth.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Rate of human population growth showing projections for later this century<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth#how-long-did-it-take-for-the-world-population-to-increase-by-one-billion | author1 = Max Roser | author1-link = Max Roser | author2 = Hannah Ritchie | author2-link = Hannah Ritchie | author3 = Esteban Ortiz-Ospina | author4 = Lucas Rodés-Guirao | title = How long did it take for the world population to increase by one billion? | journal = Our World in Data | year = 2013 | access-date = 25 November 2022 | archive-date = 13 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161013144559/https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth/#how-long-did-it-take-for-the-world-population-to-increase-by-one-billion | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roser |first=Max |last2=Ritchie |first2=Hannah |date=2023-06-01 |title=How has world population growth changed over time? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/population-growth-over-time |journal=Our World in Data |language=en}}</ref>]]

=== Indirect methods ===
Indirect methods of collecting data are required in countries and periods where full data are not available, such as is the case in much of the developing world, and most of [[historical demography]]. One of these techniques in contemporary demography is the sister method, where survey researchers ask women how many of their sisters have died or had children and at what age. With these surveys, researchers can then indirectly estimate birth or death rates for the entire population. Other indirect methods in contemporary demography include asking people about siblings, parents, and children. Other indirect methods are necessary in historical demography.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

There are a variety of demographic methods for modelling population processes. They include models of mortality (including the [[life table]], [[Gompertz curve|Gompertz models]], [[Proportional hazards models|hazards models]], Cox proportional hazards models, [[Decrement table|multiple decrement life tables]], Brass relational logits), [[fertility]] (Hermes model, [[Ansley J. Coale|Coale]]-Trussell models, [[parity progression ratios]]), marriage (Singulate Mean at Marriage, Page model), disability ([[Sullivan's method]], multistate life tables), [[population projections]] ([[Lee–Carter model|Lee-Carter model]], the [[Leslie matrix|Leslie Matrix]]), and [[population momentum]] ([[Nathan Keyfitz|Keyfitz]]).

The United Kingdom has a series of four national birth cohort studies, the first three spaced apart by 12 years: the [[National Survey of Health & Development|1946 National Survey of Health and Development]], the 1958 [[National Child Development Study]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Power C and Elliott J |title=Cohort profile: 1958 British Cohort Study |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=34–41 |year=2006 |pmid=16155052 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyi183|doi-access=free }}</ref> the [[1970 British Cohort Study]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Elliott J and Shepherd P|title=Cohort profile: 1970 British Birth Cohort (BCS70)|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=836–43|year=2006 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyl174 |pmid=16931528|doi-access=free }}</ref> and the [[Millennium Cohort Study (United Kingdom)|Millennium Cohort Study]], begun much more recently in 2000. These have followed the lives of samples of people (typically beginning with around 17,000 in each study) for many years, and are still continuing. As the samples have been drawn in a nationally representative way, inferences can be drawn from these studies about the differences between four distinct generations of British people in terms of their health, education, attitudes, childbearing and employment patterns.<ref>The last three are run by the [http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk Centre for Longitudinal Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028075855/http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/ |date=28 October 2018 }}</ref>

Indirect standardization is used when a population is small enough that the number of events (births, deaths, etc.) are also small. In this case, methods must be used to produce a standardized [[mortality rate]] (SMR) or standardized incidence rate (SIR).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/~imiyares/standard.htm |title=Direct and Indirect Standardization of Mortality Rates |accessdate=26 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403114527/http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/~imiyares/standard.htm |archivedate=3 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidstudents/thesis_prize/thesis_2001/appendix_a.pdf |title=examples of standardization |access-date=16 October 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707210711/http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidstudents/thesis_prize/thesis_2001/appendix_a.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Population change==
Population change is analyzed by measuring the change between one population size to another. [[Global population]] continues to rise, which makes population change an essential component to demographics. This is calculated by taking one population size minus the population size in an earlier [[census]]. The best way of measuring population change is using the intercensal percentage change. The intercensal percentage change is the absolute change in population between the censuses divided by the population size in the earlier census. Next, multiply this a hundredfold to receive a [[percentage]]. When this statistic is achieved, the [[population growth]] between two or more [[nation]]s that differ in size, can be accurately measured and examined.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/wp02-1.pdf |title=Global Population at a Glance: 2002 and Beyond |access-date=16 October 2022 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106210322/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/wp02-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Population Profile: 2002 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/wp-02.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201180245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/wp-02.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-01 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=[[census.gov]]}}</ref>

==Standardization of population numbers==
For there to be a [[Statistical significance|significant]] comparison, numbers must be altered for the size of the population that is under study. For example, the [[fertility rate]] is calculated as the ratio of the number of births to women of childbearing age to the total number of women in this age range. If these adjustments were not made, we would not know if a nation with a higher rate of births or deaths has a population with more women of childbearing age or more births per eligible woman.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Within the category of [[standardization]], there are two major approaches: direct standardization and indirect standardization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naing |first=N. N. |date=January 2000 |title=Easy way to learn standardization : direct and indirect methods |journal=The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=10–15 |issn=1394-195X |pmc=3406211 |pmid=22844209}}</ref>

==Common rates and ratios==
* The '''crude [[birth rate]]''', the annual number of live births per 1,000 people.
* The '''general [[fertility rate]]''', the annual number of live births per 1,000 women of childbearing age (often taken to be from 15 to 49 years old, but sometimes from 15 to 44).
* The '''age-specific fertility''' rates, the annual number of live births per 1,000 women in particular age groups (usually age 15–19, 20–24 etc.)
* The '''crude [[death rate]]''', the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people.
* The '''[[infant mortality rate]]''', the annual number of deaths of children less than 1 year old per 1,000 live births.
* The '''expectation of life''' (or [[life expectancy]]), the number of years that an individual at a given age could expect to live at present mortality levels.
* The '''[[total fertility rate]]''', the number of live births per woman completing her reproductive life, if her childbearing at each age reflected current age-specific fertility rates.
* The '''[[Replacement-level fertility|replacement level fertility]]''', the average number of children women must have in order to replace the population for the next generation. For example, the replacement level fertility in the US is 2.11.<ref name="Ela 2008">Introduction to environmental engineering and science by Masters and Ela, 2008, Pearson Education, chapter 3</ref>
* The '''[[gross reproduction rate]]''', the number of daughters who would be born to a woman completing her reproductive life at current age-specific fertility rates.
* The '''[[Net reproduction rate|net reproduction ratio]]''' is the expected number of daughters, per newborn prospective mother, who may or may not survive to and through the ages of childbearing.
* A '''stable population''', one that has had constant crude birth and death rates for such a long period of time that the percentage of people in every age class remains constant, or equivalently, the [[population pyramid]] has an unchanging structure.<ref name="Ela 2008"/>
* A '''stationary population''', one that is both stable and unchanging in size (the difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate is zero).<ref name="Ela 2008"/>
* Measures of centralisation are concerned with the extent to which an area's population is concentrated in its [[urban area|urban centres]].<ref>Hoyt, H., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2769393 Forces of Urban Centralization and Decentralization], [[American Journal of Sociology]], Vol. 46, No. 6 (May, 1941), pp. 843-852, accessed 2 July 2023</ref><ref>Cooper-Douglas, E., [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-06/population-outside-hobart-means-struggle-for-services/101829418 Tasmania forecast to have 79,000 more residents by 2033, with most living outside Greater Hobart], ''[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]'', published 5 January 2023, accessed 2 July 2023</ref>

A stable population does not necessarily remain fixed in size. It can be expanding or shrinking.<ref name="Ela 2008"/>

The crude death rate as defined above and applied to a whole population can give a misleading impression. For example, the number of deaths per 1,000 people can be higher in developed nations than in less-developed countries, despite standards of health being better in developed countries. This is because developed countries have proportionally more older people, who are more likely to die in a given year, so that the overall mortality rate can be higher even if the mortality rate at any given age is lower. A more complete picture of mortality is given by a [[life table]], which summarizes mortality separately at each age. A life table is necessary to give a good estimate of life expectancy.

==Basic equation regarding development of a population==
Suppose that a country (or other entity) contains ''Populationt'' persons at time ''t''.
What is the size of the population at time ''t'' + 1 ?

:<math>\text{Population}_{t+1} = \text{Population}_t + \text{Natural Increase}_t + \text{Net Migration}_t</math>

Natural increase from time ''t'' to ''t'' + 1:

:<math>\text{Natural Increase}_t = \text{Births}_t - \text{Deaths}_t</math>

[[Net migration rate|Net migration]] from time ''t'' to ''t'' + 1:

:<math>\text{Net Migration}_t = \text{Immigration}_t - \text{Emigration}_t</math>

These basic equations can also be applied to subpopulations. For example, the population size of ethnic groups or nationalities within a given society or country is subject to the same sources of change. When dealing with ethnic groups, however, "net migration" might have to be subdivided into physical migration and ethnic reidentification ([[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]]). Individuals who change their ethnic self-labels or whose ethnic classification in government statistics changes over time may be thought of as migrating or moving from one population subcategory to another.<ref>See, for example, Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "Estimating Russification of Ethnic Identity Among Non-Russians in the USSR," ''Demography'', Vol. 20, No. 4 (Nov., 1983): 461–489.</ref>

More generally, while the basic demographic equation holds true by definition, in practice the recording and counting of events (births, deaths, immigration, emigration) and the enumeration of the total population size are subject to error. So allowance needs to be made for error in the underlying statistics when any accounting of population size or change is made.

The figure in this section shows the latest (2004) UN ([[United Nations]]) [[World Health Organization|WHO]] projections of [[world population]] out to the year 2150 (red = high, orange = medium, green = low). The UN "medium" projection shows world population reaching an approximate equilibrium at 9 billion by 2075. Working independently, demographers at the [[International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis]] in [[Austria]] expect world population to peak at 9 billion by 2070.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ace1.ma.utexas.edu/users/davis/375/reading/worldbirthrate.pdf |title=Doubling of world population unlikely |first=Wolfgang |last=Lutz |author2=Sanderson, Warren |author3=Scherbov, Sergei |journal=Nature |volume=387 |pages=803–805 |date=1997-06-19 |access-date=2008-11-13 |doi=10.1038/42935 |pmid=9194559 |issue=6635 |bibcode=1997Natur.387..803L |s2cid=4306159 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216230409/http://ace1.ma.utexas.edu/users/davis/375/reading/worldbirthrate.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> Throughout the 21st century, the average age of the population is likely to continue to rise.

===Science of population===
Populations can change through three processes: fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility involves the number of children that women have and is to be contrasted with [[fecundity]] (a woman's childbearing potential).<ref>[[John Bongaarts]]. The Fertility-Inhibiting Effects of the Intermediate Fertility Variables. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 13, No. 6/7. (Jun. - Jul., 1982), pp. 179–189.</ref> Mortality is the study of the causes, consequences, and measurement of processes affecting death to members of the population. Demographers most commonly study mortality using the [[Life Table|life table]], a statistical device that provides information about the mortality conditions (most notably the life expectancy) in the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/lftbls/lftbls.htm| title = N C H S - Life Tables| access-date = 9 September 2017| archive-date = 29 July 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200729200625/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/lftbls/lftbls.htm| url-status = live}}</ref>

Migration refers to the movement of persons from a locality of origin to a destination place across some predefined, political boundary. Migration researchers do not designate movements 'migrations' unless they are somewhat permanent. Thus, demographers do not consider tourists and travellers to be migrating. While demographers who study migration typically do so through census data on place of residence, indirect sources of data including tax forms and labour force surveys are also important.<ref>Donald T. Rowland ''Demographic Methods and Concepts'' Ch. 11 {{ISBN|0-19-875263-6}}</ref>

Demography is today widely taught in many universities across the world, attracting students with initial training in social sciences, statistics or health studies. Being at the crossroads of several disciplines such as [[sociology]], [[economics]], [[epidemiology]], [[geography]], [[anthropology]] and [[history]], demography offers tools to approach a large range of population issues by combining a more technical quantitative approach that represents the core of the discipline with many other methods borrowed from social or other sciences. Demographic research is conducted in universities, in research institutes, as well as in statistical departments and in several international agencies. Population institutions are part of the [[Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography|CICRED]] (International Committee for Coordination of Demographic Research) network while most individual scientists engaged in demographic research are members of the [[International Union for the Scientific Study of Population]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.iussp.org/| title = International Union for the Scientific Study of Population| access-date = 20 April 2008| archive-date = 6 September 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190906221242/https://iussp.org/| url-status = live}}</ref> or a national association such as the [[Population Association of America]] in the United States,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.populationassociation.org/| title = Population Association of America| access-date = 14 April 2011| archive-date = 19 March 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110319153140/http://www.populationassociation.org/| url-status = live}}</ref> or affiliates of the Federation of Canadian Demographers in [[Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fcdweb.wordpress.com/ |title=Fédération canadienne de démographie – Federation of Canadian Demographers |access-date=7 December 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207210924/https://fcdweb.wordpress.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Population composition==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}[[File:Population by broad age group projected to 2100, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|World demography by age composition from 1950 to 2100 (projected).<ref name="q917">{{cite web | title=Population by age group | website=Our World in Data | url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-by-age-group | access-date=26 January 2025}}</ref>]]
'''Population composition''' is the description of population defined by characteristics such as age, [[Race (classification of humans)|race]], sex or [[marital status]]. These descriptions can be necessary for understanding the [[social dynamics]] from historical and comparative research. These data are often compared using a [[population pyramid]].

Population composition is also a very important part of historical research. Information ranging back hundreds of years is not always worthwhile, because the numbers of people for which data are available may not provide the information that is important (such as [[population size]]). Lack of information on the original data-collection procedures may prevent accurate evaluation of data quality.

==Demographic analysis in institutions and organizations==

===Labor market===
The demographic analysis of [[labor market]]s can be used to show slow population growth, [[population ageing]], and the increased importance of immigration. The U.S. Census Bureau projects that in the next 100 years, the United States will face some dramatic demographic changes.{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}} The population is expected to grow more slowly and age more rapidly than ever before and the nation will become a nation of immigrants. This influx is projected to rise over the next century as new immigrants and their children will account for over half the U.S. population. These demographic shifts could ignite major adjustments in the economy, more specifically, in labor markets.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

===Turnover and in internal labor markets===
People decide to exit organizations for many reasons, such as better jobs, dissatisfaction, and concerns within the family. The causes of turnover can be split into two separate factors, one linked with the culture of the organization, and the other relating to all other factors. People who do not fully accept a culture might leave voluntarily. Or, some individuals might leave because they fail to fit in and fail to change within a particular organization.

===Population ecology of organizations===

{{main|organizational ecology}}

A basic definition of population ecology is a study of the distribution and abundance of organisms. As it relates to organizations and demography, organizations go through various [[Public liability|liabilities]] to their continued survival. Hospitals, like all other large and complex organizations are impacted in the environment they work. For example, a study was done on the closure of acute care hospitals in Florida between a particular time. The study examined effect size, age, and niche density of these particular hospitals. A population theory says that organizational outcomes are mostly determined by [[environmental factor]]s. Among several factors of the theory, there are four that apply to the hospital closure example: size, age, density of niches in which organizations operate, and density of niches in which organizations are established.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

====Business organizations====
Problems in which demographers may be called upon to assist business organizations are when determining the best prospective location in an area of a branch store or service outlet, predicting the demand for a new product, and to analyze certain dynamics of a company's workforce. Choosing a new location for a branch of a bank, choosing the area in which to start a new supermarket, consulting a bank [[loan officer]] that a particular location would be a beneficial site to start a car wash, and determining what shopping area would be best to buy and be redeveloped in metropolis area are types of problems in which demographers can be called upon.

Standardization is a useful demographic technique used in the analysis of a business. It can be used as an interpretive and analytic tool for the comparison of different markets.

====Nonprofit organizations====
These organizations have interests about the number and characteristics of their clients so they can maximize the sale of their products, their outlook on their influence, or the ends of their power, services, and beneficial works.

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Biodemography]]
* [[Biodemography of human longevity]]
* [[Demographics of the world]]
* [[Demographic economics]]
* [[Demographic engineering]]
* [[Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality]]
* [[Linguistic demography]]
* [[List of demographics articles]]
* [[Medieval demography]]
* [[National Security Study Memorandum 200]] of 1974
* [[NRS social grade]]
* [[Political demography]]
* [[Population biology]]
* [[Population dynamics]]
* [[Population geography]]
* [[Population reconstruction]]
* [[Population statistics]]
* [[Religious demography]]
* [[Replacement migration]]
* [[Reproductive health]]

===Social surveys===
* [[Current Population Survey]] (CPS)
* [[Demographic and Health Surveys]] (DHS)
* [[European Social Survey]] (ESS)
* [[General Social Survey]] (GSS)
* [[German General Social Survey]] ([[ALLBUS]])
* [[Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys]] (MICS)
* [[National Longitudinal Survey]] (NLS)
* [[Panel Study of Income Dynamics]] (PSID)
* [[PMA2020|Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020]] (PMA2020)
* [[Socio-Economic Panel]] (SOEP, German)
* [[World Values Survey]] (WVS)

===Organizations===
* [[Global Social Change Research Project]] (United States)
* [[Institut national d'études démographiques]] (INED) (France)
* [[Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research]] (Germany)
* [[Office of Population Research]] (Princeton University) (United States)
* [[Population Council]] (United States)
* [[Population Studies Center at the University of Michigan]] (United States)
* [[Vienna Institute of Demography]] (VID) (Austria)
* [[Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital]] (Austria)

===Scientific journals===
* ''[[Brazilian Journal of Population Studies]]''
* ''[[Cahiers québécois de démographie]]''
* ''[[Demography (journal)|Demography]]''
* ''[[Population and Development Review]]''
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Josef Ehmer]], Jens Ehrhardt, Martin Kohli (Eds.): [https://web.archive.org/web/20130527141349/http://www.gesis.org/en/hsr/current-issues/current-issues-2010-2012/362-fertility/ ''Fertility in the History of the 20th Century: Trends, Theories, Policies, Discourses'']. [[Historical Social Research]] 36 (2), 2011.
* Glad, John. 2008. ''[http://www.whatwemaybe.org/txt/txt0000/Glad.John.2008.FHE.Meisenberg-abridgement.en.pdf Future Human Evolution: Eugenics in the Twenty-First Century]''. Hermitage Publishers, {{ISBN|1-55779-154-6}}
* Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. 2011. Ageing and Longevity: Mortality Laws and Mortality Forecasts for Ageing Populations [In Czech: Stárnutí a dlouhověkost: Zákony a prognózy úmrtnosti pro stárnoucí populace]. Demografie, 53(2): 109–128.
* Preston, Samuel, Patrick Heuveline, and Michel Guillot. 2000. ''Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes''. Blackwell Publishing.
* Gavrilov L.A., Gavrilova N.S. 2010. Demographic Consequences of Defeating Aging. Rejuvenation Research, 13(2-3): 329–334.
* [[Paul R. Ehrlich]] (1968), ''[[The Population Bomb]]'' Controversial Neo-Malthusianist pamphlet
* Leonid A. Gavrilov & Natalia S. Gavrilova (1991), ''The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach''. New York: Harwood Academic Publisher, {{ISBN|3-7186-4983-7}}
* [[Andrey Korotayev]] & [[Daria Khaltourina]] (2006). [https://www.academia.edu/35443515/Introduction_to_Social_Macrodynamics_Compact_Macromodels_of_the_World_System_Growth._Moscow_KomKniga_2006 ''Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth''. Moscow: URSS] {{ISBN|5-484-00414-4}} [http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&page=Book&id=34250&lang=en&blang=en&list=14]
* Uhlenberg P. (Editor), (2009) International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 113–131.
* Paul Demeny and Geoffrey McNicoll (Eds.). 2003. The Encyclopedia of Population. New York, Macmillan Reference USA, vol.1, 32-37
* [[Phillip Longman]] (2004), ''The Empty Cradle: how falling birth rates threaten global prosperity and what to do about it''
* Sven Kunisch, Stephan A. Boehm, Michael Boppel (eds) (2011). ''From Grey to Silver: Managing the Demographic Change Successfully'', Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, {{ISBN|978-3-642-15593-2}}
* [[Joe McFalls]] (2007), ''Population: A Lively Introduction,'' [[Population Reference Bureau]] [http://prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins/2007/PopulationALivelyIntroduction.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601045452/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins/2007/PopulationALivelyIntroduction.aspx |date=1 June 2013 }}
* [[Ben J. Wattenberg]] (2004), ''How the New Demography of Depopulation Will Shape Our Future''. Chicago: R. Dee, {{ISBN|1-56663-606-X}}
* Perry, Marc J. & Mackun, Paul J. ''Population Change & Distribution: Census 2000 Brief''. (2001)
* Preston, Samuel; Heuveline, Patrick; and Guillot Michel. 2000. ''Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes''. Blackwell Publishing.
* Schutt, Russell K. 2006. "Investigating the Social World: The Process and Practice of Research". SAGE Publications.
* [[Jacob S. Siegal|Siegal, Jacob S.]] (2002), ''Applied Demography: Applications to Business, Government, Law, and Public Policy''. San Diego: Academic Press.
* [[Ben J. Wattenberg|Wattenberg, Ben J.]] (2004), ''How the New Demography of Depopulation Will Shape Our Future''. Chicago: R. Dee, {{ISBN|1-56663-606-X}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|demography}}
{{Commons category|Demography}}
{{Wikisource portal|Demography}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072527/https://www.peeparound.com/ Quick demography data lookup] (archived 4 March 2016)
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/ Historicalstatistics.org] Links to historical demographic and economic statistics
* [https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/ United Nations Population Division: Homepage]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm World Population Prospects, the 2012 Revision], Population estimates and projections for 230 countries and areas (archived 6 May 2011)
** [https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/world-urbanization-prospects-the-2011-revision.html World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision], Estimates and projections of urban and rural populations and urban agglomerations
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20121213035405/http://esa.un.org/unpd/ppp/index.htm Probabilistic Population Projections, the 2nd Revision], Probabilistic Population Projections, based on the 2010 Revision of the World Population Prospects (archived 13 December 2012)
* [http://www.aetheling.com/NL/sim/population/population1.html Java Simulation of Population Dynamics].
* [http://gsociology.icaap.org/basicguide.html Basic Guide to the World: Population changes and trends, 1960–2003]
* [http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/demsum.html Brief review of world basic demographic trends]
* [https://unece.org/population/fertility-and-family-survey-ffs Family and Fertility Surveys] (FFS)

