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Mars Lander Mission

2026-05-08T17:31:25Z

Mohitjikumar32: added a entry

{{Short description|India's second Martian mission}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| auto = all
| name = Mars Lander Mission
| names_list = MLM
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| mission_type = [[Mars]] Orbiter, Lander, Rover, Helicopter
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| website =
| mission_duration = 1 year (proposed)
| spacecraft_bus = [[I-3K]]
| manufacturer = [[U. R. Rao Satellite Centre]]
| launch_mass =
| dry_mass =
| dimensions =
| power = 
| payload_mass = ≈{{convert|100|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name='Deccan Sep2019'>[https://www.deccanherald.com/national/mom-orbiter-enters-6th-year-isro-eyes-mangalyaan-2-763975.html MOM Orbiter enters 6th year, ISRO eyes Mangalyaan-2.] Rasheed Kappan, ''The Deccan Herald''. 25 September 2019.</ref>{{Update inline|date = October 2019}}
| launch_date = NET 2030<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=ISRO To Launch Mangalyaan-2 Mission In 2030 |url=https://news.abplive.com/science/isro-to-launch-mangalyaan-2-in-2030-1810090 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=ISRO confirms Mangalyaan-2 Mission: India to attempt first Mars landing in 2030 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/science/isro-confirms-mangalyaan-2-mission-india-to-attempt-first-mars-landing-in-2030-2025-11-06-1016099 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#PSLV-XL|PSLV-XL]] [[LVM3]]<ref name="IBNLive201410">{{Cite news |last=Fattah |first=Md Saim |date=29 October 2014 |title=India plans second Mars mission in 2018 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/india-plans-second-mars-mission-in-2018-723053.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404041051/https://www.news18.com/news/india/india-plans-second-mars-mission-in-2018-723053.html |archive-date=4 April 2023 |work=[[News18 India|News18]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] }}</ref><ref name="AstrotalkUK"/>
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| launch_contractor = ISRO
| disposal_type = 
| deactivated = 
| destroyed = 
| last_contact = 
| decay_date = 
| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = lander
|object = [[Mars]]
|arrival_date = 
|periapsis = {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="article8968388">{{Cite news |last=Ramani |first=Chitra V. |date=10 August 2016 |title=ISRO sets the ball rolling for Mars Mission-2 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ISRO-sets-the-ball-rolling-for-Mars-Mission-2/article14562147.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214081545/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ISRO-sets-the-ball-rolling-for-Mars-Mission-2/article14562147.ece |archive-date=14 December 2023 |access-date=10 August 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>
|apoapsis = {{convert|2000|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="article8968388" />
|inclination =
|apsis = areon
}}
| programme = [[Indian Mars exploration missions]]
| previous_mission = [[Mars Orbiter Mission]]
| next_mission =
}}

'''Mars Lander Mission '''('''MLM''') (unofficially called '''Mangalyaan-2''') is a proposed second [[Indian Mars exploration missions|mission to Mars]] by [[ISRO]].<ref name="RS_20190718">{{Cite web |last=Jatiya |first=Satyanarayan |date=18 July 2019 |title=Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2955 |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/16/AU2955.pdf?source=pqals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226183816/https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/16/AU2955.pdf?source=pqals |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=5 February 2023 |publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] }}</ref>

== History ==
Following the successful insertion of the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] (also called ''Mangalyaan'') into Martian orbit, ISRO announced its intent to launch a second mission to Mars at the Engineers Conclave conference held in Bengaluru on 28 October 2014.<ref name="businesstoday-20141030">{{Cite news |date=30 October 2014 |title=We plan to launch 2nd Mars Mission in 2018, says ISRO satellite Centre Director |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/it/isro-mars-misson-mars-orbiter-mission-chandrayaan-2-scientists/story/211826.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830113109/https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/it/story/isro-mars-misson-mars-orbiter-mission-chandrayaan-2-scientists-140491-2014-10-30 |archive-date=30 August 2023 |access-date=3 October 2018 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] }}</ref> The proposed launch vehicle for this campaign is the [[Launch Vehicle Mark 3|LVM3]], which flew for the first time on 5 June 2017, and might be powerful enough to place MOM on a direct-to-Mars trajectory alongside much heavier satellites, unlike the lighter Mars Orbiter Mission, which used a less powerful [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-XL]] rocket.<ref name="times20170606">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=6 June 2017 |title=GSLV Mk III breaks Isro's jinx of failure in debut rocket launches |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gslv-mk-iii-breaks-isros-jinx-of-failure-in-debut-launches/articleshow/59008331.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406081947/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gslv-mk-iii-breaks-isros-jinx-of-failure-in-debut-launches/articleshow/59008331.cms |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=8 June 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network }}</ref>

In January 2016, India and France signed a letter of intent for ISRO and [[CNES]] to jointly build MOM 2 by 2020,<ref name="tecake20160128">{{cite news |url=http://tecake.in/news/space/india-join-hands-france-next-mars-mission-scheduled-2020-16964.html |title=India's French Connection: CNES and ISRO jointly will develop Mangalyaan 2 |work=The TeCake |first=Kanishk |last=Singh |date=28 January 2016 |access-date=29 March 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024155302/http://tecake.in/news/space/india-join-hands-france-next-mars-mission-scheduled-2020-16964.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> but by April 2018, France was not yet involved in the mission.<ref name="timesofindia-20180417">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=17 April 2018 |title=India, France to work together on inter-planetary missions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/india-france-to-work-together-on-inter-planetary-missions/articleshow/63792194.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830121709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/india-france-to-work-together-on-inter-planetary-missions/articleshow/63792194.cms |archive-date=30 August 2023 |access-date=3 October 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network }}</ref> The Indian government funded MOM 2 in its 2017 budget proposal, and ISRO was considering whether the best path would be to conduct an [[orbiter]]/[[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]]/[[Rover (space exploration)|rover]] mission or to opt for only an orbiter with more sophisticated instruments than those flown on MOM.<ref name="scimag-isro-20170217"/> In a podcast recording, [[VSSC|Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] director [[S. Somanath]] in October 2019 reported the architecture for mission was yet to be finalized and may also have a lander and rover, but no timeline was announced.<ref name = "AstrotalkUK">{{Cite web|title = Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran|url = https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/|date = 24 October 2019|access-date = 30 October 2019|publisher = AstrotalkUK}}</ref>

In February 2021, ISRO called for an 'Announcement of Opportunities' on MOM 2. In it, K. Sivan announced that Mangalyaan 2 will only be an orbiter mission.<ref name="indiatoday-20210220">{{Cite news |last=Rawat |first=Mukesh |date=20 February 2021 |title=Isro says India's second Mars mission Mangalyaan-2 will be an orbiter mission |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-says-india-s-second-mars-mission-mangalyaan-2-will-be-an-orbiter-mission-1771140-2021-02-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413021530/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-says-india-s-second-mars-mission-mangalyaan-2-will-be-an-orbiter-mission-1771140-2021-02-19 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref><ref name="theweek-20210219">{{Cite news |date=19 February 2021 |title=India's next Mars mission likely to be an orbiter |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2021/02/19/indias-next-mars-mission-likely-to-be-an-orbiter.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020165957/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2021/02/19/indias-next-mars-mission-likely-to-be-an-orbiter.html |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] }}</ref> Being launched by the LVM3 rocket (formerly the GSLV mk III), and using Aerobraking the MOM-2 satellite can carry more than 7 times the payload for MOM-1, also with a reduction in perigee to about 200 km above the surface of Mars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond Moon, Mars: India readies plan to reach for the stars in next five years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/beyond-moon-and-mars-india-readies-plan-to-reach-for-the-stars-2517266-2024-03-20 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=India Today |date=20 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In a recorded interview in October 2019, the [[VSSC|Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)]] director indicated the possibility of inclusion of a lander,<ref name="AstrotalkUK"/> but in an interview to ''[[The Times of India]]'' in February 2021 the ISRO chairman clarified that the mission will consist solely of an orbiter.<ref name="timesofindia-20210220">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=20 February 2021 |title=It's tough to land on Mars, Nasa did a good job; our 2 Mars mission will be an orbital one: Isro chief – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-tough-to-land-on-mars-nasa-did-a-good-job-our-2nd-mars-mission-will-be-an-orbital-one-isro-chief/articleshow/81119391.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427084722/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-tough-to-land-on-mars-nasa-did-a-good-job-our-2nd-mars-mission-will-be-an-orbital-one-isro-chief/articleshow/81119391.cms |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN }}</ref> The orbiter will use [[aerobraking]] to lower its initial [[apoapsis]] and enter into an orbit more suitable for observations.<ref name="timesofindia-20161029">{{Cite news |last=Laxman |first=Srinivas |date=29 October 2016 |title=With 82 launches in a go, Isro to rocket into record books |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-82-launches-in-a-go-Isro-to-rocket-into-record-books/articleshow/55123860.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323221931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-82-launches-in-a-go-Isro-to-rocket-into-record-books/articleshow/55123860.cms |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=3 October 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network }}</ref><ref name="COSPAR2018">{{Cite conference |last=Haider |first=Syed A. |display-authors=etal |date=2018 |title=Indian Mars and Venus Missions: Science and Exploration |url=http://cospar2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/COSPAR-2018-Abstract-Book_July21-2018-UPDATE.pdf |conference=42rd Committee on Space Research Scientific Assembly. 14–22 July 2018 |location=Pasadena, California |page=432 |id=B4.1-0010-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003141701/http://cospar2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/COSPAR-2018-Abstract-Book_July21-2018-UPDATE.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=unfit |book-title=Scientific Assembly Abstracts }}</ref><ref name="scimag-isro-20170217">{{Cite journal |last=Bagla |first=Pallava |date=17 February 2017 |title=India eyes a return to Mars and a first run at Venus |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/india-eyes-return-mars-and-first-run-venus |url-status=live |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]] |doi=10.1126/science.aal0781 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013133934/https://www.science.org/content/article/india-eyes-return-mars-and-first-run-venus |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=1 May 2017 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 2024, the mission plan was updated, and now includes a [[Mars rover|rover]], [[Mars aircraft|helicopter]], [[Sky crane (landing system)|sky crane]] and a supersonic parachute.<ref name=space2024>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/india-mangalyaan-2-mars-mission-rover-helicopter-sky-crane|title=India's ambitious 2nd Mars mission to include a rover, helicopter, sky crane and a supersonic parachute|first=Sharmila |last=Kuthunur |date=17 May 2024|website=Space.com}}</ref>

The Mission received approval from the [[Space Commission]] on 21 February 2025. Development of the Spacecraft is expected to begin after approval from the [[Union Cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madanapalle |first=Aditya |date=2025-02-20 |title=Space Commission approves Mangalyaan 2 lander mission to Mars |url=https://www.news9live.com/science/space-commission-approves-mangalyaan-2-lander-mission-to-mars-2825783/amp |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=News9live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu Kumar |date=2025-02-21 |title=India to land Mangalyaan-2 on Mars, Isro awaits PM Modi's approval |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-to-land-mangalyaan-2-on-mars-isro-awaits-pm-modis-cabinet-approval-2683536-2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Development ==
An Announcement of Opportunity was released requesting submissions for scientific instruments for an orbiter only, with a deadline set for 20 September 2016.<ref name="AoP">{{Cite press release |title=Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for future Mars lander Mission (MLM) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/announcement-of-opportunity-ao-future-mars-orbiter-mission-mom-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184533/https://www.isro.gov.in/announcement-of-opportunity-ao-future-mars-orbiter-mission-mom-2 |archive-date=15 January 2018 |access-date=14 January 2018 |publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]] }}</ref><ref name="indianexpress-20161126">{{Cite news |date=26 November 2016 |title=ISRO seeking proposals for Mars Orbiter Mission-2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-seeking-proposals-for-mars-orbiter-mission-2-4396357/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830122915/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-seeking-proposals-for-mars-orbiter-mission-2-4396357/ |archive-date=30 August 2023 |access-date=14 January 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref> The total science payload mass is estimated at {{convert|100|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name='Deccan Sep2019'/>

One of the science payloads under development is an [[ionosphere]] [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] instrument named ARIS. It is being developed by Space Satellite Systems and Payloads Centre (SSPACE), which is part of the [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST). The engineering model and high vacuum test have been completed.<ref name='ARIS 2018'>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jul/19/isros-space-academy-eyeing-mars-and-venus-1845316.html |title=ISRO's space academy eyeing Mars and Venus |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=Express News Service |first=Tiki |last=Rajwi |date=19 July 2018 |access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref>

In a panel discussion in September 2022, it was told that mission would include a [[Hyperspectral imaging|hyperspectral camera]], a very high resolution [[Panchromatic film|panchromatic]] camera and a radar to better understand the early stages of Mars, its early crust, recent basalts, and ongoing activities such as boulder falls.<ref name="roadmap22">{{Citation|author1=Neeraj Srivastava|author2=S. Vijayan|author3=Amit Basu Sarbadhikari|work=Planetary Sciences Division (PSDN), [[Physical Research Laboratory]]|title=Future Exploration of the Inner Solar System: Scope and the Focus Areas|via=ISRO Facebook Panel Discussion, Mars Orbiter Mission National Meet|date=2022-09-27}}</ref>

== Spacecraft ==
The mission will consist of two modules, a Cruise Stage and a Descent Stage. The 4,500 kg spacecraft will initially be placed in an elliptical parking orbit of 190 x 35,786 km around earth following launch from an [[LVM3|LVM-3]]. The Cruise Stage will perform the trans-mars injection burn and set the stack towards [[Mars]]. Upon arrival, the Descent Stage will separate and perform the landing, skipping orbital insertion. The Cruise Stage will then enter into a [[Areocentric orbit|Martian orbit]] using [[Aerobraking]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-11 |title=We finally know how Isro is planning to land Mangalyaan-2 on Mars |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/we-finally-know-how-isro-is-planning-to-land-mangalyaan-2-on-mars-2707503-2025-04-11 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Payloads ==
The mission will consist of four main payloads.<ref name="hindustan-20231002">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=2 October 2023 |title=ISRO begins preparation for India's 2nd mission to Mars |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-begins-preparation-for-india-s-2nd-mission-to-mars-101696188317198.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202083341/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-begins-preparation-for-india-s-2nd-mission-to-mars-101696188317198.html |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] }}</ref>

* '''Mars Orbit Dust Experiment (MODEX)''': It will measure the origin, abundance, distribution, and flux at high altitudes on [[Mars]]. There are no measurements of Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs) at Mars. The instrument can detect particles of size from a few hundred nm to few μm, travelling at hypervelocity (> 1 km/s). The outcomes can help explain the dust flux at Mars, whether there is any [[planetary ring|ring]] (as hypothesized) around Mars and also confirm whether the dust is interplanetary or coming from [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] or [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]].
* '''Radio Occultation experiment (RO)''': It will measure neutral and electron Density profiles. The MODEX can help explain the RO experiment results. The instrument is a [[microwave]] [[transmitter]] operating at [[X-band]] frequency that can help understand the behaviour of the [[Martian atmosphere]].
* '''Energetic Iron Spectrometer (EIS)''': It will study the solar energy particles and Supra-thermal [[solar winds]] on Mars. The data will be useful to understand the loss of [[Martian atmosphere]].
* '''Langmuir probe and Electric Field Experiment (LPEX)''':It will measure the electron number, density, electron temperature and electric field waves. This experiment consists of one [[Langmuir probe]] (LP) and two electric field (EF) sensors each mounted on a long boom.
* '''PolaRisation sensitive Infrared Spectroscopy of Mars (PRISM)''':It is designed to measure the [[polarization of light]] from the Martian atmosphere using an [[Infrared spectroscopy|Infrared Spectrometer]], helping us understand dust and cloud properties.
* '''Plasma AnalyseR for the Environment of Mars (PREM)''': It is designed to analyze the composition of Mars' atmosphere by directly measuring its [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] content.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Spaceflight}}
* [[Exploration of Mars]]
* [[List of missions to Mars]]
* [[Chandrayaan programme]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mars spacecraft}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Future spaceflights}}

[[Category:ISRO space probes]]
[[Category:Proposed missions to Mars]]
[[Category:Proposed space probes]]
[[Category:Indian Mars exploration programme]]
[[Category:2030s in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Proposed Mars rovers]]
[[Category:Proposed Mars landers]]

Ulundurpet Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T20:11:49Z

Mohitjikumar32: Starting a stub

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India}}
{{coord|11|41|26|N|79|17|30|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Constitution-Ulundurpettai.svg
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 77
| Existence =
| district = [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency|Villupuram]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #000}}
| mla = [[A. J. Manikannan]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Ulundurpet
| electors = 300,699
| reservation = None
}}

'''Ulundurpet''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Kallakurichi district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 77. It comprises [[Ulundurpettai taluk]] and is a part of [[Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
===Madras State===
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[M. Kandaswamy Padayachi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| M. Kandaswamy Padayachi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[A. Manonmani Ammal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| M. Kandaswami Padayachi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===Tamil Nadu===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| V. Subramaniam
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[V. Thulukkanam]]
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[K. Rangasamy]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[M. Anandan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[K. Angamuthu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| M. Anandan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[A. Mani (Ulundurpet MLA)|A. Mani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[N. Ramu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[K. Thirunavukkarasu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2"|[[R. Kumaraguru]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[A. J. Manikannan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| G. R. Vasanthavelu
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.35}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.23}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|48.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.53}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Kumaraguru]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= G. R. Vasanthavelu|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lokeswari |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sudhakar |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 300699|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{cite web|title=Ulundurpet Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a077|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. J. Manikannan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=115,451 |percentage=47.59 |change=+13.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Kumaraguru]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=110,195 |percentage=45.43 |change=+9.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Pushba Mary |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=9,000 |percentage=3.71 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. G. P. Rajamani |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,848 |percentage=1.17 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,280 |percentage=0.94 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Manikkannan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,107 |percentage=0.87 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,256 |percentage=2.17 |change= 0.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=242,573 |percentage=82.69 |change= -0.20 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=287|percentage=0.12 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 293,362 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Kumaraguru]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,973 |percentage=36.04 |change=-24.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. R. Vasanthavel |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,809 |percentage=34.21 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Vijayakanth]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=34,447 |percentage=15.14 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Balu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=20,233 |percentage=8.89 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. V. Saravanan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,657 |percentage=1.17 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,791 |percentage=0.79 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,164 |percentage=1.83 |change= -26.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=227,476 |percentage=82.89 |change= -0.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,436 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -24.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Kumaraguru]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=114,794 |percentage=60.09 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohamedyousuf |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=61,286 |percentage=32.08 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Chandirasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=3,642 |percentage=1.91 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Anbu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,662 |percentage=1.39 |change=-0.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Jagateesan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,811 |percentage=0.95 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venkatesan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=1,751 |percentage=0.92 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Muthaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,743 |percentage=0.91 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Johnpeter |party=Independent politician |votes=1,576 |percentage=0.82 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arasan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,018 |percentage=0.53 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=53,508 |percentage=28.01 |change= 15.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=191,047 |percentage=83.41 |change= 14.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 229,056 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thirunavu Karasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,662 |percentage=44.05 |change=+6.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Vijaya Raghavan |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=46,878 |percentage=31.45 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Shanmugam |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=30,411 |percentage=20.40 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ramalingam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,099 |percentage=2.08 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kannan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,011 |percentage=2.02 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,784 |percentage=12.60 |change= -4.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=149,061 |percentage=69.40 |change= 7.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,774 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ramu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,384 |percentage=55.09 |change=+17.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thirunavukkarasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,630 |percentage=38.01 |change=-16.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Angamuthu |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,199 |percentage=6.91 |change=+2.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,754 |percentage=17.08 |change= 0.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=133,213 |percentage=62.26 |change= -4.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 213,972 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Mani (Ulundurpet MLA)|A. Mani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,088 |percentage=54.34 |change=+30.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Anandan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,113 |percentage=37.35 |change=-27.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Angamuthu |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,858 |percentage=4.74 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thangaraju |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=3,043 |percentage=2.46 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,975 |percentage=16.99 |change= -24.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=123,463 |percentage=66.77 |change= -0.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,587 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Anandan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=71,785 |percentage=65.19 |change=+49.11 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Mayilvahanan Pon |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,500 |percentage=24.06 |change=-17.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Ramasamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=6,172 |percentage=5.60 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amaladoss Alias Amalan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,105 |percentage=2.82 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sekar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,130 |percentage=1.03 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Subramaniyan |party=Independent politician |votes=771 |percentage=0.70 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=45,285 |percentage=41.12 |change= 29.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,122 |percentage=66.79 |change= -2.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,021 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 23.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Angamuthu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,422 |percentage=41.63 |change=+8.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Selvaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,517 |percentage=30.47 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Anandan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,159 |percentage=16.08 |change=-47.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thangaraju |party=Independent politician |votes=9,145 |percentage=8.57 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Kuppan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,082 |percentage=1.01 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mo. Kandaswamy Alias Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=963 |percentage=0.90 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Asokan |party=Independent politician |votes=690 |percentage=0.65 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,905 |percentage=11.16 |change= -19.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,718 |percentage=69.31 |change= -2.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,159 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -21.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Murugesan Anandan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,200 |percentage=63.18 |change=+21.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Varaharajulu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,318 |percentage=32.96 |change=-22.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajamanickam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,616 |percentage=1.82 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thangaraju |party=Independent politician |votes=1,338 |percentage=1.50 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kalaivel |party=Independent politician |votes=478 |percentage=0.54 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,882 |percentage=30.22 |change= 16.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,950 |percentage=71.60 |change= 15.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,077 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rangasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,068 |percentage=55.35 |change=+17.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Natesan Karu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,113 |percentage=41.60 |change=+14.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Dharmalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,765 |percentage=2.44 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=439 |percentage=0.61 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,955 |percentage=13.75 |change= 3.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,385 |percentage=56.18 |change= -1.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,665 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 17.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Thulukkanam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,788 |percentage=37.70 |change=-20.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sathyavani Muthu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,211 |percentage=27.04 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Elayaperumal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,341 |percentage=24.40 |change=-15.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jayaraman |party=Janata Party |votes=3,502 |percentage=4.93 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=1,805 |percentage=2.54 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,668 |percentage=2.35 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Anbaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=407 |percentage=0.57 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,577 |percentage=10.66 |change= -6.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,058 |percentage=58.15 |change= -16.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,137 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Subramanian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,191 |percentage=57.87 |change=+13.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Po. Nambalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,236 |percentage=40.36 |change=-6.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Samikkannu Padayachi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,107 |percentage=1.77 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,955 |percentage=17.52 |change= 14.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,534 |percentage=74.29 |change= 1.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,670 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kandaswamy Padayachi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,796 |percentage=47.23 |change=+4.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Padayachi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,236 |percentage=44.48 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,707 |percentage=8.30 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,560 |percentage=2.75 |change= -2.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,739 |percentage=73.08 |change= 12.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,609 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= -0.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Manonmani Ammal |party=Swatantra Party |votes=25,234 |percentage=48.16 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kandaswamy Padayachi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,627 |percentage=43.18 |change=-0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. N. Govindasami Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=4,535 |percentage=8.66 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,607 |percentage=4.98 |change= 0.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,396 |percentage=60.27 |change= 3.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,580 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kandaswamy Padayachi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,133 |percentage=43.21 |change=-5.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manonmani Ammal |party=Independent politician |votes=18,890 |percentage=38.62 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasami Padayachi |party=Independent politician |votes=5,815 |percentage=11.89 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chakkari |party=Independent politician |votes=3,070 |percentage=6.28 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,243 |percentage=4.59 |change= -9.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,908 |percentage=57.25 |change= 2.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,430 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ulundurpet<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kandaswamy Padayachi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,904 |percentage=48.53 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Natesa Gounder |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=12,817 |percentage=34.74 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palani Pillai |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=6,174 |percentage=16.73 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,087 |percentage=13.79 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,895 |percentage=54.31 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,933 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite web|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections: Tamil Nadu: 61 - Ulundurpet (SC) Assembly Constituency|publisher= Election Commission of India|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp61.htm}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Ahmedabad–Mumbai Central Vande Bharat Express

2026-04-30T05:34:28Z

Mohitjikumar32:

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Mumbai Central–Gandhinagar Capital Vande Bharat Express]], India's 3rd semi high-speed Vande Bharat Express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Ahmedabad Junction - Mumbai Central ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo_width =
| image = Ahmedabad Mumbai Central Vande Bharat Express 2024-07-27 061150.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = This Saffron-Gray VB Express on stand-by and getting ready for departure towards [[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]]
| first = {{Start date|2024|03|12}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|13 March 2024|df=yes}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways (WR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} '''(ADI)'''
| stops = 4
| end = {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}} '''(MMCT)'''
| distance = {{convert|493|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 05 hrs 25 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Sundays}}
| trainnumber = 22962 / 22961
| line_used = *[[Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|91|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|384|m|ft}} (16 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = '''''(TBC)'''''
| map = {{Ahmedabad–Mumbai Central VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 22962/22961 '''Ahmedabad - Mumbai Central ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 45th [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], connecting the largest city of [[Gujarat]], [[Ahmedabad]] with the west coastal capital city [[Mumbai]] in [[Maharashtra]]. This express train was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]] from Ahmedabad on March 12, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=PM Modi flags off 10 new Vande Bharat Express trains today, four existing routes extended – Check full routes, new destinations and more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-pm-modi-to-flag-off-10-new-vande-bharat-express-trains-today-four-existing-routes-to-see-expansion-check-full-routes-new-destinations-and-more-3421885/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=2024-03-12 |title=Watch: PM Modi flags off 10 new Vande Bharat trains |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/watch-prime-minister-narendra-modi-flags-off-10-new-vande-bharat-trains-11710214806246.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
[[File:Ahmedabad - Mumbai Central Vande Bharat Express 2024-07-10 104947.jpg|thumb|left|Mumbai Central Vande Bharat Express nearing [[Borivali railway station|Borivali]]]]
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad Jn]], [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara Jn]], [[Surat railway station|Surat]], [[Vapi railway station|Vapi]], [[Borivali railway station|Borivali]] and [[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]]. It is operated with train numbers 22962/22961 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-09 |title=Mumbai: Second Vande Bharat express between Ahmedabad and Mumbai Central will be rolled out on March 12 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/mumbai-second-vande-bharat-express-between-ahmedabad-and-mumbai-central-will-be-rolled-out-on-march-12/articleshow/108355070.cms |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the forty-third [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation Vande Bharat Express train]] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Now it is running with 20 coaches.

== Service ==

The 22962/22961 Ahmedabad Jn - Mumbai Ctrl Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Sundays, covering a distance of {{cvt|493|km}} in a travel time of 5 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|91|km/h}}. The service has 4 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==
* [[Mumbai Central–Gandhinagar Capital Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station]]
* [[Mumbai Central railway station]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Mumbai–Ahmedabad trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]

Athadu

2026-04-30T04:12:56Z

Mohitjikumar32: put up a data - done

{{short description|2005 film by Trivikram Srinivas}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Athadu
| image = Athadu Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
| producer = Duggirala Kishore M. Ram Mohan
| writer = Trivikram Srinivas
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Mahesh Babu]] [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] [[Prakash Raj]] [[Sonu Sood]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[K. V. Guhan]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Jayabheri Arts]]
| distributor = Jayabheri Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|08|10}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}12–13 crore<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-athadu.html |title=Athadu jeevi review |work=Idlebrain.com |date=10 August 2005}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}22 crore share worldwide ({{INR}}18.6 crore Andhra Pradesh + overseas)<ref name="boa">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeandhra.com/2016/04/highest-grossing-tollywood-films-by-year.html |title=Highest Grossing Tollywood Films by Year |website=Box Office Andhra |date=2016-04-01 |access-date=2025-11-21}}</ref>
}}
'''''Athadu''''' ({{translation|Him}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action comedy|action comedy thriller film]] written and directed by [[Trivikram Srinivas]] and produced by [[Jayabheri Arts]]. The film stars [[Mahesh Babu]] as a [[hitman]] hired to stage the assassination of a politician, only to be framed for the actual murder, forcing him to assume a new identity while evading the law. The supporting cast includes [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] and [[Brahmanandam]]. The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]], while [[K. V. Guhan]] handled the cinematography.

''Athadu'' was released on 10 August 2005 and received critical acclaim from critics and audiences and emerged as one of the highest-grossing Telugu films of the year collecting a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor's share]] of approximately {{INRConvert|22|c}} in its total run.<ref name="cinegoer.com" /> It won three [[Nandi Awards]] and a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award South]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]. It is the only Telugu film to have aired over a thousand times on television.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-08 |title=Did you know? Mahesh Babu's 'Athadu' achieves remarkable milestone with over 1000 telecasts! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-mahesh-babus-athadu-achieves-remarkable-milestone-with-over-1000-telecasts/articleshow/102541978.cms#:~:text=In%20a%20historic%20stride,%20'Athadu,Telugu%20cinema%20had%20attained%20before. |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=In a historic stride, 'Athadu' achieved a staggering milestone—surpassing over 1000 telecasts on the silver screen. This cinematic marvel secured its place as a paragon of endurance, making it a part of an elite club with a record that no other Telugu cinema had attained before.}}</ref> The film was remade in Hindi as ''[[Ek: The Power of One]]'' (2009) and in Bengali as [[Wanted (2010 film)|''Wanted'']] (2010).<ref>{{cite web |last=Chanda |first=Aishik |date=6 November 2012 |title=The great role reversal of Tollywood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2012/Nov/18/the-great-role-reversal-of-tollywood-425879.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Politician Siva Reddy, leader of the opposition, intends to win the upcoming election by staging a failed assassination attempt on himself, which would garner him sympathy votes. To accomplish this, Siva Reddy, his deputy Baaji Reddy and their aide Farooq hire Nandu, a contract killer, along with his partner Malli. On the day of the staged attack, Nandu's plan goes awry when Siva Reddy is actually shot dead. Attempting escape, Nandu sees Malli die in a car accident, and manages to evade the police by jumping onto a moving train.

On the train, Nandu meets Parthasaradhi "Pardhu", who is returning to his hometown, Basarlapudi, after running away as a child two decades earlier. While the train halts at a station, the police searching for Nandu arrive. The sub-inspector of the search party spots Nandu and fires at him, but hits Pardhu instead. Nandu uses the distraction to escape and goes to Basarlapudi. However, Pardhu's unsuspecting family mistakes Nandu for their long-lost relative and welcomes him with open arms. Over time, he bonds with them and falls in love with Poori, Pardhu's cousin. Nandu helps the family resolve several issues, including protecting their farmland, aiding a struggling family affected by Pardhu's past actions, and withdrawing money from his own bank account to fund Poori's sister's wedding. He confides his real identity to Pardhu's childhood friend Ramana.

Meanwhile, CBI officer Anjaneya Prasad is assigned to investigate Siva Reddy's assassination. Noting inconsistencies in the evidence, he goes to Basarlapudi but fails to uncover Nandu's identity. All evidence points toward the deceased Malli, leading Prasad to consult Sadhu, Nandu and Malli's former mentor in prison. After surreptitiously confirming Nandu's identity and the location of the payment for the job, Prasad discovers a withdrawal from Nandu's account, calls the household, and tricks Nandu into revealing himself, causing him to flee. Arriving at the house, Prasad informs Pardhu's family of his real fate and departs. The revelation leaves them devastated, but Ramana defends Nandu, highlighting his contributions to the family, saying he didn't take credit for or make anyone know of his actions.

Nandu returns amidst the outrage and admits the lie, but says he never intended to deceive the family. Pardhu's grandfather, Satyanarayana Murthy, takes him to his study, and privately acknowledges Nandu as his grandson, noting that he didn't need to do what he did, but did it out of love anyway. He hands Nandu a shotgun, once owned by Pardhu's father, which had misfired and killed him due to an obstructed barrel, and encourages him to uncover the truth and clear his name. Unbeknownst to anyone, the gun was obstructed again with one of the marbles that the kids were playing with.

Nandu contacts Baaji Reddy, and blackmails him with a fake recording of their original conversation. Baaji Reddy reveals that Malli is alive and was bribed to kill Siva Reddy and frame Nandu so that Baaji Reddy could secure the chief minister position. Nandu secretly records this confession. Nandu tracks Malli to a church, where they are ambushed by Baaji Reddy's corrupt officers. Nandu eliminates the attackers and confronts Malli, who takes Nandu's shotgun and aims at him. However, when he fires, the obstructed barrel causes the gun to backfire, killing him. Prasad arrives, and Nandu hands over the recording. Prasad confronts Baaji Reddy, who arrogantly dismisses the evidence as inadmissible in court. However, Prasad points out that Siva Reddy's vengeful son would not hesitate to kill him once the truth emerged. With no escape, Baaji Reddy commits suicide.

Later, Prasad finds Nandu performing Pardhu's last rites. Addressing him as Pardhu, he reveals that he has officially cleared Nandu's name and allows him to go free. Nandu, having fully embraced his new identity, returns to Basarlapudi to live happily with his newfound family.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mahesh Babu]] as Nanda Gopal "Nandu", an [[assassin]] who takes up the identity of Pardhu
** [[Manoj Nandam]] as Young Nanda Gopal "Nandu"
* [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] as Poori, Pardhu's cousin and Nandu's love interest (voice dubbed by [[Savitha Reddy]])
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Anjaneya Prasad [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], designated to [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer, takes up the case of Siva Reddy assassination.
* [[Sonu Sood]] as Malli, Nandu's partner (voice dubbed by [[P. Ravi Shankar]])
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Siva Reddy, opposition party leader and Pratap Reddy's father
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Baaji Reddy, Siva Reddy's close aide
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Sadhu, a local don, Nandu and Malli's mentor (voice dubbed by P. Ravi Shankar)
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Satyanarayana Murthy, Pardhu's grandfather (voice dubbed by [[S.P.Balasubrahmanyam]])
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Ramana, Pardhu's friend
* [[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Parthasaradhi "Pardhu"
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Pratap Reddy, Siva Reddy's son
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy, Poori's father
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Subramanyam, Poori's 1st uncle
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Krishna Murthy, Poori's 2nd uncle
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Janaki, Rama Chandra Murthy's wife, Poori's mother,
* Sruthi as Lakshmi, Subramanyam's wife, Poori's 1st aunt
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Sujatha, Krishna Murthy's wife, Poori's 2nd aunt
* [[Charan Raj]] as SP Sundar (voice dubbed by P. Ravi Shankar)
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Naidu
* [[Brahmaji]] as Nagasamudram Bujji, Naidu's brother-in-law
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Farooq, Siva Reddy's aide
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Ravi, Anjaneya Prasad's assistant
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as a car agency owner
* Vajja Venkata Giridhar as Giri, Pardhu's friend
* Harika as Lalitha, Poori's elder sister
* Prabhu as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Prabhu
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Tea Shop customer
* [[Ananth Babu|Ananth]] as Doctor
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Lalitha's future father-in-law
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]] as a corrupt MRO
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Datthu, Manager of Tanuku Manjeera Bank
* [[Shanoor Sana]] as Lalitha's future mother-in-law
* [[Mounica]]<ref>{{cite web | title=యాక్టర్‌ కాకుంటే డాక్టర్‌! | date=25 September 2024 | url=https://www.ntnews.com/news/actress-mounika-in-if-not-an-actor-a-doctor-1740289 }}</ref> as Poori's younger cousin
* [[K. Vishwanath]] as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer K. S. Patanjali [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (special appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In an interview with the media about his film ''[[Julayi]]'' (2012), Trivikram shared his views on this film, stating :

{{cquote|I narrated the story of ''Athadu'' to Mahesh Babu before the start of ''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]'' shoot. Before making of ''Athadu'', I fixed myself that I should not compromise at any cost. I wanted to make the film the way I envisioned it. I wanted to satisfy the audience in me after shooting every scene. I doubled checked each and every scene as an audience. I was able to achieve only 80% of what I had imagined when I wrote the script. If you look at the first 15 minutes of the ''Athadu'' movie, you will realize the level of intensity and technical finesse.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/int1/trivikram.html |title=Interview with Trivikram |date=7 August 2012 |publisher=idlebrain.com |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215013727/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/int1/trivikram.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

=== Casting ===
Initially, [[Trivikram Srinivas]] wanted to do this film with [[Pawan Kalyan]] and narrated the script. But he did not show much interest in signing the film and even slept during the narration.<ref name="filmibeat1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/pawan-kalyan-was-to-play-mahesh-babu-role-athadu-123253.html |title=Pawan Kalyan Was To Play Mahesh Babu's Role In Athadu |date=24 October 2013 |publisher=[[Oneindia.in|Oneindia Entertainment]] |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223184603/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2013/pawan-kalyan-was-to-play-mahesh-babu-role-athadu-123253.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2013-10-26/Pawan-Kalyan-not-Mahesh-Babu-was-first-choice-for-Athadu-75019 |title=Pawan Kalyan, not Mahesh Babu was first choice for Athadu? |date=26 October 2013 |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180516/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2013-10-26/Pawan-Kalyan-not-Mahesh-Babu-was-first-choice-for-Athadu-75019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mahesh Babu]] listened to the script of this film in 2002 but Trvikram and the film's producers had to wait for him till he completed the shooting schedules of [[S. J. Surya]]'s science fiction film ''[[Naani]]'' and [[Gunasekhar]]'s family drama ''[[Arjun (2004 film)|Arjun]]'' as they were his existing commitments then. The shooting started a month later after the completion of ''Arjun''. For his characterization and the dialogues uttered by the character he played, Mahesh had to adjust to Trivikram's style of dialogues, which took ten days. [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] was selected for the leading female role. In an interview with the media on 29 June 2005 at the event of audio release stated that she would be seen in a role with shades of comedy though she added that her role was a limited one.<ref name="ib.com shoot">{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-maheshbabu1.html |title=Chitchat with Mahesh Babu & Trisha |date=29 June 2005 |publisher=idlebrain.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706091711/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-maheshbabu1.html |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref>

[[Murali Mohan]] later revealed that he wanted his friend and former Telugu actor [[Sobhan Babu]] to play the role of Satya Narayana Murthy, which would have marked his comeback film, who was then busy with a highly profitable [[real estate]] career. For the same, Murali Mohan even issued and sent a [[blank cheque]] to Sobhan Babu's residence at [[Chennai]] as the remuneration. But Sobhan Babu refused to do that role and rejected the offer politely. Later, Nassar portrayed that role with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] dubbing for him in frail voice and his performance was appreciated by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/EmbedArticle/51215/King-of-Kings--Shoban-babu-6th-Vardanthi/ |title=King of Kings : Shoban babu 6th Vardanthi |date=20 March 2014 |publisher=apherald.com |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171520/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/EmbedArticle/51215/King-of-Kings--Shoban-babu-6th-Vardanthi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
For the film's shoot, 160 [[digital still camera]]s were imported from London, to shoot [[Freeze-frame shot|freeze-frames]] in action sequences. Not more than ten shots were shot per day and four to five complicated action sequences were shot under the supervision of [[Peter Hein]] and the climax sequence was shot indoors, which took enormous time to complete thus making the [[principal photography]] end after a span of two years.<ref name="ib.com shoot" /> A big set was constructed at [[Ramanaidu Studios]] in [[Nanakramguda]] at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] where most of the film's family scenes were shot.<ref name="ib.com audio">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2005 |title=Audio release – Athadu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-athadu1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629151453/http://idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-athadu1.html |archive-date=29 June 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> On 7 August 2004, a scene featuring Mahesh and [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] was shot on the bridge of the lake at [[ICRISAT]] campus in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-maheshbabu.html |title=Chit Chat with Mahesh Babu |date=9 August 2004 |publisher=idlebrain.com |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924091134/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-maheshbabu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Athadu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 29 June 2005
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:52
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = Maruthi Music
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Narasimhudu]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Allari Pidugu]]
| next_year = 2005
}}

[[Mani Sharma]] composed the music for this film marking his first collaboration with [[Trivikram Srinivas]] and eighth collaboration with [[Mahesh Babu]]. This album consists of six melodies while [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]] and Viswa penned the lyrics.<ref name="ib.com audio" />

The film's soundtrack was released by Mahesh Babu's father and Telugu actor [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] on 29 June 2005 at the house set of the film constructed at [[Nanakramguda]] through Maruthi Music label.<ref name="ib.com audio" />

The film's soundtrack and score by Mani Sharma received critical acclaim. Upon the film's release, Sharma's background score and the title song were well received. However, parts of the title song were noted to be influenced by [[Christina Aguilera]]'s "[[Fighter (Christina Aguilera song)|Fighter]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Telugu |url=http://itwofs.com/telugu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118083116/http://itwofs.com/telugu.html |archive-date=18 January 2022 |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref> ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' highlighted the picturisation of the opening song, the Mexican-inspired "Neetho Cheppana", and the effective background score.<ref name="ib.com review">{{Cite web |date=10 August 2005 |title=Athadu movie review |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-athadu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412090626/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-athadu.html |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=6 July 2014 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' praised Mani Sharma's music, particularly the "Neeto Chappana" song, filmed in the tea estates of [[Darjeeling]].<ref name="Sify review">{{Cite web |date=10 August 2005 |title=Movie Review : Athadu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/athadu-review-telugu-13916055.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224025014/http://www.sify.com/movies/athadu-review-telugu-13916055.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=6 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Adaraku
| extra1 = [[Viswa (lyricist)|Viswa]] & Chorus
| lyrics1 = [[Viswa (lyricist)|Viswa]]
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Pillagali Allari
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]
| length2 = 4:49
| title3 = Avunu Nijam
| extra3 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|K.K]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| length3 = 5:05
| title4 = Chandamama
| extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| length4 = 5:28
| title5 = Neetho Cheppana
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra|K.S. Chithra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| length5 = 4:33
| title6 = Pilichinaa Raanantaava
| extra6 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] & Chorus
| lyrics6 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| length6 = 4:57
}}

== Release ==

=== Domestic ===
The film released in 79 centers in [[Nizam Circuit|Nizam region]] in Andhra Pradesh and was distributed by Maruthi Movies in which 3 centers screened the film for only 2 days. The film released in 24 centers across [[Visakhapatnam]] and was distributed by Sri Venkateswara Films. Sri Bharathi Pictures released the film in [[Krishna district]] in 18 centers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/athadureleasecenters.html |title=Athadu release centers |publisher=idlebrain.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413040011/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/athadureleasecenters.html |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=6 July 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film was released simultaneously on three screens in [[Chennai]], the first Telugu film to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/08/11/stories/2005081100470500.htm |title=The assassin |date=11 August 2005 |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204124/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/08/11/stories/2005081100470500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="sify.com">[http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/boxoffice/fullstory.php?id=13918651 Chennai Box-Office (Aug 12–15)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143920/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/boxoffice/fullstory.php?id=13918651 |date=6 June 2012 }}. Sify.com (16 August 2005). Retrieved on 2015-07-23.</ref>

=== Overseas ===
The film was released with 6 prints in United States and was distributed by Vishnu Mudda and Soma Kancherla of Crown DVD distribution company. Because of the demand, another print was imported from India for screening.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/us/schedu/athadu.html |title=Athadu in USA |date=6 January 2006 |publisher=idlebrain.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413044109/http://www.idlebrain.com/us/schedu/athadu.html |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=6 July 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ib.com cycle">{{Cite web |url=http://idlebrain.com/trade/tsynop/athadu.html |title=Cycle Stand – Telugu Cinema Trade Story : Mahesh Babu's ATHADU sensation in USA |date=16 September 2005 |publisher=idlebrain.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415225659/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/tsynop/athadu.html |archive-date=15 April 2015 |access-date=6 July 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film's first screening in the US happened at Cine Plaza 13 at [[North Bergen, New Jersey|North Bergen]] on the night of 11 August 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/athadu-exp-newjersey.html |title=The experience of watching Athadu in New Jersey |date=12 August 2005 |publisher=idlebrain.com |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074633/http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/athadu-exp-newjersey.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At [[Connecticut]], a special screening was conducted on 19 August 2005. Initially one show was planned but because of the demand another show was screened. There at the theater, a turn out of 442 people was observed which included standing audience for 434 seats and about 60 could not be accommodated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/athadu-exp-ct.html |title=The experience of watching Athadu in CT |date=22 August 2005 |publisher=idlebrain.com |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080133/http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/athadu-exp-ct.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from USA, the film released in selected screens in United Kingdom, [[Singapore]], Germany and Australia.<ref name="ib.com cycle" />

=== Home media ===
The DVD of the movie was released by [[Aditya Music]] under its Aditya Video Brand and won the best DVD award for its quality and is considered to be one of the best selling DVDs in [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]]. After 7 years, [[Star Maa]] renewed the contract by paying an amount of {{INR}}3.5 crores which was a record price for a 2005 Telugu film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-01-01/Maheshs-Athadu-satellite-rights-MAA-TV-pays-Rs-35-crores-81147 |title=Mahesh's Athadu satellite rights: MAA TV pays Rs 3.5 crores |date=1 January 2014 |publisher=The Hans India |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-date=16 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216232707/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-01-01/Maheshs-Athadu-satellite-rights-MAA-TV-pays-Rs-35-crores-81147 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Re-release ===
Athadu was remastered in 4K with [[Dolby Atmos]] mixing and re-released in theaters on 9 August 2025 coinciding with the 20th anniversary of the film and the 50th birthday celebrations of Babu.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}
== Dubbed version ==
The film was dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Cheetah: The Power of One''.

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
The film received praise for its plot, slick screenplay, creative action sequences, the amalgamation of humor, emotional weightage, suspense music, dialogues, cinematography and the central performance of Mahesh Babu.

''[[Sify.com|Sify]]'' stated, "The highlight of the film is Mahesh Babu who looks cool, confident and competent as a hit man with his expressive body language and mannerisms. Athadu just about makes it as a slickly packaged entertainer but only for want of a better alternative."<ref name="Sify review" /> ''Cinegoer.net'' gave a review stating, "True the film gives an image of a [[Hollywood film|Hollywood]] base for the drama. Even the taking, screenplay structure and execution of scenes, less talk and more action – all add to this image. But there are elements in this film that only a Telugu man can do it originally. That is the love track. And the way Trivikram put to view the scenic structure between Mahesh Babu and Trisha is impressive and refreshing."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.net/reviews/athadu.htm |title=Inspired By Hollywood Flicks |date=12 August 2005 |publisher=cinegoer.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008103141/http://www.cinegoer.net/reviews/athadu.htm |archive-date=8 October 2013 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film netted {{INR}}10 [[lakh]] from three screens in Chennai in its opening weekend debuting at second position pushing [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s ''[[Anniyan]]'' down to the third place.<ref name="sify.com" /> It collected approximately {{INRConvert|22|c}} in its total run.<ref name="cinegoer.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/january2006.htm |title=CineGoer.com – News Archives – January 2006 |date=2 March 2008 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302045929/http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/january2006.htm |archive-date=2 March 2006 |access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref> The film had a 50 days run in 205 centers<ref>[http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/athadu50dayscenters.html Athadu 50 days centres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506191806/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/athadu50dayscenters.html |date=6 May 2011 }}. Idlebrain.com. Retrieved on 23 July 2015.</ref> and a 100-day run in 38 centres.<ref>[http://www.nonstopcinema.com/nsc/boxoffice/display.php?id=218 Nonstopcinema Box Office – Athadu 100 days centers : Telugu movies, tollywood, cinema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305023847/http://www.nonstopcinema.com/nsc/boxoffice/display.php?id=218|date=5 March 2007}}. Nonstopcinema.com. Retrieved on 23 July 2015.</ref> The film had a 175-day run in Sudarshan 35 mm, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], grossing {{INR}}1.40 crore from the theatre.<ref name="cinegoer.com" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070212050918/http://www.cinegoer.com/maheshbabu175.htm Box-Office Records And Collections – Maheshbabu's 75-Day Centres List]. CineGoer.com. Retrieved on 23 July 2015.</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="9"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="9"| [[53rd Filmfare Awards South|9 September 2006]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
| ''Athadu''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/september2006/filmfarewinners.htm |title=53rd Annual Filmfare Awards-South Winners |date=9 September 2006 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429030243/http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/september2006/filmfarewinners.htm |archive-date=29 April 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
| [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| [[Mahesh Babu]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Telugu|Best Comedian – Telugu]]
| [[Brahmanandam]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
| [[Mani Sharma]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] (for "Pilichina Raanantaava")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] (for "Pillagali Allari")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Kavita Krishnamurti]] (for "Pilichina Raanantaava")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Nandi Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Nandi Awards of 2005|2006]]
| [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Mahesh Babu]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2005.html|title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2005|website=APFTVTDC|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516205653/https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2005.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008) |access-date=17 September 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=te |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]]
| [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Nandi Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
| C. H. Srinivas ([[Prasad EFX]])
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0471571|title=Athadu}}

{{Trivikram Srinivas}}

[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2005 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films about assassinations]]
[[Category:Films about bank robbery]]
[[Category:Films about child labour]]
[[Category:Films about contract killing in India]]
[[Category:Films about identity theft]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Trivikram Srinivas]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Trivikram Srinivas]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Rail transport films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films set in churches]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Films about security and surveillance]]
[[Category:Police detective films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s police procedural films]]
[[Category:Indian IMAX films]]

Hassan Nasir

2026-04-30T03:32:31Z

Mohitjikumar32: made initial info and citations

{{Short description|Pakistani proletarian leader (1928-1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hassan Nasir
| native_name = حسن ناصر
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|01|01}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[G/13/1 Street:87 House;56]], [[British Raj]] (now in [[Telangana]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1960|11|13|1928|01|01}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
| nickname = Hasan Bhai
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Proletariat Leader
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hassan Nasir''' (1 January 1928 – 13 November 1960)<ref name=friday>{{cite news|last=Saeed|first=Shahid|title=Hasan Nasir, 1928-1960|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/04022011/page27.shtml|accessdate=26 September 2013|newspaper=The Friday Times|date=10 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928062555/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/04022011/page27.shtml|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> was a [[Pakistani]] [[proletarian]] leader, Secretary General of the proscribed [[Communist Party of Pakistan]] (CPP) and Office Secretary in the [[National Awami Party]]. Hasan Nasir was born in [[Hyderabad (Deccan)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1217943|title=Hassan Nasir: The man who wasn't there|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=2015-11-08|access-date=2016-08-24}}</ref> and had fought, along with [[Makhdoom Mohiuddin]] and others, in the [[Telangana armed struggle|Telangana Peasants’ Revolt]] against the Razakars.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

== Early life ==
Nasir was a maternal grandson of Nawab [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]], one of the founders of the [[All-India Muslim League]]. After completing college, he was admitted into the [[University of Cambridge]] in [[England]] where he came into contact with various [[Marxist]] ideologues and soon became inspired by the rhetoric he heard. Upon his return to India, he joined forces with the oppressed [[Hindu]] peasants of Telangana and took part in anti-colonial uprisings to the chagrin of his bourgeoisie family.<ref name=":0" /> In the aftermath of the [[Partition of India]] and the [[Operation Polo|Liberation of Hyderabad]] from the rule of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] by [[Indian armed forces|Indian forces]], the communist movement in [[Telangana]] collapsed and a temporary military administration was instituted in the region which subdued the collectivized communes established by the peasant rebels. The [[Indian Army]] soon pursued the remaining communist guerrilla factions in the countryside, which prompted Nasir to migrate to [[Pakistan]] in 1947. Upon arrival in [[Karachi]] in 1950, he resumed his political activities and soon became one of the most dreaded communists in the new nation to the ruling elite of right-wing [[Islamists]]. Thus, despite being the scion of an aristocratic family in Hyderabad (Deccan), he had taken up the cause of the oppressed.<ref name="friday" /> He was a popular left-wing activist among students, peasants, and laborers. In 1954, he was arrested by the government, imprisoned, tortured and then forcibly flown back to [[India]]. But only a year later, he escaped Indian custody and returned again to Pakistan. Nasir's reconnection with Indian communists further radicalized his ideology and hardened him as a person, and he began serving as the office secretary of the [[National Awami Party|National Awami Party (NAP)]] after his arrival back to Karachi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1217943|title=Hassan Nasir: The man who wasn't there|last=Nadeem F. Paracha|date=8 November 2015|website=dawn.com|access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref>

== Death ==
In 1960, he was arrested in Karachi and put in a cell in the [[Lahore Fort]] and brutally tortured till he died.<ref name="friday2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/04022011/page27.shtml|title=Hasan Nasir, 1928-1960|last=Saeed|first=Shahid|date=10 February 2011|accessdate=26 September 2013|newspaper=The Friday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928062555/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/04022011/page27.shtml|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> He died while under interrogation in Lahore Fort,<ref name="links">{{cite web | url=http://links.org.au/node/278 | title=Pakistan: Social and economic crisis -- background and perspectives | work=Links | accessdate=25 September 2013 | author=Tariq, Farooq}}</ref> a detention centre established by the Martial-Law regime of Ayub Khan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Throttled Scream of Hasan Nasir – I |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/throttled-scream-of-hasan-nasir-i/ |work=The Friday Times - Naya Daur |date=3 December 2020}}</ref> After his murder his mangled body was hastily buried by the police. The reports of torture were frightening and succeeded in halting the protests for several months. There was such a fervor over his martyrdom that the President [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] government had to exhume his body to attempt to prove to the prosecution point that he had committed suicide and was not tortured.<ref name="friday" /> The reason was that the government did not want to let remain anything reminding the people of Hassan Nasir.<ref name=democ>{{cite journal|last=Nadeem|first=Naresh|title=Pakistan Diary|journal=People's Democracy|date=13 March 2005|volume=29|issue=11|url=http://www.cpim.org/pd/2005/0313/03132005_naresh%20nadeem.htm|accessdate=26 September 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928010821/http://www.cpim.org/pd/2005/0313/03132005_naresh%20nadeem.htm|archivedate=28 September 2013}}</ref> Today, there remains nothing of that cell, where he was killed, except a wall containing a small window.<ref name="democ" />

Hassan Nasir was brought to Lahore Fort's cell on 13 September 1960. On 13 November, at 12:40 pm, the Assistant Deputy Inspector General of the Criminal Investigation Department received a call from the line officer at the Lahore Fort that Hassan Nasir was found hanging in cell number 13 at 11:00 am that morning.<ref name="dawn">{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1078940/a-century-of-war-1914-2014-pakistan-and-the-cold-war | title=A century of war, 1914-2014: Pakistan and the Cold War | publisher=Dawn | date=2014-01-07 | access-date=8 January 2014 | author=ASDAR ALI, KAMRAN}}</ref><ref name="links" />

On 4 December 1960, Hasan Nasir’s mother, Zahra Alamdar Hussein, arrived in [[Lahore]] from her home in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]].<ref name="dawn" /> She witnessed the exhumation of the body in the [[Miani Sahib Graveyard]] on 12 December 1960 for the possession. The body suffered an advanced stage of decomposition and thus not identifiable. Mrs. Hussein issued a statement at the court that she did not think the body was that of Hasan Nasir’s and refused to take the possession. The Anarkali Police later reburied the body into an unknown grave.<ref>{{cite web|last=Moini|first=Qasim A.|title=KARACHI: 'Bhagat Singh was a Pakistani martyr'|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/277535/karachi|work=Dawn|date=26 November 2007|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref>

==References in literature and popular culture==
* [[Sibte Hassan]] in his book ''Sher-e-Nigaran'' briefly discussed Hasan Nasir
* Maj. Ishaq Muhammad in his book ''Hassan Nasir Ki Shahdat''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Discussion show about Hassan Nasir on Pakistan Television: {{YouTube|Diyjny_WrMA|Part 1}}, {{YouTube|4j6j-Ur6Ou8|Part 2}}, {{YouTube|VWIrRrvrHzM|Part 3}}, {{YouTube|l8l1_dxxRL4|Part 4}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nasir, Hassan}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of Pakistan politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths in police custody in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani torture victims]]
[[Category:People murdered in Lahore]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Hyderabadi descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]

M. A. B. Arumugasamy

2026-04-30T02:27:08Z

Mohitjikumar32: added a details!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1917)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. A. B. Arumugasamy
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = March 1917
| birth_place =
| death_date = 31 July 1994<ref>https://www.tnlasdigital.tn.gov.in/jspui/viewer/viewer.html?search=&itemId=179856&bitstreamId=629802&file=/jspui/bitstream/123456789/153577/629802/TNLA-DB-10-1994-8-61-1-ORF%281994-11-03%29.pdf {{Dead link | date=April 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Legislative Assembly, Tamil Nadu
| constituency1 = [[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
| term_start1 = 1957
| term_end1 = 1962
| predecessor1 = Soundaram Ramachandran
| successor1 = [[V. S. S. Mani]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''M. A. B. Arumugasamy''' (March 1917-31 July 1994) is an [[Indian politician]] and a former Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly (MLA) of Tamil Nadu]]. He hails from Ayyampalayam village in the [[Batlagundu block]] of [[Dindigul district]]. He completed his primary education at St. Mary's High School in [[Dindigul]]. Representing the [[Indian National Congress]] party, he contested and won the [[1957 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1957 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the Athoor constituency, subsequently serving as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]].<ref>Madras Legislature WHO IS WHO 1957. Madras-9: Legislature Department, Madras. 1957. p. 4.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Athoor<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. A. B. Arumugasamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,929 |percentage=42.23% |change=-12.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. S. S. Mani Chettiyar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=12,669 |percentage=23.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. K. A. Jeyaram |party=Independent politician |votes=10,139 |percentage=18.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. N. Kamatchi |party=Independent politician |votes=6,077 |percentage=11.19% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sadasivam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,480 |percentage=4.57% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,260 |percentage=18.90% |change=-3.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,294 |percentage=49.32% |change= -13.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,10,089 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.84% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arumugasamy, M.A.B.}}
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]

Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal

2026-04-29T08:28:58Z

Mohitjikumar32: added new post!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal
| image = Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sharan Venugopal
| producer = Joby George Thadathil
| writer = Sharan Venugopal
| based_on =
| starring = [[Joju George]] [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] [[Alencier Ley Lopez]]
| cinematography = [[Appu Prabhakar]]
| editing = Jyoti Swaroop Panda
| music = [[Rahul Raj]]
| studio = Goodwill Entertainments
| distributor = Goodwill Entertainments Phars Films (Overseas) [[Yash Raj Films]] (UK/Europe)
| released = {{Film date|2025|02|07|df=yes}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = {{INR}}5.48 crore<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-20 |title=Malayalam cinema’s February fallout: Rs 53 crore loss, one film earns just Rs 10,000! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-cinemas-february-fallout-rs-53-crore-loss-one-film-earns-just-rs-10000/articleshow/119237255.cms |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
}}

'''''Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal''''' ({{translation|The Three Sons of Narayani}}) is a 2025 Indian Malayalam-language [[family film|family]] [[drama film]] written and directed by Sharan Venugopal featuring [[Joju George]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] and [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal director Sharan Venugopal on getting a dream cast for his debut, National Award-winning short film and more {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-director-sharan-venugopal-debut-dream-cast/f0206e55a2656 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The film tells the tale of three distanced brothers who arrive at their ancestral home after decades to be near their dying mother.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2025-02-08 |title='Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal' movie review: A character-driven drama marked by its remarkable restraint |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-movie-review-joju-george-suraj-venjaramood-garggi-ananthan-sharan-venugopal/article69195050.ece |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210043226/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-movie-review-joju-george-suraj-venjaramood-garggi-ananthan-sharan-venugopal/article69195050.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film features music composed by [[Rahul Raj]] while [[Appu Prabhakar]] serves as the cinematographer and Jyoti Swaroop Panda, the editor of the director's [[National Film Awards|National Award]]-winning film ''[[Oru Paathiraa Swapnam Pole]]'' edits the film.

==Plot==
Bhaskaran, Sethu and Vishwanathan alias Vishwan are three estranged brothers who reunite at their ancestral home in [[Koyilandi]], as their ailing mother, Narayani, comes to the end of her life. Sethu, the middle brother, has remained unmarried in the family home, caring for their mother while leading a quiet and often overlooked life due to his learning disorder. Bhaskaran, the youngest, distanced himself from the family to [[London]] after marrying his girlfriend Nafisa, a decision that caused a rift between him and his elder brother, Vishwan. Vishwan upholds traditional values and sees himself as the guardian of the family’s legacy, harboring deep-seated resentments.

As the brothers return home, old tensions resurface. The situation becomes comically worse, when Bhaskaran’s son Nikhil and Vishwan’s daughter Athira gets involved in a scandalous love romantic relationship. When Vishwan discovers the romance, he reacts with fury, unwilling to accept a union between his daughter and the son of the brother he resents. Bhaskaran, though hesitant at first, supports the couple, seeing in them a chance to heal the divisions that have long plagued the family. Sethu, the mediator tries to ease the growing tension, urging his brothers to let go of their bitterness.

==Cast==
* [[Joju George]] as Sethu
** Master Aswajith as young Sethu
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Bhaskaran, Nikhil's father
** Master Rashif as young Bhaskaran
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as Vishwanathan (Vishwan), Athira's father
** Master Akshath as young Vishwan
* Thomas Mathew as Nikhil, Bhaskaran's son
* [[Garggi Ananthan]] as Athira, Vishwanathan's daughter
* [[Shelly Kishore]] as Nafisa, Bhaskaran's wife and Nikhil's mother
* [[Sajitha Madathil]] as Jayasree, Vishwanathan's wife and Athira's mother
* Sulochana as Narayani
* Noomi Kashi as Thanooja
* [[Sarasa Balussery]] as Devaki
* Savithri Meloor as Sarojini Amma
* Priya Sreejith as Latha, Bhaskaran's first crush
* Ganga as Indu
* Yamuna as Bindu
* Sreelakshmi Meledath as Dhanya
* Jithin as [[Radio Jockey|RJ]] Rajesh
* Kumar Sunil as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Rajan
* V. K. Ravi as Raman Nair
* Rahul Radhakrishnan as Hari
* Abu Valayamkulam as [[Physician|Dr.]] Ali
* Beena Geo as Sheela
* Pradeep Kumar as Father

===Family Tree of Narayani's family===
Dotted lines indicate a love relationship between characters, and dashed lines indicate marriage relationship between characters.

† Indicates a deceased character. 
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |||||| }}
{{Tree chart| | |||||Chandran|v|Narayani| |Chandran=Chandran†|Narayani=Narayani|}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{Tree chart|Viswanathan|v|Jayasree| |Sethu||Bhaskar|v|Nafiza|Viswanathan=Viswanathan|Jayasree=Jayasree|Sethu=Sethu|Bhaskar=Bhaskar |Nafiza=Nafiza}}
{{tree chart| | | |!|| | | | | || ||,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | |Athira|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|Nikhil | |Thanooja| | | | | | | | | | | |Athira=Athira|Nikhil=Nikhil||Thanooja=Thanooja|}}
{{tree chart/end}}

==Production==
After directing the [[National Film Awards|National Award]]-winning short film ''[[Oru Paathiraa Swapnam Pole]]'', Sharan Venugopal, an alumnus of [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]] wrote a screenplay for his feature directorial debut, based on a premise he had developed in 2018. After completing the first draft, he approached actor [[Joju George]] to play the lead role. After getting a green light from the actor, he brought actors [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] and [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] on board to play the other lead roles.

He signed [[Rahul Raj]] as the composer, Appu Prabhakar as the cinematographer and his film school colleague Jyoti Swaroop Panda as the editor.

The principal photography of the film began in December 2022 and got wrapped up in January 2023.

==Release==
The film had its worldwide theatrical release on February 7, 2025, garnering widespread critical acclaim. In India, the film started its online streaming through [[Amazon Prime Video]] from March 7, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=From 'Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal' to 'Officer On Duty': Malayalam OTT releases you should not miss this weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/from-narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-to-officer-on-duty-malayalam-ott-releases-you-should-not-miss-this-weekend/photostory/119054275.cms}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film opened to overwhelmingly positive reviews and critical acclaim. S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed the film positively calling it "A character-driven drama marked by its remarkable restraint".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2025-02-08 |title='Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal' movie review: A character-driven drama marked by its remarkable restraint |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-movie-review-joju-george-suraj-venjaramood-garggi-ananthan-sharan-venugopal/article69195050.ece |access-date=2025-02-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210043226/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-movie-review-joju-george-suraj-venjaramood-garggi-ananthan-sharan-venugopal/article69195050.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanjith Sidharthan of OTTPlay reviewed the film praised the film saying "Sharan Venugopal's soothing, simmering family drama is an absolute gem".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal review: This Joju George-starrer is an absolute gem |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-review-sharan-venugopals-soothing-simmering-family-drama-is-an-absolute-gem/967c325a37352 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[News18]]'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5 calling it "An Incredibly Moving Family Drama Of Homecoming".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal Movie Review: An Incredibly Moving Family Drama Of Homecoming |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-movie-review-an-incredibly-moving-family-drama-of-homecoming-9220131.html |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=11 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211104340/https://www.news18.com/movies/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-movie-review-an-incredibly-moving-family-drama-of-homecoming-9220131.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Subhash K Jha in his review for News 24 online called it a "Subtle, Emotionally Charged Masterpiece!".<ref>{{cite web |title=Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal Review: A Subtle, Emotionally Charged Masterpiece! |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-review-a-subtle-emotionally-charged-masterpiece/499820/}}</ref> Vivek Santhosh of The New Indian Express rated the movie 3.5/5 and called it "A tender ode to family, love and letting go."<ref>{{cite web |title='Narayaneente Moonaanmakkal' review: A tender ode to family, love and letting go |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Feb/08/narayaneente-moonaanmakkal-review-a-tender-ode-to-family-love-and-letting-go}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2431162}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]

Vedaa

2026-04-27T16:46:11Z

Mohitjikumar32:

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Nikkhil Advani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vedaa
| image = Vedaa.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = [[Nikkhil Advani]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Umesh KR Bansal
* Monisha Advani
* Madhu Bhojwani
* [[John Abraham]]}}
| writer = Aseem Arora
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[John Abraham]]
* [[Sharvari]]
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]}}
[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Amaal Mallik]] [[Manan Bhardwaj]] Yuva Raghav–Arjun '''Score:''' Kartik Shah
| cinematography = Malay Prakash
| editing = Maahir Zaveri
| studio = {{plainlist|
* [[Zee Studios]]
* [[Emmay Entertainment]]
* JA Entertainment}}
| distributor = Zee Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|08|15}}
| runtime = 151 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedaa |url=https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100010292400005394 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240815142110/https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100010292400005394 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=ecinepramaan.gov.in}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|60 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |title=Vedaa Cast Fees: 60 करोड़ की पिक्चर का एक तिहाई तो जॉन ने ही झटक लिया, शरवरी और तमन्ना को मिले बस इतने रुपए |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |date=16 August 2024 |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/vedaa-cast-fees-john-abraham-charges-highest-amount-tamannaah-bhatia-sharvari-wagh-cast-fees-2784193.html |language=hi |access-date=3 September 2024}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|26.71 crore}}<ref name="boc">{{Cite news |title=Vedaa Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/vedaa/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611180202/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/movie/vedaa/box-office/ |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Vedaa''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Nikkhil Advani]] and written by Aseem Arora.The film is inspired by true events.It stars [[John Abraham]] and [[Sharvari]] as the title character, alongside [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Kumud Mishra]], [[Rajendra Chawla]], Tanvi Malhara, Anurag Thakur and Urvashi Dubey along with [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] in a special appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bohra |first=Anurag |date=1 August 2024 |title=Vedaa Trailer: John Abraham mentors Sharvari in violent action-thriller about casteism and untouchability. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vedaa-trailer-john-abraham-mentors-sharvari-in-violent-action-thriller-about-casteism-and-untouchability-watch-101722512598747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804025229/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vedaa-trailer-john-abraham-mentors-sharvari-in-violent-action-thriller-about-casteism-and-untouchability-watch-101722512598747.html |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India Today Entertainment Desk |date=1 August 2024 |title='Vedaa' trailer: John Abraham is Krishna to Sharvari's Arjun |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vedaa-trailer-john-abraham-is-krishna-to-sharvari-arjun-2575248-2024-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801144638/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vedaa-trailer-john-abraham-is-krishna-to-sharvari-arjun-2575248-2024-08-01 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref>

''Vedaa'' was released on 15 August 2024, coinciding with [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]], to mixed-to-positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=Khel Khel Mein and Vedaa movie review and box office collection LIVE Updates: Fans laud Akshay Kumar for his return to the comic world with a "fun character" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/khel-khel-mein-and-vedaa-movie-review-box-office-collection-release-live-updates-khel-khel-mein-akshay-kumar-vaani-kapoor-vedaa-john-abraham-tamannaah-bhatia-vedaa-and-khel-khel-mein-review/liveblog/112537759.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818163442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/khel-khel-mein-and-vedaa-movie-review-box-office-collection-release-live-updates-khel-khel-mein-akshay-kumar-vaani-kapoor-vedaa-john-abraham-tamannaah-bhatia-vedaa-and-khel-khel-mein-review/liveblog/112537759.cms |archive-date=18 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitra |first=Jyotismita |title=Vedaa Review: John Abraham and Sharvari Deliver a Gripping Thriller That Confronts the Caste System |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/vedaa-review-john-abraham-and-sharvari-deliver-a-gripping-thriller-that-confronts-the-caste-system |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815170529/https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/vedaa-review-john-abraham-and-sharvari-deliver-a-gripping-thriller-that-confronts-the-caste-system |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=John Abraham breaks silence on the failure of Vedaa at the box-office: "There's regret when your film doesn't work commercially" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-breaks-silence-failure-vedaa-box-office-theres-regret-film-doesnt-work-commercially/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825125207/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-breaks-silence-failure-vedaa-box-office-theres-regret-film-doesnt-work-commercially/ |archive-date=25 August 2024 |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 August 2024 |quote=Despite his latest film, Vedaa receiving critical acclaim, it failed to resonate with audiences, adding to a string of underperforming ventures.}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vedaa Berwa, a [[Dalit]] law student, lives with her family in [[Barmer, Rajasthan]], where Jitendar Pratap Singh is the chief of 150 villages. Vedaa is always being abused and tortured by the upper-caste people due to [[caste discrimination in India|caste discrimination]]. Vedaa learns that Jitendra's brother Suyog Pratap Singh has organized a boxing club at the college and decides to train herself in [[boxing]] to protect her family.

[[Major (rank)|Major]] Abhimanyu Kanwar is [[court-martialed]] by the [[Indian Army]] for disobeying orders to bring Ilyas Kashmiri, a terrorist, alive. Abhimanyu killed Ilyas Kashmiri as he was responsible for the death of Abhimanyu's wife Raashi. Abhimanyu arrives at Raashi's village in Barmer and joins as an assistant sports coach in Vedaa's college. Vedaa is not allowed to enroll in boxing due to her caste and gender, but Abhimanyu sees a spark in Vedaa and begins to train her secretly.

Meanwhile, Vedaa's brother Vinod Berwa is in love with Arati, an upper-caste woman, and they maintain their relationship secretly, but they are caught and a kangaroo court punishes Vinod. Despite this, Vinod elopes with Arati and get married. Jitendar tricks Vinod and Arati into returning to Barmer and has them slaughtered. Vedaa's sister Gehna gets burnt alive, but Vedaa escapes and seeks the help of Abhimanyu, who vows to protect Vedaa.

Vedaa decides to leave for the city court and file a case against Jitendar under [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Dalit Protection Act]]. They escape and manages to eradicate Jitendra's men, which includes corrupt cops, goons and Suyog. Vedaa and Abhimanyu reach the court, where Jitendra and his men attack them. Vedaa pleads for her rights before the judges, who agrees. Abhimanyu manages to kill Jitendar, but succumbs to his injuries, thus fulfilling his vow of protecting Vedaa.

==Cast==
{{cast list|
* [[John Abraham]] as Abhimanyu Kanwar, a former [[Indian Army]] [[Major (rank)|Major]]
* [[Sharvari]] as Vedaa Berwa
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] as Jitendar Pratap Singh
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Kaka
* [[Kumud Mishra]] as Mausaji
* [[Rajendra Chawla]] as Vedaa's father
* Tanvi Malhara as Gehna, Vedaa's sister
* Anurag Thakur as Vinod, Vedaa's elder brother
* Urvashi Dubey as Aarti, Vinod's fiancèe
* Rajoshri Vidyarthi as Vedaa's mother
* Parag Sharma as Sunehre
* [[Danish Husain]] as Mountbatten
* [[Kapil Nirmal]] as API Bhimsen Purohit
* Ajeet Singh Palawat as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Raghu Meena
* K. C. Shankar as C. O. Bharadwaj
* Kshitij Chauhan as Suyog Pratap Singh
* Akshay Sharma as Raj Kishore, Suyog's gang member
* Toshab Bagri as Bhanu Singh, Suyog's gang member
* Abhishek Deswal as Major Deepanshu
* Paritosh Sand as Headmaster Uttamlal Singh
* Gowhar Khan as Ilyas Kashmiri
* Nirmal Chaudhury as Mr Meghwal
* Manu Shekhar as Reporter Faisal
* Monisha Advani as judge

=== Special appearances ===
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Raashi Kanwar, Abhimanyu's wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title=Vedaa Twitter Review: Tamannaah Bhatia's special role in John Abraham's action film surprises netizens |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/vedaa-twitter-review-tamannaah-bhatias-special-role-in-john-abrahams-action-film-surprises-netizens-article-12797197.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815030805/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/vedaa-twitter-review-tamannaah-bhatias-special-role-in-john-abrahams-action-film-surprises-netizens-article-12797197.html |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
* [[Mouni Roy]] in the song "Mummy Ji"<ref name="cast">{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Madhumanti Pait |date=1 August 2024 |title=''Vedaa '' Trailer: John Abraham Mentors Sharvari In The Fight Against Oppression |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vedaa-trailer-john-abraham-mentors-sharvari-in-the-fight-against-oppression-6241167 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801144638/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vedaa-trailer-john-abraham-mentors-sharvari-in-the-fight-against-oppression-6241167 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=ndtv.com}}</ref>
}}

==Production==
The filming began on 20 June 2023 in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2023 |title=John Abraham, Sharvari Wagh to lead Nikkhil Advani's 'Vedaa' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/john-abraham-sharvari-wagh-to-lead-nikkhil-advanis-vedaa/article66993690.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701160739/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/john-abraham-sharvari-wagh-to-lead-nikkhil-advanis-vedaa/article66993690.ece |archive-date=1 July 2023 |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2023 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia joins John Abraham, Sharvari Wagh in 'Vedaa' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamannaah-bhatia-joins-john-abraham-sharvari-wagh-in-vedaa/article67074769.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325184948/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamannaah-bhatia-joins-john-abraham-sharvari-wagh-in-vedaa/article67074769.ece |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The shoot was wrapped up in [[Kashmir]] in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2023 |title=Kashmir is beautiful and fantastic, please come: John Abraham after wrapping 'Vedaa' shoot |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kashmir-is-beautiful-and-fantastic-please-come-john-abraham-after-wrapping-vedaa-shoot-2808912 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325184948/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kashmir-is-beautiful-and-fantastic-please-come-john-abraham-after-wrapping-vedaa-shoot-2808912 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The makers of the film announced their concerns on 25 July 2024 via social media that the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) had not yet screened the film, despite the application being submitted a month earlier. Following that, it was noted that the CBFC's Examining Committee viewed the film on 22 June, but feedback was not provided to the makers until the film was referred to the Revising Committee on 25 June.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=26 July 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Vedaa's screening for CBFC's Revising Committee to be held on Monday, July 29; Nikkhil Advani shares details: "Since I had an extremely incredible experience with the Censors during Batla House and Mrs Chatterjee vs Norway, I am stunned this time": Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-vedaas-screening-cbfcs-revising-committee-held-monday-july-29-nikkhil-advani-shares-details-since-extremely-incredible-experience-th/ |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HT Entertainment Desk |date=25 July 2024 |title=Vedaa: Makers of John Abraham-starrer release official statement as film yet to get clearance from CBFC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vedaa-makers-of-john-abraham-starrer-release-official-statement-as-film-yet-to-get-clearance-from-cbfc-101721912876908.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727051028/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vedaa-makers-of-john-abraham-starrer-release-official-statement-as-film-yet-to-get-clearance-from-cbfc-101721912876908.html |archive-date=27 July 2024 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The Revising Committee screened the film on 29 July, which led to the deletion of 9.14 minutes and the implementation of certain changes. After these modifications, ''Vedaa'' was granted a U/A certificate on 6 August 2024, with a final runtime of 151 minutes.<ref name="cbfc">{{Cite news |date=7 August 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: CBFC deletes 9.14 minutes of content from John Abraham-starrer Vedaa; blurs visuals of tearing of currency notes |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-deletes-9-14-minutes-content-john-abraham-starrer-vedaa-blurs-visuals-tearing-currency-notes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807131549/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-deletes-9-14-minutes-content-john-abraham-starrer-vedaa-blurs-visuals-tearing-currency-notes/ |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Samina |date=29 July 2024 |title=John Abraham And Sharvari Wagh's Vedaa Gets U/A Certificate With No Cuts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/john-abraham-and-sharvari-waghs-vedaa-gets-u/a-certificate-with-no-cuts-article-112114349 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240729160009/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/john-abraham-and-sharvari-waghs-vedaa-gets-u/a-certificate-with-no-cuts-article-112114349 |archive-date=29 July 2024 |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=Times Now}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vedaa
| year = 2024
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Manan Bhardwaj]], Yuva and Raghav–Arjun
| released = 13 August 2024
| genre = [[Soundtrack#Film and television soundtracks|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:03
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{External music video
| header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|OQ4EQ48T08c&pp|Vedaa (Audio Jukebox)}}}}
}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Manan Bhardwaj]], Yuva and Raghav–Arjun while the background score is completed by Kartik Shah. The first single titled "Holiyaan" was released on 3 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=CE |date=3 August 2024 |title='Holiyaan': Sharvari exudes colourful charm in first song from John Abraham's Vedaa |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Aug/03/holiyaan-sharvari-exudes-colourful-charm-in-first-song-from-john-abrahams-vedaa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803075756/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Aug/03/holiyaan-sharvari-exudes-colourful-charm-in-first-song-from-john-abrahams-vedaa |archive-date=3 August 2024 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The second single titled "Mummy Ji" was released on 7 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Sagarika |date=7 August 2024 |title=Vedaa song Mummy Ji: Mouni Roy sets the dance floor on fire with her electrifying moves |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vedaa-song-mummy-ji-mouni-roy-sets-the-dance-floor-on-fire-with-her-electrifying-moves/cid/2039284 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807162053/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vedaa-song-mummy-ji-mouni-roy-sets-the-dance-floor-on-fire-with-her-electrifying-moves/cid/2039284 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> The third single titled "Zaroorat Se Zyada" was released on 10 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nisha |date=10 August 2024 |title=Zaroorat Se Zyada OUT: John Abraham grieves loss of his love in heart-wrenching track co-starring Tamannaah Bhatia |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/vedaa-first-song-zaroorat-se-zyada-out-john-abraham-grieves-loss-of-his-love-in-heart-wrenching-track-co-starring-tamannaah-bhatia-1337752 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810130528/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/vedaa-first-song-zaroorat-se-zyada-out-john-abraham-grieves-loss-of-his-love-in-heart-wrenching-track-co-starring-tamannaah-bhatia-1337752 |archive-date=10 August 2024 |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref> The entire album featuring 6 tracks was released on 13 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedaa |url=https://wynk.in/music/album/vedaa/zm_8909024042527 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813164114/https://wynk.in/music/album/vedaa/zm_8909024042527 |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=Wynk Music}}</ref>

The song "Holiyaan," from the album Bichhuda, sung by [[Ila Arun]] is recreated for the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vedaa's Holiyaan OUT: Sharvari Wagh's high-energy dance performance in peppy new track will get you rolling for the festival of colors |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/vedaas-holiyaan-out-sharvari-waghs-high-energy-dance-performance-in-peppy-new-track-will-get-you-rolling-for-the-festival-of-colors-1335215 |website=Pinkvilla |date=3 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracks
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Zaroorat Se Zyada
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kunaal Vermaa]]
| music1 = [[Amaal Mallik]]
| length1 = 5:36
| title2 = Holiyaan
| extra2 = [[Nikhita Gandhi]], Asha Sapera, MC Square
| lyrics2 = Arushi Kaushal, MC Square
| music2 = Yuva
| length2 = 3:05
| title3 = Dhaage
| extra3 = Raghav–Arjun, [[Raghav Chaitanya]]
| lyrics3 = Raghav–Arjun
| music3 = Raghav–Arjun
| length3 = 3:34
| title4 = Mummy Ji
| extra4 = [[Prajakta Shukre]], [[Himani Kapoor]], Manan Bhardwaj
| lyrics4 = [[Manan Bhardwaj]]
| music4 = Manan Bhardwaj
| length4 = 3:22
| title5 = Zaroorat Se Zyada
| note5 = Female Version
| extra5 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics5 = Kunaal Vermaa
| music5 = Amaal Mallik
| length5 = 5:34
| title6 = Zaroorat Se Zyada
| note6 = Duet
| extra6 = Arijit Singh, Shreya Ghoshal
| lyrics6 = Kunaal Vermaa
| music6 = Amaal Mallik
| length6 = 3:52
| total_length = 25:03
}}

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
''Vedaa'' was released on 15 August 2024, coinciding with [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]], along with dubbed versions of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2024 |title=First look of John Abraham-Sharvari starrer actioner Vedaa out; makers reveal release date of Nikkhil Advani directorial. See pics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/first-look-john-abraham-sharvari-vedaa-nikkhil-advani-see-pics-9148440/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208165252/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/first-look-john-abraham-sharvari-vedaa-nikkhil-advani-see-pics-9148440/ |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=John Abraham and Sharvari Wagh starrer Vedaa release date pushed to Independence Day 2024; to now clash with Pushpa 2: The Rule in cinemas |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-sharvari-wagh-starrer-vedaa-release-date-pushed-independence-day-2024-now-clash-pushpa-2-rule-cinemas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607102830/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-sharvari-wagh-starrer-vedaa-release-date-pushed-independence-day-2024-now-clash-pushpa-2-rule-cinemas/ |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The satellite and digital rights for the film were acquired by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Network]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2024 |title=Vedaa OTT release: John Abraham and Akshay Kumar set for another clash this Dussehra? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/vedaa-ott-release-john-abraham-and-akshay-kumar-set-for-another-clash-this-dussehra/articleshow/114009473.cms#:~:text=As%20reported%20by%20Dainik%20Jagran,prior%20to%20its%20theatrical%20release |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film began streaming on [[ZEE5]] from 10 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Abraham, Sharvari starrer Vedaa to premiere on ZEE5 on October 10 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-sharvari-starrer-vedaa-premiere-zee5-october-10/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=9 October 2024 }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
''Vedaa'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nikkhil Advani admits adding 'masala and action' to Dalit girl's tale in Vedaa was a 'mistake', made it 'impure' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nikkhil-advani-admits-adding-masala-and-action-to-dalit-girls-tale-in-vedaa-was-a-mistake-sharvari-john-abraham-101739602054485.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215084023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nikkhil-advani-admits-adding-masala-and-action-to-dalit-girls-tale-in-vedaa-was-a-mistake-sharvari-john-abraham-101739602054485.html |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=The film received mixed reviews from critics and failed to perform at the box office.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|44|5.6|9|ref=yes|access-date=19 August 2024}}

[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 3/5 stars and notes "''Vedaa'' is realistic but also has the kind of mainstream elements and action sequences that make a film gripping."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |date=15 August 2024 |title=Vedaa Review: Action Packed Caste Drama |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/vedaa-review/20240815.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=20 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815215159/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/vedaa-review/20240815.htm |url-status=live}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>
A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Vedaa is a predictable fare with a weak climax and an unremarkable second half."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=15 August 2024 |title=Vedaa Movie Review: VEDAA is a predictable fare with a weak climax. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/vedaa/critic-review/vedaa-movie-review/vedaa-is-a-predictable-fare-with-a-weak-climax/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=20 August 2024 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818220347/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/vedaa/critic-review/vedaa-movie-review/vedaa-is-a-predictable-fare-with-a-weak-climax/ |url-status=live}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Rishabh Suri of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' commented, "[[John Abraham]] and [[Sharvari]]{{'s}} thriller on caste system gets you thinking, delivers a hard-hitting message." He opined that the film marks a significant shift for director [[Nikhil Advani]], tackling the heavy themes of casteism and honour killings with a blend of action and drama, although it falters with unrealistic character survivals and weak music. While John Abraham delivers a passable performance as a grieving officer, Sharvari shines in her role as the resilient titular character, culminating in a climactic court battle that effectively highlights the film's core message.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=15 August 2024 |title=Vedaa review: John Abraham and Sharvari's thriller on caste system gets you thinking, delivers a hard-hitting message |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vedaa-review-john-abraham-sharvari-s-thriller-on-caste-system-gets-you-thinking-delivers-a-hard-hitting-message-101723703719574.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815102527/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vedaa-review-john-abraham-sharvari-s-thriller-on-caste-system-gets-you-thinking-delivers-a-hard-hitting-message-101723703719574.html |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the film 3/5 stars, remarking, "Flawed, but a brave film on Dalit rights." She pointed out that the film tackles the pressing issue of Dalit rights with a compelling narrative; yet, its impact is diminished by excessive violence overshadowing the social message. While John Abraham delivers a predictable performance, it is Sharvari and [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] who shine, bringing depth to their roles in a film that ultimately leaves the audience reflecting on societal inequalities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Lachmi Deb |date=15 August 2024 |title=John Abraham, Sharvari's Vedaa Movie Review: Flawed, but a brave film on Dalit rights |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/john-abraham-sharvaris-vedaa-movie-review-could-have-been-an-apt-independence-day-release-but-13804736.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815102522/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/john-abraham-sharvaris-vedaa-movie-review-could-have-been-an-apt-independence-day-release-but-13804736.html |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars, commenting, "John Abraham's film manages occasionally to tide over its troughs." According to him, the film is a caste oppression thriller that stands out in mainstream Bollywood by centring on a young Dalit woman's struggle for dignity and equality, with John Abraham's character supporting her quest. Despite its reliance on genre tropes and a somewhat diluted narrative, the film effectively highlights the harsh realities of caste violence while showcasing strong performances, particularly from Sharvari as the determined protagonist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=15 August 2024 |title=''Vedaa'' Review: John Abraham's Film Manages Occasionally To Tide Over Its Troughs |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vedaa-review-john-abrahams-film-manages-occasionally-to-tide-over-its-troughs-2-5-stars-6341765 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815102522/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vedaa-review-john-abrahams-film-manages-occasionally-to-tide-over-its-troughs-2-5-stars-6341765 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=ndtv.com}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars, stating, "John Abraham's film makes you wish for a fast-forward button." She noted that the film attempts to tackle the significant issue of caste in India but ultimately falters due to a slow pace and underdeveloped character arcs, particularly in Sharvari's titular role. While John Abraham shines in action sequences, the film lacks impactful moments and emotional depth, making it a forgettable experience despite its noble intentions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=15 August 2024 |title=Vedaa Review: John Abraham's film makes you wish for a fast-forward button |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vedaa-movie-review-john-abraham-sharvari-wagh-slow-pace-rating-2582549-2024-08-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815102524/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vedaa-movie-review-john-abraham-sharvari-wagh-slow-pace-rating-2582549-2024-08-15 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=India Today}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Troy Ribeiro of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "It’s a mixed bag—a cinematic attempt to grapple with weighty issues while delivering the action-packed thrills that John Abraham fans expect. The result is a film that entertains but falls short of providing a knockout blow, leaving the audience with a lingering sense that the fight, much like Vedaa’s journey, isn’t quite over yet."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedaa Review: John Abraham and Sharvari's Film is an Action-Heavy Mixed Bag of Melodrama |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review/vedaa-review-john-abraham-and-sharvaris-film-is-an-action-heavy-mixed-bag-of-melodrama |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818163611/https://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review/vedaa-review-john-abraham-and-sharvaris-film-is-an-action-heavy-mixed-bag-of-melodrama |archive-date=18 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars, commenting, "Sharvari breaks the mould as John Abraham gets to slice and dice." In her view, the film presents a commendable yet flawed narrative centered on a young Dalit woman's struggle against caste oppression but ultimately succumbs to the conventional Bollywood trope of sidelining its female lead in favour of male heroism. Despite Sharvari's strong performance and the film's poignant moments, the predictable plot and character arcs dilute its impact, leaving audiences questioning whether Vedaa's journey truly receives the focus it deserves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=15 August 2024 |title=Vedaa movie review: Sharvari breaks the mould as John Abraham gets to slice and dice |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vedaa-movie-review-john-abraham-slice-and-dice-sharvari-breaks-the-mould-9515366/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815102616/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vedaa-movie-review-john-abraham-slice-and-dice-sharvari-breaks-the-mould-9515366/ |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> Sreeparna Sengupta of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars, stating, "Film with a message, packed with a solid punch." She noted that the film effectively combines a compelling narrative against caste-based injustices with high-octane action, showcasing John Abraham's impressive physicality and Sharvari's emotional depth as the title character. While the film occasionally falls into predictable tropes and features a convoluted climax, its gritty atmosphere and adrenaline-pumping sequences make it an engaging watch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Sreeparna |date=15 August 2024 |title=Vedaa Movie Review: Film with a message, packed with a solid punch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/vedaa/movie-review/112523837.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815030854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/vedaa/movie-review/112523837.cms |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=The Times of India}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Despite a solid turn by Sharvari, Nikkhil Advani’s attempt to give a real social issue a larger-than-life treatment creates an uneven impact."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=15 August 2024 |title='Vedaa' movie review: John Abraham's socially-conscious action entertainer does not stay the distance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vedaa-movie-review-john-abrahams-socially-conscious-action-entertainer-does-not-stay-the-distance/article68528589.ece |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Amit Bhatia of ''[[ABP News|ABP Live]]'' wrote "Nikhil Advani’s direction is commendable, but after a strong start, the film could have achieved more. Unfortunately, it falls short in the second half, which could have been significantly better with more effort. Overall, the movie is still enjoyable. Shawari and the film's subject deserve extra recognition."<ref>{{Cite web |last=भाटीया |first=अमित |date=15 August 2024 |title=शर्वरी...पोरी जिंकलस! कसा आहे 'वेदा'? वाचा मु्व्ही रिव्ह्यू? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-vedaa-movie-review-john-abraham-sharvari-starrer-action-movie-sharvari-impressive-acting-in-vedaa-1305737 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Vedaa'' grossed ₹6.52 crore on its opening day at the domestic box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India Today Entertainment Desk |date=16 August 2024 |title=Vedaa box office Day 1: John Abraham's film earns Rs 6.52 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vedaa-box-office-collection-day-1-john-abraham-film-beats-akshay-kumar-khel-khel-mein-earns-rs-65-crore-2582955-2024-08-16 |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref> As of 30 August 2024, the film has grossed an estimated ₹25.93 crore at the worldwide box office.<ref name="boc" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|28153480}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=vedaa}}

{{Nikkhil Advani}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nikkhil Advani]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action drama films]]

Tuhin Kanta Pandey

2026-04-23T04:30:04Z

Mohitjikumar32: Starting new stub

{{Short description|11th Chairman of SEBI}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tuhin Kanta Pandey, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| office = 11th [[Securities and Exchange Board of India#List of Chairpersons|Chairman]] of [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]]
| image = Tuhin Kanta Pandey.jpg
| caption =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Madhabi Puri Buch]]
| term_end =
| term_start = 1 March 2025
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| Minister =
| office2 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Revenue Secretary of India]]
| predecessor2 = Arunish Chawla, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14|title=Tuhin Kanta Pandey becomes revenue secretary ahead of Union Budget 2025, fourth change in a month |url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/tuhin-kanta-pandey-becomes-revenue-secretary-ahead-of-union-budget-2025-fourth-change-in-a-month-11736843745829.html |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref>
| successor2 = Arvind Shrivastava, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| term_end2 = 28 February 2025
| term_start2 = 9 January 2025
| appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| office3 = [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary of India]]
| term_start3 = 7 September 2024
| term_end3 = 28 February 2025
| successor3 = [[Ajay Seth]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite news|title= Ajay Seth Designated as Finance Secretary|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/ajay-seth-designated-as-finance-secretary/articleshow/119426802.cms|publisher= The Economic Times|date=2025-03-24}}</ref>
| predecessor3 = [[T.V. Somanathan]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| appointer3 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| office4 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of Department of Investment and Public Asset Management]]
| term_start4 = 22 October 2019
| term_end4 = 8 January 2025
| successor4 = Arunish Chawla,[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Days ahead of Union Budget, revenue secy Arunish Chawla shifted to DIPAM |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/a-k-khachi-replaces-t-k-pandey-as-new-dipam-secretary-sanjeev-sahai-to-be-new-power-secretary/article29768909.ece/ |access-date= |website= Business Standard|language=en}}</ref>
| predecessor4 = Anil Kumar Khachi, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-30 |title=In major bureaucratic reshuffle, Tuhin Kanta Pandey named DIPAM Secretary|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/a-k-khachi-replaces-t-k-pandey-as-new-dipam-secretary-sanjeev-sahai-to-be-new-power-secretary/article29768909.ece/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=The Hindu Business Line |language=en}}</ref>
| appointer4 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|07|08}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]) [[University of Birmingham]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) [[Panjab University]]
| occupation = Retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| signature =
| children =
}}

'''Tuhin Kanta Pandey''' (born 8 July 1965<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=Odisha Government cadre civil servant officers list|url=https://ga.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-09/Updated%20Civil%20List%20as%20on%2001.01.2021.pdf?|website= Odisha State Government official site|language=en}}</ref>) is a [[retired]] 1987 batch [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] of the [[Odisha]] Cadre who serves as the 11th and current [[Chairman]] of [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] since March 1, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-01|title=SEBI new chairman Tuhin Kanta Pandey educational qualification alumnus of Panjab University, MBA from UK|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/education/sebi-new-chairman-tuhin-kanta-pandey-educational-qualification-alumnus-of-panjab-university-mba-from-uk-9860756/lite/|access-date=2025-03-04 |website= Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-02|title=Tuhin Kanta Pandey assumed as SEBI Chairman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/tuhin-kanta-pandey-assumes-charge-as-sebi-chairman/article69278450.ece/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06|title= Meet Tuhin Kanta Pandey, GOI busiest Secretary|url= https://thesecretariat.in/article/meet-tuhin-k-pandey-goi-s-busiest-secretary|access-date= 2025-02-28|website=The Secretariat|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-01 |title=Tuhin Kanta Pandey the calm bureaucrat |url= https://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/tuhin-kanta-pandey-the-calm-bureaucrat/article69274494.ece/|access-date=2025-03-04 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pandey was born on 8 July 1965<ref name="auto1"/> in the state of [[Odisha]], India. He completed his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree in English and an [[Master of Arts|M.A]] degree in Economics from [[Panjab University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= Tuhin Kanta Pandey public executive record|url= https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=MTQ4NjE=&PageId=|access-date= 24 February 2026|website= [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]|language=en}}</ref> in Chandigarh, and an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from the [[University of Birmingham]], UK.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-03-01|title=SEBI new chairman Tuhin Kanta Pandey educational qualification alumnus of Panjab University, MBA from UK|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/education/sebi-new-chairman-tuhin-kanta-pandey-educational-qualification-alumnus-of-panjab-university-mba-from-uk-9860756/lite/|access-date=2025-03-04 |website= Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Pandey is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of the 1987 batch Odisha Cadre and has a nearly four-decade long career in public administration starting as the executive director of the [[Odisha State Financial Corporation]] (OSFC) and managing director of Odisha Small Industries Corporation (OSIC) before serving as the district collector and magistrate of Odisha's [[Sambalpur]] district.<ref name="auto"/>

He then moved from Odisha on central deputation to New Delhi, to serve as the Deputy Secretary at the Department of Commerce and later to the regional office of the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO). Later, upon returning to the Odisha cadre, he worked with the State's Transport, Health and Commercial Taxes departments. Pandey then took over as the Principal Secretary of Odisha's Finance Department in 2016.<ref name="auto"/>

On October 24, 2019, he was appointed as the Secretary of Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) for five years making him the longest serving secretary in Department's history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-28 |title=India names Finance Secretary Pandey to lead market regulator |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-appoints-tuhin-kanta-pandey-chief-market-regulator-govt-order-shows-2025-02-27/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> As Secretary of (DIPAM) Pandey oversaw the privatisation of [[Air India]] and the initial public offering (IPO) of [[Life Insurance Corporation]](LIC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-28 |title=Key challenges awaiting new SEBI Chairman Tuhin Kanta Pandey |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/sebi-chairman-tuhin-kanta-pandey-key-challenges-reform-regulations-19566528.htm/amp |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=CNBC TV 18 |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2024, Pandey was appointed as Finance Secretary succeeding [[T. V. Somanathan]] and in January 2025, Pandey took charge as the Secretary, Department of Revenue (DoR), [[Ministry of Finance]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-01 |title=Sebi new chairman Tuhin Kanta Pandey takes charge, says goal to make regulator best market institution |url=https://m.economictimes.com/markets/stocks/news/tuhin-kanta-pandey-takes-charge-as-sebi-chief/articleshow/118648881.cms |access-date= |website=The Economics Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Finance Secretary Tuhin Kanta Pandey takes charges as Revenue secretary|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2091449 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website= Press Information Bureau(PIB)|language=en}}</ref>

Pandey was appointed as the 11th Chairman of [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] on February 27, 2025, for a three-year term and assumed office on 1 March 2025 succeeding [[Madhabi Puri Buch]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-01 |title=Tuhin Kanta Pandey assumes the charge of SEBI|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/tuhin-kanta-pandey-assumes-charge-as-11th-chairman-of-sebi-12953826.html/amp |access-date=2025-03-04|website=Money Control |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]]

Rai Bahadur

2026-04-22T13:14:34Z

Mohitjikumar32: New - done

{{short description|Honour bestowed during British rule in India}}

{{Infobox award
| name = Rai & Rai Bahadur
| image = Rao Bahadur Medal.jpg
| caption = [[Title Badge (India)|Title Badge]] for Rao Bahadur
| type = Civilian Honour
| country = {{flag|British India}}
| presenter = [[File:Flag of the Governor-General of India (1885–1947).svg|20px]] [[Viceroy of India]]
| ribbon =
| established =
| firstawarded =
| lastawarded =
| status = Discontinued {{small|(since 1947)}}
| total_awarded =
| description =
| eligibility = [[Hinduism in India|Hindu Indian]]
| higher = [[Dewan Bahadur]]
| lower = [[Rai Sahib]]
| same ={{ubl| [[Khan Bahadur]] | [[Sardar Bahadur]]}}
}}

'''Rai Bahadur''' (in [[North India]]) '''Roy Bahadur''' (in [[Bengal]]) and '''Rao Bahadur''' (in [[South India]]), {{small|abbreviated}} '''R.B.''', was a [[title of honour]] bestowed during [[British Raj|British rule]] in India to individuals for outstanding service or acts of public welfare to the [[British Empire|Empire]]. From 1911, the title was accompanied by a medal called a [[Title Badge (India)|Title Badge]].<ref name=Dorling>{{Cite book |author=H. Taprell Dorling.|title= Ribbons and Medals|page=111|publisher= A.H.Baldwin & Sons, London|year=1956}}</ref> Translated, ''Rai'' or ''Rao'' means "King", and ''[[Baghatur|Bahadur]]'' means "Brave". Bestowed mainly on [[Hindus]], the equivalent title for [[Muslim]] and [[Parsi]] subjects was ''[[Khan Bahadur]]''. For [[Sikh]]s it was ''[[Sardar Bahadur]]''.

The title was given to recognise and reward individuals who had made significant contributions in various fields such as public service, commerce, industry, and philanthropy.

Those awarded the Rai Bahadur title were usually drawn from the lower rank of [[Rai Sahib]], both of which were below the rank of [[Dewan Bahadur]].<ref name=j>{{Cite web |last=Jalan |first=Aditya |date=2009 |title=Dewan Bahadur 1944–1954 |url=http://www.quilahouse.com/dewan-bahadur.htm |publisher=Quila House and the Jalan Collection: A Brief Introduction |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref> These titles were subordinate to the two orders of knighthood: the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] and the higher [[Order of the Star of India]]. A holder of a Rai Sahib, Rai Bahadur or Dewan Bahadur title came lower in the order of precedence.<ref name=Dorling/>

==Selected recipients awarded the Rai/Rao Bahadur title==


===Zamindars ===
* Rai Midhai Lal Saxena of MaharajGanj - Dharmpur Estate noted philanthropist, [[zamindar]] and icon of [[Indian Renaissance]]
* [[Rajchandra Das|Raja Ray Rajchandra Das Bahadur]], noted Bengali philanthropist, [[zamindar]] and businessman, icon of [[Bengal Renaissance]], [[Raja]] of [[Janbazar Raj]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Prabhananda |first1=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lg1jDwAAQBAJ&dq=rajchandra+das&pg=PT23 |title=More About Ramakrishna |last2=Math) |first2=Advaita Ashrama (A Publication House of Ramakrishna Math, Belur |date=2019 |publisher=Advaita Ashrama (A publication branch of Ramakrishna Math, Belur Math) |isbn=978-81-7505-883-5 |language=en}}</ref>

* Nalini Kanta Ray Dastidar, Zamindar of [[Sylhet]]<ref name="Hayavando, p 26"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1930 |publisher=Asiatic Society |pages=CXXV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iF4eb8KtdEC&q=Dastidar+NALINI+KANTA+RAY |access-date=27 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Jagadindra Nath Roy|Maharaja Jagadindra Nath Moitra Roy Bahadur]] was a noted zamindar of [[Natore]] from Bengal.

===Academics and education===
* Pt. Sadashiva Jairam Dehadrai, Professor of Sanskrit, Jabalpur College.<ref name="Who's Who in India, 1911 Coronation Edition, p 27">[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209992 Who's Who 1911 Coronation Edition], Lucknow, Newul Kishore Press, 1911 (page 27)</ref>
* Priya Nath Dutt, assistant registrar, Punjab University<ref name="Hayavando, p 26"/>
* S.N (Satya Nand) Mukarji, the sixth, and longest-serving ({{as of|2023|lc=y}}) principal of [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] from 1926 to 1945. (St. Stephen's is a foundation constituent college of [[Delhi University]].) [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|Wrangler]] in the [[Mathematical Tripos]] from [[Queens' College, Cambridge]]. Member, Lindsay Commission on Higher Education<ref>Several sources:
* Linsay Commission:
** {{cite journal |last1=Mayhew |first1=Arthur |title=The Commission on Christian Higher Education in India |journal=International Review of Mission |date=October 1931 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=512–524 |doi=10.1111/j.1758-6631.1931.tb04099.x}}
* St Stephens, Cambridge University and the Mathematical Tripos, and general background:
** {{Cite web |url=https://www.ststephens.edu/visionaries/|title=VISIONARIES – St. Stephen's College, Delhi|website=St Stephen's}}
** {{Cite web|url=https://ase.tufts.edu/chemistry/kumar/ssc/html/sschis.html#:~:text=Satya%20Nand%20Mukarji,started%20in%201948.|title = St. Stephen's College, Delhi, India: HISTORY|website=Tufts.edu}}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Bhattacharji |first1=Jaya |title=Remembering Principal Mukarji |url=http://www.jayabhattacharjirose.com/remembering-principal-mukarji |access-date=15 July 2021 |magazine=The Stephanian |volume=CIII |issue=1 |date=April 1995 |pages=1–5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628195524/http://www.jayabhattacharjirose.com/tag/the-stephanian/ |archive-date=28 June 2021}}</ref>

===Activists and politicians===
* Ghasiram Gathwal Malik, he was the head of Gathwala Khap (Khap of [[Malik (clan)|Gathwala clan]]) and a freedom-fighter.
* [[S. A. Saminatha Iyer]], Indian independence activist.
* Manik Lal Joshi, chief minister of Bundi, Rajputana<ref name="Hayavando, p 27" />
* [[Motilal Nehru]], Indian independence activist, he later surrendered it during the non-co-operation movement of 1921.
* H.H Dr. Rai [[Rajeshwar Bali|Rajeshwar Bali Bahadur]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Taluqdar Raja of Rampur Dariyabad, Honorary Magistrate, Barabanki, Minister of Education, Medical Relief & Public Health and Local Self-Government of the UP Assembly
* [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]], Indian scholar, social reformer, judge and author. He was one of the founding members of the [[Indian National Congress]].
* [[Jaswantraj Mehta]]{{citation needed|date=July 2021|reason=His WP article makes no mention of Rao Bahadur award}} Indian politician, elected to the [[Lok Sabha]]; elected to Jodhpur State Legislative Assembly in 1947
* [[C. Jambulingam Mudaliar]] (1857–1906), Indian politician and freedom-fighter
* [[Gopal Hari Deshmukh]], Indian writer, activist, and thinker from [[Maharashtra]], popularly known as ''Lokhitwadi''
* [[T. M. Jambulingam Mudaliar]] (1890–1970), philanthropist and freedom fighter who gave {{convert|620|acre}} of land to establish [[NLC India Limited]]
* [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]], Chief Minister of Madras Presidency.
* [[Seth Vishandas Nihalchand]], [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhi]] politician, social reformer, philanthropist
* [[Chhotu Ram]], Minister for Agriculture and Home Affairs, erstwhile Punjab, 1945. First Indian-origin Speaker of the Punjab Legislative Assembly
* [[Cruz Fernandez]], businessman, and municipal chairman. He was the longest-serving chairman of [[Tuticorin]] municipality and is considered the father and architect of modern Tuticorin (now called [[Thoothukudi]])
* [[Shyam Nandan Sahay]], Founder vice chancellor of [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]], Member of the [[1st Lok Sabha]]

===Civil servants and government officials===
* Pushkar Thakur, District Magistrate and Collector of Champaran. Title awarded in 1945 in recognition of his outstanding service as Special Officer for War Risks Insurance for Bihar and Orissa, covering an area larger than that of the United Kingdom, Belgium and the Netherlands combined. The Viceroy Lord Wavell personally wrote a letter congratulating Pushkar Thakur on the contribution of Bihar and Orissa in the National War Effort, which had been the highest in the country.<ref>MM Thakur, Myself Surprised, pg 88, https://linguae.weebly.com/uploads/3/6/5/7/3657496/myself_surprised.pdf</ref>
* Jagan Nath Bhandari [[Raj Ratan]], [[Dewan]] of [[Idar (princely state)|Idar State]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xacSAAAAIAAJ&q=Dewan++Idar Bhandari Jagan Nath Rai Bhadur, Raj Ratan, Dewan of Idar State], The Times of India directory and year book including who's who, Volume 32, 1945</ref>
* Lada Damodar Das, extrajudicial assistant commissioner in the Punjab<ref name="Hayavando, p 26"/>
* [[E.K Govindan|Dewan E.K. Govindan]], writer, civil servant and ruled the first malayali man Pudukotta administratively, then served as [[Dewan Bahadur|Dewan of Pudukotta]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykHVAAAAMAAJ&q=e+k+govindan+pudukkottai |title=The Who's who in Madras: ... A Pictorial Who's who of Distinguished Personages, Princes, Zemindars and Noblemen in the Madras Presidency |date=1939 |publisher=Pearl Press |language=en}}</ref>
* Dewan Jaggatnath, secretary to the municipal committee and district board, Dera Ismail Khan<ref name="Hayavando, p 27">[https://archive.org/details/indianbiographic00raoc/page/27 The Indian biographical dictionary], by C. Hayavando Rao, 1915 (page 27)</ref>
* Sahu Parsotam Saran Kothiwala, member of the district board, Moradabad<ref name="Hayavando, p 26"/>
* Lala Jai Lal, member of the Municipal Committee, Simla<ref name="Hayavando, p 26"/>
* A. Savarinatha Pillai, Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax, Madras Presidency; winner of King's Coronation Award for Distinguished Public Service, London<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft88700868&chunk.id=d0e18141&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e17927&brand=ucpress|title = Caste and Capitalism in Colonial India}}</ref>
* Akshey Kumar Sarkar, superintendent, Department of Commerce and Industry, Government of India<ref name="Hayavando, p 27"/>
* Betharam Sarma, sub-deputy collector, Tezpur, Assam<ref name="Hayavando, p 26"/>
* Rai Bahadur Pandit Ram Prasad Tewari (Darbari) – The first [[Indian people|Indian]] officiating [[Garrison engineer]] in the [[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineer Services]] of [[ British India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://preprints.readingroo.ms/tewari/Copy_Of_Testimonials_Services_And_Recommendations_Of_Rai_Bahadur_Pandit_Ram_Prasad_Tewari.pdf|title=Testimonial and Services of Rai Bahadur Pandit Ram Prasad Tewari, G. E., M. E. S., Darbari (1880-1920)}}</ref>

===Commerce and industry===
* [[Jamnalal Bajaj]], industrialist; Bajaj later returned the title<ref>{{cite web |title=Jamnalal Bajaj |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/jamnalal-bajaj-the-gandhian-capitalist-who-was-the-mahatmas-merchant-prince/189694/ |website=The Print |date=11 February 2019 |access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref>
* Dewan Bahadur P. Somasundaram Chettiar, Coimbatore - industrialist and pioneer in textiles.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Govindarajulu|first=Rajesh|date=2015-07-03|title=Pioneers in textile|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/pioneers-in-textile/article7382889.ece|access-date=2021-01-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Jagmal Raja Chauhan]] (1887–1974), better known as "Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja", industrialist and railway contractor, private banker, aviation pioneer and philanthropist
* [[Jairam Valji Chauhan]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MBE}} (or "Chouhan"; 1892–1956), better known as "Rai Bahadur Jairam Valjee", was a [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]] railway contractor, mill-owner, miner and philanthropist, at [[Jairamnagar]] and [[Raigarh]]
*Devraj Daya of [[Jharsuguda]] — a [[Mistris of Kutch|Kutchi]] railway contractor, philanthropist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Sir Hawthorne |title=Speeches Delivered by His Excellency Sir Hawthorne Lewis, ..., Governor of Orissa, 1941–1946 |date=1954 |publisher=Government of Orissa |pages=13, 35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDTU2NdUOTgC&q=devraj+daya+ |access-date=10 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Seth Hukumchand|Seth Sarupchand Hukamchand]] (1874–1959) of Indore, [[Holkar State]], merchant–industrialist and a prominent leader of the [[Jain]] community <ref name="Hayavando, p 27"/>
* [[Gujar Mal Modi]], founder of the Modi Group
* [[Mohan Singh Oberoi]], founder of [[Oberoi Group]]
[[File:Rai Sahib & Rai Bahadur Jamuna Das Choudhury 1.jpg|thumb|Rai Sahib and Rai Bahadur title badges of [[Jamuna Das Choudhury]] ]]
* Jamuna Das Choudhury of [[Sahebganj, Muzaffarpur]], industrialist<ref>{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=K. K. |title=History of the Freedom Movement in Bihar (1942–1947) |volume=3 |date=1958 |publisher=Government of Bihar |location=Patna, India |page=237}}</ref>
* [[Hariram Goenka]] (1862–1935), businessman and cofounder with his brothers, including Badridas Goenka, of Goenka group of Kolkata
* [[Badridas Goenka]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} (1883–1973), industrialist and business tycoon; cofounder of the original Goenka Group from Kolkata, of which the [[RPG Group]] is a successor; first chairman of the [[State Bank of India]]

===Engineering, science and medicine===
* [[Kailash Chandra Bose]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE|OBE}}, first knighted Indian physician.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmc = 5197519|year = 1927|title = Sir Kailas Chandra Bose|journal = The Indian Medical Gazette|volume = 62|issue = 4|pages = 235–237}}</ref>
* [[Upendranath Brahmachari]] {{postnominals|country=GBR|FRSM|FRS}} (1873–1946), Bengal-born physician and scientist. Synthesised urea stibamine, determining its effectiveness as a treatment for the disease [[Kala Azar]]
* Balkishen Kaul, surgeon, lecturer, and superintendent of Lahore Medical college<ref name="Hayavando, p 26"/>
* [[Puttana Venkatramana Raju]] (1894–1975), civil engineer, industrial advisor to government of India, educationist
* Ram Dhan Singh, pioneer agricultural scientist, principal, College of Agriculture, Lyallpur, erstwhile Punjab, 1947<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.drramdhansingh.org/biography|title = Biography of Ch. Ram Dhan Singh|website = Dr Ramd Dhan Singh|access-date = 2019-12-21|archive-date = 2019-01-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190103164328/http://www.drramdhansingh.org/biography|url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Law and justice===
* Babu Ram Sadan Bhattacharji, deputy magistrate, Bengal<ref name="Hayavando, p 26"/>
* [[Chaudhary Dewan Chand Saini]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MBE}}, (born 1887) of [[Gurdaspur]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], distinguished lawyer of Punjab High Court, leader of the criminal bar; elected member of Legislative Council of colonial Punjab
* Rajendranath Dutt, judge, Bengal<ref name="Hayavando, p 26">[https://archive.org/details/indianbiographic00raoc/page/26 The Indian biographical dictionary], by C. Hayavando Rao, 1915 (page 26)</ref>
* Soti Raghubans Lal, subordinate judge, Shahjehanpur<ref name="Hayavando, p 26"/>
* Sadh Achraj Lal, honorary magistrate and member of the municipal board, Mirzapur<ref name="Hayavando, p 26"/>
* Jwala Prasad, government pleader<ref name="Hayavando, p 26"/>
* Raghunath Sharan, District Judge in Bihar<ref name="Former District Judges since the Creation of the Judegship">{{Cite web|url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/node/186112|title = Former District Judges since the Creation of the Judgeship |website= District Court in India | Official Website of District Court of India}}</ref>
* Babu Bahadur Singh, honorary magistrate, Pilibhit<ref name="Hayavando, p 26"/>
* Babu Shuhrat Singh, Zemindar of Chandpur and honorary magistrate, Basti<ref name="Hayavando, p 26"/>
* N S Nanjundiah (1879–1953), of [[Nanjangud]] distinguished advocate of [[Karnataka High Court|Chief Court of Mysore]] and a sheristadar.

===Literature and arts===
* [[Appu Nedungadi]], author of [[Kundalatha]], the first novel published in Malayalam
* [[M.V. Dhurandhar]] {{Postnominals|country=GBR|FRSA}}, noted painter and postcard artist who was an alumnus of the [[Sir J.J. School of Art]] in Mumbai, where he was also later a professor

===Philanthropy, religion and charity===
* [[T. Rattinasami Nadar]], founder of Nadar Mahajana Sangam efforts of T. Ratnasamy Nadar, in 1910. There are several schools and colleges under the control of [[Nadar Mahajana Sangam]]
* [[Ranchhodlal Chhotalal]], textile mill pioneer and philanthropist
* Dharmarathnakara [[Arcot Narrainsawmy Mudaliar]], philanthropist
* [[Amba Prasad (businessman)|Amba Prasad]], philanthropist of Delhi
* [[Salig Ram|Salig Rām]] (1829–1898), Postmaster-General for North-Western Provinces; disciple of [[Shiv Dayal Singh]], later succeeding him as guru. Often known by the honorific "Huzur Maharaj"
* [[Ranadaprasad Saha]], philanthropist
* [[Yele Mallappa Shetty]] (1815–1887), philanthropist who constructed Bangalore's first obstetrics hospital, funded Vani Vilas Hospital construction, and restored Kaadu Malleshwara Temple, Bangalore. The name of the [[Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake]] commemorates his contribution to the construction of drought-relieving water storage in the Bangalore region<ref name="Hayavando, p 27"/>
* Sardar Bahadur [[Jagat Singh (Sant)]] (1884–1951), [[Faisalabad|Lyallpur]], pre-partition [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] Surat Shabd Yoga practitioner and guru
* [[Gubbi Thotadappa]], businessman, philanthropist, founded Dharmachathra (free lodging places for travellers) and free hostels for students throughout [[Karnataka]]

=== Police and emergency services ===
* [[Tirath Singh Bakshi]], Deputy Inspector General of Police, [[United Province]]
* [[Purna Chandra Lahiri]], Indian Police officer, [[Calcutta]]
* [[P. K. Monnappa]], South Indian Police Chief of three states, Madras, Hyderabad and Mysore.
* Jacob Devasahayam, Deputy Inspector General of Police, Madras<ref>London Gazette, Friday, 4th June, 1948</ref>
* Satyen Nath (S.N.) Mukherjee, First Indian-origin Deputy Commissioner of Indian Police, Calcutta<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Channa|first1=Subhadra Mitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qak0AAAAQBAJ&q=Rai+Bahadur+S.N.+Mukherjee&pg=PA79|title=Gender in South Asia|last2=Channa|first2=Subhadra|date=2013-09-05|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-04361-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76ZIAAAAYAAJ&q=S.N.+Mukherjee|title=Free Masonry in India |date=1991 |language=en|id=G. S. Gupta (IAS) }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|id=Supreme Court of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4M2AAAAIAAJ&q=Deputy+commissioner+S.N.+Mukherjee|title=Indian Factories & Labour Reports: Deputy Commissioner S. N. Mukherjee |date=1963|publisher=Law Publishing House|language=en}}</ref>

===Other===




==See also==
* [[Nawab Bahadur (disambiguation)]]
* [[Rai (Indian)]]
* [[Raj Ratna]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Titles in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of British India]]
[[Category:Men's social titles]]
[[Category:Awards disestablished in 1947]]
[[Category:Rai Bahadurs| ]]

Vismaya

2026-04-20T06:26:16Z

Mohitjikumar32: Starting details

{{short description|Water park in Kannur, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{one source|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox amusement park
| name = Vismaya Water Theme Park
| logo = Vismaya water theme park logo.png
| image = Vismaya water theme park.png
| caption = Wavepool, one of the water rides in Vismaya
| location = Parassinikadavu, [[Kannur, Kerala]], India
| status = open
| opening_date = 2008
| previous_names =
| owner = Malabar Tourism Development Corporation
| slogan = "ഉല്ലാസം എല്ലാര്‍ക്കും" (Fun for everyone)
| homepage = {{url|www.vismayakerala.com}}
}}

'''Vismaya''' is an amusement [[water theme park]] near [[Taliparamba]] in [[Kannur, Kerala]]. The park is developed and run by Malabar Tourism Development Co-operative Limited (MTDC). It is situated near to the famous [[Muthappan temple]] in [[Parassinikadavu]]. It was officially inaugurated in August 2008 and since then it has become one of the favorite holiday destination in [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]]. The park is completely operated by the [[Rainwater harvesting|rain water]] collected by the reservoir spread over {{cvt|2|acre|spell=in}} of land with a capacity of {{cvt|50,000,000|litre}} of water. <ref name="n514">{{cite web | title=Vismaya Park, Water theme park, Kannur | website=Kerala Tourism | url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/vismaya-park-kannur/533/ | access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref>

==Developments and the future==
Malabar Tourism Development Cooperative Limited (MTDC) was registered on 15 February 2000. And one month later on 9 March 2000 kick-started its operations with E.P. Jayarajan as the chairman. The job sector of Malabar, mainly Kannur focused on textile industry especially [[handloom]], [[khadi]] and other industries such as [[beedi]], [[pottery]] etc. an integral part of conventional occupation of the region. But all these occupations faced many challenges which gradually lead to an economic decline. In such scenario, to meet the growing market and to create more job opportunities in addition to catering to the growing tourism industry, MTDC came into existence.

The main objects of MTDC are to promote, establish, maintain and manage the business related to tourism and hospitality industry by setting up establishment such as:
* Amusement park, museum.
* Tour operations for foreign and domestic tourists.
* Hotels, restaurants, cool bars, ice cream stall, motels etc.
* Shops for selling handicrafts, curious etc.
* Water sports and river cruises.
* Hill and beach resorts with all modern facilities to attract foreign and domestic tourists, etc.

Vismaya park is one of the first projects started by MTDC.

==Features==
[[File:Vismaya virtual waterfall.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Virtual Waterfall is one of the major attractions of Vismaya]]
[[File:Vismaya lasershow.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Laser show]]
[[File:Vismaya rainwater.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rainwater reservoir at Vismaya park]]

Vismaya is a blend of amusement, water theme and infotainment park. It has got water rides, informative and entertaining activities for kids and adventurous rides for adults. 56+ rides for just 990 INR is the major attraction why vismaya park is considered as the no.1 amusment park in North Kerala

===Main attractions===
'''Virtual waterfall''' and '''Laser show''' are the two main attractions of this amusement park. Virtual waterfall is a musical waterfall where the visitors dance under the water stream to the background music. This crowd puller is open everyday starting 2 pm and usually ends by 3 pm. Laser shows are usually staged in the evening, and are a major attraction.

===Rides===
Major rides are:
* Aqua Trail
* Electric swing
* Giant wheel
* Jumping frog
* [[Carousel|Merry go round]]
* Sky Train
* Striking car
* Tide pool
* Tornado
* [[Twist (ride)|Twister]]

===Rain water harvesting===
The rain water harvesting plan undertook by Vismaya is spread over two acres of reservoir and all the water requirements of the park is met with this collected water. This green policy undertaken by Vismaya makes it one of the environmental friendly water theme parks in the world.{{Dubious|date=December 2009}}

==Nearby attractions==
* [[Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Bekal Fort]]
* [[Dharmadam island]]
* [[Ezhimala]]
* [[Meenkunnu Beach]]
* [[Muthappan temple]]
* [[Muzhappilangad beach]]
* [[Paithalmala]]
* [[Parassinikkadavu Snake Park]]
* [[Payyambalam Beach]]

==Other attractions==
* [[Theyyam]]
* [[Kolkali]]
* [[Poorakkali]]
* [[Thidambu Nritham]]

==Cuisine==
* [[Kalathappam]]
* [[Kinnathappam]]
* [[Pathiri]]

==See also==
* [[North Malabar]]
* [[Kerala Tourism]]

==Image gallery==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Vismaya Park (4236282321).jpg|Vismaya Park
File:വിസ്മയ പാർക്ക്.JPG|The main attraction
File:ഊഞ്ഞാൽ.JPG|The Cradle
File:VismayaParkGate.JPG|The entrance
File:Vismaya water theam park parassinikadavu.JPG|Inside the park
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* [http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/picnic-spots/vismaya-park-2132066231.php Keralatourism.org]
* [http://www.asianetindia.com/news/pinarayi-vijayan-inaugurates-vismaya-amusement-park_2964.html Asianetindia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904125831/http://www.asianetindia.com/news/pinarayi-vijayan-inaugurates-vismaya-amusement-park_2964.html |date=4 September 2011 }}
* [https://livekerala.blogspot.com/2008/09/vismaya-infotainment-centre-vismaya.html Livekerala.blogspot.com]
* [http://www.my-kerala.com/n/2008/09/vismaya-amusement-park-opened.shtml My-kerala.com]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.zonkerala.com/VISMAYA-Amusement-Park-2198.html Zonkerala.com]

==External links==
{{commons category|Vismaya}}
* [http://www.vismayakerala.com/ Vismayakerala.com]

{{Kerala}}
{{Pondicherry}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[North Malabar]]
|list =
{{North Malabar}}
{{Places of interest in North Malabar}}
}}
{{Central Travancore}}
{{Kochi}}
{{Amusement Parks in India}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Amusement parks in Kerala]]
[[Category:Water parks in India]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Dharmashala, Kannur]]

Sabroom Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:47Z

Mohitjikumar32: Starting pg

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura state, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sabroom
| mla = [[Jitendra Chaudhury]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[South Tripura district|South Tripura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| established = 1967
| latest_election_year = 2023
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:48064}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Sabroom Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 40
}}

'''Sabroom Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[South Tripura district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. Mag || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Kalipada Banerji
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=4 | Sunil Kumar Chowdhury || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=2 | Gour Kanti Goswami
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | Rita Kar (Majumder)
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Sankar Roy (politician)|Sankar Roy]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Jitendra Chaudhury]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabroom<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jitendra Chaudhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,801 |percentage=49.02% |change={{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sankar Roy (politician)|Sankar Roy]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,405 |percentage=48.13% |change={{decrease}}2.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,265 |percentage=2.84% |change={{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=396 |percentage=0.89% |change= {{decrease}}4.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,471 |percentage=92.65% |change= {{decrease}}2.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,064 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabroom<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sankar Roy (politician)|Sankar Roy]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,059 |percentage=50.64% |change={{increase}}48.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rita Kar Majumder |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=18,877 |percentage=45.39% |change={{decrease}}10.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoranjan Datta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=470 |percentage=1.13% |change={{decrease}}41.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=410 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Chandra Dey |party=Independent politician |votes=353 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,182 |percentage=5.25% |change= {{decrease}}8.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,584 |percentage=93.72% |change= {{decrease}}1.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,970 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}5.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabroom<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rita Kar (Majumder) |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,404 |percentage=55.87% |change={{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Premtosh Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,197 |percentage=42.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhalu Rani Dey |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=712 |percentage=1.86% |change={{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,207 |percentage=13.59% |change= {{decrease}}11.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,313 |percentage=95.68% |change= {{increase}}2.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,072 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabroom<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rita Kar (Majumder) |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,181 |percentage=57.05% |change={{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Premtosh Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=10,874 |percentage=32.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bibhash Basak |party=Party of Democratic Socialism (India) |votes=2,062 |percentage=6.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Roy Chowdhury |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=611 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phani Bhusan Tripura |party=Independent politician |votes=600 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Chandra Nath |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=294 |percentage=0.87% |change={{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,307 |percentage=24.71% |change= {{increase}}4.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,622 |percentage=93.86% |change= {{increase}}7.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,919 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabroom<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gour Kanti Goswami |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=16,445 |percentage=58.54% |change={{decrease}}0.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sankar Malla |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,861 |percentage=38.67% |change={{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Chandra Nath |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=427 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhas Das(Netaji) |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,584 |percentage=19.88% |change= {{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,090 |percentage=85.64% |change= {{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,803 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}0.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabroom<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gour Kanti Goswami |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=15,507 |percentage=59.34% |change={{increase}}7.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoranjan Debnath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,121 |percentage=38.73% |change={{decrease}}8.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranajit Roy Chowdhury |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=505 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,386 |percentage=20.61% |change= {{increase}}15.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,133 |percentage=85.60% |change= {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,976 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabroom<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,714 |percentage=52.00% |change={{increase}}0.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parimal Nandy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,451 |percentage=46.83% |change={{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Benode Behari Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nital Mahumder |party=Independent politician |votes=131 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,263 |percentage=5.17% |change= {{increase}}2.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,450 |percentage=86.50% |change= {{decrease}}3.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,618 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}0.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabroom<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,605 |percentage=51.05% |change={{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoranjan Debnath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,109 |percentage=48.67% |change={{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=496 |percentage=2.39% |change= {{decrease}}4.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,772 |percentage=89.39% |change= {{increase}}2.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,477 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabroom<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,118 |percentage=52.55% |change={{increase}}5.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adhir Chandra Bhaumik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,981 |percentage=46.00% |change={{increase}}19.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nitai Charan Mazumder |party=Independent politician |votes=252 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,137 |percentage=6.55% |change= {{decrease}}13.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,351 |percentage=87.50% |change= {{increase}}4.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,068 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabroom<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,537 |percentage=46.94% |change={{increase}}13.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Kumar Patari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,712 |percentage=26.66% |change={{decrease}}39.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalipada Banerji |party=Janata Party |votes=2,760 |percentage=19.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shake Ahamed |party=Communist Party of India |votes=527 |percentage=3.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakhal Sen |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=390 |percentage=2.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,825 |percentage=20.29% |change= {{decrease}}12.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,926 |percentage=83.94% |change= {{increase}}11.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,909 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}19.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabroom<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalipada Banerji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,180 |percentage=66.31% |change={{decrease}}3.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,140 |percentage=33.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,040 |percentage=32.62% |change= {{decrease}}9.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,320 |percentage=72.90% |change= {{decrease}}2.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,175 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}41.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabroom<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Mag |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,638 |percentage=69.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Mag |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,642 |percentage=27.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=U. M. Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=277 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Debbarma |party=Independent politician |votes=85 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,996 |percentage=42.04% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,642 |percentage=77.56% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,618 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South Tripura district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.01|91.71||display=title}}

[[Category:South Tripura district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Tripura]]

Karnaprayag Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:09Z

Mohitjikumar32: made new data initial version

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Karnaprayag
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Chamoli]]
| mla = [[Anil Nautiyal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 94,018
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 6
| map_image = Karnaprayag Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Karnaprayag Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 assembly constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] a northern state of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=CEO Uttaranchal - Assembly Constitution Detail |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=CEO Uttaranchal - Assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Karnaprayag]] is part of [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnprayag Election: Results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttarakhand/karnprayag-election-result-s28a006/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Y. Prasad
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Sher Singh Danu
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="4"| Shiva Nand Nautiyal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Shivanand
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Anil Nautiyal]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Anusuya Prasad Maikhuri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Surendra Singh Negi (Karnprayag politician)|Surendra Singh Negi]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Anil Nautiyal]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Karnaprayag<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anil Nautiyal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,911 |percentage=49.01% |change={{decrease}}2.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukesh Negi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,196 |percentage=37.63% |change={{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Teeka Prasad Maikhuri |party=Independent politician |votes=2,961 |percentage=5.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh Negi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,063 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=936 |percentage=1.59% |change={{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Mohan Singh Bhandari |party=Independent politician |votes=897 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indresh Maikhuri |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=590 |percentage=1.00% |change={{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dayal Singh Bisht |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=486 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umesh Khanduri |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=464 |percentage=0.79% |change={{decrease}}1.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,715 |percentage=11.38% |change= {{decrease}}2.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,988 |percentage=60.17% |change= {{increase}}3.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,042 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Karnaprayag<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surendra Singh Negi (Karnprayag politician)|Surendra Singh Negi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,159 |percentage=51.69% |change={{increase}}34.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anusuya Prasad Maikhuri]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,610 |percentage=37.83% |change={{increase}}15.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indresh Maikhuri |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=1,331 |percentage=2.44% |change={{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh Negi |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,232 |percentage=2.26% |change={{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyoti Kanwasi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=857 |percentage=1.57% |change={{increase}}0.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=810 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagat Singh Negi |party=Independent politician |votes=673 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Singh Negi |party=Independent politician |votes=300 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=281 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,549 |percentage=13.86% |change= {{increase}}13.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,475 |percentage=56.40% |change= {{decrease}}2.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,579 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}29.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Karnaprayag<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anusuya Prasad Maikhuri]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,147 |percentage=22.56% |change={{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surendra Singh Negi (Karnprayag politician)|Surendra Singh Negi]] |party=Independent politician |votes=10,920 |percentage=22.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Pujari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,343 |percentage=16.88% |change={{decrease}}19.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anil Nautiyal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,631 |percentage=13.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Awatar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,576 |percentage=7.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neelam Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=3,093 |percentage=6.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Maithani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,802 |percentage=3.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijayesh Nawani |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=1,543 |percentage=3.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chatur Singh Negi |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=738 |percentage=1.49% |change={{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indresh Maikhuri |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=632 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhumi Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=516 |percentage=1.04% |change={{decrease}}8.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=227 |percentage=0.46% |change= {{decrease}}15.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,415 |percentage=58.96% |change= {{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,807 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Karnaprayag<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anil Nautiyal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,716 |percentage=36.08% |change={{increase}}9.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prithvipal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,565 |percentage=19.66% |change={{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Singh Bisht |party=Independent politician |votes=6,558 |percentage=15.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhakrishna Bhatt |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,287 |percentage=9.84% |change={{increase}}7.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Awatar Singh Pundir |party=Independent politician |votes=1,996 |percentage=4.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birendra Mingwal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,348 |percentage=3.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Geeta Bisht |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,313 |percentage=3.01% |change={{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjeet Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=662 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=610 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birendra Singh Negi (Ghavri) |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=520 |percentage=1.19% |change={{decrease}}20.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratap Singh |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=496 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,151 |percentage=16.42% |change= {{increase}}11.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,558 |percentage=59.63% |change= {{increase}}4.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,445 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Karnaprayag<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anil Nautiyal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,224 |percentage=26.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,584 |percentage=22.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Singh Alias [[Bharat Singh Chaudhary]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,838 |percentage=19.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Singh Bisht |party=Independent politician |votes=3,630 |percentage=10.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Alias Dr. Madan Mohan Nawani |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=2,067 |percentage=6.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=933 |percentage=2.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Kala |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=928 |percentage=2.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=729 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=659 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=647 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupal Singh |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=549 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,640 |percentage=4.79% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,233 |percentage=54.64% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,688 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
*[[Badrinath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]
*[[Tharali (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|30.26|79.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Chamoli district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]

Wari AC

2026-04-14T05:51:40Z

Mohitjikumar32: Starting new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Short description|Association football club in India}}
{{infobox football club
| clubname = Wari উয়াড়ী
| image = Official club crest of Wari Athletic Club.jpg
| fullname = Wari Athletic Club
| nickname =
| founded = {{start date and age|1898}} {{small|(as [[Wari Club Dhaka|Wari Club]])}} {{start date and age|1949}} {{small|(as Wari Athletic Club)}}<ref name="toi"/>
| ground = Various
| capacity =
| chairman = Indranath Paul
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Swapan Biswas
| league = [[Calcutta Football League|CFL Premier Division]]
| season =
| position =
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
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'''Wari Athletic Club''' ({{langx|bn|উয়াড়ী অ্যাথলেটিক ক্লাব}}) is a professional [[multi-sports club]] based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india59.html#calc|title=India 1959 – List of Champions: Calcutta League|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=26 January 2022|first=Neil|last=Morrison|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007121452/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india59.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/eastern-railway-sc/18636/|title=India — Wari Athletic Club — Results, fixtures, squad, statistics, photos, videos.|website=int.soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=9 July 2023|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709134911/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/wari/62351/}}</ref> It currently competes in the [[Calcutta Football League|CFL Premier Division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidesports.in/archives/4162|title=উত্তম, রিকির হ‍্যাটট্রিক, সিএফসির ৮ গোল, জিতল কালীঘাট, পাঠচক্র|date=14 August 2022|access-date=26 November 2022|location=Kolkata|website=insidesports.in|publisher=ইনসাইড স্পোর্টস|language=bn|trans-title=Hat-trick done by Uttam and Ricky, CCFC scored 8 goals, wins for both Kalighat and Pathachakra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128072846/https://insidesports.in/archives/4162|archive-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>

Wari formerly competed in the CFL First Division, second tier of the Calcutta Football League system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/clubs/|title=IFAWB Clubs: Men's Division (Calcutta Football League)|website=ifawb.org|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009123425/https://ifawb.org/clubs/|archive-date=9 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiafooty.com/calcutta-premier-division-a-2019-20/|title=Calcutta Premier Division A: 2019/20|date=10 September 2019|access-date=2019-09-12|website=indiafooty.com|publisher=India Footy|location=Kolkata|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118195712/http://www.indiafooty.com/calcutta-premier-division-a-2019-20/}}</ref>

The club was established in 1898 as [[Wari Club Dhaka|Wari Club]] in [[Dacca]], [[East Bengal]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]).<ref name="history">{{Cite web|url=https://tbsnews.net/sports/wari-clubs-glorious-history-tarnished-gambling|title=Wari Club's glorious history tarnished by gambling|first=TBS|last=Report|date=30 September 2019|website=tbsnews.net|location=Dhaka|publisher=The Business Standard|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507175024/https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/wari-clubs-glorious-history-tarnished-gambling|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the partition of India, Calcutta-based members of the club shifted a branch in the city,<ref name="toi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/381912/Kolkatas-Wari-Athletic-club-gutted-in-early-morning-fire|title=Kolkata's Wari Athletic club gutted in early morning fire|date=1 April 2019|publisher=Daily Sun|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007101503/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/381912/Kolkatas-Wari-Athletic-club-gutted-in-early-morning-fire|url-status=live}}</ref> and it continues to participate in state tournaments conducted by the [[Indian Football Association]].

==History==
===Formation and journey in Dacca===
When the Wellington Club was discontinued, a few of its sports-loving members in 1898 went on to form the Wari Club at [[Dacca]] and thus was established the oldest club in Dhaka.<ref name="Dacca">{{Cite web|url=https://icetoday.net/2018/07/kick-score-scream-the-history-of-football-in-dhaka/|title=Kick, Score, Scream! The History of Football in Dhaka|first=Dhrubo|last=Alam|location=Dhaka|date=16 July 2018|publisher=Ice Today|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101015051/http://icetoday.net/2018/07/kick-score-scream-the-history-of-football-in-dhaka/}}</ref><ref name="history"/> Zamindar Rai Bahadur Surendranath Roy played a key role in the formation of the club.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIhytAEACAAJ |title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |date=27 September 2017 |pages=77, 78 |last=Kapadia |first=Novy |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=9780143426417 |access-date=6 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007101517/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Barefoot_to_Boots/HIhytAEACAAJ?hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="history"/> The first success came in 1910 at [[Cooch Behar]], when Wari defeated the British Kings' House club at a tournament.<ref name="history"/> After gaining popularity, the club in 1930, found their playing field at Paltan ground in [[Dhaka|Dacca]]. They also had moderate success in the prestigious [[IFA Shield]] tournament until 1945.<ref name="history"/>

From 1931, Wari also expanded to other sports like cricket, hockey, tennis, volleyball, table tennis and indoor games.