{{Social sciences}}
{{Social surveys}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Demography| ]]
[[Category:Actuarial science]]
[[Category:Environmental social science]]
[[Category:Interdisciplinary subfields of sociology]]
[[Category:Human geography]]
[[Category:Market segmentation]]
[[Category:Human populations]]

Fatehnagar

2026-02-15T17:37:32Z

Moin Khan:

{{short description|Town in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Fatehnagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = FAN
| settlement_type = City ( Municipality)
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8572|N|74.0892|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = municipality
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 1
| area_total_km2 = 26.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 19624
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 313206
| registration_plate = RJ 27
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Fatehnagar''' is a city and [[municipality]] in [[Udaipur district]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Fatehnagar had a population of 19,624. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Fatehnagar has an average literacy rate of 60%, almost identical to the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 71%, and female literacy is 48%. Out of the population, 14% is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Udaipur district}}
{{Districts_of_Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Udaipur district]]

{{Udaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Kaveri

2026-02-10T12:16:58Z

Moin Khan: update

{{Short description|River in southern India}}
{{About|the river|other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Kaveri
| name_other = Cauvery
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Thalakkaveri_Temple,_Karnataka.jpg
| photo1b = Kaveri_View_Rail_Bridge_Srirangapatna_Jul22_A7C_02120.jpg
| photo2a = Barahachukki.jpg
| photo2b = Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg
| photo3a = Bhavani-Kaveri-Sangamam.JPG
| photo3b = Grand Anaicut.jpg
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top left''': [[Talakaveri]]; Kaveri at [[Srirangapatna]]; [[Hogenakkal Falls]]; [[Kallanai Dam]]; Confluence with [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]]; and [[Shivanasamudra Falls]]
| size = 250
| position = center
}}
| map_size = 250px
| map = Cauvery River Basin.png
| map_caption = Kaveri River basin
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = India
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[South India]]
| subdivision_type3 = States
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| length = {{cvt|800|km}}<ref name="Data">{{cite report|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/IHD2015_final.pdf|title=Integrated Hydrological Data Book|publisher=[[Central Water Commission]]|page=92|access-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402104009/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/IHD2015_final.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location = [[Lower Anaicut]] (58.5 km upstream of mouth)
| discharge1_min = {{cvt|144|m3/s}}<ref name="Discharge1">{{cite web|url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/2043.htm|title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes - Area 2043|work=Flood observatory, [[Colorado University]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
| discharge1_avg = {{cvt|919|m3/s}} (1998-2024)<ref name="Discharge1"/>
| discharge1_max = {{cvt|4,075|m3/s}}<ref name="Discharge1"/>
| discharge2_location = [[Grand Anicut]] (140 km upstream of mouth)
| discharge2_min = {{cvt|78|m3/s}}<ref name="Discharge2">{{cite web|url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/2042.htm|title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes - Area 2042|work=Flood observatory, [[Colorado University]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
| discharge2_avg = {{cvt|400.716|m3/s}} (1976-1979)<ref name="Discharge3">{{cite web|title=Gauging Station - Data Summary|work=RivDis|url=http://daac.ornl.gov/rivdis/STATIONS/TEXT/INDIA/1263/SUMMARY.HTML|access-date=1 October 2013|url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215927/http://daac.ornl.gov/rivdis/STATIONS/TEXT/INDIA/1263/SUMMARY.HTML|archive-date = 4 October 2013| df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{cvt|1,131|m3/s}} (1998-2024)<ref name="Discharge2"/>
| discharge2_max = {{cvt|4,916|m3/s}}<ref name="Discharge2"/>
| source1 = [[Western Ghats]]
| source1_location = [[Talakaveri]], [[Kodagu district]], (Coorg) Karnataka
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|12|23|N|75|29|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{cvt|1,341|m}}
| mouth = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| mouth_location = [[Poompuhar]], [[Mayiladuthurai district]], Tamil Nadu
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{cvt|81,155|km2}}<ref name="Riparian">{{cite web|url=https://jalshakti-dowr.gov.in/cauvery-water-dispute/|title=Cauvery Water|work=[[Ministry of Jal Shakti]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
| tributaries_left = [[Harangi Reservoir|Harangi]], [[Hemavati River|Hemavati]], [[Shimsha]], [[Arkavathi River|Arkavati]], [[Sarabanga River|Sarabanga]], [[Thirumanimutharu River (tributary of Kaveri)|Thirumanimutharu]]
| tributaries_right = [[Lakshmana Tirtha]], [[Kabini]], [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]], [[Noyyal]], [[Amaravati River|Amaravati]], [[Moyar River|Moyar]]
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Kaveri''' (anglicized as '''Cauvery'''),{{efn|name=Kaveri|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ''Kāviri'', {{IPA|ta|kaːʋɪɾi|ipa}}, [[Kannada]]: ''Kāvēri'', {{IPA|ka|kaːʋeːri|ipa}})}} also known as '''Ponni''' ({{IPA|ta|ponːi|ipa}}),<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Madras Geographical Association|volume=13|year=1938|publisher=[[Indian Geographical Society]]|page=56}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=South India Heritage: An Introduction|year=2007|isbn=978-8-18866-164-0|publisher=East West Books|page=9}}</ref> is a [[Rivers of India|major river]] flowing across [[Southern India]]. It is the third largest river in the region after [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]].
The catchment area of the Kaveri basin is estimated to be {{cvt|81155|km2}} and encompasses the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], and the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].

The river rises at [[Talakaveri]] in the [[Brahmagiri (hill), Karnataka|Brahmagiri]] range in the [[Western Ghats]]. The source is located at an elevation of {{cvt|1,341|m}} in the [[Kodagu district]] of Karnataka. The river flows for about {{cvt|320|km}} through the [[Deccan Plateau]] in Karnataka before entering Tamil Nadu. It flows further eastward in Tamil Nadu for {{cvt|416|km}} before flowing into the [[Bay of Bengal]] near [[Puhar, Mayiladuthurai|Poompuhar]] in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] of Tamil Nadu. The river flows for a total length of about {{cvt|800|km}}. The major tributaries include [[Amaravati River|Amaravati]], [[Arkavati]], [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]], [[Harangi Dam|Harangi]], [[Hemavati River|Hemavati]], [[Kabini]], [[Lakshmana Tirtha]], [[Shimsha]] and [[Noyyal]].

There are a number of dams on the river which form part of an extensive [[irrigation system]] and are used for the generation of [[hydroelectric power]]. The river has supported agriculture for centuries and has served as the lifeline of several kingdoms in the past. Access to the river's waters has been a [[Kaveri River water dispute|cause of dispute]] among the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu for decades. The Kaveri basin is a densely populated region, with several towns and cities located on its banks.

The river is considered as sacred by the people of Southern India and is considered to be among the seven holy rivers of India. The river is often personified and worshiped as the goddess Kaveri. The river is mentioned in various Hindu religious texts including the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Puranas]]''. In ancient [[Tamil literature]], the river is referenced to as ''Ponni'' meaning "the golden one".

== Etymology ==
Kaveri is mentioned in [[Sanskrit]] as a holy river in various Hindu religious texts including the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Puranas]]''.<ref name="Wisdom">{{cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kaveri|title=Kaveri|work=Wisdom library|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The name itself might have had different etymologies. As per ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', the river arose after [[Ganesha]] took a form of a crow and toppled sage [[Agastya]]'s [[kamandala]]. The river then took its name from the [[Tamil language]] words ''kā'' meaning "crow" and ''viri'' meaning "spread" literally translating to "spread by a crow". It might also mean a river with wide spread banks as ''viri'' can also be translated as wide spread.<ref name="Wisdom"/><ref name="Puranam"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/religion/temples/story-of-river-kaveri-how-lord-ganesha-and-maharshi-agasthiyar-started-river-cauvery/articleshow/70820021.cms|title=River Kaveri Story|date=9 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Samayam|language=ta}}</ref><ref name="Pao">{{cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=travel.Manipur_Travel_Log.Cauvery_flows_thanks_to_a_crow_By_S_Balakrishnan|title=Cauvery flows, thanks to a crow!|date=4 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=E-pao}}</ref> The etymology of the river might have also been derived from ''kāviri'', the [[Sankethi dialect|Sankethi]] word for "river" from the language spoken by the [[Sankethi people]], who live along its waters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/travel/how-the-rivers-of-india-descended-from-the-heavens-kaveri-news-185689|title=How the Rivers of India Descended From the Heavens: Kaveri|date=5 November 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> Cauvery is the [[anglicized]] version of the original name.<ref name="Pao"/>

The river is also known by other names. In ancient [[Tamil literature]], the river was called ''Ponni'' meaning "the golden one" in reference to the fine silt it deposits.<ref name="Puranam">{{cite book|title=Kandha Puranam|first=Akilā|last=Civarāman̲|year=1900|isbn=978-8-17950-397-3|publisher= GIRI Trading|page=159}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/daughter-of-ponni/|title=Daughter of Ponni|date=27 April 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/02/08/cauvery-chronicles-ii-ponnis-perish|title=Cauvery Chronicles II: Ponni's Perish|work=Newslaundry|date=8 February 2020|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/opinion/the-death-of-a-river-357460|title=The death of a river|date=11 June 2019|work=Millennium Post|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> It is known as ''Daksina gaṅgā'' meaning the "[[Ganges]] of the South" indicating its geographical location and its significance.<ref name="Brit">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Kaveri River|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kaveri-River|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> It is also mentioned as ''Ardha gaṅgā'' meaning ''Half Ganga'' in Mahabharata and other literature, due to its purported mythology of having arisen from the Ganges.<ref name="Wisdom"/> Marudvṛdhā is another hypothesised name for this river, meaning "the beloved of the [[Maruts]]" in Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marudvṛdhā|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/index.php|access-date=18 July 2022|work=Sanskrit Lexicon}}</ref>

== Course ==
The river arises at [[Talakaveri]] in [[Kodagu district]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Springer">{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Sharad K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&dq=kaveri+river+course&pg=PA702 |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India |last2=Agarwal |first2=Pushpendra K. |last3=Singh |first3=Vijay P. |publisher=[[Springer Science]] |year=2007 |pages=702–711|isbn=9781402051807 }}</ref> The source of the river is located at an altitude of {{cvt|1,341|m}} in the [[Brahmagiri (Karnataka)|Brahmagiri Hills]] of the [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="Data"/> Its follows a rough upper course consisting of rocky beds and high banks. Once it leaves the Kodagu hills, it flows eastwards and forms a series of rapids and falls. It flows through a narrow gorge onto the [[Deccan Plateau]] and drops about {{cvt|18-24|m}} at [[Chunchanakatte Falls]].<ref name="Brit"/> The river forms the island of [[Srirangapatna]] and widens to {{cvt|900-1200|ft}} before flowing south-east.<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Springer"/> At [[Shivanasamudra]], the river drops {{cvt|91|m}} and forms the [[Shivanasamudra Falls]], one of the largest waterfalls in the country.<ref name="Data"/><ref name="Springer"/> After forming the island of Shivanasamudra, the river converges and passes through the [[Mekedatu]] gorge.<ref name="Data"/><ref name="Singh">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Dhruv Sen|title=The Indian rivers : scientific and socio-economic aspects|publisher=[[Springer Science]]|year=2018|location=Singapore|pages=354–356}}</ref> After flowing for {{cvt|320|km}} in Karnataka, the river flows for about {{cvt|64|km}} along the Karnataka-[[Tamil Nadu]] border.<ref name="Data"/>

The river enters Tamil Nadu and forms the [[Hogenakkal Falls]].<ref name="Springer"/> After the falls, the river flows southwards towards [[Mettur Dam]] and joins its main right bank tributary [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]] at [[Kooduthurai]].<ref name="Data"/><ref name="Singh"/> The river flows eastwards through [[Erode]] and [[Karur]], and widens further before entering the [[Tiruchirappalli district]]. It splits into two branches with the northern part called as [[Kollidam River]] and the southern part of the river retaining the name Kaveri.<ref name="Data"/> After flowing for {{cvt|16|km}}, the two branches converge around the [[Srirangam]] island.<ref name="Data"/><ref name="Singh"/> The river further branches off into 36 different channels before emptying into the [[Bay of Bengal]] near [[Poombuhar|Poompuhar]] in [[Mayiladuthurai district]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramkumar |first1=Mu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Yq9BgAAQBAJ&dq=kaveri+delta&pg=PA286 |title=Environmental Management of River Basin Ecosystems |last2=Kumaraswamy |first2=K. |last3=Mohanraj |first3=R. |publisher=[[Springer Science]] |year=2015 |pages=286 |isbn=978-3-319-13425-3 }}</ref> The river traverses for about {{cvt|416|km}} in Tamil Nadu for a total length of about {{cvt|800|km}}.<ref name="Data"/>

=== Tributaries ===
The Kaveri River has 21 major tributaries.<ref name="Data"/> The largest tributary [[Hemavati River|Hemavati]], and [[Lakshmana Tirtha]] join the river at [[Krishna Raja Sagara]].<ref name="Data"/><ref name="Brit"/> [[Kabini River|Kabini]] is another major contributor to the flow of Kaveri and joins the river in Karnataka. It meets with its second largest tributary [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]] at [[Kooduthurai]] in [[Bhavani, Tamil Nadu|Bhavani]] and two other tributaries [[Noyyal River|Noyyal]], and [[Amaravati River|Amaravati]] join further down the stream in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Data"/> Other tributaries of Kaveri include [[Shimsha]], [[Arkavathi River|Arkavati]], [[Sarabanga River|Sarabanga]], and [[Thirumanimutharu River (tributary of Kaveri)|Thirumanimutharu]].<ref name="Data"/><ref name="Singh"/>

=== Discharge ===
Source:<ref name="Discharge1"/><ref name="Discharge2"/>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|+Discharge
! rowspan="3" |Year
! rowspan="28" |
! colspan="3" |[[Kallanai Dam|Grand Anicut]]
! rowspan="28" |
! colspan="3" |[[Lower Anaicut|Lower Anicut]]
|-
! colspan="3" |<nowiki> </nowiki>(m3/s)
! colspan="3" |(m3/s)
|-
!Min
!Mean
!Max
!Min
!Mean
!Max
|-
|1998
|170
|1,099
|3,454
|161
|885
|2,540
|-
|1999
|289
|1,131
|3,778
|285
|864
|2,845
|-
|2000
|343
|1,287
|4,903
|233
|1,011
|3,335
|-
|2001
|258
|1,080
|3,348
|309
|948
|3,115
|-
|2002
|139
|772
|2,392
|144
|867
|2,423
|-
|2003
|78
|667
|2,297
|216
|646
|2,100
|-
|2004
|103
|895
|3,303
|217
|839
|3,160
|-
|2005
|179
|1,012
|3,354
|240
|991
|3,873
|-
|2006
|268
|1,072
|2,495
|473
|1,091
|3,187
|-
|2007
|118
|993
|3,308
|324
|1,126
|4,075
|-
|2008
|132
|1,094
|3,677
|398
|1,103
|3,167
|-
|2009
|227
|1,040
|3,238
|290
|965
|3,301
|-
|2010
|373
|1,080
|3,141
|411
|1,022
|3,626
|-
|2011
|171
|1,163
|3,815
|296
|928
|3,014
|-
|2012
|190
|874
|3,342
|177
|711
|2,149
|-
|2013
|82
|1,043
|3,281
|229
|856
|3,127
|-
|2014
|279
|1,148
|3,663
|409
|980
|2,533
|-
|2015
|559
|1,422
|3,816
|407
|913
|2,177
|-
|2016
|490
|1,129
|2,890
|276
|728
|1,733
|-
|2017
|216
|931
|3,586
|154
|671
|1,832
|-
|2018
|341
|1,571
|4,439
|266
|934
|3,427
|-
|2019
|331
|1,473
|4,559
|173
|966
|3,070
|-
|2020
|591
|1,590
|4,373
|209
|983
|2,944
|-
|2021
|478
|1,502
|3,935
|257
|988
|3,136
|-
|2022
|548
|1,713
|4,916
|407
|1,172
|3,385
|-
!Overall
!
!78
!1,151
!4,916
!
!144
!928
!4,075
|}

== Geology and ecology ==
[[File:Kaveri Crater visualization.png|thumb|The location of the supposed impact structure (red circle) surrounded by hills within the Deccan peninsula]]

The Kaveri basin was formed in the [[Late Jurassic]] to [[Early Cretaceous]] period during [[Gondwana]] breakup and opening of the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nagendra |first1=R. |last2=Nallapa Reddy |first2=A. |date=2017 |title=Major geologic events of the Cauvery Basin, India and their correlation with global signatures – A review |journal=Journal of Palaeogeography |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=69–83 |doi=10.1016/j.jop.2016.09.002 |bibcode=2017JPalG...6...69N |doi-access=free }}</ref> Most of the basin is made up of [[Precambrian]] rocks and the two major rock types that are found are [[Metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] and [[Igneous rock|igneous]] rocks.<ref name="Singh"/> Closepet granite is found in the upper parts of the Kaveri basin and [[Charnockite]] rocks are only found in the central part.<ref name="Springer"/> A 2017 paper proposed that an [[impact structure]] was present in the vicinity of the Kaveri river.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Subrahmanya |first1=K. R. |last2=Prakash Narasimha |first2=K. N. |date=October 2017 |title=Kaveri crater – An impact structure in the Precambrian terrain of southern India |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12594-017-0733-5 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India|volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=387–395 |doi=10.1007/s12594-017-0733-5 |bibcode=2017JGSI...90..387S |s2cid=134717819 |issn=0016-7622|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The run-off from the river does not drain off quickly because of the shape of the river basin, which limits the occurrence of floods. It is a [[perennial river]] fed mostly by [[monsoon]]s. Four distinct seasons occur in the basin with hot and cold seasons sandwiching the monsoon seasons. The river basin is fed by South-West monsoon in Karnataka, and North-East monsoon in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Data"/>