===Later years after partition in Calcutta===
[[File:Pakhi Sen and Corinthians captain P Clark shake hand just before the match as referee Khaza Azmal looks on in 1937.jpg|thumb|Wari AC co-founder and then DSA captain Pakhi Sen (on right) and [[Islington Corinthians F.C.|Islington Corinthas]] captain P Clark shake hand just before the match in 1937]]
Following the partition of India, while the main Wari club remained in Dacca, a branch of the club shifted its operations as ''Wari Athletic Club'' in Calcutta by 1949.<ref>{{cite web |title=Football in Bengali culture and society: a study in the social history of football in Bengal 1911–1980 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/174532 |publisher=University of Calcutta |website=[[Shodhganga]] |page=35 |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Kausik |date=2008 |hdl=10603/174532 |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007174156/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/174532 }}</ref> The founders of the club, Bhupendra Mohan Sengupta, also known as ''Pakhi Sen'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Dhaka Sporting Association scripted history against Islington Corinthians |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/when-dhaka-sporting-association-scripted-history-against-islington-corinthians |date=31 March 2023 |website=FIFA }}</ref> (played for [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] in 1939 and [[Dacca football team|Dacca XI]] in 1937), Tejes ''Bagha'' Shome and Dinesh Dutta were all members of the Dacca Wari Club before the Partition. Through the initiative of the AIFF official [[Pankaj Gupta (sports administrator)|Pankaj Gupta]], they were inducted into [[Calcutta Football League]] third division by 1949. By 1952, they got promoted to First Division<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/eastern-railway-ran-full-steam-1958/ |title=WHEN EASTERN RAILWAY RAN ON FULL STEAM (1958) |website=www.goaldentimes.org |publisher=Goalden Times |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Debojyoti |date=29 August 2017 |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111162448/http://www.goaldentimes.org/eastern-railway-ran-full-steam-1958/ |archive-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> and even reached the semi-finals of 1953 IFA Shield. The next year in 1954, Wari AC finished as runners up in the Calcutta Football League.<ref name="toi">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/a-slice-of-sporting-history-goes-up-in-flames-at-maidan/articleshow/68679008.cms|title=A slice of sporting history goes up in flames at Maidan|last=Ghosh|first=Dwaipayan|date=2 April 2019|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kolkata|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925195137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/a-slice-of-sporting-history-goes-up-in-flames-at-maidan/articleshow/68679008.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The club achieved fame when they defeated [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] 1–0 in the CFL in 1978, which prevented the "red and gold brigade" from retaining the title it won seven times between 1970 and 1977.<ref name="Wari 1"/> 1984 season was disastrous for the club as they finished in bottom of the league table consisting of twenty seven teams,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india84.html#calc|title=India 1984 – List of Champions: Calcutta League|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=5 March 2015|first=Karel|last=Stokkermans|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007120420/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india84.html}}</ref> and was relegated to third division.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india85.html#calc|title=India 1985 – Regional Leagues: Calcutta League|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=30 May 2013|first1=Ian|last1=King|first2=Neil|last2=Morrison|first3=Piet|last3=Veroeveren|first4=Mark|last4=Cruickshank|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007120420/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india85.html}}</ref> In 2003, Wari appointed legendary Iranian-Indian footballer [[Jamshid Nassiri]] as its technical director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200309.html|title=NEWS FOR THE MONTH OF September 2003 — 15 September 2003 Note-1|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|date=15 September 2003|access-date=13 November 2021|archive-date=2 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602075943/http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200309.html|url-status=dead|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri}}</ref> In 2005, the club reached final of the [[Trades Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06s.html|title=2005/06 Season in Indian Football:|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109192919/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06s.html|archive-date=9 January 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After getting promotion from the CFL First Division (third tier) in 2019, the club on 28 July 2022, unveiled their new jerseys and announced new sponsors Maco Chicken and Hotel Royal Bengal, ahead of the CFL Premier Division B kickoff.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aajkaal.in/news/sports/wari-athletic-club-unveils-jersey-and-announces-sponsors-name-ahead-of-kolkata-league-1z2x|title=Wari Club: উয়াড়ী ক্লাবের জার্সি উন্মোচন, নতুন করে পথচলা শুরু|author=আজকাল ওয়েবডেস্ক|website=aajkaal.in|publisher=[[Aajkaal]]|language=bn|trans-title=Wari Club: Unveiling the jersey of Wari Club, the beginning of a new journey|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=28 July 2022|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026161414/https://aajkaal.in/news/sports/wari-athletic-club-unveils-jersey-and-announces-sponsors-name-ahead-of-kolkata-league-1z2x}}</ref> Wari got relegated to the third tier again in [[2022 CFL Premier Division#Premier Division B|2022 Premier B season]] with sixteen points in fourteen matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_premier-b_2022/premier-b_result.html/|title=IFA CFL 2022 PREMIER DIVISION – B: ALL RESULTS|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=KolkataFootball|location=Kolkata|date=29 September 2022|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023170319/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_premier-b_2022/premier-b_result.html/|archive-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>

In June 2023, the IFA announced that they have merged both Premier Division A and B of the [[Calcutta Football League]] ahead of its 125th edition, in which Wari was included in Group II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/19091-calcutta-football-league-cfl-goes-bigger-than-ever-for-its-historic-125th-season|title=Calcutta Football League (CFL) goes bigger than ever for its historic 125th season|website=thefangarage.com|publisher=The Fan Garage|location=Kolkata|date=5 June 2023|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606060715/https://thefangarage.com/articles/19091-calcutta-football-league-cfl-goes-bigger-than-ever-for-its-historic-125th-season|archive-date=6 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=TNN|date=31 May 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cfl-premier-div-a-b-to-be-merged/articleshow/100636021.cms?from=mdr|location=Kolkata|title=CFL Premier Div 'A' & 'B' to be merged|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 June 2023|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531031053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cfl-premier-div-a-b-to-be-merged/articleshow/100636021.cms?from=mdr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sanghamitra|last=Chakraborty|date=5 June 2023|url=https://tv9bangla.com/sports/football/have-a-look-on-2023-calcutta-football-league-premier-division-group-stage-830841.html|title=Calcutta Football League: মোহনবাগান-মহমেডানের গ্রুপে অভিষেকের ক্লাব, ইস্টবেঙ্গলের গ্রুপে ভবানীপুর|trans-title=Calcutta Football League: Debutant club in Mohun Bagan-Mohammedan group, Bhavanipur in East Bengal group|language=bn|work=TV9 Bangla|accessdate=5 June 2023|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605154245/https://tv9bangla.com/sports/football/have-a-look-on-2023-calcutta-football-league-premier-division-group-stage-830841.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Koushik|last=Biswas|date=5 June 2023|url=https://eisamay.com/sports/football/news/mohun-bagan-is-in-comparatively-tough-group-in-calcutta-football-league/articleshow/100770942.cms|title=Calcutta Football League : বাজল কলকাতা ফুটবল লিগের ঘণ্টা, কঠিন গ্রুপে মোহনবাগান|trans-title=Calcutta Football League: Bell of Calcutta Football League rings, Mohun Bagan in tough group|language=bn|work=Ei Samay|accessdate=5 June 2023|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605154719/https://eisamay.com/sports/football/news/mohun-bagan-is-in-comparatively-tough-group-in-calcutta-football-league/articleshow/100770942.cms}}</ref>

==Other departments==
===Field hockey===
Wari AC has its [[field hockey]] division, which is active since its foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/on-monday-morning-fire-guts-wari-athletic-club-in-kolkata/|author=সংবাদ প্রতিদিন ডিজিটাল ডেস্ক|title=ভয়াবহ আগুনে পুড়ে ছাই ময়দানের শতাব্দী প্রাচীন ক্লাব|website=sangbadpratidin.in|publisher=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|trans-title=Century-old club of Maidan burnt into ashes in a terrible fire|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=1 April 2019|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003211813/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/on-monday-morning-fire-guts-wari-athletic-club-in-kolkata/}}</ref> Affiliated with the Bengal Hockey Association (BHA),<ref>{{cite journal|title=A most remarkable community: Anglo-Indian contributions to sport in India|publisher=[[Routledge]]|last=Mills|first=Megan S.|journal=Contemporary South Asia |doi=10.1080/09584930120083828|volume=10|date=2001|issue=2 |pages=223–236 |s2cid=145742265 |doi-access=free}} (Published online: "Routledge Contemporary South Asia"; 1 July 2010).</ref> the team previously competed in [[Beighton Cup]], which is one of world's oldest field hockey tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/beighton-cup|title=Beighton Cup|website=hockeybengal.com|publisher=Hockey Bengal|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105145704/https://www.hockeybengal.org/beighton-cup|archive-date=5 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://hockeypassion.in/hockey-perspectives/prestigious-beighton-cup-revived-after-three-years-will-be-held-from-december-11-18/ |title=Prestigious Beighton Cup Revived After Three Years, 124th Edition Will Be Held From December 11–18 |date=24 September 2022 |publisher=Hockey Passion |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105145707/https://hockeypassion.in/hockey-perspectives/prestigious-beighton-cup-revived-after-three-years-will-be-held-from-december-11-18/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/patjansen/beighton.htm |title=Beighton Cup |publisher=Bharatiya Hockey |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612122617/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/patjansen/beighton.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Men's cricket===
Wari AC has a men's [[cricket]] section.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricheroes.in/team-profile/59253/Wari-Athletic-Club-%28CAB%29#member|title=CRICKET ASSOCIATION OF BENGAL: WARI ATHLETIC CLUB — MEMBER — MATCHES — STATS|website=cricheroes.in|publisher=Cricheroes|access-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131055222/https://cricheroes.in/team-profile/59253/Wari-Athletic-Club-%28CAB%29#member|archive-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/in-the-city-06-01-2011/cid/444162|title=IN THE CITY 06-01-2011 — Shreevats slams 201 Cricket meet Chirag win Horse show|date=6 January 2011|access-date=26 December 2023|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114133052/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/in-the-city-06-01-2011/cid/444162|archive-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> It is affiliated with the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] (CAB), which is the governing body of cricket in West Bengal.<ref name="CAB clubs">{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/first_division.php|title=The Cricket Association of Bengal: First Division Clubs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023021313/https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/first_division.php|archive-date=23 October 2020|publisher=Cricket Association of Bengal|access-date=2 July 2021|location=Kolkata|website=cricketassociationofbengal.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In city's teeming heart, a place to gaze and graze |first=Jim |last=Yardley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/asia/28india.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=27 November 2011 |quote=To Kolkata, it is the "lungs of the city", a recharge zone for the soul. |archive-date=6 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306012208/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/asia/28india.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 }}</ref> Based at Tent Maidan, in Mayo Road of Kolkata,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/cricket.html|title=CALCUTTA — CRICKET CLUBS — Cricket Association of Bengal (CAB)|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427103907/https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/cricket.html|website=calcuttayellowpages.com|publisher=Calcutta Yellow Pages|location=Kolkata|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="CAB clubs"/> the club primarily participates in tournaments conducted by CAB, including First Division League, J.C. Mukherjee T-20 Trophy, A. N. Ghosh Memorial Trophy, CAB One Day League and P. Sen Trophy.<ref>[http://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/history.php Early History of Bengal Cricket leading to the formation of the Cricket Association of Bengal in 1928]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102855/http://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/history.php |date=23 December 2017 }}. ''The Cricket Association Of Bengal (CAB)''. Retrieved 2 July 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/1stdivpoint.php|title=First Division League of CAB|website=cricketassociationofbengal.com|publisher=Cricket Association of Bengal|location=Kolkata|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118235149/https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/1stdivpoint.php}}</ref>

===Women's cricket===
Wari operates women's cricket teams, and takes part in CAB Women's Club T20 League annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/newspage/news3174.php|title=Trishita, Sritama star for Barisha Sporting in CAB Women's Club Cricket League T20 meet|date=15 May 2024|access-date=19 May 2024|first1=Arindam|last1=Basu|website=cricketassociationofbengal.com|publisher=The Cricket Association of Bengal|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520183950/https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/newspage/news3174.php|archive-date=20 May 2024}}</ref>

==Notable players==
The club is known for bringing up talents in Kolkata football. Players like [[Tushar Rakshit]], Ashim Shome, Tapas Shome, Nimai Goswami, Santo Mitra began their playing career in Wari.<ref name="Wari 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/wari-club-that-went-up-in-flames-was-born-after-partition|title=Wari Club that went up in flames was born after Partition|publisher=Get Bengal Information Desk|website=getbengal.com|date=6 April 2019|access-date=26 October 2022|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001165637/https://www.getbengal.com/details/wari-club-that-went-up-in-flames-was-born-after-partition|archive-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> Legendary goalkeeper [[Pradyut Barman]] started his playing career with the club in 1957.<ref name="KF">{{cite web|first=G. C.|last=Das|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|title=Indian Legendary Football Players Profile: GOALKEEPER PRADYUT BARMAN — PARIMAL DEY – SAMARESH CHOWDHURY|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914072626/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|date=14 September 2008|archive-date=14 September 2008|access-date=25 January 2011|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football}}</ref> Bhabani Ray was one of the earliest known stars of the club who later went on to represent [[India national football team|India]] at the [[1970 Asian Games]].<ref name="TTI">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/a-121-year-old-burnt-down-football-club-and-the-legacy-the-flames-couldnt-touch/cid/1692972|title=A burnt-down football club and a 121-year-old legacy the flames couldn't touch|first=Manasi|last=Shah|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph India]]|location=Kolkata|date=19 June 2022|access-date=15 October 2022|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026135252/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/a-121-year-old-burnt-down-football-club-and-the-legacy-the-flames-couldnt-touch/cid/1692972}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/sports/former-india-player-and-mohun-bagan-great-bhabani-roy-no-more/cid/1830568|title=Former India player and Mohun Bagan great Bhabani Roy no more|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph India]]|location=Kolkata|date=21 September 2014|access-date=15 October 2022|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026145029/https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/sports/former-india-player-and-mohun-bagan-great-bhabani-roy-no-more/cid/1830568}}</ref> [[Parimal Dey]] played for Wari from 1961 to 1963, when Bhaga Som was coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/former-footballer-parimal-dey-passes-away-dgtl/cid/1403820|title=পরিমল দে প্রয়াত! চলে গেলেন ইস্টবেঙ্গলের শিল্ড ফাইনালের নায়ক, মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর শোকবার্তা|trans-title=Parimal Dey died! East Bengal's Shield Final hero passes away, Chief Minister's condolence message|website=anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=1 February 2023|access-date=1 February 2023|location=Kolkata|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201173202/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/former-footballer-parimal-dey-passes-away-dgtl/cid/1403820|archive-date=1 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/sports/story/ex-popular-footballer-parimal-dey-died-at-the-age-of-74-at-kolkata-ssr-505942-2023-02-01|title=প্রাক্তন ফুটবলার কিংবদন্তী পরিমল দে প্রয়াত হলেন, ময়দানে শোকের ছায়া|trans-title=Former football legend Parimal Dey passed away, mourning from the ground|website=bangla.aajtak.in|publisher=Aaj Tak Bangla|date=1 February 2023|access-date=1 February 2023|location=Kolkata|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201173812/https://bangla.aajtak.in/sports/story/ex-popular-footballer-parimal-dey-died-at-the-age-of-74-at-kolkata-ssr-505942-2023-02-01|archive-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> Samaresh Chowdhury appeared from 1967 to 1969.<ref name="KF"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/former-footballer-samaresh-chowdhury-recalls-his-days-as-a-player-of-east-bengal-1.1184344|title='ভয় পামু ক্যান, চল গোল দিয়া আসি'|trans-title="Can't we be afraid, let's come with goals"|first=Samareh|last=Chaudhuri|website=anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=2 August 2020|access-date=1 February 2023|location=Kolkata|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517032103/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/former-footballer-samaresh-chowdhury-recalls-his-days-as-a-player-of-east-bengal-1.1184344|archive-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> [[Pritam Kotal]], who represented India at the [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]], played for Wari until 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian football: Pritam Kotal — Versatility is very important for a defender|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/indian-football-atk-pritam-kotal-versatility-deepak-mondal/1kefjp0sa15qx10ri201r1us0d|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Goal.com|date=3 July 2020|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702104746/https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/indian-football-atk-pritam-kotal-versatility-deepak-mondal/1kefjp0sa15qx10ri201r1us0d}}</ref>

==Honours==

===Association football===
;League
* '''[[Calcutta Football League]]'''<ref name="toi"/>
**Runners-up (1): 1954
*'''[[Calcutta Football League|CFL Third Division]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india49.html#calc|title=India 1949 – List of Champions: Calcutta League|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=2 March 2017|first=Neil|last=Morrison|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007121452/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india49.html}}</ref>
**Champions (1): 1949

;Cup
*'''[[Trades Cup]]'''<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-tradescup.html|title=India — List of Trades Cup Winners|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=2014|access-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927050302/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-tradescup.html|archive-date=27 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2005|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005traderscup.html|title="Khadims" Traders Cup 2005: from 1. upto 18. July 2005 across West Bengal|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718231627/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005traderscup.html|archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
**Runners-up (2): 2005, 2016

===Cricket===
*'''CAB Women's T-20 League'''
**Champions (1): 2023–24<ref>Scroll down to read the news about Wari AC, when the page opens: {{cite web|url=https://mepaper.anandabazar.com/imageview_77380_438201_4_71_21-05-2024_13_i_1_sf.html|title=চ্যাম্পিয়ন উয়াড়ি|trans-title=Wari emerge champions|language=bn|location=Kolkata|website=anandabazar.com|publisher=Anandabazar Patrika|date=21 May 2024|access-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521060515/https://mepaper.anandabazar.com/imageview_77380_438201_4_71_21-05-2024_13_i_1_sf.html|archive-date=21 May 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Sports|Association football}}
* [[History of Indian football]]
* [[List of football clubs in India]]
* [[Football in Kolkata]]

==References==
'''Cited sources'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book |last1=Mitra | first1=Soumen |date=1 January 2006 |title=In Search of an Identity: The History of Football in Colonial Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZbgPgAACAAJ |publisher=Dasgupta & Co. Private Ltd. |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-8182110229 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021163751/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/In_Search_of_an_Identity.html?id=fZbgPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=21 October 2022 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharjiim |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*Dutta, P. L., ''Memoir of 'Father of Indian Football' Nagendraprasad Sarbadhikary'' (Calcutta: N. P. Sarbadhikary Memorial Committee, 1944) (hereafter Memoir)
*{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=Boria |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Kausik |year=2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 }}
*Ghosh, Saurindra Kumar. ''Krira Samrat Nagendraprasad Sarbadhikary 1869–1940'' (Calcutta: N. P. Sarbadhikary Memorial Committee, 1963) (hereafter Krira Samrat).
*Roselli, John. ''Self Image of Effeteness: Physical Education and Nationalism in Nineteenth Century Bengal''. [[Past & Present (journal)]]. 86 (February 1980). p. 121–48.
*Sinha, Mrinalini. ''Colonial Masculinity, The Manly Englishman and the Effeminate Bengali in the Late Nineteenth Century'' ([[Manchester]]: [[Manchester University Press]], 1995).
*Mason, ''Football on the Maidan'', p. 144; Dimeo, ''Football and Politics in Bengal'', p. 62.
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*{{cite book |title=Portrait Of Indian Sport |url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofinidan00anth |publisher= P R Macmillan Limited, London |last1=D'Mello |first1=Anthony |date=1959 }}
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106295?journalCode=fsas20 ''From recreation to competition: Early history of Indian football''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181632/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106295?journalCode=fsas20 |date=9 July 2021 }}. pp. 124–141. Published online: 6 Aug 2006. ''www.tandfonline.com''. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
*{{cite book |title=India's Football Dream |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&q=national+association+manmatha+ganguly |publisher=SAGE Publications India |last1=Sharma |first1=Nikhil Paramjit |last2=Gupta |first2=Shantanu |date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004041830/https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&dq=national+association+manmatha+ganguly&source=gbs_navlinks_s |isbn=9789353283063 }}
*{{cite book|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Kausik|last2=Bandyopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=9780415348355}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}
*{{cite journal| url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360600802562 |doi=10.1080/09523360600802562 | title=Cricket in colonial Bengal (1880–1947): A lost history of nationalism | journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport | year=2006 | volume=23 | issue=6 | pages=960–990 | s2cid=216152701 |author=Majumdar, B. | url-access=subscription }}

'''Further reading'''
*{{Cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/sport/football/2018/03/04/football-before-the-birth-of-bangladesh|title=Football before the birth of Bangladesh|date=4 March 2018|website=archive.dhakatribune.com|publisher=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927173554/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/sport/football/2018/03/04/football-before-the-birth-of-bangladesh|first=Shishir|last=Hoque|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh}}
*{{Cite web |title=The Introduction of Football in Colonial Calcutta- Part 1 |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2015/the-introduction-of-football-in-colonial-calcutta/ |date=25 March 2015 |first=Ankan |last=Banerjee |access-date=25 March 2015 |website=footballcounter.com |publisher=Football Counter |location=Kolkata |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123195412/http://www.footballcounter.com/2015/the-introduction-of-football-in-colonial-calcutta/ }}
*{{cite web|url=https://facebook.com/307603873267894/posts/556285145066431/|title=Tarapada Ray of East Bengal Club|website=facebook.com (East Bengal Samachar)|language=bn|access-date=8 September 2021|archive-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224150738/https://www.facebook.com/307603873267894/posts/556285145066431/|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://m.u71news.com/article/57359/index.html|title=বাঙালির ফুটবল-সাফল্য এখন কেবলই স্মৃতি|website=u71news.com|first=Mahbub|last=Arif|date=17 November 2015|access-date=6 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406083259/http://m.u71news.com/article/57359/index.html|archive-date=6 April 2022|language=bn}}
*{{cite news|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2013/lack-of-focus-on-youth-development-is-biggest-problem-of-indian-football-arun-ghosh-exclusive-interview/|date=23 August 2013|access-date=26 August 2022|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|title="Lack of Focus on Youth Development Is The Biggest Problem of Indian Football" – Arun Ghosh (Exclusive Interview)|first1=Somnath|last1=Sengupta|first2=Aindrila|last2=Ghosh|first3=Bhaktimoy|last3=Sengupta|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127020642/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/lack-of-focus-on-youth-development-is-biggest-problem-of-indian-football-arun-ghosh-exclusive-interview/|archive-date=27 January 2022}}
*{{cite web|date=2 February 2023|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/former-india-star-parimal-dey-passes-away/cid/1913717|location=Kolkata|title=Former India star Parimal Dey passes away|work=The Telegraph|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202192606/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/former-india-star-parimal-dey-passes-away/cid/1913717}}
*{{cite web|author=PTI|date=1 February 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/indias-merdeka-cup-bronze-medal-winning-hero-parimal-dey-dies/articleshow/97523882.cms?from=mdr|title=India's Merdeka Cup bronze-medal winning hero Parimal Dey dies|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202192608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/indias-merdeka-cup-bronze-medal-winning-hero-parimal-dey-dies/articleshow/97523882.cms?from=mdr}}
*{{cite web|date=1 February 2023|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-condoles-the-demise-of-former-india-international-parimal-dey|title=AIFF condoles the demise of former India International Parimal Dey|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202192609/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-condoles-the-demise-of-former-india-international-parimal-dey}}
*{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2004traderscup.html|title="Khadims" Traders Cup 2004|website=indianfootball.de|date=2004|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718222559/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2004traderscup.html|archive-date=18 July 2017}}
*{{cite web|url=https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|title=বাংলা ভাগের ক্ষত কিভাবে বিষিয়ে দিল মোহনবাগান আর ইস্টবেঙ্গলকে?|trans-title=How did the wound of the partition of Bengal poisoned both Mohun Bagan and East Bengal?|first1=Ayan|last1=Bhattacharya|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107163804/https://inscript.me/how-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-became-rival-history-of-west-bengal-club-football-by-ayan-bhattacharya-robibarer-royak|website=inscript.me|publisher=ইনস্ক্রিপ্ট বাংলা নিউজ|location=Kolkata|language=bn|date=10 September 2023|access-date=7 November 2023}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/mohammedan-sporting-club-fall-hurt-most?amp|title=Mohammedan Sporting Club: The fall that hurt the most|date=2 October 2019|website=tbsnews.net|publisher=The Business Standard|first1=Rubaid|last1=Iftekhar|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730005709/https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/mohammedan-sporting-club-fall-hurt-most?amp}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221009123425/https://ifawb.org/clubs/ CFL clubs] at IFA (archived 9 October 2022)

{{Football in West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal Sports}}

[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1898]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Multi-sport clubs in India]]

Sagri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:22Z

Mohitjikumar32: Starting new data

{{short description|Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sagri
| map_image = 345-Sagri.svg
| mla = [[Hriday Narayan Singh Patel]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,36,378
| constituency_no = 345
}}

'''Sagri''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Sagri in the [[Azamgarh district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 345 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagri<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Hriday Narayan Singh Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:83093}}
|percentage = 42.76
|change = +11.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Smt. Vandana Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:60578}}
|percentage = 31.17
|change = +8.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shankar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:41006}}
|percentage = 21.1
|change = -13.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Pankaj Maurya
|votes = {{formatnum:2415}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1148}}
|percentage = 0.59
|change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22515}}
|percentage = 11.59
|change = +8.53
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:194340}}
|percentage = 57.77
|change = +3.05
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] member [[Bandana Singh]] served as the MLA who won in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Jairam Patel by a margin of 5,475 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sagri.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Sagr<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bandana Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:62203}}
|percentage = 34.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Jairam Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:56728}}
|percentage = 31.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Devendra Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:40786}}
|percentage = 22.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gopal Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:5876}}
|percentage = 3.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Ritu Khare
|votes = {{formatnum:2427}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Gond
|votes = {{formatnum:1716}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:964}}
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5475}}
|percentage = 3.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:179125}}
|percentage = 54.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!Scope=col|#
!scope=col|Term
!scope=col|Member of Legislative Assembly
!scope=col|Party
!scope=col|From
!scope=col|To
!scope=col|Days
!scope=col|Comment
|-
| 01|| [[2nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|2nd Vidhan Sabha]] ||Indra Bhushan||[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]||April 1957|| March 1962||1,800||
|-
| 02|| [[3rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|3rd Vidhan Sabha]] ||Indrasan ||[[Indian National Congress]]|| March 1962|| March 1967 ||1,828 ||
|-
| 03|| [[4th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|4th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Narbdeshwar || [[Communist Party of India]]|| March 1967|| April 1968 ||402 ||<ref name="1967 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=9 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04|| [[5th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|5th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Ram Kunwar||[[Indian National Congress]] || February 1969 ||March 1974 || 1,832||<ref name="1969 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=9 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05|| [[6th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|6th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Ram Sunder Pandey||[[Indian National Congress]]|| March 1974 ||April 1977 || 1,153||<ref name="1974 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=9 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06|| [[7th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|7th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Ram Janam||[[Janata Party]] || June 1977 ||February 1980 || 969||<ref name="1977 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=9 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07|| [[8th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|8th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Panchanan|| [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] || June 1980 ||March 1985 ||1,735||<ref name="1980 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=9 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08|| [[9th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|9th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Ram Janam|| [[Lok Dal]] || March 1985 ||November 1989 || 1,725||<ref name="1985 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=9 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09|| [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Panchanan|| [[Indian National Congress]] ||December 1989 ||April 1991 ||488||<ref name="1989 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=9 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10|| [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]]||rowspan="2"|Barkhu Ram Verma|| rowspan="2"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|| June 1991 ||December 1992 ||533||<ref name="1991 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=9 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11|| [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]]||December 1993 ||October 1995 ||693||<ref name="1993 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=9 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12|| [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || Ram Pyare||[[Samajwadi Party]] || October 1996 ||March 2002 || 1,967||<ref name="1996 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=9 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13|| [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Malik Masood||[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]||February 2002 ||May 2007 || 1,902||<ref name="2002 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=9 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14|| [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Sarvesh Kumar Singh Sipu||rowspan="2"|[[Samajwadi Party]]|| May 2007 ||March 2012 ||1,736||<ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=9 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15|| [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] ||[[Abhay Narayan]]|| March 2012 ||March 2017 || 1,829||<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=9 December 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16|| [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]]||[[Bandana Singh]]||[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|| March 2017 || March 2022 ||{{age in days|2017|03|19}}||<ref name="election2017-1">{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/10.Detailed%20Results.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2017 Result|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/default.htm Official Site of Legislature in Uttar Pradesh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024731/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/const_setup.html Uttar Pradesh Government website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225100003/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/UttarPradesh/upassembly-w.htm UP Assembly]

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.24|83.26|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Azamgarh district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Satyamev Jayate (talk show)

2026-04-12T06:50:18Z

Mohitjikumar32:

{{Short description|Indian talk show}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Talk show]]
| creator = [[Aamir Khan]]
| director = [[Satyajit Bhatkal]]
| opentheme = Satyamev Jayate
| cinematography = Baba Azmi (Studio), Shanti Bhushan Roy (Outdoor), Shibu Prusty(Associate DOP)
| starring = Aamir Khan
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Disney Star|Star Network]]
[[Doordarshan|Doordarshan Network]]
| camera = [[Multicamera setup|Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2012|05|06|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2014|11|09|df=yes}}
| runtime = 60–90 minutes
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 25
| list_episodes = Satyamev Jayate (TV series)#Episodes
| producer = [[Aamir Khan]] [[Kiran Rao]]
| company = Aamir Khan Productions
| presenter = [[Bharti Airtel]]
| image_alt =
}}

'''''Satyamev Jayate''''' ({{translation|Truth Alone Triumphs}}) is an [[Indian television|Indian]] [[Hindi]]-language television [[talk show]] aired on various channels within [[Disney Star|Star Network]] along with [[Doordarshan]]'s [[DD National]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aamirs-satyamev-jayate-to-be-aired-on-dd1-too/248721-44-124.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415164302/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aamirs-satyamev-jayate-to-be-aired-on-dd1-too/248721-44-124.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 April 2012 | title=Aamir's 'Satyamev Jayate' to be aired on private channels and DD1 simultaneously | publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] | date=14 April 2012 | access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> The [[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)|first season]] of the show premiered on 6 May 2012 and marked the television debut of popular [[Bollywood]] actor and filmmaker [[Aamir Khan]].<ref name="first-ht">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/I-m-excited-about-my-TV-show-Aamir-Khan/Article1-760303.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022231311/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/I-m-excited-about-my-TV-show-Aamir-Khan/Article1-760303.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 October 2011 | title=I'm excited about my TV show: Aamir Khan | date=22 October 2011 | access-date=2 April 2012 | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The second season of the show was aired from 2 March 2014 <ref>{{cite web|title=Satyamev Jayate Season 2 to be commence from March 2|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/satyamev-jayate-season-2-to-be-commence-from-march-2/|work=IANS|publisher=Biharprabha News|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> and the third season started from 5 October 2014.

The show focuses on sensitive social issues prevalent in [[India]] such as female foeticide, child sexual abuse, rape, honour killings, domestic violence, untouchability, discrimination, acceptance of alternative sexualities, [[toxic masculinity]], alcoholism, and the criminalization of politics. It aims to bring the great achievements of people which often go unnoticed in order to encourage the audience to achieve their goals no matter what comes in between. It also aims to empower citizens with information about their country, and urge them to take action. While the primary language of the show is Hindi, it is simulcast in eight languages such as Bengali, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil and Telugu, and subtitled in English, to ensure maximum reach.

The first season of ''Satyamev Jayate'' garnered over a billion digital impressions from 165 countries,<ref name="Mint">{{cite news|last=Mehta|first=Nalin|title=The crisis of TV content|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tF02R2NSFFMF5BT90XVIpJ/The-crisis-of-TV-content.html|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=16 May 2015}}</ref> with responses from viewers in many countries, mainly [[Asia]]n and [[Africa]]n countries, including [[India]], [[China]],<ref name="indianexpress" /> [[Djibouti]], [[Seychelles]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Isle of Man]], and [[Papua New Guinea]]. A sum of {{INRConvert|22.3|c|year=2012}} was received as donations by the NGOs featured on this season. The second season was watched by 600 million Indians. The causes raised in the second season were supported by over 30{{nbsp}}million people and the season generated more than one billion impressions online. {{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Production==

===Concept===
The concept of the show was not revealed in the [[India]]n media until the show officially went on air on 6 May 2012.<ref name=first-ht/> There were also no get-togethers, parties or press conferences organized to discuss the content, leading up to the premiere of the show.<ref name="Aamir Crusader @ NDTV">{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtvmovies.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20120201990&keyword=television&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=206868 | title=Aamir Khan, the crusader? | publisher=NDTV Movies | work=Mid-Day | date=6 May 2012 | access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref> However, various sources reported the show to be based on "the common man" rather than being fictional.<ref name="content-type">{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Aamir-Khan-s-chat-show-likely-on-Star-Plus/847975/ | title=Aamir Khan's chat show likely on Star Plus | date=17 September 2011 | access-date=2 April 2012 | newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> Also, based on its content, it was mostly referred as a talk show discussing social issues like [[child labour]], health problems and other issues affecting the country.<ref name="Star bet on Aamir @ Rediff" /> Khan, who is known for keeping secrecy for his movies,<ref name="Star bet on Aamir @ Rediff" /> was quoted saying, "I don`t want to talk much about how the show will be, and about its format. I want everyone to see it directly on TV."<ref name="Aamir Jittery@ ZN" /> However, commenting on the theme of the show, he said, "The show is about meeting the common man of [[India]], connecting with India and its people."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-aamir-several-times-i-cried-on-the-show/20120413.htm | title=Aamir Khan: I am scared about my TV show | publisher=Rediff | date=13 April 2012 | access-date=13 April 2012}}</ref> He also added, "Through this show we understand the problem of the people, we are not here to make a change. I am no one to change anything. I don`t think I am in the position to change anything else. I feel understanding a problem and feeling it or holding one's hand or hugging is also important. I may not have the solution, but at least I can hear and understand."<ref name="Aamir Jittery@ ZN" />

===Development===
Uday Shankar, CEO of [[STAR (India)|STAR India]], suggested Aamir Khan to venture into television. Khan, however, was hesitant at first but agreed and worked upon the concept of the show for two years. In an interview with [[Zee News]], he said, "Initially I was scared to do the show as we were travelling on a different path. I was worried. It was in a way difficult, but we knew what we are doing is different, but it comes straight from our heart."<ref name="Aamir Jittery@ ZN">{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/aamir-says-he-was-jittery-when-he-signed-up-for-tv_109433.htm | title=Aamir says he was jittery when he signed up for TV | date=13 April 2012 | agency=PTI | access-date=27 April 2012 | publisher=Zee News}}</ref> He also added, "I cannot say I understand TV completely. I was earlier scared to go ahead with the project. I can only say I have made this show with complete honesty and without compromising on anything."<ref name="Aamir to make History @ZN" />

The shooting of the show took place in several states of India and Khan traveled extensively over several weeks to various places in [[Rajasthan]], [[Kashmir]], [[Kerala]], [[Delhi]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and in the [[Northeast India]].<ref name="Aamir Jittery@ ZN" /> The studio portions of the show were shot in Vrundavan Studio<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/night-out/fire-on-aamir-khans-upcoming-tv-show-set/222104 | title=Fire on Aamir Khan's upcoming TV show set | date=25 January 2012 | access-date=18 April 2012 | publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> and [[Yash Raj Studios]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/aamir-khan-moves-tv-show-to-yrf-2012-02-27-1.445283 | title=Aamir Khan moves TV show to YRF | date=27 February 2012 | access-date=18 April 2012 | publisher=[[Emirates 24/7]]}}</ref> Khan was adamant about naming the show 'Satyameva Jayate' as he felt it completely gelled with the theme, which indicated that the show is of, for and belongs to people of India. However, Khan later learnt the fact that the title 'Satyameva Jayate' belonged to the country and cannot be registered for the copyrights as it cannot be exploited on a creative level for promotional activities. The team however went ahead and borrowed the title.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-when-aamir-got-adamant-about-satyameva-jayate-3091406.html?LHS- | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511045614/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-when-aamir-got-adamant-about-satyameva-jayate-3091406.html?LHS- | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 May 2012 | title=When Aamir got adamant about Satyameva Jayate | date=10 April 2012 | access-date=4 June 2012 | newspaper=Daily Bhaskar}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
[[Aamir Khan]] came up with the idea of launching a music album for the show.<ref>{{cite web|title=Composer of songs: Ram Sampath|url=http://www.satyamevjayate.in/team.php|access-date=23 August 2012}}</ref> He along with [[Ram Sampath]], the music director of ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'', created 13 songs for the 13 episodes that were telecast in the inaugural season of the show.<ref name="Music Album @ ZN" /> In addition, the songs from the album of the show were released digitally every week on [[Hungama.com]] and also across all mobile operators as the series proceeds. The album was also released in [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/satyamev-jayate-music-album-release-digitally-hungama | title='Satyamev Jayate' music album to release digitally on Hungama | publisher=RadioandMusic | work=RnM Team | date=4 May 2012 | access-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> [[Sukhwinder Singh]] recorded a 22-minute-long song for the show which was written by [[Prasoon Joshi]].<ref name="Music Album @ ZN">{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/aamir-khan-to-launch-music-album-for-tv-show-satyamev-jayate_109060.htm | title=Aamir Khan to launch music album for TV show 'Satyamev Jayate' | publisher=Zee News | date=7 April 2012 | agency=Zeenews Bureau | access-date=30 April 2012}}</ref> On the song, Sukhwinder Singh said, "Yes, I Nishit Mehta, Swaroop Khan and many more have sung a song which will be used in the title track and some will be incorporated in the show. It is a dream song; it is a song which will reflect humanity and nationality."<ref name="Sukhvinder @ ZN">{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/sukhwinder-sings-for-aamir-s-tv-show_107826.htm | title=Sukhwinder sings for Aamir's TV show | publisher=Zee News | date=18 April 2012 | agency=IANS | access-date=30 April 2012}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Season 1
| extra_column = Singer
| all_writing =
| title1 = Chiraiyya
| extra1 = [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| length1 = 3:24
| lyrics1 = [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| music1 = [[Ram Sampath]]
| title2 = Dheere Dheere Haule Haule
| extra2 = [[Ram Sampath]]
| length2 = 4:14
| lyrics2 = [[Svati Chakravarti]]
| music2 = Ram Sampath
| title3 = Rupaiya
| extra3 = [[Sona Mohapatra]]
| length3 = 6:09
| lyrics3 = Swanand Kirkire
| music3 = Ram Sampath
| title4 = Masoom Si Naav Zindagi
| extra4 = Ram Sampath
| length4 = 5:25
| lyrics4 = Suresh Bhatia
| music4 = Ram Sampath
| title5 = Ghar Yaad Aata Hai Mujhe
| extra5 = Ram Sampath, Sona Mohapatra
| length5 = 2:58
| lyrics5 = Svati Chakravarti & Suresh Bhatia
| music5 = Ram Sampath
| title6 = Chanda Pe Dance
| extra6 = Sona Mohapatra, Shadab Faridi
| length6 = 4:13
| lyrics6 = [[Munna Dhiman]]
| music6 = Ram Sampath
| title7 = Sakhi
| extra7 = Meenal Jain
| length7 = 5:16
| lyrics7 = Swanand Kirkire
| music7 = Ram Sampath
| title8 = Mathi Bole
| extra8 = [[Krishna Beura]]
| length8 = 5:27
| lyrics8 = [[Prasoon Joshi]]
| music8 = Ram Sampath
| title9 = Ae Zindagi
| extra9 = Ram Sampath
| length9 = 3:56
| lyrics9 = Munna Dhiman
| music9 = Ram Sampath
| title10 = Kabir Vani
| extra10 = [[Keerthi Sagathia]]
| length10 = 3:32
| lyrics10 = Munna Dhiman
| music10 = Ram Sampath
| title11 = Bahut Yaad Aathe Ho
| extra11 = [[Jaswinder Singh (singer)|Jaswinder Singh]]
| length11 = 2:49
| lyrics11 = Munna Dhiman
| music11 = Ram Sampath
| title12 = Jal Na Jaaye Jal
| extra12 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| length12 = 4:05
| lyrics12 = Munna Dhiman
| music12 = Ram Sampath
| title13 = Nikal Pado Re Bandhu
| extra13 = [[Bonnie Chakraborty]]
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length =
| length13 = 3:39
| lyrics13 = Munna Dhiman
| music13 = Ram Sampath
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Season 2
| extra_column = Singer
| title1 = Bekhauff
| extra1 = [[Sona Mohapatra]]
| lyrics1 = Svati Chakravarty
| music1 = [[Ram Sampath]]
| title2 = Dhoondta Hai Man Mera
| extra2 = Ram Sampath
| lyrics2 = Suresh Bhatia
| music2 = Ram Sampath
| length2 = 4:09
| title3 = Aam Ke Aam Honge
| extra3 = Rituraj
| lyrics3 = Suresh Bhatia
| music3 = Ram Sampath
| length3 = 5:01
| title4 = Kaun Madari Yahan Kaun Jhamura
| extra4 = [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| lyrics4 = [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| music4 = Ram Sampath
| length4 = 4:37
| title5 = Bharat Bhagya Vidhata
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics5 = Suresh Bhatia
| music5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length5 = 4:25
| all_writing =
| length1 = 3:41
| total_length =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Season 3
| extra_column = Singer
| title1 = Khelen
| extra1 = [[Aman Trikha]], [[Arnab Chakrabarty]], [[Pawni Pandey]]
| lyrics1 = Swanand Kirkire
| music1 = [[Ram Sampath]]
| length1 = 4:13
| title2 = Yeh Duaa
| extra2 = [[Ram Sampath]]
| lyrics2 = Suresh Bhatia
| music2 = Ram Sampath
| length2 = 4:09
| title3 = Maati
| extra3 = Bonnie Chakraborty
| lyrics3 = Swanand Kirkire
| music3 = Ram Sampath
| length3 = 3:45
| title4 = Saawan Aayo Re
| extra4 = [[Ram Sampath]]
| lyrics4 = [[Svati Bhatkal]]
| music4 = Ram Sampath
| length4 = 5:16
| title5 = Mumkin Hai
| extra5 = Ram Sampath
| lyrics5 = Ram Sampath
| music5 = Ram Sampath
| all_writing =
| total_length =
| length5 = 3:23
}}

=== Controversy ===
[[Palash Sen]], the lead singer of the Indian rock band [[Euphoria (Indian band)|Euphoria]] sued and sent a legal notice to Ram Sampath, for plagiarism of the title track of the show.<ref name="Euphoria @ IBNLive">{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/palash-sen-sues-satyamev-jayate-for-plagiarism/255569-44-124.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509082642/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/palash-sen-sues-satyamev-jayate-for-plagiarism/255569-44-124.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 May 2012 | title=Palash Sen sues 'Satyamev Jayate' for plagiarism | publisher=[[IBN Live]] | date=7 May 2012 | access-date=7 May 2012 | location=New Delhi}}</ref> Sen commented that, "The trailers and the anthem of this show have been running on television for quite a while, but I had not seen the videos. When I heard it, I was shocked." He claimed that in the year 2000, his band Euphoria released its second album ''[[Phir Dhoom]]'', and one of its songs was named "Satyameva Jayate". According to him, the [[refrain]] of Ram Sampath's track is exactly the same as the chants in his song. He went on to add that, "They've basically used the same refrain. ''Jo baaki ka gaana hai'' (the rest of the song), has different words and tune. But the mainstay of the song — the [[refrain|chorus]] – is ours." Sen also stated that he wouldn't have minded giving Sampath the permission to use the tune of his version of "Satyamev Jayate" had he asked him for his consent and in return he would have just asked for a small credit to the band for the song.<ref name="Euphoria @ ZN">{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/music/satyamev-jayate-nation-rejoices-while-palash-fumes_110859.htm | title='Satyamev Jayate': Nation rejoices while Palash fumes | date=7 May 2012 | agency=Zeenews Bureau | access-date=8 May 2012 | publisher=Zee News}}</ref>

==Broadcast==
[[File:Aamir Khan at Satyamev Jayate press conference 11.jpg|thumb|180px|Aamir Khan at ''Satyamev Jayate'' press conference, 12 July 2012.]]
''Satyamev Jayate'' was the first show of Indian television which aired simultaneously on a private channel network [[Star India|STAR]] and a national broadcaster [[Doordarshan]]. The show was [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] in several languages including three [[South India|southern Indian languages]] viz., [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]], along with [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Apart from [[Star Plus]], the show was simulcast on [[STAR World]] (with English Subtitles), [[STAR Utsav]], [[STAR Pravah]], [[STAR Jalsha]], [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and [[STAR Vijay]] within the [[Star India|STAR Network]] and other channels including [[DD National]] and [[ETV Network|Eenadu TV]].<ref name="Star bet on Aamir @ Rediff" /> Besides India, the show aired in over 100 countries around the world.<ref name="Site Crash @ HT">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Satyamev-Jayate-official-site-crashes/Article1-851613.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510194001/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Satyamev-Jayate-official-site-crashes/Article1-851613.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 May 2012 | title=Satyamev Jayate' official site crashes | date=6 May 2012 | agency=IANS | access-date=28 May 2012 | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> On the broadcast, Khan commented, "This show is being launched on a large scale. I had to make complete use of this medium. This is a baby step in that direction."<ref name="Star bet on Aamir @ Rediff">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/report-tv-star-bets-on-aamir-s-midas-touch-for-tv-debut/20120424.htm | title=STAR bets on Aamir's Midas touch in his TV debut | publisher=[[Rediff]] | date=24 April 2012 | access-date=27 April 2012 | last=Bhat | first=Varada}}</ref>

''Satyamev Jayate'' was dubbed into [[Kannada]] but was not broadcast in the language, due to a self-imposed and self-enforced ban by the Kannada film industry, which does not allow a dubbed version of any serial or movie to telecast in the state. The Kannada film industry, however, does approve Kannada remakes of the same.<ref name="Karnataka Ban @ ZN">{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/no-satyameva-jayate-for-karnataka_110721.htm | title=No 'Satyameva Jayate' for Karnataka! | date=4 May 2012 | agency=Zeenews Bureau | access-date=7 May 2012 | publisher=Zee News}}</ref> After the first episode, [[Shiv Sena]] chief [[Bal Thackeray]] requested the Karnataka government to allow the show to be aired. On the issue, Thackeray commented that "This show must not be tied up in parochial chains or barred from the public. This is our view."<ref name=BalThackeray@HT/> Khan also requested the Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce to allow the show to be aired in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmbeat.com/kannada/news/2012/aamir-khan-kfcc-satyamev-jayate-030512.html | title=Aamir Khan requests KFCC for dubbing Satyamev Jayate | date=3 May 2012 | access-date=9 May 2012 | publisher=Oneindia}}</ref> The first episode in Kannada was later released on show's official site.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2012/satyameva-jayate-kannada-version-video-095470.html | title=Satyameva Jayate Kannada version hits internet | date=7 May 2012 | access-date=9 May 2012 | publisher=Oneindia}}</ref>

The show premiered on 6 May 2012 and was telecast on Sundays at 11 am [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] thereafter. While the channel authorities were high on showcasing it in the prime time at 9 pm,<ref name="airing">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-TV-show-books-morning-slot/Article1-838832.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413134225/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-TV-show-books-morning-slot/Article1-838832.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 April 2012 | title=Aamir TV show books morning slot | date=11 April 2012 | access-date=12 April 2012 | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Khan wanted to telecast it on Sunday mornings since the slot was commonly considered as "family TV viewing" time in Indian television after popular shows ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]a'' were aired on Sunday mornings and were highly successful.<ref name="Star bet on Aamir @ Rediff" /> He was reported saying, "I wanted to telecast my show on Sunday morning. I want each family to watch the show and connect with it. We have watched ''Ramayana'' and ''Mahabharata'' and it used to come on Sunday morning. The shows created a different atmosphere."<ref name="Aamir to make History @ZN">{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/meant-for-private-national-channels-aamir-s-show-to-make-history_109414.htm | title=Meant for private, national channels, Aamir's show to make history | publisher=[[Zee News]] | date=13 April 2012 | agency=IANS | access-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> He further added that, "I don't understand [[Target rating point|TRPs]] and [[Gross rating point|GRPs]]. I have no idea how to calculate it! I don't care about it. It is important to reach out to the Indian audiences. If viewers want to see, they will see or else it is up to them."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://india.nydailynews.com/article/b639ae27ed665d92958f4b18002bc82c/meant-for-private-national-channels-aamir-s-show-to-make-history | title=Meant for private, national channels, Aamir's show to make history. | date=13 April 2012 | access-date=13 April 2012 | newspaper=[[NY Daily News]]}}</ref><ref name="timeslot">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-12/tv/31330971_1_aamir-khan-time-slot-show | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203065618/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-12/tv/31330971_1_aamir-khan-time-slot-show | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 December 2013 | title=Aamir Khan breaks all rules. | date=12 April 2012 | access-date=13 April 2012 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Special screening in villages===
[[Star Plus]] organised a special screening of the first episode of the show in some villages in [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] where the villagers do not have access to television. The initiative was said to have been taken to ensure ''Satyamev Jayate'' reaches all over the country as it caters to the issues of the common people of the country. The program was screened on 6 May 2012, during the same time it was aired across the country, on community TV sets in villages like Bhingara and Kahupatta in Maharashtra, Chepa in Gujarat, Jhunkar in Madhya Pradesh, Tikeri, Lalpur, Sarauta, Khannapurwa and Maniram in Uttar Pradesh. Most of these villages are reported to have a population of less than 5,000.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_special-screening-of-satyamev-jayate-in-villages_1685288 | title=Special screening of Satyamev Jayate in villages | date=6 May 2012 | agency=IANS | access-date=8 May 2012 | newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> Gayatri Yadav from [[STAR (India)|STAR India]] stated that, "This is an important and relevant show for all of India and Star India is going all out to make sure that this show reaches out to all Indians even in places with limited or no TV connectivity." Based on the response to its first episode, the screening of subsequent episodes in a similar manner is being considered by STAR.<ref name="Special screen @ HT">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-Khan-specially-screens-Satyamev-Jayate-in-villages/Article1-851531.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507062048/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/aamir-khan-specially-screens-satyamev-jayate-in-villages/article1-851531.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 May 2012 | title=Aamir Khan specially screens Satyamev Jayate in villages | date=6 May 2012 | access-date=8 May 2012 | last=Awaasthi | first=Kavita | newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===Sponsors===
The show was presented and [[Sponsor (commercial)|sponsored]] by [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]] and co-sponsored by [[Eureka Forbes|Aqua guard]]. Other associate sponsors included [[Coca-Cola]], [[Johnson & Johnson]], [[Skoda Auto]], [[Axis Bank]], [[Berger Paints India|Berger Paints]] and ''Dixcy Scott''. The title sponsorship was signed at around {{INRConvert|160|m}} to {{INRConvert|200|m}}, while associate sponsors paid around {{INRConvert|60|m}} to {{INRConvert|70|m}}. [[STAR (India)|STAR India]] was reported to give exclusivity to its sponsors by not selling any advertising spots to any of its sponsors competitor's brand.<ref name="Star bet on Aamir @ Rediff" /> Khan asked his brand managers not to buy any advertising slots or screen any of his advertisements during the show, fearing the dilution of its impact.<ref name="Aamir Jittery@ ZN" /> The channel was reportedly paid a sum of {{INRConvert|1|m}} for a 10-second advertising slot and had only 30 seconds of ad inventory left after the first episode went on air.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/entertainment/satyameva-jayate-hit-or-miss_703562.html | title=Satyameva Jayate: Hit or miss? | date=11 May 2012 | access-date=16 May 2012 | author=CNBC-TV18 | publisher=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

==Marketing==

===Promotions===
[[File:Aamir Khan promotes 'Satyamev Jayate' on Diya Aur Baati Hum serial (0).jpg|thumb|180px| [[Aamir Khan]] promotes ''Satyamev Jayate'' on ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' serial]]
The teasers of the show were premiered on [[YouTube]] on 2 April 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Watch: Teaser of Aamir's TV show 'Satyamev Jayate'|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvS9RKrgPy0|work=[[Star Plus]]|date=2 April 2012|access-date=2 April 2012}}</ref> The makers of show booked around 2,000 slots for the broadcaster's promos in 27 hours for an amount of {{INRConvert|62.5|m}}. Reportedly, this was the highest costing promotional campaign for any Indian television show.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rediff.com/movies/report/aamir-khans-debut-tv-show-gets-great-money-start/20120412.htm | title=Aamir Khan's debut TV show gets great money start | date=12 April 2012 | access-date=18 April 2012 | publisher=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rs-625-crore-campaign-for-aamirs-tv-debut/247371-44-124.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412212334/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rs-625-crore-campaign-for-aamirs-tv-debut/247371-44-124.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 April 2012 | title=Satyamev Jayate: Aamir Khan plans Rs 6.250 crore campaign | date=10 April 2012 | access-date=18 April 2012 | publisher=[[IBN Live]]}}</ref> Besides, the show was also promoted in Indian [[Movie theater|theaters]]. The theme song of the show was shown in 300 theaters across the country after the national anthem. In addition, interactive sessions were organized with audiences about the show in selected [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplexes]] of Mumbai and New Delhi. The responses of the audience were recorded and shown on screen during movie intervals. B. V. Rao of Aamir Khan Productions, claimed that "This is the first time that a TV show is being promoted in cinema halls."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-Khan-s-Satyamev-Jayate-song-to-be-aired-in-cinemas/Article1-847486.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428164740/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-Khan-s-Satyamev-Jayate-song-to-be-aired-in-cinemas/Article1-847486.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 April 2012 | title=Aamir Khan's Satyamev Jayate song to be aired in cinemas. | date=28 April 2012 | access-date=28 April 2012 | last=Awaasthi | first=Kavita | newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> On 3 May 2012, Khan appeared on the daily soap [[Diya Aur Baati Hum]], aired on Star Plus to promote the show.<ref name="Aamir Kochi promotion @ HT">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-Khan-promotes-Satyameva-Jayate-in-Kochi/Article1-850136.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505122921/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-Khan-promotes-Satyameva-Jayate-in-Kochi/Article1-850136.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 May 2012 | title=Aamir Khan promotes Satyameva Jayate in Kochi | date=3 May 2012 | agency=ANI | access-date=28 May 2012 | newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===Theme song===
{{external media
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|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXg6Usdjl5c Satyamev Jayate official theme song featuring Aamir Khan] on [[YouTube]]
}}
The promo song of the show was composed by [[Ram Sampath]], written by [[Prasoon Joshi]] and sung by [[Keerthi Sagathia]] & [[Nishit Mehta]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-s-Satyamev-Jayate-makes-history/Article1-840017.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413221812/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-s-Satyamev-Jayate-makes-history/Article1-840017.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 April 2012 | title=Aamir's Satyamev Jayate makes history. | date=13 April 2012 | access-date=13 April 2012 | newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Initially planned to compose a national song or an anthem, the team, however, composed a patriotic love song reflecting the love for the country and relating it with each [[Indian people|Indian]].<ref name="Aamir to make History @ZN" /> The song was shot by [[Ram Madhvani]] in different states of India and was released on 13 April 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-s-Satyamev-Jayate-song-finally-out/Article1-840029.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414000344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-s-Satyamev-Jayate-song-finally-out/Article1-840029.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 April 2012 | title=Aamir's Satyamev Jayate song finally out. | date=13 April 2012 | access-date=17 April 2012 | newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===Mobile application===
An official software application for the show was developed by [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]] and was released on Apple [[App Store (iOS)|Appstore]] for [[iOS]] devices including [[iPhone]], [[iPad]] and [[iPod]] for {{INRConvert|100}} approximately. The app allowed apple users to stream songs and videos of each of its episodes and supported social integration, donation through [[Bharti Airtel#Airtel Money|Airtel money]] service, and followed the shows official [[Twitter]] timeline.<ref name="Mobile App @ IBN">{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyamev-jayate-app-launched-for-ios/261550-11.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529033805/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyamev-jayate-app-launched-for-ios/261550-11.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 May 2012 | title=Satyamev Jayate app launched for iOS | publisher=IBN Live | date=26 May 2012 | access-date=28 May 2012 | last=Jha | first=Nilabh}}</ref> Upon release, the app surpassed [[Instagram]] to make it to the top 25 apps on the Appstore within a couple of days. The app also ranked number one in the entertainment category.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIZ-GAD-satyamev-jayate-app-beats-instagram-on-appstore-3319631.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529045223/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIZ-GAD-satyamev-jayate-app-beats-instagram-on-appstore-3319631.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 May 2012 | title=Satyamev Jayate app beats Instagram on Appstore! | date=25 May 2012 | access-date=28 May 2012 | newspaper=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] | location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Critical response===
The show opened to highly positive reviews. Several media organizations praised [[Aamir Khan]] for his effort and described the show as a movement. In her review, Ritu Singh of ''[[IBN Live]]'' stated, "Aamir Khan deserves an applause for bringing up such a sensitive issue and presenting it in a hard hitting way. The amount of research Aamir and his team has put into the show was clearly visible with the facts and figures presented. Every aspect of the issue was covered with great diligence." She concluded it by saying, "'Satyamev Jayate' is not just a show; it’s a movement to change people’s mindset."<ref name="Ritu Singh @ IBN">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Ritu|title=Satyamev Jayate: Aamir Khan's TV show is a movement|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyamev-jayate-aamirs-tv-show-is-a-movement/255255-44-124.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507175348/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyamev-jayate-aamirs-tv-show-is-a-movement/255255-44-124.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2012|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=IBN Live|date=6 May 2012}}</ref> Parmita Uniyal from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised the content and format of the show and said, "Aamir Khan have to step in to do what journalists are supposed to do – make a difference. The show is a classic example of that."<ref name="TV Review @ HT">{{cite news|last=Uniyal|first=Parmita|title=TV Review: Aamir Khan strikes the right chord with Satyamev Jayate|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/TV-Review-Aamir-Khan-strikes-the-right-chord-with-Satyamev-Jayate/Article1-851585.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507062035/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/tv-review-aamir-khan-strikes-the-right-chord-with-satyamev-jayate/article1-851585.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2012|access-date=7 May 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=6 May 2012}}</ref> Gayatri Sankar from ''[[Zee News]]'' described the show as an "eye opener" and commented that, "''Satyamev Jayate'' will make you unlearn all the wrong you have learnt and discover that compassionate human your soul wishes to be. The show grips you and leaves you dumfounded! You will be left asking for more and would wish the show never ends."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/review-aamir-khan-s-satyamev-jayate-stirs-souls_110819.htm|publisher=[[Zee News]]|title=Review: Aamir Khan's 'Satyamev Jayate' stirs souls|date=6 May 2012|access-date=8 May 2012|first=Gayatri|last=Sankar}}</ref> Trade analyst and film critic [[Komal Nahta]] commended that, "I cried while watching the show. I think people will watch it as it has touched an emotional chord."<ref name=reviews@nydaily/> [[Neeraj Roy]], managing director and chief executive of [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]], also praised the show by commending "Brilliant effort. Well done Aamir Khan and Satyamev Jayate. We can make a difference."<ref name="On social media@Livemint">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/05/06234541/8216Satyamev-Jayate8217.html|title='Satyamev Jayate' a hit on social media|date=6 May 2012|work=[[Live Mint]]|access-date=7 May 2012|first=Aminah|last=Sheikh}}</ref> Sukanya Verma from [[Rediff.com]] expressed concerns regarding the show saying, "This is a grand initiative and a sound format into which a lot has been invested -- monetarily as well as in terms of research. Deriding this show simply because it is hosted by a Bollywood actor who is also a marketing whiz, questions our credibility, not his."<ref>{{cite web|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|title=Don't be cynical about Aamir's 'Satyamev Jayate', watch it!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/dont-be-cynical-about-aamirs-satyamev-jayate-watch-it-tv/20120506.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=26 May 2012|date=6 May 2012}}</ref>

Some reviewers also criticized the show on various grounds. A review from [[Outlook India]] noted that, "[...] the show might well heighten awareness, enable the efforts of those doing real work at the ground level, and get the issue out of the denial closet, [...] But it is a little unrealistic to expect a film star and a TV show to change the world."<ref name="Outlook Review">{{cite news|last=Desai|first=Santosh|title=Aamir, an entrepreneur, has reconciled the market with activism|url=http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?280893|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=Outlook India|date=21 May 2012}}</ref> Subhash Jha from ''[[The Times of India]]'' commented on the show, "...though brave and thought provoking, was disappointing in its lack of genuine connectivity between the host and the victims of social atrocity. At the moment ''Satyamev Jayate'' looks like a product of elitist conscientiousness."<ref name="Subhash Jha @ TOI">{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Subhash|title=Aamir couldn't show genuine feeling!|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-11/tv/31668189_1_aamir-khan-role-rakeysh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104155237/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-11/tv/31668189_1_aamir-khan-role-rakeysh|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2013|access-date=28 May 2012|date=11 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN}}</ref> Sheela Bhatt, from Rediff.com, commented that the format of ''Satyameva Jayate'' has to be more profound, and the big problem of the show is that it is on predictable lines. She went on conclude by requesting Khan to bring in some raw energy in the show.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhatt|first=Sheela|title=Aamir Khan's Satyameva Jayate played it safe|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/aamir-khans-satyameva-jayate-played-it-safe/20120508.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=26 May 2012|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>

===Viewers' response===
The show also received positive feedback from various eminent personalities such as social activists, media houses, film and television personalities. [[Bal Thackeray]], the founder and chief of the political party [[Shiv Sena]] praised the show and Khan for bringing out social issues in front of public.<ref name=BalThackeray@HT>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-Khan-s-Satyamev-Jayate-to-be-allowed-in-Karnataka/Article1-852406.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510003645/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-Khan-s-Satyamev-Jayate-to-be-allowed-in-Karnataka/Article1-852406.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2012|title=Aamir Khan's Satyamev Jayate to be allowed in Karnataka?|date=6 May 2012|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=7 May 2012|agency=IANS}}</ref> Prominent social activist and retired [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer [[Kiran Bedi]] described the show as "creative, evidence based, emotionally connecting and inspiring"<ref name="Twitter storm @ HT" /> while commenting that, "It is an expression of the power of media and the inherent potential of society in resolving its own problems."<ref name=reviews@nydaily>{{cite news|url=http://india.nydailynews.com/entertainmentarticle/859a23ffbc32d639cd2ea79acd0ab016/aamir-khan-s-a-desi-oprah|title=Aamir Khan's a desi oprah!|agency=HT Media Limited|work=[[NY Daily News]]|date=6 May 2012|access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>
Noted film actress [[Shabana Azmi]] appreciated the show for its research and emotional content: "Aamir Khan's show can bring a revolution. Thoroughly researched covers all aspects touches emotional chord n forces us to reexamine ourselves."<ref name="Twitter storm @ HT">{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan's Satyamev Jayate takes Twitter by storm|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-Khan-s-Satyamev-Jayate-takes-Twitter-by-storm/Article1-851555.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507072747/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-Khan-s-Satyamev-Jayate-takes-Twitter-by-storm/Article1-851555.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2012|access-date=8 May 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=6 May 2012}}</ref> While film producer [[Ekta Kapoor]] proclaimed the show as "the best show of the decade", film directors [[Madhur Bhandarkar]] and [[Farhan Akhtar]] also praised the show commenting that the show brought the "desired change" to the small screen<ref>{{cite news|title=TV no longer the idiot box: Madhur Bhandarkar|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/tv-no-longer-the-idiot-box-madhur-bhandarkar_110840.htm|access-date=8 May 2012|newspaper=Zee News|date=6 May 2012|agency=IANS}}</ref> and that it is "a show with a heart" respectively.<ref name="Twitter storm @ HT" /> Other high personalities who lauded the show included [[Salman Khan]], [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Preity Zinta]], [[Dia Mirza]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Mandira Bedi]], [[Kabir Bedi]], [[Mini Mathur]], [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], [[Maria Goretti (actress)|Maria Goretti]], [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Ken Ghosh]], [[Harsha Bhogle]] & [[Pritish Nandy]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Salman-Khan-praises-Aamir-Khan-for-Satyamev-Jayate/articleshow/14234766.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621025339/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-19/news-interviews/32300423_1_salman-khan-aamir-khan-salman-and-aamir| url-status=live| archive-date=21 June 2012| work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Salman Khan praises Aamir Khan for Satyamev Jayate|date=19 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Twitter storm @ HT" /><ref name="TopFiveTwitter @ NDTV">{{cite web|title=Aamir Khan's Satyamev Jayate top five trends on Twitter|url=http://www.ndtvmovies.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20120202007&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=206953|work=[[Indo Asian News Service]]|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=8 May 2012|date=6 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="BollywoodThumbsUp @ NDTV">{{cite web|title=Aamir Khan's TV debut in Satyamev Jayate gets a thumbs up from Bollywood|url=http://www.ndtvmovies.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20120202003&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=206935|work=[[Press Trust of India]]|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=8 May 2012|date=6 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="HT online poll" />

Apart from the critics, film, social and political personalities, the show was well received by the television viewers describing it as "a gutsy, hard-hitting and sensible program that strikes an emotional chord with the audiences."<ref name="Viewers response @ IBN">{{cite news|title='Satyamev Jayate' gutsy, sensible show: Viewers|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyamev-jayate-gutsy-sensible-show-viewers/255260-44-124.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509000947/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyamev-jayate-gutsy-sensible-show-viewers/255260-44-124.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 May 2012|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=IBN Live|date=6 May 2012|agency=IANS}}</ref> As per Indiantelevision.com, the show garnered an overall rating of 4.27 television ratings (TVR) (including terrestrial of [[Doordarshan|DD]]) across the 6 metropolitan cities: [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], upon its premiere telecast on 6 May 2012.<ref name="TRP @ HT">{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan's Satyamev Jayate high on TRP|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-Khan-s-Satyamev-Jayate-high-on-TRP/Article1-856019.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517001504/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-Khan-s-Satyamev-Jayate-high-on-TRP/Article1-856019.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 May 2012|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=15 May 2012|agency=Agencies}}</ref> According to the [[Audience measurement|Television Audience Measurement (TAM)]], the show reached out to 8.96 million people in the age group of 4+. One hundred thousand people tried calling in from across the country to speak to Khan during the show out of which 10 or 11 people could eventually get through.<ref>{{cite news|last=IANS|title=After Satyamev Jayate, 1 lakh people dial in to speak to Aamir Khan|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_after-satyamev-jayate-1-lakh-people-dial-in-to-speak-to-aamir-khan_1686133|access-date=8 May 2012|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|date=8 May 2012}}</ref>

On its premiere day, several topics related to the show were seen [[Twitter#Trends|trending]] on the [[microblogging]] site [[Twitter]], occupying the "top five trends" on the site. The show received as many as 2,254 tweets on the social networking site, even before the show ended its premiere telecast<ref name="TopFiveTwitter @ NDTV" /> and reached to more than 3800 tweets on the day.<ref name="On social media@Livemint"/> The hashtag ''#SatyamevJayate'' began trending in the morning and continued to stay at the top through to the end of the day.<ref name="HT online poll" /> Next, the show's official site, ''satyamevjayate.in'', was [[Crash (computing)#Web server crashes|crashed]] within minutes of the end of the first episode due to huge [[Web traffic|traffic]]. The site posted the message, "Thank you for your overwhelming response to ''Satyamev Jayate''. Unfortunately our servers have crashed due to the traffic, will be back soon."<ref name="Site Crash @ HT" /> Also ''Satyamev Jayate'' was the top search in India on [[Google Trends]].<ref name="On social media@Livemint"/> As of May 2012, the show's official page on [[Facebook]] has received more than 1,451,202 likes of which 233,000 likes were received on the day of its premiere.<ref name="Facebook Likes">{{cite web|title=Satyamev Jayate Likes|url=https://www.facebook.com/SatyamevJayate/likes|publisher=Facebook|access-date=28 May 2012}}</ref> The first episode also opened many discussions on [[video sharing]] site [[YouTube]], wherein, people left emotional messages on the site. "A man who wanted a boy said that after watching the show he cried and he apologized to his wife and said that he just wants her to be happy," said Khan when talking to media.<ref name="Aamir's response@Indiatoday">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/satyamev-jayate-strikes-emotional-chord-tv-viewers-101442-2012-05-06|title=One-episode-old Satyamev Jayate strikes emotional chord with TV viewers|date=6 May 2012|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=7 May 2012|agency=Headlines Today Bureau}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' conducted an online poll asking the viewers, "Did you like Aamir Khan's ''Satyamev Jayate''?" to which 88% viewers agreed that they liked the show, 5% felt that Khan and the show failed to impress and 7% remained undecided, waiting to watch more episodes before forming their opinion.<ref name="HT online poll">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/HT-Poll-Result-Aamir-s-Satyamev-Jayate-touches-hearts/Article1-851664.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507072702/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/HT-Poll-Result-Aamir-s-Satyamev-Jayate-touches-hearts/Article1-851664.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2012|title=HT Poll Result: Aamir's Satyamev Jayate touches hearts|date=6 May 2012|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>

[[Persistent Systems|Persistent Systems Ltd]], an Indian IT consultancy, was the analytics (insights) partner for this show. Season{{nbsp}}1 of Satyamev Jayate garnered 1.2{{nbsp}}billion impressions on the web.<ref name="SMJ Impact Page">[http://www.satyamevjayate.in/impact/impact.php SMJ Impact], Satyamev Jayate Impact Dashboard.</ref> It ranked as the most talked about new show on the social media in the world.<ref name="Twitter Animation">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eU3OOpVa6zE Twitter Animation]</ref> Gigaom<ref name="Gigaom about SMJ">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120813174958/http://gigaom.com/cloud/how-indias-favorite-tv-show-uses-data-to-change-the-world/ How India's favorite TV show uses data to change the world], Persistent Systems Helps Satyamev Jayate with Data Analytics</ref> quoted that "Satyamev Jayate, one of India’s highest-rated television shows, is using data as a means to effect meaningful change". [[Persistent Systems]] used The Big Data Solution to help Satyamev Jayate keep track of how its viewership is interacting with the show. The show aggregated viewers responses from Social Media (Facebook, Twitter and YouTube), Satyamev Jayate Website (SpeakUp and DisQus) as well as from dedicated phone lines for the show. Variety of languages used in the responses, different formats of the responses and the need of unearthing more sentiments from the messages were challenging for the analytics team. The most responses came in Hinglish, a mix of Hindi and English. They were in either text, audio or video format. The analytics were beyond just Praise and Criticism. Persistent Systems had more than 50 tags available for every episode for message analysis.<ref name="Persistent's journey of Satyamev Jayate">[http://www.persistentsys.com/Satyamev_Jayate/Case_study.html Persistent's journey of Satyamev Jayate]</ref> Star India Network's Chief Marketing Officer Gayatri Yadav commented "What social media did was far beyond anything producers anticipated. It took the show and made it the people’s show" about the response from social networking sites.<ref name="Data Informed about SMJ">[http://data-informed.com/indian-tv-show-uses-social-media-analytics-to-rally-viewers-around-social-change Indian TV Show Uses Social Media Analytics to Rally Viewers Around Social Change] Persistent Systems Enables Social Media Analytics for Satyamev Jayate</ref>

The issues discussed on the show garnered national attention, with several being discussed in parliament and influencing politicians and lawmakers to take action. After the first episode, for example, [[List of Chief Ministers of Rajasthan|Rajasthan Chief Minister]], [[Ashok Gehlot]], urged public representatives and non-governmental organisations to take actions to stop the illegal practice of [[female foeticide]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-JPR-aamirs-satyamev-jayte-impact-raj-govt-to-check-female-foeticide-3233642.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219094214/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-JPR-aamirs-satyamev-jayte-impact-raj-govt-to-check-female-foeticide-3233642.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2014|title=Aamir's Satyamev Jayate impact: Raj govt to check female foeticide|date=8 May 2012|work=Dailybhaskar.com|access-date=8 May 2012|agency=PTI}}</ref> Khan met Gehlot over the issue, and Gehlot accepted the request to set up fast track court to deal the case of the [[sting operation]] featured on the show.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aamir-rajasthan-cm-vow-to-fight-female-foeticide/256315-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511011436/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aamir-rajasthan-cm-vow-to-fight-female-foeticide/256315-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2012|title=Satyamev Jayate: Aamir Khan, Rajasthan CM vow to fight female foeticide|date=9 May 2012|work=[[IBNLive]]|access-date=9 May 2012|agency=CNN-IBN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Satyamev-Jayate-Aamir-Khan-Gehlot-to-fight-female-feticide/articleshow/13067497.cms|title=Satyamev Jayate: Aamir Khan, Gehlot to fight female feticide|date=9 May 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 May 2012|agency=IANS}}</ref> Following the second episode, the helpline for children received an increased number of calls from across the country, reporting child abuse.<ref name="toi ganguly may16">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-16/bhopal/31726093_1_national-helpline-girl-child-welfare-committee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517211222/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-16/bhopal/31726093_1_national-helpline-girl-child-welfare-committee|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 May 2012| title='Satyamev Jayate' impact: childline flooded with calls|last=Ganguly| first=Rageshri|date=16 May 2012|access-date=16 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN}}</ref> The legislation to protect children below 18 years from sexual abuse became a reality with the [[Lok Sabha]] passing the bill.<ref name="toi 23 may">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Parliament-clears-bill-against-child-abuse/articleshow/13402687.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716185030/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-23/india/31826039_1_children-from-sexual-offences-sexual-abuse-courts-for-speedy-trial|url-status=live|archive-date=16 July 2013|title='Satyamev Jayate' impact: Parliament clears the legislation to child abuse|date=23 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> After exposing medical malpractice in another episode, Aamir Khan became the first non-[[Member of Parliament|MP]] to be invited to the [[Indian parliament]], where he and his creative team presented research on the subject and discussed core issues related to the medical fraternity.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan's Parliament visit a success|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aamir-khan-s-parliament-visit-a-success-imagegallery-bollywood-mgvwJXfbafisi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004343/http://www.sify.com/movies/aamir-khan-s-parliament-visit-a-success-imagegallery-bollywood-mgvwJXfbafisi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2018|access-date=6 February 2018|work=[[Sify]]|year=2012|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan to address parliamentary panel on medical issues|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/aamir-khan-to-address-parliamentary-panel-on-medical-issues/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 June 2012}}</ref>

The show has also been well received overseas, including many parts of [[Asia]] as well as some parts of [[Africa]]. The overseas market where it received the most interest was [[China]], where it was initially watched online before being licensed to air on Chinese television in 2014,<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan's Satyamev Jayate headed to China|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aamir-khans-satyamev-jayate-headed-to-china/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1 June 2014}}</ref> due to Aamir Khan's popularity there after the success of his film ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009). His work on ''Satyamev Jayate'', as well as similar issues raised in his films, such as ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' (2007), ''3 Idiots'', ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014), and ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' (2016), has led to Khan being referred to as a "national treasure of India" or "conscience of India" by [[Chinese media]]. The show is highly regarded in China, where it is one of the highest-rated productions on popular Chinese site [[Douban]].<ref>{{cite news|title=印度的良心阿米尔·汗如何用电影改变国家|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/zl/bagua/blog/2017-05-19/10105939/350163497/14df122910102wywr.shtml|work=[[Sina Corp|Sina]]|date=19 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=《摔跤吧！爸爸》主演阿米尔·汗被誉为"印度刘德华"-中新网|url=http://www.chinanews.com/yl/2017/05-11/8220929.shtml|work=[[China News Service]]|date=11 May 2017}}</ref>

===Comparisons===
Indian television producer-director [[Siddhartha Basu]] compared the show with ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'' stating, "I think Aamir makes for a pensive and studied Oprah. More power to him and even more power to issues he raises that affect us all. Hopefully, it will get people thinking and acting on it on a much bigger scale".<ref name=reviews@nydaily/> The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' and ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' also compared the show with ''The Oprah Winfrey Show''.<ref name=reviews@nydaily/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-Khan-s-a-desi-Oprah/Article1-851972.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509213918/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-Khan-s-a-desi-Oprah/Article1-851972.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 May 2012|title=India's Oprah, Aamir Khan|date=6 May 2012|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=9 May 2012|first=Tripti|last=Lahiri}}</ref>

Parmita Uniyal from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' felt the show succeeds in convincing people of the outcomes of such practices better than a government campaign on female infanticide or a television soap like ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''.<ref name="TV Review @ HT" /> Esha Razdan from ''[[Daily Bhaskar]]'' said the show was similar to reality shows like ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'' or ''[[Bhanwar (1998 TV series)|Bhanwar]]'' that were successful in staging the emotions perfectly on small screen but were treated differently in terms of format.<ref name="Daily Bhaskar Review">{{cite news|last=Razdan|first=Esha|title=TV review: Satyamev Jayate is not flawless, but still a potential hit|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-aamir-khans-flaws-to-cause-3224278.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508222444/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-aamir-khans-flaws-to-cause-3224278.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 May 2012|access-date=4 June 2012|newspaper=[[Daily Bhaskar]]|date=6 May 2012}}</ref>

==Episodes==
===Season One===
{{Main|Satyamev Jayate (season 1)}}
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!width=8%|Episode
!width=22%|Title
!width=29%|Topic
!width=22%|Song
!width=15%|{{nowrap|Original Air date}}
|-
|{{center|1}}
|{{nowrap|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)#Episode 1: Daughters are precious|Daughters are precious]]}}
|[[Female foeticide in India]]
|"O Ri Chiraiya"
|{{center|6 May 2012}}
|-
|{{center|2}}
|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)#Episode 2: Break the Silence|Break the Silence]]
|[[Child sexual abuse]]
|"Haule Haule"
|{{center|13 May 2012}}
|-
|{{center|3}}
|{{nowrap|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)#Episode 3: Marriage or Marketplace|Marriage or Marketplace]]}}?
|[[Dowry system in India]]
|"Rupaiya"
|{{center|20 May 2012}}
|-
|{{center|4}}
|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)#Episode 4: Every Life is Precious|Every Life is Precious]]
|[[Medical malpractice]]
|"Naav"
|{{center|27 May 2012}}
|-
|{{center|5}}
|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)#Episode 5: Intolerance to Love|Intolerance to Love]]
|{{nowrap|[[Love marriages]] and [[Honor killing#India|Honor killings in India]]}}
|{{nowrap|"Ghar Yaad Aata Hai Mujhe"}}
|{{center|3 June 2012}}
|-
|{{center|6}}
|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)#Episode 6: Persons with disabilities|Persons with disabilities]]
|{{nowrap|[[Disability|Physical Disabilities]]||}}
|{{nowrap|"Chanda Pe Dance"}}
|{{center|10 June 2012}}
|-
|{{center|7}}
|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)#Episode 7: Danger at home|Danger at home]]
|{{nowrap|[[Domestic Violence]]||}}
|{{nowrap|"Sakhi"}}
|{{center|17 June 2012}}
|-
|{{center|8}}
|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)#Episode 8: Poison on our Plate?|Poison on our Plate?]]
|{{nowrap|[[Pesticide poisoning]] and [[Organic farming]]||}}
|{{nowrap|"Maati Bole"}}
|{{center|24 June 2012}}
|-
|{{center|9}}
|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)#Episode 9: Think before you Drink|Think before you Drink]]
|{{nowrap|[[Alcohol abuse]]||}}
|{{nowrap|"Ae Zindagi"}}
|{{center|1 July 2012}}
|-
|{{center|10}}
|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)#Episode 10: Dignity for All|Dignity for All]]
|{{nowrap|[[Casteism]] and [[Untouchability]]||}}
|{{nowrap|"Kabir Vani"}}
|{{center|8 July 2012}}
|-
|{{center|11}}
|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)#Episode 11: Sunset Years, Sunshine Life|Sunset Years, Sunshine Life]]
|{{nowrap|[[Old age]]||}}
|{{nowrap|"Bahut Yaad Aate Ho"}}
|{{center|15 July 2012}}
|-
|{{center|12}}
|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)#Episode 12: Every Drop Counts|Every Drop Counts]]
|{{nowrap|[[Water crisis (disambiguation)|Water crisis]] and [[Rainwater harvesting]]||}}
|{{nowrap|"Jal na Jaaye Jal"}}
|{{center|22 July 2012}}
|-
|{{center|13}}
|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)#Episode 13:Idea of India|Idea of India]]
|{{nowrap|[[Preamble to the Constitution of India|We The People]]||}}
|{{nowrap|"Nikal Pado"}}
|{{center|29 July 2012}}
|-
|{{center|14}}
|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)#Episode 14: Satyamev Jayate Ka Safar|Satyamev Jayate Ka Safar]]
|{{nowrap|[[Indian Independence Day|Independence Day]] Special||}}
|{{nowrap| -}}
|{{center|15 August 2012}}
|}

===Season Two===
{{Main|Satyamev Jayate (season 2)}}
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!width=8%|Episode
!width=22%|Title
!width=29%|Topic
!width=22%|Song
!width=15%|{{nowrap|Original Air date}}
|-
|{{center|1}}
| {{nowrap|[[Satyamev Jayate (Season 2)#Episode 2: Fighting Rape|Fighting Rape]]}}
| [[Rape in India]]
| "Bekhauf"
|{{center|2 March 2014}}
|-
|{{center|2}}
| [[Police]]
| State of Police Affairs in India
| "Dhoondata Hai Man Mera"
|{{center|9 March 2014}}
|-
|{{center|3}}
| Don't Waste your Garbage
| [[Waste management|Solid Waste Management]]
| "Aam ke Aam Honge"
|{{center|16 March 2014}}
|-
|{{center|4}}
| Kings Every Day
| [[Corruption]]
| "Kaun Madaari Yahan Kaun Jamura"
|{{center|23 March 2014}}
|-
|{{center|5}}
| Criminalisation of Politics
| [[Crimes]] and [[Elections]]
| " Bharat Bhagya Vidhata"
|{{center|30 March 2014}}
|}

===Season Three===
{{Main|Satyamev Jayate (season 3)}}
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!width=8%|Episode
!width=22%|Title
!width=29%|Topic
!width=22%|Song
!width=15%|{{nowrap|Original Air date}}
|-
|{{center|1}}
| A Ball Can Change The World
| Changing Lives with Sports
| "Khelen"
|{{center|5 October 2014}}
|-
|{{center|2}}
| Road Accidents or Murders?
| [[Road accident]]s
|
|{{center|12 October 2014}}
|-
|{{center|3}}
| Accepting Alternative Sexualities
|[[LGBT community]]
|"Maati Maati Mey"
|{{center|19 October 2014}}
|-
|{{center|4}}
| TB - The Ticking Time Bomb
|[[Tuberculosis]]
|
|{{center|26 October 2014}}
|-
|{{center|5}}
| Nurturing Mental Health
|[[Mental Health]]
|"Dekho sawan aayo re"
|{{center|2 November 2014}}
|-
|{{center|6}}
|When Masculinity harms Men
|[[Masculinity]] in Society
|
|{{center|9 November 2014}}
|}

==See also==
* [[7 RCR (TV Series)]]
* [[Samvidhaan (TV Series)]]
* [[Pradhanmantri (TV Series)]]
* [[Dangal (2016 film)|''Dangal'' (film)]]
* ''[[Secret Superstar]]''

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.satyamevjayate.in/ Official Website]

{{Aamir Khan|state=expanded}}
{{SP Shows}}

[[Category:Indian television talk shows]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Satyamev Jayate (talk show)| ]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Sadanand Varde

2026-04-11T23:46:01Z

Mohitjikumar32: Starting a article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sadanand Varde
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1925|11|06}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2007|01|29|1925|11|06}}
| death_place = [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| party = [[Janata Party]] [[Samajwadi Party]]
| office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1978
| term_end = 1980
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office3 = [[Ministry of School Education (Maharashtra)|Education Minister of Maharashtra]]
| term_start3 = 18 July 1978
| term_end3 = 18 February 1980
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| office4 = [[Ministry of State Excise (Maharashtra)|Minister of State Excise]] and [[Forest Department of Maharashtra|Forest Ministry]]
| term_start4 = 18 July 1978
| term_end4 = 18 February 1980
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| spouse = Sudha Varde
| children = Abhijit (son), [[Jhelum Paranjape]] (daughter)
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Professor, Politician
}}
'''Sadanand Varde''' (6 November 1925 – 29 January 2007) was an Indian socialist leader, politician, and freedom fighter from [[Maharashtra]]. He served as the Education Minister of Maharashtra State in the government led by [[Sharad Pawar]]'s [[First Pawar ministry|Progressive Democratic Front]] in 1978. Varde was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from the [[Banda (Assembly constituency)|Bandra constituency]] as a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] during the same year.<ref name="oneindia">{{cite news |title=Former Mah Education Minister Sadanand Varde passes away |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/01/29/former-mah-education-minister-sadanand-varde-passes-away-1170065465.html?story=1 |publisher=[[Oneindia]] |date=29 January 2007}}</ref><ref name="ajtak"/>

== Career ==
Varde started his career as a professor of economics at [[R. D. National College]] in [[Bandra]]. Actively involved in the [[Quit India Movement|Quit India movement]] as a college student, he faced imprisonment for 18 months during the 1942 Quit India movement. He spent 18 months in jail during the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]], imposed by [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="oneindia"/><ref name="ajtak">{{cite news |title=Sharad Pawar यांच्या मंत्रिमंडळातील Sadanand Varde यांनी एक अनोखा विक्रम केला |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGV2vh5wfJE |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=2 April 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>

Sadanand Varde served as a corporator in the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) for over a decade. In 1978, he was elected as the MLA from the [[Banda (Assembly constituency)|Bandra assembly constituency]] representing the [[Samajwadi Party]]. Varde assumed the role of the Education Minister of Maharashtra in the Sharad Pawar-led Progressive Democratic Front government in 1978.<ref name="oneindia"/> He was also given the portfolio of the State Excise and Forest Ministry. He served as the Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Law of Parliamentary Privileges |url=http://mls.org.in/books/Hb%20475.pdf |publisher=Maharashtra Legislature Secretariat |page=114}}</ref><ref name="ajtak"/>

He was associated with the ''[[Sadhana (weekly)|Sadhana]]'' weekly, a [[Socialism|Socialist]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]] publication and established the 'Apna Ghar (Aple Ghar)' housing complex for survivors and orphans of the [[1993 Latur earthquake]] in [[Marathwada]] region. Later, Varde dedicated himself as a full-time volunteer for the Rashtra Seva Dal.<ref name="oneindia"/>

== Personal life ==
Sadanand Varde was married to Sudha Varde. The couple had a son named Abhijit and a daughter, [[Jhelum Paranjape]], an Odissi dance exponent. He died on 29 January 2007, at his home in Bandra, Mumbai, after a prolonged illness.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-Maharashtra minister Sadanand Varde dead |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ex-maharashtra-minister-sadanand-varde-dead-1076821 |publisher=[[DNA India]] |date=19 November 2013 | accessdate=25 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="oneindia"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadanand, Varde}}
[[Category:Politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Bandra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1978–1980]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]

Battle of Anandpur (1682)

2026-04-10T21:17:06Z

Mohitjikumar32: put up a entry

{{Short description|Battle fought by the Sikh forces}}
{{About|a conflict that took place in the year 1682|other battles fought at the same location|Battle of Anandpur (disambiguation){{!}}Battle of Anandpur}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Anandpur
| partof = Hill States-Sikh Wars
| place = [[Anandpur Sahib]]
| date = 1682
| result = Sikh victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|30px]] [[Akal Sena]] ([[Sikhs]])
| combatant2 = [[File:Bilaspur_flag.svg|30px]] [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Chandel of Kahlur]]
| commander1 = [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|20px]] [[Guru Gobind Singh|Guru Gobind Rai]]
| commander2 = [[File:Bilaspur_flag.svg|20px]] [[Bhim Chand (Kahlur)]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
{{Campaignbox Hill States-Sikh Wars}}
The '''Battle of Anandpur''' was fought by the Sikh forces led by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and the Kahlur forces led by [[Bhim Chand (Kahlur)|Bhim Chand]]. This was also the first battle fought by Guru Gobind Singh.

==Background and Battle==

Bhim Chand, the ruler of Kahlur did not like the large Sikh gatherings and war-like activities near his capital.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.ITheSikhGurus1469-1708/page/n239/mode/2up|title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. I The Sikh Gurus (1469-1708)|author=Hari Ram Gupta|date=1994|isbn=8121502764|pages=226–228}}</ref> He also did not like how Guru Gobind had done many ceremonies which were symbols of sovereignty.<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&dq=battle+of+anandpur+(1682)&pg=PA150|title=The Sikh reference book|author= Harajindara Siṅgha Dilagīra|date=1997|pages=150|publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788170103011 }}</ref> The [[raja]] objected to this practice. The Guru ignored this and continued his activities.<ref name="Gupta"/><ref name="Encyclopedia"/> This led to the Battle of Anandpur in 1682. Bhim Chand demanded elephants and tents as a loan and with the obvious intention of not repaying the loan.<ref name="Peace">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGlH7Jwv8ecC|title=Guru Gobind Singh: Prophet of Peace|author=Karam Singh Raju|date=1999|pages=57|publisher=Sanbun Publishers |isbn=9789380213644}}</ref> The Guru knowing his intention declined to give the loan. This caused Bhim Chand to lead an attack on [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]]. Guru Gobind Rai was only 16 years of age at the time.<ref name="Pritam">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVuAAAAMAAJ&q=bhim+chand+1682|title=History of Sikh Nation|author=Pritam Singh Gill|date=1978|pages=209}}</ref> Bhim Chand and his men were defeated by the Sikhs.<ref name="Gupta"/><ref name="Harbans">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/BandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty/page/n74/mode/1up?q=1682|title=Banda Singh Bahadur And Sikh Sovereignty|author=Harbans Kaur Sagoo|date=2001|pages=59}}</ref>

==Aftermath==

Relations between the Guru and Bhim Chand of Kahlur remained tense. Frequent skirmishes occurred after the Battle.<ref name="Gupta"/><ref name="Harbans"/> Therefore, he planned with the Rajas of [[Kangra State|Kangra]] and [[Guler State|Guler]] to launch another campaign against the Guru. They attacked Anandpur in the early 1685 but were repulsed.<ref name="Peace" />

== See also ==
* [[Nihang]]
* [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|Martyrdom and Sikhism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs]]
[[Category:1682 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1682]]
{{India-battle-stub}}
{{Sikhism-stub}}

Ishwarsinh Patel

2026-04-10T00:19:28Z

Mohitjikumar32: made basic entry with sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ishwarsinh Thakorsinhji Patel
| office = Minister for Water Resources and Water supply (Independent Charge)
| term_start = 17 October 2025
| term_end = Incumbent
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Ankleshwar Assembly constituency|Ankleshwar]]
| predecessor1 = Jayantibhai Patel
| term_start1 = 2002
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Ankleshwar Assembly constituency|Ankleshwar]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Ishwarsinh Patel.jpg
| caption = Ishwarsinh Patel in Tarnetar fair as Minister of State, Co-operation, Sports, Youth and Cultural activities (Independent Charge), Transport (State Minister) Government of Gujarat, 2019
| country = India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name = Ishwarsinh Thakorsinhji Patel
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|06|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kudadara village, Hansot tehsil, [[Bharuch district]], Gujarat, India
| citizenship = {{flag|India}}
| spouse = Varshaben Ishwarsinh Patel
| parents = Thakorsinh Ghumansinhji Patel
| occupation = Politician
| profession = [[Agriculturist]]
| nickname = Patel saab
}}

'''Ishwarsinh Thakorsinhji Patel'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-15 |title=Gujarat polls: Blood relatives battle it out in 3 constituencies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat/gujarat-polls-blood-relatives-battle-it-out-in-3-constituencies-101668500565715.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician, [[social work]]er and incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Ankleshwar Assembly constituency|Ankleshwar assembly constituency]] as a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-21 |title=Anger Mounts Among Flood-Affected Residents in Ankleshwar and Bharuch |url=https://theblunttimes.in/anger-mounts-among-flood-affected-residents-in-ankleshwar-and-bharuch/36317/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=The Blunt Times |language=en-US}}</ref> He was state minister<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Meghna |date=2021-03-16 |title=Gujarat BJP MLA Ishwarsinh Patel tests Covid positive days after taking vaccine |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gujarat-bjp-mla-ishwarsinh-patel-tests-positive-for-covid-19-days-after-taking-vaccine-11615866500078.html |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> (Independent Charge) of Transport, Co-operation, Sports, Youth and Cultural activities in the [[Government of Gujarat]] from 2017 to 2022 in the [[Second Rupani ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-12 |title=Gujarat polls: Sitting MLA Ishwarsinh Patel to lock horns with brother from Ankleshwar |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-polls-mla-ishwarsinh-patel-lock-horns-brother-ankleshwar-8264908/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here2">{{cite news |date=21 October 2025 |title=Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021020536/https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |work=english..com |publisher=Gujarat Samachar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank">{{cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021021332/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-date=21 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
*1990 - 1995, District president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Bharuch district]]
*2002 - 2007, 2nd term [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Ankleshwar Assembly constituency]]
*2007 - 2012, 3rd term MLA for Ankleshwar
*2012 - 2017, 4th term MLA for Ankleshwar
*2017 - 2022, 5th term MLA for Ankleshwar
*2017 - 2022, [[Minister of State]] for the ministries of Transport, Co-operation (Independent Charge), Sports (Independent Charge), Youth and Cultural activities (Independent Charge)<ref name="Rupani keeps home and GAD, Nitin Patel gets back finance">{{cite news |title=Rupani keeps home and GAD, Nitin Patel gets back finance |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/rupani-keeps-home-and-gad-nitin-patel-gets-back-finance/53605606.html |access-date=21 October 2025 |publisher=Ahmedabad Mirror |date=9 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
*2022 - Ongoing, 6th term MLA for Ankleshwar
*17 October 2025 - Incumbent, Minister for Water Resources and Water supply (Independent Charge)<ref name="25 ministers, 19 of them new, join Team Patel">{{cite news |title=25 ministers, 19 of them new, join Team Patel |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/25-ministers-19-of-them-new-join-team-patel/81901182.html |access-date=21 October 2025 |publisher=Ahmedabad Mirror |date=18 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021023511/https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/25-ministers-19-of-them-new-join-team-patel/81901182.html#goog_rewarded|archive-date=21 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Ishwarsinh}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:People from Bharuch district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Azad Gomantak Dal

2026-04-08T16:06:49Z

Mohitjikumar32: put up new info

{{Short description|Indian armed revolutionary organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
The '''Azad Gomantak Dal''' ({{Audio|LL-Q34239 (kok)-Fredericknoronha-Azad Gomantak Dal.wav|pronunciation}}) was an armed revolutionary organization that sought to liberate [[Goa]] from [[Portuguese India|Portuguese colonial rule]]. Unlike non-violent movements advocating for Goa’s independence, the AGD engaged in armed resistance, believing that force was necessary to overthrow Portuguese rule.<ref name="RoadMalkarnekarToI21">{{Cite news |last=Malkarnekar |first=Gauree |date=2021-12-19 |title=Revolutionaries take the road less travelled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/revolutionaries-take-the-road-less-travelled/articleshow/88366797.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The AGD was inspired by the [[Azad Hind Fauj]] led by [[Subhash Chandra Bose]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |first=Vishwanath |last=Lawande |author-link=Vishwanath Lawande |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol1.pdf/160 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=160–161 |volume=1 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

==Formation==
Following the suppression of peaceful protests against Portuguese rule, a faction of freedom fighters opted for an armed struggle, leading to the establishment of the AGD.<ref name="RoadMalkarnekarToI21" /><ref name="SakhardandeNT13" /><ref name="SaluteHerald17" /> The AGD thus broke away from the peaceful National Congress Goa (NCG) in June 1947, at a meeting held at the [[Shantadurga]] temple in [[Cuncoliem]]. With loaded [[pistol]]s, the Dal recited their oath:{{sfn|Kulkarni|2024|p=28}}

{{quote|With an invocation to God and salute to the weapon held in my hand, I do, hereby, take the oath and solemnly declare that I fully accept the primary objective of a speedy deliverance of Indian land from the Portuguese occupation. I am aware of the perils and obstacles in the path towards Goa's freedom, and I shall extend myself to the utmost, unwaveringly, to achieve our ultimate aim.}}

==Ideology==
The AGD believed that armed resistance was necessary to overthrow Portuguese rule, differentiating itself from non-violent movements advocating for Goa’s independence. The group carried out guerrilla-style attacks against Portuguese military and administrative targets. The group was instrumental in various operations that undermined Portuguese authority in Goa.<ref name="RoadMalkarnekarToI21" /><ref name="SaluteHerald17">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-19 |title=THE SINARI SALUTE TO FREEDOM FIGHTERS |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/the-sinari-salute-to-freedom-fighters/124247 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

== Organization and training ==
The AGD established a structured training system to prepare its volunteers. By August 1956, the organization had approximately 240 trained fighters stationed across Goa and Daman.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

=== Training camps ===
Training camps were conducted under the supervision of experienced military officers, including Captain D.G. Gole from [[Poona]] and Colonel Sher Jang Chaudhary from [[Delhi]]. The primary organizers were Prabhakar Vitthal Sinari (assigned to the North) and Prabhakar Trivikram Vaidya (assigned to the South). Specialized training in weaponry and explosives was provided in the forests of Sattari (Morle and Krishnapur) and Sanguem (Dudhsagar and Mollem), as well as in the regions of Ambali, Vajre, Kudal, and Parghat.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

=== Ideological education ===
Volunteers were also provided with ideological instruction on subjects such as the history of the Indian and Goan liberation movements and socialism. These lectures were delivered by Shyamrao Lad, Jhotiko P.D. Souza, and Mahabaleshwar Naik.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

=== Communication network ===
To maintain coordination between units, the organization established communication centers in various locations, including Aronde, Satarda, Banda, Terekhol, Kankumbi, and Castlerock. These centers were managed by a network of activists including Tony Fernandes, Krishnarao Rane, and several others.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Key activities==
AGD members carried out several attacks against Portuguese installations. Among their significant operations was an attempt in July 1947 to seize the [[Fazenda]] (Portuguese treasury) in [[Mapusa]]. The organization also played a crucial role in the 1954 [[Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], contributing to the takeover of the enclave from Portuguese control.<ref name="SakhardandeNT13">{{Cite web |last=Sakhardande |first=Prajal |author-link=Prajal Sakhardande |date=2013-09-15 |title=Lawande and the Azad Gomantak Dal |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2013/09/15/magazines/panorama/panorama-lawande-and-azad-gomantak-dal/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=The Navhind Times }}</ref>

On 31 July 1954, volunteers of the AGD, accompanied by some volunteers of [[Jana Sangh]], made their way into Nagar Haveli and liberated Nairoli. On 2 August, AGD volunteers captured 155 Portuguese soldiers, freed Silvassa and hoisted the Indian flag there. On 11 August, AGD volunteers captured Khandel, ending the Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prabhakar |first=Peter Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC |title=Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India |date=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-890-7 |page=39}}</ref>

On 18 February 1955, Bala Raya Mapari from Assonora was tortured to death while imprisoned at the Mapusa police station. A member of the AGD, he is considered as the first martyr of the later phase of the freedom struggle.{{sfn|Faleiro|2023|p=70}}

During the period leading up to [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]], AGD fighters engaged in skirmishes with Portuguese forces and facilitated Indian intelligence efforts in the region. Despite their contributions, the AGD's role was downplayed in official accounts following Goa’s integration into India.<ref name="HappyMalkarnekarToI22">{{Cite news |last=Malkarnekar |first=Gauree |date=2022-08-15 |title='We were happy with the freedom, but no one could celebrate in Goa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/we-were-happy-with-the-freedom-but-no-one-could-celebrate-in-goa/articleshow/93564896.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Raids and sabotage ===
Between January and May 1955, the AGD executed several raids on police stations and military outposts to seize weapons and ammunition. Notable operations included:<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Location !! Leaders
|-
| 1 January 1955 || Banastarim Police Chowki || Mohan Ranade
|-
| 9 February 1955 || Guleli Police Chowki || Krishna Mayenkar and Krishnarao Rane
|-
| 11 February 1955 || Assonora || Kanoba Naik
|-
| 12 February 1955 || Canacona || Dattaram Desai and Prabhakar Vaidya
|-
| 19 February 1955 || Ravna Military Chowki || Prabhakar Sinari
|-
| 12 March 1955 || Calangute Police Chowki || Yashwant Agvadekar
|-
| 1 April 1955 || Cuncolim Police Chowki || Prabhakar Vaidya and Dattaram Desai
|-
| 17 May 1955 || Kalem and Halarn Police Chowki || Rajnikant Kenkre, Ramdas Chanfadkar, and Shambhu Palekar
|}

==Offshoot==
[[Prabhakar Sinari]] later founded an offshoot of the AGD called the Rancour Patriótica.{{sfn|Faleiro|2023|pages=78-79}}

==Notable members==
* [[Prabhakar Sinari]] – Often referred to as the "Che Guevara of Goa," Sinari was a leading commander within the AGD. He coordinated attacks on Portuguese military targets and later sought recognition for the group's contributions.<ref name="CheNT17">{{Cite news |date=2017-12-11 |title=Che Guevara of Goa: Prabhakar Sinari |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/12/11/opinions/opinion/che-guevara-of-goa-prabhakar-sinari/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Navhind Times}}</ref>
* [[Vishwanath Lawande]] – A founding member of the AGD, Lawande was active in armed operations against Portuguese forces and took part in efforts to disrupt colonial administration.<ref name="SakhardandeNT13" />
* [[Mohan Ranade]] – A dedicated fighter, Ranade participated in multiple raids on Portuguese posts, leading to his eventual imprisonment by the Portuguese authorities.<ref name="SaluteHerald17" />
* [[Dattatray Deshpande]]
* [[Leo Velho Mauricio]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |author-link=Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |access-date=21 August 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kulkarni |first=Neelesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Wk_EQAAQBAJ |title=Uprising: The Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli |date=2024 |publisher=Westland Non-Fiction |isbn=978-93-6045-865-2 |language=en}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]

Mumtaz Ahmed Khan (Jammu and Kashmir politician)

2026-04-08T02:13:36Z

Mohitjikumar32: added new stub

{{Short description|Mumtaz Ahmad Khan is a Politician from Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mumtaz Ahmed Khan
| assembly = [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|12th Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Gulabgarh Assembly constituency|Gulabgarh]], Reasi
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Dharmari, [[Reasi district|Reasi]], Jammu and Kashmir
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = 1
| relations = [[Ajaz Ahmed Khan]] (Brother), [[Chowdhary Zulfkar Ali]] (Brother-in-law)
| children = 3
| parents = [[Haji Buland Khan]] (Father), Shah Begum
| relatives = [[Chowdhary Zulfkar Ali]] (brother-in-law and former cabinet minister), [[Ajaz Ahmed Khan (brother)]] (Former cabinet minister)
| image = Mumtazjammu.jpg
| caption = Khan in function in Reasi
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]
}}

'''Haji Mumtaz Ahmed Khan''' is Indian Politician and Former Member of 12th [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumtaz Ahmed(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- GULABGARH(REASI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=155 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumtaz Ahmed Khan, INC MLA from Gulab Garh – Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/mumtaz-ahmed-khan/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Declare Gojri & Pahari languages as official languages of J&K: Haji Mumtaz Khan - The Northern Herald |url=https://www.thenorthernherald.com/newsdetail/22216/jammu/declare-gojri-pahari-languages-as-official-languages-of-j-k-haji-mumtaz-khan |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.thenorthernherald.com}}</ref> Khan was previously associated with [[Indian National Congress]] but left the party in 2021 and joined [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]]. Prior to Assembly Elections of Jammu and Kashmir 2024,
Khan switched back to [[Indian National Congress]] and contested elections from [[Reasi Assembly Constituency]] but lost to BJP candidate [[Kuldeep Raj Dubey]] by more than 18,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulab Garh Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gulabgarh-jammu-kashmir-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2020-08-30 |title=Mumtaz Khan demands compensation for losses suffered in heavy rains by people in Gulabgarh |url=https://kashmirdespatch.com/mumtaz-khan-demands-compensation-for-losses-suffered-in-heavy-rains-by-people-in-gulabgarh/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Kashmir Despatch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of MLAs of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/mlas-list.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-25 |title=Apni Party demands immediate evacuation of labourers from outside J&K |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/apni-party-demands-immediate-evacuation-of-labourers-from-outside-jk/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |newspaper=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2020-03-07 |title=Khan brothers, Zulfkar, Ashraf Mir to join JKAP |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/khan-brothers-zulfkar-ashraf-mir-to-join-jkap/ |access-date=2022-07-22 | newspaper=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2008 and 2014, Haji Mumtaz contested from [[Gulabgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gulabgarh constituency]] earlier his father was used to contest from Gulabgarh. Khan’s father was [[Haji Buland Khan]], who was a three-time member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haji Buland Khan a crusader of marginalized Gujjar and Bakerwal - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=234422 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.earlytimes.in}}</ref> Mumtaz' elder brother is [[Ajaz Ahmed Khan]] who was a former Minister and three-time member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajaz Ahmed Khan(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- GOOL ARNAS(REASI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=160 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Reasi Assembly constituency|Reasi]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Lost}}||33.37%||[[Kuldeep Raj Dubey]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||63.51%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Gulabgarh Assembly constituency|Gulabgarh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Won}}||32.00%||[[Abdul Ghani Malik (politician)|Abdul Ghani Malik]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||28.77%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Gulabgarh Assembly constituency|Gulabgarh]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||{{Lost}}||24.16%||[[Abdul Ghani Malik (politician)|Abdul Ghani Malik]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||31.28%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mumtaz Ahmed}}
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Reasi district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Apni Party politicians]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Intermediate-range ballistic missile

2026-03-28T18:12:39Z

Mohitjikumar32: cleaned up citations for accuracy

{{Short description|Ballistic missile with a range of 3,000–5,500 km}}
{{Distinguish|Medium-range ballistic missile}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Agni-IV 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Agni-IV missile being launched from [[Abdul Kalam Island]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].]]

An '''intermediate-range ballistic missile''' ('''IRBM''') is a [[ballistic missile]] with a [[range (aeronautics)|range]] between {{no wrap|3,000 to 5,500 km}} ({{no wrap|1,864 to 3,418 miles}}), categorized between a [[medium-range ballistic missile]] (MRBM) and an [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM).<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Aviation |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=0-85045-163-9 |publisher=Frederick Fell, Inc. |publication-place=New York |date=1974 |edition=1st American |page=166}}</ref> Classifying ballistic missiles by range is done mostly for convenience. In principle there is little difference between a high-performance IRBM and a low-performance ICBM, because decreasing payload mass can increase the range over the ICBM threshold. The range definition used here is used within the U.S. [[Missile Defense Agency]].

==History==
The progenitor for the IRBM was the [[Aggregate (rocket family)#A4b/A9|A4b rocket]], winged for increased range and based on the famous [[V-2 rocket|V-2]], Vergeltung, or "Reprisal", officially called [[Aggregate series|A4]], rocket designed by [[Wernher von Braun]]. The V-2 was widely used by [[Nazi Germany]] at the end of World War II to bomb English and Belgian cities. The A4b was the prototype for the upper stage of the [[Aggregate (rocket family)#A9|A9/A10]] rocket. The goal of the program was to build a missile capable of hitting New York, when launched from France or Spain (see [[Amerika Bomber#Winged rockets|Amerika Bomber]]).<ref name="v2werk-oberraderach"/>

A4b rockets were tested a few times in December 1944 and January and February 1945.<ref name="v2werk-oberraderach">{{cite web |url=http://www.v2werk-oberraderach.de/Irrtuemer/5-I.htm |title=Die geflügelte Rakete (A7, A9, A4b) (in German) |publisher=V2werk-oberraderach.de |access-date=2011-07-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719111841/http://www.v2werk-oberraderach.de/Irrtuemer/5-I.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref> All of these rockets used [[liquid propellant]]. The A4b used an [[inertial guidance system]], while the A9 would have been controlled by a pilot. They started from a non-mobile [[launch pad]].

Following World War II, von Braun and other lead [[Nazi scientists]] were secretly transferred to the United States, to work directly for the U.S. Army through [[Operation Paperclip]], developing the V-2 into the weapon for the United States.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

IRBMs are currently{{when?|date=June 2022}} operated by the People's Republic of China, India,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Indian-Army-Successfully-Test-Fires-Nuke-Capable-Agni-IV-Missile/2015/11/09/article3121243.ece|title=Indian Army Successfully Test Fires Nuke-Capable Agni-IV Missile|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-03-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405175541/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Indian-Army-Successfully-Test-Fires-Nuke-Capable-Agni-IV-Missile/2015/11/09/article3121243.ece|archive-date=2016-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ballistic-missile-Agni-IV-test-fired-as-part-of-user-trial/articleshow/49720522.cms|title=Ballistic missile Agni-IV test-fired as part of user trial |website=The Times of India|date=9 November 2015 |access-date=2016-03-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121044007/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ballistic-missile-Agni-IV-test-fired-as-part-of-user-trial/articleshow/49720522.cms|archive-date=2016-01-21}}</ref> Israel, North Korea,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/Missile_Issue_Brief.pdf|title=North Korea's Ballistic Missile Program|website=National Committee on North Korea|access-date=2016-04-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222051359/http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/Missile_Issue_Brief.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-22}}</ref> and Russia.<ref name=bbcrussiairbm>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine war latest: Putin says Russia hit Ukraine with new intermediate-range ballistic missile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/c20726y20kvt?post=asset:47fd8644-8538-475d-a3cc-6f5714f0d191#post |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Putin says Russia struck Ukraine’s Dnipro with new experimental ballistic missile |url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2024/11/21/putin-says-russia-struck-ukraine-s-dnipro-with-new-experimental-ballistic-missile |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Meduza |language=en}}</ref> The United States, USSR, Pakistan, United Kingdom, and France are former operators.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

==Nomenclature==
There is no clearly agreed-upon distinction between an intermediate-range and a medium range ([[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]]) missile, and the categories overlap. Different sources classify missiles in different ways. They are both distinct from ICBMs, in that they have a range that is less than intercontinental, and hence must be based relatively close to the target. An IRBM, in general, is intended as a strategic weapon, while a MRBM, in general, is intended as a [[theatre ballistic missile]].{{cn|date=June 2022}}

==Specific IRBMs==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''IRBMs'''
|-
! Date [[#Dates|*D]]
! Model
! Range km
! Maximum km
! class="wikitable sortable" | Country
|-
| 1959 || [[PGM-17 Thor]] || 2,400 || 3,000|| {{flagu|United States}}, {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 2023 || [[Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon]] || 2,775 || 3,500<ref>{{cite web | title=New Dark Eagle Hypersonic Weapon Details Emerge | url=https://www.twz.com/land/new-dark-eagle-hypersonic-weapon-details-emerge }}</ref> || {{flagu|United States}}
|-
| Cancelled || [[Blue Streak (missile)|Blue Streak]] || 3,700 || || {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1962 || [[R-14 Chusovaya]] (SS-5) || 3,700 || || {{flagu|Soviet Union}}
|-
| 1970 || [[DF-3A]] || 4,000 || 5,000 || {{flagu|China}}, {{flagu|Saudi Arabia}}
|-
| 1976 || [[RSD-10 Pioneer]] (SS-20) || 5,500 || || {{flagu|Soviet Union}}
|-
| 1980 || [[S3 (missile)]] || 3,500 || || {{flagu|France}}
|-
| 2004 || [[DF-25]] || 3,200 || 4,000 || {{flagu|China}}
|-
| 2006 || [[Agni-III]] || 3,500 || 5,000 || {{flagu|India}}
|-
| 2007 || [[DF-26]] || 3,500 || 5,000 || {{flagu|China}}
|-
| 2007 ||[[Shahab-5]] || 4,000 || 4,300 (not proven) || {{flagu|Iran}}

|-
|2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sejjil {{!}} Missile Threat {{!}} CSIS Missile Defense Project |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/sejjil/ |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Missile Threat |language=en-US}}</ref>||[[Sejjil]] || 2,000 || 4,000 (not proven) || {{flagu|Iran}}
|-
|-
| 2010 || [[Hwasong-10]] (Musudan/BM-25) || 2,500 || 4,000 (not proven) || {{flagu|North Korea}}<ref name="mt">{{cite web |url=http://missilethreat.com/missiles/agni-3/?country=india#india |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140422195940/http://missilethreat.com/missiles/agni-3/?country=india%23india |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 22, 2014 |title=Ballistic Missiles of the World |publisher=MissileThreat |access-date=2011-07-15 }}</ref>
|-
| 2010 ||[[K-4 (missile)|K-4]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/india-inches-closer-to-credible-nuclear-triad-with-k-4-slbm-test/|title = India Inches Closer to Credible Nuclear Triad with K-4 SLBM Test}}</ref>|| 3,500 ||
|| {{flagu|India}}
|-
| 2011 || [[Agni-IV]] || 4,000 || || {{flagu|India}}
|-
| 2017 ||[[Hwasong-12]] (KN-17) || 3,700 || 6,000 || {{flagu|North Korea}}
|-
| 2023 ||[[Hyunmoo]]-5 || 3,000 || 5,500 || {{flagu|South Korea}}
|-
| 2024 ||[[Hwasong-16B]] || 1,100 (ROK telemetry)
1,500 (DPRK claimed)
| 5,500 ||{{flagu|North Korea}}
|-
| 2024 || [[Oreshnik (missile)|Oreshnik]] || unknown || unknown || {{flagu|Russia}}<ref name=bbcrussiairbm />
|-
| 2011 || [[RS-26 Rubezh]] || unknown || 5,800 || {{flagu|Russia}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of ICBMs]]
* [[Short-range ballistic missile]] (SRBM)
* [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile]] (SLBM)
* [[Anti-ship ballistic missile]] (ASBM)
* [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Missile types}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile}}
[[Category:Intermediate-range ballistic missiles|*Intermediate-range]]
[[Category:Types of missile]]
[[Category:Wernher von Braun]]

Devanagari

2026-03-26T21:23:14Z

Mohitjikumar32: updated page

{{Short description|Indic script used in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name = Devanāgarī 
| altname = {{lang|inc-Deva|देवनागरी}}
| sample = Devanagari letters.svg
| caption = Devanāgarī script (vowels top three rows, consonants below)
| type = [[Abugida]]
| languages = [[Apabhramsha]], [[Angika language|Angika]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Bajjika language|Bajjika]], [[Bhili language|Bhili]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Boro language (India)|Boro]], [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Fiji Hindi]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], [[Newar language|Newari]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Pāli]], [[Pahari languages|Pahari]], [[Prakrit]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Sarnámi Hindustáni|Sarnami]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]], and many more.
| time = 11th century to present
| official script = {{ubli|[[India]]|[[Nepal]] |[[Fiji]]}}
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]<ref>Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (January/February 2000): 21.</ref>
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic script|Proto-Sinaitic]]{{efn|name=sem|A Semitic origin for the Brāhmī script is not universally accepted.}}
| fam3 = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]{{efn|name=sem}}
| fam4 = [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]{{sfn|Salomon|1996|p=378}}<ref name="Salomon 1995">{{Citation |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=On The Origin Of The Early Indian Scripts: A Review Article. ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 115.2 (1995), 271–279 |url=https://indology.info/papers/salomon/ |access-date=27 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522210705/https://www.indology.info/papers/salomon/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 May 2019}}</ref>{{efn|name=sem}}
| fam5 = [[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]]
| fam6 = [[Gupta script|Gupta]]
| fam7 = [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]]<ref name="daniels">{{Cite book |last=Daniels |first=P.T. |title=Language in South Asia |date=January 2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521786539 |editor-last=B. Kachru |location=Cambridge |pages=285–308 |chapter=Writing systems of major and minor languages |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511619069.017 |editor-last2=Y. Kachru |editor-last3=S. Sridhar}}</ref><ref name="masica">{{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1993 |page=143}}</ref>
| fam8 = [[Nāgarī script|Nāgarī]]
| sisters = [[Nandināgarī]] [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]] [[Gujarati script|Gujarātī]] [[Moḍī script|Moḍī]]
| children =
| unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf U+0900–U+097F] Devanagari, [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf U+A8E0–U+A8FF] Devanagari Extended, [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11B00.pdf U+11B00–11B5F] Devanagari Extended-A, [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CD0.pdf U+1CD0–U+1CFF] Vedic Extensions
| iso15924 = Deva
| footnotes = {{notelist}}
}}
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}

'''Devanagari''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|eɪ|v|ə|ˈ|n|ɑː|ɡ|ə|r|i}} {{respell|DAY|və|NAH|gə|ree}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Devanagari|access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref> in script: {{lang|sa|देवनागरी}}, {{IAST3|'''Devanāgarī'''}}, {{IPA|sa|deːʋɐˈnaːɡɐriː}}) is an [[Indic script]] used in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="kathleen">{{Cite book |first=Kathleen |last=Kuiper |date=2010 |title=The Culture of India |location=New York |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1615301492 |page=83}}</ref> It is a left-to-right [[abugida]] (a type of segmental [[Writing systems#Segmental systems: alphabets|writing system]]),<ref name="georgec" /> based on the ancient ''[[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]]'' script.<ref name=gazett/> It is one of the [[official scripts of India|official scripts]] of [[India]] and [[Nepal]]. It was developed in, and was in regular use by, the 8th century CE.<ref name=kathleen/> It had achieved its modern form by 1000 CE.<ref name=salomon1000/> The Devanāgarī script, composed of 48 primary characters, including 14 vowels and 34 consonants,<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-70113-8.50062-X |quote=Devanagari has 48 letters: 34 consonants (plus a few additional borrowed consonants according to Oommen, 1973), 10 vowels, and 4 diphthongs. |chapter=Synchronic Description of Present-Day Writing Systems: Some Implications for Reading Research |title=Eye Movements from Physiology to Cognition |date=1987 |last1=Holender |first1=Daniel |pages=397–420 |isbn=978-0-444-70113-8 |chapter-url=https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/22523/1/Holender-EM-1987.pdf |via=ULB |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120163816/https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/22523/1/Holender-EM-1987.pdf |archive-date= Jan 20, 2025 }}</ref> is the fourth most widely [[List of writing systems by adoption|adopted writing system]] in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaughan |first=Don |title=The World's 5 Most Commonly Used Writing Systems |url=https://www.britannica.com/list/the-worlds-5-most-commonly-used-writing-systems |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=Britannica}}</ref><ref name="mostused1">{{Cite web |last=Templin |first=David |title=The Devanagari Script |url=https://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/devanagari.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401062015/https://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/devanagari.htm |archive-date=1 April 2015 |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=Omniglot }}</ref> being used for over 120 languages, the most popular of which is [[Hindi]] ({{Lang|hi|हिन्दी|size=120%}}).<ref name="devasilusa">{{Citation |url=https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Deva |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702003440/https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Deva |archive-date=2 July 2017 |title= Devanagari (Nagari) |publisher=[[SIL International]] |website=ScriptSource |location=United States}}</ref>

The [[orthography]] of this script reflects the pronunciation of the language.<ref name=devasilusa/> Unlike the Latin alphabet, the script has no concept of [[letter case]], meaning the script is a [[unicase|unicameral alphabet]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Akira |last=Nakanishi |title=Writing systems of the World |isbn=978-0804816540 |page=48}}</ref> It is written from left to right, has a strong preference for symmetrical, rounded shapes within squared outlines, and is recognisable by a horizontal line, known as a {{lang|hi|शिरोरेखा}} {{IAST|śirorekhā}}, that runs along the top of full letters.<ref name=georgec/> In a cursory look, the Devanāgarī script appears different from other [[Indic scripts]], such as [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali-Assamese]] or [[Gurmukhi]], but a closer examination reveals they are very similar, except for angles and structural emphasis.<ref name="georgec">{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Writing systems of the Indo-Aryan languages |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Danesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |encyclopedia=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=26 July 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79710-2 |page=72 |quote=Each Brāhmī-derived script has a characteristic stylistic format or ductus, which tends to exaggerate their apparent differences and mask their underlying similarities. For example, Nagari has a strong preference for symmetrical shapes, especially squared outlines and right angles...  |access-date=1 July 2023 }}</ref>

Among the languages using it as a primary or secondary script are [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Pali|Pāḷi]], [[Sanskrit]],<ref name=george/> [[Hindi]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hindi.htm |title=Hindi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528075558/https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hindi.htm |archive-date=28 May 2012 |publisher=Omniglot Encyclopedia of Writing Systems and Languages}}</ref> [[Boro language (India)|Boro]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Prakrit]], [[Apabhramsha]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Braj Bhasha]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Snell |first=Rupert |title=The Hindi classical tradition : a Braj Bhāṣā reader |date=1991 |publisher=School of Oriental and African studies |isbn=0-7286-0175-3 |location=London |oclc=24794163}}</ref> [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], [[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]], [[Bhili language|Bhili]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Newar language|Nepal Bhasa]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Angika]], [[Bajjika]] and [[Santali language|Santali]].<ref name=devasilusa/> The Devanāgarī script is closely related to the [[Nandināgarī]] script commonly found in numerous ancient [[manuscripts]] of [[South India]],<ref>{{Cite book |first1=George |last1=Cardona |first2=Danesh |last2=Jain |date=2003 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415772945 |page=75}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Reinhold |last=Grünendahl |date=2001 |title=South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3447045049 |pages=xxii, 201–210}}</ref> and it is distantly related to a number of Southeast Asian scripts.<ref name=devasilusa/>

==Etymology==
{{IAST|Devanāgarī}} is formed by combining the word {{IAST|[[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]}} ({{lang|sa|[[wikt:देव|देव]]}}) with {{IAST|[[Nāgarī script|nāgarī]]}} ({{lang|sa|[[wikt:नागरी|नागरी]]}}). {{IAST|Nāgarī}} is an adjective derived from {{IAST|nagara}} ({{lang|sa|[[wikt:नगर|नगर]]}}), a Sanskrit word meaning "town" or "city", and literally means "urban" or "urbane".<ref>{{MWSD|nagara|page=525}}</ref>

The word {{IAST|Nāgarī}} (implicitly modifying [[Lipi (script)|{{IAST|lipi}}]], meaning "script") was used independently to refer to a North Indian script, or possibly a group of such scripts, as attested by Al-Biruni in the 11th century. The form {{IAST|Devanāgarī}} is attested later, at least by the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maurer |first=Walter H. |date=1976 |title=On the Name Devanāgarī |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/599893 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=101–104 |doi=10.2307/599893 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=599893 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522070843/https://www.jstor.org/stable/599893 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The name of the [[Nandinagari|Nandināgarī]] script is also formed by adding a prefix to the generic script name {{IAST|nāgarī}}. The precise origin and significance of the prefix {{IAST|deva}}- ("heavenly" or "god") remains unclear.

== History ==
{{Brahmic}}
{{Writing systems in India}}
{{Further|Sanskrit epigraphy}}

{{IAST|Devanāgarī}} is part of the [[Brahmic family]] of scripts of [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Tibet]], and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Cite book |first1=George |last1=Cardona |first2=Danesh |last2=Jain |date=2003 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415772945 |pages=68–69}}</ref><ref name="fischer2004">{{Cite book |last=Fischer |first=Steven Roger |title=A History of Writing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ywo0M9OpbXoC |date=2004 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307151643/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ywo0M9OpbXoC |url-status=live |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-167-9 |quote=(p. 110) "{{omission}} an early branch of this, as of the fourth century CE, was the Gupta script, Brahmi's first main daughter. {{omission}} The Gupta alphabet became the ancestor of most Indic scripts (usually through later Devanagari). {{omission}} Beginning around AD 600, Gupta inspired the important Nagari, Sarada, Tibetan and Pāḷi scripts. Nagari, of India's northwest, first appeared around AD 633. Once fully developed in the eleventh century, Nagari had become Devanagari, or "heavenly Nagari", since it was now the main vehicle, out of several, for Sanskrit literature." |archive-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> It is a descendant of the 3rd century BCE [[Brāhmī script]], which evolved into the [[Nagari script]] which in turn gave birth to Devanāgarī and [[Nandināgarī]]. {{IAST|Devanāgarī}} has been widely adopted across India and Nepal to write [[Sanskrit]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]], [[Central Indo-Aryan languages]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Boro language (India)|Boro]], and various Nepalese languages.

Some of the earliest [[Epigraphy|epigraphic]] evidence attesting to the developing [[Sanskrit]] [[Nāgarī script]] in ancient India is from the 1st to 4th century CE inscriptions discovered in [[Gujarat]].<ref name="gazett">{{Cite book |url={{Google books|0bkMAAAAIAAJ|Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|plainurl=yes}} |chapter=Rudradaman's inscription from 1st through 4th century CE found in Gujarat, India |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |publisher=Stanford University Archives |pages=30–45, particularly {{IAST|Devanāgarī}} inscription on Jayadaman's coins (pp. 33–34)}}</ref> Variants of script called {{IAST|Nāgarī}}, recognisably close to Devanāgarī, are first attested from the 1st century CE [[Rudradaman I|Rudradaman]] inscriptions in Sanskrit, while the modern standardised form of Devanāgarī was in use by about 1000 CE.<ref name="salomon1000">{{Cite book |first=Richard |last=Salomon |date=2014 |title=Indian Epigraphy |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195356663 |pages=40–42}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Krishna Chandra |last=Sagar |date=1993 |title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India |publisher=South Asia Books |isbn=978-8172110284 |page=137}}</ref> Medieval inscriptions suggest widespread diffusion of Nāgarī-related scripts, with [[biscript]]s presenting local script along with the adoption of {{IAST|Nāgarī}} scripts. For example, the mid 8th-century [[Pattadakal|Pattadakal pillar]] in [[Karnataka]] has text in both [[Siddhamatrka|Siddha Matrika]] script, and an early [[Telugu-Kannada alphabet|Telugu-Kannada]] script; while, the [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] [[Jawalamukhi]] inscription in [[Himachal Pradesh]] is written in both [[Sharada script|Sharada]] and Devanāgarī scripts.<ref name="richardbiscript">{{Cite book |first=Richard |last=Salomon |date=2014 |title=Indian Epigraphy |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195356663 |page=71}}</ref>

The {{IAST|Nāgarī}} script was in regular use by the 7th century CE, and it was fully developed by about the end of first millennium.<ref name=kathleen/><ref name=salomon1000/> The use of Sanskrit in {{IAST|Nāgarī}} script in medieval India is attested by numerous pillar and cave-temple inscriptions, including the 11th-century [[Udayagiri Caves|Udayagiri inscriptions]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Michael |last=Willis |date=2001 |title=Inscriptions from Udayagiri: locating domains of devotion, patronage and power in the eleventh century |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=41–53|doi=10.1080/02666030.2001.9628591 |s2cid=161258027 }}</ref> and an inscribed brick found in [[Uttar Pradesh]], dated to be from 1217 CE, which is now held at the [[British Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/b/brick_with_sanskrit_inscriptio.aspx |title=Brick with Sanskrit inscription in Nāgarī script, 1217 CE, found in Uttar Pradesh, India (British Museum) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019091410/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/b/brick_with_sanskrit_inscriptio.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> The script's prototypes and related versions have been discovered with ancient relics outside India, in places such as [[Sri Lanka]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Indonesia]]. In East Asia, the {{IAST|Siddhaṃ matrika}} script (considered as the closest precursor to {{IAST|Nāgarī}}) was in use by [[Buddhism|Buddhists]].<ref name=george/><ref>{{Cite book |first=Wayan |last=Ardika |date=2009 |title=Form, Macht, Differenz: Motive und Felder ethnologischen Forschens |editor-first=Elfriede |editor-last=Hermann |display-editors=et al. |publisher=Universitätsverlag Göttingen |isbn=978-3940344809 |language=de |pages=251–252|quote="Nagari script and Sanskrit language in the inscription at Blangjong suggests that Indian culture was already influencing Bali (Indonesia) by the 10th century CE."}}</ref> Nāgarī has been the {{lang|la|[[primus inter pares]]}} of the Indic scripts.<ref name="george">{{Cite book |first1=George |last1=Cardona |first2=Danesh |last2=Jain |date=2003 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415772945 |pages=75–77}}</ref> It has long been used traditionally by religiously educated people in [[South Asia]] to record and transmit information, existing throughout the land in parallel with a wide variety of local scripts (such as [[Moḍī script|Moḍī]], [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]], and [[Mahajani script|Mahajani]]) used for administration, commerce, and other daily uses.

Sharada remained in parallel use in [[Kashmir]]. An early version of {{IAST|Devanāgarī}} is visible in the [[Kutila inscription of Bareilly]] dated to [[Vikram Samvat|VS]] 1049 (992 CE), which demonstrates the emergence of the horizontal bar to group letters belonging to a word.<ref name="taylor2003">{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Isaac |url=https://archive.org/stream/alphabet00unkngoog#page/n348/mode/2up/ |title=History of the Alphabet: Aryan Alphabets, Part 2 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench & Co |date=1883 |isbn=978-0-7661-5847-4 |pages=324, 333 |quote={{omission}} In the Kutila this develops into a short horizontal bar, which, in the Devanagari, becomes a continuous horizontal line {{omission}} three cardinal inscriptions of this epoch, namely, the Kutila or Bareli inscription of 992, the [[Chalukya]] or Kistna inscription of 945, and a Kawi inscription of 919 {{omission}} the Kutila inscription is of great importance in Indian epigraphy, not only from its precise date, but from its offering a definite early form of the standard Indian alphabet, the Devanagari {{omission}}}}</ref> One of the oldest surviving Sanskrit texts from the early post-[[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] period consists of 1,413 {{IAST|Nāgarī}} pages of a commentary by [[Patanjali]], with a composition date of about 150 BCE, the surviving copy transcribed about 14th century CE.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Witzel |first= Michael |author-link=Michael Witzel |title=17. Brahmanical Reactions to Foreign Influences and to Social and Religious Change |date=2006 |encyclopedia=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |editor-last=Olivelle |editor-first= Patrick |editor-link=Patrick Olivelle |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195305326 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305326.003.0017 |pages=477–480 with footnote 60}}; Original manuscript, dates in Saka Samvat, and uncertainties associated with it: {{Citation |url=https://archive.org/stream/vykaraamahbhshy00kielgoog#page/n8/mode/2up |title=Mahabhasya of Patanjali |year=1880 |publisher=Bombay, Government central Book depôt |editor-first=F. |editor-last=Kielhorn}}</ref>

In [[Sinja Valley]], mid-western [[Nepal]] where the Nepali language originates from, the earliest examples of the Devanagari script from the 13th century were found on the cliffs and in nearby Dullu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5263/|title=Sinja valley - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref>

{{Gallery
| mode = packed
| height = 120
| align = center
| title = Examples of Devanāgarī manuscripts created between the 18th and 19th centuries
|File:Isha Upanishad Verses 1 to 3, Shukla Yajurveda, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg|
|File:13th-century Shatapatha Brahmana 14th Khanda Prapathaka 3-4, page 1 front, Sanskrit, Devanagari script.jpg|
|File:Yajurveda 44.8, page 1 front and back, Sanskrit, Devanagari lipi (script).jpg|
|File:1593 CE, Adi Shankara bhasya Aitareya Upanishad, Varanasi Jain temple bhandara, Sanskrit, Devanagari, MS Add.2092.jpg|
}}

=== East Asia ===
In the 7th century, under the rule of [[Songtsen Gampo]] of the [[Tibetan Empire]], [[Thonmi Sambhota]] was sent to Nepal to open marriage negotiations with a [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Nepali]] princess and to find a writing system suitable for the [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]] language. He then invented the [[Tibetan script]] based on the Nāgarī used in Kashmir. He added 6 new characters for sounds that did not exist in Sanskrit.<ref>{{Cite book |first=William Woodville |last=Rockhill |url={{Google books|avFDAQAAMAAJ|Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution|page=671|plainurl=yes}} |title=Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution |publisher=United States National Museum |page=671}}</ref>

Other scripts closely related to Nāgarī (such as [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]]) were introduced throughout East and Southeast Asia from the 7th to the 10th centuries CE: notably in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Japan.<ref>{{Cite book |first=David |last=Quinter |date=2015 |title=From Outcasts to Emperors: Shingon Ritsu and the Mañjuśrī Cult in Medieval Japan |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004293397 |pages=63–65 with discussion on [[Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra]]}}</ref><ref name="richard">{{Cite book |first=Richard |last=Salomon |date=2014 |title=Indian Epigraphy |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195356663 |pages=157–160}}</ref>

Most of the Southeast Asian scripts have roots in Dravidian scripts, but a few found in south-central regions of Java and isolated parts of southeast Asia resemble Devanāgarī or its prototypes. The [[Kawi script]] in particular is similar to the Devanāgarī in many respects, though the morphology of the script has local changes. The earliest inscriptions in the Devanāgarī-like scripts are from around the 10th century CE, with many more between the 11th and 14th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Teselkin |first=Avenir S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ1kAAAAMAAJ |title=Old Javanese (Kawi) |publisher=Cornell University Press |date=1972 |pages=9–14 |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126234553/https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ1kAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=26 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=de Casparis |first1=J. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cLUfAAAAIAAJ |title=Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the Beginnings to c. AD 1500 |publisher=BRILL Academic |date=1975 |isbn=90-04-04172-9 |pages=35–43 |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313164916/https://books.google.com/books?id=cLUfAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=13 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Some of the old-Devanāgarī inscriptions are found in Hindu temples of Java, such as the [[Prambanan]] temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zurbuchen |first=Mary S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4kOAAAAYAAJ |title=Introduction to Old Javanese Language and Literature: A Kawi Prose Anthology |publisher=Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan |date=1976 |isbn=978-0-89148-053-2 |pages=xi–xii |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227150848/https://books.google.com/books?id=y4kOAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=27 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Ligor and the Kalasan inscriptions of central Java, dated to the 8th century, are also in the Nāgarī script of north India. According to the epigraphist and Asian Studies scholar Lawrence Briggs, these may be related to the 9th century copper plate inscription of Devapaladeva (Bengal) which is also in early Devanāgarī script.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briggs |first=Lawrence Palmer |date=1950 |title=The Origin of the Sailendra Dynasty: Present Status of the Question |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=JSTOR |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=79–81 |doi=10.2307/595536 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=595536}}</ref> The term kawi in Kawi script is a loan word from {{IAST|[[kāvya]]}} (poetry). According to anthropologists and Asian studies scholars [[John Norman Miksic]] and Goh Geok Yian, the 8th century version of early Nāgarī or Devanāgarī script was adopted in Java, [[Bali]], and Khmer around the 8th–9th centuries, as evidenced by the many contemporaneous inscriptions of this period.<ref name="MiksicYian2016p177">{{Cite book |last1=Miksic |first1=John Norman |last2=Yian |first2=Goh Geok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjklDwAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Southeast Asia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-27904-4 |pages=177–179, 314–322 |author-link=John N. Miksic |access-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306072439/https://books.google.com/books?id=zjklDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=6 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Gallery
| mode = packed
| align = center
|File:Falongsibeiye.png| [[Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra]] in [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] on [[Arecaceae|palm]] leaf in 609 CE found in [[Hōryū-ji]], Japan. The last line is a complete Sanskrit [[syllabary]] in Siddhaṃ script.
}}
{{Brahmi evolution|brahmi=early|middlebrahmi=y|latebrahmi=y|devanagari=y|girnar=n|gujarat=n}}

== Letters ==
The [[collating sequence|letter order]] of Devanāgarī, like nearly all Brāhmic scripts, is based on [[phonetics|phonetic]] principles that consider both the [[manner of articulation|manner]] and [[place of articulation]] of the consonants and vowels they represent. This arrangement is usually referred to as the {{IAST|varṇamālā}} ("[[garland]] of letters").<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Salomon|2003|p=71}}</ref> The format of Devanāgarī for Sanskrit serves as the prototype for its application, with minor variations or additions, to other languages.<ref name="Salomon 2003 75">{{Harvcoltxt|Salomon|2003|p=75}}</ref>

The name "Devanagari" comes from the Sanskrit term {{lang|sa|देवनागरी}} ({{IAST|devanāgarī}}), meaning "script of the divine city" or "script of the city of God".{{cn|date=October 2025}}

The vowels and their arrangement are:

{|class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"
|-
!
| rowspan="10" |
! Independent form
! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
! [[ISO 15919|ISO]]
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! As diacritic with {{lang|inc-Deva|प}} ([[#Barakhadi|Barakhadi]])
| rowspan="10" |
! Independent form
! IAST
! ISO
! IPA
! As diacritic with {{lang|inc-Deva|प}} (Barakhadi)
|-
!''{{IAST|kaṇṭhya}}'' ([[Velar]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|अ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|a}}
| {{IPAblink|ɐ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|प}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|आ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|ā}}
| {{IPAblink|äː|aː}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पा}}
|-
!''{{IAST|tālavya}}'' ([[Palatal]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|इ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|i}}
| {{IPAblink|i}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पि}}

| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ई}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|ī}}
| {{IPAblink|iː}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पी}}
|-
!{{IAST|oṣṭhya}} ([[Labial consonant|Labial]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|उ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|u}}
| {{IPAblink|u}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पु}} 8
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ऊ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|ū}}
| {{IPAblink|uː}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पू}} 8
|-
!''{{IAST|mūrdhanya}}'' ([[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ऋ}} 5, 8
| {{IAST|ṛ}}
| {{transliteration|sa|ISO|r̥}}
| {{IPAblink|r̩}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पृ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ॠ}} 6
| {{IAST|ṝ}}
| {{transliteration|sa|ISO|r̥̄}}
| {{IPAblink|r̩ː}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पॄ}}
|-
!{{IAST|dantya}} ([[Dental consonant|Dental]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ऌ}} 6
| {{IAST|ḷ}}
| {{transliteration|sa|ISO|l̥}}
| {{IPAblink|l̩}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पॢ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ॡ}} 6, 7
| {{IAST|ḹ}}
| {{transliteration|sa|ISO|l̥̄}}
| {{IPAblink|l̩ː}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पॣ}}
|-
!''{{IAST|kaṇṭhatālavya}}'' (Palatovelar)
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ए}}
| {{IAST|e}}
| {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ē}}
| {{IPAblink|eː}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पे}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ऐ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|ai}}
| {{IPA|[aːɪ]}} (in Hindi: {{IPAblink|ɛː}})
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पै}}
|-
!''{{IAST|kaṇṭhoṣṭhya}}'' (Labiovelar)
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ओ}}
| {{IAST|o}}
| {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ō}}
| {{IPAblink|oː}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पो}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|औ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|au}}
| {{IPA|[aːʊ]}} (in Hindi: {{IPAblink|ɔː}})
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पौ}}
|-
!
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|अं}} / {{lang|inc-Deva|[[ं]]}} 1,2
| {{IAST|ṃ}}
| {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ṁ}}
| {{IPAblink|◌̃}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पं}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|अः}} / {{lang|inc-Deva|[[ः]]}} 1
| colspan="2" | {{IAST|ḥ}}
| {{IPAblink|h}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|पः}}
|}

# Arranged with the vowels are two consonantal [[diacritics]], the final [[nasal stop|nasal]] {{IAST|[[anusvāra]]}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[ं]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṃ}} and the final [[fricative]] {{IAST|[[visarga]]}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[ः]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḥ}} (called {{lang|inc-Deva|[[अं]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|aṃ}} and {{lang|inc-Deva|[[अः]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|aḥ}}). {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=146}} notes of the {{IAST|anusvāra}} in Sanskrit that "there is some controversy as to whether it represents a homorganic [[nasal stop]] {{omission}}, a [[nasalized vowel|nasalised vowel]], a nasalised [[semivowel]], or all these according to context". The {{IAST|visarga}} represents post-vocalic [[voiceless glottal fricative]] {{IPA|[h]}}, in Sanskrit an [[allophone]] of {{IAST|s}}, or less commonly {{IAST|r}}, usually in word-final position. Some traditions of recitation append an echo of the [[vowel]] after the breath:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wikner|1996|p=6}}</ref> {{lang|inc-Deva|इः|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ihi]}}. {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=146}} considers the {{IAST|visarga}} along with letters {{lang|inc-Deva|ङ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṅa}} and {{lang|inc-Deva|ञ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ña}} for the "largely predictable" [[velar nasal|velar]] and [[palatal nasal]]s to be examples of "phonetic overkill in the system".
# Another diacritic is the {{IAST|[[Chandrabindu|candrabindu]]}}/{{IAST|[[anunāsika]]}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[ँ]]|size=140%}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[अँ]]|size=140%}}. {{Harvcoltxt|Salomon|2003|pp=76–77}} describes it as a "more emphatic form" of the {{IAST|anusvāra}}, "sometimes {{omission}} used to mark a true [vowel] nasalization". In a new Indo-Aryan language such as Hindi the distinction is formal: the {{IAST|candrabindu}} indicates [[nasalized vowel|vowel nasalisation]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|pp=44–45}}</ref> while the {{IAST|anusvār}} indicates a homorganic [[nasal stop|nasal]] preceding another consonant:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|p=64}}</ref> e.g., {{lang|hi|हँसी}} {{IPA|[ɦə̃si]}} "[[laughter]]", {{lang|hi|गंगा}} {{IPA|[ɡəŋɡɑ]}} "the [[Ganges]]". When an {{IAST|akṣara}} has a vowel diacritic above the top line, that leaves no room for the {{IAST|candra}} ("moon") stroke {{IAST|candrabindu}}, which is dispensed with in favour of the lone dot:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|p=45}}</ref> {{lang|hi|हूँ|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɦũ]}} "am", but {{lang|hi|हैं|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɦɛ̃]}} "are". Some writers and typesetters dispense with the "moon" stroke altogether, using only the dot in all situations.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|p=46}}</ref>
# The ''[[Virama|virāma]]'' or ''halanta'' diacritic ् expresses the absence of a vowel after the consonant, e.g. क्‌ष can represent ''kṣa.''
# The {{IAST|[[avagraha]]}} ({{lang|inc-Deva|[[ऽ]]|size=140%}} {{lang|inc-Deva|[[अऽ]]|size=140%}}) (usually [[transliteration|transliterated]] with an [[apostrophe]]) is a Sanskrit [[punctuation mark]] for the [[elision]] of a [[vowel]] in [[sandhi]]: {{lang|sa|एकोऽयम्}} {{IAST|eko'yam}} ( ← {{lang|sa|एकस्}} {{IAST|ekas}} + {{lang|sa|अयम्}} {{IAST|ayam}}) ("this one"). An original [[long vowel]] lost to coalescence is sometimes marked with a double {{IAST|avagraha}}: {{lang|sa|सदाऽऽत्मा}} {{IAST|sadā'tmā}} ( ← {{lang|sa|सदा}} {{IAST|sadā}} + {{lang|sa|आत्मा}} {{IAST|ātmā}}) "always, the self".<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Salomon|2003|p=77}}</ref> In Hindi, {{Harvcoltxt|Snell|2000|p=77}} states that its "main function is to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shout": {{lang|hi|आईऽऽऽ!}} {{IAST|āīīī!}}. In Madhyadeshi languages like Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, etc. which have "quite a number of verbal forms that end in that inherent vowel",<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Verma|2003|p=501}}</ref> the {{IAST|avagraha}} is used to mark the ''non-''elision of word-final inherent {{IAST|a}}, which otherwise is a modern orthographic convention: {{lang|inc-Deva|बइठऽ}} {{IAST|baiṭha}} "sit" versus {{lang|inc-Deva|बइठ}} {{IAST|baiṭh}}
# The sound represented by {{lang|inc-Deva|ऋ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṛ}} has largely been lost in the modern languages, and its pronunciation now ranges from {{IPA|[ɾɪ]}} (Hindi) to {{IPA|[ɾu]}} (Marathi).
# The syllabic consonants {{lang|inc-Deva|ॠ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṝ}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ऌ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḷ}}, and {{lang|inc-Deva|ॡ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḹ}} are specific to Sanskrit and not included in the {{IAST|varṇamālā}} of other languages.
# {{IAST|ḹ}} is not an actual [[phoneme]] of Sanskrit, but rather a graphic convention included among the vowels in order to maintain the symmetry of short–long pairs of letters.<ref name="Salomon 2003 75" />
# There are non-regular formations of {{lang|inc-Deva|रु|size=140%}} {{IAST|ru}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|रू|size=140%}} {{IAST|rū}}, and {{lang|inc-Deva|हृ|size=140%}} {{IAST|hṛ}}.
# There are two more vowels in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], {{lang|mr|ॲ|size=140%}} and {{lang|mr|ऑ|size=140%}}, that respectively represent [{{IPA|æ}}], similar to the [[received pronunciation|RP]] English pronunciation of {{angbr|a}} in ''act'', and [{{IPA|ɒ}}], similar to the RP pronunciation of {{angbr|o}} in ''cot''. These vowels are sometimes used in Hindi too, as in {{Langx|hi|डॉलर|label=none}} {{IAST|dôlar}} ("dollar").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi Translation of "dollar" |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-hindi/dollar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040722/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-hindi/dollar |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=2019-05-12 |website=Collins English-Hindi Dictionary |language=en}}</ref> IAST transliteration is not defined. In [[ISO 15919]], the transliteration is {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ê}} and {{transliteration|sa|ISO|ô}}, respectively.
# Kashmiri Devanagari uses letters like {{lang|inc-Deva|ॳ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ॴ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ॶ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ॷ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ऎ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ऒ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|औ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ॵ|size=140%}} to represent its vowels (see [[Kashmiri language#Devanagari]]).