As per a government report from 2014-15, the [[Dissolved load|dissolved salt load]] generated in the Kaveri basin is nearly 3.5 million metric tons annually with an estimated [[salinity]] is 441 [[Parts-per notation#ppm|ppm]], close to the safe maximum permissible 500 ppm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/water_quality_data.html# |title=Water Quality Database of Indian rivers |work=Government of India |access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mdba.gov.au/sites/default/files/pubs/Assessment-of-salt-export-objective-and-salinity-targets-flow-management-2014-15.pdf |title=Murray–Darling River Basin – Assessment of the salt export objective and salinity targets for flow management 2014–15 |access-date=15 September 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922204242/http://www.mdba.gov.au/sites/default/files/pubs/Assessment-of-salt-export-objective-and-salinity-targets-flow-management-2014-15.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lenntech.com/calculators/conductivity/tds-engels.htm |title= Conductivity units converter |access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> The population in the river basin, which was estimated to have reached 40 million in 2015, led to an increased per capita consumption of inorganic salts.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/BasinReports/Cauvery%20Basin.pdf |title=Basin Report – Cauvery |publisher=WRIS |year=2014 |access-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005090053/http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/BasinReports/Cauvery%20Basin.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thewire.in/66739/cauvery-bengaluru-mettur-krishnarajasagar/ |title=Soon, We May Not Have a Cauvery River to Fight Over |work=[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]] |access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> When adequate salt export from the river basin is not taking place to the sea, the water quality would deteriorate beyond the permissible limits impeding its sustainable productivity and the ecosystem.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237403006 |title=River basin development phases and implications of closure |last1=Keller |first1=Jack |last2=Keller |first2=Andrew |last3=Davids |first3=Grant |date=January 1998| access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1996/04/01/000009265_3980722171346/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf |title= The new era of water resources management – From 'dry' to 'wet' water savings |author= David Seckler |access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub003/REPORT03.PDF |title=Integrated Water Resource Systems: Theory and Policy Implications |author1=Andrew Keller |author2=Jack Keller |author3=David Seckler |access-date=5 July 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233639/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub003/REPORT03.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Kaveri basin is made up of two sub-zones, forest and agro-ecosystem.<ref name="Environ"/> The forest vegetation consists of a mix of [[dry deciduous forest|dry deciduous]], [[evergreen forests]], and [[grasslands]].<ref name="Compendium"/> As per a study, about {{cvt|12,850|km2}} of natural vegetation was lost in the river basin between 1965 and 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/natural-vegetation-on-nearly-12850-sq-km-in-the-cauvery-basin-has-been-lost-says-a-research-paper/article67624533.ece|title=Natural vegetation on nearly 12,850 sq. km in the Cauvery basin has been lost, says a research paper|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The basin has a variety of flora with major species including ''[[Terminalia arjuna]]'', ''[[Tamarindus indica]]'', ''[[Pongamia pinnata]]'', ''[[Salix tetrasperma]]'', ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]'', ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'', ''[[Eucalyptus|Eucalyptus torticornis]]'', and ''[[Diospyros montana]]''.<ref name="Environ">{{cite journal |last1=Sunil |first1=C. |last2=Somashekar |first2=R. K. |last3=Nagaraja |first3=B. C. |date=2010-11-01 |title=Riparian vegetation assessment of Cauvery River Basin of South India |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1256-3 |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=170 |issue=1 |pages=548 |doi=10.1007/s10661-009-1256-3|pmid=20024615 |bibcode=2010EMnAs.170..545S |s2cid=19865294 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

There are many [[List of protected areas of India|protected areas]] spread across the river basin including significant [[Project Tiger|tiger]] and [[Project Elephant|elephant]] habitats. The basin provides habitat to a range of animal species such as [[Indian bison|gaur]], [[leopard]], [[sloth bear]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian elephant]], [[Nilgiri tahr]], [[grizzled giant squirrel]], and various species of deer, wild boar and reptiles.<ref name="Compendium">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The river also hosts a variety of avifauna including the [[painted stork]] (''Mycteria leucocephala''), [[spot-billed pelican]] (''Pelecanus philippensis''), and [[black-headed ibis]] (''Threskiornis melanocephalus''). It is also home to the [[mugger crocodile]] (''Crocodylus palustris''), [[smooth-coated otter]] ''(Lutrogale perspicillata),'' and [[Tor remadevii|hump-backed mahseer]] ''(Tor remadevii).''<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary|work=Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2473 |access-date=18 February 2023}}</ref>

== Riparian zone ==
[[File:Water Catchment Area of Stanley reservoir.jpg|thumb|[[Stanley Reservoir]] formed by [[Mettur Dam]], the largest dams on the river.]]

The total watershed of the basin is {{cvt|81,155|km2}} and the [[riparian zone]] of the river consists of {{cvt|43,856|km2}} in Tamil Nadu, {{cvt|34,273|km2}} in Karnataka, {{cvt|2,866|km2}} in [[Kerala]], and {{cvt|160|km2}} in the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref name="Riparian"/><ref name="Data"/> Over half of the Kaveri basin is arable and the most cultivated crops are [[rice]] and [[sugarcane]].<ref name="Environ"/> An estimate at the time of the first [[Five-year plans of India|Five Year Plan]] put the total flow of the river at {{convert|12000000|acre.ft|km3|order=flip}}, of which 60% was used for irrigation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/1st/1planch26.html | title=Chapter 26: Irrigation and power | work=1st Five Year Plan | publisher=[[Planning Commission of India]] | access-date=1 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328061837/http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/1st/1planch26.html | archive-date=28 March 2019 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The river is also used for [[drinking water]] and [[hydroelectric power]] generation.<ref name="Brit"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tce.co.in/infra/watersupply/bangalore.pdf#search=%22halli%20pipeline%20Bangalore%22 |title=Archived copy |work=TCE|access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320070821/http://www.tce.co.in/infra/watersupply/bangalore.pdf#search=%22halli%20pipeline%20Bangalore%22 |archive-date=20 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Grand Anicut]] was constructed by a [[Chola]] King in 2nd century CE.<ref name="Data"/> The hydroelectric plant built on the Sivanasamudra Falls in 1902 was the first hydroelectric plant in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=149|title=World Waterfall Database|access-date=9 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114204057/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=149|archive-date=14 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[Mettur Dam]] in Tamil Nadu was constructed in 1934 and the [[Stanley Reservoir]] formed by the dam has a capacity of 93.4 [[tmc ft]].<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Res">{{cite web|url=http://tnagriculture.in/ARS/home/reservoir|title=Reservoir levels|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Krishna Raja Sagara]] in Karnataka is the second largest dam on the river and has a capacity of 49.5 [[tmc ft]].<ref name="Res"/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/26/stories/2006032614180300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029044318/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/26/stories/2006032614180300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 October 2006 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | title=Corporation urged to chalk out water policy for Mysore city | date=26 March 2006}}</ref> [[Bhavanisagar Dam]] (32.8 tmc ft) on the [[Bhavani River]] in Tamil Nadu, [[Gorur dam]] (37.1 tmc ft) on the [[Hemavathi River]], [[Kabini Dam]] (18.5 tmc ft) on the [[Kabini River]], and [[Harangi Dam]] (9.5 tmc ft) on the Harangi River in Karnataka are major dams on the tributaries of Kaveri.<ref name="Riparian"/><ref name="Res"/>

=== Water dispute ===
[[File:Kaveri basin Map.pdf|thumb|Kaveri basin]]
{{further|Kaveri River water dispute}}

The dispute over the sharing of Kaveri waters began in 1807 when the [[Madras Presidency]] objected to the plans of the [[Mysore kingdom]] to develop irrigation projects. After initial discussions failed, the [[British Raj]] intervened and a six rule agreement called the ''General Agreement of 1892'' was signed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rani |first1=Midatala |last2=Rani |first2=Middatala |date=2002 |title=Historical Background Of The Cauvery Water Dispute |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158173 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=63 |pages=1033–1042 |jstor=44158173 }}</ref> The agreement was revised in 1924, with a validity of fifty years. After the expiry of the 1924 agreement in 1974, Karnataka demanded a renegotiation and its due share of water from the river while Tamil Nadu favored an extension of the agreement.<ref name="Rao">{{cite book |last=Rao |first=Dodda Srinivasa |title=Inter-state Water Disputes in India: Constitutional and Statutory Provisions and Settlement Machinery |year=1998 |isbn=978-8-176-29159-0 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |pages=164-169}}</ref><ref name="Ranjan">{{cite book |last=Ranjan |first=Amit |title=Federalism and Inter-State River Water Disputes in India |date=2023 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-00088-728-0 |pages=92–95 }}</ref><ref name="Ram">{{cite book |title=Water: Perspectives, Issues, Concerns |first=Ramaswamy |last=Iyer |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-761-99759-7 |publisher=SAGE Publications |pages=41-49 }}</ref> After [[Indian Independence Act, 1947|Indian Independence]], article 262 of the [[Constitution of India]] provided powers to the [[Government of India]] to adjudicate on inter-state disputes on water sharing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1558821/|title=Article 262 of Indian Constitution|work=India kanoon|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The union government constituted the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT) on 2 June 1990, based on the order of the [[Supreme Court of India]], to adjudicate the water dispute between the riparian states and territories in the river basin. The tribunal gave an interim award on 25 June 1991 that was based on its 10-year calculation of average inflow of water from Karnataka into Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Rao" /><ref name="Ram" /> In the order passed on 25 June 1991, the CWDT directed Karnataka to release 205 [[tmcft]] of water per year to Tamil Nadu based on a specific schedule. The water was to be released in four equal installments in a particular month and any shortfall would need to be covered in the subsequent week. Tamil Nadu was directed to provide 6 tmcft of water to Puducherry.<ref name="Riparian"/>

In July 1991, the [[President of India|president]] asked the Supreme Court to rule on the validity and legality of the tribunal under the Constitution. In November 1991, the Supreme Court opined that the order needs to be published by the central government in the official gazette, which was done on 1 December 1991.<ref name="Riparian"/> In May 1992, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] filed a case in the Supreme Court to direct the union government to pass necessary orders to ensure the implementation of the provisions of the tribunal order. In April 1997, the [[Attorney General of India|attorney general]] reverted that the central government has prepared a scheme under the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956 for the implementation of the tribunal award and the Cauvery Water Authority (CRA) and Cauvery Monitoring Committee (CMC) were formed subsequently as a part of the Cauvery Water (Implementation of Interim Orders of 1991 and all subsequent Tribunal Orders) Scheme, 1998. The CRA is headed by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] and consists of the chief ministers of the riparian states as its constituent members.<ref name="Riparian"/>

The dispute arose periodically such as in 1995 and 2002, when poor monsoon led to lower water levels.<ref name="Ram" /> This led to instances where the Supreme Court and the CRA had to intervene, and had led to instances of violence, arson, and protests in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka-erupts-over-supreme-court-order-on-cauvery/article9101050.ece |title=Karnataka erupts over SC order on Cauvery |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/cauvery-water-dispute-second-death-in-karnataka-over-300-held-3029964/ |title=Cauvery Water Dispute: Second death in Karnataka, over 300 held |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=1 June 2020 }}</ref> The CWDT announced its final verdict on 5 February 2007. According to its verdict, Tamil Nadu was awared 419 tmcft of the Kaveri river waters while Karnataka got 270 tmcft, with Kerala and Puducherry getting 30 tmcft and 7 tmcft respectively. It also laid down the terms for monthly release of water from Karnataka to Tamil Nadu.<ref name="CWDT">{{cite web|year=2007|title=Cauvery water disputes tribunal award|url=http://jalshakti-dowr.gov.in/acts-tribunals/current-inter-state-river-water-disputes-tribunals/cauvery-water-disputes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818123025/http://jalshakti-dowr.gov.in/acts-tribunals/current-inter-state-river-water-disputes-tribunals/cauvery-water-disputes|archive-date=18 August 2021|access-date=|work=Ministry of Jal Shakti Department of water resources}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-02-05/news/28453533_1_cauvery-water-disputes-tribunal-tamil-nadu-justice-n-p-singh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411035123/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-02-05/news/28453533_1_cauvery-water-disputes-tribunal-tamil-nadu-justice-n-p-singh |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2015 |title=Tamil Nadu wins the Cauvery water battle |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=5 February 2007}}</ref>

After further disputes in 2012, and the intervention of the Supreme Court,<ref>{{cite news |last=Venkatesan |first=J. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/release-10000-cusecs-till-sunday-karnataka-told/article4169009.ece |title=Release 10,000 cusecs till Sunday, Karnataka told |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 December 2012 |access-date=1 June 2015 }}</ref> the Indian Government notified the final award in the gazette on 20 February 2013.<ref name="CWDT" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Parsai |first=Gargi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-notifies-cauvery-tribunal-final-award/article4434853.ece |title=Centre notifies Cauvery Tribunal final award |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 February 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013}}</ref> However, after further disputes in 2016,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/karnataka-assembly-adopts-resolution-to-use-cauvery-water-only-for-drinking-needs-3046614// |title=Cauvery water only for drinking needs |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=1 June 2020 }}</ref> and further appeals by the concerned states, the Supreme Court ruled on 16 February 2018, that Karnataka will get 284.75 tmcft, Tamil Nadu will get 404.25 tmcft, Kerala will get 30 tmcft and Puducherry will get 7 tmcft of water from the river basin. An additional 10 tmcft was reserved for environmental protection and 4 tmcft was reserved for wastage into the sea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2007/11993/11993_2007_Judgement_16-Feb-2018.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417132747/http://sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2007/11993/11993_2007_Judgement_16-Feb-2018.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The court directed the government to form a Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) within six weeks and acting on the Supreme Court's direction, the central government constituted the CMWA in June 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-reduces-allocation-of-cauvery-water-to-tamil-nadu/article22771422.ece|title=Supreme Court curtails Tamil Nadu's share of Cauvery water|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=16 February 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mowr.gov.in/acts-tribunals/acts/cauvery-water-management-authority-cwma|title=Cauvery Water Management Scheme, 2018|work=[[Ministry of Jal Shakti]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/centre-forms-9-member-cauvery-water-regulation-committee-despite-k-taka-s-opposition-83567|title=Cauvery dispute|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=23 June 2018|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>

== Religious significance ==
[[File:Arulmigu Rajamariamman Devasthanam, JB (2025) - img 48 (cropped).jpg|thumb|A depiction of [[Agastya]] creating the Kaveri with [[Ganesha]], at a [[Kovil]] in [[Johor Bahru]], [[Malaysia]]]]

In [[Hinduism]], the river is considered one of seven holy rivers in India. The river is personified and worshiped as the river goddess ''Kaveri Amma.''<ref name="Wisdom" /><ref name="Rel">{{Cite book |last=Warrier |first=Shrikala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNhiCAAAQBAJ&dq=goddess+kaveri&pg=PA222 |title=Kamandalu: The Seven Sacred Rivers of Hinduism |publisher=Mayur University |year=2014 |pages=20, 192–195|isbn=978-0-95356-797-3}}</ref> Kaveri is mentioned as both a river and a goddess in various Hindu texts such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Puranas]]''. The river is mentioned as one of the seven holy [[Ganges|Gangas]] and bathing in the river is said to grant one's desired as per the ''[[Sivapurana]]''. The ''[[Varaha Purana]]'' states that the river flows from the five great mountains and gives longevity to those who drink the waters of the river. The ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' narrates the various origins of the river. [[Shiva]] filled [[Agastya]]'s [[kamandala|bowl]] with Kaveri, who flowed as a river with the help of [[Ganesha]].<ref name="Wisdom" /><ref name="Puranam"/>

In another legend, [[Lopamudra]] becomes Agastya's wife and takes on a form of water during a severe drought in South India. Agastya carries her in his small brass water pot and Ganesha, in the form of crow, knocks the water pot down. The spilled water runs down the hill and onto the drought-stricken land.<ref>{{cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNlJOSf__xYC&dq=kaveri+eck&pg=PA177 |title=India: A Sacred Geography |publisher=Harmony Books |year=2012 |location=United States |page=179|isbn=978-0-385-53191-7}}</ref> Another story narrates that during the [[Samudra Manthana]], or churning of the [[Kshira Sagara|Ocean of Milk]], [[Mohini]] and Lopamudra retrieved the nectar of immortality for the gods. Afterwards, [[Brahma]] took care of Lopamudra as his daughter and later offered her to king Kavera, who renamed her as Kaveri. When Kaveri grew up she prayed to Brahma to transform her into a purifying river.<ref name="Rel"/>

As per the [[Tamil literature]] ''[[Manimekalai]]'', Agastya drank the Ganges River in anger, when the floods destroyed his [[Tapas (Indian religions)|tapas]] and later released it in South India. ''[[Silapathikaram]]'' mentions Kaveri as the daughter of Kavera. In [[Theravada Buddhism]], Kaveri is mentioned as a water channel. It is part of the twenty canal-systems associated with the reservoir Parakkamasamudda that existed in the [[Polonnaruwa]] region during the reign of king [[Parakramabahu I]].<ref name="Wisdom"/>

[[Kaveri Pushkaram]] is a Hindu festival dedicated to the river.<ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2017/Sep/19/cauvery-pushkaram-celebration-of-rivers-100823.html|title=Cauvery Pushkaram: Celebration of rivers|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 September 2019|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> It is generally observed once every 12 years,<ref name="IE"/> with a "Maha Pushkaram" held every 144 years.<ref name="India">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/kaveri-maha-pushkaram-2017-celebration-in-srirangam-and-mayiladuthurai-tamil-nadu-set-for-holy-festival-along-cauvery-3228342/|title=Kaveri Maha Pushkaram 2017 Celebration in Srirangam and Mayiladuthurai: Tamil Nadu Set for Holy Festival along Cauvery|work=India.com|date=12 September 2017|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Mayil">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mayiladuthurai-ready-for-cauvery-maha-pushkaram/article19656872.ece|title=Mayiladuthurai ready for Cauvery Maha Pushkaram |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 September 2017|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The key pilgrimage sites includes [[Srirangam]] and Thula Kattam at [[Mayiladuthurai]] near the mouth of the river.<ref name="India"/><ref name="Mayil"/> The festival is celebrated for 12 days, and includes ceremonial observations such as [[Homa (ritual)|homam]], [[yagnam]], chanting of the [[Vedas]], ritual feeding, and [[Śrāddha|tharpanam]] accompanied by cultural activities such as music, dance, and spiritual speeches.<ref name="Mayil"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of rivers of India]]
* [[Kaveri Pushkaram]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kaveri}}

{{Kaveri River}}
{{India Rivers}}
{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=collapsed}}
{{Hydrography of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Waters of South Asia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kaveri River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian rivers]]
[[Category:Sacred rivers]]
[[Category:Coromandel Coast]]
[[Category:Rivers in Buddhism]]

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway

2026-02-06T13:01:54Z

Moin Khan: small fix

{{Short description|Narrow gauge mountain railway in north India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox heritage railway
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| caption = Passing a fruit shop in Darjeeling
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| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]
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| length = 83.9 km
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| headquarters = Elysia Place, [[Kurseong]]
| website = {{URL|http://dhr.in.net/}}
| routemap = [[File:DHR Route Map.jpg|300px]]
| routemap_name = Route map
| routemap_state =
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| part_of = [[Mountain railways of India|Mountain Railways of India]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii)(iv)}}(ii)(iv)
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| year = 1999
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The '''Darjeeling Himalayan Railway''', also known as the '''DHR''' or the '''Toy Train''', is a {{RailGauge|610mm|lk=on}} [[narrow-gauge|gauge]] railway that runs between [[New Jalpaiguri]] and [[Darjeeling]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>[https://dhr.indianrailways.gov.in/ The Darjeeling Himalayan Railways] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830181330/https://dhr.indianrailways.gov.in/ |date=30 August 2021 }} ''dhr.indianrailways.gov.in''. Retrieved 30 August 2021</ref> Built between 1879 and 1881, it is about {{cvt|88|km|mi}} long.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Tourism |url=https://www.wbtourism.gov.in/Heritage%20Tourism/details?template_id=1&id=63fca17bcec836803000e1ad#:~:text=Built%20between%201879%20and%201881,%20it%20has,at%20New%20Jalpaiguri%20to%20about%202,200%20m |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609120237/https://www.wbtourism.gov.in/Heritage%20Tourism/details?template_id=1&id=63fca17bcec836803000e1ad#:~:text=Built%20between%201879%20and%201881,%20it%20has,at%20New%20Jalpaiguri%20to%20about%202,200%20m |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.wbtourism.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> It climbs from about {{cvt|100|m|ft}} above sea level at New Jalpaiguri to about {{cvt|2200|m|ft}} at Darjeeling, using six [[Zig zag (railway)|zig zags]] and three [[Spiral (railway)|loops]] (originally five) to gain altitude.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovering through UNESCO World Heritage Site Darjeeling Himalayan Railway leaves one in awe of India |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/discovering-through-unesco-world-heritage-site-darjeeling-himalayan-railway-leaves-one-in-awe-of-india/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref> Ghum station is situated at an altitude of {{convert|7,407|ft|m|order=flip}}. Six [[diesel locomotive]]s handle most of the scheduled service, with daily tourist trains from Darjeeling to [[Ghum, West Bengal|Ghum]] – India's highest railway station – and the steam-hauled ''Red Panda'' service from Darjeeling to [[Kurseong]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovering through UNESCO World Heritage Site Darjeeling Himalayan Railway leaves one in awe of India |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/discovering-through-unesco-world-heritage-site-darjeeling-himalayan-railway-leaves-one-in-awe-of-india/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref> Steam-enthusiast specials are hauled by vintage British-built [[DHR B Class|B-Class]] [[steam locomotive]]s. The railway's headquarters are at Kurseong.

On 5 December 1999, [[UNESCO]] declared the DHR a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="heritageunesco">{{cite web|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944|title=Mountain Railways of India|access-date=30 April 2006}}</ref> Two more railway lines were later added, and the site became known as one of the [[mountain railways of India]].

==History==
[[Siliguri]], at the base of the [[Himalayas]], was connected with [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) by a [[metre gauge]] railway in 1878.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darjeeling Himalayan Railways- The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, also known as the DHR or the Toy Train, is a 2 ft gauge railway that runs between New Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling in the Indian state of West Bengal. |url=https://natureloverhomestay.com/darjeeling-himalayan-railway.php |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=natureloverhomestay.com}}</ref> Between Siliguri and Darjeeling, [[Tanga (carriage)|Tanga]] services ran on a cart road – the present-day [[National Highway 110 (India)|Hill Cart Road]].<ref name=darjnews>{{cite web|url=http://www.darjeelingnews.net/darjeeling_himalayan_railway.html|title=DHR History|access-date=24 February 2007|work=darjeelingnews.net|publisher=Darjeelingnews|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031213231046/http://darjeelingnews.net/darjeeling_himalayan_railway.html|archive-date=13 December 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Franklin Prestage]], an agent of the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]], approached the government with a proposal to lay a steam tramway from [[Siliguri]] to Darjeeling.<ref name=darjnews/> [[Ashley Eden]], lieutenant governor of [[Bengal]], formed a committee to assess the project's feasibility. The proposal was accepted in 1879 after a positive report by the committee,<ref name=darjnews/> and construction began that year.

[[Gillanders, Arbuthnot and Company]] was hired to construct the line and, by March 1880, track was laid as far as [[Tindharia]], and [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]], the first [[Governor-General of India|viceroy]] to visit Darjeeling, rode to Tindharia on the train.<ref name=darjnews/> Colonel F.S. Taylor, R.E., Consulting Engineer to the Government of India for Guaranteed Railways, and Franklin Prestage inspected the line and authorised the stretch from Siliguri to Kurseong open for traffic from 16 August 1880.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Colonel F.S. Taylor | url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/18800816/031/0003 |newspaper=Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore) |location=India |date=16 August 1880 |access-date=25 November 2023 |via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription }}</ref> It opened a few days later on 23 August 1880. The stretch from Siliguri to Darjeeling opened on 4 July 1881.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Opening of the Darjeeling Tramway | url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002850/18810708/151/0006 |newspaper=Times of India |location=India |date=8 July 1881 |access-date=25 November 2023 |via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=DHRofc>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhr.in/|title=DHR and Its Development|access-date=24 February 2007|work=About DHR,dhr.in|publisher=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, NF Railway, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810155445/http://www.dhr.in/|archive-date=10 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The company's name was changed to Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Company.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=The Darjeeling Tramway | url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/18810714/046/0005 |newspaper=Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore) |location=India |date=14 July 1881 |access-date=25 November 2023 |via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Although the railway originally followed Hill Cart Road, the steepness of the road was more than the locomotives could handle in some areas. In 1882, four loops and four zig-zags were built between [[Sukna, Darjeeling|Sukna]] and [[Gayabari]] to ease the gradient<ref name=DHRsoc>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhrs.org/home.htm|title=A Brief History of the DHR|access-date=24 February 2007|last=Whittle|first=Paul|author2=Terry Martin|work=History and A Trip Up the Line|publisher=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208124714/http://www.dhrs.org/home.htm|archive-date=8 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> to a uniform 1 in 28.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title= Darjeeling and Calcutta | url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/18810714/046/0005 |newspaper=Times of India |location=India |date=7 April 1883 |access-date=25 November 2023 |via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The line was extended by a quarter-mile to Darjeeling Bazar in 1886.<ref name=DHRofc/> The Darjeeling station was renovated in 1891 and Kurseong got a new station building and storage shed in 1896,<ref name=DHRsoc/> but the railway was affected by an 1897 earthquake and a major cyclone in 1899.<ref name=DHRsoc/> In 1902, heavy rains caused many landslips along the route and the Teesta bridge was washed away.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Recent Landslips on the Darjeeling and Himalayan Railway | url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003197/19020821/054/0021 |newspaper=Indian Daily News |location=India |date=21 August 1902 |access-date=25 November 2023 |via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Services were maintained with transhipments at the breaks.

In 1910, the DHR carried 174,000 passengers and 47,000 tons of goods.<ref name=DHRsoc/> The first [[bogie]] carriages entered service, replacing basic four-wheel carriages. DHR extension lines were built to [[Kishanganj]] in 1914 and [[Gielkhola]] in 1915.<ref name=DHRofc/> At Tindharia, the railway works were relocated from behind the locomotive shed to a larger site.<ref name=DHRsoc/>

The [[Batasia Loop]] was constructed in 1919, creating easier gradients on the ascent from Darjeeling.<ref name=DHRsoc/> The DHR began facing competition from buses operating on the Hill Cart Road which took less time than the railway to reach Darjeeling. In 1934, a major earthquake in [[Bihar]] shook all of Northeast India. Many buildings in Darjeeling were heavily damaged and the railway was also affected, although it soon recovered and played a vital role in transporting repair materials.<ref name=DHRsoc/> During [[World War II]], the DHR transported military personnel and supplies to the camps around Ghum and Darjeeling.<ref name=DHRsoc/>

In 1951, the railway was purchased by the Indian government and absorbed into the government railway organisation<ref name=DHRsoc/> before it was managed by the [[Assam Railway]]. Assam Railway (including the DHR) became part of the [[North Eastern Railway zone]] in 1952,<ref name=DHRsoc/> and part of [[Indian Railways]]' [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] six years later.<ref name=DHRsoc/> In 1962, the railway was realigned at Siliguri and extended by nearly {{cvt|6|km}} to [[New Jalpaiguri]] (NJP) to meet the new broad-gauge line there.<ref name=DHRsoc/> The extension began freight service that year, and passenger service in 1964. The locomotive shed and carriage depot at Siliguri Junction were moved to NJP.

The railway was closed for 18 months during the [[Gorkhaland#History|Gorkhaland]] hostilities in 1988 and 1989.<ref name=DHRsoc/> It was declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] in 1999.<ref name=heritageunesco/>

Following the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] in the country, the service was stopped for 18 months from March 2020 to August 2021. On 25 August 2021, the service was restarted from [[New Jalpaiguri]] to [[Darjeeling]] with the new vistadome coaches for the tourists.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darjeeling Toy Trains to be back on track from today, after more than a year|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/darjeeling-toy-trains-to-be-back-on-track-from-today-after-more-than-a-year-101629848857399.html|date=25 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Through the Ilrai -sic for Terai- by D.H.R. -Darjeeling Hill Railway-.jpg|alt=Single-track line through a forest|1880 line through the [[Terai]]
File:Darjeeling Railway 1895.jpg|alt=Europeans on an outdoor station platform|The railway in 1895
File:The Choonbatty Loop 1895.jpg|alt=Over-under rail loop|The Choonbatty [[Spiral (railway)|loop]] in 1895
File:Darjeeling Hill Railway 1905.jpg|alt=Inclines and mountains|Darjeeling reversing station around 1905
File:Agony point 1921.jpg|alt=Another over-under loop|The Agony Point loop in 1921
File:Darjeeling Hill Train in the 1930s.jpg|alt=Steam passenger train rounding a curve|1930s train
File:Darjeeling toy train in shed. 1979.jpg|alt=Steam locomotive in a shed|Locomove in shed, 1979
</gallery>

==Operators==
[[File:Elysia Place.jpg|thumb|alt=Large, two-story stone building|Elysia Place in [[Kurseong]], the railway's headquarters]]
[[File:Ghum museums of Darjeeling Himalayan Railways at Ghum railway station 09.jpg|left|thumb|Darjeeling Himalayan Railway museums at Ghum railway station]]
The DHR and its assets, including the stations, line and vehicles, is owned by the [[government of India]] and entrusted to the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]. The Northeast Frontier Railway documented the railway in a comprehensive register, and handles its day-to-day maintenance and management. Several programs, divisions and departments of Indian Railways are responsible for operating, maintaining and repairing the DHR. It is protected by the 1989 Railway Act and the stipulations governing public property.<ref name=rct1989>{{cite web|work=Rct.indianrail.gov.in|title=1989 Railway Act|url=http://www.rct.indianrail.gov.in/railway_act_1989.pdf|access-date=5 October 2012|archive-date=6 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806031847/https://rct.indianrail.gov.in/railway_act_1989.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is now headed by the director, Darjeeling Himalayan Railway.

==Rolling stock==
{{see also|List of rolling stock of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway}}

==={{anchor|Current}}Present===
====Steam====
All the steam locomotives currently in use on the railway are {{whyte|0-4-0|ST}} [[DHR B Class|B-Class]], built by [[Sharp, Stewart and Company]] and later the [[North British Locomotive Company]] between 1889 and 1925. A total of 34 were built but, by 2005, only 12 were still in use or being repaired by the railway.

A 1999 documentary ''Toy Train to the Clouds'' by film maker [[Nick Lera]] provides a record of the line and the locomotives as they were then operating.<ref>{{cite web | title=India - Toy Train to the Clouds - English • Great Railways | website=[[YouTube]] | date=2026-02-05 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_XjncalJ80 }}</ref>

In 2002, No. 787 was rebuilt for oil firing on the same principle as that used on [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] No. 37395. A diesel-powered generator was fitted to operate the [[Oil burner (engine)|oil burner]] and an electrically driven feed pump, and a diesel-powered compressor was fitted to power the braking system. The locomotive was also fitted with a [[feedwater heater]]. The rebuild dramatically changed its appearance. Trials of the refitted locomotive were disappointing, and it never entered regular service; in early 2011, it was in the Tindharia Works awaiting re-conversion to coal-firing. In early 2019, B787 was restored cosmetically and is now displayed on a plinth outside Siliguri Junction station.

In March 2001, No. 794 was transferred to the [[Matheran Hill Railway]] for a "joy train"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-seltrain.html|title=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|work=Hill Railways|publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club|access-date=3 September 2008}}</ref> (a steam-hauled tourist train) on that railway. It entered service there in May 2002.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Toy Train Darjeeling West Bengal India (3).JPG|alt=Blue locomotive and two passenger carriages|First construction locomotive called 'Baby Sivok'
File:Darjeeling Himalayan Railway - aka Beeches Light Railway (geograph 4111631).jpg|alt=Larger blue locomotive|B-Class locomotive
File:Steam Train Darjeeling.JPG|alt=Two men behind a steam locomotive|Loading coal into a locomotive
File:Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Workshop.jpg|alt=Men standing around a steam locomotive in a shed|Daily maintenance
</gallery>

====Diesel====
{{Multiple image
|total_width=360
|image1=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Diesel Locomotive.jpg
|width1=7421
|height1=5942
|caption1=Diesel locomotive
|alt1=Blue diesel train at a station
|image2=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Diesel Locomotive Engine Room.jpg
|width2=6016
|height2=4,000
|caption2=Diesel control panel
|alt2=Green control panel, with many gauges}}
Six diesel locomotives are in use: Nos. 600–605 of the NDM-6 class, built in 1997. Three additional NDM-6 locomotives were expected to enter operational service during 2025.<ref name="banerjee-20250129">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/darjeeling-himalayan-railway-to-launch-three-diesel-locos-this-summer/cid/2080209|title=DHR to launch three diesel locos this summer|date=2025-01-29|access-date=2025-05-29|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|location=India|first=Bireswar|last=Banerjee|quote=locos are being built at the Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) workshop at New Bongaigaon in neighbouring Assam … "…three new diesel engines … will be introduced on the DHR tracks by the end of March [2025]" Priyanshu, the director of the DHR … "Initially, it was decided that these locos would be manufactured at the DHR's own workshop … project was shifted to New Bongaigaon … sum of ₹15 crore is being spent to make these locos," the official said.}}</ref>

===Past===
[[File:DHR Class D.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Boxy-looking steam locomotive|Garratt Class-D steam locomotive]]
The DHR purchased the third [[Garratt locomotive]] built, a [[DHR D Class|D Class]] {{whyte|0-4-0+0-4-0|T}}, in 1910. Only one DHR steam locomotive has been taken out of India: [[DHR 778]] (originally No. 19). After many years out of use at the [[Hesston Steam Museum]], it was sold to [[Adrian Shooter]] in the UK and restored to working order. It was based for nearly 20 years at the privately owned [[Beeches Light Railway]] in [[Oxfordshire]], and visited the [[Ffestiniog Railway]], the [[Launceston Steam Railway]] and the [[Leighton Buzzard Light Railway]] during this time. In 2023, it was sold at auction to a newly formed trust who will keep it at the [[Statfold Barn Railway]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2023/06/darjeeling-tank-locomotive-trust-secures-steam-locomotive-no-19.html | title=Darjeeling Tank Locomotive Trust secures steam locomotive No. 19 }}</ref> and after the next overhaul plan to take the locomotive to other 2 ft gauge railways.

==Route==
{{Darjeeling Hill Railway}}
[[File:Stations in DHR.jpg|thumb|alt=White board with blue lettering|Railway distance chart]]
The line follows Hill Cart Road, which is part of [[National Highway 110 (India)|National Highway 110]]. The track is on the roadside for long stretches, and both track and road might be blocked by a [[rockslide]]. Since a length of the road is flanked with buildings, the railway line often resembles urban tramway tracks. To warn pedestrians and drivers of an approaching train, engines are equipped with very loud [[Train horn|horns]] and [[Train whistle|whistles]] which train drivers sound almost constantly.

A major difficulty faced by the DHR was the steepness of the terrain. [[Spiral (railway)|Loops]] and [[Zig zag (railway)|zig-zags]] were incorporated along the route to achieve a comfortable [[Grade (slope)|gradient]]. When the train moves forward, reverses and then moves forward again (climbing a slope while doing so), it gains altitude along the side of the hill.

===Stations===
*[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]] (NJP): New Jalpaiguri was the terminus of the 1964 southern extension to meet the new {{Track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] line to [[Assam]].
*[[Siliguri Town railway station|Siliguri Town]]: The line's original southern terminus
*[[Siliguri Junction]]: Siliguri Junction became a major station when a new line was built to Assam during the early 1950s. From NJP to Siliguri Junction, the {{Track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] line runs parallel to the DHR.
*[[Sukna Train Station|Sukna]]: This station begins a change in the landscape, from flat plains to the wooded lower slopes of the mountains. The [[Grade (slope)|gradient]] of the railway changes dramatically. Loop 1, in the woods above Sukna, was removed after flood damage in 1991 and the site is obscured by the forest.
*Rangtong: A short distance above Rangtong is a water tank, better positioned than at the station in terms of water supply and distance from other water tanks. Loop 2 was removed in 1942 after flood damage. A new reverse, No. 1, was added for the longest reverse run. Loop No. 3, at Chunbatti, is now the lowest loop. Reverses No. 2 and 3 are between Chunbatti and Tindharia.
*Tindharia: Workshops are below the station. An office for engineers and a large locomotive shed are on a separate site. Above the station are three sidings, used to inspect the carriage while the locomotive is changed before the train continues towards Darjeeling.
*Loop 4: Known as Agony Point, the loop has the line's tightest curve.
*{{rws|Gayabari}}
*Reverse No. 6: The last reverse on the climb
*Mahanadi
*Kurseong: Although a shed and several sidings are adjacent to the main line, the station proper is a dead end. Darjeeling-bound trains must back out of the station (across a busy road junction) to continue the climb. The station houses a one-room DHR museum with several exhibits, artifacts and vintage photos. At the centre of the room, a wooden showcase contains several old newspaper articles about the railway.<ref>{{cite web|title=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Museum Kurseong|url=https://www.darjeeling-tourism.com/darj_00014b.htm|publisher=Darjeeling Tourism|access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> After the station, the railway passes a busy shopping area.
*Tung
*Sonada
*Rongbull
*Jorebungalow: A storage point for tea bound for [[Kolkata]], it connects Darjeeling to the rest of India.
*[[Ghum railway station|Ghum]]: [[Ghum, West Bengal|Ghum]], the line's summit, is India's highest station. The station building includes a first-floor museum, with larger exhibits in the old goods yard.
*[[Batasia Loop]]: The loop is {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} from Darjeeling, below Ghum. There is a memorial to the [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha]] soldiers of the [[Indian Army]] who sacrificed their lives after Indian independence in 1947. The loop has a panoramic view of Darjeeling, with [[Kangchenjunga]] and other snow-capped mountains in the background.
*[[Darjeeling railway station|Darjeeling]]: The terminus of the line

==Incidents and accidents==
*On 10 January 2017 a Darjeeling train derailed due to a faulty track, and 10 people were injured.<ref>{{cite web|title=Train Derails Near Darjeeling, 10 Injured|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-derails-near-darjeeling-10-injured-1647316}}</ref>
*On 7 May 2019 a train struck a car and derailed. No one was killed or injured.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ghoom-Darjeeling train derails a ..|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ghoom-darjeeling-train-derails-after-hitting-car-on-tracks/articleshow/69209146.cms}}</ref>
* On 9 October 2019 a passenger on the train fell off it while taking a selfie. The person died from serious head injuries from the fall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Selfie oblivion: Tourist dies after falling from Darjeeling train while taking photos|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/selfie-oblivion-tourist-dies-after-falling-from-darjeeling-train-while-taking-photos/story-bT4mnCpZtfUw6IK5vJ9DvL.html}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Darjeeling Station.jpg|Darjeeling Station
File:New Jalpaiguri Jn Railway Station 412.jpg|alt=Station with a blue-green roof|New Jalpaiguri
File:Siliguri Railway Station.JPG|alt=Front of a station, with parked cars and motorcycles|Siliguri Junction
File:RongTong station.jpg|alt=Small station|Rangtong
File:Sukna Railway Station.JPG|alt=Pink-brick station building|Sukna
File:Tindharia Hill Station,Hill Cart Rd, Cart Road, West Bengal 734223.jpg|alt=Station building on a hillside|Tindharia
File:Mahanadi railway station in Darjeeling district 06.jpg|alt=Mahanadi
File:Sonada station.jpg|alt=Station platform with a green building|Sonada
File:Tu ng.jpg|alt=Station with a corrugated-metal roof|Tung
File:Ghum Railway station.jpg|alt=Larger station, with pillars|Ghum
File:Darjeeling Railway Station.jpg|alt=Modern, multi-platform station|Darjeeling
</gallery>