=== Consonants ===
The table below shows the consonant letters (in combination with [[inherent vowel]] {{IAST|a}}) and their arrangement. To the right of the Devanāgarī letter it shows the Latin script transliteration using [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration]],<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wikner|1996|p=73}}</ref> and the phonetic value ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]) in [[Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandahl |first=Stella |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hm0aAQAAIAAJ |title=A Hindi reference grammar |publisher=Peeters |date=2000 |isbn=978-9042908802 |pages=1–4 |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427114134/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hm0aAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=27 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatia |first=Tej K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJOXzRXsSK0C |title=A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition |publisher=BRILL Academic |date=1987 |isbn=90-04-07924-6 |pages=51–63, 77–94 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610230915/https://books.google.com/books?id=jJOXzRXsSK0C |archive-date=10 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; border: none; text-align:center; width:95%"
|-
! [[Phonetic]]s →
! colspan=8 | {{IAST|sparśa}} ([[Occlusive]])
! colspan=2 | {{IAST|anunāsika}} ([[Nasal stop|Nasal]])
! colspan=2 | {{IAST|antastha}} ([[Approximant]])
! colspan=4 | {{IAST|ūṣman}}/{{IAST|saṃgharṣī}} ([[Fricative consonant|Fricative]])
|-
! [[Voice (phonetics)|Voicing]] →
| colspan="4"| {{IAST|aghoṣa}}
| colspan="8" style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|saghoṣa}}
| colspan="2"| {{IAST|aghoṣa}}
| colspan="2" style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|saghoṣa}}
|-
! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspiration]] →
| colspan=2 | {{IAST|alpaprāṇa}}
| colspan=2 style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|mahāprāṇa}}
| colspan=2 | {{IAST|alpaprāṇa}}
| colspan=2 style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|mahāprāṇa}}
| colspan=4 | {{IAST|alpaprāṇa}}
| colspan=4 style="background:beige;"| {{IAST|mahāprāṇa}}
|-
!{{IAST|kaṇṭhya}} ([[Velar consonant|Velar]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|क}}||{{IAST|ka}} {{IPAblink|k}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ख}}||{{IAST|kha}} {{IPAblink|kʰ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ग}}||{{IAST|ga}} {{IPAblink|ɡ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|घ}}||{{IAST|gha}} {{IPAblink|ɡʱ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ङ}}||{{IAST|ṅa}} {{IPAblink|ŋ}}
| colspan=4 |
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ह}}||{{IAST|ha}} {{IPAblink|ɦ}}
|-
!{{IAST|tālavya}} ([[Palatal consonant|Palatal]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|च}}||{{IAST|ca}} {{IPAblink|tʃ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|छ}}||{{IAST|cha}} {{IPA|[tʃʰ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ज}}||{{IAST|ja}} {{IPAblink|dʒ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|झ}}||{{IAST|jha}} {{IPA|[dʒʱ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ञ}}||{{IAST|ña}} {{IPAblink|ɲ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|य}}||{{IAST|ya}} {{IPAblink|j}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|श}}||{{IAST|śa}} {{IPAblink|ʃ}}
| colspan=2 rowspan=4 |
|-
!{{IAST|mūrdhanya}} ([[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ट}}||{{IAST|ṭa}} {{IPAblink|ʈ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ठ}}||{{IAST|ṭha}} {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ड}}||{{IAST|ḍa}} {{IPAblink|ɖ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ढ}}||{{IAST|ḍha}} {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ण}}||{{IAST|ṇa}} {{IPAblink|ɳ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|र}}||{{IAST|[[Ra (Indic)|ra]]}} {{IPAblink|r}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ष}}||{{IAST|ṣa}} {{IPAblink|ʂ}}
|-
!{{IAST|dantya}} ([[Dental consonant|Dental]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|त}}||{{IAST|ta}} {{IPAblink|t̪}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|थ}}||{{IAST|tha}} {{IPA|[t̪ʰ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|द}}||{{IAST|da}} {{IPAblink|d̪}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ध}}||{{IAST|dha}} {{IPA|[d̪ʱ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|न}}||{{IAST|na}} {{IPAblink|n}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ल}}||{{IAST|la}} {{IPAblink|l}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|स}}||{{IAST|sa}} {{IPAblink|s}}
|-
!{{IAST|oṣṭhya}} ([[Labial consonant|Labial]])
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|प}}||{{IAST|pa}} {{IPAblink|p}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|फ}}||{{IAST|pha}} {{IPA|[pʰ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|ब}}||{{IAST|ba}} {{IPAblink|b}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|भ}}||{{IAST|bha}} {{IPA|[bʱ]}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|म}}||{{IAST|ma}} {{IPAblink|m}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|inc-Deva|व}}||{{IAST|va}} {{IPAblink|ʋ}}
| colspan="2"|
|}

* Additionally, there is {{lang|inc-Deva|ळ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḷa}} ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPAblink|ɭ}} or {{IPAblink|ɭ̆}}), the intervocalic [[retroflex lateral flap|lateral flap]] allophone of the [[voiced retroflex stop]] in [[Vedic Sanskrit]], which is a [[phoneme]] in languages such as [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=97}}</ref>
* Beyond the Sanskritic set, new shapes have rarely been formulated. {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=146}} offers the following, "In any case, according to some, all possible sounds had already been described and provided for in this system, as Sanskrit was the original and perfect language. Hence it was difficult to provide for or even to conceive ''other'' sounds, unknown to the [[phonetician]]s of Sanskrit (The phoneticians did describe certain sounds qua sounds — bilabial fricatives, for instance — which, being either sporadic or completely predictable, were never represented in the writing system.)". Where foreign borrowings and internal developments did inevitably accrue and arise in New Indo-Aryan languages, they have been ignored in writing or dealt through means such as [[diacritic]]s and [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]] (ignored in recitation).
** The most prolific diacritic has been the [[subscript]] dot ({{IAST|[[Nukta|nuqtā]]}}) {{lang|inc-Deva|़|size=140%}}. [[Hindi]] uses it for the [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and English sounds {{lang|hi|क़|size=140%}} {{IAST|qa}} [[Voiceless uvular plosive|/q/]], {{lang|hi|ख़|size=140%}} {{IAST|xa}} [[Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]], {{lang|hi|[[ग़]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|ġa}} [[Voiced velar fricative|/ɣ/]], {{lang|hi|[[ज़]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|za}} [[Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]], {{lang|hi|[[झ़]]|size=140%}} {{IAST|zha}} [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|/ʒ/]], and {{lang|hi|फ़|size=140%}} {{IAST|fa}} [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]], and for the [[allophonic]] developments {{lang|hi|ड़|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṛa}} [[Retroflex flap|/ɽ/]] and {{lang|hi|ढ़|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṛha}} {{IPA|/ɽʱ/}}.<ref name="PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013">{{Cite book |last1=Pandey |first1=Dipti |last2=Mondal |first2=Tapabrata |last3=Agrawal |first3=S. S. |last4=Bangalore |first4=Srinivas |title=2013 International Conference Oriental COCOSDA held jointly with 2013 Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE) |chapter=Development and suitability of Indian languages speech database for building watson based ASR system |date=2013 |page=3 |doi=10.1109/ICSDA.2013.6709861 |isbn=978-1-4799-2378-6 |s2cid=26461938 |quote=Only in Hindi 10 Phonemes व /v/ क़ /q/ ञ /ɲ/ य /j/ ष /ʂ/ ख़ /x/ ग़ /ɣ/ ज़ /z/ झ़ /ʒ/ फ़ /f/}}</ref> (Although {{lang|inc-Deva|ऴ|size=140%}} {{transliteration|inc|ISO|ḻa}} {{IPA|/ɻ/}} could also exist, it is not used in Hindi.)
** Devanagari used to write Mahl dialect of Dhivehi uses nukta on {{lang|inc-Deva|च़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|त़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|द़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ल़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|श़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|स़|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ह़|size=140%}} to represent other Perso-Arabic phonemes (see [[Maldivian writing systems#Devanagari script for Mahl]]).
** [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]'s and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]'s [[implosive]]s are accommodated with a line attached below: {{lang|sd-Deva|[[Voiced velar implosive|ॻ]]|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɠə]}}, {{lang|sd-Deva|[[Voiced palatal implosive|ॼ]]|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ʄə]}}, {{lang|sd-Deva|[[Voiced alveolar implosive|ॾ]]|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɗə]}}, {{lang|sd-Deva|[[Voiced bilabial implosive|ॿ]]|size=140%}} {{IPA|[ɓə]}}.
** [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]] [[sonorant]]s may be represented as conjuncts/[[Typographic ligature|ligatures]] with {{lang|inc-Deva|ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|ha}}: {{lang|inc-Deva|म्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|mha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|न्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|nha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ण्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṇha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|व्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|vha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ल्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|lha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ळ्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḷha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|र्ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|rha}}.
** {{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=147}} notes [[Marwari language|Marwari]] as using {{lang|mwr-Deva|ॸ|size=140%}} for {{IAST|ḍa}} {{IPA|[ɗə]}} (while {{lang|mwr-Deva|ड|size=140%}} represents {{IPA|[ɽə]}}).
** When used to write [[Avestan]], Devanagari uses letters like {{lang|inc-Deva|ॹ|size=140%}} /ʒ/ to represent its sounds.

=== Vowel diacritics ===
[[File:Devanagari matras.svg|thumb|center|upright=3.3|{{lang|inc-Deva|क|size=140%}} ({{transliteration|inc|ISO|ka}}) modified by dependent vowels marks ({{tlit|inc|ISO|mātrā}}) and diacritics, namely the {{tlit|inc|ISO|anusvāra}}, {{tlit|inc|ISO|visarga}}, {{tlit|inc|ISO|halanta}}, and {{tlit|inc|ISO|nuqtā}}]]

The table below shows the syllabic letter {{lang|inc-Deva|क|size=140%}} ({{transliteration|inc|ISO|ka}}) modified by common dependent vowel marks and diacritics, with the [[ISO 15919]] transliterations for each combination. Vowels in their independent form (without a consonant) are on the top, and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel diacritic) combined with the consonant '{{transliteration|inc|ISO|k}}' on the bottom. The table begins with '{{transliteration|inc|ISO|ka}}' without any added vowel mark, where the vowel '{{transliteration|inc|ISO|a}}' is [[Inherent vowel|inherent]].

<div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| class="wikitable Unicode" style="text-align:center; width:100%"
|- lang="inc-Latn"|
!a !!ā !!i !!ī !!u !!ū !!e !!ê !!ē !!ai !!o !!ô !!ō !!au !!r̥ !!r̥̄ !!l̥ !!l̥̄ !!ṁ !!m̐ !!ḥ !!{{tooltip|  |Omission of the inherent vowel 'a'}} !!{{tooltip|  |Substitution of the consonant}}
|-style="font-size: 150%; line-height: 150%;" lang="inc-Deva"
|अ ||आ ||इ ||ई ||उ ||ऊ ||ऄ {{tooltip|ऎ|Varies; the vowel 'e' has two isolated forms}} ||ॲ {{tooltip|ऍ|Varies; the vowel 'ê' has two isolated forms}} ||ए ||ऐ ||ऒ ||ऑ ||ओ ||औ ||ऋ ||ॠ ||ऌ ||ॡ ||अं ||अँ ||अः ||{{tooltip|  |No isolated form}} ||{{tooltip|  |No isolated form}}
|-style="font-size: 150%; line-height: 150%;" lang="inc-Deva"
|{{tooltip|  |Unmarked inherent vowel}} || ा || ि || ी || ु || ू || ॆ || ॅ || े || ै || ॊ || ॉ || ो || ौ || ृ || ॄ || ॢ || ॣ || ं || ँ || ः || ् ||़
|- lang="inc-Latn"|
!ka!!kā!!ki!!kī!!ku!!kū!!ke!!kê!!kē!!kai!!ko!!kô!!kō!!kau!!kr̥!!kr̥̄!!kl̥!!kl̥̄!!kaṁ!!kam̐!!kaḥ!!k!!qa
|-style="font-size: 150%; line-height: 150%;" lang="inc-Deva"|
|क ||का ||कि ||की ||कु ||कू ||कॆ ||कॅ ||के ||कै ||कॊ ||कॉ ||को ||कौ ||कृ ||कॄ ||कॢ ||कॣ ||कं ||कँ ||कः ||क् ||क़
|}</div>

A vowel combines with a consonant in their diacritic form. For example, the vowel {{lang|inc-Deva|ऊ|size=140%}} ({{IAST|ū}}) combines with the consonant {{lang|inc-Deva|छ्|size=140%}} ({{IAST|ch}}) to form the syllabic letter {{lang|inc-Deva|छू|size=140%}} ({{transliteration|inc|ISO|chū}}), with [[Halanta|{{tlit|inc|ISO|halanta}}]] (cancel sign) removed and added vowel sign which is indicated by [[diacritic]]s. The vowel {{lang|inc-Deva|अ|size=140%}} ({{IAST|a}}) combines with the consonant {{lang|inc-Deva|छ्|size=140%}} ({{IAST|ch}}) to form {{lang|inc-Deva|छ|size=140%}} ({{transliteration|inc|ISO|cha}}) with {{tlit|inc|ISO|halanta}} removed. But the diacritic series of {{lang|inc-Deva|च|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|छ|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ज|size=140%}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|झ|size=140%}} ({{IAST|ca, cha, ja, jha}}, respectively) is without any added vowel sign, as the vowel {{lang|inc-Deva|अ|size=140%}} ({{IAST|a}}) is [[Inherent vowel|inherent]].

[[File:1765 Saka, 1843 CE, Jnanesvari Jnandeva Dnyaneshwar manuscript page 1 and 2, Devanagari Marathi.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5| The {{IAST|Jñānēśvarī}} is a commentary on the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', dated to 1290 CE. It is in written in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] using the Devanāgarī script.]]

{{anchor|Barakhadi}} The combinations of all [[Sanskrit]] consonants and vowels, each in alphabetical order, are laid out in the {{IAST|bārākhaḍī}} ({{lang|mr|{{linktext|बाराखडी}}}}) or {{IAST|bārahkhaṛī}} ({{lang|inc|{{linktext|बारहखड़ी}}}}) table. In the following {{transliteration|inc|barakhadi}} table, the [[IAST]] transliteration of each combination will appear on mouseover:

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 120%; line-height: 120%; border: none; text-align: center; margin: 0; margin-left: 1em;"
|+ style="font-size: 83%;" | Barakhadi table
|- style="background: white; font-size: 83%; line-height: 83%;" lang="inc-Latn" |
| style="border: none;" |
| style="border: none;" |a
| style="border: none;" |ā
| style="border: none;" |i
| style="border: none;" |ī
| style="border: none;" |u
| style="border: none;" |ū
| style="border: none;" |e
| style="border: none;" |ai
| style="border: none;" |o
| style="border: none;" |au
| style="border: none;" |aṁ
| style="border: none;" |aḥ
|-
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%;" |
!{{tooltip|अ|a|dotted=no}}
!{{tooltip|आ|ā|dotted=no}}
!{{tooltip|इ|i|dotted=no}}
!{{tooltip|ई|ī|dotted=no}}
!{{tooltip|उ|u|dotted=no}}
!{{tooltip|ऊ|ū|dotted=no}}
!{{tooltip|ए|e|dotted=no}}
!{{tooltip|ऐ|ai|dotted=no}}
!{{tooltip|ओ|o|dotted=no}}
!{{tooltip|औ|au|dotted=no}}
!{{tooltip|अं|aṁ|dotted=no}}
!{{tooltip|अः|aḥ|dotted=no}}
|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | k-
|{{tooltip|क|ka|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|का|kā|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|कि|ki|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|कौ|kau|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|कं|kaṁ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|कः|kaḥ|dotted=no}}
|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | kh-
|{{tooltip|ख|kha|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|खा|khā|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|खि|khi|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|खौ|khau|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|खं|khaṁ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|खः|khaḥ|dotted=no}}
|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | g-
|{{tooltip|ग|ga|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|गा|gā|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|गि|gi|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|गी|gī|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|गै|gai|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|गं|gaṁ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|गः|gaḥ|dotted=no}}
|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | gh-
|{{tooltip|घ|gha|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|घा|ghā|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|घि|ghi|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|घं|ghaṁ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|घः|ghaḥ|dotted=no}}
|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ṅ-
|{{tooltip|ङ|ṅa|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|ङा|ṅā|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|ङः|ṅaḥ|dotted=no}}
|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | c-
|{{tooltip|च|ca|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|चा|cā|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|चि|ci|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|चः|caḥ|dotted=no}}
|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ch-
|{{tooltip|छ|cha|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|छा|chā|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|छः|chaḥ|dotted=no}}
|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | j-
|{{tooltip|ज|a|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|जा|jā|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|जि|ji|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|जः|jaḥ|dotted=no}}
|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | jh-
|{{tooltip|झ|jha|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|झः|jhaḥ|dotted=no}}
|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ñ-
|{{tooltip|ञ|ña|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ṭ-
|{{tooltip|ट|ṭa|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ṭh-
|{{tooltip|ठ|ṭha|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ḍ-
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ḍh-
|{{tooltip|ढ|ḍha|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ṇ-
|{{tooltip|ण|ṇa|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | t-
|{{tooltip|त|ta|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | th-
|{{tooltip|थ|tha|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | d-
|{{tooltip|द|da|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | dh-
|{{tooltip|ध|dha|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | n-
|{{tooltip|न|na|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | p-
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ph-
|{{tooltip|फ|pha|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | b-
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | bh-
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | m-
|{{tooltip|म|ma|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | y-
|{{tooltip|य|ya|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | r-
|{{tooltip|र|ra|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | l-
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ḷ-
|{{tooltip|ळ|ḷa|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|ळा|ḷā|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | v-
|{{tooltip|व|va|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|वि|vi|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|वं|vaṁ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|वः|vaḥ|dotted=no}}
|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ś-
|{{tooltip|श|śa|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|शा|śā|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|शि|śi|dotted=no}}
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|{{tooltip|शौ|śau|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|शं|śaṁ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|शः|śaḥ|dotted=no}}
|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | ṣ-
|{{tooltip|ष|ṣa|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|षा|ṣā|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|षि|ṣi|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|षी|ṣī|dotted=no}}
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|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | s-
|{{tooltip|स|sa|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|सा|sā|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|सि|si|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|सी|sī|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|सु|su|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|सू|sū|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|से|se|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|सै|sai|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|सो|so|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|सौ|sau|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|सं|saṁ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|सः|saḥ|dotted=no}}
|- lang="inc-Deva" |
| style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn" | h-
|{{tooltip|ह|ha|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|हा|hā|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|हि|hi|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|ही|hī|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|हु|hu|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|हू|hū|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|हे|he|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|है|hai|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|हो|ho|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|हौ|hau|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|हं|haṁ|dotted=no}}
|{{tooltip|हः|haḥ|dotted=no}}
|}

=== Old forms ===
[[File:10th century college foundation grant Devanagari inscription in Sanskrit on stone, Kaladgi Karnataka.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A mid-10th century Sanskrit land grant for a college, written in Devanāgarī, and discovered on a stone buried in north Karnataka. Parts of the inscription are written in [[Kannada script]].<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/TheIndianAntiquaryVol.1/The-Indian-Antiquary%2CVol.%201#page/n219/mode/2up |chapter=Salotgi Inscription |title=The Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research |first=S.P. |last=Pandit |date=1872 |pages=205–211 |quote="The inscription of which a translation is given below, is engraved on a stone pillar about 4 feet 10 inches in height, 1 foot 2 inches thick, and 1 foot 9 inches broad. It is cut in Devanagari characters on three of its four sides, and {{omission}}"}}</ref>]]

The following letter variants are also in use, particularly in older texts and in specific regions:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahri |first=Harder |title=Hindi-Angrezi Shabdkosh |date=2004 |page=xiii}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" class="skin-invert-image" style="text-align: center; margin: 0; margin-left: 3em; border: none;"
|+ Letter variants
|- style="font-size: small;"
! Standard !! Ancient
|-
| [[File:Devanagari a.svg|25px]] || [[File:Devanagari a old.svg|15px]]
|-
| [[File:Devanagari झ.svg|25px]] || [[File:Devanagari jh old.svg|15px]]
|-
| [[File:Devanagari ण.svg|25px]] || [[File:Devanagari Ṇ (old).svg|15px]]
|-
| [[File:Devanagari ल.svg|25px]] || [[File:Devanagari l old.svg|15px]]
|}

=== Conjunct consonants ===
{{main|Devanagari conjuncts}}

[[File:Devanagari ligatures Monier-Williams 1846.png|thumb|300px|Picture with conjuncts from ''An Elementary Grammar of the Sanscrit Language'', page 25, [[Monier Monier-Williams]] (1846).]]

As mentioned, successive consonants lacking a vowel in between them may physically join as a [[conjunct consonant]] or [[Ligature (typography)|ligature]]. When Devanāgarī is used for writing languages other than Sanskrit, conjuncts are used mostly with Sanskrit words and loan words. Native words typically use the basic consonant and native speakers know to suppress the vowel when it is conventional to do so. For example, the native Hindi word {{IAST|karnā}} is written {{lang|hi|करना}} ({{IAST|ka-ra-nā}}).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Saloman |first=Richard |date=2007 |url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/9640 |title=Typological Observations on the Indic Scripts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170021/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/9640 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |encyclopedia=The Indic Scripts: Paleographic and Linguistic Perspectives |publisher=D.K. Printworld Ltd. |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-812460406-9 |page=33}}</ref> The government of these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules, with special exceptions within. While standardised for the most part, there are certain variations in clustering, of which the [[Unicode]] used on this page is just one scheme. The following are a number of rules:

[[File:Devanagari letter forms.svg|alt=Complete made by CB|thumb|upright=0.9|Few examples of {{lang|inc-Deva|श|size=140%}} consonant clusters.]]

* 24 out of the 36 consonants contain a vertical right stroke ({{lang|inc-Deva|य|size=140%}} {{IAST|ya}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|न|size=140%}} {{IAST|na}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ग|size=140%}} {{IAST|ga}} etc.). As first or middle fragments/members of a cluster (when letters are to be written as half pronounced), they lose that stroke. e.g. {{lang|inc-Deva|त्|size=140%}} + {{lang|inc-Deva|व|size=140%}} = {{lang|inc-Deva|त्व|size=140%}} {{IAST|tva}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ण्|size=140%}} + {{lang|inc-Deva|ढ|size=140%}} = {{lang|inc-Deva|ण्ढ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṇḍha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|स्|size=140%}} + {{lang|inc-Deva|थ|size=140%}} = {{lang|inc-Deva|स्थ|size=140%}} {{IAST|stha}}. In Unicode, as in Hindi, these consonants without their vertical stems are called "half forms".<ref name="Unicode ch. 9">{{Cite web |title=The Unicode Standard, chapter 9, South Asian Scripts I |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/ch09.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803120834/https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/ch09.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=Feb 12, 2012 |website=The Unicode Standard, v. 6.0 |publisher=Unicode, Inc}}</ref> {{lang|inc-Deva|श|size=140%}} {{IAST|śa}} appears as a different, simple ribbon-shaped fragment preceding {{lang|inc-Deva|व|size=140%}} {{IAST|va}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|न|size=140%}} {{IAST|na}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|च|size=140%}} {{IAST|ca}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ल|size=140%}} {{IAST|la}}, and {{lang|inc-Deva|र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ra}}, causing these second members to be shifted down and reduced in size. Thus {{lang|inc-Deva|श्व|size=140%}} {{IAST|śva}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|श्न|size=140%}} {{IAST|śna}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|श्च|size=140%}} {{IAST|śca}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|श्ल|size=140%}} {{IAST|śla}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|श्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|śra}}, and {{lang|inc-Deva|शृ|size=140%}} {{IAST|śṛi}}.
* {{lang|inc-Deva|र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ra}} as a first member takes the form of a curved upward dash above the final character or its {{IAST|ā-}} diacritic. e.g. {{lang|inc-Deva|र्व|size=140%}} {{IAST|rva}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|र्वा|size=140%}} {{IAST|rvā}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|र्स्प|size=140%}} {{IAST|rspa}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|र्स्पा|size=140%}} {{IAST|rspā}}. In Marathi and Nepali, {{lang|inc-Deva|र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ra}} as a first member of a conjunct also takes on an eyelash form when in front of glides and semivowels. e.g. {{lang|inc-Deva|र्‍य|size=140%}} {{IAST|rya}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|र्‍व|size=140%}} {{IAST|rva}}. As a final member with {{lang|inc-Deva|ट|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṭa}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ठ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṭha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ड|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḍa}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ढ|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḍha}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ड़|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṛa}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|छ|size=140%}} {{IAST|cha}}, it is two lines together below the character pointed downwards. Thus {{lang|inc-Deva|ट्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṭra}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ठ्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṭhra}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ड्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḍra}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ढ्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ḍhra}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|ड़्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|ṛra}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|छ्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|chra}}. Elsewhere as a final member it is a diagonal stroke extending leftwards and down. e.g. {{lang|inc-Deva|क्र ग्र भ्र ब्र|size=140%}}. {{lang|inc-Deva|त|size=140%}} {{IAST|ta}} is shifted up to make the conjunct {{lang|inc-Deva|त्र|size=140%}} {{IAST|tra}}.
* As first members, remaining characters lacking vertical strokes such as {{lang|inc-Deva|द|size=140%}} {{IAST|da}} and {{lang|inc-Deva|ह|size=140%}} {{IAST|ha}} may have their second member, reduced in size and lacking its horizontal stroke, placed underneath. {{lang|inc-Deva|क|size=140%}} {{IAST|ka}}, {{lang|inc-Deva|छ|size=140%}} {{IAST|cha}}, and {{lang|inc-Deva|फ|size=140%}} {{IAST|pha}} shorten their right hooks and join them directly to the following member.
* The conjuncts for {{IAST|kṣa}} and {{IAST|jña}} are not clearly derived from the letters making up their components. The conjunct for {{IAST|kṣa}} is {{lang|inc-Deva|क्ष|size=140%}} ({{lang|inc-Deva|क्|size=140%}} + {{lang|inc-Deva|ष|size=140%}}) and for {{IAST|jña}} it is {{lang|inc-Deva|ज्ञ|size=140%}} ({{lang|inc-Deva|ज्|size=140%}} + {{lang|inc-Deva|ञ|size=140%}}).

=== Accent marks ===
{{Main|Vedic accent#Notation}}

The [[pitch accent]] of [[Vedic Sanskrit]] is written with various symbols depending on [[shakha]]. In the [[Rigveda]], {{IAST|anudātta}} is written with a bar below the line ({{lang|sa|◌॒|size=140%}}), {{IAST|svarita}} with a stroke above the line ({{lang|sa|◌॑|size=140%}}) while {{IAST|udātta}} is unmarked.

=== Punctuation ===
The end of a sentence or half-verse may be marked with the "{{script|Deva|।}}" symbol (called a {{IAST|[[Danda|daṇḍa]]}}, meaning "bar", or called a {{IAST|pūrṇa virām}}, meaning "full stop/pause"). The end of a full verse may be marked with a double-{{IAST|daṇḍa}}, a "{{script|Deva|॥}}" symbol. A comma (called an ''{{IAST|alpa virām}}'', meaning "short stop/pause") is used to denote a natural pause in speech.<ref>{{Citation |author=Unicode Consortium |title=The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0, Volume 1 |year=2000 |isbn=978-0201616330 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |pages=221–223}}</ref><ref name="ijetr">{{Citation |url=https://www.ijetr.org/finalpdf/1386305476.pdf |title=Transliteration from Hindi Script to Meetei Mayek |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206062848/https://www.ijetr.org/finalpdf/1386305476.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2016 |last1=Watham |last2=Vimal |date=2013 |publisher=IJETR |page=550}}</ref> Punctuation marks of [[Western world|Western]] origin, such as the [[colon (punctuation)|colon]], [[semicolon]], [[exclamation mark]], [[dash]], and [[question mark]] have been in use in Devanāgarī script since at least the 1900s,{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} matching their use in European languages.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |first=Michael |last=Shapiro |date=2014 |title=The Devanagari Writing System |encyclopedia=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120805088 |page=26}}</ref>

=== Fonts ===
A variety of [[computer fonts]] are in use for Devanāgarī. These include Akshar,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/akshar.shtml Akshar Unicode] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709144453/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/akshar.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Annapurna,<ref>[https://software.sil.org/annapurna/ Annapurna SIL Unicode] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160930/https://software.sil.org/annapurna/|date=24 September 2015}}, SIL International (2013)</ref> [[Arial]],<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/arialunicode.shtml Arial Unicode] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709131928/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/arialunicode.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> CDAC-Gist Surekh,<ref name="surekhfont">[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/surekh.shtml CDAC-GIST Surekh Unicode] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709135457/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/surekh.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> CDAC-Gist Yogesh,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/yogesh.shtml CDAC-GIST Yogesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709154256/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/yogesh.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Chandas,<ref name="hindimeguide">[https://hindimeguide.blogspot.com/keyword=k21214&pageid=icb.page104271 Sanskrit Devanagari Fonts]{{Dead link|date=January 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Harvard University (2010); see [https://www.sanskritweb.net/cakram/ Chanda and Uttara ttf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310144046/https://www.sanskritweb.net/cakram/|date=10 March 2015}} 2010 archive (Accessed: July 8, 2015)</ref> Gargi,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/gargi.shtml Gargi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709150622/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/gargi.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Gurumaa,<ref>[https://kde-look.org/content/show.php?content=16645 Gurumaa Unicode – a sans font] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711005342/https://kde-look.org/content/show.php?content=16645|date=11 July 2015}} KDE (2012)</ref> Jaipur,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/jaipur.shtml Jaipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709143501/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/jaipur.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Jana,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/janahindi.shtml Jana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709140706/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/janahindi.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Kalimati,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/kalimati.shtml Kalimati] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709143109/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/kalimati.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Kanjirowa,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/kanjirowa.shtml Kanjirowa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709125349/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/kanjirowa.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Lohit Devanagari, Mangal,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/mangal.shtml Mangal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709143607/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/mangal.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Kokila,<ref>{{Cite web |last=alib-ms |title=Kokila font family – Typography |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/font-list/kokila |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003042113/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/font-list/kokila |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Microsoft Learn |language=en-us}}</ref> ,Preeti,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preeti Font |url=https://shikshasanjal.com/preeti-to-unicode-converter |website=shikshasanjal}}</ref> Raghu,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/raghindi.shtml Raghu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709145319/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/raghindi.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Sanskrit2003,<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/sanskrit2003.shtml Sanskrit Ashram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709131926/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/sanskrit2003.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref> Santipur OT,<ref name="harvard">[https://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k21214&pageid=icb.page104271 Sanskrit Devanagari Fonts]{{Dead link|date=July 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Harvard University (2010); see [https://www.sanskritweb.net/cakram/ Chanda and Uttara ttf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310144046/https://www.sanskritweb.net/cakram/|date=10 March 2015}} 2010 archive (Accessed: July 8, 2015)</ref> Siddhanta, and Thyaka.<ref>[https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/thyakarabison.shtml Thyaka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709125244/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/thyakarabison.shtml|date=9 July 2015}} South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009)</ref>

The form of Devanāgarī fonts vary with function. According to Harvard College for Sanskrit studies:<ref name="harvard" />

{{blockquote|text=Uttara [companion to [[Chandas (typeface)|Chandas]]] is the best in terms of ligatures but, because it is designed for Vedic as well, requires so much vertical space that it is not well suited for the "user interface font" (though an excellent choice for the "original field" font). Santipur OT is a beautiful font reflecting a very early [medieval era] typesetting style for Devanagari. Sanskrit 2003<ref>[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf Devanagari font] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113210320/https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf |date=13 November 2014 }} Unicode Standard 8.0 (2015)</ref> is a good all-around font and has more ligatures than most fonts, though students will probably find the spacing of the CDAC-Gist Surekh<ref name=surekhfont/> font makes for quicker comprehension and reading.}}

The Google Fonts project has a number of typefaces for Devanāgarī in a variety of fonts in serif, sans-serif, display and handwriting categories.

== Numerals ==
{{See also|Devanagari numerals|Indian numerals|Brāhmī numerals|Hindu–Arabic numeral system}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; border: none;"
|-
|+ '''Devanāgarī digits'''
|- style="font-size:14pt;"
| {{lang|inc-Deva|[[०]]|size=140%}} || {{lang|inc-Deva|[[१]]|size=140%}} || {{lang|inc-Deva|[[२]]|size=140%}} || {{lang|inc-Deva|[[३]]|size=140%}} || {{lang|inc-Deva|[[४]]|size=140%}}
| {{lang|inc-Deva|[[५]]|size=140%}} || {{lang|inc-Deva|[[६]]|size=140%}} || {{lang|inc-Deva|[[७]]|size=140%}} || {{lang|inc-Deva|[[८]]|size=140%}} || {{lang|inc-Deva|[[९]]|size=140%}}
|-
| {{font|0|size=140%}} || {{font|1|size=140%}} || {{font|2|size=140%}} || {{font|3|size=140%}} || {{font|4|size=140%}}
| {{font|5|size=140%}} || {{font|6|size=140%}} || {{font|7|size=140%}} || {{font|8|size=140%}} || {{font|9|size=140%}}
|}

== Transliteration ==
{{Main|Devanagari transliteration}}
[[File:Examples.of.complex.text.rendering.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Indic scripts share common features, and along with Devanāgarī, all major Indic scripts have been historically used to preserve Vedic and post-Vedic Sanskrit texts.]]

There are several methods of [[Romanisation]] or [[transliteration]] from Devanāgarī to the [[Latin alphabet|Roman script]].<ref name="ref17yebif">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Daya Nand |title=Transliteration into Roman and Devanagari of the languages of the Indian group |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWJJAAAAYAAJ |date=1972 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603120418/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWJJAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live |publisher=Survey of India, 1972 |quote=''{{omission}} With the passage of time there has emerged a practically uniform system of transliteration of Devanagari and allied alphabets. Nevertheless, no single system of Romanisation has yet developed {{omission}}'' |archive-date=3 June 2016}}</ref>

=== Hunterian system ===
{{Main|Hunterian transliteration}}

The [[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian system]] is the national system of romanisation in [[India]], officially adopted by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="ref04xufam">{{Citation |author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |title=Technical reference manual for the standardisation of geographical names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8u32ANQxAC |date=2007 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424091625/https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8u32ANQxAC |url-status=live |publisher=United Nations Publications, 2007 |isbn=978-92-1-161500-5 |quote=''{{omission}} ISO 15919 {{omission}} There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products {{omission}} The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanisation in India {{omission}}'' |archive-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="ref48luvep">{{Citation |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |title=United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKsvAAAAYAAJ |date=1955 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427154047/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKsvAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live |publisher=United Nations, 1955 |quote=''{{omission}} In India the Hunterian system is used, whereby every sound in the local language is uniformly represented by a certain letter in the Roman alphabet {{omission}}'' |archive-date=27 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="ref65puqac">{{Citation |author=National Library (India) |title=Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VYEAQAAIAAJ |date=1960 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427232617/https://books.google.com/books?id=8VYEAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live |publisher=Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960 |quote=''{{omission}} The Hunterian system of transliteration, which has international acceptance, has been used {{omission}}'' |archive-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>

=== ISO 15919 ===
{{Main|ISO 15919}}
A standard transliteration convention was codified in the ISO 15919 standard of 2001. It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of Brāhmic graphemes to the Latin script. The Devanāgarī-specific portion is nearly identical to the academic standard for Sanskrit, [[IAST]].<ref name=scriptsource/>

=== IAST ===
The [[IAST|International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST)]] is the academic standard for the romanisation of Sanskrit. IAST is the de facto standard used in printed publications, like books, magazines, and electronic texts with Unicode fonts. It is based on a standard established by the ''Congress of Orientalists'' at [[Athens]] in 1912. The ISO 15919 standard of 2001 codified the transliteration convention to include an expanded standard for sister scripts of Devanāgarī.<ref name="scriptsource">{{Cite web |url=https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail_sort&key=Deva |title=Devanagari IAST conventions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114045204/https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail_sort&key=Deva |archive-date=14 November 2015 |author=Script Source |date=2009 |publisher=SIL International |location=United States}}</ref>

The [[National Library at Kolkata romanisation]], intended for the romanisation of all Indic scripts, is an extension of IAST.

=== Harvard-Kyoto ===
Compared to IAST, [[Harvard-Kyoto]] looks much simpler. It does not contain all the diacritic marks that IAST contains. It was designed to simplify the task of putting large amount of Sanskrit textual material into machine readable form, and the inventors stated that it reduces the effort needed in transliteration of Sanskrit texts on the keyboard.<ref name=translitwijastyk/> This makes typing in Harvard-Kyoto much easier than IAST. Harvard-Kyoto uses [[capital letters]] that can be difficult to read in the middle of words.

=== ITRANS ===
[[ITRANS]] is a lossless transliteration scheme of Devanāgarī into [[ASCII]] that is widely used on [[Usenet]]. It is an extension of the [[Harvard-Kyoto]] scheme. In ITRANS, the word {{IAST|devanāgarī}} is written "devanaagarii" or "devanAgarI". ITRANS is associated with an application of the same name that enables typesetting in [[Brāhmic family|Indic scripts]]. The user inputs in Roman letters and the ITRANS pre-processor translates the Roman letters into Devanāgarī (or other Indic languages). The latest version of [[ITRANS]] is version 5.30 released in July 2001. It is similar to Velthuis system and was created by Avinash Chopde to help print various Indic scripts with personal computers.<ref name="translitwijastyk">{{Cite web |url=https://indology.info/email/members/wujastyk/ |title=Transliteration of Devanāgarī |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606204758/https://indology.info/email/members/wujastyk/ |archive-date=6 June 2007 |first=D. |last=Wujastyk |date=1996}}</ref>

==== Velthuis ====
{{Main|Velthuis}}

The disadvantage of the above [[ASCII]] schemes is case-sensitivity, implying that transliterated names may not be capitalised. This difficulty is avoided with the system developed in 1996 by Frans Velthuis for [[TeX]], loosely based on IAST, in which case is irrelevant.

=== ALA-LC Romanisation ===
ALA-LC<ref>{{Cite web |title=LOC.gov |url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232607/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=2011-06-13 |publisher=LOC.gov}}</ref> romanisation is a transliteration scheme approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association, and widely used in North American libraries. Transliteration tables are based on languages, so there is a table for Hindi,<ref>{{Cite web |title=0001.eps |url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/hindi.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217052605/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/hindi.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2017 |access-date=2011-06-13 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> one for Sanskrit and Prakrit,<ref>{{Cite web |title=LOC.gov |url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/sanskrit.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413080838/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/sanskrit.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2018 |access-date=2011-06-13 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> etc.

=== WX ===
{{main|WX notation}}
WX is a Roman transliteration scheme for Indian languages, widely used among the [[natural language processing]] community in India. It originated at [[IIT Kanpur]] for computational processing of Indian languages. The salient features of this transliteration scheme are as follows.
* Every consonant and every vowel has a single mapping into Roman. Hence it is a [[prefix code]], advantageous from computation point of view.
* Lower-case letters are used for unaspirated consonants and short vowels, while capital letters are used for aspirated consonants and long vowels. While the retroflex stops are mapped to 't, T, d, D, N', the dentals are mapped to 'w, W, x, X, n'. Hence the name 'WX', a reminder of this idiosyncratic mapping.

== Encodings ==

=== ISCII ===
[[ISCII]] is an 8-bit encoding. The lower 128 codepoints are plain [[ASCII]], the upper 128 codepoints are ISCII-specific.

It has been designed for representing not only Devanāgarī but also various other [[Indic scripts]] as well as a Latin-based script with diacritic marks used for transliteration of the Indic scripts.

ISCII has largely been superseded by Unicode, which has, however, attempted to preserve the ISCII layout for its Indic language blocks.

=== Unicode ===
{{Main|Devanagari (Unicode block)|Devanagari Extended|Devanagari Extended-A|Vedic Extensions|l2=Devanagari Extended (Unicode block)|l3=Devanagari Extended-A (Unicode block)|l4=Vedic Extensions (Unicode block)}}

The Unicode Standard defines four blocks for Devanāgarī: Devanagari (U+0900–U+097F), Devanagari Extended (U+A8E0–U+A8FF), Devanagari Extended-A (U+11B00–11B5F), and Vedic Extensions (U+1CD0–U+1CFF).

{{Unicode chart Devanagari}}
{{Unicode chart Devanagari Extended}}
{{Unicode chart Devanagari Extended-A}}
{{Unicode chart Vedic Extensions}}

== Devanāgari keyboard layouts ==

{{Hatnote|For a list of Devanāgari input tools and fonts, please see [[Help:Multilingual support (Indic)]].}}
[[File:इन्स्क्रिप्ट कळपाटाची ओळख.ogg|thumb|upright=0.9|Introduction to Inscript Key board]]

=== InScript layout ===
[[InScript]] is the standard [[Keyboard (computing)|keyboard]] layout for Devanāgarī as standardized by the Government of India. It is inbuilt in all modern major [[operating system]]s. [[Microsoft Windows]] supports the InScript layout, which can be used to input unicode Devanāgarī characters. InScript is also available in some touchscreen mobile phones.

[[File:Devanagari INSCRIPT Keyboard.JPG|thumb|none|upright=4|Devanāgarī INSCRIPT bilingual keyboard layout]]

=== Typewriter ===
This layout was used on manual typewriters when computers were not available or were uncommon. For backward compatibility some typing tools like Indic IME still provide this layout.

=== Phonetic ===
[[File:AKphonetic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Devanāgari Phonetic Keyboard Layout]]
[[File:Devanagari ULS input.webm|thumb|upright=1.2|One can use ULS "{{lang|hi|लिप्यन्तरण}}" ([[w:Transliteration|Transliteration]]) or "{{lang|hi|इनस्क्रिप्ट}}" ([[w:InScript keyboard|Inscript]]) typing options to search or edit Devanagari-script articles as shown in this video clip example. CC instructions are available for British English.]]

Such tools work on phonetic transliteration. The user writes in the Latin alphabet and the [[Input method editor|IME]] automatically converts it into Devanāgarī. Some popular phonetic typing tools are Akruti, [[Baraha]] IME and [[Google IME]].

The [[Mac OS X]] operating system includes two different [[keyboard layout]]s for Devanāgarī: one resembles the INSCRIPT/KDE Linux, while the other is a phonetic layout called "Devanāgarī QWERTY".

Any one of the Unicode fonts input systems is fine for the Indic language Wikipedia and other wikiprojects, including Hindi, Bhojpuri, Marathi, and Nepali Wikipedia. While some people use [[InScript keyboard|InScript]], the majority uses either [[Google transliteration|Google phonetic transliteration]] or the input facility [[:MW:Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] provided on Wikipedia. On Indic language wikiprojects, the phonetic facility provided initially was java-based, and was later supported by Narayam extension for phonetic input facility. Currently Indic language Wiki projects are supported by [[:MW:Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector (ULS)]], that offers both phonetic keyboard (Aksharantaran, Marathi: {{lang|inc-Deva|अक्षरांतरण}}, Hindi: {{lang|hi|लिप्यन्तरण, बोलनागरी}}) and [[InScript keyboard]] (Marathi: {{lang|mr|मराठी लिपी}}).

The [[Ubuntu Linux]] operating system supports several [[keyboard layouts]] for Devanāgarī, including Harvard-Kyoto, [[WX notation]], Bolanagari and phonetic. The 'remington' typing method in Ubuntu IBUS is similar to the Krutidev typing method, popular in Rajasthan. The 'itrans' method is useful for those who know English (and the English keyboard) well but are not familiar with typing in Devanāgarī.
{{clear}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Linguistics|Writing}}
{{columnslist|colwidth=30em|
* {{Annotated link |Languages of India}}
* {{Annotated link |Clip font}}
* {{Annotated link |Devanagari transliteration|Devanāgarī transliteration}}
* {{Annotated link |Devanagari Braille|Devanāgarī Braille}}
* {{Annotated link |ISCII}}
* {{Annotated link |Nagari Pracharini Sabha}}
* {{Annotated link |Nepali language|Nepali}}
* {{Annotated link |Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages}}
* {{Annotated link |Shiksha}}
}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== General sources ===
* {{Citation |last=Lambert |first=Hester Marjorie |title=Introduction to the Devanagari Script: For Students of Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati and Bengali |date=1953 |place=London |publisher=Geoffrey Cumberlege (Oxford University Press)}}.
* {{Citation |last=Masica |first=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indo-aryan+languages |date=1991 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |author-link=Colin Masica}}.
* {{Citation |last=Snell |first=Rupert |title=Teach Yourself Beginner's Hindi Script |date=2000 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-0-07-141984-0}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=The World's Writing Systems |title-link=The World's Writing Systems |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1996 |isbn=0-19-507993-0 |editor-last=Daniels, Peter T. |chapter=Brahmi and Kharoshthi |editor-last2=Bright, William}}
* {{Citation |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |pages=67–103 |date=2003 |editor-last=Cardona |editor-first=George |chapter=Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5 |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh}}.
* {{Citation |last=Verma |first=Sheela |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |pages=498–514 |date=2003 |editor-last=Cardona |editor-first=George |chapter=Magahi |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5 |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh}}.
* {{Citation |last=Wikner |first=Charles |title=A Practical Sanskrit Introductory |url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tutorial_wikner/index.html |date=1996}}.

=== Census and catalogues of manuscripts in Devanāgarī ===
Thousands of manuscripts of ancient and medieval era Sanskrit texts in Devanāgarī have been discovered since the 19th century. Major catalogues and census include:

* {{Google books|JjxFAAAAYAAJ|A Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Private Libraries}}, Medical Hall Press, Princeton University Archive
* {{Google books|QD-Qmb2XIr8C|A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts}}, Vol 1: Upanishads, Friedrich Otto Schrader (Compiler), University of Michigan Library Archives
* [https://archive.org/stream/preliminarylisto00adya#page/n3/mode/2up A preliminary list of the Sanskrit and Prakrit manuscripts], Vedas, Sastras, Sutras, Schools of Hindu Philosophies, Arts, Design, Music and other fields, Friedrich Otto Schrader (Compiler), (Devanagari manuscripts are identified by Character code '''De.''')
* [https://archive.org/stream/p1a4catalogueofs01greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts], Part 1: Vedic Manuscripts, Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanāgarī)
* [https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofsansk04wind#page/n15/mode/2up Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts], Part 4: Manuscripts of Hindu schools of Philosophy and Tantra, Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanāgarī)
* [https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofsansk04wind#page/n15/mode/2up Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts], Part 5: Manuscripts of Medicine, Astronomy and Mathematics, Architecture and Technical Science Literature, Julius Eggeling (Compiler), Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanāgarī)
* {{Google books|6nooAAAAYAAJ|Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts}}, Part 6: Poetic, Epic and Purana Literature, Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanāgarī)
* [[David Pingree]] (1970–1981), Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit: Volumes 1 through 5, [https://www.dianepublishing.net/SearchResults.asp?Search=david+pingree&Search.x=0&Search.y=0 American Philosophical Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211124520/https://www.dianepublishing.net/SearchResults.asp?Search=david+pingree&Search.x=0&Search.y=0 |date=11 February 2022 }}, Manuscripts in various Indic scripts including Devanāgarī

== External links ==
{{Wikibooks|Devanagari}}
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage|Learning Devanagari}}
* [https://www.rajtool.com/krutidev-converter KrutiDev to Unicode Converter]
* [https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/ Digital Nāgarī fonts], University of Chicago
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318134358/https://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Devanagari.html Devanāgarī in different fonts], Wazu, Japan (Alternate collection: [https://luc.devroye.org/indic.html Luc Devroye's comprehensive Indic Fonts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125175027/http://luc.devroye.org/indic.html |date=25 January 2022 }}, McGill University)
* {{Google books|0bkMAAAAIAAJ|Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|page=30}}, Rudradaman's inscription in Sanskrit Nāgarī script from 1st through 4th century CE (coins and epigraphy), found in Gujarat, India, pages 30–45
* [https://www.currentscience.ac.in/cs/Volumes/100/02/0150.pdf Numerals and Text in Devanāgarī] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122093529/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/cs/Volumes/100/02/0150.pdf |date=22 November 2020 }}, 9th century temple in Gwalior Madhya Pradesh, India, Current Science
* {{Cite journal |last=Maurer |first=Walter H. |date=1976 |title=On the Name Devanāgarī |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=101–104 |doi=10.2307/599893 |jstor=599893}}

{{Devanagari abugida}}
{{Navboxes|title=Other related articles|state=autocollapse|list=
{{Sanskrit language topics}}
{{Hindi topics}}
{{Marathi language topics}}
{{Nepali language}}
{{list of writing systems}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Devanagari| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Hindustani orthography]]

Anthikad Karthyayani Temple

2026-03-25T22:07:36Z

Mohitjikumar32: put up a location - done

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Thrissur district, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Anthikad Karthyayani Temple
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Karthyayani Temple, [[Anthikad]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.45832|76.12302|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thrissur District|Thrissur]]
| location = [[Anthikad]]
| elevation_m = 34.01
| deity = [[Bhagavathi]]
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala]]
}}

'''Anthikad Karthyayani Bhagavathy Temple''' is a Hindu temple situated in [[Anthikad]], [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala|Kerala, India]]. [[Cochin Devaswom Board]] controls the temple. It is one of the 108 Durga temples in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=അന്തിക്കാട്, ചൂരക്കോട് ഭഗവതിമാരുടെ കൂട്ടി എഴുന്നള്ളിപ്പ് ഇന്ന് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/nagaram/-malayalam-news-1.934603 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318042243/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/nagaram/-malayalam-news-1.934603 |archive-date=2016-03-18 |access-date=2020-01-06 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cochin Devaswom Board Temples |url=https://www.egazette.kerala.gov.in/pdf/2008/52/part4/devaswam.pdf |publisher=kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Devi temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:Durga temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thrissur district]]

Piyush Shah

2026-03-24T00:27:53Z

Mohitjikumar32: Adding - done

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{unreliable sources|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Piyush Shah
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| image =
| parents =
|spouse =
| children =
| occupation = [[cinematographer]], [[documentary filmmaker]]
|years active = 1986-present
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]]
| website = }}
'''Piyush Shah''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]] who has been active since 1986, primarily in [[Hindi cinema]].

For his work on the documentary film [[:en:Pankaj Butalia#Moksha|''Moksha'']] (1993), he received the [[:en:National Film Award for Best Cinematography (non-feature film)|National Film Award for Best Cinematography]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Piyush Shah|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Piyush-Shah/awards|publisher=Times Entertainment |date=3 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="41st national">{{Cite news|title=41st National Film Festival, 1994, page 138|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/76_41stNfacatalogue.pdf |publisher=DFF|date=1994}}</ref>

In a career spanning nearly four decades, Piyush has worked on documentaries, feature films, television series, and commercials. He has been associated with key figures in [[Parallel cinema|Indian parallel cinema]] such as [[Mani Kaul]], [[Kumar Shahani]], and [[Shyam Benegal]].

He has also collaborated closely with leading documentary filmmakers like Arun Khopkar, [[Pankaj Butalia]], and [[Pan Nalin]]. Additionally, Piyush has contributed to projects with popular mainstream directors including [[Rajkumar Santoshi]], [[Ram Gopal Varma]], [[Priyadarshan]], and [[Ashutosh Gowariker]].

==Early life and career==
Piyush obtained his diploma in cinematography from the [[Film and Television Institute of India|Film & Television Institute of India]] (FTII) in 1985. He began his career soon after, working on short films like ''Bodh Vriksha'', ''Var Var Vari'', and ''Before My Eyes.''

''Bodh Vriksha'', [[Rajan Khosa]]’s diploma film at FTII, won a [[:en:National Film Award – Special Jury Award (non-feature film)|special mention]] for the director at the [[National Film Awards]] in 1986. The film also received two international jury awards.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajan Khosa, A Brilliant Filmmaker from Kashmir|author=Avtar Mota |url=https://www.kashmirpen.in/rajan-khosa-a-brilliant-film-maker-from-kashmir/|publisher=Kashmir Pen|date=3 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=33rd National Film Awards, Rajan Khosa – Special Jury Award, page 99 |url=https://nfaindia.org/images/pdf/33rd%20National%20Film%20Award%20Catalogue.pdf |publisher=DFF|date=June 1986}}</ref>

Shahani's ''Var Var Vari'' was the debut film of actor [[Mita Vashisht|Mita Vasisht]] and the diploma film in editing of FTII student Nandini Bedi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mani and me: Meeta Vasisht is turning the lens on her mentor|author= Paramita Ghosh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mani-and-me-actor-meeta-vasisht-is-turning-the-lens-on-her-mentor/story-pIQ1Lt2IjITxEF5NY41MgP.html|publisher=Hindustan Times |date=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='That is why I sing': How Mumbai's vibrant musical scene nurtured Amarendra Dhaneshwar's talents|author=Shanta Gokhale|url=https://scroll.in/article/1011415/that-is-why-i-sing-how-mumbais-vibrant-musical-scene-nurtured-amarendra-dhaneshwars-talents|publisher=Scroll|date=16 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="41st national"/>

Between 1989 and 1991, Piyush collaborated with Mani Kaul on two short films (''Before My Eyes'', ''[[Siddheshwari]]'') and two feature films ([[Nazar (1991 film)|''Nazar'']], [[Idiot (1992 film)|''Idiot'']]).

Films photographed by him have received more than 35 national and international awards, in addition to nominations and screenings at notable film festivals.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Mani Kaul|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mani-Kaul/awards|publisher=Times of India|date=3 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=40th National Film Festival 1993, Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda, page 62 |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf |publisher=DFF|date=1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004083057/http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Jaya Ganga (1996)|url=http://www.timeout.com/film/newyork/reviews/77133/jaya-ganga.html |publisher=Timeout|date=1996|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918205940/http://www.timeout.com/film/newyork/reviews/77133/jaya-ganga.html|archive-date=2012-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=6th Annual Screen Awards - Nominees & Winners for the year 1999 – Mast |url=http://www.indiafm.com/awards/screen/nominees1999.shtml |publisher=IndiaFM|date=4 April 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040118035703/http://www.indiafm.com/awards/screen/nominees1999.shtml |archive-date=18 January 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Taare Zameen Par' is India's entry to Oscars|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-35580920080921 |publisher=Reuters|date=21 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208075259/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-35580920080921 |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=55th National Film Awards - Taare Zameen Par|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2009/sep/r2009090707.pdf |publisher=PIB|date=September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007125534/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2009/sep/r2009090707.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Taare Zameen Par sweeps Filmfare Awards|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/20159/Taare-Zameen-Par-sweeps-Filmfare-Awards.html |publisher=Yahoo Movies |date=24 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228125818/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/20159/Taare-Zameen-Par-sweeps-Filmfare-Awards.html |archive-date=28 February 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nominations for Max Stardust Awards 2010 - What's Your Raashee?|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-max-stardust-awards-2010/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=16 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=68th National Film Awards – Saina |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/soorarai-pottru-dominates-68th-national-film-awards/article65671204.ece|work=The Hindu |date=23 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=IRAA Awards 2022 Winners - Saina|url=https://iraa.in/Winner.aspx#|publisher=Indian Recording Arts Academy Awards|date=3 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="41st national"/><ref name="Varanasi">{{Cite news|title=Varanasi before his eyes: Piyush Shah's film is about the city that is 'all that humanity can be' |author=Nandini Ramnath|url=https://scroll.in/reel/887151/varanasi-before-his-eyes-piyush-shahs-film-is-about-the-city-that-is-all-that-humanity-can-be |publisher=Scroll |date=21 July 2018}}</ref>

Piyush also did aerial photography for Benegal’s television series ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'' (1988), based on [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s book ''[[The Discovery of India]]''.<ref name="Cinematography Art">{{Cite news|title=Piyush Shah interview |author= Lalit Rao|url=https://www.craftfilmschool.com/assets/upload/courses/gallery/6.Oct_2014_Cinematography_art_Magazine.10Mb.pdf |publisher=Cinematography Art, Vol 2, Issue 2, page 18 |date=December 2014}}</ref>

He provided lighting for two stage plays—''Kunti'' and ''The Human Voice'', directed by Shahani.<ref name="Shanta Gokhale">{{Cite news|title=Article: Remembering Alaknanda Samarth|author= Shanta Gokhale|url=https://auroartworld.org/article-remembering-alaknanda-samarth/ |publisher=Auroartworld |date=8 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Alaknanda Samarth">{{Cite news|title=Alaknanda Samarth to feature in two short one-woman plays|author=M. Rahman|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19870415-alaknanda-samarth-to-feature-in-two-short-one-woman-plays-798740-1987-04-14 |publisher=India Today|date=15 April 1987}}</ref>

Overall, he has photographed, directed, and produced more than 40 films and commercials.<ref name="Piyush Shah IMDb">{{Cite news|title=Piyush Shah - IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0787465/ |publisher=IMDb|date=3 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="Piyush Shah Guest Faculty">{{Cite news|title=Piyush Shah, Guest Faculty, Department of Cinematography|url=https://www.krnnivsa.edu.in/en/faculty-detail/piyush-shah |publisher=KR Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science & Arts |date=3 November 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
'''As cinematographer''' - ''feature films''
*[[:en:Nazar (1991 film)|''Nazar'']] (1990)<ref name="Piyush Shah IMDb"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nazar - Piyush Shah|url=https://www.3continents.com/en/film/nazar/ |publisher=3 Continents Film Festival |date=21 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="Varanasi"/>
*[[:en:Idiot (1992 film)|''Idiot'']] (1991)<ref name="Varanasi"/>
*[[:en:Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda|''Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda / The Seventh Horse of the Sun'']] (1992)<ref name="Varanasi"/>
*[[:en:Jaya Ganga|''Jaya Ganga'']] (1996)
*[[:en:Dance of the Wind|''Dance of the Wind'']] (1997)<ref name="Cinematography Art"/>
*[[:en:China Gate (1998 film)|''China Gate'']] (1998)<ref name="Varanasi"/>
*[[:en:Mast (film)|''Mast'']] (1999)<ref name="Cinematography Art"/>
*[[:en:Salaam-e-Ishq|''Salaam-E-Ishq'']] (2007)
*[[:en:Dhol (film)|''Dhol'']] (2007)<ref name="Varanasi"/>
*[[:en:Taare Zameen Par|''Taare Zameen Par'']] (2007) – ''director of photography, second unit''
*[[:en:Mere Baap Pehle Aap|''Mere Baap Pehle Aap'']] (2008)<ref name="Varanasi"/>
*[[:en:What's Your Raashee?|''What's Your Rashee?'']] (2009)<ref name="Cinematography Art"/>
*[[:en:From Sydney with Love|''From Sydney with Love'']] (2012)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Review: From Sydney With Love is best avoided|author=Preeti Arora|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-from-sydney-with-love/20120831.htm|publisher=Rediff|date=31 August 2012}}</ref>
*[[:en:The Wisdom Tree|''The Wisdom Tree'']] (2013)
*[[Saina (film)|''Saina'']] (2021)

'''As cinematographer''' - ''short films / documentaries''
*''Bodh Vriksha / Wisdom Tree'' (1986)<ref name="ISC India">{{Cite news |date=29 July 2021 |title=Piyush Shah |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CR8AQAyI2ZC/?hl=en |publisher=ISC India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Wisdom Tree |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0196213/fullcredits|publisher=IMDb |date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
*''Var Var Vari'' (1987)<ref name="ISC India"/>
*''Before My Eyes'' (1989)<ref name="Varanasi"/>
*[[:en:Siddheshwari|''Siddeshwari'']] (1990)<ref name="Varanasi"/>
*''Figures of Thought'' (1990)<ref name="41st national"/><ref name="Cinematography Art"/>
*''Sanchari'' (1991)<ref name="41st national"/><ref name="Cinematography Art"/>
*''Riyaaz'' (1991)<ref name="41st national"/>
*''The Khajuraho'' (1991) <ref name="Piyush Shah Guest Faculty"/>
*''A Man Who Looked Like Christ'' (1992)<ref name="Piyush Shah Guest Faculty"/>
*''Moksha'' (1993)<ref name="41st national"/>
*''Colours of Absence'' (1993)<ref name="41st national"/>
*''Kisses on a Train'' (1993)
*''The Doubt'' (1995)
*''Lost & Found'' (1995)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kaizad Gustad: Lost and Found|author=Benita Fernando|url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/kaizad-gustad--lost-and-found-17460160|publisher=Mid-Day|date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
*''Kaal'' (1996)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kaal - Natasha de Betak |url=https://www.shortfilmwire.com/en/embedded/film/100012469/Kaal|publisher=ShortFilmWire |date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
*''The Devadasi'' (1997)
*''Eiffel Tower Trilogy: Height, Weight,& Gravity'' (1997)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Eiffel Tower Trilogy: Height, Weight & Gravity (1997) |url=https://en.kinorium.com/394966/|publisher=Kinorium|date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
*''Tehri - Kaksi Matkaa'' (2000) <ref>{{Cite news|title=Tehri - Kaksi matkaa|url=https://filmovy-stab.osobnosti.cz/tehri-kaksi-matkaa-1280478 |publisher=Osobnosti|date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
*''Day 1, Day 2, Day 3, Day 4'' (2011)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Day 1, Day 2, Day 3, Day 4 - Full cast & crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2133208/fullcredits/ |publisher=IMDb |date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
*''Chitrashala'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chitrashala|url=https://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/44810_0|publisher=FilmDoc|date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
*''Farewell My Indian Soldier'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Farewell My Indian Soldier |url=https://farewellmyindiansoldier.com/credits-and-rights/ |publisher=FarewellMyIndianSoldier |date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

'''As cinematographer''' - ''television series''
*[[:en:Bharat Ek Khoj|''Bharat Ek Khoj / The Discovery of India'']] (1988) - ''aerial shots''<ref name="Cinematography Art"/>
*''Everest'' (2014)
*''Target'' (2021)

'''As cinematographer''' - ''commercials''
*''Smirnoff'' <ref name="Cinematography Art"/>

'''As director''' - ''short film''
*''The Third Infinity'' (2017)<ref name="Varanasi"/>
'''As producer''' - ''feature film''
*[[:en:Agnichakra|''Agnichakra'']] (1997)

'''As director of lighting''' - ''stage plays''
*''Kunti''
*''The Human Voice''<ref name="Shanta Gokhale"/><ref name="Alaknanda Samarth"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0787465/ Piyush Shah @ IMDb]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Piyush}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Best Cinematography National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

David James (footballer, born 1970)

2026-03-23T17:10:49Z

Mohitjikumar32: quick update structure for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|English footballer and pundit (born 1970)}}
{{for|other people named "David James"|David James (disambiguation){{!}}David James}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = David James {{nobold|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=80%|MBE}}}}
| image = DaJa.JPG
| caption = James with [[England national football team|England]] in 2009
| fullname = David Benjamin James<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010 – List of Players|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)|access-date=8 June 2013|archive-date=16 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616010702/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| height = {{height|m=1.94|precision=0}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football |title=BBC profile |work=BBC Sport |date=1 August 1970 |access-date=20 June 2010 |archive-date=14 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914053023/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/shared/bsp/hi/football/statistics/players/j/james_1881.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|8|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Welwyn Garden City]], England
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| currentclub =
| youthyears1 = 1986–1988
| youthclubs1 = [[Watford F.C. Under-23s and Academy|Watford]]
| years1 = 1988–1992
| clubs1 = [[Watford F.C.|Watford]]
| caps1 = 89
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 1992–1999
| clubs2 = [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]
| caps2 = 214
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 1999–2001
| clubs3 = [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
| caps3 = 67
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2001–2004
| clubs4 = [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]
| caps4 = 91
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2004–2006
| clubs5 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
| caps5 = 93
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2006–2010
| clubs6 = [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]
| caps6 = 134
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2010–2012
| clubs7 = [[Bristol City F.C.|Bristol City]]
| caps7 = 81
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2012–2013
| clubs8 = [[AFC Bournemouth]]
| caps8 = 19
| goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2013
| clubs9 = [[ÍBV men's football|ÍBV]]
| caps9 = 17
| goals9 = 0
| years10 = 2014
| clubs10 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| caps10 = 12
| goals10 = 0
| totalcaps = 817
| totalgoals = 0
| nationalyears1 = 1990–1992
| nationalteam1 = [[England national under-21 football team|England U21]]
| nationalcaps1 = 10
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 1994–1996
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalyears3 = 1997–2010
| nationalteam3 = [[England national football team|England]]
| nationalcaps3 = 53
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| manageryears1 = 2014
| managerclubs1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| manageryears2 = 2018
| managerclubs2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
}}
'''David Benjamin James''' (born 1 August 1970) is an English former professional [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]]. His most recent position was manager at [[Kerala Blasters FC]] in the [[Indian Super League]] in 2018. He is also a pundit on [[Sky Sports]] football coverage.