==In popular culture==
{{wide image|Darjeeling Himalayan Railway panorama.jpg|1000px|A panoramic view of the Darjeeling railway station}}
The [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Earl of Ronaldshay]] described a journey on the railway in the early 1920s:

<blockquote>Siliguri is palpably a place of meeting ... The discovery that here the metre gauge system ends and the two-foot gauge of the Darjeeling-Himalayan railway begins, confirms what all these things hint at ... One steps into a railway carriage which might easily be mistaken for a toy, and the whimsical idea seizes hold of one that one has accidentally stumbled into Lilliput. With a noisy fuss out of all proportion to its size the engine gives a jerk – and starts ... No special mechanical device such as a rack is employed – unless, indeed, one can so describe the squat and stolid hill-man who sits perched over the forward buffers of the engine and scatters sand on the rails when the wheels of the engine lose their grip of the metals and race, with the noise of a giant spring running down when the control has been removed. Sometimes we cross our own track after completing the circuit of a cone, at others we zigzag backwards and forwards; but always we climb at a steady gradient – so steady that if one embarks in a trolley at [[Ghum, West Bengal|Ghum]], the highest point on the line, the initial push supplies all the energy necessary to carry one to the bottom.<ref>The Earl of Ronaldshay, ''Lands of the Thunderbolt. Sikhim, Chumbi and Bhutan'' (London: Constable & Company), 1923, pp 10–12</ref></blockquote>

The trip to Darjeeling by rail has changed little since that time, and remains popular with travelers and rail enthusiasts. Like [[tea]] and the [[Ghurka]] culture, the DHR has become an essential feature of the landscape and an enduring part of Darjeeling's identity.<ref name=BBCdocumentary>{{cite web|title=The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfY_1U5E9Iw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/OfY_1U5E9Iw |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|work=Indian HillRailways|publisher=BBC|access-date=14 August 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Film===
Several films have depicted the railway. Protagonist [[Rajesh Khanna]] sings "[[Mere Sapno Ki Rani]]" to heroine [[Sharmila Tagore]], who is on the train, in the 1969 film ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]''.<ref name=aradhana1>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlooktraveller.com/aspscripts/travelogue.asp?dest=Darjeeling|title=Darjeeling: Where the journey is the destination|access-date=9 March 2007|last=Mahalingam|first=Sudha|date=March 2001|work=Travelogues. Outlook Traveller|publisher=Outlook Publishing (India) Private Limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210182920/http://www.outlooktraveller.com/aspscripts/travelogue.asp?dest=Darjeeling|archive-date=10 December 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=aradhana2>{{cite web|url=http://www.indialine.com/travel/trains/darjeeling-toy-train.html|title=Darjeeling Toy Train|access-date=9 March 2007|work=Train Tourism in India|publisher=IndiaLine|archive-date=7 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507123327/http://www.indialine.com/travel/trains/darjeeling-toy-train.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other films which include the railway are ''[[Barfi!]]'', ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]'' and ''[[Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman]]''. An [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphized]] version of one of the B-Class locomotives appears briefly in Disney's [[Planes (film)|''Planes'' (2013)]] when an airplane flies through a tunnel and nearly collides with the train.<ref>{{Citation |title=Planes Into The Himalaya'S |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0o78swYY3WI |language=en |access-date=2023-02-23}}</ref>

===Television===
The [[BBC]] series "[[The World About Us]]" made a documentary episode about the Indian Railways in 1975, titled "The Romance of Indian Railways".<ref>{{ cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0120460|title=The Romance of Indian Railways (segment on Darjeeling starts at 37min, 46seconds)|publisher=BBC Two }}</ref> The documentary included a section on Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, with colour footage of the original steam trains in use.

The [[BBC]] made a series of three documentaries<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qzzlm#synopsis|title=Indian Hill Railways|publisher=BBC|access-date=28 February 2010}}</ref> on the mountain railways of India, which was first broadcast in February 2010. The first episode covers the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the second the [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]], and the third the [[Kalka–Shimla Railway]]. The documentaries, directed by [[Tarun Bhartiya]], Hugo Smith and Nick Mattingly, were produced by Gerry Troyna. The documentary on Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was directed by Tarun Bhartiya. The series won the UK Royal Television Society Award in June 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/documentary-on-hill-railways-of-india-bags-uk-award/636391/|title=Documentary on Hill railways of India bags UK award|publisher=Express India|access-date=19 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010101221/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/documentary-on-hill-railways-of-india-bags-uk-award/636391/|archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref>

==Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society==
The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society (DHRS) is a preservation and support group, founded in 1998 and with a membership of over 750 people across twenty countries. Until his death in December 2022, the President of the DHRS was the British railway executive [[Adrian Shooter]].<ref name=DHRSintro>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhrs.org/|title=Welcome to the DHRS|access-date=9 March 2007|publisher=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228110928/http://www.dhrs.org/home.htm|archive-date=28 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhrs.org/|website=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society|first=Adrian|last=Shooter|title=Adrian Shooter CBE 1948‒2022|type=final words|date=14 December 2022|quote=By the time you read this...}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Darjeeling Mail]]
*[[Chowrasta (Darjeeling)|Chowrasta Darjeeling]]
*Toy trains in India
**[[Kalka–Shimla Railway]]
**[[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=={{anchor|Notes}}Further reading==
*{{cite book|editor-last1=Badawy|editor-first1=Emile D.|editor-last2=Crow|editor-first2=Lindsay|title=The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway: A photographic profile – 1962–1998|date=1999|publisher=Train Hobby Publications|location=Studfield, Vic, Australia|isbn=1876249250}}
*{{cite magazine |last1=Bawcutt |first1=P.J. |last2=Hughes |first2=H.C. |title=Frontier Railway of the Himalayas |magazine=Railway Magazine |date=June 1966 |pages=320–324 |volume=112 |issue=782 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Barrie|first1=David|last2=Charlesworth|first2=David|title=Going Loopy|series=Darjeeling Mail extra, no. 2|date=2005|publisher=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society|location=Doncaster, South Yorkshire, UK|isbn=0954160223}}
*{{cite book|last=Cable|first=Bob|title=Darjeeling Revisited: A journey on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|series=Narrow Gauge Branch Lines series|date=2011|publisher=Middleton Press|location=Midhurst, West Sussex, UK|isbn=9781908174093}}
*{{cite magazine |last1=Krieg|first1=Allan D|title=The Darjeeling Himalayan: take a ride into the clouds on a two-foot gauge railway with which many of our GIs have become familiar while in India |magazine=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]]|date=January 1946|volume=6|issue=3|pages=42–49|issn=0041-0934|oclc=31296210}}
*{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Terry|title=Halfway to Heaven|date=2000|publisher=RailRomances|location=Chester, Cheshire, UK|isbn=1900622033}}
*{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Terry|title=The Iron Sherpa: the story of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, 1879-2006|volume=1|date=2006|publisher=RailRomances|location=Chester, Cheshire, UK|isbn=1900622106}}
*{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Terry|title=The Iron Sherpa: the history of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|volume=2|date=2010|publisher=RailRomances|location=Chester, Cheshire, UK|isbn=9781900622127}}
*{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=J Burlington|last2=Lasell|first2=Eldridge L|last3=Lasell|first3=David|last4=Lasell|first4=Diane L|last5=Lasell Iltis|first5=Sarah|last6=Iltis|first6=Ron|title=•The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway: an illustrated guide to the railway & Darjeeling.|date=c. 1911|publisher=Hood & Co|location=Middlesbrough, England|oclc=43293759}}
*{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=John|title=Himalayan Journey|date=2010|publisher=British Overseas Railways Historical Trust|location=London|isbn=9781901613032}}
*{{cite book|last1=Thornton Jones|first1=Frank|title=Darjeeling Christmas, 1945: the Darjeeling photographs of Frank Thornton Jones|series=Darjeeling Mail extra, no. 1|date=2003|publisher=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society|location=Nottinghamshire|isbn=0954160215}}
*{{cite book|last1=Wallace|first1=Richard|title=The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway: A Guide to the DHR, Darjeeling and its Tea|date=2009|publisher=Friends of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|location=Kenilworth, Warwickshire, UK|isbn=9780954160234|edition=2nd}}
* {{Wallace-HRIS |chapter=Chapter 5: The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway |pages=111–146 |author-mask=7}}
*{{cite book|title=Darjeeling and its Mountain Railway.|date=2002|publisher=Nava Udyog|location=Kolkata, India|isbn=8185971951}} (Facsimile reprint. Originally published: Kurseong: Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, 1921.)
*{{cite book|title=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway: World Heritage Area: bringing people and their heritage together.|series=National Rail Museum & UNESCO Stakeholder Workshop report, 11th–18th January 2002|date=2002|publisher=National Rail Museum|location=New Delhi|oclc=84649417}}
*{{cite book|title=The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway: Illustrated Guide for Tourists|date=2004|publisher=Pagoda Tree Press|location=Bath, Somerset, UK|isbn=1904289037}} (Facsimile reprint of the 1st edition, originally published in 1896 by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Company, Darjeeling, India.)
*Darjeeling's Wonderful Railway - A Visitors Guide: Published by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society {{ISBN|954160265-7}}
*Churchill, David (2018). The Incredible Darjeeling 'B' Class. Solihull, UK: Published by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society {{ISBN|978-0-9541602-8-9}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.dhrs.org Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society site]
* [http://etrain.info/in?STATION=DJ List of all trains at Darjeeling Railway Station]
* More pictures of Darjeeling and the railroad at [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718174614/http://digital.lib.uh.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOBOX3=darjeeling&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOFIELD2=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOFIELD3=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOFIELD4=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=%2Fp15195coll29&CISOOP1=all&CISOOP2=exact&CISOOP3=any&CISOOP4=none the University of Houston Digital Library]
* [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xsks9z Darjeeling Himalayan Railway] BBC video documentary
*[https://northbengaltourism.com/toy-train-darjeeling/ Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Information] North Bengal Tourism
*[https://darjeeling.travel/how-to-book-darjeeling-toy-train-rides/ Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Toy Train Joy Ride ] The Comprehensive Guide to Book DHR Toy Train Joy Ride
{{Darjeeling}}
{{Mountain railways of India}}
{{Class II railways according to Indian Railway Classification System}}
{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Darjeeling Himalayan Railway| Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]
[[Category:2 ft gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Gorkhaland]]
[[Category:Mountain railways in India]]
[[Category:Street running]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1880]]
[[Category:Tourism in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Transport in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Railways with Zig Zags]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]

Prashar Lake

2026-02-03T09:59:45Z

Moin Khan:

{{Short description|Lake in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox body of water
|name = Parashar Lake
|image = Prashar Lake and temple ,Mandi ,Himachal Pardesh.jpg
|alt = Parashar Lake
|pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
|pushpin_map_alt = Location of Prashar lake within Himachal Pradesh
|caption = Parashar Lake
|coords = {{coord|31.75426|77.10141|region:IN_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}}
|location = [[Mandi district|Mandi]] district
|type = [[Holomictic]]
|basin_countries = India
|inflow = Rain water
|outflow = Evaporation
|area = {{convert|1|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
|volume =
|depth =
|max-depth =
|elevation = {{convert|2730|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|residence_time =
|shore =
|cities =
|islands =
|reference = {{url|www.hptdc.gov.in}}
}}
'''Parashar Lake''' (also spelled Prashar Lake) is a freshwater lake located at an elevation of {{convert|2730|m|ft}} in the [[Mandi district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. It lies {{cvt|12|km}} northeast of the town of [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]], and has a three storied [[pagoda]]-like temple dedicated to the [[Parashara|sage Parashara]] situated on its bank.

The lake is a notable tourist hotspot for its [[floating island]].

== History and mythology ==
The lake is named after the ancient Hindu sage [[Parashara]], who considered the lake to be sacred and meditated there. The [[pagoda]]-style temple was built in the 14th century by Raja Ban Sen of Mandi in honor of the sage and thus, considering the [[Himachalis|Himachali]] architecture, the lake was named after him.<ref name="GoHP">{{Cite web|url=https://hpmandi.nic.in/tourist-place/prashar-mandi/|title=Prashar|publisher=Government of Himachal Pradesh}}</ref>

Every year, three grand fairs are held at Rishi Parashar's sacred site, further enhancing its religious significance. These major festivals—Kashi, Rishi Panchami, and Sauranahuli—attract numerous devotees. During these gatherings, deities from Shanor, Badar, Uttarshal, and other valleys arrive with their devotees, providing an opportunity for cultural exchange and strengthening the bonds between different communities.<ref name="GoHP" />{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

[[File:Prashar Lake,Mandi ,Himachal Pardesh.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Temple view, Prashar Lake]]

== Geography ==
The lake is located at an elevation of {{Convert|2730|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. It is situated within the [[Dhauladhar]] mountain range, and looks down on the fast flowing river [[Beas River|Beas]]. The lake can be reached by road approximately {{cvt|49|km}} from either [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] or Bajaura in [[Kullu Valley|Kullu]] Also by Panarsa (jawalapur) road.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Mandi - Prashar route|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=31.7053%2C76.9367%3B31.7547%2C77.1012#map=12/31.7523/77.0154&layers=C|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 Jan 2021|website=OpenStreetMap.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bajaura - Prashar route|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=31.8469%2C77.1611%3B31.7547%2C77.1012#map=12/31.8016/77.1015&layers=C|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 Jan 2021|website=OpenStreetMap.org}}</ref>

There is a round, floating island in the lake; it is composed of plant matter in various stages of decomposition, and is held afloat by the oxygen in its plants' roots. The floating island moves in all directions in the lake and covers 7% of the area of the lake.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

The lake has a perimeter of approximately {{Convert|300|m|ft}};<ref name="GoHP" /> the maximum depth of the lake is unknown.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

==Gallery==
===Views of Prashar Lake, Temple and surroundings===
<gallery mode="nolines" heights="250px">
File:PrasharLake.jpg|Prashar Lake and temple, Jan '21
File:Prashar Lake, HP.jpg|Dry winter view of Prashar Lake and temple
File:Parashar Lake-Mandi-Himachal Pradesh-India.jpeg|Prashar Lake frozen and snow-covered, Feb '14.
File:Prashar_Approach_Aerial_Snow_Feb18_DSC04841.jpg|Aerial view, lake in centre, approach road from lower right corner, Feb '18
File:Prashar_Aerial_Snow_Feb18_DSC04841.jpg|Aerial view, lake and temple in centre, Feb '18
File:Prashar Lake Mandi Himachal Nov20 D72 19097.jpg|Prashar Lake and temple, Nov. '20
</gallery>

===Flora of Prashar Lake===
<gallery mode="nolines" heights="250px">
File:Thistle full Prashar Himachal Aug20 D72 17094.jpg|Thistle plant (Cirsium wallichii)
File:Thistle florets Prashar Himachal Aug20 D72 17090.jpg|Florets of Thistle (Cirsium wallichii)
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Prashar Lake}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190315050915/http://www.hptdc.gov.in/ Himachal Pradesh Tourism Department]
*{{cite web |url=https://www.devbhumi.in/prashar-temple/ |title=Prashar Temple |work=DevBhumi |accessdate=2023-07-12}}

{{Lakes of Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Lakes of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Mandi district]]
[[Category:Sacred lakes of India]]

Guru Gobind Singh Hospital

2026-01-11T09:30:59Z

Moin Khan: typo fix

#REDIRECT [[Guru Gobind Singh Hospital, Patna City]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Leena Jumani

2025-12-16T09:32:27Z

Moin Khan:

{{Short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2011}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Lina Jumani.jpg
| caption = Leena Jumani in 2016
| name = Leena Jumani
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Model|actress}}
| years_active = 2009–present
| partner =
}}

'''Leena Jumani''' is an Indian actress<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-am-a-chatter-box-Leena-Jumani/articleshow/8045339.cms |title=I am a chatter box: Leena Jumani |last=Malini |first=Navya |date=20 April 2011 |access-date=10 July 2011 |archive-date=8 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908044039/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-20/tv/29459722_1_sahara-one-great-stress-buster-chat-sessions |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> and model,<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kumkum-bhagya-actress-leena-jumani-shows-off-her-beach-body-in-a-red-bikini-see-pic/articleshow/56313831.cms Leena Jumani: Kumkum Bhagya actress Leena Jumani shows off her beach body in a red bikini, see pic – Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816134612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kumkum-bhagya-actress-leena-jumani-shows-off-her-beach-body-in-a-red-bikini-see-pic/articleshow/56313831.cms |date=16 August 2018 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/here-s-why-female-actors-on-tv-are-so-vulnerable-to-online-trolls/story-ED1EIQU5hzdlPmSQj7enoO.html Nia Sharma to Rubina Dilaik: It's a bad, bad internet out there for female TV actors ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315175739/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/here-s-why-female-actors-on-tv-are-so-vulnerable-to-online-trolls/story-ED1EIQU5hzdlPmSQj7enoO.html |date=15 March 2017 }}. Hindustan Times (22 April 2016). Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> best known as Tanushree Mehta in ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''.

She played Khemi, a poor village girl, in the television series ''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]''. This was followed with the role of Suhasi in the show ''[[Koi Aane Ko Hai]]''. She appeared in a special episode of ''[[Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (Star Plus)|Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna]]'' and in ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'', and had a cameo in ''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]''. Next, she played the lead role of Pakhi in ''[[Ganga Kii Dheej]]''. More recently, she played the female lead role of Ira in ''[[Chhoti Si Zindagi]]''. Her other roles include Paridhi in ''[[Punar Vivah]]'', Piya in ''[[Piya Ka Ghar Pyaara Lage]]'' and Antara in ''[[Amita Ka Amit]]''. She played the role of main antagonist Tanushree in ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''. She left the show in 2019 however returned in 2021 but permanently left the series in 2022. She also played the lead role in Vikram Bhatt's ''Maaya 2'' opposite [[Priyal Gor]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kumkum-Bhagyas-Tanu-aka-Leena-Jumani-celebrates-her-birthday-in-style/articleshow/53271171.cms Kumkum Bhagya's Tanu aka Leena Jumani celebrates her birthday in style – Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920165202/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kumkum-Bhagyas-Tanu-aka-Leena-Jumani-celebrates-her-birthday-in-style/articleshow/53271171.cms |date=20 September 2016 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (18 July 2016). Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sriti-jha-leena-jumani-to-celebrate-new-year-together/articleshow/56248623.cms Sriti Jha, Leena Jumani to celebrate New Year together – Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102232710/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sriti-jha-leena-jumani-to-celebrate-new-year-together/articleshow/56248623.cms |date=2 January 2017 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (30 December 2016). Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-actress-Leena-Jumanis-convincing-portrayal-of-a-negative-character-is-noteworthy/articleshow/49506949.cms TV actress Leena Jumani’s convincing portrayal of a negative character is noteworthy – Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624180907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-actress-Leena-Jumanis-convincing-portrayal-of-a-negative-character-is-noteworthy/articleshow/49506949.cms |date=24 June 2018 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> She played a part in the film ''[[Himmatwala (2013 film)|Himmatwala]]'' and also took part in the reality show ''[[Madventures - Ary Digital|Madventures Pakistan]]''. Jumani, a [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhi]], was born and raised in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Filmography==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref
|-
|2009
|''[[Koi Aane Ko Hai|Koi Ane ko Hai]]''
|Suhasi
|
|-
|2009–2010
|''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]''
|
|
|-
|2009
|''Bayttaab Dil Kee Tamanna Hai''
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Shubh Vivah]]''
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (Star Plus)|Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna]]''
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]''
|
|
|-
|2010–2011
|''[[Ganga Kii Dheej]]''
|Pakhi
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi]]''
|Ira Shyam / Kajal
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
|
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Hum Ne Li Hai- Shapath]]''
|
|
|-
|2012–2013
|''[[Punar Vivah]]''
|Bhavani / Paridhi
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Kairi (TV series)|Kairi]]''
|
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Piya Ka Ghar Pyaara Lage]]''
|Piya Nanavati
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Madventures - Ary Digital]]''
|
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Amita Ka Amit]]''
|
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Gustakh Dil]]''
|
|
|-
|2014–2022
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|Tanushree "Tanu" Mehta
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Kavach...Kaali Shaktiyon Se]]''
|a woman under possession of an evil spirit in the first episode(cameo)
|
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
|Tanushree "Tanu" Mehta
|
|-
|2018
|''Mistresses''
|Sofia
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Haiwaan : The Monster]]''
|Disha
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Appnapan – Badalte Rishton Ka Bandhan]]''
|Sonali
|
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Baatein Kuch Ankahee Si]]''
|Sonia
|
|-
|2025–present

|''[[Mannat – Har Khushi Paane Ki]]''
|Yashika
|
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Ref
|-
|2013
|''[[Himmatwala (2013 film)|Himmatwala]]''
|Padma
|Hindi
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Sathiyo Chalyo Khodaldham]]''
|Arushi Patel
|Gujarati
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Pardesi Dhola]]''
|
|Gujarati
|
|-
|2021
|''X6''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Ek Anjaan Rishtey Ka Guilt]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Ek Anjaan Rishtey Ka Guilt 2]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Hey Kem Chho London]]''
|
|Gujarati
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Platform
|-
|2018
|''[[Maaya 2]]''
|Ruhi Ahuja Simmi's Friend vb on the web
|
|-
|2021
|''Bisaat''
|
|[[MX Player]]
|-
|2021
|''Paro''
|
|[[ullu]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Meet Leena Jumani as Paro |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/meet-paro-the-bride-254641 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Client No. 7''
|
|[[Ullu]]
|-
|2023
|''Guilt 2''
|
|[[Shemaroo]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jumani, Leena}}

[[Category:Actresses from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Sindhi actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kotibasadi

2025-12-06T17:02:18Z

Moin Khan: put up new info

{{short description|Jain temple in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = Koti Shetty Basadi Outside View.jpg
| alt = Koti Basadi
| caption = Exterior view of Koti Basadi
| native_name = ಕೋಟಿ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಬಸದಿ
| native_name_lang = kn
| map_alt = Koti Basadi
| map_caption = Location within Karnataka
| coordinates = {{Coord|13.0696|N|74.9975|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Moodabidri]], [[Karnataka]]
| deity = [[Neminatha]]
| temple_quantity = 18
| creator = Koti Shetty
| established = 1401 C.E.
| bhattaraka =
| governing_body = Shri Moodabidri Jain [[Matha]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]], [[Diwali (Jainism)| Depavali]]}}

'''Koti Basadi''' (also known as '''Koti Shetty Basadi''') is a Jain temple located in [[Moodabidri]], [[Karnataka]], India. It is one of the 18 major Jain temples in the region, known for its distinct architecture and historical significance associated with the merchant community of the 15th century.

==History==
[[File:Neminatha Swami-Koti Shetty Basadi.jpg|thumb|Idol of Tirthankara Neminatha]]
The Koti Basadi was built in 1401 A.D. by '''Koti Shetty''', a prominent merchant from Betkeri. Koti Shetty was a trader who owned a fleet of ships and utilized them to conduct trade with distant regions, including [[China]] and [[Portugal]]. The temple is one of the eighteen major Jain Basadis in Moodabidri, which is known as the "Jain Kashi of the South".<ref>{{cite news |title=The myriad moods of Moodabidri |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/476964/myriad-moods-moodabidri.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=2015-05-11 |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jainism in India - Moodabidri |url=https://www.jainheritagecentres.com/jainism-in-india/karnataka/moodabidri/ |publisher=Jain Heritage Centres |access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> It was constructed during the Vijayanagara era influence in the region.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhatt |first=P. Gururaja |title=Studies in Tuluva History and Culture |year=1975 |publisher=Manipal Power Press |location=Manipal |pages=423-440 |language=en}}</ref>

According to inscriptions, Koti Shetty built the temple based on the instructions of the religious teacher '''Shrutha Muni Bhattaraka'''. He was responsible for the installation of the presiding deity, '''[[Neminatha]]'''. The idol stands two and a half feet tall, carved from black stone and inlaid with bronze plates.

==Architecture==
[[File:Koti Shetty Basadi.jpg|thumb|View of the temple structure]]

===Entrance and Courtyard===

[[File:Koti Shetty Basadi Outside Entrance.jpg|thumb|The outer entrance]]
[[File:Yard outside Koti Shetty Basadi.png|thumb|Yard outside Koti Shetty Basadi]]
The temple complex is entered through a main gate that opens into a yard. Beyond the yard lies an outer entrance leading to a passageway. This passage is {{convert|3|m|ft}} wide and features raised platforms on both sides.

[[File:Koti Shetty Basadi Entrance.jpg|thumb|View of the inner courtyard entrance]]
The passageway leads to the outer courtyard, an open space that encircles the main temple structure, used for ''Pradakshina'' (circumambulation). In the back-left corner of the courtyard stands the ''[[Kshetrapala]]'', along with Ashtanagakula Devathas.

===Main Hall and Sanctum===
[[File:Koti Shetty Basadi Main Entrence.jpg|thumb|The main doorway]]
[[File:Goddess Saraswathi-Koti Shetty Basadi.jpg|thumb|Idol of Goddess Padmavathi]]
[[File:Koti Shetty Basadi Inside.jpg|thumb|Inside the temple hall]]

The main doorway leads into the first hall (mantapa). Access to the inner sanctum is traditionally restricted to members of the Indra family. The sanctum houses the idols of the Tirthankara '''[[Naminatha]]''' and '''[[Padmāvatī|Goddess Padmavati]]'''.

== Location ==
The temple is located in the town of [[Moodabidri]], which is accessible via road from [[Mangalore]] (approx. 34 km) and acts as a hub for Jain heritage sites in the Dakshina Kannada district.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Jain temples]]
[[Category:Jain architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Karnataka]]

2024–25 Mumbai City FC season

2025-12-05T07:22:19Z

Moin Khan:

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Mumbai City FC]]
| chrtitle = Director of Football
| chairman = Sujay Sharma
| manager = {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Kratky]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| stadium = [[Mumbai Football Arena]]
| league = [[Indian Super League]]
| league result = [[2024–25 Indian Super League|6th]]
| cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Indian Super Cup]]
| cup1 result = [[2025 AIFF Super Cup#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
| cup2 = [[Durand Cup]]
| cup2 result = Group Stage
| season = [[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25]]
| league topscorer = [[Nikos Karelis]] (10)
| season topscorer = [[Nikos Karelis]] (10)
| highest home attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance = 3,725
| largest win = 3-0 vs [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]], [[Indian Super League]]
| largest loss = 8-0 vs [[Kerala Blasters]], [[2024 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]
| prevseason = [[2023–24 Mumbai City FC season|2023–24]]
| nextseason = [[2025–26 Mumbai City FC season|2025–26]]
| updated = 1 April 2025
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _navycollar
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 81C1FF
| body1 = 81C1FF
| rightarm1 = 81C1FF
| shorts1 = 81C1FF
| socks1 = 81C1FF
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _mcfc2425a
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
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| shorts2 = 194949
| socks2 = 194949
| pattern_la3 =
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| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 =
| rightarm3 =
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| socks3 =
}}
The '''2024–25 season''' is the eleventh season in [[Mumbai City FC]]'s existence, where the club competed in the [[Indian Super League]], [[Durand Cup]], and [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]].

==Players==
===First-team squad===
{{updated|25 January 2025}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai City FC Squad|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/506-mumbai-city-fc-profile/squad |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002202022/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/506-mumbai-city-fc-profile/squad |archive-date=2 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Phurba Lachenpa]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Hmingthanmawia Ralte|Valpuia]]}}
{{fs player|no=4|nat=ESP|pos=DF|name=[[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Vikram Partap Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=NED|pos=MF|name=[[Yoell van Nieff]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=GRC|pos=FW|name=[[Nikolaos Karelis]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Brandon Fernandes]]}}
{{fs player|no=11|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name=[[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=SYR|pos=DF|name=[[Thaer Krouma]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=FRA|pos=MF|name=[[Jérémy Manzorro]]}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sanjeev Stalin]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Franklin Nazareth}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Supratim Das}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Hitesh Sharma (footballer)|Hitesh Sharma]]|other=on loan from [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]}}
{{fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]]}}
{{fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Jayesh Rane]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Jon Toral]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Halen Nongtdu}}
{{fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Rehenesh T. P.|Rehenesh TP]]}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Nathan Rodrigues]]}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Ayush Chhikara}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|Bipin Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Akash Mishra]]}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Ahan Prakash]]}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Prabir Das]]|other=on loan from [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}
{{Fs player|no=36|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sahil Panwar]]}}
{{fs player|no=71|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ishaan Shishodia]]}}
{{fs player|no=77|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Gyamar Nikum]]}}
{{fs player|no=92|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Noufal PN]]}}
{{fs end}}

== Transfers ==
=== In ===
====Transfers in====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
! scope="col" |Date of arrival
! scope="col" |Position
! scope="col" |Player
! scope="col" |Previous club
! scope="col" |Transfer fee
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
|1 June 2024
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Brandon Fernandes]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mumbai-city-fc-signs-brandon-fernandes-three-year-contract-free-transfer/article68239012.ece#:~:text=The%2029%2Dyear%2Dold%20previously,Islanders%20in%20the%202015%20season.&text=Mumbai%20City%20FC%20has%20roped,Islanders%20in%20the%202015%20season.|title=Brandon Fernandes signs three-year contract with Mumbai City FC|website=Sportstar|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|15 June 2024
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Noufal PN]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/mumbai-city-fc-sign-young-winger-noufal-pn-nemil-inks-extension-with-fc-goa|title=Mumbai City FC sign young winger Noufal P.N; Nemil inks extension with FC Goa|date=15 June 2024|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|18 June 2024
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rehenesh TP]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-mumbai-city-fc-signs-goalkeeper-tp-rehenesh-three-year-deal-mcfc-football-transfers-news/article68303553.ece|title=ISL: Mumbai City FC completes signing of experienced goalkeeper TP Rehenesh|first=Team|last=Sportstar|date=18 June 2024|website=Sportstar}}</ref>
|-
|20 June 2024
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jayesh Rane]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-jayesh-rane-joins-mumbai-city-fc-permanent-deal-indian-football-transfer-news/article68316158.ece|title=ISL: Jayesh Rane joins Mumbai City FC on a permanent deal|first=Team|last=Sportstar|date=21 June 2024|website=Sportstar}}</ref>
|-
|25 June 2024
|MF
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jeremy Manzorro]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/mumbai-city-fc-rope-in-manzorro-chennaiyin-fc-sign-nawaz-maher-extends-east-bengal-fc-stay|title=Mumbai City FC rope in Manzorro; Chennaiyin FC sign Nawaz; Maher extends East Bengal FC stay|date=25 June 2024|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|2 July 2024
|MF
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jon Toral]]
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[OFI Crete F.C.|OFI]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2024-25-mumbai-city-signs-former-barcelona-arsenal-youth-product-jon-toral-indian-football/article68359049.ece|title=ISL 2024-25: Mumbai City FC signs Barcelona and Arsenal youth product Jon Toral|first=Team|last=Sportstar|date=2 July 2024|website=Sportstar}}</ref>
|-
|8 July 2024
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/mumbai-city-signs-daniel-lalhlimpuia20240708215830/|title=Mumbai City signs Daniel Lalhlimpuia|website=ANI News}}</ref>
|-
|11 July 2024
|FW
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Nikos Karelis]]
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Panetolikos F.C.|Panetolikos]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/mumbai-city-signs-greek-striker-nikolaos-karelis20240711171555/|title=Mumbai City signs Greek striker Nikolaos Karelis|website=ANI News}}</ref>
|-
|15 July 2024
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahil Panwar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/mumbai-city-signs-defender-sahil-panwar-for-upcoming-isl-202425-season20240715165604/|title=Mumbai City signs defender Sahil Panwar for upcoming ISL 2024/25 season|website=ANI News}}</ref>
|-
|17 July 2024
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hardik Bhatt]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/mumbai-city-fc-announces-signing-of-defender-hardik-bhatt-on-one-year-contract20240717182745/|title=Mumbai City FC announces signing of defender Hardik Bhatt on one-year contract|website=ANI News}}</ref>
|-
|23 January 2025
|FW
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shenzhen Peng City FC|Shenzhen Peng]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai City FC sign Spanish attacker Jorge Ortiz |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/mumbai-city-fc-sign-spanish-attacker-jorge-ortiz20250125015614/ |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|29 January 2025
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vishal Joon
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Calicut FC]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2025 |title=Vishal Joon joins the Islanders |url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/photos/vishal-joon-joins-the-islanders |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Mumbai City FC |language=en}}</ref>
|}

====Loans in====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
! scope="col" |Start Date
! scope="col" |End Date
! scope="col" |Position
! scope="col" |Player
! scope="col" |From club
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
|13 July 2024
|End of Season
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hitesh Sharma (footballer)|Hitesh Sharma]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2024-25-hitesh-sharma-joins-mumbai-city-fc-on-loan-from-odisha-indian-football-transfer-updates/article68421922.ece|title=ISL 2024-25: Hitesh Sharma joins Mumbai City on loan from Odisha FC|first=Team|last=Sportstar|date=19 July 2024|website=Sportstar}}</ref>
|-
|2 January 2025
|End of Season
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prabir Das]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/prabir-das-completes-loan-move-to-mumbai-city-fc-fc-goa-sign-aaren-dsilva|title=Prabir Das completes loan move to Mumbai City FC; FC Goa sign Aaren D'Silva|date=2 January 2025|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Out===
====Transfers Out====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!Date of departure
! scope="col" |Position
! scope="col" |Player
! scope="col" |Outgoing club
! scope="col" |Transfer Fee
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
|25 May 2024
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaskar Roy]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="indiansuperleague">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/goalkeeper-36794-bhaskar-roy-profile#:~:text=Roy%20moved%20to%20Mohammedan%20in,he%20made%20zero%20league%20appearances.|title=Bhaskar Roy|website=Indian Super League|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|25 May 2024
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurkirat Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-chennaiyin-fc-signs-forward-gurkirat-singh-mumbai-city-fc-two-year-deal-transfers-news/article68303410.ece#:~:text=Talented%20young%20forward%20Gurkirat%20Singh,of%20the%20Indian%20Super%20League.|title=ISL: Chennaiyin FC signs young forward Gurkirat Singh|website=Sportstar|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|25 May 2024
|FW
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Iker Guarrotxena]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/fc-goa-sign-iker-guarrotxena-on-two-year-deal/articleshow/92753039.cms|title=FC Goa sign Iker Guarrotxena on two-year deal|date=8 July 2022|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|website=Times of India|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|25 May 2024
|FW
|{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Jakub Vojtus]]
|{{flagicon|ROM}} [[AFC Unirea Slobozia|Unirea Slobozia]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/gurkirat-among-seven-players-to-leave-mumbai-city-fc-drost-damjanovic-depart-bengaluru-fc|title=Gurkirat among seven players to leave Mumbai City FC; Drost, Damjanovic depart Bengaluru FC|date=25 May 2024|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|25 May 2024
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="thehindu3">{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-chennaiyin-fc-mohammad-nawaz-goalkeeper-cfc-two-year-deal-mumbai-city-fc-goa-indian-football-transfer-news/article68330913.ece#:~:text=Credit%3A%20Chennaiyin%20FC-,Chennaiyin%20FC%20has%20signed%20the%20young%20Manipuri%20goalkeeper%20Mohammad%20Nawaz,City%20FC%20and%20FC%20Goa.|title=Chennaiyin FC signs goalkeeper Nawaz|website=Sportstar|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|25 May 2024
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Huidrom Naocha Singh|Naocha Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/rumor-kerala-blasters-fc-set-sign-defender-naocha-singh-permanent-deal-reports|title=Kerala Blasters FC set to sign defender Naocha Singh on a permanent deal: Reports|date=5 May 2024|website=www.sportskeeda.com}}</ref>
|-
|25 May 2024
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rowllin Borges]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/borges-signs-permanent-deal-with-fc-goa-doungel-extends-jamshedpur-fc-stay|title=Borges signs permanent deal with FC Goa; Doungel extends Jamshedpur FC stay|date=1 July 2024|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|25 May 2024
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Tondomba Singh|Tondomba Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="the-aiff">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/41623?type=club|website=the-aiff.com|title=www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/41623?type=club|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|27 May 2024
|MF
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alberto Noguera]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bfc-sign-diaz-noguera-ralte-ofc-extend-ranawades-stay-lalhlimpuia-joins-mcfc#:~:text=Indian%20Super%20League%20(ISL)%20club,year%20contract%20with%20the%20Blues.|website=indiansuperleague.com|title=BFC sign Diaz, Noguera, Ralte; OFC extend Ranawade's stay; Lalhlimpuia joins MCFC|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|28 May 2024
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinit Rai]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="thebridge">{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/isl-transfers-punjab-fc-sign-vinit-rai-and-muheet-shabir-48214|author=The Bridge Desk|website=thebridge.in|title=ISL Transfers: Punjab FC sign Vinit Rai and goalkeeper Muheet Shabir|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|29 May 2024
|FW
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Pereyra Diaz]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|31 May 2024
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Bheke]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/bengaluru-fc-new-player-signing-announcement-training-session-isl-2024/article68378661.ece|title=ISL 2024-25: Bengaluru FC announces six new players during open training session|first=Ashwin|last=Achal|date=7 July 2024|website=Sportstar}}</ref>
|-
|24 June 2024
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|Rs. 1.6 crore
|<ref name="thehindu4">{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-apuia-ralte-moves-to-mohun-bagan-super-giant-mumbai-city-fc-confirms-indian-football-transfer-news/article68328543.ece#:~:text=Focus%20Sports%2FISL-,Apuia%20Ralte%20will%20complete%20his%20transfer%20to%20Mohun%20Bagan%20Super,1.6%20crore%2C%20inclusive%20of%20taxes.|title=ISL: Apuia Ralte moves to Mohun Bagan Super Giant, confirms Mumbai City FC|website=Sportstar|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

====Loans Out====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
! scope="col" |Start Date
! scope="col" |End Date
! scope="col" |Position
! scope="col" |Player
! scope="col" |To club
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
|8 July 2024
|End Of Season
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amey Ranawade]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bfc-sign-diaz-noguera-ralte-ofc-extend-ranawades-stay-lalhlimpuia-joins-mcfc|title=BFC sign Diaz, Noguera, Ralte; OFC extend Ranawade's stay; Lalhlimpuia joins MCFC|date=8 July 2024|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|25 July 2024
|End Of Season
|MF
|{{Flagicon|India}} Seilenthang Lotjem
|{{Flagicon|India}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://x.com/90ndstoppage/status/1815648684392276159|title=x.com|website=x.com|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|15 January 2025
|End Of Season
|DF
|{{Flagicon|India}} [[Hardik Bhatt]]
|{{Flagicon|India}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|<ref name="fieldvision">{{cite web|url=https://fieldvision.co.in/2025/01/14/fv-exclusive-isl-2024-25-mumbai-city-fc-defender-hardik-bhatt-signs-for-i-league-outfit-sreenidi-deccan-fc-for-the-remainder-of-the-season/#:~:text=For%20Indian%20Super%20League%20side,on%201%2B1%20year%20deal.|title=FV Exclusive {{pipe}} ISL 2024-25: Mumbai City FC defender Hardik Bhatt signs for I-League outfit Sreenidi Deccan FC on loan for the remainder of the season|website=Field Vision|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|31 January 2025
|End Of Season
|DF
|{{Flagicon|IND}}Halen Nongtdu
|{{Flagicon|IND}}[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |title=Halen Nongtdu has joined Gokulam Kerala FC |url=https://x.com/MumbaiCityFC/status/1885214306951979400}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Personnel ==
[[File:Khaldoon Al Mubarak.jpg|thumbnail|right|upright|Chairman [[Khaldoon Al Mubarak]]]]

=== Corporate ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
!{{Tooltip|Position|Role at the club}}
!{{Tooltip|Name|Nationality, first name and last name}}
|-
| Owner(s)
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[City Football Group]] (65%) {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ranbir Kapoor]] (18%) {{flagicon|IND}} Bimal Parekh (17%)
|-
| Chairman
| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Khaldoon Al Mubarak]]
|-
| Board of directors
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ranbir Kapoor {{flagicon|IND}} Bimal Parekh
|-
| CEO
| {{flagicon|IND}} Kandarp Chandra
|-
| rowspan="2"|Senior executive(s)
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Tanay Narvekar
|-
| Team manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rocky Kalan
|-
| Marketing manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Siddharth Yadav
|-
| Assistant marketing manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Dwaipayan Ghosh
|-
| Sponsorship & sales
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ganeshaya Sodha
|-
| Senior finance manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Pankti Mehta
|-
| Finance controller
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ankit Agrawal
|-
|}

=== Technical ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Kratky]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai City FC Welcomes Petr Kratky As New Head Coach|url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-fc-welcomes-petr-kratky-as-new-head-coach|access-date=9 December 2023|website=www.mumbaicityfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Mário Lemos]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Clifford Miranda]]<ref name="mumbaicityfc.com">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2024 |title=Clifford Rayes Miranda and Denis Kavan Join Mumbai City's Coaching Staff |url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/clifford-rayes-miranda-and-denis-kavan-join-mumbai-citys-coaching-staff |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=Mumbai City FC |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Director of football
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sujay Sharma
|-
| Team manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rocky Kalan
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Preece (footballer, born 1976)|David Preece]]<ref name=dp>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2024 |title=David Preece and Adrian Dias join Mumbai City's Coaching & Technical Staff |url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/david-preece-and-adrian-dias-join-mumbai-citys-coaching |access-date=5 July 2024 |website=Mumbai City FC |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Strength & conditioning coach
| {{flagicon|CZE}} Denis Kavan<ref name="mumbaicityfc.com"/>
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Adrian Dias<ref name=dp/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Performance analyst
| {{flagicon|IND}} Narendra Vakare
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Trishit Ghosh
|-
| rowspan="2"| Physiotherapist
| {{flagicon|IND}} Suhas Kandekar
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Akhilesh
|-
| Team doctor
| {{flagicon|IND}} Simarpreet Singh Kalra
|-
| Head of rehabilitation and sports medicine
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Kurale
|-
| Team photographer
| {{flagicon|IND}} Abhinav Ashish Aind
|-
| Media manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Annujj Palaye
|-
| Kit manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rishi Roy
|-
| Head of youth and grassroots development
| {{flagicon|IND}} Dinesh Nair
|-
|}

==Summary==
===Durand Cup===
[[Mumbai City FC]] officially began the 2024–25 season with the [[2024 Durand Cup]], where the club were placed in Group C, alongside [[Kerala Blasters]], [[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF Protectors]], and [[Punjab FC]]. However, with the club choosing to conduct the squad's pre-season training abroad in Thailand, the senior team skipped the competition. The [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City reserve team]] ended up competing for the club in the competition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai City To Begin Pre-Season Training Camp In Thailand |url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-to-begin-pre-season-training-camp-in-thailand#:~:text=With%20the%202024-25%20season,for%20their%20pre-season%20camp |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Mumbai City FC |language=en}}</ref>

In the competition, the Mumbai reserve team lost all three of their games, and were knocked out in the group stage.