James is fifth on the [[List of footballers with 500 or more Premier League appearances|list of all-time Premier League appearances]], having played in 572 top-level matches, and held the Premier League [[Football records in England#Goalkeepers|record for most clean sheets]] with 169 until [[Petr Čech]] surpassed this record.<ref>{{cite web | title = Petr Cech breaks Premier League clean sheet record in Arsenal's win over Bournemouth | work = Sky Sports | url = http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/10113138/petr-cech-breaks-premier-league-clean-sheet-record-in-arsenals-win-over-bournemouth | access-date = 28 December 2015 | archive-date = 28 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151228223323/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/10113138/petr-cech-breaks-premier-league-clean-sheet-record-in-arsenals-win-over-bournemouth | url-status = live }}</ref> He holds the record for most penalties saved in Premier League history (13).<ref name="best penalty savers in Premier League history">{{cite web |title=The best penalty savers in Premier League history |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/648792 |website=Premier League |date=23 March 2018}}</ref>

He was capped 53 times by [[England national football team|England]] between 1997 and 2010, and was first choice goalkeeper during the team's [[UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004]] and the [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010 World Cup]] campaigns. He was appointed a [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to football and charity.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=60173 |supp=y|page=17|date=16 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="MBE">{{cite news|title=Queen's Birthday Honours list for Bristol|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-18457893|work=BBC News|access-date=16 June 2012|date=16 June 2012|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619034353/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-18457893|url-status=live}}</ref>

Having started his career with [[Watford F.C.|Watford]], James went on to feature in the [[Premier League]] for [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] and [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]. He gained a [[Football League Cup]] winner's medal with [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] in [[1994–95 Football League Cup|1995]], an [[FA Cup]] winner's medal with [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] in [[2007–08 FA Cup|2008]], as well as runners-up medals with [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] in [[1999–2000 FA Cup|2000]], Liverpool in [[1995–96 FA Cup|1996]] and Portsmouth in [[2009–10 FA Cup|2010]]. In 2010, at the age of 39, he became the oldest goalkeeper to appear in an [[FA Cup Final]].<ref name="OldestKeeperFACup">{{cite news|title=FA Cup final as it happened|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/8683314.stm|work=BBC Sport|access-date=15 May 2010|date=18 April 2014|first=Jonathan|last=Stevenson}}</ref> James dropped down a division in 2010 to play for [[Bristol City F.C.|Bristol City]] and later played for [[Football League One|League One]] side [[AFC Bournemouth]]. He joined Icelandic side [[ÍBV Vestmannaeyjar]] in 2013 in a joint playing and coaching capacity, before officially retiring.

In October 2013, James took up a coaching position at [[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town]], the club he has supported since his childhood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bedfordtoday.co.uk/sport/football/updated-ex-england-keeper-david-james-helps-to-take-training-with-the-hatters-1-5621216 |title=UPDATED: Ex-England keeper David James helps to take training with the Hatters |work=Bedford Today |publisher=Johnston Publishing Ltd |date=26 October 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029030302/http://www.bedfordtoday.co.uk/sport/football/updated-ex-england-keeper-david-james-helps-to-take-training-with-the-hatters-1-5621216 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The following year, he became the marquee player and manager of the newly formed [[Kerala Blasters]]. He returned to the club in 2018,<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/david-james-returns-as-kerala-blasters-head-coach/articleshow/62353633.cms|title=David James returns as Kerala Blasters head coach|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 January 2018 |access-date=3 January 2018|archive-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520081347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/david-james-returns-as-kerala-blasters-head-coach/articleshow/62353633.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> being dismissed in December following an 11-match winless run.<ref name=Goal>{{cite web |last1=Easwar |first1=Nisanth |title=ISL: Kerala Blasters part ways with David James |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-part-ways-with-david-james/1ijredv9tg5l11blfq7vh5vp83 |website=Goal |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193617/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-part-ways-with-david-james/1ijredv9tg5l11blfq7vh5vp83 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Club career ==

=== Watford ===
Born in [[Welwyn Garden City]], [[Hertfordshire]], James grew up supporting [[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town]].<ref>{{cite news
|title=How on earth did Portsmouth get into this mess?
|last=James
|first=David
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2009/aug/16/david-james-portsmouth-takeover-finances
|work=[[The Guardian]]
|location=London
|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group|Guardian News and Media]]
|date=16 August 2009
|access-date=16 August 2013
|archive-date=16 January 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116074659/http://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2009/aug/16/david-james-portsmouth-takeover-finances
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=David James says England's World Cup base left no room to relax
|last=Hopkinson
|first=Tom
|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/david-james-says-englands-world-1701210
|work=[[Daily Mirror]]
|publisher=[[Trinity Mirror]]
|location=London
|date=9 October 2011
|access-date=16 August 2013
|archive-date=22 February 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222103224/http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/david-james-says-englands-world-1701210
|url-status=live
}}</ref> He signed as a trainee with Luton's [[Luton Town F.C.–Watford F.C. rivalry|local rivals]] [[Watford F.C.|Watford]] upon leaving school, and was first selected for the club's senior team in 1989. In his days as a youth player, he helped Watford win the [[FA Youth Cup]].<ref name="globeandmail">{{cite news
|title=No.1 David James
|url=http://stats.globesports.com/EPL/players.asp?player=3128l
|newspaper=Globe and Mail
|access-date=26 August 2007
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215818/http://stats.globesports.com/EPL/players.asp?player=3128l
|archive-date=27 September 2007
|df=dmy
}}</ref> Following the departure of [[Tony Coton]], James made his league debut on 25 August 1990 in a 1–2 defeat against [[Millwall F.C.|Millwall]], and his performance resulted in an [[England national under-21 football team|England U21]] call-up for a match against the [[Republic of Ireland under-21 national football team|Republic of Ireland]]. He earned a total of ten caps for the U21s.

At club level, James made 89 first-team appearances for Watford, and was named the club's [[List of Watford F.C. Players of the Season|Player of the Season]] for the [[1990–91 in English football|1990–91 season]], when he kept goal in all 46 [[Football League Second Division|Second Division]] games as Watford escaped relegation.<ref name=jones>{{cite book|title=The Watford Football Club Illustrated Who's Who|author=Jones, Trefor|year=1996|isbn= 0-9527458-0-1|page=129|publisher=T.G. Jones }}</ref> In 2008, James was inducted into the Watford Hall of Fame for his services to the club.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hall of fame |url=http://www.watfordfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10400~1296988,00.html |access-date=29 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506191337/http://www.watfordfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10400~1296988%2C00.html |archive-date=6 May 2008}}</ref>

=== Liverpool ===
James was signed for £1.25 million by [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] on 6 July 1992.<ref name=jones/> He made his Liverpool debut on 16 August in a 0–1 league defeat to [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-sheringhams-sweet-touch-heroic-james-refuses-to-wilt-before-forest-fire-1540943.html|title=Sheringham's sweet touch: Heroic James refuses to wilt before Forest fire|date=17 August 1992|work=The Independent|access-date=15 June 2011|location=London|first=Joe|last=Lovejoy|archive-date=11 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111134328/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-sheringhams-sweet-touch-heroic-james-refuses-to-wilt-before-forest-fire-1540943.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After conceding twenty goals in eleven matches in the first half of the [[1993–94 in English football|1993–94]], he was dropped in favour of veteran [[Bruce Grobbelaar]], but was recalled to the starting line-up and kept his first clean sheet of the season in a 1–0 away win over [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] on 31 January 1993, which included a penalty save from [[Paul Merson]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lfchistory.net/SeasonArchive/Game/1891|title=Arsenal 0 – 1 Liverpool|access-date=8 August 2016|work=lfchistory.net|archive-date=6 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506063643/http://www.lfchistory.net/SeasonArchive/Game/1891|url-status=live}}</ref> He also received a runners-up medal in [[1996 FA Cup Final|1996]] in the FA Cup while being on the losing side against [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]].

James rose to fame together with Liverpool teammates [[Steve McManaman]], [[Jamie Redknapp]], and [[Robbie Fowler]], who were nicknamed the "[[Spice Boys (footballers)|Spice Boys]]" – an epithet named after the [[Spice Girls]] that was used by those who alleged the Liverpool team of the 1990s were more focused on partying than winning games. James' frequent blunders earned him the nickname ''[[Calamity James]]''. He put down his spate of errors to an overindulgence in playing computer games that in turn affected his concentration.<ref name="CNN">{{cite web| title = 100 Best Moments of PlayStation| url = http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=128349&site=psw| publisher = Future plc| access-date = 22 April 2009| archive-date = 17 September 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917022202/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=128349&site=psw| url-status = live}}</ref> Despite winning the 1995 [[Football League Cup]], James' hold on the starting position was put in jeopardy with the acquisition of [[Brad Friedel]]. He made 277 appearances for Liverpool in total.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

=== Aston Villa ===
On 23 June 1999, James was sold to [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] for £1.8 million.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news| title = David James| url = http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/players/11/| publisher = CNN| access-date = 26 August 2007| archive-date = 4 November 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104194445/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/players/11/| url-status = dead}}</ref> He made his Villa debut [[1999-2000 AVFC season|on 7 August]], and kept a clean sheet in a 1–0 away win over [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] in the opening [[Premier League]] game. He was decisive in a penalty [[Penalty shootout (football)|shoot-out]] against [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] in the 2000 [[FA Cup]] semi-final, but conceded [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]'s winning goal in the ensuing final, the last to be staged at the [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|old Wembley]]. Over two years, he made 85 appearances for Villa.<ref name="thisislondon"/>

=== West Ham United ===
James moved to [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] for £3.5 million on 11 July 2001, signing a four-year contract.<ref name="thisislondon">{{cite web| title = James completes Hammers move| url = http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/sport/article-1060496-details/James%20completes%20Hammers%20move/article.do| archive-url = https://archive.today/20240524202710/https://www.webcitation.org/5mscisBqW?url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/sport/article-1060496-details/James%20completes%20Hammers%20move/article.do| url-status=dead| archive-date = 24 May 2024| publisher = This Is London| access-date = 26 August 2007| df = dmy-all}}</ref> However, a serious knee injury sustained while on international duty kept him out for several months.<ref name="knee injury">{{cite web| title = James anguish over England injury| url = http://soccernet.espn.go.com/archive/england/news/2001/0817/20010817engjamesavfc.html| archive-url = https://archive.today/20100118185154/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/archive/england/news/2001/0817/20010817engjamesavfc.html| url-status=dead| archive-date = 18 January 2010| publisher = ESPN| access-date =26 August 2007}}</ref>

James made his debut for West Ham on 24 November 2001 in a 1–0 home loss to [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/football/cc_championship/westham/reports/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer/01/11/24/SOCCER_West_Ham.html&TEAMHD=westham&DIV=nat1&TEAM=WEST--HAM&RH=West--Ham&PREV_SEASON=2000 |title=West Ham 0 Tottenham 1 |publisher=Sportinglife.com |access-date=20 June 2010}}{{dead link|date=November 2016}}</ref> In [[2002–03 Premier League|2002–03]], West Ham were relegated to the [[Football League First Division|First Division]]. James stayed with West Ham at the start of the [[2003–04 Football League First Division|2003–04 season]].<ref name="undisclosed">{{cite news| title = City snap up James with Pardew set to reinvest| url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20040115/ai_n9687915| newspaper = Independent| access-date =26 August 2007}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> He played 102 total games in all competitions for West Ham.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westhamstats.info/westham.php?west=2&ham=759&united=David_James |title=Welcome to the Wonderful World of West Ham United Statistics David James |publisher=Westhamstats.info |access-date=20 June 2010 |archive-date=16 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016133914/http://www.westhamstats.info/westham.php?west=2&ham=759&united=David_James |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Manchester City ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "It was, to put it mildly, the most eccentric of finales. There were still two minutes of normal time remaining, plus five for stoppages, when [manager] [[Stuart Pearce]], adopting a form of leadership that would have been wacky even by [[Brian Clough]]'s standards, had the brainwave of replacing a midfielder, [[Claudio Reyna]], with his reserve goalkeeper, [[Nicky Weaver]], and ordering David James to play as a centre-forward. Amazingly the disorder almost paid off. With James charging around like a headless ostrich, his cameo role incorporating a hilarious air-shot and at least two horrendously late but probably well-meant chops at [[Doriva]]'s legs, the hitherto wretched referee [[Rob Styles]] decreed that [[Joey Barton]]'s centre had flicked off [[Franck Queudrue]]'s hand for a penalty."
| source = —Football journalist [[Daniel Taylor (journalist)|Daniel Taylor]], describing David James brief 6-minute cameo as a striker against Middlesbrough in the post-match report<ref>{{cite web |title=Psycho brainwave takes City to the brink |last=Taylor |first=Daniel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/may/16/match.manchestercity |website=The Guardian |date=16 May 2005 |access-date=5 January 2018 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105052053/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/may/16/match.manchestercity |url-status=live }}</ref>
| align = right
| width =40%
}}
James returned to the Premier League by signing for [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] on 14 January 2004 for £2 million fee as a replacement for the retired [[David Seaman]], on Seaman's recommendation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seaman quits football |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_city/3394397.stm |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=BBC Sport |date=13 January 2004}}</ref> He reunited with his former Liverpool "Spice Boys" teammates Robbie Fowler and Steve McManaman.<ref>{{cite news |title=Keegan splashes on old spice |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3395771.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=14 January 2004 |access-date=29 August 2007 |first=Phil |last=McNulty |archive-date=1 March 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040301121209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3395771.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

James made his debut on 17 January 2004 in a 1–1 home draw with [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]].<ref>{{cite news| title = Man City 1–1 Blackburn| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/3385507.stm| publisher = BBC| access-date = 27 August 2007| date = 17 January 2004| archive-date = 8 July 2004| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040708062845/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/3385507.stm| url-status = live}}</ref> City won only four of the seventeen matches that James started, two of which came after James saved penalties against [[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.|Wolverhampton Wanderers]] and [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dunne salutes City saviour |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/manchester_city/s/115/115128_dunne_salutes_city_saviour.html |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |access-date=27 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193041/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/manchester_city/s/115/115128_dunne_salutes_city_saviour.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> James said that exploring the field of [[sport psychology]] improved his skills as a goalkeeper, particularly saving penalty kicks.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/mar/30/football.comment | title=Goalkeeper's fear of the penalty? Not for me | work=The Guardian | location=London | first=David | last=James | date=30 March 2008 | access-date=1 May 2010 | archive-date=16 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116081411/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/mar/30/football.comment | url-status=live }}</ref>

On the last day of the [[2004–05 FA Premier League|2004–05 season]], James was playing for City who needed to beat [[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]] to qualify for the [[2005–06 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]] at the opposition's expense. With five minutes remaining the score was 1–1, when City's manager [[Stuart Pearce]] replaced midfielder [[Claudio Reyna]] with the substitute goalkeeper [[Nicky Weaver]], and James was moved to play in attack for the remainder of the game. The unusual tactic almost worked when, in [[injury time]], Middlesbrough defender [[Franck Queudrue]] conceded a penalty by handling a cross that was aimed at James. However, Fowler's penalty was saved by Middlesbrough goalkeeper [[Mark Schwarzer]], meaning they qualified for the UEFA Cup at City's expense.<ref>{{cite news |title=City pay the penalty for Fowler miss |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2359695/City-pay-the-penalty-for-Fowler-miss.html |work=Telegraph |date=16 May 2005 |access-date=19 May 2009 |location=London |first=Tim |last=Rich |archive-date=25 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225012210/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2359695/City-pay-the-penalty-for-Fowler-miss.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Portsmouth ===
[[File:David James warmup 2010 FA Cup Final 2.jpg|thumb|James during his time at Portsmouth]]
On 10 August 2006, James, who had separated from his wife, stated that he needed to leave Manchester City to be closer to his children, who lived in London. Manchester City confirmed they had accepted a bid from [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]].<ref name="pompey bid">{{cite news
|title=City accept James bid
|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/manchester_city/s/220/220393_city_accept_james_bid.html
|newspaper=Manchester Evening News
|access-date=26 August 2007
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930170949/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/manchester_city/s/220/220393_city_accept_james_bid.html
|archive-date=30 September 2007
}}</ref> Two days later, he joined Portsmouth for £1.2 million, signing a two-year deal.<ref name="pompey move">{{cite news|title=James seals Pompey switch |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/manchester_city/s/220/220500_james_seals_pompey_switch.html |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |access-date=26 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165023/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/manchester_city/s/220/220500_james_seals_pompey_switch.html |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref>

James kept clean sheets in his first five appearances for Portsmouth.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Portsmouth finally concede (and have never seemed to stop) but look to join the 20-club| url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060930/ai_n16762929
| newspaper = Independent| access-date =27 August 2007}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> On 22 April 2007, James kept his 142nd [[FA Premier League|Premier League]] clean sheet in a goalless draw with Aston Villa, breaking the record of 141 previously held by [[David Seaman]].<ref>''[https://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/6555255.stm Aston Villa 0–0 Portsmouth] ''</ref> At the end of [[2006–07 Portsmouth F.C. season|2006–07]], James was named Portsmouth's [[Portsmouth F.C.#Portsmouth Player of the Season (since 1968)|player of the season]].

James has made the most league appearances<ref>[http://stats.premierleague.com/panel_b_alltime.query?q=goalkeeper_clean_sheets_all_seasons&start=1 Premier League official appearance stats]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> of any goalkeeper since the formation of the Premier League over fifteen seasons, in addition to conceding the most goals.<ref>[http://stats.premierleague.com/panel_b_alltime.query?q=goalkeeper_goals_conceded_all_seasons&start=1 "Premier League official goalkeeper conceded stats"]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 30 January 2008, in a league match against Manchester United, he became the third player (after [[Gary Speed]] and [[Ryan Giggs]]) to cross the 500-match threshold.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ronay |first1=Barney |title=Manchester United 2-0 Portsmouth |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jan/30/minutebyminute.manchesterunited |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=30 January 2008}}</ref>

James signed a one-year contract extension in May 2007, which kept him at [[Fratton Park]] until the end of the [[2008–09 Portsmouth F.C. season|2008–09 season]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/p/portsmouth/6648283.stm | title=James signs extended Pompey deal | work=BBC News | date=11 May 2007 | access-date=2 January 2010 | archive-date=6 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306121048/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/p/portsmouth/6648283.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> James won the second major trophy of his career during that season, as Portsmouth claimed a 1–0 victory over [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]] at [[Wembley Stadium]] in the [[2008 FA Cup Final]]. James was named as the goalkeeper in the [[PFA Team of the Year (2000s)|PFA Team of the Year for 2007–08]]; only he and Aston Villa's [[Ashley Young]] were from teams outside the top four.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ronaldo named player of the year |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7370319.stm |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=BBC Sport |date=27 April 2008}}</ref> On 8 November 2008, he made his 100th appearance for Portsmouth.<ref>{{cite news |title=FULL MATCH REPORT: Sunderland 1 Portsmouth 2 |url=http://www.sunderlandecho.com/sport/FULL-MATCH-REPORT-Sunderland-1.4677352.jp |publisher=Sunderland Echo |date=10 November 2008 |access-date=19 May 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918055230/http://www.sunderlandecho.com/sport/FULL-MATCH-REPORT-Sunderland-1.4677352.jp |archive-date=18 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He holds the distinction of twice having been the record holder for consecutive Premier League appearances, with 159 during his Liverpool days from February 1994 to February 1998, and 166 between Manchester City and Portsmouth from 2006 to 2008; both streaks were eventually topped by [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]'s [[Frank Lampard]] and Tottenham Hotspur's [[Brad Friedel]], respectively.<ref name="friedel">[http://www.birminghammail.net/birmingham-sport/aston-villa-fc/aston-villa-news/2008/11/24/i-play-for-aston-villa-not-for-myself-says-brad-friedel-97319-22326198/ I play for Aston Villa not for myself says Brad Friedel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111123520/http://www.birminghammail.net/birmingham-sport/aston-villa-fc/aston-villa-news/2008/11/24/i-play-for-aston-villa-not-for-myself-says-brad-friedel-97319-22326198/ |date=11 January 2009 }} – Birmingham Mail, 29 November 2008, Retrieved on 29 November 2008</ref>

On 14 February 2009 against Manchester City, James made his 536th Premier League appearance, breaking Speed's all-time record.<ref name="speed">{{cite web | url=http://www.thefa.com/England/All-Teams/Players/J/David-James | title=David James | publisher=thefa.com | access-date=6 October 2011 | archive-date=10 November 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110132156/http://www.thefa.com/England/All-Teams/Players/J/David-James | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 22 April 2009, Times Online named James as the 15th greatest player in Portsmouth's history.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier_league/portsmouth/article6059531.ece?token=null&offset=96&page=9 | title=Top 50 greatest Portsmouth players | location=London | work=The Times | first=Calvin | last=Shulman | date=21 April 2009 | access-date=1 May 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

James captained Portsmouth in the [[2009–10 FA Cup|FA Cup]] semi-final against Tottenham Hotspur where Portsmouth won 2–0 in extra time, describing the experience as "superb".<ref name="massive">{{cite web|url=http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Chelsea-v-Portsmouth-FA-Cup-final-preview-David-James-eyes-up-FA-Cup-and-World-Cup-double-article423859.html |title=James eyes up FA Cup and World Cup double |publisher=mirrorfootball.co.uk |date=5 May 2010 |access-date=6 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115183138/http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Chelsea-v-Portsmouth-FA-Cup-final-preview-David-James-eyes-up-FA-Cup-and-World-Cup-double-article423859.html |archive-date=15 January 2014 }}</ref> He also captained the team in [[FA Cup|the final]] as Portsmouth were beaten 1–0 by [[2009–10 Chelsea F.C. season|double winners]] [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]].

His contract expired at the end of the 2009–10 season, and he expressed interest in succeeding [[Avram Grant]] as Portsmouth manager,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/p/portsmouth/8696625.stm |title=Goalkeeper David James eyes Portsmouth manager role |work=BBC Sport |date=21 May 2010 |access-date=28 July 2010}}</ref> though this came to nothing. The club offered him a new playing contract, but withdrew the offer after he failed to commit to the club; therefore, James left Portsmouth and became a [[Free Agent|free agent]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/p/portsmouth/8840717.stm |title=Portsmouth withdraw contract offer for David James |work=BBC Sport |date=21 July 2010 |access-date=28 July 2010 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710153333/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/p/portsmouth/8840717.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Bristol City ===
[[File:David James taking goal kick.jpg|thumb|James playing for [[Bristol City F.C.|Bristol City]] in a [[Severnside derby]] against [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]], 2010]]
James signed a one-year contract with [[Football League Championship|Championship]] side [[Bristol City F.C.|Bristol City]] on 30 July 2010, with the option of a second year.<ref name="bbc-news">{{cite news|title=Bristol City capture England keeper David James|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/8866521.stm|access-date=30 July 2010|newspaper=BBC News|date=30 July 2010|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710153357/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/8866521.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> He stated that he hoped that his performances at the club would keep him on the radar for the [[England national football team|England team]] and that his decision to join them was motivated by a desire to be closer to his family home in [[Devon]].<ref>{{cite news|title=WHY I'VE JOINED CITY – DAVID |url=http://www.bcfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10327~2106915,00.html |access-date=30 July 2010 |publisher=Bristol City |date=30 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802081941/http://www.bcfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10327~2106915%2C00.html |archive-date=2 August 2010}}</ref>

James' league debut for Bristol City came on 7 August 2010 in a 3–0 defeat to [[Millwall F.C.|Millwall]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_div_1/8881366.stm | work=BBC News | title=Bristol City 0–3 Millwall | date=7 August 2010}}</ref> On 11 February 2011, the eve of his 850th club appearance, James announced he had signed a contract extension with the club until June 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/9395420.stm | work=BBC News | title=David James earns new Bristol City contract | date=11 February 2011 | access-date=12 February 2011 | archive-date=10 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710153357/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/9395420.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 March 2012, James reached 900 club appearances in a game against [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]] in the [[Severnside derby]], in which he was made captain as a mark of respect.<ref name="900app">{{cite news|last=James|first=David|title=High-pressure game without a net when you hang up gloves|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2012/mar/10/david-james-900th-game|access-date=13 March 2012|newspaper=guardian.co.uk|date=10 March 2012|location=London|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312195846/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2012/mar/10/david-james-900th-game|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was released by Bristol City on 1 May 2012,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bcfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10327~2756132,00.html |title=Eight Players Leave Ashton Gate |date=1 May 2012 |publisher=Bristol City |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615003941/http://www.bcfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10327~2756132%2C00.html |archive-date=15 June 2012 }}</ref> and in July 2012 began training with [[Exeter City F.C.|Exeter City]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Pilnick |first=Brent |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18959167 |title=BBC Sport – Ex-England goalkeeper David James training with Exeter City |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date=2012-07-23 |access-date=2013-06-08 |archive-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108014241/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18959167 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== AFC Bournemouth ===
On 27 September 2012, he arrived at [[Dean Court]] to train with [[AFC Bournemouth]], signing a one-year deal to play for them the following day.<ref>{{cite news|title=David James signs for AFC Bournemouth until end of season|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19742976|work=BBC Sport|access-date=28 September 2012|archive-date=30 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930015253/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/19742976|url-status=live}}</ref> However, he did not see out the contract, leaving the club by mutual consent in March 2013 after making 19 appearances.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bournemouth release keeper James|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/21756490|access-date=2021-03-03|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701080129/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/21756490|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ÍBV Vestmannaeyjar ===
On 2 April 2013, James signed a contract with Icelandic club [[Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja|ÍBV]] until the end of the [[2013 Úrvalsdeild|2013 season]] in a joint player/coach capacity.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mbl.is/sport/efstadeild/2013/04/02/david_james_er_mjog_spennandi/ | title=David James: Er mjög spennandi | date=2 April 2013 | newspaper=[[Morgunblaðið]] | access-date=3 April 2013 | archive-date=7 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407041458/http://www.mbl.is/sport/efstadeild/2013/04/02/david_james_er_mjog_spennandi/ | url-status=live }}</ref> He linked up with former [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] teammate [[Hermann Hreiðarsson]], the manager of ÍBV. The ÍBV chairman stated that James was not being paid high wages, and that he was primarily playing out of kindness and to gain coaching experience.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://fotbolti.net/news/03-04-2013/segir-ad-david-james-se-ekki-a-haum-launum | title=Segir að David James sé ekki á háum launum | date=3 April 2013 | publisher=fotbolti.net | access-date=3 April 2013 | archive-date=19 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419034555/http://fotbolti.net/news/03-04-2013/segir-ad-david-james-se-ekki-a-haum-launum | url-status=live }}</ref> His arrival at ÍBV saw much higher attendances than in previous years.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.vb.is/eftirvinnu/84393/| title=Oft hagstætt að fá erlenda leikmenn| date=26 May 2013| publisher=Viðskiptablaðið| access-date=9 June 2013| archive-date=3 December 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022300/http://www.vb.is/eftirvinnu/84393/| url-status=live}}</ref> ÍBV ended the season in sixth position, and James announced his retirement from playing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/24670325|title=David James: Former England keeper to coach at Luton Town|newspaper=BBC News|date=25 October 2013|access-date=18 April 2014|archive-date=19 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219202004/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24670325|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Kerala Blasters and retirement ===
He was signed by [[Kerala Blasters FC]], owned by [[Sachin Tendulkar]], for the [[2014 Indian Super League]] as a player-manager. He said "I hope my involvement with ISL will be the start of something great."<ref name="KB">{{cite news|title=David James set to have a blast with Sachin Tendulkar in ISL|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Sports/Football/Indian-Super-League/Interviews/David-James-set-to-have-a-blast-with-Sachin-Tendulkar-in-ISL/articleshow/40469918.cms|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=20 August 2014|archive-date=22 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822193515/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/interviews/David-James-set-to-have-a-blast-with-Sachin-Tendulkar-in-ISL/articleshow/40469918.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The team's first fixture on 13 October, in which James played, resulted in a 1–0 defeat at [[NorthEast United]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ganguily|first1=Abhishek|title=ISL: NorthEast United ride high on Koke, beat Kerala Blasters 1–0|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ISL-NorthEast-United-ride-high-on-Koke-beat-Kerala-Blasters-1-0/articleshow/44808993.cms|access-date=16 October 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 October 2014|archive-date=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015094909/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ISL-NorthEast-United-ride-high-on-Koke-beat-Kerala-Blasters-1-0/articleshow/44808993.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His team eventually became the runners up in the inaugural ISL tournament by losing to [[Atletico de Kolkata]] 1–0 in the finals.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2014-12-19|title=ISL 2014 Final: Kerala Blasters FC star David James expects tense clash against Atletico de Kolkata|url=https://www.india.com/sports/isl-2014-final-kerala-blasters-fc-star-david-james-expects-tense-clash-against-atletico-de-kolkata-226952/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105184916/http://www.india.com/sports/isl-2014-final-kerala-blasters-fc-star-david-james-expects-tense-clash-against-atletico-de-kolkata-226952/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Verschueren|first=Gianni|title=Indian Super League 2014 Final: Kerala vs. Kolkata Score, Report, Reaction|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2306017-indian-super-league-2014-final-kerala-vs-kolkata-score-report-reaction|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Bleacher Report|language=en|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710153332/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2306017-indian-super-league-2014-final-kerala-vs-kolkata-score-report-reaction|url-status=live}}</ref> James retired at the end of the season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Blasters welcomes David James as Head Coach|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/kerala-blasters-welcomes-david-james-as-head-coach|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Indian Super League|date=3 April 2018 |language=en|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710153302/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/kerala-blasters-welcomes-david-james-as-head-coach|url-status=live}}</ref>

== International career ==
=== Youth career and early senior career ===
After making one [[England national under-21 football team|England under-21]] appearance whilst at Watford, James made his full debut for [[Glenn Hoddle]]'s England in a [[friendly match|friendly]] against [[Mexico national football team|Mexico]] on 29 March 1997 when he was a Liverpool player. He kept his first international clean sheet as England beat Mexico 2–0 with goals from [[Teddy Sheringham]] and James' Liverpool teammate [[Robbie Fowler]]. He was in the provisional 28-man squad for [[Euro 2000]] before missing the final cut.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/may/22/newsstory.sport5|title=Euro 2000 provisional squads|work=The Guardian|date=22 May 2000|access-date=9 November 2013|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104806/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/may/22/newsstory.sport5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/euro2000/teams/england/772145.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031030556/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/euro2000/teams/england/772145.stm |archive-date=31 October 2019 |title=Keegan names Euro 2000 squad |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=1 June 2000 |access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref>

James is the only black goalkeeper to represent England as a full international.<ref name=black>{{cite news |last1=Scott |first1=Matt |title=David James, England's first black goalkeeper, pours scorn on FA's stance in John Terry racism scandal |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/chelsea/9603671/David-James-Englands-first-black-goalkeeper-pours-scorn-on-FAs-stance-in-John-Terry-racism-scandal.html |access-date=22 September 2019 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=12 October 2012 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922155329/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/chelsea/9603671/David-James-Englands-first-black-goalkeeper-pours-scorn-on-FAs-stance-in-John-Terry-racism-scandal.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Years of rotation and Euro 2004 ===
James was selected by [[Sven-Göran Eriksson]] for his 23-man squad for the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]]. He was third choice behind [[David Seaman]] and [[Nigel Martyn]], as the veteran Arsenal goalkeeper played in all five of England's games.

For several years he had to play understudy to England's regular keeper, David Seaman. When Seaman was dropped after making a mistake against [[Republic of Macedonia national football team|Macedonia]] in 2002, James became the new England number one. He retained his place in the England team even after West Ham's relegation to the [[Football League First Division|First Division]] in 2003, and was the only player from outside the top flight to win an England cap between 1999 ([[Michael Gray (footballer)|Michael Gray]]) and 2007 ([[David Nugent]]). He went on to play in all of England's matches at [[2004 UEFA European Football Championship|Euro 2004]].

James was dropped from the starting XI, his place being taken by Tottenham's [[Paul Robinson (footballer, born 1979)|Paul Robinson]]. James came on as a half-time substitute and conceded all four goals in the 4–1 drubbing England suffered at the hands of [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]] during a friendly on 17 August 2005 – their worst defeat in 25 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/4154680.stm |title=BBC SPORT | Football | Internationals | Denmark 4–1 England |work=BBC News |date=2005-08-17 |access-date=2013-06-08 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906231541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/4154680.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> James still remained part of the England squad, and was selected as the second-choice goalkeeper behind Robinson for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]] in Germany, though he did not play.

Along with fellow veterans [[David Beckham]] and [[Sol Campbell]], James was dropped from the England squad at the start of [[Steve McClaren]]'s reign and was not called up during the [[2006–07 in English football|2006–07 season]]. He was recalled for the friendly with [[Germany national football team|Germany]] on 22 August 2007, over a year since first being omitted. James played the whole of the second half of England's 2–1 defeat to Germany as a substitute for Robinson. In so doing, he became the first Portsmouth player to play for the senior England team since [[Mark Hateley]] in 1984. However, [[Scott Carson]] was chosen ahead of both James and Robinson for the decisive Euro 2008 qualifier against Croatia on 21 November 2007. England lost the match 2-3, partly due to a fumble by Carson, which gifted Croatia the game's opening goal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/7103110.stm|title=England 2-3 Croatia|date=21 November 2007|first=Jonathan|last=Stevenson|publisher=BBC|access-date=6 February 2020|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612224702/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/7103110.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Following England's failure to qualify for [[UEFA Euro 2008|Euro 2008]] McClaren was sacked as England manager and replaced by [[Fabio Capello]]. James was subsequently critical of McClaren's treatment of England's goalkeepers.<ref>''[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/7111829.stm Keeper James hits out at McClaren] '' BBC Sport, 25 November 2007</ref>

=== 2010 World Cup cycle ===
On 7 February 2008, James was selected as goalkeeper for Capello's first match in charge, a friendly against [[Switzerland national football team|Switzerland]]. It was his first start for England since a friendly with [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]] in May 2005.<ref>''[http://www.thefa.com/England/SeniorTeam/Archive/default.htm?i=5088&pf=p&searchname=ja&ap=p&t=m England Senior Team Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030003547/http://www.thefa.com/England/SeniorTeam/Archive/default.htm?i=5088&pf=p&searchname=ja&ap=p&t=m |date=30 October 2017 }}'' TheFA.com</ref> James firmly re-established himself as England's first choice goalkeeper, starting in each of Capello's first 13 games in charge. Persistent injury problems over the following year left James' hopes of retaining the No. 1 spot for the [[2010 World Cup]] in doubt, with Capello stating he would only consider players who were 100% fit for his squad.<ref>''[https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/latest/2009/11/16/capello-warning-to-james-115875-21825553/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122161436/http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/latest/2009/11/16/capello-warning-to-james-115875-21825553/|date=22 January 2011}}''</ref> After the [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|World Cup qualifier]] against [[Ukraine national football team|Ukraine]] on 1 April 2009, James did not start a match for England until the final friendly before the World Cup against [[Japan national football team|Japan]] on 30 May 2010.<ref>''[https://archive.today/20120714121600/http://thefa.com/England/MensSeniorTeam/Results.aspx]''.</ref>

Prior to the tournament, James was backed to reclaim the number one shirt by former England goalkeepers [[Gordon Banks]]<ref>''[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/may/19/david-james-world-cup-gordon-banks David James should start for England at World Cup, says Gordon Banks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108014242/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/may/19/david-james-world-cup-gordon-banks |date=8 January 2016 }}'' guardian.co.uk, 19 May 2010</ref> and [[David Seaman]].<ref>''[http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/opinion/blogs/mirror-football-blog/David-Seaman-exclusive-Why-David-James-must-be-England-s-World-Cup-goalkeeper-The-Big-Interview-article241899.html David Seaman exclusive: Why David James must be England's World Cup goalkeeper – The Big Interview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205042000/http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/opinion/blogs/mirror-football-blog/David-Seaman-exclusive-Why-David-James-must-be-England-s-World-Cup-goalkeeper-The-Big-Interview-article241899.html |date=5 December 2009 }}'' mirrorfootball.co.uk, 12 March 2010</ref>

On 3 June 2010, it was confirmed that James would be travelling to the [[2010 FIFA World Cup|World Cup Finals]] in South Africa, and would be allocated the number 1 jersey. He was the oldest footballer in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.stv.tv/fifa-world-cup/180776-world-cup-squads-the-story-of-the-stats |title=World Cup squads: The story of the stats |publisher=Sport.stv.tv |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=10 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007210159/http://sport.stv.tv/fifa-world-cup/180776-world-cup-squads-the-story-of-the-stats/ |archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> James was not selected for the first game of the World Cup against the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]], with [[Robert Green]] instead starting in the England goal. However, Green made an error that allowed [[Clint Dempsey]] to score an equaliser that resulted in the game being drawn.<ref>{{cite news |author=Phil McNulty |title=England 1–1 USA |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_05/default.stm |publisher=BBC |date=12 June 2010 |access-date=13 June 2010 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610182750/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_05 |url-status=live }}</ref> James returned to the starting line-up in the next game, keeping a clean sheet against [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]] on 18 June 2010. In doing so James became the oldest ever World Cup debutant at 39 years and 321 days old.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/140/world-cup-2010/2010/07/02/2004616/world-cup-2010-david-james-is-oldest-debutant-david-villa |title=DONT PUBLISH: World Cup 2010: David James Is Oldest Debutant; David Villa Overtakes Thierry Henry |publisher=Goal.com |date=2010-07-02 |access-date=2013-10-26 |archive-date=3 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303103937/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/140/world-cup-2010/2010/07/02/2004616/world-cup-2010-david-james-is-oldest-debutant-david-villa |url-status=live }}</ref> Five days later, he kept another clean sheet as England won against [[Slovenia national football team|Slovenia]] 1–0 to ensure that they would reach the last 16, although they finished second in Group C behind the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=Slovenia 0-1 England – World Cup 2010 match report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jun/23/slovenia-england-world-cup-match-report |access-date=21 December 2022 |work=the Guardian |date=23 June 2010 |language=en}}</ref> They were eliminated in the following round after a [[Germany v England (2010)|4–1 defeat to Germany]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany 4-1 England – World Cup 2010 match report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jun/27/germany-england-world-cup-2010 |access-date=21 December 2022 |work=the Guardian |date=27 June 2010 |language=en}}</ref>

== Style of play ==

James was an aggressive and imposing goalkeeper, who was known for his excellent shot-stopping ability and ability to produce long throws, as well as his professionalism, leadership, and ability to organise his defence; however, he also came under criticism in the media for his perceived poor decision–making and distribution with his feet, although he was able to improve upon this aspect of his game as his career progressed. His ability to claim crosses was also cited as a weakness in his gameplay. His inconsistency and error–prone performances led to him being nicknamed "[[Calamity James]]" in the media. In his youth, his role model was Italian goalkeeper [[Dino Zoff]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportbible.com/football/53021-best-england-goalkeepers-of-all-time-20210708 |title=The 10 Best England Goalkeepers Of All Time, Ranked |publisher=SPORTbible |last1=Vandervell |first1=Andy |date=11 July 2021 |access-date=21 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/2178966/the-return-of-calamity-james |title=THE RETURN OF CALAMITY JAMES? |work=Sky Sports |access-date=21 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BBC - Phil McNulty: Can James answer England call? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/philmcnulty/2009/10/can_james_answer_england_call.html |access-date=21 December 2022 |work=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=World Cup 2010: David James brings sure touch to ragged England ranks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jun/18/david-james-england-world-cup-2010 |access-date=21 December 2022 |work=the Guardian |date=18 June 2010 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=James, Barnes and 8 others to play for both LFC and Watford |url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/first-team/294307-liverpool-watford-switching-sides |access-date=21 December 2022 |work=Liverpool FC|date=16 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=David James |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/2002/world_cup_2002/england/newsid_1977000/1977904.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=21 December 2022 |date=24 May 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dickinson |first1=Matt |title=Fabio Capello appears sceptical about claims of all three candidates as goalkeeping debate rumbles on |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/fabio-capello-appears-sceptical-about-claims-of-all-three-candidates-as-goalkeeping-debate-rumbles-on-3zl5w8f0qbx |access-date=21 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> James was also known for his penalty-stopping abilities.<ref name="best penalty savers in Premier League history"/>

== Coaching career ==
Commenting on the comparatively low numbers of black players who become managers in English football, James said in 2012 that "I struggle with the racist issue in football because I don't see it, and that's not because I've got my head in the sand. In the earlier days, yes, but the game's changed...If you don't want to go, an [''sic''] moan about not getting jobs, well, probably because you haven't been on the course is the reason why you haven't got a job."<ref name=black/>

=== ÍBV ===
James served as a player-coach for manager [[Hermann Hreiðarsson]] at [[ÍBV men's football|ÍBV]] in the Icelandic [[Úrvalsdeild karla (football)|Úrvalsdeild karla]] during the [[2013 Úrvalsdeild|2013 season]].

=== Luton Town ===
Following his stint at ÍBV, James joined [[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town]] in October 2013 in a coaching capacity in order to gain experience towards a [[UEFA]] A-licence qualification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lutontown.co.uk/news/article/david-james-2510-1135236.aspx |title=James on Luton |publisher=Luton Town F.C. |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020907/http://www.lutontown.co.uk/news/article/david-james-2510-1135236.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Kerala Blasters ===
James was the player-manager of [[Kerala Blasters FC]] in the [[Indian Super League]] [[2014 Indian Super League|2014 season]].<ref name="KB"/> Utilising a distinctly British identity, signing players such as [[Stephen Pearson]] and [[Michael Chopra]], he took them to the ISL playoffs at the first attempt, after a 4th-place finish in the league phase. In the playoffs, extra time was needed to see off [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] 4–3 on aggregate, taking James and Kerala Blasters to the [[2014 Indian Super League final]], only to lose 1–0 to [[Atlético de Kolkata]]. James left the club at the end of his contract.

James returned to the helm of the club as their head coach a day after the sacking of [[Rene Meulensteen]] on 3 January 2018, following a string of poor performances.<ref name="auto"/> He set about rebuilding the side in the January transfer window, releasing [[Mark Sifneos]] and signing [[Iceland national football team|Iceland]] international midfielder [[Guðjón Baldvinsson]] on loan from [[Stjarnan]], along with appointing former [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] teammate [[Hermann Hreiðarsson]] as his assistant. Despite overseeing a turnaround in form, he could only guide the Blasters to 6th place at the end the [[2017–18 Indian Super League]] season, missing out on the play-offs.

The club started the [[2018–19 Indian Super League]] season with a victory, beating [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] 2–0 at [[Salt Lake Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2018-19-david-james-faces-managerial-test-as-defence-heavy-kerala-blasters-look-to-go-all-the-way-5283651.html|title=ISL 2018-19: David James faces managerial test as defence-heavy Kerala Blasters look to go all the way - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=28 September 2018 |access-date=2018-09-29|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929194541/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2018-19-david-james-faces-managerial-test-as-defence-heavy-kerala-blasters-look-to-go-all-the-way-5283651.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/atk-vs-kerala-blasters-football-live-streaming-isl-2018-football-live-score-streaming-5379434/|title=ISL 2018 Highlights: Kerala Blasters begin campaign by beating ATK 2-0 in Kolkata|date=2018-09-29|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-09-29|language=en-US|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929200142/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/atk-vs-kerala-blasters-football-live-streaming-isl-2018-football-live-score-streaming-5379434/|url-status=live}}</ref> However this was followed by an 11-match winless run, which resulted in James' sacking in December 2018<ref name="Goal"/>

=== Þróttur Vogum ===
In July 2020, James served as an assistant coach to [[Hermann Hreiðarsson]] with Icelandic club [[Þróttur Vogum]] for one game.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Guðmundur Aðalsteinn Ásgeirsson |title=David James flýgur frá Íslandi með sigurleik á bakinu |url=https://www.fotbolti.net/news/18-07-2020/david-james-flygur-fra-islandi-med-sigurleik-a-bakinu |access-date=18 July 2020 |work=[[Fótbolti.net]] |date=18 July 2020 |language=is |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718211247/https://www.fotbolti.net/news/18-07-2020/david-james-flygur-fra-islandi-med-sigurleik-a-bakinu |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:David Jamesgoalkeeper2.jpg|upright|thumb|James in 2005]]
James was brought up in [[Welwyn Garden City]], attending the Sir Frederic Osborn School.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/jun/10/ethicalliving.lifeandhealth2 | title=Saving the planet | access-date=18 August 2007 | work=The Guardian | location=London | first=Lucy | last=Siegle | date=10 June 2007 | archive-date=17 August 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817123108/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,,2097416,00.html | url-status=live }}</ref> He is of mixed Jamaican and English descent, and spent part of his childhood in Jamaica.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/may/22/newsstory.sport3|title=Interview: Paula Cocozza meets David James|first=Paula|last=Cocozza|date=22 May 2004|website=The Guardian|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232227/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/may/22/newsstory.sport3|url-status=live}}</ref> He has four children with his former wife Tanya,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/david-james-new-goal-in-life-that-nearly-made-me-give-up-the-game-417295.html |title=David James: New goal in life that 'nearly made me give up the game' |work=Independent |date=24 September 2006 |access-date=20 June 2010 |location=London |archive-date=1 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301081045/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/david-james-new-goal-in-life-that-nearly-made-me-give-up-the-game-417295.html |url-status=live }}</ref> whom he divorced in 2005, and as of June 2007 lived in [[Chudleigh]], [[Devon]] with his partner, Amanda Salmon.<ref>{{cite news |author=Lucy Siegle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/jun/10/ethicalliving.lifeandhealth2 |title=Saving the planet: David James | Environment | The Observer |newspaper=Guardian |date=10 June 2007 |access-date=2013-06-08 |location=London |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305124438/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/jun/10/ethicalliving.lifeandhealth2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

James has gained attention for modelling assignments, first with [[Giorgio Armani]] in 1995,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-08/02/content_6465890.htm| title=Armani decks out Chelsea stars| access-date=18 August 2007| archive-date=4 March 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040328/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-08/02/content_6465890.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> and with [[H&M]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hellomagazine.com/fashion/2005/03/29/footballerfashion/ |title=Fit footballers score in sexy fashion ads |access-date=18 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180438/http://www.hellomagazine.com/fashion/2005/03/29/footballerfashion/ |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref>

James was known for experimenting with his hairstyle. In May 2007, a "Who Ate All the Pies" column ridiculed him, among David Beckham and others,<ref>{{cite web|title=Pies ridicules hair: Beckham, James, et al|url=http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/category/horror_hair/page/10|access-date=20 April 2013|archive-date=5 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405042802/http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/category/horror_hair/page/10|url-status=usurped}}</ref> for "backcombed efforts",<ref>{{cite news|title=James photo Nov 2006|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/6185270.stm|access-date=20 April 2013|work=BBC News|date=26 November 2006|archive-date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114125935/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/6185270.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and likened a previous November 2006 cut to fictional character [[Clark Kent]],<ref>{{cite web|title=James like Clark Kent|url=http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/horror_hair/1040/horror_hair_dav.html|access-date=20 April 2013|archive-date=19 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015509/http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/horror_hair/1040/horror_hair_dav.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref> both captured by BBC ''[[Match of the Day]]''.

During the 2003 off-season, James was a guest at the training camp of [[American football]] team the [[Miami Dolphins]], where he studied their training and conditioning methods.<ref>{{cite news|title=David James visits NFL camp |url=http://www.nfluk.com/features-display.php?id=142 |publisher=NFLUK.com |access-date=29 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927022634/http://www.nfluk.com/features-display.php?id=142 |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref>

James was a 20-a-day smoker during his early career, having taken up the habit while sidelined with injury at the age of 15 and quit for the new millennium. He fronted an anti-smoking campaign in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last1=James |first1=David |title=It's time for the whole game to stub out my filthy habit |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/mar/16/sport.comment4 |access-date=22 September 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=16 March 2008 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922154818/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/mar/16/sport.comment4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Charity work ===
In 2005, James visited the south eastern African nation of [[Malawi]] to help raise [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] awareness.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article597684.ece | title=So much for the image of lazy, rich players as Farmer James cultivates new talent in Malawi | access-date=18 August 2007 | location=London | work=The Times | first=Matt | last=Dickinson | date=29 November 2005 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> He subsequently set up the David James Foundation in order to help [[maize]] farmers in Malawi develop more efficient production techniques.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djf.org.uk/index.php?page=what-we-do |title=What We Do |publisher=David James Foundation |access-date=2013-10-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807150143/http://www.djf.org.uk/index.php?page=what-we-do |archive-date=7 August 2013 }}</ref> The foundation also aims to give teenagers the skills, such as mechanical and construction skills, needed to go out and work. James has also made connections with [[West Exe Technology College]], [[Exeter]]. This college has brought to his attention the Malawian charity, Friends of Mulanje Orphans.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.davidjamesfoundation.org.uk/index.asp |title=David James Foundation |access-date=26 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009052018/http://www.davidjamesfoundation.org.uk/index.asp |archive-date=9 October 2007 }}</ref> The foundation funds the David James Foundation Scholarship at the [[University of Westminster]], which funds a student from Malawi to study for a [[master's degree]] at Westminster.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.davidjamesfoundation.org.uk/news.asp?id=1 |title=DJF secures Malawi scholarship at University of Westminster |publisher=David James Foundation |access-date=9 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009052042/http://www.davidjamesfoundation.org.uk/news.asp?id=1 |archive-date=9 October 2007}}</ref> The charity has been supported by the [[Institution of Chemical Engineers]] (IChemE).<ref name="chem">[http://cms.icheme.org/mainwebsite/general-barafc3d75d.aspx?map=60fe13a7d7c59bce19cbb030d60f127e FA Cup winner unites with chemical engineers to tackle poverty]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – icheme.org, 22 May 2008, Retrieved on 29 November 2008</ref> James is also a global ambassador for the [[Special Olympics]] and works with Access Sport to provide sports provision in deprived areas of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/observer/ethicalawards/story/0,,1988340,00.html|title=Ethical awards 2008: David James|newspaper=The Observer|date=14 January 2007|access-date=9 March 2008|location=London|archive-date=12 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312133545/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/ethicalawards/story/0,,1988340,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Portsmouth |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/portsmouth/4615380/David-James-earns-big-hand-for-longevity.html |title=David James earns big hand for longevity |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |date=13 February 2009 |access-date=2013-10-26 |location=London |archive-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211728/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/portsmouth/4615380/David-James-earns-big-hand-for-longevity.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2024, James played for AFC Hutwood against Madeinheath United in the City of Southampton Sunday Football League Division One as a goodwill gesture after the club donated a number of football boots to the Football Rebooted charity of which he was an ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Former England international David James stuns local Eastleigh side with match winner |url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/former-england-international-david-james-104352188.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-GB}}</ref> He played the first half in goal and the second half outfield, scoring the winner with a [[Free kick (association football)|free kick]] in a 2–1 victory.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2024 |title=James scores winner in Sunday League match |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/68597860 |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Art and writing ===
James is an artist, and has auctioned several of his paintings for charity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/ex-england-goalkeeper-david-james-9234022|title=Ex-England goalkeeper David James is a fine artist - and he's auctioning this iconic image off for charity|first=Mike|last=Walters|website=[[Daily Mirror]] |date=10 November 2016|access-date=24 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325105825/https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/ex-england-goalkeeper-david-james-9234022|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the featured painter in episode three of the fourth series of ''[[Extraordinary Portraits]]'', when he painted [[Gill Sayell]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Trailblazer' for women's football in England painted by David James |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cd0nz8m59g3o |access-date=27 February 2025 |work=BBC Sport |date=22 February 2025}}</ref> James also illustrated the children's book ''Harry's Magic Pockets: The Circus'' written by his friend, Steve Pearson.<ref>{{cite news |title=Circus star James |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/circus-star-james-656924 |work=Daily Mirror |date=28 September 2008 |access-date=12 October 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516091720/http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/circus-star-james-656924 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He writes a regular column for ''[[The Observer]]'' newspaper, and donates his article fee to charity.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/davidjames | title=The Guardian – David James profile | newspaper=The Observer | access-date=18 April 2010 | location=London | date=30 November 2007 | archive-date=11 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111015815/http://www.theguardian.com/profile/davidjames | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Bankruptcy ===
In May 2014, James was declared [[Bankruptcy|bankrupt]]. Despite earning an estimated £20m from his footballing career, owning several properties and having a lucrative contract modeling for Armani, James' debts had built up since his divorce from his wife, Tanya, in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/10835644/Former-England-footballer-David-James-declares-himself-bankrupt.html|title=Former England footballer David James declares himself bankrupt|work=Daily Telegraph|date=16 May 2014|access-date=16 May 2014|author=Caldwell, Kyle|archive-date=16 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516134459/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/fameandfortune/10835644/Former-England-footballer-David-James-declares-himself-bankrupt.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2014, James placed for sale hundreds of items of football [[memorabilia]] collected during his career, to pay off the debts. Items included 150 signed shirts, shorts and match balls as well as his customised [[Vauxhall Astra]] van and [[Raleigh Chopper]] bikes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-29895649|title=Bankrupt goalkeeper David James auctions football memorabilia|work=BBC News|date=4 November 2014|access-date=4 November 2014|archive-date=5 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105100646/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-29895649|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Keeper David James: Football memorabilia sold off|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-30109281|work=BBC News|access-date=19 November 2014|date=19 November 2014|archive-date=19 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119074959/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-30109281|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Media career ==
===Football broadcasting===
Shortly before [[UEFA Euro 2012|Euro 2012]], James presented a [[BBC]] programme entitled ''Euro's Most Shocking Moments'' alongside [[Richard Bacon (broadcaster)|Richard Bacon]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Euro's most shocking moments|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01j73yq|access-date=20 April 2013|archive-date=25 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525004703/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01j73yq|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also a pundit for the channel at the tournament in Poland and Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murray |first1=Scott |title=Euro 2012: Dismal coverage means BBC is slipping below ITV's standards |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2012/jun/11/euro-2012-bbc-worse-than-itv |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=11 June 2012}}</ref>

James was one of [[BT Sport]]'s first pundits in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McKenna |first1=Kevin |title=BT Sport kicks off the season with stars, glamour, Ray Stubbs and a toaster |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/aug/18/bt-sport-stars-glamour-stubbs |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=The Observer |date=17 August 2013}}</ref> James worked as a pundit for [[Eurosport]] at the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], and for India's [[Sony Ten]] at the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunil Chhetri on Sony panel for Football Extraaa |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/2018-fifa-world-cup-sunil-chhetri-on-sony-panel-for-football-extraaa-1502646174.html |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=The Statesman |date=8 June 2018}}</ref> On 6 June 2021, James presented ''Football Scores with David James'' on classical music radio station [[Scala Radio]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2021/06/david-james-to-host-football-scores-at-scala-radio/|title=David James to host Football Scores at Scala Radio|publisher=Radio Today|date=2 June 2021|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626195227/https://radiotoday.co.uk/2021/06/david-james-to-host-football-scores-at-scala-radio/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Contests and game shows===
James was a contestant on the [[Strictly Come Dancing (series 17)|seventeenth series]] of ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/hulk|title=David James MBE is the first contestant confirmed or Strictly Come Dancing 2019|publisher=BBC|date=31 July 2019|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806074438/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/hulk|url-status=live}}</ref> He was partnered with [[Nadiya Bychkova]] and was the fourth celebrity to be eliminated after a dance-off with [[Mike Bushell]] and [[Katya Jones]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yeates |first1=Cydney |title=Strictly Come Dancing's David James becomes fourth celebrity to be evicted |url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/10/20/strictly-come-dancings-david-james-becomes-fourth-celebrity-to-be-evicted-10950311/ |access-date=21 October 2019 |work=Metro |date=20 October 2019 |archive-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021004532/https://metro.co.uk/2019/10/20/strictly-come-dancings-david-james-becomes-fourth-celebrity-to-be-evicted-10950311/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

James has been a guest on television game shows, including [[Countdown (game show)|''Countdown'']] (2016),<ref>{{cite news |title=Jamo stars on Countdown |url=https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/football/jamo-stars-countdown-1218609 |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=The News |date=25 August 2016}}</ref> ''[[Go 8 Bit]]'' (2016),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Eames |first1=Tom |title=Exclusive: David James battles it out with Tekken on Dara Ó Briain's new game show Go 8 Bit |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a806280/exclusive-david-james-battles-it-out-with-tekken-on-dara-o-briains-new-game-show-go-8-bit/ |access-date=28 January 2022 |date=30 August 2016}}</ref> ''[[House of Games|Richard Osman's House of Games]]'' (2020),<ref>{{cite news |title=Richard Osman's House of Games: David James, Rhys James, Denise Lewis and Isy Suttie (3/5) / BBC Two 25 Nov 2020 |url=https://uktvscene.com/richard-osmans-house-of-games-david-james-rhys-james-denise-lewis-and-isy-suttie-3-5-bbc-two-25-nov-2020/ |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=UK TV Scene |date=25 November 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128180447/https://uktvscene.com/richard-osmans-house-of-games-david-james-rhys-james-denise-lewis-and-isy-suttie-3-5-bbc-two-25-nov-2020/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Catchphrase (British game show)|''Celebrity Catchphrase'']] (2021),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wiggins |first1=Dan |title=Celebrity Catchphrase: David James' unusual career after football and his path back from bankruptcy |url=https://www.mylondon.news/whats-on/whats-on-news/celebrity-catchphrase-david-james-unusual-21474976 |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=My London |date=4 September 2021}}</ref> ''[[Taskmaster (TV series)|Taskmaster]]'' (2024)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Molander |first1=Joe |title=Martin Lewis, David James and Hannah Fry on line-up for Taskmaster's New Year Treat |url=https://rts.org.uk/article/martin-lewis-david-james-and-hannah-fry-line-taskmaster-s-new-year-treat |access-date=20 October 2025 |publisher=Royal Television Society |date=21 November 2024}}</ref> and ''[[Beat the Chasers]]'' (2024).<ref>{{cite web |title=Beat the Chasers – Celebrity Special |url=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/ep8weekweek-19-2024-sat-04-may-fri-10-may/beat-chasers-celebrity-special |publisher=ITV |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

In March 2021, James won £1,250 for a homeless people's charity on ''[[Pointless Celebrities]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barrow |first1=Georgia |title=Former England footballer brings home Pointless jackpot for Feed Up Warm Up |url=https://www.thecomet.net/news/pointless-celebrities-feed-up-warm-up-7857704 |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=The Comet |date=30 March 2021}}</ref> In 2022, James competed on ''[[Celebrity Mastermind]]'' with his specialist subject being the artist [[Roy Lichtenstein]].<ref>{{cite news |title=BBC One's Celebrity Mastermind 2022 line up revealed |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/celebrity-mastermind-lineup-revealed |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=BBC |date=26 January 2022}}</ref> In that same year he appeared on a [[Soccer Aid]] edition of ''[[The Chase (UK game show)|The Chase: Celebrity Special]]'', breaking the celebrity record for most questions answered during the cash-builder segment of the show.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Everett |first=Charlotte |date=2022-06-11 |title=The Chase's Bradley Walsh bowled over as David James makes history on show |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/chases-bradley-walsh-bowled-over-27206167 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=mirror |language=en}}</ref> He made another appearance on ''The Chase: Celebrity Special'' in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2023 |title=The Chase Celebrity Special Series 12 Episode 10 |url=https://twitter.com/ITVXhelp/status/1657709286359719936 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516095802/https://www.itv.com/watch/the-chase-celebrity-special/2a1400/2a1400a0134 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |website=ITVX}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=131&b=true&pn=David_James |title=JAMES (David James) – Portsmouth and England |publisher=Footballdatabase.com |access-date=20 May 2009 |archive-date=7 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207193905/http://footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=131&b=true&pn=David_James |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=3869 |title=David James Career Stats |publisher=Soccerbase |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=28 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205181940/http://www.soccerbase.com/players_details.sd?playerid=3869 |archive-date=5 February 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/PlayerProfile/0,,12306~5495~2009,00.html |title=David James Career Stats (2) |publisher=Premier League |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=28 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524160219/http://www.premierleague.com/page/PlayerProfile/0%2C%2C12306~5495~2009%2C00.html |archive-date=24 May 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksi.is/mot/motalisti/felagsmadur/?pLeikmadurNr=289458&pListi=5|title=David Benjamin James|publisher=[[KSÍ|ksi.is]]|access-date=5 May 2013|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714130026/http://www.ksi.is/mot/motalisti/felagsmadur/?pLeikmadurNr=289458&pListi=5|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National Cup{{efn|Includes [[FA Cup]], [[Icelandic Men's Football Cup|Icelandic Cup]]}}
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Watford F.C.|Watford]]
|[[1990–91 Watford F.C. season|1990–91]]
|[[Football League Second Division|Second Division]]
|46||0||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||49||0
|-
|[[1991–92 Watford F.C. season|1991–92]]
|Second Division
|43||0||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|—||1{{efn|name=FMC|Appearances in [[Full Members' Cup]]}}||0||49||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!89!!0!!2!!0!!6!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!1!!0!!98!!0
|-
|rowspan="8"|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]
|[[1992–93 Liverpool F.C. season|1992–93]]
|[[Premier League]]
|29||0||0||0||1||0||1{{efn|name=ECWC|Appearances in [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||31||0
|-
|[[1993–94 Liverpool F.C. season|1993–94]]
|Premier League
|14||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||14||0
|-
|[[1994–95 Liverpool F.C. season|1994–95]]
|Premier League
|42||0||7||0||8||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||57||0
|-
|[[1995–96 Liverpool F.C. season|1995–96]]
|Premier League
|38||0||7||0||4||0||4{{efn|name=UC|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||53||0
|-
|[[1996–97 Liverpool F.C. season|1996–97]]
|Premier League
|38||0||2||0||4||0||8{{efn|name=ECWC}}||0||colspan="2"|—||52||0
|-
|[[1997–98 Liverpool F.C. season|1997–98]]
|Premier League
|27||0||1||0||5||0||4{{efn|name=UC}}||0||colspan="2"|—||37||0
|-
|[[1998–99 Liverpool F.C. season|1998–99]]
|Premier League
|26||0||2||0||0||0||5{{efn|name=UC}}||0||colspan="2"|—||33||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!214!!0!!19!!0!!22!!0!!22!!0!!colspan=2|—!!277!!0
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
|[[1999–2000 Aston Villa F.C. season|1999–2000]]
|Premier League
|29||0||5||0||5||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||39||0
|-
|[[2000–01 Aston Villa F.C. season|2000–01]]
|Premier League
|38||0||3||0||1||0||4{{efn|name=UIC|Appearances in [[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||46||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!67!!0!!8!!0!!6!!0!!4!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!85!!0
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]
|[[2001–02 West Ham United F.C. season|2001–02]]
|Premier League
|26||0||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||29||0
|-
|[[2002–03 West Ham United F.C. season|2002–03]]
|Premier League
|38||0||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||42||0
|-
|[[2003–04 West Ham United F.C. season|2003–04]]
|[[Football League Championship|Championship]]
|27||0||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||31||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!91!!0!!6!!0!!5!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!102!!0
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
|[[2003–04 Manchester City F.C. season|2003–04]]
|Premier League
|17||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||17||0
|-
|[[2004–05 Manchester City F.C. season|2004–05]]
|Premier League
|38||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||39||0
|-
|[[2005–06 Manchester City F.C. season|2005–06]]
|Premier League
|38||0||5||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||44||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!93!!0!!6!!0!!1!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!100!!0
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]
|[[2006–07 Portsmouth F.C. season|2006–07]]
|Premier League
|38||0||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||41||0
|-
|[[2007–08 Portsmouth F.C. season|2007–08]]
|Premier League
|35||0||6||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||42||0
|-
|[[2008–09 Portsmouth F.C. season|2008–09]]
|Premier League
|36||0||3||0||1||0||5{{efn|name=UC}}||0||1{{efn|name=CS|Appearance in [[FA Community Shield]]}}||0||46||0
|-
|[[2009–10 Portsmouth F.C. season|2009–10]]
|Premier League
|25||0||4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||29||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!134!!0!!15!!0!!3!!0!!5!!0!!1!!0!!158!!0
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Bristol City F.C.|Bristol City]]
|[[2010–11 Bristol City F.C. season|2010–11]]
|Championship
|45||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||46||0
|-
|[[2011–12 Bristol City F.C. season|2011–12]]
|Championship
|36||0||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||38||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!81!!0!!2!!0!!1!!0!!colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—!!84!!0
|-
|[[AFC Bournemouth]]
|[[2012–13 AFC Bournemouth season|2012–13]]
|[[Football League One|League One]]
|19||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—|||19||0
|-
|[[Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja|ÍBV]]
|[[2013 Úrvalsdeild|2013]]
|[[Úrvalsdeild]]
|17||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||4{{efn|name=UEL|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||23||0
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[2014 Kerala Blasters FC season|2014]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|12||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||12||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!817!!0!!60!!0!!44!!0!!35!!0!!2!!0!!958!!0
|}{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Appearances and goals by national team and year<ref>{{NFT player|2174|name=David James|accessdate=10 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="12"|[[England national football team|England]]
|1997||1||0
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||11||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
|2008||10||0
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
|2010||4||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total!!53!!0
|}

=== Managerial ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Team
!rowspan="2"|Nat
!rowspan="2"|From
!rowspan="2"|To
!colspan="5"|Record
|-
!G!!W!!D!!L!!Win %
|-
|align=left|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|20 August 2014
|align=left|20 December 2014
{{WDL|17|6|4|7}}
|-
|align=left|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|3 January 2018
|align=left|28 December 2018
{{WDL|24|6|9|9}}
|-
!colspan=4|Total
{{WDLtot|41|12|13|16|decimals=2}}
|}

== Honours ==
'''Liverpool'''
*[[Football League Cup]]: [[1994–95 Football League Cup|1994–95]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/liverpool-prevail-in-cup-final-to-savour-1614114.html |title=Liverpool prevail in cup final to savour |first=Glenn |last=Moore |website=The Independent |date=2 April 1995 |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>

'''Portsmouth'''
*[[FA Cup]]: [[2007–08 FA Cup|2007–08]];<ref name=SW>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/david-james/173/|title=D. James|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=3 January 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305084355/http://int.soccerway.com/players/david-james/173/|url-status=live}}</ref> runner-up: [[2009–10 FA Cup|2009–10]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=McNulty |first1=Phil |title=Chelsea 1–0 Portsmouth |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/fa_cup/8680493.stm |website=BBC Sport |access-date=15 May 2010 |date=15 May 2010}}</ref>

'''AFC Bournemouth'''
*[[Football League One]] runner-up: [[2012–13 Football League One|2012–13]]

'''Kerela Blasters'''
*[[Indian Super League]] runner-up: [[2014 Indian Super League|2014]]

'''Individual'''
*[[Toulon Tournament]] Best Goalkeeper: 1991<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurosport.com/football/youths-descend-on-toulon_sto725522/story.shtml|title=Youthful talents convene in Toulon|publisher=Eurosport|date=1 June 2005|access-date=3 January 2016|archive-date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108014242/http://www.eurosport.com/football/youths-descend-on-toulon_sto725522/story.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[PFA Team of the Year]]: [[PFA Team of the Year (1990s)#Second Division 3|1991–92 Second Division]],<ref name=Lynch149>{{cite book |last=Lynch |title=The Official P.F.A. Footballers Heroes |page=149}}</ref> [[PFA Team of the Year (1990s)#Premier League 7|1995–96 Premier League]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Barry J. |editor-last=Hugman |title=The 1996–97 Official PFA Footballers Factfile |year=1996 |publisher=Queen Anne Press |location=Harpenden |isbn=978-1-85291-571-1 |page=285}}</ref> [[PFA Team of the Year (2000s)#Premier League 9|2007–08 Premier League]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/7370319.stm |title=Ronaldo named player of the year |website=BBC Sport |date=27 April 2008 |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/24191956.former-england-ace-james-stuns-local-eastleigh-side-match-winner/ |title=Former England ace James stuns local Eastleigh side with match winner |website=Daily Echo |date=18 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of men's footballers with the most official appearances]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{FIFA player}}
* {{UEFA player}}
* {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730222943/http://www.portsmouthfc.co.uk/index.php?cms_ref=squad_players |date=30 July 2008 |title=Player profile at Portsmouth football club}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Soccerbase}}
* {{Englandstats}}
* [http://sporting-heroes.net/football-heroes/searchresults.asp?ButtonLeap=0&countryLinkDescription=+matching+search+results&FootballHeroName=david+james&FootballHeroClubCountry=&FootballHeroDecade=Select+One&SearchButton=Search David James index at Sportingheroes.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134810/http://sporting-heroes.net/football-heroes/searchresults.asp?ButtonLeap=0&countryLinkDescription=+matching+search+results&FootballHeroName=david+james&FootballHeroClubCountry=&FootballHeroDecade=Select+One&SearchButton=Search |date=28 July 2011 }}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football BBC profile]
* {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513105810/http://www.footballdatabase.com/site/players/index.php?dumpPlayer=131 |date=13 May 2006 |title=FootballDatabase provides David James' profile and stats}}
* {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516230624/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/profile?id=7610&cc=5901 |date=16 May 2006 |title=David James profile – ESPN Soccernet}}

{{Navboxes
| title = England squads
| bg = white
| fg = #CF081F
| bordercolor = #0B0B3F
| list1 =
{{England squad 2002 FIFA World Cup}}
{{England squad UEFA Euro 2004}}
{{England squad 2006 FIFA World Cup}}
{{England squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}}
}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards
| bg = gold
| fg = navy
| list1 =
{{1991–92 Football League Second Division PFA Team of the Year}}
{{1995–96 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year}}
{{2007–08 Premier League PFA Team of the Year}}
{{Watford F.C. Player of the Season}}
{{Watford F.C. Hall of Fame}}
{{Portsmouth F.C. Player of the Season}}
{{Portsmouth F.C. Hall of Fame}}
}}
{{Kerala Blasters FC head coaches}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:James, David}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Welwyn Garden City]]
[[Category:English people of Jamaican descent]]
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[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
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Barabanki

2026-03-16T09:36:02Z

Mohitjikumar32: put up new details

{{short description|City in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the municipality in Uttar Pradesh, India|its namesake district|Barabanki district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barabanki
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = Lodheshwar mahadev temple.jpg
| caption1 = [[Lodheshwar Mahadev Mandir]]
| image2 = Building of Tehsildar of Nagar Parishad Nawabganj Barabanki.jpg
| caption2 = [[Nawabganj, Barabanki|Barabanki Municipal Council]]
| image3 = K D Singh Babu Stadium.jpg
| caption3 = [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Barabanki|K D Singh Babu Stadium]]
| image4 = Anand Bhawan School front view.png
| caption4 = Anand Bhawan School
| image5 = Parijat tree 01.jpg
| caption5 = [[Parijaat tree, Kintoor]]
| image6 = NH 28 passing near Basti.jpg
| caption6 = [[National Highway 28 (India)|National Highway 28]]
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.92|N|81.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Awadh]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ayodhya division|Ayodhya]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Barabanki District|Barabanki]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal council]]
| governing_body = Barabanki Municipal Council
| leader_title = [[District Magistrate|District Magistrate and Collector]]
| leader_name = Shashank Tripathi ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 45
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 100
| population_total = 146,831
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 331
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=21 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info3 = 80%
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 225 001
| area_code = 05248
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-41
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|https://barabanki.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Barabanki''' is a city and a [[municipal board]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Barabanki district]] and a part of [[Ayodhya division]]. The city is about 27 kilometres east of [[Lucknow]], the state capital. It has a population of 146,831 with a density of 331.00 per square kilometre (860.0/sq mi).