== Competitions ==
=== Durand Cup ===
{{Main|2024 Durand Cup}}

==== Group C ====
{{:2024 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group C|showteam=MCI}}

=== Indian Super League ===

{{Main|2024–25 Indian Super League}}

==== League table ====
{{2024–25 Indian Super League points table|showteam=MCI}}

===Super Cup===
{{main|2025 Super Cup (India, April)}}
{{#lst:2025 Super Cup (India, April)|Bracket}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai City FC}}
{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Mumbai City FC seasons]]
[[Category:2024–25 Indian Super League season by team|Mumbai City]]

Vijayapura Central Prison

2025-11-20T02:09:54Z

Moin Khan: Starting New Data...

{{Short description|Prison in Karnataka, India}}
'''Central Prison, Vijayapura''', one of the oldest prisons in the country, is located in a 15th-century heritage structure belonging to the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]] era.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Srivatsa |first=Sharath |date=2022-02-28 |title=Prison will make way for another slice of history soon at Vijayapura |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/heritage-building-housing-central-prison-in-vijayapura-will-soon-be-open-to-everyone/article65088445.ece |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Earlier, it was known as Central Prison, [[Bijapur]]. It has a lofty [[Parsian style|Persian-style]] entrance, black-stoned wide walls and Arabic scriptures carved in stone slab. After the district was renamed as [[Vijayapura]], the jail is also renamed as the Central Prison, Vijayapura. It is the oldest prison complex in [[Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Confined to chaos at Central Jail |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/confined-chaos-central-jail-2437666 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and one of the oldest jail buildings in India.

It was built by [[Nawab Mustafa Khan Shefta|Nawab Mustafa Khan]] in 1640, a noble of [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammad Adil Shah]].<ref name=":0" /> Earlier, the jail served as an inn (sarai) for king's special guests. In 1887, [[British government]] converted the building into a jail. It was Captain Wilkinson, who suggested that this building may be converted into a jail, according to [[Krishna Kolhar Kulkarni]], a historian and professor.<ref name=":0" /> The jail became a central prison in 1983. The Arabic script that welcomes the visitors at the entrance of the jail states a ‘peaceful and a safe stay’.<ref name=":0" />

== New premises ==
After a proposal to move the jail to a new building on the outskirts of Vijayapura, it is expected that the jail would be shifted soon to the new premises.<ref name=":0" /> The new Central Prison will have capacity for 1000 inmates<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Additional barracks to decongest prisons, says Karnataka Home Minister G Parameshwara |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/additional-barracks-to-decongest-prisons-says-karnataka-home-minister-g-parameshwara-1236723.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and a budget of Rs.100 crores is sanctioned to develop the 40-acre new facility.[https://prisons.karnataka.gov.in/info-2/Important+on+going+works+in+Prison+Department/en]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-06 |title=Vijayapura Central Jail most overcrowded prison in state |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/Sep/06/vijayapura-central-jail-most-overcrowded-prison-in-state-1868314.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The prison has a hospital in the first floor. The inn had a spacious first floor which hosted higher nobility or very rich traders now became the prison hospital. The prison also has handloom facility where prisoners are trained in the art and they also produce goods carpets and blankets. The 'jamkhanas' produced at the prison are now popular. The section which was used only for women in the old inn, is now made into a kitchen and the horse stables are converted into barracks.<ref name=":0" /> During [[COVID-19]], the handloom facility produced face masks and a quarantine system was set-up by the jail superintendent Myageri, who was later facilitated by the [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-01 |title=Karnataka: Vijayapura jail inmates produce carpets, blankets, masks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/karnataka-vijayapura-jail-inmates-produce-carpets-blankets-masks/articleshow/83149038.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Capacity ==
In 2022, the jail had a capacity to hold 380 inmates but accommodates 680.<ref name=":0" /> In 2018, the jail had 98 per cent overcrowding<ref name=":1" /> which is highest in the state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-06 |title=Government to Karnataka High Court: There's only 3% overcrowding in state jails |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/government-to-karnataka-high-court-theres-only-3-overcrowding-in-state-jails/articleshow/65695442.cms |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Raid ==
After a raid in September 2020, three mobile phones, four sim cards, chargers and earphones were seized by the raiding team of 60 constables and seven inspectors led by Additional [[Superintendent of Police]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharathi |first=Vartha |title=Bijapur: Police raids Central jail premises; mobile phones, tobacco packets seized |url=https://english.varthabharati.in/karnataka/bijapur-police-raids-central-jail-premises-mobile-phones-tobacco-packets-seized |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=english.varthabharati.in |language=en}}</ref> The current [[Superintendent of Prison]] is KOTRESH H B<ref>https://prisons.karnataka.gov.in/page/Contact+us/Prisons+and+Prison+Institutions/en</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of prisons in India]]
* [[Prisons in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Prisons in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Prisons completed in the 1880s]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1640]]

Sidhauli

2025-10-29T00:49:29Z

Moin Khan: Starting Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sidhauli
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Sidhauli College.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = (Clockwise from top) Vidyagyan, Siddheshwer Mandir, Narottamdas Birth Place, Kasmanda State Quila, Hind Hospital, Jama Mosque, Krishi Vigyan Kendra.
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Sidhauli in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.28|N|80.83|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Ancient Village On The Name of Lord Shiva
| named_for = Siddho Ki Awali
| government_type = Ideal Nagar Panchyat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 136
| population_total = 24,976
<ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id = 153859</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]],
[[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 261303
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05864
| registration_plate = UP-34
| website = http://www.sitapur.nic.in/
| footnotes = Present Leaders:
M.L.A. - [[Manish Rawat]], [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]
M.P. - [[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]], [[BJP]]
}}

'''Sidhauli''' is a town and an Ideal Notified Area Council ([[Nagar Panchayat]]) in [[Sitapur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It comes under [[Lucknow division]] and is in the [[Awadh]] region of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Four-lane [[National Highway 24 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 24]] passes from the centre of the town. It comes under [[Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Sidhauli is also a [[Sidhauli (Assembly constituency)]] of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
It is the [[Headquarter]]s of [[Tehsil]] Sidhauli and Sidhauli Community Development [[Block (district subdivision)|Block]]. Sidhauli Block comprises 306 [[Gram Panchayats]].

== Geography ==

Sidhauli has an average elevation of 138 [[metre]]s (452 [[foot (length)|feet]]). The relief of the town is entirely flat, as are most other towns in the [[Ganges|Ganges valley]]. There exists no prominent geomorphic feature. The river [[Sarayan river|Sarayan]], which meets the river [[Gomti River|Gomati]] further on, flows at distance of about 5 kilometres from the town. Because the town is located on alluvial soil, the water table in this region rarely falls below 50 feet. The town receives most of its rainfall during the [[Monsoon|South-West Monsoon]]. During the monsoon, the water table rises to 25–30 feet.

== History ==

The name of the town, "Sidhauli", comes from the [[Sanskrit]] words "''Siddhi''" (Power of attainment of the supreme) and "''Awali''" (Home). Accordingly, the name means "Home of great Sages and Saints".Sidhauli borders on [[Naimisha Forest|Naimisaranya]], which has been one of the holiest places in Hinduism since ancient times. Many great saints and sages are reputed to have lived in the forests of this area.Copper age implements of 1500 bc to 1000 bc such as Axis, Rings, Celts, Daggers etc found in sidhauli area, who kept in state Memorial Lucknow.In 1942, during the [[Quit India Movement]], Mahatma [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] came to Sidhauli. During this time, Tara Chand Maheshwery was an eminent and prominent Sidhauli leader who was very close to Gandhi.

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}}, according to the Indian [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sidhauli had a population of 24,976. Males constitute 52.98% of the population and females 47.01%. Sidhauli has an average literacy rate of 53.63%, lower than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 62.14%, and female literacy is only 44.04%. In Sidhauli, 16.34% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Administration==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
Sidhuli Town is a notified area with 14 wards.

*Ward Number 1. Bahadurpur
*Ward Number 2. Tulsi Nagar
*Ward Number 3. Narottam Nagar South
*Ward Number 4. Sant Nagar East
*Ward Number 5. Sant Nagar West
*Ward Number 6. Bazar
*Ward Number 7. Gandhinagar north
*Ward Number 8. Siddheshwar Nagar
*ward Number 9. Gandhinagar South
*ward Number 10. Prem Nagar North
*Ward Number 11. Narottam Nagar North
*Ward Number 12. Prem Nagar South
*Ward Number 13. Vivek Nagar
*Ward Number 14. Govind Nagar

===Administrative Office===
*Ideal Notified Area Council Office (Adarsh Nagar Panchayat Karyalaya), Mishrikh Road
* Tahsil of Sidhauli, Tahsil Road
* Police Station, Tahsil Road
* SDM Office, Tahsil Road
* Indian Post Office, Tahsil Road
* Block Development Office, Mishrikh Road
* Circuit House (Dak Bangla), Mishrikh Road
* Fire Station, Mishrikh Road, Aladadpur
* Power Station, Power House Road
* Sidhauli Forest Circle Office, Biswan Road, Bahadurpur

== Transport and Communication ==
The town of Sidhauli is well connected by road and rail to the state capital Lucknow, and to the national capital New Delhi. The town has a bus stop where most buses (public and private) plying on the [[Lucknow]]-Sitapur-Bareilly-[[Rampur district|Rampur]]-[[Moradabad]]-Delhi route stop for a while. It has a broad gauge railway station and a railway line between Sitapur Junction and Lucknow City Junction. The town has no aerodrome facility. The nearest airport is [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]], in Lucknow. The town is covered by mobile telephone and internet services (4G services) provided by several public and private telecommunication companies.

==Education and Health Facilities==
The town has a well equipped government-run community health centre or rural hospital. Apart from the community health centre, there are several private clinics, hospitals and nursing homes. There are several primary, secondary and senior secondary schools which provide education through Hindi, English and Urdu. Gandhi Postgraduate (PG) College is a renowned college located along [[National Highway 24 (India)|National Highway 24]].

== Research Institute ==
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Village Amberpur, Manva-Sandila State Highway.
It was sanctioned by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer Welfare, New Delhi on 19 May 2005, under the Administrative control of Manav Vikas Evam Sewa Sansthan, in Lucknow.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

== Notable people ==

* [[Ashok Kumar Rawat]] (Sansad), Parliament MP
* [[Anju Bala]] (Poorv Sansad), Former Parliament MP
* [[Ram Krishna Bhargava|Ramkrishna Bhargava]] (Vidhayak), Assembly MLA
* [[Manish Rawat]] (Vidhayak), Assembly MLA
* Rakesh Singh (Poorv Vidhayak), Former Assembly MLC
* Praveen Singh (Block Pramukh), Former Block Head

* [[Hargovind Bhargava]]

==Filmography==
The film Pyar Mein Thoda Twist was shot in Paisiya village in Sidhauli.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} The film was produced by [[Manju Bharti]] and co-producers Vijay Singh Bhadauria, Ajita Bhadauria and Noor Fatima along with director [[Partho Ghosh]]. Film music director is famous singer Bappi Lahrai. Film [[Lafange Nawab]] & Khajuraho Dreams were also shot in manva teela.

==Photo Gallery==
<gallery widths=200px heights=180px>
File:Ram Darbar Siddheshwer Mandir Sidhauli.jpeg|Ram Darbar Siddheshwer Temple
File:Kamlapur Quila Rani Ki Bag.jpeg|Kamlapur Kasmanda Quila
File:Mahatma Gandhi Statue Sidhauli.jpeg|Mahatma Gandhi Statue Sidhauli
File:Kasmanda Kamlapur Quila Sidhauli.jpeg| Kasmanda Quila Kamlapur
File:Vidyagyanschool.jpeg|Vidhya Gyan School Suraicha
File:Siddheshwer Temple Sidhauli.jpeg|Ancient Siddheshwer Temple
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sitapur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sitapur district]]

Research and Analysis Wing

2025-10-22T01:35:17Z

Moin Khan: quick fixed citations as per guidelines additionally and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Research & Analysis Wing]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Vairocanavajra

2025-10-21T21:54:26Z

Moin Khan: Starting A Details...

{{Short description|12th century Buddhist Master}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|name = Vairocanavajra
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|image = Vairocanavajra.jpg
|caption = 13th-century Tibetan depiction of Vairocanavajra currently held at the [[Rubin Museum of Art]]
|alias =
|dharma name =
|birth_date = {{circa|12th century}}
|birth_place = [[Dakshina Kosala]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mathes |first1=Klaus-Dieter |title=Saraha's Spontaneous Songs: With the Commentaries by Advayavajra and Moksakaragupta |date=2024 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=27 |isbn=978-1-61429-728-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLP6EAAAQBAJ&dq=Vairocanavajra&pg=PA27}}</ref>
|death_date = {{circa|12th century}}
|death_place =
|nationality =
|religion = [[Buddhism]]
|school = {{plainlist|
* [[Vajrayana]]
}}
|lineage =
|title =
|location =
|education = {{plainlist|
* [[Nalanda]]
}}
|teacher = {{plainlist|
* Surapela
* [[Abhayakaragupta]]
}}
|reincarnation of =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|students =
|spouse =
|children =
}}
'''Vairocanavajra''' (also known as '''Vairocana''' and '''Vairocanaraksita''') was a 12th-century Indian Buddhist master and [[alchemist]] who studied at the monastery of [[Nalanda]]. He is known in particular for his work in the translations of the [[Charyapada]]s which have been described as "having a lasting effect on the literary history of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]."<ref name=Schaeffer2000>{{cite journal |last1=SCHAEFFER |first1=KURTIS |title=THE RELIGIOUS CAREER OF VAIROCANAVAJRA — A TWELFTH-CENTURY INDIAN BUDDHIST MASTER FROM DAKṢIṆA KOŚALA |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |date=2000 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=361–384 |doi=10.1023/A:1004844115222 |jstor=23496816 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496816|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Life==
Vairocanavajra's biography was written by his Tibetan student, [[Zhang Yudrakpa Tsöndru Drakpa]], shortly after his death and was intended to be a eulogy to his master.<ref name=Schaeffer2000 /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Van Schaik |first1=Sam |title=Buddhist Magic: Divination, Healing, and Enchantment through the Ages |date=2020 |publisher=Shambhala Publications |page=86 |isbn=978-0-8348-4281-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKfiDwAAQBAJ&dq=Vairocanavajra&pg=PA86}}</ref>

Vairochanavajra was born in the 12th century in the city of Sonapura in the region of [[Dakshina Kosala]] which is just south of [[Magadha]]. From the age of 12, he travelled with his uncle, who was a non-Buddhist, to different parts of [[India]] including [[Western India]], [[Magadha]], and [[Varanasi]]. During his travels, he met a [[yogin]] who initiated him into the practice of the [[bodhisattva]], [[Manjushri]].<ref name=Martin>{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Dan |title=Vairocanavajra |url=https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Vairocanavajra/13066 |website=Treasury of Lives}}</ref><ref name=Schaeffer2000 />

After this, he travelled to the monastery of [[Nalanda]] where he studied under a [[yogin]] called Surapela who belonged to the [[Kayastha]] caste. For the next eight years, Surapela taught Vairochanavajra about [[alchemy]], [[arts]] and [[logic]]. In particular, he was taught the [[Charyapada|Dohā songs]] and the teachings of [[Maitripada]]. After this, he held a [[tantra|tantric gathering]] in the forests surrounding Nalanda with other masters including Siri and Mathanata.
Vairochanavajra also came into contact with a scholar from the [[Vikramashila]] monastery called Gunaraksita. From him, Vairochanavajra received teachings on the [[Prajnaparamita]], the [[Madhyamaka]] collection of teachings, and more complex tantras like the [[Guhyasamāja Tantra|Guhyasamāja]]. During this period, he received teachings from other masters including [[Abhayakaragupta]], Śarana, Jayākara and Dānaraksita.<ref name=Schaeffer2000 />

After this period of learning, Vairocanavajra is said to have "travelled the roads of twenty-four countries" and entered the country of the [[Western Xia]] via [[Tibet]]. He was appointed the priest of a ruler called Mu thang bu of the Shing kun City but was kept as a prisoner and not allowed to leave due to his knowledge of mercurial [[alchemy]] which was believed to lengthen one's life. Eventually, he aroused the displeasure of this King and was released and travelled to [[Tibet]].<ref name=Schaeffer2000 /><ref name=Martin />

==Teachings==
[[File:Vajravarahi Mandala.jpg|thumb|right|The Vajravarahi mandala. Vairocanavajra passed teachings related to Vajravarahi practices to his disciples]]
In addition to composing his biography, [[Zhang Yudrakpa Tsöndru Drakpa]] also details the transmission of teachings from Vairocanavajra to himself in two of his works, the ''Rgyud pa sna tshogs'' (Various Lineages) and the ''Bla ma sna tshogs'' (Various Masters). Vairocanavajra finds mention in four lines of transmission and his teacher, Surapela finds mentions in three lines. The teachings that Vairocanavajra received from his teacher, Surapela were thus passed on to his disciples in Tibet.<ref>{{cite book |last1=BRUNNHÖLZL |first1=Karl |title=Luminous Melodies: Essential Dohas of Indian Mahamudra |date=2019 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=32 |isbn=978-1-61429-623-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlaKDwAAQBAJ&dq=Vairocanavajra&pg=PT27}}</ref><ref name=Martin />

These lineages include the transmission of [[Maitripada]]'s commentaries of the dohā literature, [[Tummo|caṇḍālī]], [[Vajravārāhī]] and [[Hevajra]] practices.<ref name=Schaeffer2000 />

==Works==
Eight original works and twenty translations have been attributed to Vairocanavajra. He is best known within the Tibetan tradition, for his translations of the [[Charyapada]] songs of the [[mahasiddhas]]. His translations include the work of [[Tilopa]], [[Virupa]] and [[Saraha]]. In particular, his translation of the ''Dohākosa'' of Saraha was studied in much detail many centuries later by [[Taranatha]].<ref name=Schaeffer2000 />

The known works of Vairocanavajra include:

*''Prajnaparicchedapanjika''
*''Śisyalekhatippana''
*''Śiksākusumamañjari''
*''Raktayamārisādhana''
*''Sadanggayogālokakrama''

Works that Vairocanaraksita translated into the [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan language]] include:

*''Dohākosanāmamahāmudropadeśa'' of [[Saraha]]
*''Pāramitāsamāsa'' of Āryaśūra
*''Mahisānasādhana'' of [[Dharmakirti]]
* The Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya more commonly known as the [[Heart Sutra]]
*''Kakhadohātippana'' of [[Saraha]]
*''Dohākosa'' of [[Tilopa]]
*''Dohākosa'' of Birbapa
*''Dohākosapañjikā'' of Srīvairocanavajra

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notable foreigners who visited China|state=expanded}}
[[Category:Monks of Nalanda]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:12th-century Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Buddhist translators]]

Historicity (philosophy)

2025-09-01T17:33:52Z

Moin Khan: enhanced lead for consistency and corrected details

{{Short description|Idea or fact that something has a historical origin}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2013}}
'''Historicity''' in [[philosophy]] is the idea or fact that something has a historical origin and developed through history: concepts, practices, values. This is opposed to the belief that the same thing, in particular [[normative]] [[institution]]s or correlated [[ideology|ideologies]], is [[nature|natural]] or [[essence|essential]] and thus exists [[Cultural universal|universally]].

Historicity relates to the underlying concept of [[history]], or the intersection of [[teleology]] (the concept and study of progress and purpose), [[temporality]] (the concept of time), and [[historiography]] ([[semiotics]] and history of [[history]]). Historical "a priori" (historicity of a historical process) is a varying conceptualizations of historicity, emphasizing the linear progress or the repetition or modulation of past events.<ref>Aldea, A.S., Allen, A. History, critique, and freedom: the historical a priori in Husserl and Foucault. ''Continental Philosophy Review'' '''49''', 1–11 (2016). <nowiki>https://doi-org.proxy-ub.rug.nl/10.1007/s11007-015-9359-8</nowiki></ref>

== Concepts of historicity ==
In [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], historicity is the history of constitution of any [[intentionality|intentional]] object,<ref>WAGNER, H. R. (1972). HUSSERL AND HISTORICISM. ''Social Research'', ''39''(4), 696–719. <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/40970117</nowiki></ref> both in the sense of history as [[tradition]] and in the sense where every individual has its own history. Of course, these two senses are often very similar: One individual's history is heavily influenced by the tradition the individual is formed in, but personal history can also produce an object that wouldn't be a part of any tradition. In addition, personal historicity doesn't develop in the same way as tradition.

The term Historicity in [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]] originated in the mature work of [[Edmund Husserl]] and developed by continuators of phenomenology such as [[Alfred Schütz]], [[Martin Heidegger]] and [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]].

[[Martin Heidegger]] argued in ''[[Being and Time]]'' that it is temporality that gives rise to history. All things have their place and time, and nothing past is outside of history. Ingo Farin argues that Heidegger appropriated the concept from [[Wilhelm Dilthey]] and from [[Paul Yorck von Wartenburg]]<ref>Farin, Ingo. "Three levels of historical analysis in early Heidegger." The New Yearbook for Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy XII XII (2013): 1-37.</ref> and further clarifies Heidegger's meaning:

: ''Heidegger calls authentic historicity the historical awareness that recognizes this whole range (i.e., the “simultaneity” of past, present, and future in the historical action one resolves to undertake).''

[[Francis Fukuyama]], in ''[[The End of History and the Last Man]]'', famously argued that the collapse of [[Soviet communism]] brought humanity to the "end of history" whereby the world's global dialectical machinations had been resolved with the triumph of liberal capitalism.

Before Fukuyama, [[Jean Baudrillard]] argued for a different concept of the "end of history". Baudrillard's most in-depth writings on the notion of historicity are found in the books ''Fatal Strategies'' and ''The Illusion of the End''. It is for these writings that he received a full-chapter denunciation from the physicist [[Alan Sokal]] (along with [[Jean Bricmont]]), due to his alleged misuse of physical concepts of linear time, space and stability. In contrast to Fukuyama's argument, Baudrillard maintained that the "end of history", in terms of a [[teleology|teleological]] goal, had always been an illusion brought about by modernity's will towards progress, civilisation and rational unification. And this was an illusion that to all intents and purposes vanished toward the end of the 20th century, brought about by the "speed" at which society moved, effectively "destabilising" the linear progression of history (it is these comments, specifically, that provoked Sokal's criticism). History was, so to speak, outpaced by its own spectacular realisation. As Baudrillard himself caustically put it:

:''The end of history is, alas, also the end of the dustbins of history. There are no longer any dustbins for disposing of old ideologies, old regimes, old values. Where are we going to throw Marxism, which actually invented the dustbins of history? (Yet there is some justice here since the very people who invented them have fallen in.) Conclusion: if there are no more dustbins of history,'' this is because History itself has become a dustbin. ''It has become its own dustbin, just as the planet itself is becoming its own dustbin.''<ref>Jean Baudrillard, ''The Illusion of the End'', 1994, p. 26; also in Jean Baudrillard, ''Selected Writings'', 2001, p. 263.</ref>

This approach to history is what marks out Baudrillard's affinities with the [[postmodernism|postmodern]] philosophy of [[Jean-François Lyotard]]: the idea that society — and Western society in particular — has "dropped out" of the grand narratives of history (for example, the coming of Communism, or the triumph of civilised modern society). But Baudrillard has supplemented this argument by contending that, although this "dropping out" may have taken place, the global world (which in Baudrillard's writing is sharply distinct from a universal humanity) is, in accordance with its spectacular understanding of itself, condemned to "play out" this illusory ending in a hyper-teleological way — acting out the end of the end of the end, ''ad infinitum''. Thus Baudrillard argues that — in a manner similar to that of [[Giorgio Agamben]]'s book ''Means without Ends'' — Western society is subject to the political restriction of means that are justified by ends that do not exist.

[[Michel-Rolph Trouillot]] offers a different insight into the meaning and uses of historicity. Trouillot explains, "The ways in which what happened, and what is said to have happened are and are not the same may itself be historical".

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

==See also==
*[[Historicism]]
*[[Temporality]]
*[[Oswald Spengler]]

[[Category:Philosophy of Martin Heidegger]]
[[Category:Concepts in the philosophy of history]]
[[Category:Teleology]]
[[Category:Historiography]]
[[Category:Phenomenology]]

G. Parameswaran Pillai

2025-08-09T09:26:31Z

Moin Khan:

{{distinguish|G. P. Pillai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Primary sources|article|date=December 2007}}

'''G. Parameswaran Pillai''' (1890–1963), also known as "GP", was the Chief Secretary and Officiating ''[[Dewan]]'' of the erstwhile [[Travancore kingdom]] in pre-Independence India. He started his career as a [[lawyer]], and later became Judge of the Court of Travancore, before joining the administration. The [[Maharaja]] of [[Travancore]] eventually conferred on him the title of ''Rajyasevapraveena''.

His contributions to the State of Travancore and later to [[India]] are numerous. He was considered an authority on constitutional matters and was deputed to India's Round Table Conference in London in 1930, as a constitutional expert in the delegation led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and Dewan Bahadur T. Raghaviah, the Adviser for Madras States. He served as Post-War Reconstruction Officer following several years of service as Chief Secretary. He negotiated with the Federal Government, working closely with [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Patel]] and [[V. P. Menon|V.P. Menon]], on behalf of Travancore to finalise the Instrument of Accession. After India won Independence, he served as independent India's first Trade Commissioner to [[Australasia|Australia and New Zealand]] (the Trade Commissioner position was later changed to that of the [[High Commissioner]]).

He served as one of the first Directors on the Board of Governors of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] and founded the Co-operative Bank. His service on administrative reforms committee set up by the State Government is well recognized. He also served on educational committees set up by Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], working in close association with [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], Dr. [[Zakir Husain]], [[Rao Bahadur]] Krishnamachari, Honourable [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]] et al.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110712173539/http://www.gppillai.org/ GP Pillai]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, Rajyasevapraveena G. Parameswaran}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Diwans of Travancore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Australia]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}
{{Kerala-stub}}

Mirzapur stele inscription

2025-07-01T22:03:08Z

Moin Khan: creating the data v1!

{{Short description|1st century dedicatory inscription on stone slab}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox artifact
|name = Mirzapur stele inscription
|image = [[File:Inscription of Sodasha Reign - Circa 1st Century BCE - Mirzapur - ACCN 79-29 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6105.JPG|250px]][[File:Inscription of Sodasha Reign - Circa 1st Century BCE - Mirzapur - ACCN 79-29 - Government Museum - Mathura B&W.jpg|250px]]
|image_caption = Mirzapur stele inscription. [[Mathura Museum]]
|material = Red sandstone
|size =
|writing =
|created =
|period = Circa 15 CE
|place = Mirzapur, [[Mathura]], [[India]].
|discovered_coords ={{coord|27.4568|N| 77.6914|E|display=inline, title}}
|location = [[Mathura Museum]], GMM 79.29
| map =
{{Location map
| South Asia
| width = 300px
| float = center
| border =
| caption =
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = [[Mathura]]
| label_size =
| position =
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg = 27.4568
| lon_deg = 77.6914
}}
|id =
|registration =
}}
The '''Mirzapur stele inscription''', also called the '''Mirjāpur stele inscription''', is a dedicatory inscription on a large stone slab discovered in the Mirzapur area of [[Mathura]] which mentions the erection of a water tank by Mulavasu and his consort Kausiki, during the reign of the [[Sodasa]], the [[Indo-Scythian]] [[Northern Satrap]] ruler of Mathura, assuming the title of "Svami (Lord) Mahakshatrapa (Great Satrap)".<ref name="RCS"/><ref name="SRQ">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15537-4 |pages=259–260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA260 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EI">{{cite book |title=Epigraphia Indica |date=1986 |publisher=Manager of Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXBDAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Inscription==
The stele bears a five line epigraph mentioning the dedication. The text is as follows :

{{quote|
1.1 Svamisya Mahaksatrapasya Sodasasya gamjavarasya Brahmanasya. 
1.2 Segravasa gotrasya Mulavasusya bharyaye Vasusya matare. 
1.3 Kausikiye Paksakaye karita puskarini imasam Yamada pu 
1.4 skaraninam purva puskarani aramo sabha udapano stambho siriye pratima 
1.5 ye sila patto ca

"Kausiki Paksaka, mother of Vasu and wife of Mulavasu (who was the) treasurer of Svami Mahaksatrapa Shodasa and (who was) a Brahmana belonging to the Saigrava gotra, caused to erect the eastern (water) tank out of the twin tanks, a grove or garden, place for assembly, a well, a pillar and a stone slab of the image of [[Lakshmi|Laksmi]]."<ref name="SRQ"/><ref name="EI"/>
}}

==Reign of Sodasa==
The rule of Sodasa at the time of the erection of the stele is clearly mentioned, as are his titles "Lord Great Satrap":<ref name="RCS"/><ref name="SRQ"/>

{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=600|caption_align=center
| align = center
| direction =horizontal
| header="Svamisya Mahakshatrapasya Sudasasya"
| image1 = Svamisya Mahakshatrapasya Sudasasya.jpg
| image2 = Svamisya Mahakshatrapasya Sudasasya (cleaned).jpg
| footer_align = center
| footer= Regnal title of Sodasa in the Mizrapur inscription, vicinity of [[Mathura]]. (Middle [[Brahmi script]]): [[File:Gupta ashoka svaa.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta ashoka mi.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg|22px]][[File:Gupta ashoka m.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka kss.jpg|15px]][[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka p.svg|13px]][[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg|22px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka shu.jpg|18px]][[File:Gupta gujarat daa.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_s.svg|16px]][[File:Gupta ashoka sya.svg|22px]] ''Svāmisya Mahakṣatrapasya Śudasasya'' "Of the Lord and Great Satrap Śudāsa"<ref name="RCS">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Ramesh Chandra |title=Buddhist art of Mathurā |date=1984 |publisher=Agam |page=26 |isbn=9780391031401 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OvVAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Mathura Museum}}

[[Category:Mathura art]]
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]

Madala Ranga Rao

2025-05-26T06:27:45Z

Moin Khan: expand page for consistency to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian actor and producer}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
'''Madala Rangarao''' (25 May 1948 – 27 May 2018) was an Indian actor and producer primarily active in [[Telugu cinema]]. He is popularly known as '''Red Star''' by people and associated with [[Communist Party of India]] and Prajanatya Mandali.

== Early life and career ==
He was born in Mynampadu of Prakasam district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/supporting-actor/madala-ranga-rao|title=Madala Ranga Rao'Red star'}}</ref> He is noted for [[Erra Cinema]] or revolutionary movies in Telugu film industry. Ranga Rao started his career with satirical Telugu film Chairman Chalamayya (1974). He started his own banner Navataram Pictures and produced and acted in movies like [[Yuvatharam Kadilindi]] (1980) and had received a Golden Nandi award from the then AP government for his production 'Yuvatharam Kadilindi. His much acclaimed film was ''[[Erra Mallelu]]'' (1981) which also introduced his son Madala Ravi as a Child Artist, Mahaprasthanam (1982), Praja Shakthi (1983), Veera Bhadrudu (1984),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/red-star-madala-ranga-rao-shines/article1987482.ece|title='Red star' Madala Ranga Rao shines|date=3 May 2011|accessdate=1 February 2018|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>
Swarajyam, Maro Kurukshetram and Erra Suryudu. He acted in films such as ''Erra Pavuralu''. "My films do not spread the naxalite ideology. They are aimed at bringing about social change," he said.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/No-takers-for-PWG-founders-film/articleshow/62445.cms|title=No takers for PWG founder's film |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=1 February 2018}}</ref> He has shown dark angles in politics and social issues in his films.

Best known for his left ideology based movies; Madala Ranga Rao had produced more than 12 films and acted in more than 65 films. He rose to stardom in the '80s with movies like 'Yuvatharam Kadilindi', 'Erra Mallelu', 'Swarajyam', 'Viplava Shankham', 'Erra Pavuralu', etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/red-star-madala-ranga-rao-is-no-more|title='Red Star' Madala Ranga Rao is no more}}</ref> He won two [[Nandi Awards]].

==Death==
Ranga Rao died in the early morning on Sunday 27 May 2018 in STAR Hospital [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/veteran-actor-producer-madala-ranga-rao-passes-away-118052700298_1.html|title = Veteran actor, producer Madala Ranga Rao passes away|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 27 May 2018|agency = Press Trust of India}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020 | language=Telugu}}</ref>
* He won [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Nandi Award for Second Best Story Writer]] - ''[[Yuvatharam Kadilindi]]''
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film - Silver]] - ''[[Yuvatharam Kadilindi]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name |nm8508826}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranga Rao, Madala}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Ongole]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

Sukh By Chance

2025-05-05T07:58:17Z

Moin Khan: Starting A Details...

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sukh By Chance.jpg
| image_size = 200
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| runtime = 25 minutes
| starring = [[Sukh By Chance#Cast|See below]]
| director = Aatish Kapadia
| producer = {{ubl|J.D. Majethia|Aatish Kapadia}}
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2009|11|10|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2010|5|13|df=y}}
| company = Hats Off Productions
| num_episodes =
}}

'''''Sukh By Chance''''' ({{Translation|''Happiness by chance''}}) is an Indian television series that airs on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]], based on the story of a middle-class [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family, the Mehtas, with modest financial earnings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-05/tv/28059224_1_mehta-family-members-gujarati-joint-family|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025102245/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-05/tv/28059224_1_mehta-family-members-gujarati-joint-family|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-25|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Its 'Sukh By Chance' now|date=2009-11-02 }}</ref> The series premiered on 10 November 2009. It ended on 13 May 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sukh By Chance no more!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sukh-by-chance-no-more/articleshow/5949506.cms|access-date=2021-04-17|website=The Times of India|date=20 May 2010 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramchander|date=2010-04-12|title=Sukh by Chance going off air|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2010/sukh-going-off-120410.html|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Filmy Beat|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around a poor middle-class family, who struggle to survive. All of a sudden, lady luck smiles on them, and they become rich. All the scarcities in their lives are now taken over by big bank balances, and various luxuries. With money coming in, their lifestyle changes, as do their mentalities. However, they are satisfied with their material assets and more involved in deriving happiness from the little joys of life found in sharing life within a big, happy household. They not only continue to reside under one roof amicably, but have a common joint bank account operated by the patriarch of the family.

==Cast==
* Sanjeev Jogtiyani as Mohan Mehta
* Bharati Patil as Sarala Mehta
* [[Ujjwal Chopra]] as Rajesh Mehta
* Upasana Shukla as Rajani Mehta
* [[Shyam Pathak]] aa Dheeraj Mehta
* Shreya More as Kokila Mehta
* Ketkie Jain as Tina Mehta: Dheeraj and Kokila's daughter
* Neel Patel as Mantu Mehta: Dheeraj and Kokila's son
* Anuj Thakur as Amit
* [[Krishna Bharadwaj (actor)|Krishna Bharadwaj]] as Akash
* [[Vibha Anand]] as Namrata
* [[Harsh Chhaya]] as Ashwin Mehta / Chandan Mehta
* [[Silambarasan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.setindia.com/show_details.php?sid=26 Sukh By Chance Official Site on Sony TV India]
*[http://desitvforum.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=18&id=1541&Itemid=159 Sukh By Chance Episodes Download]

{{SET Shows}}

[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hats Off Productions]]

Ali Bommasandra

2025-02-09T07:16:48Z

Moin Khan: Starting Bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = HaleBommasandra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 700
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/613202-ali-bommasandra-karnataka.html|title=Census 2011, Ali Bommasandra village Data}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560 099
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ali Bommasandra''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Anekal]] [[taluk]] of [[Bangalore Urban district]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangalore Urban district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bengaluru Urban district]]

{{Bangalore-geo-stub}}

State Highway 6 (Jharkhand)

2024-08-25T19:51:03Z

Moin Khan: Starting A Data...

{{Short description|State highway in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Infobox road
|country = IND
|state = Jharkhand
|type = SH
|route = 6
|alternate_name =
|maint =
|length_km = 21
|direction_a =
|terminus_a = [[Jugsalai]]
|junction =
|direction_b =
|terminus_b = [[Hata, Purvi Singhbhum|Hata]]
|districts = [[East Singhbhum district]]
}}
'''State Highway 6''' ('''SH 6''') is a [[State highways in India|state highway]] in [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==Route==
SH 6 originates from its junction with Kandra-Adityapur-Jugsalai road at [[Jugsalai]] and passes through [[Purihasa]] and terminates at its junction with [[National Highway 220 (India)|National Highway 220]] at [[Hata, Purvi Singhbhum|Hata]], near the Jharkhand-Odisha border.<ref>Google maps</ref>

The total length of SH 6 is 21 km.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.distancesfrom.com/ |title = Distance from Jugsalai Chowk to Hata, Jharkhand |publisher= Distances from.com | access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{National and State Highways in Jharkhand}}

[[Category:State highways in Jharkhand]]
{{India-road-stub}}

Bellal

2024-05-31T06:11:14Z

Moin Khan: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Kundapur]]

{{R cat shell|
{{R from related topic}}
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