==History==
{{cleanup|reason=The section uses British Raj Era sources, not considered reliable in Wikipedia|date=April 2022}}
The Barabanki district was first established by the British upon their annexation of [[Oudh State]] in 1856.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Bara Banki: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XLVIII Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=125–8, 162–3 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113235 |access-date=15 April 2021}}</ref> Originally, the district was known as Daryabad district because its headquarters were at [[Dariyabad, Barabanki|Daryabad]], but in 1859 they were relocated to Barabanki.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The name "Barabanki" was chosen for the district's official name over "[[Nawabganj, Barabanki|Nawabganj]]", then the more common name of the town, for two reasons: first, to avoid any possible confusion with other places called Nawabganj, and second, because the civil station was technically located outside of Nawabganj in the small revenue village of Barabanki.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Previously, under the [[Nawabs of Awadh]], the area that would become Barabanki district was divided among five [[Chakla (administrative unit)|chakla]]s: Daryabad-Rudauli, Ramnagar, Dewa-[[Jahangirabad Raj]], Jagdispur, and Haidargarh.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

==Geography==
===Climate===
Barabanki has [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cwa''). The summers here are extremely hot due to proximity to tropics. The temperatures in the summer soar up to 40 to 45 degree celsius. Monsoon last from mid June to mid September. Winters are mild as it has tropical climate. In winters day time temperature rises up to 26 to 29, and at night drop up to 11 degrees.

{{Weather box
| location = Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh (1991–2020, extremes 1989–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 29.0
| Feb record high C = 35.5
| Mar record high C = 40.5
| Apr record high C = 44.5
| May record high C = 45.5
| Jun record high C = 47.0
| Jul record high C = 44.5
| Aug record high C = 38.5
| Sep record high C = 38.4
| Oct record high C = 38.0
| Nov record high C = 35.5
| Dec record high C = 30.5
|year record high C = 47.0
| Jan record low C = 0.8
| Feb record low C = 3.0
| Mar record low C = 7.5
| Apr record low C = 8.7
| May record low C = 15.7
| Jun record low C = 20.3
| Jul record low C = 22.2
| Aug record low C = 20.6
| Sep record low C = 17.5
| Oct record low C = 13.0
| Nov record low C = 6.3
| Dec record low C = 1.6
|year record low C = 0.8
|Jan high C = 20.9
|Feb high C = 25.8
|Mar high C = 31.8
|Apr high C = 37.6
|May high C = 38.9
|Jun high C = 37.3
|Jul high C = 33.6
|Aug high C = 33.0
|Sep high C = 32.9
|Oct high C = 32.6
|Nov high C = 28.8
|Dec high C = 23.2
| year high C = 31.5
|Jan low C = 8.2
|Feb low C = 11.3
|Mar low C = 15.4
|Apr low C = 20.5
|May low C = 24.2
|Jun low C = 26.3
|Jul low C = 26.3
|Aug low C = 26.0
|Sep low C = 24.9
|Oct low C = 20.0
|Nov low C = 14.0
|Dec low C = 9.4
| year low C = 19.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 20.0
| Feb rain mm = 18.8
| Mar rain mm = 12.4
| Apr rain mm = 7.3
| May rain mm = 32.8
| Jun rain mm = 117.0
| Jul rain mm = 258.3
| Aug rain mm = 218.9
| Sep rain mm = 161.2
| Oct rain mm = 32.1
| Nov rain mm = 6.0
| Dec rain mm = 6.6
| year rain mm = 891.4
| Jan rain days = 1.4
| Feb rain days = 0.5
| Mar rain days = 1.4
| Apr rain days = 0.7
| May rain days = 2.0
| Jun rain days = 5.3
| Jul rain days = 11.4
| Aug rain days = 10.1
| Sep rain days = 6.5
| Oct rain days = 1.3
| Nov rain days = 0.3
| Dec rain days = 0.4
| year rain days = 42.5
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 65
| Feb humidity = 54
| Mar humidity = 42
| Apr humidity = 35
| May humidity = 42
| Jun humidity = 56
| Jul humidity = 75
| Aug humidity = 78
| Sep humidity = 75
| Oct humidity = 66
| Nov humidity = 62
| Dec humidity = 65
|year humidity = 60
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals2>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Station: Barabanki Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 17 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Barabanki Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 95–96
| access-date = 6 May 2020}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
As per provisional data of the 2011 census, the Barabanki urban agglomeration had a population of 146,831, with 77,766 males and 69,065 females. The literacy rate was 81.85%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above | work = Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | access-date = 7 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date = 13 November 2011 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Barabanki District is classified by the national government as a "Minority Concentrated District in India"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=28770 |title=Identification of Minority Concentration Districts |access-date=31 October 2009 |date=22 June 2007 |publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091028170540/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=28770| archive-date= 28 October 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> and Barabanki city is classified as a [[Islam|Muslim]]-majority city in the government files.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Ashok|first=Akash Deep|title=Babri Masjid anniversary: A few more things that were demolished that day|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/babri-anniversary-a-few-more-things-demolished-that-day-219865-2013-12-05|access-date=7 December 2013|magazine=India Today|date=6 December 2013|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206115820/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/babri-anniversary-a-few-more-things-demolished-that-day/1/328114.html|archive-date=6 December 2013}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Barabanki city comprises:
# Barabanki village (revenue village)
# [[Nawabganj, Barabanki|Nawabganj]] (tehsil)
# [[Banki town|Banki]] (town area)
# Barel (village)
# [[Satrikh]] (village)
# Kurauli (village)
# 252 Bomb Disposal Company (cantonment)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wikimapia.org/13266934/252-Bomb-disposal-Company |title=252 Bomb disposal Company (Barabanki) |publisher=Wikimapia.org |access-date=17 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005004002/http://wikimapia.org/13266934/252-Bomb-disposal-Company |archive-date=5 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Suburbs

==Places of interest==
*[[Parijaat tree, Kintoor]]

==Transport==
===By road===
[[File:NH 28 passing near Basti.jpg|thumb|right|Lucknow Ayodhya Road]]
[[National Highway 28 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 28]] (NH-28) passes through the district. It is well connected to other cities by means of roadways. Passenger road transport services in Uttar Pradesh started in 1947 with the operation of bus service on the [[Lucknow]]–[[Ayodhya]]-[[Gorakhpur]] route by [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UP Government Roadways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upsrtc.com/history.htm |title=UPSRTC |access-date=27 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104065838/http://upsrtc.com/history.htm |archive-date=4 January 2010 }} UPSRTC History</ref>

*[[National Highway 27 (India)]]
*[[National Highway 727H (India)|Barabanki-Lakhimpur (NH727H)]]
*[[National Highway 927 (India)|Barabanki-Nepalganj Border (NH927)]]
*[[National Highway 28 (India, old numbering)|Lucknow-Ayodhya-Gorkhapur-Guwahati Highway (NH27)]]

====Expressway====
[[Purvanchal Expressway]] is an 340 km long, 6 lane wide (expandable to 8) greenfield expressway project in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
It will pass through 9 districts including Barabanki.

===By rail===
[[File:Barabanki Jn Railway Station Inside View - Barabanki City Side Entrance & Platform I.jpg|thumb|right|Barabanki Jn Railway Station Inside View]]
[[Barabanki Junction railway station]] is the [[intercity rail]] station and a [[commuter rail]] hub in the Indian city of [[Barabanki city|Barabanki]]. It has been important junction since the days of British control of India.<ref name="IRPCRV1-2">{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2nmAAAAMAAJ&q=Barabanki | title=India Railway Police Committee Report, Volumes 1-2 | publisher=Printed at the Government Monotype Press | date=1921 | access-date=30 June 2013 | author=India Railway Police Committee | pages=277}}</ref> In its category it is one of the important stations in NER. The Barabanki Junction railway station is on the Delhi– Basti– Gorakhpur main broad-gauge route in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Barabanki Junction is also the hub for the [[Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway]]. Barabanki railway station lies in the zone of high density stations.<ref name="TGUP">{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwEsAAAAIAAJ&q=Barabanki | title=Transport Geography of Uttar Pradesh, Issue 2 of N.G.S.I. research publication | publisher=National Geographical Society of India | work=1966 | year=1966 | access-date=30 June 2013 | pages=44}}</ref>

===By air===
The nearest airport to Barabanki is [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]] at Amausi, [[Lucknow]] which is approximately 40 km from Barabanki.

==Education==


===Schools and intermediate colleges===


* [[Government Inter College Barabanki|Government Inter College]], Barabanki city
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], Sonikpur, Trivediganj, Barabanki
* [[Saraswati Shishu Mandir]], Barabanki city
* [[Saraswati Vidya Mandir Inter College, Barabanki]] city

===Engineering colleges===


* [[Jahangirabad Institute of Technology]], [[Jahangirabad Raj |Fort]]
* [[Sagar Institute of Technology & Management]], Faizabad Road

===Polytechnic institute===


* [[Government Polytechnic Barabanki]], Jahangirabad Road

===Other professional institutions===


* [[Jahangirabad Media Institute]], [[Jahangirabad Raj| Fort]]

===Research institutions===


* [[International Rice Research Institute]] - branch Tikarhar Road, Kursi, Barabanki<ref name=tandfonline>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1300/J411v20n01_12|title= Natural Biodiversity for Salinity and Alkalinity Tolerance in Scented Rice Cultivar Kalanamak|journal= Journal of Crop Improvement|volume= 20|issue= 1–2|pages= 205–221|year= 2007|last1= Singh|first1= Neelam|last2= Pathak|first2= M. D.|last3= Zaidi|first3= Najam W.|last4= Singh|first4= H. N.|last5= Srivastava|first5= P. C.|last6= Singh|first6= U. S.|s2cid= 82779666}}</ref>

==Notable people==


*[[Khumar Barabankvi]], poet
*[[Suroor Barabankvi]], poet
*[[Inayat Ahmad Kakorvi]], Islamic scholar and freedom fighter
*[[Mohsina Kidwai]], politician
*[[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]], politician
*[[C. M. Naim]], scholar of Urdu language and literature
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]], film actor
*[[Waris Ali Shah]], Sufi Saint
*[[K. D. Singh (field hockey)|K. D. Singh]], hockey player
*[[Beni Prasad Verma]], politician, [[Member of parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]]
*[[Ram Sewak Yadav]], politician and member of parliament

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Barabanki UPSRTC Bus Station.jpg|Barabanki UPSRTC Bus Station
File:Barabanki Jn Railway Station Outside View.jpg|Exterior of Barabanki Jn Railway Station
File:Barabanki DMO.jpg|Office of District Magistrate/Collector
File:Barabanki HPO.jpg|Barabanki Head Post Office
File:Barabanki Kotwaali.jpg|Barabanki Kotwaali
File:Office of Tehsildar of Tehsil Nawabganj Barabanki.jpg|Office of Tehsildar of Tehsil Nawabganj, Barabanki on Lucknow-Faizabad Road (NH-28)
File:Building of Tehsildar of Nagar Parishad Nawabganj Barabanki.jpg|Nagar Parishad Nawabganj
File:World War II Memorial Barabanki photo 01.jpg|Shahid Smarak (a World War II memorial)
File:Statue of Mahatma Gandhi at Baapu Bhawan Barabanki.jpg|Statue of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] at Baapu Bhawan at Dewa Road
File:Jamuriya Nala at Railway Station Road Bridge Barabanki.jpg|Jamuriya Nala (a brook) from Railway Station Road Bridge. This brook flows through the city and divides it into two halves.
File:Evening Vegetable Bazaar at Court Road Barabanki.jpg|Evening vegetable bazaar along Court Road
File:Dhanaokhar Mandir Barabanki.jpg|Exterior of Dhanokhar Mandir (a [[temple]] dedicated primarily to [[Lord Hanuman]]) from Dhanokhar Chauraha. This temple has a moderate sized pond at its back.
File:Shree Nag Devta Temple Manjitha.jpg|Shree Nag Devta Temple during Manjitha Fair on the day of [[Naga Panchami]]
File:Muharram (Ta'ziya) procession Barabanki India (Jan 2009).jpg|[[Shia Muslims]] on a [[tazia]] procession on the [[Day of Ashura]]
File:Mathodist Church Outside View Barabanki.jpg|Exterior of [[Methodist]] [[Church (building)|Church]] on Court Road
</gallery>

==References==
{{EB1911 poster|Bara Banki}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://barabanki.nic.in/}}

{{Barabanki district}}
{{Faizabad division topics}}

[[Category:Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Barabanki district]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]

Chandigarh Bird Park

2026-03-13T10:48:24Z

Mohitjikumar32: Adding First Article From Scratch

{{Short description|Zoo in Chandigarh}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox zoo
| zoo_name = Chandigarh Bird Park
| logo =
| image = Muscovy duck beside a pond.jpg
| image_width =
| image_caption = Muscovy duck at Chandigarh Bird Park
| location = Sector-1, [[Chandigarh]]
| date_opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2021|11|16}}
| date_closed =
| owner =
| coordinates = {{Coord|30|44|55|N|76|48|37|E|type:landmark_region:SG|display=it}}
| area = {{Convert|2.63|ha|abbr=on}}
| num_species = 48<ref name = "chandigarhgov">{{cite web|url=https://chandigarhtourism.gov.in/bird-park|title=Bird Park Chandigarh|work=chandigarhtourism.gov.in|access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>
| num_animals =
| annual_visitors = 329,332 (FY 2024/25)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/once-a-major-tourist-draw-bird-park-sees-dip-in-visitors-revenue/articleshow/123372050.cms|title=Once a major tourist draw, Bird Park sees dip in visitors & revenue}}</ref>
| members =
| exhibits =
| publictransit =
| website = {{URL|chandigarhtourism.gov.in/bird-park}}
}}

'''Chandigarh Bird Park''' is a tourist attraction in Sector-1, [[Chandigarh]]. It is located near the [[Sukhna Lake]] and is spread across {{Convert|2.63|ha|abbr=on}}. Developed by the Chandigarh Forest Department, it has two small [[aviaries]] and two walk-through aviaries, with a 58-foot flying height and a total ground area of approximately 200×150 feet each.<ref name = "tribune">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/happy-bird-day-chandigarh-bird-park-is-one-of-its-kind-470537/#google_vignette|title=Happy Bird Day: Chandigarh Bird Park is one of its kind|work=The Tribune|date=15 January 2023|access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref> The park houses 1,200 birds of 48 different species, including several exotic aquatic, terrestrial and tamed species.<ref name = "tribune"/>

The park was inaugurated in November 2021 by the then First Lady [[Savita Kovind]] and is loosely based on the [[Jurong Bird Park]], [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/first-lady-inaugurates-chandigarh-bird-park-101637091937736.html|title=First Lady inaugurates Chandigarh Bird Park|work=Hindustan Times|date=17 November 2021|access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>

==Exhibits==
There are around 1,200 birds in all, belonging to 48 species and sub-species. The main attractions include [[Lovebird|African love birds]], [[Budgerigar|budgerigars]], [[macaw]], [[Swan|white swan]], [[black swan]], [[wood duck]], [[golden pheasant]], [[Golden pheasant|yellow golden pheasant]], [[Pheasant|melanistic pheasant]], [[Sun conure|sun conures]], [[Grey parrot|African grey parrot]] and [[Finch|finches]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/macaws-from-delhi-zoo-to-add-dash-of-colour-to-chandigarh-bird-park-101727120636263.html|title=Macaws from Delhi zoo to add dash of colour to Chandigarh Bird Park|work=Hindustan Times|date=24 September 2024|access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/chandigarh-bird-park-chirps-with-visitors-after-a-month-of-being-closed-7770287/|title=Visitors flocked to Chandigarh Bird Park which reopened after a month; check out these pictures|work=The Indian Express|date=15 February 2022|access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Muscovy duck beside a pond.jpg|[[Muscovy duck]]
File:Twomuscovyduks.jpg|[[Muscovy Duck|Muscovy ducks]]
File:African grey parrot (psttacus erithacus).jpg|[[African grey parrot]]
File:Blue-and-yellow macaws (Ara ararauna).jpg|[[Macaws]]
File:Jenday Conure (Aratinga jandaya).jpg|[[Jenday Conure]]
File:Mute swans (Cygnus olor).jpg|[[Mute swans]]
File:Pair of black swans.jpg|[[Black swans]]
File:Sun conure (Aratinga solstitialis).jpg|[[Sun conure]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Chandigarh district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Aviaries]]
[[Category:Bird parks]]
[[Category:Zoos established in 2021]]

{{Chandigarh-geo-stub}}

G. Venu

2026-03-12T16:47:42Z

Mohitjikumar32: Adding First Entry Initial Version

{{short description|Indian dancer and research scholar (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = G. Venu
| alias = Gopalan Nair Venu, Venuji
| image = Venuji.JPG
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|07|01}}
| birth_place = [[Pappanamcode]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known_for = [[Koodiyattam]] and [[Kathakali]]
| father = Chittore Gopalan Nair
| mother = Sumathy Kutty Amma
| spouse = [[Nirmala Paniker]]
| children = [[Kapila Venu]]
| relatives =
| occupation = [[Koodiyattam]], [[Kathakali]] dancer, Reseach scholar
| awards = {{bullet list|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2023)|[[Nikkei Asia Prize]] (2007)|
[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (2007)|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1977)|Kerala Kalamandalam Fellowship (2024)}}
}}
'''Gopalan Nair Venu''' popularly known as '''G. Venu''' (or '''Venu G.''' and affectionately '''Venuji'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Venuji, Madambi Subrahmanyan Namboodiri win Kerala Kalamandalam fellowships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/venuji-madambi-subrahmanyan-namboodiri-win-kerala-kalamandalam-fellowships/article67744851.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>) is a [[Koodiyattam]] and [[Kathakali]] exponent, choreographer and research scholar from [[Kerala]], India. He received several awards and honors including [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]], [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] Award, [[Nikkei Asia Prize]] for Culture, [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for his overall contributions in the field of performing arts. Being first person from a [[Caste system in India|caste]] lower than [[Chakyar]] to study Koodiyattam, he is also the first person from a non-Chakyar community to receive the Kerala Kalamandalam Fellowship for Koodiyattam.

==Biography==
G. Venu was born on 1 July 1945, in [[Pappanamcode]], in present-day [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] of Kerala to Chittore Gopalan Nair and Sumathy Kutty Amma.<ref name="SNA">{{Cite web |title=Gopalan Nair Venu |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1741075193_Gopalan%20Nair%20Venu%20(Venu.%20G).pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref><ref name="ammannur">{{cite web |url=https://ammannurgurukulam.com/artist-gvenu.htm |website=ammannurgurukulam.com |title=G. Venu}}</ref> At the age of eleven, he started studying [[Kathakali]] from Keerickattu Sankar Pillai, and later done advanced studies from [[Guru Gopinath]] and Chengannur Raman Pillai.<ref name="SNA"/> He was the first student to enroll at Viswakalakendram, the dance institute opened by Guru Gopinath at [[Vattiyoorkavu|Vattiyoorkkavu]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], in 1963.<ref name="Narthaki">{{Cite web |title=Prism - Six and a half decades on the stage - G Venu |url=https://narthaki.com/info/prism/prism14.html |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=narthaki.com}}</ref> He studied Kathakali for three years under Keerikattu Sankaran Pillai and for five years under Guru Gopinath.<ref name="Chintha">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-10-08 |title=നവരസ സാധനയുടെ നാൾവഴികളിൽ വേണുജി |url=https://chintha.in/?p=12873 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Chintha.in |publisher=Chintha magazine |language=ml}}</ref>

Venu, who studied Kathakali, came to Bhopal in 1966 to teach Kathakali for the Madhya Pradesh Kala Parishad.<ref name="Outlook">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-05 |title=Optical Poetry |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/optical-poetry-news-299395 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> There, he got the opportunity to learn [[Kathak]] and [[Manipuri dance]], in addition to instruments in [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani music]].<ref name="Outlook" />

Venu was attracted to [[Koodiyattam]] after seeing the performance of [[Ammannur Madhava Chakyar]] at the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple|Sree Vadakkumnathan Temple]] in [[Thrissur]]. Following this, at the age of 37, he decided to study Koodiyattam, and resigned his permanent job at the School of Drama and Fine Arts under [[University of Calicut]], moved to [[Irinjalakuda]] to join the Koodiyattam school of Ammannur, becoming the first non-Chakyar student there.<ref name="Hindu" /> He also trained in Koodiyattam from Ammannur Paremeswara Chakyar.<ref name="SNA" /> Venu made his Arangeettam (first public performance after training) in Koodiyattam in 1984.<ref name="IAR2" />

===Personal life===
G. Venu is married to [[Nirmala Paniker]], a mohiniyattam exponent, and they have one daughter [[Kapila Venu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2017-04-01 |title=Kumar Gandharva Award for Koodiyattam exponent Kapila Venu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/Apr/01/kumar-gandharva-award-for-koodiyattam-exponent-kapila-venu-1588435.html |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Contributions==
It was during his [[Kathakali]] studies that Venu developed an interest in [[Mudra]]s, the hand gestures of the Indian classical visual arts. Having done extensive research on the subject, he later created a sophisticated dance notation system to define mudra in Kerala visual arts, including Kathakali, Koodiyattam and [[Mohiniyattam]].<ref name="CSP">{{cite web |title=How Kuttiyatam and Abhinaya Guru G Venu Took Kerala To the World |url=https://www.csp.indica.in/how-kuttiyatam-and-abhinaya-guru-g-venu-took-kerala-to-the-world/ |website=Center for Soft Power |date=29 June 2020}}</ref> In 1977, the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] published his book, containing detailed descriptions of his 373 mudras, titled ''Kathakaliyile Kai mudrakal'' (Hand Signs in Kathakali), which was later translated into English in 1984 by Venu's own institution, Natana Kairali, under the title ''Mudras in Kathakali''.<ref name="Hindu" /> In 1994, the Cultural Department of the Government of Kerala published a dictionary prepared by him containing details of 587 mudras used in Kathakali, titled ''Kathakali Mudra Nikhandu'' (meaning: Dictionary on Kathakali mudras).<ref name="Hindu" /> The 706 page book ''Mudra'', published in 2023 contains 1341 notations of hand gestures used in Koodiyattam, Kathakali and Mohiniyattam performances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=G. S. |date=2023-04-25 |title=G. Venu's new book is a ready reckoner on mudras |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/g-venus-new-book-is-a-ready-reckoner-on-mudras/article66777296.ece |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He has written 20 books on the techniques of the performing arts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-30 |title=വേണുജിക്ക് ഇന്ന് എൺപതാം പിറന്നാൾ |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/news/thrissur-1.10708396 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=newspaper.mathrubhumi.com |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[monograph]] on [[Tholpavakoothu]] was published by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]].<ref name=":1" />

Venu has also authored books like ''Into the World of Koodiyattam with the Legendary Ammannur Madhava Chakyar'' and ''Production of a play in Kutiyattam'' on Kutiyattam ''Mohiniyattam - The last dance'' on [[Mohiniyattam]] and ''Puppetry and lesser known dance traditions of Kerala''.<ref name="CSP"/>

Venu has also developed 'Navarasa Sadhana' module, a training methodology for actors, based on [[Indian aesthetics|Navarasa]] in [[Natya Shastra]] as well as the indigenously developed actor training methodologies that evolved in Kerala, as a transformational process for artists seeking deeper insight into the depths and diversity of human emotions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-11 |title=Deep into the rasas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/koodiyattam-exponent-g-venu-explains-the-ageold-practice-of-navarasa-sadhana/article7301566.ece |access-date=2025-07-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="CSP"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-27 |title=Celebrating the 100th Navarasa Sadhana |url=https://indiaartreview.com/stories/navarasa-sadhana-100-natanakairali-g-venu/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Venu and his guru Ammannur Madhava Chakyar were among the people who played a role in modernizing and popularizing Koodiyattam. Venu was the first to ask Ammannur to teach this art, which was performed only by the Chakyar community, to people from other communities, particularly lower.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-31 |title=Part 2: Ammannur Madhava Chakyar: The Legend Who Lived and Breathed Koodiyattam |url=https://indiaartreview.com/stories/part-2-ammannur-madhava-chakyar-the-legend-who-lived-and-breathed-koodiyattam/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ammannur agreed and made Venu his disciple. Through this, Venu became the first person to learn Koodiyattam from a community below the Chakyar community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karunakaran,Cris |first=Binu |date=2022-05-04 |title=How caste exclusion is threatening a 2000-year-old art form with UNESCO tag |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/how-caste-exclusion-threatening-2000-year-old-art-form-unesco-tag-163601 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

Venu was also among the people who took the initiative to present Koodiyattam, a temple art, on a public stage.<ref name=":0" /> It was with Venu's encouragement that Ammannur began performing outside traditional venues.<ref name=":0" />

Venu is also credited with starting the Ammannur Chachu Chakyar Memorial Gurukulam, a Koodiyattam school based on the [[Gurukula|Gurukula system]], in 1982. As a teacher he has trained several young actors at the School of Drama and Fine Arts under [[University of Calicut]], the [[National School of Drama]], [[New Delhi]], [[Intercultural Theatre Institute|InterCultural Theatre Institute]], [[Singapore]], and by conducting regular workshops.<ref name="SNA"/> Venu also was nominated as one of the four honorary directors of the "World Theatre Project" in Sweden.<ref name="ammannur"/><ref name="SNA"/>

Venu is also the person responsible for the revival of many rare traditional art forms in Kerala.<ref name="CSP"/> In 1975, he established a training and research center called 'Natanakairali' in [[Irinjalakuda]] to preserve the traditional art forms of Kerala that were on the verge of extinction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Parshathy J. |date=2019-04-28 |title=Eating rotten fruit and shivering in rage: How a Kerala workshop taught me to accept life as it is |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/918468/eating-rotten-fruit-and-shivering-in-rage-how-a-kerala-workshop-taught-me-to-accept-life-as-it-is |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Noted examples include the revival of Pavakathakali, the Kathakali using [[puppet]]s,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2024-07-26 |title=A workshop and a pavakathakali recital at Natanakairali signifies a new chapter in the revival of the art form |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/a-workshop-and-a-pavakathakali-recital-at-natanakairali-signifies-a-new-chapter-in-the-revival-of-the-art-form/article68436215.ece |access-date=2025-07-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and revival of [[Tholpavakoothu|Tholppava koothu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=G. S. |date=2021-02-18 |title=How Tholpavakoothu emerged out of the shadows |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/out-of-shadows/article33870788.ece |access-date=2025-07-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Other folk and ritualistic art forms that he had involved in revival include [[Kakkarissi Natakam]], [[Padayani]] and [[Mudiyett]]u.<ref name="IAR2">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-27 |title=G. Venu to Receive the Nruthya Pitamaha Title - India Art Review |url=https://indiaartreview.com/stories/g-venu-to-receive-the-nruthya-pitamaha-title/ |access-date=2025-07-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In recognition of his career, he was nominated to the Expert Committee of [[UNESCO]]'s Asian Cultural Center.<ref name="Hindu" /> Koodiyattam was recognised by UNESCO in 2001 as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. His contribution to receiving this recognition is significant.<ref name="Hindu" /> Another art form that gained more attention through his efforts and was later recognized by UNESCO is [[Mudiyettu]].<ref name="Narthaki" />

==Major works==
As a performer Venu has performed Kathakali and Koodiyattam in various venues across India and abroad. It was the performance at the Old Theater Project meeting in [[Oppenheim]] provided him the opportunity to represent India in Sweden.<ref name="Chintha" />

Venu has directed many plays for Koodiyattam and Nangiakoothu. Koodiyattam adaptation of the [[Kalidasa]]'s [[Shakuntala (play)|Shakuntala]] and [[Vikramōrvaśīyam]], [[Bhāsa]]'s [[Urubhanga]] and Dutavakya, [[Shudraka]]'s [[Mṛcchakatika]] are highly noted.<ref name="SNA"/><ref name="IAR"/> He also choreographed [[Nangiar koothu]] adaptations of [[Narasimha]]vathara, Sitaparityaga (the part of the [[Ramayana]] where [[Rama]] abandons [[Sita]] in the forest) and [[Saundarya Lahari]].<ref name="IAR">{{cite web |title=G Venu's Mricchakatikam Breathes New Life into Kutiyattam |url=https://indiaartreview.com/stories/g-venu-mricchakatikam-kutiyattam/ |date=18 June 2025}}</ref> Through his adaptations he combine theatre with socio-political consciousness.<ref>{{Cite news |last=T.K |first=Achuthan |date=2025-06-25 |title=Koodiyattam exponent Kapila Venu breaks the glass ceiling in the new play Mricchakatikam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mricchakatikam-directed-by-venu-g-will-premiere-at-bengalurus-ranga-shankara/article69726763.ece |access-date=2025-07-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He was inspired to stage [[Mṛcchakatika]] in the form of a Koodiyattam after renowned theatre director [[Habib Tanvir]] requested him that he should also prepare Mṛcchakatika as Koodiyattam, after watching Abhijnanasakuntalam directed by Venu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=കൂടിയാട്ടത്തിൽ പുതുചരിത്രമായി 'മൃച്ഛകടികം'; 2000 വർഷങ്ങൾക്കുമുൻപ് മഹാകവി ശൂദ്രകൻ രചിച്ച ക്ലാസിക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/good-news/mrichchakadikam-drama-in-koodiyattam-form-by-kapila-venu-good-news-1.10718856 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
G. Venu received several awards and honors including Homi Bhaba Fellowship, [[DakshinaChitra|DakshinaChitra Viruthu]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] by [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] in 2007, Kerala Kalamandalam Award from [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] in 2005, [[Nikkei Asia Prize]] for Culture from Japan in 2007, and [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] by [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] in 1977.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="SNA" /> He won the Dancers and Choreographers Association's Nritha Paramacharya Award in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sathyadeepam |date=2022-04-30 |title=നൃത്തപരമാചാര്യ പുരസ്‌കാരം കൂടിയാട്ടം കലാകാരന്‍ വേണു ആശാന് സമര്‍പ്പിച്ചു |url=https://www.sathyadeepam.org/news/kerala/koodiyattam |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Sathyadeepam Online |language=ml}}</ref>

In 2023, he received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for his overall contributions in the field of performing arts.<ref name="SNA" /> In 2024 February, he received the Kerala Kalamandalam Fellowship, becoming the first person from a non-Chakyar community to receive this honour in the field of Koodiyattam.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=G. S. |date=2024-02-16 |title=How G. Venu built Natana Kairali, a reputed training and performance institute |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/how-g-venu-built-natana-kairali-a-reputed-training-and-performance-institute/article67837657.ece |access-date=2025-07-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He has also received the 2024 Vayosevana (meaning: senior citizens' service) Award for Comprehensive Contribution from the Department of Higher Education and Social Justice, Government of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=വയോസേവന പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു - Minister for Higher Education & Social Justice |url=https://minister-highereducation.kerala.gov.in/%e0%b4%b5%e0%b4%af%e0%b5%8b%e0%b4%b8%e0%b5%87%e0%b4%b5%e0%b4%a8-%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%b8%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%99%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%99%e0%b5%be-%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%b0/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=minister-highereducation.kerala.gov.in |language=ml-IN}}</ref>

In 2023 October, Venu received the ''Nruthya Pitamaha'' (meaning: Great father in dance) title from the Urise Vedic Sangeetha Academy, Bangalore.<ref name="IAR2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venu, G.}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Koodiyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian performance artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National School of Drama]]

Imam

2026-03-08T22:47:17Z

Mohitjikumar32:

{{Short description|Islamic leadership position}}
{{Other uses|Emam (disambiguation){{!}}Emam}}
{{Distinguish|Iman (disambiguation){{!}}Iman|Imamah}}
[[File:Imam presidant la priere.jpg|thumb|''Imam presiding over prayer'', [[Nasreddine Dinet]], circa 1922]]
{{Usul al-fiqh}}'''Imam''' ({{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˈ|m|ɑː|m}}; {{langx|ar|إمام}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|imām}}''; {{plural form}}: {{lang|ar|أئمة}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|a'immah}}'') is an [[Islam]]ic leadership position. For [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]]s, imam is most commonly used as the title of a prayer leader of a [[mosque]]. In this context, imams may lead [[Salah|Islamic prayers]], serve as community leaders, and provide religious guidance. Thus for Sunnis, anyone can study the basic Islamic teachings and become an imam.

For most [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslim]]s, the imams are absolute infallible leaders of the Islamic community after the [[Prophet Muhammad|Prophet]]. Shias consider the term to be only applicable to the members and descendants of the ''[[Ahl al-Bayt]]'', the family of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]]. In [[Twelver Shi'ism]] there are 14 [[The Fourteen Infallible|infallibles]], 12 of which are imams, the final being [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Imam Mahdi]] who will return at the end of times.<ref>{{harvnb|Corbin|1993|p=30}}</ref> The title was also used by the [[Zaydism|Zaidi Shia]] [[imams of Yemen]], who eventually founded the [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen]] (1918–1970).

==Sunni imams==
[[Sunni Islam]] does not conceive of the role of imams in the same sense as [[Shia Islam]]: an important distinction often overlooked by non-Muslims. In everyday terms, an ''imam'' for Sunni Muslims is the person charged with leading formal Islamic prayers ([[Fard]]){{em dash}}even in locations besides the mosque{{em dash}}whenever prayer is performed in a group of two or more. The imam leads the worship and the congregation copies his actions. [[Friday Sermon|Friday sermons]] are most often given by an appointed imam. All mosques have an imam to lead the congregational prayers{{em dash}}even though it may sometimes just be a member from the gathered congregation rather than an officially appointed, salaried person. [[Women as imams|Women cannot be imams]] when men are present but are allowed to be when no men are present. An imam should be chosen, according to [[Hadith]],{{which|date = July 2024}} based on his knowledge of the [[Quran]] and ''[[Sunnah]]'' and his moral character.

===Title of scholarly authority===
Another well-known use of the term is as an honorary title for a recognized religious scholarly authority in Islam. It is especially used for a [[Faqīh|jurist (''faqih'')]] and often for the founders of the four Sunni ''[[madhhab]]''s or schools of [[jurisprudence]] (''[[fiqh]]''), as well as an authority on [[Quran]]ic [[exegesis]] (''[[tafsir]]''), such as [[Al-Tabari]] or [[Ibn Kathir]].

It may also refer to the ''[[Muhaddithin|Muhaddithūn]]'' or scholars who created the analytical sciences related to [[Hadith]]; due to their scholarly authority, the term may also refer to the heads of [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]]'s family in their generational times.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dhami|first1=Sangeeta|last2=Sheikh|first2=Aziz|date=November 2000|title=The Muslim family|journal=Western Journal of Medicine|volume=173|issue=5|pages=352–356|issn=0093-0415|pmc=1071164|pmid=11069879|doi=10.1136/ewjm.173.5.352}}</ref>

=== The position of imams in Turkey ===
Imams are appointed by the state to work at mosques and they are required to be graduates of an [[İmam Hatip high school]] or have a university degree in theology. This is an official position regulated by the [[Presidency of Religious Affairs]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/en/home |title=Presidency of Religious Affairs|website=www.diyanet.gov.tr}}</ref> in Turkey and only men are appointed to this position, whilst female officials under the same state organisation work as preachers and Qur'an course tutors, religious services experts, etc. These officials are supposed to belong to the [[Hanafi school]] of the Sunni sect.

A central figure in an Islamic movement is also called an imam, like [[Al-Nawawi|Imam Nawawi]] in Syria.

==Shia imams==
{{Main|Imamate in Shia doctrine|Twelve Imams}}

In the Shi'a context, an imam is not only presented as the man of God ''par excellence'', but as participating fully in the names, attributes, and acts that theology usually reserves for God alone.<ref>{{cite book|last=Amir-Moezzi|first=Ali|title=Spirituality and Islam |date=2008 |publisher=Tauris |location=London |isbn=9781845117382|page=103}}</ref> Imams have a meaning more central to belief, referring to leaders of the community. [[Twelver]] and [[Ismaili]] Shi'a believe that these imams are chosen by God to be perfect examples for the faithful and to lead all humanity in all aspects of life. They also believe that all the imams chosen are free from committing any sin, impeccability which is called ''[[ismah]]''. These leaders must be followed since they are appointed by God.

===Twelver===
Here follows a list of the Twelvers Shia imams:

{|class="wikitable" width="100%" style="background:#ffffff;"
|- style="border-bottom:3px solid #CCCCFF"
! Number !! Name (Full/[[Kunya (Arabic)|Kunya]]) !! Title ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]/[[Turkish language|Turkish]])<ref>The imam's Arabic titles are used by the majority of Twelver Shia who use [[Arabic]] as a [[liturgical language]], including the [[Usooli]], [[Akhbari]], [[Shaykhi]], and to a lesser extent [[Alawites|Alawi]]. Turkish titles are generally used by [[Alevi]], a fringe Twelver group, who make up around 10% of the world Shia population. The titles for each imam literally translate as "First Ali", "Second Ali", and so forth. {{cite book | last = Mattar | first = Philip | title = Encyclopedia of the modern Middle East & North Africa | publisher = Macmillan Reference USA | location = Detroit, Mich | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780028657691 }}</ref>!! Birth–Death ([[Common Era|CE]]/[[Islamic calendar|AH]]){{efn|The abbreviation CE refers to the [[Common Era]] [[solar calendar]], while AH refers to the Islamic [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] [[lunar calendar]].}}!! Importance !! Birthplace (present day country) !! Place of death and burial
|-
|1
|[[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] علي بن أبي طالب<hr>Abu al-Hassan or Abu al-Husayn أبو الحسین or أبو الحسن
|[[Amir al-Mu'minin]] (Commander of the Faithful)<ref name="Ali in Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein | author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr | title=Ali | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online | access-date=2007-10-12|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005712/Ali}}</ref><hr>Birinci Ali<ref name="Alevi">{{cite book | last = Mattar | first = Philip | title = Encyclopedia of the modern Middle East & North Africa | publisher = Macmillan Reference USA | location = Detroit, Mich | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780028657691 }}</ref>
|600–661<ref name="Ali in Britannica"/><hr>23 BH–40<ref>Tabatabae (1979), pp.190-192</ref>
|The first [[imamah (Shi'a twelver doctrine)|imam]] and [[Succession to Muhammad|successor of Muhammad]] in [[Shia Islam]]; however, the [[Sunni]]s acknowledge him as the [[Rashidun|fourth Caliph]] as well. He holds a high position in almost all [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Tariqah|Muslim orders]] (Turuq); the members of these orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.<ref name="Ali in Britannica"/>
|[[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref name="Ali in Britannica"/>
|Assassinated by [[Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam]], a [[Kharijite]] in [[Kufa]], who slashed him with a poisoned sword.<ref name="Ali in Britannica"/><ref>Tabatabae (1979), p.192</ref> Buried at the [[Imam Ali Shrine|Imam Ali Mosque]] in [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]].
|-
|2
|[[Hasan ibn Ali|Hassan ibn Ali]] الحسن بن علي<hr>Abu Muhammad أبو محمد
|al-Mujtaba<hr>İkinci Ali<ref name = "Alevi"/>
|624–670<ref name="Hasan in Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia| title=Hasan | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online | access-date=2007-11-08 |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039439/Hasan }}</ref>
----3–50<ref>Tabatabae (1979), pp.194–195</ref>
|He was the eldest surviving grandson of [[Muhammad]] through Muhammad's daughter, [[Fatimah Zahra]]. Hasan succeeded his father as the caliph in [[Kufa]], and on the basis of peace treaty with [[Muawiya I]], he relinquished control of [[Iraq]] following a reign of seven months.<ref name="Hasan ibn Ali Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd | author-link=Wilferd Madelung | title=Hasan ibn Ali | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | access-date=2008-03-23 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-b-ali}}</ref>
|[[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref name="Hasan in Britannica"/>
|Poisoned by his wife in [[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>Tabatabae (1979), p.195</ref> Buried in [[Jannat al-Baqi]].
|-
|3
|[[Husayn ibn Ali]] الحسین بن علي<hr>Abu Abdillah أبو عبدالله
|Sayed al-Shuhada<hr>Üçüncü Ali<ref name = "Alevi"/>
|626–680<ref name="Husayn in Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia| title=al-Husayn | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online | access-date=2007-11-08 |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041622/al-Husayn-ibn-Ali }}</ref>
----4–61<ref>Tabatabae (1979), pp.196–199</ref>
|He was a grandson of [[Muhammad]]. Husayn opposed the validity of [[Caliph]] [[Yazid I]]. As a result, he and his family were later killed in the [[Battle of Karbala]] by Yazid's forces. After this incident, the [[commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali]] has become a central ritual in Shia identity.<ref name="Husayn in Britannica"/><ref name="Husayn ibn Ali Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Calmard |first=Jean | title=Husayn ibn Ali | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | access-date=2008-03-23 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali }}</ref>
|[[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref name="Husayn in Britannica"/>
|Killed on [[Day of Ashura]] (10 Muharram) and beheaded at the [[Battle of Karbala]].<ref name="Husayn in Britannica"/> Buried at the [[Imam Husayn Shrine]] in [[Karbala]], [[Iraq]].
|-
|4
|[[Ali ibn Husayn|Ali ibn al-Hussein]] علي بن الحسین<hr>Abu Muhammad أبو محمد
|al-Sajjad, Zain al-Abedin<ref name="Ali ibn Husayn in Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Madelung |first=Wilferd | author-link=Wilferd Madelung | title='ALĪ B. AL-ḤOSAYN | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | access-date=2007-11-08 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-hosayn-b-ali }}</ref>
----Dördüncü Ali<ref name = "Alevi"/>
|658–9<ref name="Ali ibn Husayn in Iranica"/> – 712<ref name="Tabatabae">Tabatabae (1979), p.202</ref>
----38<ref name="Ali ibn Husayn in Iranica"/>–95<ref name="Tabatabae"/>
|Author of prayers in [[Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya]], which is known as "The Psalm of [[Ahl al-Bayt|the Household of the Prophet]]."<ref name="Tabatabae"/>
|[[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref name="Ali ibn Husayn in Iranica"/>
|According to most Shia scholars, he was poisoned on the order of Caliph [[al-Walid I]] in [[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="Tabatabae"/> Buried in [[Jannat al-Baqi]].
|-
|5
|[[Muhammad al-Baqir|Muhammad ibn Ali]] محمد بن علي<hr>Abu Ja'far أبو جعفر
|al-Baqir al-Ulum 
(splitting open knowledge)<ref name="Muhammad al-Baqir in Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Madelung |first=Wilferd | author-link=Wilferd Madelung | title=AL-BAQER, ABU JAFAR MOHAMMAD | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | access-date=2007-11-08 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baqer-abu-jafar-mohammad }}</ref>
----Beşinci Ali<ref name = "Alevi"/>
| 677–732<ref name="Muhammad al-Baqir in Iranica"/>
----57–114<ref name="Muhammad al-Baqir in Iranica"/>
|Sunni and Shia sources both describe him as one of the early and most eminent [[Faqih|legal scholars]], teaching many students during his tenure.<ref name="Muhammad al-Baqir in Iranica"/><ref>Tabatabae (1979), p.203</ref>
|[[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref name="Muhammad al-Baqir in Iranica"/>
|According to some Shia scholars, he was poisoned by Ibrahim ibn Walid ibn 'Abdallah in [[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]] on the order of Caliph [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]].<ref name="Tabatabae"/> Buried in [[Jannat al-Baqi]].
|-
|6
|[[Jafar al-Sadiq|Ja'far ibn Muhammad]] جعفر بن محمد<hr>Abu Abdillah أبو عبدالله
|al-Sadiq<ref name="Jafar al-Sadiq">Tabatabae (1979), p.203-204</ref>
 (the Trustworthy)
----Altıncı Ali<ref name = "Alevi"/>
| 702–765<ref name="Jafar al-Sadiq"/>
----83–148<ref name="Jafar al-Sadiq"/>
|Established the [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]] and developed the [[Theology of Shia]]. He instructed many scholars in different fields, including [[Abu Hanifah]] and [[Malik ibn Anas]] in [[fiqh]], [[Wasil ibn Ata]] and [[Hisham ibn Hakam]] in [[Kalam|Islamic theology]], and [[Jābir ibn Hayyān]] in science and [[alchemy]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| title= Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭāʾ| encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |date = 1 January 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076198/Wasil-ibn-Ata }}</ref>
|[[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref name="Jafar al-Sadiq"/>
|According to Shia sources, he was poisoned in [[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]] on the order of Caliph [[Al-Mansur]].<ref name="Jafar al-Sadiq"/> Buried in [[Jannat al-Baqi]].
|-
|7
|[[Musa al-Kazim|Musa ibn Ja'far]] موسی بن جعفر<hr>Abu al-Hassan I أبو الحسن الأول<ref name="Ali al-Reza in Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Madelung |first=Wilferd | author-link=Wilferd Madelung | title='ALĪ AL-HĀDĪ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | access-date=2007-11-09 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-al-reza}}</ref>
|al-Kazim<ref name="Musa al-Kazim">Tabatabae (1979), p.205</ref>
----Yedinci Ali<ref name = "Alevi"/>
|744–799<ref name="Musa al-Kazim"/>
----128–183<ref name="Musa al-Kazim"/>
|Leader of the Shia community during the schism of [[Ismaili]] and other branches after the death of the former imam, [[Jafar al-Sadiq]].<ref>Tabatabae (1979) p. 78</ref> He established the network of agents who collected [[khums]] in the Shia community of the Middle East and the [[Greater Khorasan]].<ref>Sachedina (1988), pp.53–54</ref>
|[[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref name="Musa al-Kazim"/>
|Imprisoned and poisoned in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] on the order of Caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]]. Buried in the [[Kazimayn|Kazimayn shrine]] in Baghdad.<ref name="Musa al-Kazim"/>
|-
|8
|[[Ali al-Rida|Ali ibn Musa]] علي بن موسی<hr><ref name="Ali al-Reza in Iranica"/>
|al-Rida, Reza<ref name="Ali al-Reza">Tabatabae (1979), pp.205–207</ref>
----Sekizinci Ali<ref name = "Alevi"/>
|765–817<ref name="Ali al-Reza"/>
----148–203<ref name="Ali al-Reza"/>
|Made crown-prince by Caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]], and famous for his discussions with both Muslim and non-Muslim religious scholars.<ref name="Ali al-Reza"/>
|[[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref name="Ali al-Reza"/>
|According to Shia sources, he was poisoned in [[Mashad]], [[Iran]] on the order of Caliph Al-Ma'mun. Buried in the [[Imam Reza shrine]] in [[Mashad]].<ref name="Ali al-Reza"/>
|-
|9
|[[Muhammad al-Taqi|Muhammad ibn Ali]] محمد بن علي<hr>Abu Ja'far أبو جعفر
|al-Taqi, al-Jawad<ref name="Muhammad al-Taqi">Tabatabae (1979), p. 207</ref>
----Dokuzuncu Ali<ref name = "Alevi"/>
|810–835<ref name="Muhammad al-Taqi"/>
----195–220<ref name="Muhammad al-Taqi"/>
|Famous for his generosity and piety in the face of persecution by the [[Abbasid caliphate]].
|[[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref name="Muhammad al-Taqi"/>
|Poisoned by his wife, Al-Ma'mun's daughter, in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] on the order of Caliph [[Al-Mu'tasim]]. Buried in the [[Kazmain|Kazmain shrine]] in Baghdad.<ref name="Muhammad al-Taqi"/>
|-
|10
|[[Ali al-Hadi|Ali ibn Muhammad]] علي بن محمد<hr>Abu al-Hassan III أبو الحسن الثالث<ref name="Ali al-Hadi in Iranica"/>
|al-Hadi, al-Naqi<ref name="Ali al-Hadi in Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Madelung |first=Wilferd | author-link=Wilferd Madelung | title='ALĪ AL-HĀDĪ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | access-date=2007-11-08 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-al-hadi-abul-hasan-b}}</ref>
----Onuncu Ali<ref name = "Alevi"/>
|827–868<ref name="Ali al-Hadi in Iranica"/>
----212–254<ref name="Ali al-Hadi in Iranica"/>
|Strengthened the network of [[Vakil|deputies]] in the Shia community. He sent them instructions, and received in turn financial contributions of the faithful from the [[khums]] and religious vows.<ref name="Ali al-Hadi in Iranica"/>
|Surayya, a village near [[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref name="Ali al-Hadi in Iranica"/>
|According to Shia sources, he was poisoned in [[Samarra]], [[Iraq]] on the order of Caliph [[Al-Mu'tazz]].<ref>Tabatabae (1979), pp.208–209</ref> Buried in the [[Al Askari Mosque]] in Samarra.
|-
|11
|[[Hasan al-Askari|Hassan ibn Ali]] الحسن بن علي<hr>Abu Muhammad أبو محمد
|al-Askari<ref name="al-Askari in Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Halm |first=H | title='ASKARĪ | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica | access-date=2007-11-08 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/askari-abu-mohammad-hasan-b}}</ref>
----Onbirinci Ali<ref name = "Alevi"/>
|846–874<ref name="al-Askari in Iranica"/>
----232–260<ref name="al-Askari in Iranica"/>
|For most of his life, the Abbasid Caliph, [[Al-Mu'tamid]], placed restrictions on him after the death of his father. Repression of the Shi'ite population was particularly high at the time due to their large size and growing power.<ref>Tabatabae (1979) pp. 209–210</ref>
|[[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref name="al-Askari in Iranica"/>
|According to Shia, he was poisoned on the order of Caliph [[Al-Mu'tamid]] in [[Samarra]], [[Iraq]]. Buried in [[Al Askari Mosque]] in Samarra.<ref>Tabatabae (1979), pp.209–210</ref>
|-
|12
|[[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Muhammad ibn al-Hassan]] محمد بن الحسن<hr>Abu al-Qasim أبو القاسم
|[[Mahdi|al-Mahdi]], Hidden Imam, al-Hujjah<ref name="al-Hujjah in Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia| title=Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Hujjah | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online | access-date=2007-11-08 |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054165/Muhammad-al-Mahdi-al-Hujjah}}</ref>
----Onikinci Ali<ref name = "Alevi"/>
|868–unknown<ref name="al-Hujjah">Tabatabae (1979), pp.210–211</ref>
----255–unknown<ref name="al-Hujjah"/>
|According to Twelver doctrine, he is the current imam and the promised [[Mahdi]], a messianic figure who will return with [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]] (Jesus). He will reestablish the rightful governance of Islam and replete the earth with justice and peace.<ref>Tabatabae (1979), pp. 211–214</ref>
|[[Samarra]], [[Iraq]]<ref name="al-Hujjah"/>
|According to Shia doctrine, he has been living in the [[Occultation (Islam)|Occultation]] since 872, which shall continue as long as God wills it.<ref name="al-Hujjah"/>
|-
|}

[[Fatimah]], also Fatimah al-Zahraa, daughter of Muhammed (615–632), is also considered infallible but not an imam. The Shi'a believe that the last imam, the 12th Imam [[Mahdi]] will one day emerge on the [[Day of Resurrection]] (''Qiyamah'').

=== Ismaili ===
: ''See [[Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)]] and [[List of Ismaili imams]] for Ismaili imams.''

===Zaidi===
:''See details under [[Zaidiyyah]], [[Islamic history of Yemen]] and [[imams of Yemen]].''

==Imams as secular rulers==
[[File:Prayer in the House of the Arnaut Chief by Jean-Léon Gérôme.jpg|thumb|''Prayer in the House of the Arnaut Chief'', painting by [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]],1857]]
At times, imams have held both secular and religious authority. This was the case in [[Oman]] among the [[Kharijite]] or [[Ibadi]] sects. At times, the imams were elected. At other times the position was inherited, as with the [[Yaruba dynasty]] from 1624 and 1742. See [[List of rulers of Oman]], the [[Rustamid dynasty]]: 776–909, [[Nabhani dynasty]]: 1154–1624, the [[Yaruba dynasty]]: 1624–1742, the [[Al Said]]: 1744–present for further information.<ref>{{cite book|pages=50, 437|last=Miles|first=Samuel Barrett|author-link=Samuel Barrett Miles|title=The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbsOoPpZiSEC&pg=PA50|access-date=2013-11-15|year=1919|publisher=Garnet Pub.|isbn=978-1-873938-56-0}}</ref> The [[Imamate of Futa Jallon]] (1727–1896) was a [[Fula people|Fulani]] state in West Africa where secular power alternated between two lines of hereditary imams, or ''almami''.<ref>{{cite book|page=365|last1=Holt|first1=P. M.|last2=Holt|first2=Peter Malcolm|last3=Lambton|first3=Ann K. S.|author4=Bernard Lewis|title=The Cambridge History of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA365|date=1977-04-21|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29137-8}}</ref> In the [[Zaidiyyah|Zaidi]] [[Shia Islam|Shiite]] sect, imams were secular as well as spiritual leaders who held power in [[Yemen]] for more than a thousand years. In 897, a Zaidi ruler, [[al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya]], founded a line of such imams, a theocratic form of government which survived until the second half of the 20th century (See details under [[Zaidiyyah]], [[History of Yemen]], [[Imams of Yemen]]). [[List of Saudi rulers|Saudi leaders]] were also referred to as "imams", until that term was retired by [[Ibn Saud]] to be replaced by "king".

[[Ruhollah Khomeini]] is officially referred to as imam in [[Iran]]. Several Iranian places and institutions are named "Imam Khomeini", including a [[Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni|city]], an [[Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport|international airport]], a [[Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex|hospital]], and a [[Imam Khomeini International University|university]].

==Gallery==

=== Imams ===
<gallery>
File:Asif muharram 1795 1.jpg|An imam reads verses from the [[Quran]] after [[Isha']] (night prayers) in the [[Mughal Empire]]
File:Govardhan. A Discourse Between Muslim Sages ca. 1630 LACMA.jpg|Discourse between [[Islam]]ic imams in the [[Mughal Empire]]
File:Карло Боссоли. Татарская школа для детей.jpg|Crimean Tatar imams teach the [[Quran]]. Lithograph by [[Carlo Bossoli]]
File:Pirosmani. Shamil with a Bodyguard. Oil on oil-cloth, 112x90 cm. The State Museum of Fine Arts of Georgia, Tbilisi.jpg|[[Imam Shamil]], Caucasus
File:Bruner-Dvorak, Rudolf - Bosna, imam (ca 1906).jpg|Imam in Bosnia, {{Circa|1906}}
File:Mahdist in the Khalifa's house, Omdurman, Sudan.png|An Imam in Omdurman, Sudan
File:Constantinople(1878)-begging dervis.png|An [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] imam in [[Constantinople]]
File:Bosniak imam.jpg|A [[Bosniak]] military imam in the Austro-Hungarian Army
File:Imam ndiawar.JPG|Imam Thierno Ibrahima Thiello
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Ayatollah]]
*[[Imam of Friday Prayer]]
* [[Imamate]]
* [[Mufti]]
* [[Twelver Shia holy days]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== Works cited ==
* {{cite book|last = Corbin|first = Henry|author-link = Henry Corbin|title = History of Islamic Philosophy |translator-first=Liadain |translator-last=Sherrard |translator2-first=Philip |translator2-last=Sherrard |translator2-link=Philip Sherrard |publisher = London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies |year = 1993 |orig-year=1964 |language=fr |isbn = 0-7103-0416-1}}
* [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
* {{cite book | title=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] | publisher=Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University| isbn= 1-56859-050-4| date=March 1997}}
* {{cite book | last = Mattar | first = Philip | title = Encyclopedia of the modern Middle East & North Africa | publisher = Macmillan Reference USA | location = Detroit, Mich | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780028657691 }}
* {{cite book | last=Sachedina | first=Abdulaziz Abdulhussein | author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina | title= The Just Ruler (al-sultān Al-ʻādil) in Shīʻite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence| publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=1988 | isbn=0-19-511915-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |translator-last=Nasr |translator-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr | author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam
| publisher=SUNY press| year=1979 | isbn=0-87395-272-3}}

== General references ==
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Martin | first = Richard C. | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim World | title = Imam |volume= 1: ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A–L'' | publisher = MacMillan | isbn = 0-02-865604-0| year = 2004 }}
* {{cite book | last=Momen | first=Moojan | title= An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelve| publisher=Yale University Press | year=1985 | isbn=0-300-03531-4}}

== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary inline|imam}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Imams}}
* {{Cite NIE|noicon=1|year=1905|wstitle=Imam}}

{{Sufism terminology}}
{{Portal bar|Religion|Islam|Education|Psychology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Religious leadership roles]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
[[Category:Imams| ]]
[[Category:Islamic honorifics]]
[[Category:Imamate]]

Kaushala Prasad Mishra

2026-03-05T06:09:46Z

Mohitjikumar32: made a page v1

{{Short description|Indian radiation biologist and academic leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kaushala Prasad Mishra
| image = Kaushala Prasad Mishra.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_place = Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| fields = Radiation biology, Chemistry, Life sciences
| alma_mater = University of Allahabad Gujarat University
| workplaces = Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Hiroshima University Nehru Gram Bharati University Mumbai University
| known_for = Research in radiation biology, radioprotection
| awards = Homi Jahangir Bhabha Memorial Award, AARR Award, Prof. S.N. Ghosh Memorial Award
}}

'''Kaushala Prasad Mishra''' is an Indian scientist in the field of radiation biology. He served as the Head of the Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division at the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC), Mumbai,<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ngbu.edu.in/VC_Profile.aspx|title=Nehru Gram Bharati University|date=17 November 2012|access-date=23 April 2025|archive-date=17 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117184620/http://www.ngbu.edu.in/VC_Profile.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> and as the Vice Chancellor of [[Nehru Gram Bharati University]], Prayagraj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ngbu.edu.in/VC_desk.aspx|title=Nehru Gram Bharati University|date=26 January 2013|access-date=23 April 2025|archive-date=26 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126090026/http://www.ngbu.edu.in/VC_desk.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/allahabad-scientist-to-deliver-talk-on-radiation-in-japan/articleshow/29964091.cms|title=Allahabad scientist to deliver talk on radiation in Japan|work=The Times of India |date=7 February 2014|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2014/09/limited-impact-of-ict-on-quality-of-education/|title='Limited Impact of ICT on Quality of Education'|first=digitalLEARNING|last=Network|date=18 September 2014}}</ref> Mishra has held multiple academic and leadership positions in national and international scientific societies. He is the founding president of the Society for Radiation Research (SRR) and a former president of the Asian Association for Radiation Research (AARR).<ref name="SRR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.srrindia.org/governing-council|title=Governing Council of Society for Radiation Research - SRR India|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AARR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.srrindia.org/aarr-officers|title=The Officers of Asian Association for Radiation Research (AARR)|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mishra was born in Allahabad (now Prayagraj), Uttar Pradesh. He completed his M.Sc. in Chemistry from the [[University of Allahabad]] in 1968 and received a Ph.D. in [[Biophysics]] from [[Gujarat University]] in 1979. He was part of the 12th batch of the BARC Training School in Nuclear Science and Technology (Chemistry stream).<ref name="BARC News letter 2006, issue 249, year 2006, page 111">{{Cite news
| title = BARC news letter, issue 249, year 2006, page 111
| url = https://www.barc.gov.in/barc_nl/2004/200410.pdf
| access-date = 2025-04-23
| publisher = Government institution
| date = 2006-10-01
}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mishra began his scientific career in 1969 at the BARC through 12th batch Training School in
Chemistry as a Scientific Officer.<ref name="BARC News letter 2006, issue 249, year 2006, page 111"/> His work involved research on molecular radiobiology, oxidative stress, and radiation-induced cellular damage. He was later appointed Head of the Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division and retired in 2006 as Scientific Officer H+.<ref name="HN4U">{{Cite web|url=https://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=137991|title=01.12.2017 ►TMC ►Terapanth Center News @ HereNow4U}}</ref>

Following retirement, he served as Vice Chancellor of Nehru Gram Bharati University from 2010 to 2014.<ref name="Vidwan">[https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/88994 K.P. Mishra – Vidwan Profile]</ref> He has been a visiting professor at institutions in Japan, the USA, Germany, Russia, France, and China, including an appointment as Distinguished Visiting Professor at Hiroshima University.<ref name="Infact">{{Cite web|url=https://infactpublications.com/index.php/ijdr/article/view/40|title=Kaushala Prasad Mishra – Infact Publications|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Research and mentorship ==
Mishra has published over 350 articles in peer-reviewed journals and edited seven books in the field of radiation biology.<ref name="Nova">{{Cite web|url=https://novapublishers.com/shop/biological-responses-monitoring-and-protection-from-radiation-exposure/|title=Biological Responses, Monitoring and Protection from Radiation Exposure – Nova Science Publishers}}</ref> He has supervised 51 doctoral students.<ref name="GoogleScholar">{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=s38wP1YAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Dr Kaushala Prasad Mishra – Google Scholar|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="BARC News letter 2006, issue 249, year 2006, page 111"/>

== Awards and honours ==
* Homi Jahangir Bhabha Memorial Award and Bhabha Medal by the 108th [[Indian Science Congress Association]] (2023)<ref name="PIB Press release">[https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1889565 PIB Press release]</ref>
* AARR Award in Biology and Medicine (Kazakhstan, 2017)
* Prof. S.N. Ghosh Memorial Award from IETE (2019)
* Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI)<ref name="NASI">[http://www.nasi.nic.in/detail.asp?contact_id=471 MISHRA, Kaushala Prasad – NASI]</ref>
* Fellow of the International Academy of Physical Sciences<ref name="IAPS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaps.org.in/fellows.php|title=IAPS Fellows}}</ref>
* Fellow of the Maharashtra Academy of Sciences

== Professional affiliations ==
* Founder President, Society for Radiation Research (SRR)<ref name="SRR" />
* President, Asian Association for Radiation Research (2017–2021)<ref name="AARR" /><ref name="Madridge Publishers">{{Cite web|url=https://madridge.org/editorial_board_member/Kaushala-Prasad-Mishra|title= Madridge Publishers- Kaushala Prasad Mishra }}</ref>
* Vice president, Asian Association for Radiation Research (2012–2017).<ref name="auto"/>
* Council Member, International Association for Radiation Research (2017–2021; 2024–2027)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icrr2023.com/resources/IARR_Councilors_2019-2023.pdf|title=IARR Councilors 2019–2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* President, Indian [[Biophysical Society]] (2005–2008)
* President, Microscopy Society of India
* President, New Biology Section, 88th Indian Science Congress (2001)
* Fellow of Maharashtra Academy of Sciences<ref name="Fellow list of Maharashtra Academy of Sciences">{{Cite web|url=http://mahascience.org/files/Fellowship/files/academyMembers.htm |title=Fellow list of Maharashtra Academy of Sciences}}</ref>
* Fellow, International Academy of Physical Sciences<ref name="Fellow list of International Academy of Physical Sciences">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaps.org.in/web/index.php/awards/fellows |title=Fellow list of International Academy of Physical Sciences}}</ref>

Mishra was also a member of the National Disaster Management Authority’s core group for nuclear and chemical disaster preparedness.<ref name="HN4U" />

== Editorial responsibilities ==
He is Editor-in-Chief of the ''Journal of Radiation and Cancer Research''<ref name="JRCR">[https://www.journals.lww.com/jrcr/pages/editorialboard.aspx Editorial Board – Journal of Radiation and Cancer Research]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> and serves on editorial boards of journals such as the ''International Journal of Radiation Biology'' and the ''World Journal of Radiology''.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

== Recent roles ==
As of 2024, he serves as:
* Chairman, Academic Programs and Membership Development, AARR (2022–2026){{fact|date=August 2025}}
* Executive Council Member, World Intellectual Wisdom Forum (WIWF), Paris (2019–present)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srrindia.org/icrr2024-welcome|title=Welcome Message – ICRR-HHE 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{google scholar id|o8W4vWgAAAAJ}}
* [https://www.vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/88994 Vidwan profile]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}

{{Authority control}}
{{Improve categories|date=May 2025}}

[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian biophysicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Hiroshima University]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]

Julie (2006 film)

2026-03-03T21:42:59Z

Mohitjikumar32: adjusted page and added references for consistency

{{short description|2006 Kannada-language film}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Julie (2006 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Poornima Mohan
| story = [[Pamman]]
| producer = KCN Mohan
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]
*[[Dino Morea]]
*[[Sundeep Malani]]
}}
| music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| cinematography = T. Janardhan
| editing = Manohar
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|5|12}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Julie''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[Poornima Mohan]].<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/17/stories/2008051751030800.htm |title=Metro Plus Bangalore : Ramya rules |date=17 May 2008 |last=K. |first=Bhumika |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103201725/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/17/stories/2008051751030800.htm |archivedate=3 November 2011|accessdate=14 July 2010 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> It is a remake of the 1975 [[Hindi]] film [[Julie (1975 film)|of the same name]], which is itself a remake of the 1974 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Chattakkari (1974 film)|Chattakkari]]''. It stars [[Bollywood]] actor [[Dino Morea]] marking his Kannada debut and [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] as a young woman that discovers that she has gotten pregnant after a one-night stand with her childhood sweetheart.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Shiva |date=27 January 2006 |title=Julie swings again |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/01/27/stories/2006012703430400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223030822/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/01/27/stories/2006012703430400.htm |archive-date=23 February 2014 |accessdate=15 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 20, 2006 |title=Headed south |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20060220-bollywood-actor-dino-morea-to-act-in-kannada-remake-of-julie-783603-2006-02-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223003202/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bollywood-actor-dino-morea-to-act-in-kannada-remake-of-julie/1/181825.html |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=15 February 2014 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Plot

Julie is a devout [[Christian]] woman raised in a conservative household where religion creates firm barriers around identity, morality, and relationships. From childhood, she knows Shashi, a [[Hindu]] man from the same locality. Though they grow close over time, their different religious backgrounds remain an unspoken barrier that prevents open commitment and acceptance by either community.

As young adults, Shashi actively pursues Julie and reassures her of his affection while repeatedly reminding her that their relationship cannot have a future unless their religious differences are resolved. Their bond deepens emotionally and gradually becomes intimate. They engage in a secret [[sexual relationship]], hidden from family and community, which strengthens Julie’s emotional attachment to Shashi and weakens the boundaries she was taught to maintain.

Julie becomes [[pregnant]] as a result of this relationship. The pregnancy places her in an extremely vulnerable position. Her [[Christian community]] offers no understanding, and she fears shame, rejection, and isolation. During this period, Julie depends heavily on Shashi for support. He makes it clear that he will only accept her and the child openly if she abandons [[Christianity]] and adopts [[Hinduism]], presenting [[religious conversion]] as the only path to legitimacy, security, and family life.

Julie’s brother, [[Robert]], becomes aware that something is wrong and confronts her about her isolation and distress. Robert urges Julie to leave the situation and offers to take her away to start over, but Julie feels emotionally bound and trapped by her circumstances. His warnings go unheeded as Julie believes staying is the only way to secure a future for her child.

After intense inner conflict and emotional pressure, Julie agrees to convert to [[Hinduism]]. With the religious barrier removed, she moves in with Shashi, and their relationship becomes socially acceptable within his community. Their [[child]] is acknowledged and raised within Shashi’s religious and cultural framework.

The story ends with Julie, Shashi, and their child living together as a [[family]]. Julie assumes a new identity as a Hindu wife and mother, having left behind her former faith. Though the family appears outwardly settled and happy, Julie’s journey reflects how [[intimacy]], [[pressure]], and [[unequal power]] shaped the course of her life.

==Cast==
* [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] as Julie
* [[Dino Morea]] as Shashi
* [[Sundeep Malani]] as Mr. Gupta
* [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* [[Chitra Shenoy]]
* [[Sowmya H D as Irie (Julie sister)|Sowmya H D]]

==Music==
[[Rajesh Ramanath]] had composed the songs for ''Julie'', which he reused from the 1975 film.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 13, 2006 |title=Ek yehi baat na bhooli... |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060113/asp/etc/story_5708137.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912233856/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060113/asp/etc/story_5708137.asp |archive-date=12 September 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2014 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 39:34
| title1 = Nanna Ninna Pritiyalli
| extra1 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length1 = 3:48
| title2 = My Heart is Beating
| extra2 = [[Chaitra H. G.|Chaitra]]
| length2 = 5:50
| title3 = Navanitha Chora
| extra3 = [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
| length3 = 4:13
| title4 = Dhava Dhava Yeh Eyali
| extra4 = Chaitra, [[Udit Narayan]]
| length4 = 5:07
| title5 = Ee Hadu
| extra5 = [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
| length5 = 4:50
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "The final product simply lacks the impact of the original".<ref name="Julie: A big disappointment">{{cite web |date=31 December 2004 |title=Julie: A big disappointment |url=http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/15julie.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928175930/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/15julie.htm |archive-date=28 September 2011 |accessdate=18 September 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "This remake cannot be compared to the original. It lacks the original’s intensity and tempo".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deepak |first1=S. N. |date=14 May 2006 |title=Julie |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may142006/movies1811352006513.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523155408/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may142006/movies1811352006513.asp |archivedate=23 May 2006 |accessdate=30 September 2020 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> On the contrary, a critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' wrote that "The subject of 'Juilie' is still prevalent in our society. That is why we recommend this film to watch".<ref>{{Cite web |author=CNB |date=13 May 2006 |title=WELL DONE POORNIMAJI: It Is 'Ramya Manamohaka: Film Review : Julie |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/how_is_it/2006/julie_2006.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504144641/http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/how_is_it/2006/julie_2006.shtml |archive-date=4 May 2007 |work=[[Chitraloka.com]] |access-date=4 November 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Ramanath]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films shot in Indiana]]
[[Category:Films about sexuality]]

Puneeth Rajkumar filmography

2026-03-01T17:53:12Z

Mohitjikumar32: minor update

{{Short description|Indian film actor filmography}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
[[File:PUNEETH RAJKUMAR.jpg|thumb|Puneeth Rajkumar in 2020]]
[[Puneeth Rajkumar]] was an Indian actor known for his work in [[Kannada]] films. As a six-month-old infant, he made a cameo appearance in [[V. Somashekar]]'s ''[[Premada Kanike]]'' (1976) and followed it with ''[[Sanaadi Appanna]]'' (1977) when he was a year old. Most of his earlier films had his father [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] playing his reel father as well. Films like ''[[Thayige Thakka Maga]]'', ''[[Vasantha Geetha]]'' and ''[[Bhagyavantha]]'' followed up which also showcased his singing skills. For the N. Lakshminarayan film ''[[Bettada Hoovu]]'' he was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]]. He ended his childhood appearances with the action film ''[[Parashuram (1989 film)|Parashuram]]''.

Puneeth's first leading role came opposite [[Rakshita]] in ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]'' (2002), a highly successful romantic drama directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]]. This was followed by ''[[Abhi (2003 film)|Abhi]]'' opposite [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] in 2003, and ''[[Veera Kannadiga]]'' and ''[[Maurya (2004 film)|Maurya]]'' in 2004. All these films were commercially successful and established him as one of the leading actors in Kannada cinema. He was known for his versatile stunts, especially his [[backflip]]s. His superhuman flexibility was attributed by some to his [[Idiga]] background, who were agile [[toddy tapper]]s.

Puneeth's first award-winning performance came through the film ''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]'' for which he won the [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award For Best Actor]] and his next release ''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]'' earned him the [[Karnataka State Film Award]]. His other major successes include ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'', ''[[Hudugaru]]'', ''[[Rana Vikrama]]'', ''[[Raajakumara]]'' and ''[[Natasaarvabhowma]]'', [[Yuvarathnaa]].

==Films==

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
*''All films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted''.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1976
! scope="row" | ''[[Premada Kanike]]''
| An infant
| Credited as Master Rajkumar
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/when-kannada-star-puneeth-rajkumar-asked-people-not-to-compare-him-with-his-dad-rajkumar-he-is-different-101635511181323.html|title=When Kannada star Puneeth Rajkumar asked people not to compare him with his dad Rajkumar: 'He is different'|date=29 October 2021|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| 1977
! scope="row" | ''[[Sanaadi Appanna]]''
| Young Ashok
| Credited as Master Lohith
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/kannada-film-star-and-rajkumars-son-puneeth-rajkumar-46-suffers-heart-attack-dies/article37241742.ece|title=Kannada film star and Rajkumar's son Puneeth Rajkumar, 46, suffers heart attack, dies|first=Ravi|last=Sharma|website=Frontline.thehindu.com|date=29 October 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 1978
! scope="row" | ''[[Thayige Thakka Maga]]''
| Young Kumar
| Credited as Master Lohith
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/sandalwood-superstar-puneeth-rajkumar-passes-away-at-46-1045316.html|title=Sandalwood superstar Puneeth Rajkumar passes away at 46|date=29 October 2021|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
|-
| 1980
! scope="row" | ''[[Vasantha Geetha]]''
| Shyaam
| Credited as Master Lohith
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/10/29/indian-actor-puneeth-rajkumar-dies-46-cardiac-arrest/6192407001/|title=Kannada film star Puneeth Rajkumar dies at 46 from cardiac arrest after working out|first=Keira|last=Wingate|website=Usatoday.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1981
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhoomige Banda Bhagavantha]]''
| [[Krishna]]
| Credited as Master Lohith
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/for-puneeth-rajkumar-this-was-no-time-to-die/article37244563.ece|title=For Puneeth Rajkumar, this was no time to die|first=K. v Aditya|last=Bharadwaj|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhagyavantha]]''
| Krishna
| Credited as Master Lohith
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-puneeth-rajkumar-death-dead-dies-remembering-5-best-movies-power-star/399190| title = Puneeth Rajkumar Death: Remembering The 5 Best Movies Of The Power Star|website=Outlookindia.com| date = 29 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1982
! scope="row" | ''[[Hosa Belaku]]''
| Puttu
| Credited as Master Lohith
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-eyes-to-be-donated/articleshow/87362531.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar eyes to be donated |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]''
| Ramu
| Credited as Master Lohith
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kaanadante-maayavadanu-thousands-turn-one-last-goodbye-puneeth-157087|title='Kaanadante Maayavadanu': Thousands turn up for one last goodbye to Puneeth|date=30 October 2021|website=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1983
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]''
| [[Prahlada]]
| Credited as Master Lohith
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/when-a-young-puneeth-was-petrified-by-rajkumars-ferocious-act-in-bhakta-prahlada-1046854.html|title=When a young Puneeth was petrified by Rajkumar's ferocious act in 'Bhakta Prahlada'|date=2 November 2021|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Eradu Nakshatragalu]]''
| Raja
| Credited as Master Lohith
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/puneeth-rajkumar-dead-dies-kannada-actor-1235100429/|title=Puneeth Rajkumar, Kannada Film Star, Dies At 46|first1=Naman|last1=Ramachandran|website=Variety.com|date=29 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 1984
! scope="row" | ''[[Yarivanu]]''
| Shyam
| Credited as Master Lohith
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/puneeth-rajkumar-and-his-father-sang-together-in-yarivanu-here-s-the-story-1871080-2021-10-29|title=Puneeth Rajkumar and his father sang together in Yarivanu. Here's the story|author=Shubhi Mishra |date=October 29, 2021 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| 1985
! scope="row" | ''[[Bettada Hoovu]]''
| Ramu
| Credited as Master Puneeth
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/power-star-puneeth-rajkumar-won-national-award-for-bettada-hoovu-at-10-full-story-here-1871074-2021-10-29|title=Power Star Puneeth Rajkumar won National Award for Bettada Hoovu at 10. Full story here|author=Vibha Maru |date=October 29, 2021 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| 1988
! scope="row" | ''[[Shiva Mecchida Kannappa]]''
| Young [[Kannappa|Dinna]]
| Credited as Master Puneeth Rajkumar
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/puneeth-rajkumar-appu-powerstar-and-son-of-kannada-cinema-icon-rajkumar-no-more-4378682.html|title=Puneeth Rajkumar, 'Appu', 'Powerstar' and Son of Kannada Cinema Icon Rajkumar, No More|date=29 October 2021|website=News18}}</ref>
|-
| 1989
! scope="row" | ''[[Parashuram (1989 film)|Parashuram]]''
| Appu
|Child Actor
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/puneeth-rajkumar-the-true-power-star-7597260/|title=Puneeth Rajkumar, the beloved 'Power Star'|date=29 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
! scope="row" | ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]''
| Appu
|Debut in Lead Role
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/19-years-for-appu-and-for-puneeth-rajkumar-and-rakshitha-too/articleshow/82260867.cms|title=19 years for Appu; and for Puneeth Rajkumar and Rakshitha too|website=The Times of India|date=26 April 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2003
! scope="row" | ''[[Abhi (2003 film)|Abhi]]''
| Abhishek "Abhi"
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/best-movies-of-puneeth-rajkumar/photostory/68373663.cms|title=Best movies of Puneeth Rajkumar|date=12 March 2019|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
! scope="row" | ''[[Veera Kannadiga]]''
| Munna/Shankar
|Dual role
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-29|title=Top 5 films of power star Puneeth Rajkumar that were Telugu remakes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/top-5-films-of-power-star-puneeth-rajkumar-that-were-telugu-remakes/photostory/87365773.cms|access-date=2021-11-18|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Maurya (2004 film)|Maurya]]''
| Manu
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/top-5-films-of-power-star-puneeth-rajkumar-that-were-telugu-remakes/photostory/87365773.cms|title=Top 5 films of power star Puneeth Rajkumar that were Telugu remakes|date=29 October 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
! scope="row" | ''[[Aakash (film)|Aakash]]''
| Aakash
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/akash-review-kannada-pclvJidchgdgi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701204414/http://www.sify.com/movies/akash-review-kannada-pclvJidchgdgi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2016|title=Akash|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Namma Basava]]''
| Basava
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep112005/movies177402005910.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910054354/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep112005/movies177402005910.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2006|title=Namma Basava (U) – Deccan Herald – Internet Edition|date=10 September 2006|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
! scope="row" | ''[[Ajay (2006 film)|Ajay]]''
| Ajay
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ajay-review-kannada-pclvUshghihhd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112214935/https://www.sify.com/movies/ajay-review-kannada-pclvUshghihhd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 2021|title=Ajay|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
! scope="row" | ''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]''
| Shivaraj Arasu
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/arasu-review-kannada-pclwksaicbfgd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117011356/http://www.sify.com/movies/arasu-review-kannada-pclwksaicbfgd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2015|title=Arasu|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]''
| Aakash
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/17ssmilana.htm|title=Milana is entertaining|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
! scope="row" | ''[[Bindaas (2008 film)|Bindaas]]''
| Shivu
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bindaas/movie-review/2787006.cms|title=Bindaas Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Bindaas |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vamshi (film)|Vamshi]]''
| Vamshi
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/03ssv.htm|title=Review: Vamshi is just average|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
! scope="row" | ''[[Raaj the Showman|Raaj – The Showman]]''
| Muthuraj
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/aug/14telugu-movie-review-raaj-the-showman.htm|title=Raaj, the Showman disappoints|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Raam (2009 film)|Raam]]''
| Raam
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/raam/movie-review/5394246.cms|title=Raam Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Raam|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
! scope="row" | ''[[Prithvi (2010 film)|Prithvi]]''
| Prithvi Kumar
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-prithvi/20100423.htm|title=Prithvi is a treat for Puneet fans|first=Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana|website=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]''
| Janakirama "Jackie"
| [[Udaya Film Awards|Udaya Film Award for Best Actor]] Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/jackie/movie-review/6754471.cms|title=Jackie Movie Review {4/5}: Critic Review of Jackie |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
! scope="row" | ''[[Hudugaru]]''
| Prabhu
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-hudugaru/20110506.htm|title=Review: Hudugaru remains faithful to the original|first=Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]''
| Param
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-paramathma-is-a-fresh-delight-407786.html|title=Kannada Review: 'Paramathma' is a fresh delight|date=8 October 2011|website=News18}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
! scope="row" | ''[[Anna Bond]]''
| Bond Ravi
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-anna-bond-is-strictly-for-puneeth-fans/20120502.htm|title=Review: Anna Bond is strictly for Puneeth fans|first=Srikanth|last=Srinivasa|website=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Yaare Koogadali]]''
| Kumara
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-yaare-koogadali/20121221.htm|title=Review: Yaare Koogadali is powerful|first=Srikanth|last=Srinivasa|website=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
! scope="row" | ''[[Ninnindale]]''
| Vicky Venkatesh
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ninnindale/movie-review/29018759.cms|title=Ninnindale Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Ninnindale |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power***]]''
| Bharath Kumar IPS
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/power/movie-review/41342863.cms|title=Power*** Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Power***|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
! scope="row" | ''[[Mythri (2015 film)|Mythri]]''
| Himself
|Partially reshot in Malayalam as ''My Hero Mythri''
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mythri/movie-review/46326221.cms|title=Mythri Movie Review {4/5}: Critic Review of Mythri |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rana Vikrama]]''
| ACP Vikram Kumar / Rana Vikrama
| Dual role
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last1=s. m |first1=Shashiprasad |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150411/entertainment-sandalwood/article/movie-review-rana-vikrama-power%E2%80%98fully%E2%80%99-loaded-ammunition |title=Movie Review 'Rana Vikrama': Power'fully' loaded ammunition |publisher=Deccanchronicle.com |date= 11 April 2015|accessdate=2022-08-17}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Chakravyuha (2016 film)|Chakravyuha]]''
| Lohith
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/chakravyuha/movie-review/52052421.cms|title=Chakravyuha Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Chakravyuha |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Doddmane Hudga]]''
| Surya
|
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|last=S|first=Viswanath|title=A power-packed breezy, romantic comedy|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/573420/a-power-packed-breezy-romantic.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031074947/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/573420/a-power-packed-breezy-romantic.html|archive-date=31 October 2021|url-status=live|date=1 October 2016|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Raajakumara]]''
| Siddharth
| Love Lavike Readers Choice Award for Best Actor – Male Zee Kannada Hemmeya Kannadiga Award for Best Actor – Male [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] – Kannada Nominated—TSR National Film Award for Best Actor
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara|title=The film is not about Appaji|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-film-is-not-about-appaji/article17459827.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=24 March 2017|date=14 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Anjani Putra]]''
| Viraj
|
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Harsha's Hanuman connection continues with Anjani Putra|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/feb/07/harshas-hanuman-connection-continues-with-anjani-putra-1567716.html|website=New Indian Express|date=7 February 2017 |access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
! scope="row"|''[[Humble Politician Nograj]]''
| Himself |Himself
| Cameo appearance
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://newskarnataka.com/south-cinema/sandalwood/puneeth-rajkumar-to-play-cameo-in-humble-politician-nograj/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031073311/https://newskarnataka.com/south-cinema/sandalwood/puneeth-rajkumar-to-play-cameo-in-humble-politician-nograj/|archive-date=31 October 2021|url-status=live|title=Puneeth Rajkumar to play cameo in 'Humble Politician Nograj'|date=18 October 2017|website=newskarnataka.com|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
! scope="row" |''[[Natasaarvabhowma]]''
|Gagan Dixit
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/natasaarvabhowma-sets-new-717053.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924211929/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/natasaarvabhowma-sets-new-717053.html|archive-date=24 September 2020|url-status=live|title='Natasaarvabhowma' sets new trend in Sandalwood|first=Jagadish|last=Angadi|date=6 February 2019|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Padde Huli]]''
| Himself
| Cameo appearance
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/puneeth-rajkumar-play-cameo-paddehuli-99818|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410230329/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/puneeth-rajkumar-play-cameo-paddehuli-99818|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=live|title=Puneeth Rajkumar to play a cameo in 'Paddehuli'|date=10 April 2019|website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
! scope="row" |''[[Mayabazar 2016]]''
| Himself
|Cameo appearance in the song "Loka Maya Bazaru"
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-to-shake-a-leg-in-maya-bazaar/articleshow/70870047.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar to shake a leg in Maya Bazaar|website=The Times of India|date=28 August 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|2021
! scope="row" |''[[Yuvarathnaa]]''
|Yuvaraj
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/puneeth-rajkumar-s-role-yuva-ratna-revealed-91097|title=Puneeth Rajkumar's role in 'Yuva Ratna' revealed|access-date=5 November 2018|work=The news minute|date=5 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
! scope="row" | ''[[James (2022 film)|James]]''
|Santosh Kumar "James"
|Posthumous film
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Puneeth Rajkumar gets his first dose of the Covid-19 vaccine |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-gets-his-first-dose-of-the-covid-19-vaccine/articleshow/81949251.cms |website=The Times of India |date=7 April 2021 |access-date=14 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Lucky Man (2022 film)|Lucky Man]]''
|God
|Posthumous release; Extended cameo appearance
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/one-of-puneeth-rajkumars-final-few-appearances-the-first-look-of-luckyman-is-here/articleshow/88607044.cms|title=One of Puneeth Rajkumar's final few appearances, the first look of 'Luckyman' is here|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Gandhada Gudi (2022 film)|Gandhada Gudi]]''
|Himself
|Posthumous documentary film
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/dec/07/puneeth-rajkumaris-a-guiding-force-forgandhada-gudi-2392518.html |title='Puneeth Rajkumar is a guiding force for Gandhada Gudi' |date=7 December 2021 |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207054136/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/dec/07/puneeth-rajkumaris-a-guiding-force-forgandhada-gudi-2392518.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
! scope="row" |''[[Hostel Hudugaru Bekkagiddare]]''
|Himself
|Posthumous release. Special appearance at end credits.
|-
| 2026
!scope="row"|''[[Raktha Kashmira]]''
|Himself
| Posthumous Final film release; Special appearance in the song "Star Star"
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/raktha-kashmira-a-child-centric-patriotic-film-from-a-throwback-era/movie-review/127833202.cms|title=Raktha Kashmira Movie Review: A Child-Centric Patriotic Film from a Throwback Era|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Voice roles===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title !! class="unsortable" | Character !! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2014
|''[[Bahaddur]]''|| Narrator ||
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news |title= Why Puneeth Rajkumar is pivotal to Bahaddur |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Why-Puneeth-Rajkumar-is-pivotal-to-Bahaddur/articleshow/43146200.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 23 September 2014 |access-date= 25 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Amoli (documentary)|Amoli]]''|| Narrator || Documentary; Kannada version
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/voicing-his-support/article23800713.ece |title=Puneeth Rajkumar lends his voice for 'Amoli: Priceless' |last=R |first=Shilpa Sebastian |date=2018-05-07 |website=thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |location=India |access-date=2019-04-30}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rajaratha]]''|| Rajaratha (voice) || Narrator
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/dec/28/puneeth-rajkumar-is-rajaratha-3810.html|title=Puneeth Rajkumar is Rajaratha!|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=28 December 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
|''[[India vs England]]''|| Narrator ||
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/jan/25/india-vs-england-review-it-traces-history--2094125.html|title='India vs England' review: It traces history|website=The New Indian Express|date=25 January 2020 }}</ref>
|}

===As producer===
{{See also|PRK Productions}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2019
! scope=row | ''[[Kavaludaari]]''
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/apr/06/rishi-i-appreciate-the-faith-that-puneeth-rajkumar-had-in-me-even-before-the-release-of-my-first-fi-10901.html|title=Rishi: I appreciate the faith that Puneeth Rajkumar had in me even before the release of my first film|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020
! scope=row | ''[[Mayabazar 2016]]''
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/oct/29/remembering-appu-the-raajakumara-who-ruled-a-million-hearts-with-his-smile-and-humility-36689.html|title=Remembering Appu: The Raajakumara who ruled a million hearts with his smile and humility|website=Indulgexpress.com|date=29 October 2021 }}</ref>
|-
! scope=row | ''[[Law (film)|Law]]''
|[[Amazon Prime]] film
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ragini Chandran's debut titled Law {{!}} Cinemaexpress|url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/18/ragini-chandrans-debut-titled-law-10591.amp|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=8 March 2019 |access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Puneeth Rajkumar to fund actor Prajwal Devaraj wife Ragini's stalled debut movie|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/puneeth-rajkumar-to-fund-actor-prajwal-devaraj-wife-ragini-s-stalled-debut-movie-pl7px9|website=Newsable.asianetnews.com|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row|''[[French Biriyani]]''
|[[Amazon Prime]] film
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Pannaga Bharana's laugh riot, starring Danish Sait, titled 'French Biryani' – The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/May/04/pannaga-bharanas-laugh-riot-starring-danish-sait-titled-french-biryani-2138757.html|website=Newindianexpress.com|date=3 May 2020 |access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022
! scope="row" |''[[One Cut Two Cut]]''
|[[Amazon Prime]] film; Posthumous release
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Danish Sait to bring Gopi on big screen in One Cut Two Cut |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/05/danish-sait-to-bring-gopi-on-big-screen-in-one-cut-two-cut-22081.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=4 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Family Pack (2022 film)|Family Pack]]''
|[[Amazon Prime]] film, Posthumous release
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Family Pack reunites Arjun Kumar and Likith Shetty – The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/Apr/07/family-pack-reunites-arjun-kumar-and-likith-shetty-2126609.html|website=Newindianexpress.com|date=4 April 2020 |access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Puneeth Rajkumar to bankroll Likith Shetty's upcoming film Family Pack|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/puneeth-rajkumar-to-bankroll-likith-shetty-s-upcoming-film-family-pack-1665894-2020-04-11|website=India Today|date=11 April 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Man of the Match (film)|Man of the Match]]''
|[[Amazon Prime]] film, Posthumous release
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2021 |title=Vasuki Vaibhav plays a cameo in 'Man of The Match' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jul/31/vasuki-vaibhav-plays-a-cameo-in-man-of-the-match-2337850.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731081941/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jul/31/vasuki-vaibhav-plays-a-cameo-in-man-of-the-match-2337850.html |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Gandhada Gudi (2022 film)|Gandhada Gudi]]''
|Posthumous release
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Puneeth Rajkumar's dream project with Amoghavarsha titled ''Gandhada Gudi'' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumars-dream-project-with-amoghavarsha-titled-gandhada-gudi/articleshow/88118871.cms |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=The Times of India|date=6 December 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Aachar & Co]]''
|Posthumous release
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Basavarajaiah |first=Harish |date=28 May 2022 |title=Exclusive: Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy plays out Puneeth's dream with debut film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-sindhu-sreenivasa-murthy-plays-out-puneeths-dream-with-debut-film/articleshow/91835840.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612050138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-sindhu-sreenivasa-murthy-plays-out-puneeths-dream-with-debut-film/articleshow/91835840.cms |archive-date=12 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== As costume designer ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Navibbaru Namagibbaru]]'' || for [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/navibbaru-namagibbaru-1993|title=Navibbaru Namagibbaru (1993) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |work=Chiloka}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! TV channel
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Kannadada Kotyadhipati]]'' ||rowspan="2"|Host || rowspan=2| [[Asianet Suvarna]]|| Season 1
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="oneindia1">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2012/puneet-rajkumar-computer-kannadada-kotyadhipati-290212.html|title=What Puneet Rajkumar calls his computer in Kannadada Kotyadhipati?|date=2012-02-29|publisher=Oneindia|author=|access-date=2012-07-12}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Kannadada Kotyadhipati]]'' ||Season 2
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref name="oneindia1" />
|-
| 2014 || ''[[UPstarters]]'' || Judge || [[Udaya TV]]
|
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150714/entertainment-tvmusic/article/entertainment-unlimited |title=Entertainment unlimited! |last=sarkar |first=soumashree |date=2015-07-14 |website=Deccan Chronicle |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |location=[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]] |access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Weekend with Ramesh]]'' || Guest || [[Zee Kannada]]
|Season 1
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/tv/Puneeth-makes-the-cut-for-Ramesh-Aravind/articleshow/39353564.cms|title=Puneeth makes the cut for Ramesh Aravind|date=31 July 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=24 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2016-2018||''Manedevru''||Producer||[[Colors Kannada]]|| ||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/puneeth-rajkumar-promotes-manedevru-serial/articleshow/50845184.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar promotes Manedevru serial|date=4 February 2016|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Majaa Talkies]]''
|Guest
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|Season 1
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Catch Puneeth Rajkumar on Majaa Talkies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/catch-puneeth-rajkumar-on-majaa-talkies/articleshow/59283277.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|website=The Times of India|date=23 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Dance Dance Juniors''
|Guest
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Puneeth Rajkumar shoots for Dance Dance Juniors|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-shoots-for-dance-dance-juniors/articleshow/59439091.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|website=The Times of India|date=4 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Family Power]]''
| rowspan="2" |Host
| rowspan="3" | [[Colors Kannada]]
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Puneeth Rajkumar's new game show is Family Power|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/puneeth-rajkumars-new-game-show-is-family-power/articleshow/61140635.cms|access-date=19 March 2018|work=The Times of India|date=19 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
|''[[Kannadada Kotyadhipati]]''
| Season 4
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannadada-kotyadhipathi-to-premiere-on-june-22/articleshow/69734677.cms|title=Kannadada Kotyadhipathi to premiere on June 22|website=The Times of India|date=11 June 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Majaa Talkies]]''
|Guest
|Season 2
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Puneeth Rajkumar to feature in the popular comedy show Majaa Talkies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/puneeth-rajkumar-to-feature-in-the-popular-comedy-show-majaa-talkies/articleshow/77822907.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|website=The Times of India|date=29 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021||''Netravathi''||Producer||[[Udaya TV]]|| ||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-soap-opera-netharavathi-goes-on-air-from-monday/articleshow/81429451.cms|title=New soap opera Netharavathi goes on air from Monday|date=10 March 2021|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''Dance Karnataka Dance''
|Guest
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Dance Karnataka Dance: Powerstar Puneeth Rajkumar to grace the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dance-karnataka-dance-powerstar-puneeth-rajkumar-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/81329903.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|website=The Times of India|date=4 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dance Dance (TV series)|''Dance Dance'']]||Guest||[[Star Suvarna]]|| ||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Puneeth Rajkumar to grace reality show Dance Dance|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/puneeth-rajkumar-to-grace-reality-show-dance-dance/articleshow/85125525.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India|date=7 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''Maarigallu'' || Mayuravarma || Zee5 || Posthumous AI appearance||
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4272017|name=Puneeth Rajkumar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajkumar, Puneeth}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]
[[Category:Rajkumar family]]

Dwadash Shiva Temples

2026-02-26T21:57:14Z

Mohitjikumar32: improve formatting as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|Hindu Temples dedicated to Lord Shiva in Kolkata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Dwadash Shiva Temples
| image = Shiva Temples - Barisha - Kolkata 2011-10-03 030299.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Dwadash Shiva temples
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Kolkata]]
| location = Barisha locality
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]
| year_completed = 17th century
| architecture =
| creator = Raja Santosh Ray Chowdhury
| website =
}}

'''Dwadash Shiva Temples''' are ancient [[Hindu]] temples located in Barisha locality of [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India, dedicated to God [[Shiva]]. The cluster of 12 temples were built in athchala style by Raja Santosh Ray Chowdhury over 350 years ago.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ray and Ray Choudhury|first=A.K. & Gorachand|title=Lakshmikanta, a chapter in the social history of Bengal|year=2001|publisher=Sabarno Sangrahalay|location=Plate XVI|isbn=9788188105007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFJuAAAAMAAJ&q=barisha+shiva+temple}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kolkata]]
[[Category:17th-century Hindu temples]]

Jai Jai Jai Bajrang Bali

2026-02-22T21:47:54Z

Mohitjikumar32: made basic biography with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{short description|Indian mythological television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bajrangbalilogo.png
| caption = Logo image
| genre = [[Mythological]] [[Drama]]
| story = [[Prem Sagar]]
| writer = Udipto Sahgal
| director = Ajay Kumar
| based_on =
| theme_music_composer = Pandit Kiran Mishra & Surya Raj Kamal
| opentheme = "Jai Jai Jai Bajrang Bali" by [[Mohammad Aziz]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1500
| executive_producer = Shiv Sagar
| producer = Anand Sagar
| editor = Shums Mirza
| location =
| cinematography = [[S. Kumar (cinematographer)|S Kumar]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 24 minutes
| company = [[Sagar Films]]
| channel = [[Sahara One]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2011|06|06|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2015|07|31|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Jai Jai Jai Bajrang Bali''''' ({{Translation|''Victory to the mighty Hanuman''}}) is an [[Television in India|Indian]] [[Hindu]] [[Religious broadcasting|religious]] television series, which premiered on 6 June 2011 on [[Sahara One]]. It is based on the life of [[Hanuman]], the Hindu ''[[vanara]]'' deity who plays a major role in the epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. The show tells the story of Hanuman (Maruti) as he grows up in [[Kishkindha]] along with his mother [[Añjanā|Anjana]] and father [[Kesari (Ramayana)|Kesari]].

The storyline of the series focuses on [[Hanuman]] as the avatar of [[Shiva]]. The events depicted are some of the lesser-known ones surrounding the trials and tribulations of Hanuman, while he was combating the evil and malevolent forces espoused by characters such as [[Raavana]]. Through the course of the show, the makers of the series plan to reveal the miraculous powers and the immeasurable physical strength Hanuman derives from [[Shiva]], which ultimately helps him pursue his noble endeavors and win his fights against all evil forces he encounters.

== Plot ==
=== Panchamuki Anjaneya Swami Temple; Karnataka===

Hanuman proves Varun wrong when Dhartidhol Prasad comes with an answer and at same time Arun shouts the answer. Pradhan Jaipal announces the last competition of Mallayudh that should be started. The first Mallayudh happens between Dhartidhol Prasad and Sanjay followed by Mukesh competing with Arun and then between Varun and Vikram. The competitions for the Swayamvar ends up with Varun scoring the highest points and winning the competitions. But suddenly Sanchita stands up with a question for contestants and then to decide the winner. Arun gives right answer and wins the Swayamvar. Sanchita happily accepts Arun as his husband.

Arun gives the right answer and wins the Swayamvar. Sanchita happily accepts Arun as his husband. Losing the Swayamvar, Varun gets upset and angry. He goes to Mahanand to help him out to get Sanchita. Tantrik Mahanand asks hundred gold coins from Varun. Arun and Sanchita are getting married whereas Varun comes home to get some gold coins for tantrik Mahanand. Sanchita asks Hanuman to get her conch from Kishkinda for worshipping Lord Shiva. After the marriage, Arun and Sanchita head towards their home and Hanuman leaves for Kishkinda. Mahanand is happy to see gold brought by Varun. Village ladies welcome Sanchita to Arun's house and get tensed about Varun.

King Kesari and mata Anjana discuss about whether Hanuman will stay in Kishkinda or will return to Sumeru. On first night, Sanchita gives gift to Arun. But Arun is not able to find his gift which he has bought for Sanchita. Varun gives fruits as a gift to Arun and Sanchita. On his way to Kishkinda, Hanuman encounters with Pakshiraj Sampati (king of birds). He explains Hanuman the entire incidence that how he lost his wings for protecting his younger brother Jatayu. Hanuman advises him to worship Lord Ram to get rid of his sins. Arun feels uneasy after eating the fruit given by Varun and he goes out of the hut. Hanuman along with Jamvant comes to Rajdarbar to meet Bali and Sugreev.<ref name="PANCHAMUKI ANJANEYA SWAMI TEMPLE">the original main idol is in PANCHAMUKI ANJANEYA SWAMI TEMPLE which is in Karnataka. Retrieved on 16 March 2015 from http://www.waytotemple.com/deities/hanumanpages/mantralayam {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415150244/http://www.waytotemple.com/deities/hanumanpages/mantralayam |date=15 April 2015 }}</ref>

Hanuman along with Jamvant comes to Rajdarbar to meet Bali and Sugreev and discuss about the words given by the king Kunjar. Sanchita is worried for Arun and requests Varun to find her husband. In Kishkinda Darbaar, a soldier comes and informs everyone that they are being attacked by a monster. Hearing this Bali gets angry and leaves. Varun comes to Mahanand in anger and tells him that the fruit he gave is not effective. Sanchita gets upset and Varun tries to provoke her against Arun. He says Arun is a coward and should forget him. Hanuman gets the conch from Kinshkinda and heads towards Arun's house. Sanchita gets flashes in which Varun takes Arun's place. She gets confused and goes in search of Arun. Hanuman is shocked to see Varun running in the forest.

Varun runs in the forest in search of Sanchita when Hanuman sees him and follows. Varun is shocked and cries out loud when he sees Sanchita and Arun both turned into a tree. Hanuman reaches there and after seeing the situation gets confused. Varun tells him a fake story and they go to tantrik Mahanand for the solution. Arun and Sanchita are upset and worried about their freedom.<ref name="HanumanChalisa">Hanuman Chalisa: Sahara One. Retrieved on 10 April 2015 from http://www.saharaone.in/jjjb/default.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328044113/http://www.saharaone.in/jjjb/default.html |date=2015-03-28 }}</ref>

Varun tells Hanuman a fake story of Sanchita and they go to tantrik Mahanand for the solution. Arun and Sanchita are upset and worried about their freedom. According to tantrik Mahanand; Arun and Sanchita are under a curse and evil has come upon them in some way. Hanuman goes in search of Maharshi Sadanand and Varun comes back to Sanchita and waits near the tree. Sanchita gets confused between Varuna and Arun as who is her husband. But finally Arun realizes that Varun is the only person who has fed them a magical fruit. Varun realizes his mistake and in anger he goes to meet tantrik Mahanand. But once again Varun comes under the spell of Mahanand's black magic and follows his all instruction. Hanuman along with Maharshi Sadanand; comes to meet Mahanand. Maharshi feels betrayed when he sees Mahanand and gets angry on Hanuman.<ref name="Bhakti Samacharam">Bhakti Samacharam: It is a devotional program that brings out significance and history of the pilgrimages. Retrieved on 14 April 2015 from [https://archive.today/20150415045941/http://www.zeetelugu.com/shows/bhakthi-samacharam/video/bhakti-samacharam-episode-3393-april-14-2015-full-episode.html]</ref>

==Cast==
* Raj Mange as Child [[Hanuman]]
* Aparna Tarakad as [[Añjanā|Anjana]]
*Romanch Mehta as [[Surya]]dev
*Abhijeet Sooryvanshe as Vrihaspati
* Shobhit Attray as [[Rama]]
* Shweta Kanoje as [[Kaushalya]]
* Sonali Gupta as [[Sita]]
* Raman Khatri as [[Vibhishana]]
* [[Nimai Bali]] as [[Ravana]]
* Amardeep Garg as Kagmundi Rakshasa
* Zeba Hussain as [[Saraswati]]
* Shivam Jagtap as young [[Yamraj]]

== Contemporary locations ==
The epic series looks to create greater resonance with sections of the audience with lesser mythological know-how, with the inclusion of places that are directly linked to or mentioned in the Ramayana and other relevant mythological texts, as shooting locations for the show. Most of these places are popular as tourist destinations in contemporary knowledge and culture.<ref name="SagarArts">Sagar Arts. Jai Jai Jai Bajrang Bali - Year of telecast. Retrieved on 27 February 2013, from www.sagartv.com/bajrangbali.htm</ref>

The Anjanadri Hill near Hampi, believed to be the birthplace of Lord Hanuman, is one such location featured in the series.<ref name="HampiSights">Hampi Sights: Hanuman Temple. Lonelyplanet.com. Retrieved on 27 February 2013, from www.lonelyplanet.com/india/karnataka/hampi/sights/archaeological-site/hanuman-temple</ref> Others include Kishkinda, now known as Hammipur and Belur, as well as Anganwadi in the ancient city of Varanasi, which is described extensively in Tulsi Das’ Ramayana. Varanasi, in fact, is where Tulsi Das lived when he wrote a major part of the Ram Charit Manas.<ref name="TulsiGhat">Tulsi Ghat. Varanasicity.com. Retrieved on 27 February 2013, from www.varanasicity.com/tulsi-ghat.html</ref> Kishkinda, on the other hand, has strong references in the Ramayana as the ape kingdom that was ruled by Sugriva's brother, Bali. Hanuman helps Sugriva capture the kingdom, and later brings him and Lord Rama together for the war against Raavana.<ref name="Kishkindathekishkindatrustorg">Kishkinda. thekishkindatrust.org. Retrieved on 27 February 2013, from www.thekishkindatrust.org/?page_id=1481</ref>

==In the media ==
The series, though well received, and hugely popular amongst millions of cable TV subscribers, has received some amount of criticism for the quality of production. "While Hanuman has been (a) part of our lives since the days of Doordarshan and the late [[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan]], it's also taken animated forms in endearing children's films. So it's painful to sit through this tacky production. Raavana's sword is a cardboard toy, while the torture scenes of the rishi-munis are funny, to say the least. Everyone goes through their jobs seriously, but are let down by shoddy production values", says an ''Indian Express'' reviewer.<ref name="RaoKshama">Rao, Kshama. "Jai Jai Jai Bajrangbali". Indianexpress.com. Retrieved on 27 February 2013, from www.indianexpress.com/news/jai-jai-jai-bajrangbali/835331/2</ref>

''Jai Jai Jai Bajarang Bali'' has been in the news for being the top-rated show in spot ad charges on Sahara One. The prime time feature is all set to generate the highest revenues for the cable TV channel, after it decided to adopt the fixed spot strategy as of March 2012. In a bid to increase its advertising revenues by 30% within one year, Sahara One designated ''Jai Jai Jai Bajarangbali'' as its flagship property and fixed ad rates during the show at an estimated Rs.7,500 for a 10-second spot.<ref name="SarkarAnindita">Sarkar, Anindita. "Sahara One shifts to fixed spot, eyes ad revenue growth of 30 per cent". Afaqs.com. Retrieved on 27 February 2013, from www.afaqs.com/news/story/33333_Sahara-One-shifts-to-fixed-spot;-eyes-ad-revenue-growth-of-30-per-cent</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://sagartv.com/bajrangbali.html Production House Website]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

{{Sahara One Programmes}}
{{Sagar Arts}}

[[Category:Sahara One original programming]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Television series about Hanuman]]

Shrike

2026-02-22T17:59:15Z

Mohitjikumar32: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Family of birds}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Shrikes
| image = Red-backed shrike.jpg
| image_caption = [[Red-backed shrike]] (''Lanius collurio'')
| taxon = Laniidae
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
* ''[[Lanius]]''
* ''[[Eurocephalus]]''
}}

'''Shrikes''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|r|aɪ|k}}) are [[passerine]] birds of the family '''Laniidae'''. The family is composed of 34 species in two [[genus|genera]].

The family name, and that of the larger genus, ''[[Lanius]]'', is derived from the [[Latin]] word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known as '''butcherbirds''' because of the habit, particularly of males, of impaling prey onto plant spines within their territories. These larders have multiple functions, attracting females and serving as food stores.<ref name=job>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A |year=2010 |title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |url=https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl_997 |url-access=limited |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl_997/page/n219 219]}}</ref>

The common English name shrike is from [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|scrīc}}, alluding to the shrike's shriek-like call.<ref name=OED>{{Cite OED |Shrike}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The family Laniidae was introduced (as the subfamily Lanidia) in 1815 by the French [[polymath]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]. The [[type genus]] ''[[Lanius]]'' had been introduced by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | publisher=Self-published | location=Palermo | language=French | page=67 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310145 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | location=New York | pages=150, 252 | hdl=2246/830 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}</ref>
As currently constituted, the family contains 34 species in four genera. It includes the genus ''[[Eurocephalus]]'' with the two white-crowned shrikes.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2023 | title=Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/shrikes/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=23 July 2023 }}</ref> A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2023 found that the white-crowned shrikes were more closely related to the crows in the family [[Corvidae]] than they are to the Laniidae and authors proposed that the genus ''Eurocephalus'' should be moved to its own family Eurocephalidae. The cladogram below is based on these results:<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=McCullough | first1=J.M. | last2=Hruska | first2=J.P. | last3=Oliveros | first3=C.H. | last4=Moyle | first4=R.G. | last5=Andersen | first5=M.J. | date=2023 | title=Ultraconserved elements support the elevation of a new avian family, Eurocephalidae, the white-crowned shrikes | journal=Ornithology | volume=140 | issue=3 | article-number=ukad025 | doi=10.1093/ornithology/ukad025 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Platylophidae]]
|1=''[[Platylophus (bird)|Platylophus]]'' – crested jayshrike
|label2=[[Laniidae]]
|2=''[[Lanius]]'' – shrikes and fiscals (32 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=(Eurocephalidae)
|1=''[[Eurocephalus]]'' – white-crowned shrikes (2 species)
|label2=[[Corvidae]]
|2=24 genera (135 species)
}}
}}
}}

==Distribution, migration, and habitat==
Most shrike species have a [[Eurasia]]n and African distribution, with just two breeding in North America (the [[loggerhead shrike|loggerhead]] and [[northern shrike]]s). No members of this family occur in South America or Australia, although one species reaches [[New Guinea]]. The shrikes vary in the extent of their ranges: some species, such as the [[great grey shrike]], ranging across the [[Northern Hemisphere]], while the [[São Tomé fiscal]] (or Newton's fiscal) is [[endemism|restricted]] to the island of [[São Tomé (island)|São Tomé]].<ref name = "HBW">{{Cite book | first = Reuven | last = Yosef | editor-first = Josep | editor-last = del Hoyo | editor2-first= Andrew | editor2-last = Elliott | editor3-first = David | editor3-last = Christie | contribution = Family Laniidae (Shrikes) | title = [[Handbook of the Birds of the World]] |volume=13, Penduline-tits to Shrikes | year = 2008 | pages = 732–773 | place = Barcelona | publisher = Lynx Edicions | isbn = 978-84-96553-45-3 }}</ref>

They inhabit open habitats, especially [[steppe]] and [[savannah]]. A few species of shrikes are forest dwellers, seldom occurring in open habitats. Some species breed in northern latitudes during the summer, then [[migration (birds)|migrate]] to warmer climes for the winter.

==Description==
Shrikes are medium-sized birds with grey, brown, or black-and-white [[plumage]]. Most species are between {{convert|16|and|25|cm|in|abbr=on}} in size; however, the genus ''Corvinella'', with its extremely elongated tail-feathers, may reach up to {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length. Their beaks are hooked, like those of a [[bird of prey]], reflecting their carnivorous nature; their calls are strident.

==Behaviour==
[[File:Shrike-provision pierced-lizard.jpeg|thumb|A lizard impaled on a thorn by a shrike for later consumption.]]
Male shrikes are known for their habit of catching insects and small [[vertebrate]]s and impaling them on [[Spine (botany)|thorns]], branches, the spikes on barbed-wire fences, or any available sharp point. These stores serve as a [[Cache (biology)|cache]] so that the shrike can return to the uneaten portions at a later time.<ref name=EoB>{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Clancey, P.A.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|page= 180|isbn= 1-85391-186-0}}</ref> The primary function of conspicuously impaling prey on thorny vegetation is however thought to be for males to display their fitness and the quality of the territory held to prospective mates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Golawski |first1=A. |last2=Mroz |first2=E. |last3=Golawska |first3=S. |date=2020 |title=The function of food storing in shrikes: the importance of larders for the condition of females and during inclement weather |journal=The European Zoological Journal |language=en |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=282–293 |doi=10.1080/24750263.2020.1769208 |issn=2475-0263|doi-access=free }}</ref> The impaling behaviour increases during the onset of the breeding season.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yosef |first1=Reuven |last2=Pinshow |first2=Berry |date=1989 |title=Cache Size in Shrikes Influences Female Mate Choice and Reproductive Success |journal=The Auk |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=418–421 |jstor=4087861 |issn=0004-8038}}</ref> Female shrikes have been known to impale prey, but primarily to assist in dismembering prey.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ash, J.S. |year=1970 |title=Observations on a decreasing population of Red-backed Shrikes |url=https://britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V63/V63_N05/V63_N05_P185_205_A031.pdf |journal=British Birds |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=185=2–5 |access-date=2023-06-10 |archive-date=2023-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629225328/https://britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V63/V63_N05/V63_N05_P185_205_A031.pdf }}</ref> This behaviour may also serve secondarily as an adaptation to eating the toxic lubber grasshopper, ''[[Romalea microptera]]''. The bird waits 1–2 days for the toxins within the grasshopper to degrade before eating it.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Reuven |last1=Yosef |first2=Douglas W. |last2=Whitman |year=1992 |title=Predator exaptations and defensive adaptations in evolutionary balance: No defence is perfect |doi=10.1007/BF02270696 |volume=6 |issue=6 |journal=Evolutionary Ecology |pages=527–536|s2cid=23312866 }}</ref>

[[File:Occhiocotto predato.jpg|thumb|A [[Sardinian warbler]] impaled by a shrike in Italy; shrikes sometimes use man-made spikes, such as [[barbed wire]], in place of thorns.]]
[[Loggerhead shrike]]s kill vertebrates by using their beaks to grab or pierce the neck and violently shake their prey.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Diego |last1=Sustaita |first2=Margaret A. |last2=Rubega |first3=Susan M. |last3=Farabaugh |year=2018 |title=Come on baby, let's do the twist: the kinematics of killing in loggerhead shrikes |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2018.0321 |volume=14 |issue=9 |journal=Biology Letters|pmid=30185607 |pmc=6170751 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Shrikes are [[territory (animal)|territorial]], and these territories are defended from other pairs. In migratory species, a breeding territory is defended in the breeding grounds and a smaller feeding territory is established during migration and in the wintering grounds.<ref name = "HBW"/> Where several species of shrikes exist together, competition for territories can be intense.

Shrikes make regular use of exposed perch sites, where they adopt a conspicuous upright stance. These sites are used to watch for prey and to advertise their presence to rivals.

Shrikes vocally imitate their prey to lure them for capture.<ref name="Atkinson 1997 pp. 203–2062">{{cite journal |last=Atkinson |first=Eric C. |year=1997 |title=Singing for Your Supper: Acoustical Luring of Avian Prey by Northern Shrikes |journal=The Condor |publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=203–206 |doi=10.2307/1370239 |issn=0010-5422|doi-access=free |jstor=1370239 }}</ref> In 1575, this was noted by the English poet [[George Turberville]].<blockquote>She will stand at perch upon some tree or poste, and there make an exceedingly lamentable crye ... All to make other fowles to thinke that she is very much distressed ... whereupon the credulous sellie birds do flocke together at her call. If any happen to approach near her, she ... ceazeth on them, and devoureth them (ungrateful subtill fowle).<ref name="Internet Archive 2023 c139">{{cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=The booke of falconrie or hawking : for the onely delight and pleasure of all noblemen and gentlemen : collected out of the best authors, aswell Italians as Frenchmen, and some English practises withall concerning falconrie: Turberville, George, 1540?-1610? |url=https://archive.org/details/bookeoffalconrie00turb |website=Internet Archive |page=73}}</ref></blockquote>

===Breeding===
Shrikes are generally [[monogamy in animals|monogamous]] breeders, although [[polygyny in animals|polygyny]] has been recorded in some species.<ref name = "HBW"/> Co-operative breeding, where younger birds help their parents raise the next generation of young, has been recorded in both species in the genera ''Eurocephalus'' and ''Corvinella'', as well as one species of ''Lanius''. Males attract females to their territory with well-stocked caches, which may include inedible but brightly coloured items. During courtship, the male performs a ritualised dance which includes actions that mimic the skewering of prey on thorns, and feeds the female. Shrikes make simple, cup-shaped nests from twigs and grasses, in bushes and the lower branches of trees.<ref name=EoB/>

==Species in taxonomic order==
'''FAMILY: LANIIDAE'''<ref name=ioc/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Genus !! Living species
|-
|[[File:Southern White-crowned Shrike, Eurocephalus anguitimens, gleaning ants from the early morning soil at Marakele National Park, South Africa (13952312157).jpg|175px]]
|'''''[[Eurocephalus]]''''' {{small|A. Smith, 1836}}
|
* [[Northern white-crowned shrike]], ''Eurocephalus ruppelli'' [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1853
* [[Southern white-crowned shrike]], ''Eurocephalus anguitimens'' [[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|Smith, A]], 1836
|-
|[[File:Loggerhead Shrike florida RWD6.jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Lanius]]''''' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}}||
* [[Yellow-billed shrike]], ''Lanius corvinus'' [[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw]], 1809
* [[Magpie shrike]], ''Lanius melanoleucus'' [[Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet|Jardine]], 1831
* [[Long-tailed fiscal]], ''Lanius cabanisi'' [[Ernst Hartert|Hartert, EJO]], 1906
* [[Grey-backed fiscal]], ''Lanius excubitoroides'' [[Florent Prévost|Prévost]] & [[Marc Athanase Parfait Oeillet Des Murs|des Murs]], 1847
* [[Taita fiscal]], ''Lanius dorsalis'' [[Jean Cabanis|Cabanis]], 1878
* [[Great grey shrike]] or northern shrike, ''Lanius excubitor'' [[Linnaeus]], 1758
** [[Steppe grey shrike]], ''Lanius excubitor pallidirostris'' [[John Cassin|Cassin]], 1851
* [[Somali fiscal]], ''Lanius somalicus'' [[Gustav Hartlaub|Hartlaub]] & [[Theodor von Heuglin|Heuglin]], 1859
* [[Loggerhead shrike]], ''Lanius ludovicianus'' [[Linnaeus]], 1766
* [[Giant grey shrike]], ''Lanius giganteus'' [[Nikolay Przhevalsky|Przevalski]], 1887
* [[Chinese grey shrike]], ''Lanius sphenocercus'' [[Jean Cabanis|Cabanis]], 1873
* [[Iberian grey shrike]], ''Lanius meridionalis'' [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1820
* [[Northern shrike]], ''Lanius borealis'' [[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1808
* [[Masked shrike]], ''Lanius nubicus'' [[Martin Lichtenstein|Lichtenstein, MHC]], 1823
* [[São Tomé fiscal]], ''Lanius newtoni'' [[José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage|Barboza du Bocage]], 1891
* [[Northern fiscal]], ''Lanius humeralis'' [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby|Stanley]], 1814
* [[Emin's shrike]], ''Lanius gubernator'' [[Gustav Hartlaub|Hartlaub]], 1882
* [[Mackinnon's shrike]], ''Lanius mackinnoni'' [[Richard Bowdler Sharpe|Sharpe]], 1891
* [[Souza's shrike]], ''Lanius souzae'' [[José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage|Barboza du Bocage]], 1878
* [[Southern fiscal]], ''Lanius collaris'' [[Linnaeus]], 1766
** [[Uhehe fiscal]], ''Lanius collaris marwitzi''
*[[Lesser grey shrike]], ''Lanius minor'' [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1788
* [[Woodchat shrike]], ''Lanius senator'' [[Linnaeus]], 1758
* [[Burmese shrike]], ''Lanius collurioides'' [[René Primevère Lesson|Lesson, RP]], 1831
* [[Tiger shrike]], ''Lanius tigrinus'' [[Auguste Drapiez|Drapiez]], 1828
* [[Bay-backed shrike]], ''Lanius vittatus'' [[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1826
* [[Isabelline shrike]], ''Lanius isabellinus'' [[Friedrich Wilhelm Hemprich|Hemprich]] & [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg|Ehrenberg]], 1833
* [[Red-backed shrike]], ''Lanius collurio'' [[Linnaeus]], 1758
* [[Red-tailed shrike]], ''Lanius phoenicuroides'' ([[Herman Schalow|Schalow]], 1875)
* [[Mountain shrike]] or grey-capped shrike, ''Lanius validirostris'' [[William Robert Ogilvie-Grant|Ogilvie-Grant]], 1894
* [[Brown shrike]], ''Lanius cristatus'' [[Linnaeus]], 1758
* [[Bull-headed shrike]], ''Lanius bucephalus'' [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1845
* [[Long-tailed shrike]], ''Lanius schach'' [[Linnaeus]], 1758
* [[Grey-backed shrike]], ''Lanius tephronotus'' ([[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1831)
|-
|}

== In popular culture ==
The science-fiction novel series ''Hyperion Cantos'' by Dan Simmons features a creature called the Shrike, which impales its human victims on the thorns protruding from its body, as well as on a large metal tree where it displays its prey.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simmons |first=Dan |title=Hyperion Cantos |publisher=Doubleday Direct |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-56865-175-0}}</ref>

A serial killer who snaps the necks of his victims is known as The Shrike in Michael Connelly's ''[[Fair Warning (Connelly novel)|Fair Warning]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Connelly |first=Michael |title=Fair Warning |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-316-53942-5}}</ref>

There is a song called "Shrike" by the Irish musician Hozier, and its lyrics are a direct reference to the bird's habit of impaling its prey on thorns.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOBHyBPPSow&list=RDDOBHyBPPSow&start_radio=1</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{ cite journal | last1=Fuchs | first1=J. | last2=Alström | first2=P. | last3=Yosef | first3=R. | last4=Olsson | first4=U. | year=2019 | title=Miocene diversification of an open-habitat predatorial passerine radiation, the shrikes (Aves: Passeriformes: Laniidae) | journal=Zoologica Scripta | volume= 48| issue= 5| pages=571–588 | doi=10.1111/zsc.12363 | s2cid=202027002 | url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02961301/file/Fuchs%20et%20al.%20-%202019%20-%20Miocene%20diversification%20of%20an%20open-habitat%20predato.pdf }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Laniidae}}
* {{Cite NSRW|short=x|wstitle=Shrike}}

{{Laniidae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q171052}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Laniidae| ]]

Alwar

2026-02-22T03:58:08Z

Mohitjikumar32:

{{About|the municipality in Rajasthan, India|its namesake district|Alwar district|the Hindu saints|Alwars|places in Iran|Alwar, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Alwar, Iran}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alwar
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = {{lang|hi|अलवर}}
| settlement_type = City
| nickname = Scotland of Rajasthan
| image_skyline = Skyline of Alwar City.jpg
| image_alt = Skyline of Alwar city
| image_caption = Scenic view of Alwar city (RJ) from Bala Qila
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.550|N|76.636|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alwar District|Alwar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1106
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = Alwar Municipal Corporation
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 202
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 268
| population_total = 5,05,000
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 5,83,000
| population_rank = 8th in Rajasthan
| population_demonym = Alwariya
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 301001, 301002
| area_code =
| area_code_type =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| registration_plate = RJ-02
| website = {{URL|https://lsg.rajasthan.gov.in/ulbalwar/#/home/dptHome|Alwar Municipal Corporation}} {{URL|http://alwar.rajasthan.gov.in/|Alwar District}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 =
}}

'''Alwar''' ([[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|[əlʋəɾ]]]) is a city in Rajasthan and the administrative headquarters of [[Alwar district|Alwar District]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]]. It is located 150 km south of [[Delhi]] and 150 km north of [[Jaipur]].

== Etymology ==
There are several theories about the derivation of the name Alwar. [[Alexander Cunningham]], the British Indian archeologist, believed that the city derived its name from the Salva tribe and was originally Salwapur, then Salwar, Halawar and eventually Alwar, According to another school it was known as Aravalpur or the city of [[Aravalli Range|Aravali]].

Some others opine that the city is named after [[Khanzada Alawal Khan|Khanzada Alawal Khan Mewati]] (the [[Khanzadas of Mewat|Muslim Khanzada]] prince who wrested Alwar from Nikumbh Rajputs){{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}. A research conducted during the reign of Maharaja Jai Singh of Alwar revealed that Maharaja Alaghraj, second son of Maharaja Kakil of [[Jaipur State|Amber]]. ruled the area in the eleventh century and his territory extended up to the present city of Alwar. He founded the city of Alpur in 1106 Vikrami Samvat (1049 A.D.) after his own name which eventually became Alwar{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}. It was formerly spelt as Ulwar but in the reign of Jai Singh the spelling was changed to Alwar{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}. Some sources say that the name Alwar comes from the Persian word timber.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ram|first=Maya|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146820/page/n17/mode/2up|title=Rajasthan District Gazetteer Alwar|year=1964|location=Jaipur|pages=1}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2021}}

==History==
===Ancient history===
The ancient name of Alwar is [[Salva (India)|Salva]] or Salwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mallik|first=Swetabja|title=History and Heritage: Examining Their Interplay in India|series=International Conference on Archaeology, History and Heritage|date=2019-07-15|pages=01–11|publisher=The International Institute of Knowledge Management - TIIKM|doi=10.17501/26510243.2019.1101|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rajasthan (India). Chief Town Planner & Architectural Adviser.|title=Draft master plan for Alwar, 1981-2001|date=1982|publisher=The Chief Town Planner & Architectural Adviser|pages=8|oclc=1000383312}}</ref> [[Alwar district|Alwar]] was a part of the [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya Kingdom]], one of the 16 ancient [[Mahājanapada]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiasite.com/rajasthan/alwar/history.html |title=History of Alwar, Origin of Alwar, Alwar History In Rajasthan India |publisher=Indiasite.com |access-date=2013-03-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627031344/http://www.indiasite.com/rajasthan/alwar/history.html |archive-date=27 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In late [[Vedic texts]] (such as the [[Jaiminiya Brahmana]]), the [[Salva (India)|Salva]] or [[Salva (India)|Salvi tribe]] is described as a non-Vedic tribe that occupied [[Kurukshetra]] and conquered the [[Kuru kingdom]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien|chapter=Early Sanskritization Origins and Development of the Kuru State|date=1997|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/9783486594355.27|series=Schriften des Historischen Kollegs|pages=27–52|place=München|publisher=Oldenbourg|doi=10.1524/9783486594355.27|isbn=978-3-486-56193-7|access-date=2020-09-26}}</ref>

==== The Salvas ====
The Salvas settled along the [[Yamuna]] river and the Alwar province of [[Rajasthan]] after attacking the [[Kuru kingdom]], and they later accepted [[Vedic period|Vedic culture]] by the end of the Vedic era as they converged with the remaining Kurus and the [[Surasena]] mahajanapada, near [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra, 1892-1957.|title=Political history of ancient India : from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-564376-3|pages=61,736|oclc=38008217}}</ref>

=== Medieval history ===
[[File:2 The Darbar of Raja Bakhtawar Singh of Alwar. alwar, 1810, San Diego.jpg|thumb|left|The Darbar of Raja Bakhtawar Singh of Alwar in 1810]]
Alwar was ruled by multiple dynasties. Notable dynasties included the [[Jadaun Rajputs|Jadauns of Karauli]], [[Nikumbha|Nikumbh Rajputs]], the [[Khanzadas of Mewat|Khanzada Rajputs]], the [[Bargujar|Badgujar Rajputs]], [[Gaur (clan)|Gaur rajputs]] and the [[Rai Sahib|Rao Sahab]] of Rewari who took the control over this area. The [[Maratha Empire]] also ruled this region for a short period. Rao Raja of Rewari, captured the Alwar Fort from the Rajput Naruka and laid down the foundation for modern day Alwar.
Wali-e-Mewat Raja Khanzada Alawal Khan, Bahadur, son of Khanzada Zakaria Khan Mewati, was the Khanzada Rajput ruler of Mewat from 1485 till 1504.[1] He was succeeded by his son Hasan Khan Mewati as Wali-e-Mewat in 1504. In 1492 he won Bala Quila from Nikumbh Rajputs to stop the practice of human sacrifice.[2] It is also believed that the city of Alwar is named after him.

[[Hemu|Hemchandra Vikramaditya]] (Hemu), born in Machari, Rajgarh, a village in Alwar, was a Hindu emperor of North India during the 16th century. This was a period when the Mughals and Afghans were vying for power in the region. Hemu captured Delhi on 7 October 1556 after defeating the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces in the Battle of Delhi in the Tughlaqabad area in Delhi, and became the ''de facto'' emperor. He won twenty-two battles in succession and became the last Hindu emperor of Delhi. In 1556, after his defeat in the [[Second Battle of Panipat]], he was executed and Mughal regime was restored in North India. In 1781, the Battle of Mandan fought between Raos of Rewari under leadership of Mitrasen and Rajput Sardar Shardul helped by Mughals. Both side seen heavy casualties with only 6000 Ahirs defeated 25000 rajput forces. The whole area annexed by Raos of Rewari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Nasadiya Tech Pvt |title=Read Hindi article {{!}} राव मित्रसेन अहीर « Sachin Yadav "A_J" {{!}} प्रतिलिपि |url=https://hindi.pratilipi.com/read/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0-zfqbrefio01k-217k532569u1mh1 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=hindi.pratilipi.com |language=hi}}</ref>

==={{anchor | Rath region | Wai region | Narukhand region}} Colonial era===
{{main|State of Alwar}}
[[File:Neemrana Fortress, Alwar district.jpg|thumb|[[Neemrana|Neemrana Fort]]]]

The princely state of [[State of Alwar|Alwar]] was established in 1770 by a [[Kachwaha|Kachwaha Rajput]] named [[Pratap Singh Prabhakar|Pratap Singh Naruka]] who was earlier a [[jagirdar]] of "Dhai Gaon" (two-and-a-half villages) near Machari. His successor, Bakhtawar Singh Naruka, was defeated after launching an armed incursion into neighbouring [[Jaipur State]] (ruled by their Kachwaha seniors, erstwhile overlords of his predecessor) and being forced to accept the consequent treaty mediated by [[East India Company]] prohibiting him from political relations with other states without the consent of the colonial British.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Alwar|volume=1|page=755}}</ref> According to the "Gazetteer of Ulwar" published by the [[British Raj]], Alwar State was subdivided into four regions:
* '''Rath region:''' current [[Behror]] and [[Neemrana]], was ruled by Lah Chauhan Rajput [[zamindar]] who had descended from [[Prithviraj Chauhan]].<ref name=dhund1/> Sahesh Mal was a son of Raja Sangat Singh Chauhan. Sangat was the great-grandson of Chahir Deo Chauhan, brother of famous king [[Prithviraj Chauhan]].<ref name=dhund5>[[Henry Miers Elliot]] and [[John Beames]], 1869, Memoirs on the history, folk-lore, and distribution of the races of the North Western Provinces of India: being an amplified edition of the original supplemental glossary of Indian terms. Trübner & co. p.64 and 82.</ref> In accordance with the pledge by the Raja Sangat Singh Chauhan to his younger queen for marrying her in his old age, her two sons from him were bestowed the Rath area and its headquarter of Mandhan near Neemrana.<ref name=dhund1/> King Sangat Singh Chauhan's 19 sons from the older queen set out to seek their fortunes.<ref name=dhund1/> Of the 19 brothers, Harsh Dev Chauhan and Sahesh Mal Chauhan arrived in the [[Gurgaon district]].<ref name=dhund1/> Lah Chauhan, the ruler of Rath, was a son of raja Sangat Singh Chauhan by the younger [[Rani]] whose two sons became inheritors of Raja Sangat Singh's territory of Rath with its headquarter at Mandhan when other 19 sons from the other wives were required to quit the kingdom as per the promise of Raja Sangat. Rao NandRam Ahir rule rath and Tijara during Aurangzeb rule. Later Rao Mitrasen Ahir defeated combined forces of Sekhawat and kachwa Rajput at Mandhan. After decline of Mughal Empire, Rao Tez Singh (1766-1823) was ruler of Rath and Tijara (Ahirwal). He was grandfather of freedom fighter Rao Tula Ram.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC&dq=Rao+Tej+singh&pg=PA75 | title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India | isbn=978-81-7062-216-1 | last1=Yadava | first1=S. D. S. | date=2006 | publisher=Lancer Publishers }}</ref><ref name=dhund1>Henry Miers Elliot and [[John Beames]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uKZJAAAAMAAJ&dq=dhundhoti&pg=PA82 Memoirs on the History, Folk-lore, and Distribution of the Races], Volume 1.</ref><ref name=dhund2>[[Henry Miers Elliot]], [https://archive.org/details/supplementtoglo00elligoog/page/n249  Supplemental Glossary of Terms Used in the North Western Provinces]</ref><ref name=dhund3>[[Henry Miers Elliot]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=hb5ptYOdkOkC&dq=beeg+hoto&pg=PA48 Supplement to the Glossary of Indian Terms, A.-J]</ref><ref name=dhund4>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TI9EAQAAMAAJ&dq=dhundhoti&pg=PA43 Panjab Notes and Queries], Volume 1</ref>
[[File:Under construction residential Buildings.jpg|thumb|New residential Buildings in [[Neemrana]] Alwar]]
* '''Wai region:''' current [[Bansur]] and Thana Ghazi, was ruled by [[Shekhawat]] rajput zamindars.
* '''Narukhand region:''' current [[Rajgarh, Alwar|Rajgarh]] and [[Laxmangarh]], was ruled by [[Naruka]] clan of Rajputs same as that of the ruling kings of the Alwar State
* '''[[Mewat]] region:''' current [[Palwal]] and [[Nuh (city)|Nuh]] districts, had the highest population of the [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]] Muslims.

===Post-independence===

Alwar acceded to the [[dominion of India]] following the [[independence of India]] in 1947. On 18 March 1948, the state merged with three neighbouring princely states ([[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]], [[Dholpur]] and [[Karauli]]) to form the [[Matsya Union]]. On 15 May 1949, it was united with neighbouring [[princely state]]s{{which|date=January 2013}} and the territory of [[Ajmer]] to form the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan. Alwar was designated as part of the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], resulting in additional development projects including rapid-rail to Delhi and drinking water improvements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-JPR-bharatpur-becomes-ncr-delhi-metro-to-chug-into-alwar-soon-4308530-NOR.html|title=Bharatpur becomes NCR; Delhi Metro to chug into Alwar soon|work=daily.bhaskar.com|access-date=19 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032141/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-JPR-bharatpur-becomes-ncr-delhi-metro-to-chug-into-alwar-soon-4308530-NOR.html|archive-date=29 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The military cantonment of Itarana lies on the outskirts of Alwar.

==Tourist attractions==
{{Wide image|AlwarFort.jpg|1025px|Fort View of Alwar}}

=== Fairy Queen ===
{{main|Fairy Queen (locomotive)}}
The Fairy Queen, a national treasure (cultural artifact) of India and the world's oldest working locomotive engine (c. 1855 CE),<ref>{{citation|title=World's oldest engine gathers fresh steam|date=12 February 2017|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/worlds-oldest-engine-gathers-fresh-steam/articleshow/57102920.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605072221/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/worlds-oldest-engine-gathers-fresh-steam/articleshow/57102920.cms|archive-date=5 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> operates as a tourist [[luxury train]] between Delhi and Alwar. In 1998 it was listed in the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]]'' as the world's oldest steam locomotive in regular service. The ''Fairy Queen'' runs on the same route as the ''[[Palace on Wheels]]'', the [[tourist train]] launched in 1982, and was awarded the National Tourism Award in 1999.

=== Bala Qila ===
Bala Qila ({{lit|High Fort}}), also known as Alwar Fort, is a fort approximately 300 meters above the city, Situated on the [[Aravalli Range]], the fort is 5 kilometres long and about 1.5 kilometres wide with turrets, a large gate, a temple, and a residential area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/W8CL4LIxkoWuRbWH7e8lnO/Delhi-to-Alwar-Among-the-ruins.html|title=Delhi to Alwar: Among the ruins|last=Iyengar|first=Abha|date=2017-05-04|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2017-12-10|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210180022/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/W8CL4LIxkoWuRbWH7e8lnO/Delhi-to-Alwar-Among-the-ruins.html|archive-date=10 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

[[File:Vinay Vilas Mahal (City Palace) Alwar-001.jpg|thumb|alt=Vinay Vilas Mahal (City Palace) Alwar]]

=== City Palace ===
The City Palace, also known as Vinay Vilas Mahal, built in 1793 CE by Raja Bakhtawar Singh, blends the Rajputana and Islamic architectural styles and has marble pavilions on lotus-shaped bases in its courtyard. The foundations of the City Palace, was constructed by Maharaja of [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] [[Rajput]]s in 928 CE. The palace houses [[Government Museum, Alwar]] with a collection of manuscripts, including one depicting Emperor [[Babur]]’s life, Ragamala paintings and miniatures, and historic swords that once belonged to [[Muhammad Ghori]], Emperor [[Akbar]] and [[Aurangzeb]]; and a golden Durbar hall. This palace that once belonged to the Maharaja (lit. Great Ruler) has now been converted into a District Administrative office also housing the District Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-a-state-of-neglect/article18591365.ece|title=In a state of neglect|last=Safvi|first=Rana|date=2017-05-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430223306/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-a-state-of-neglect/article18591365.ece|archive-date=30 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Sariska Tiger Reserve===
{{main|Sariska Tiger Reserve}}
The Sariska Tiger Reserve, a [[National park|National Park]] and [[Project Tiger|Tiger Reserve]], is located in the [[Aravali hills]] only a few kilometres away from Alwar. Declared a Wildlife reserve in 1955 and a National Park in 1982, it is the first reserve in the world to have successfully relocated tigers. The sanctuary, which became a part of India's [[Project Tiger]] in 1978, also preserves other species including rare birds and plants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://natureconservation.in/sariska-national-park-complete-detail-updated/|title=Sariska National Park - complete detail - updated|website=natureconservation.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-10|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210123828/http://natureconservation.in/sariska-national-park-complete-detail-updated/|archive-date=10 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In addition to its biodiversity, Sariska is also home to ancient temples and historical ruins, adding cultural significance to its natural beauty.

===Bhangarh Fort===
{{main|Bhangarh Fort}}
Bhangarh Fort, is a 17th-century fort built by [[Bhagwant das|Bhagwant Das]] for his younger son [[Madho Singh I]].{{Disputed inline|for=Identity of father/son are being discussed elsewhere|date=April 2019}} The fort, a monument protected by the Archaeological Survey of India and is known for its association to legends and paranormal activities,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-most-haunted-fort-in-india/article20231373.ece|title=Bhangarh: the most haunted fort in India|last=Safvi|first=Rana|date=2017-11-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430223306/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-most-haunted-fort-in-india/article20231373.ece|archive-date=30 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> is a tourist attraction for visitors across the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-15/travel/40589314_1_ghosts-fort-area-alwar|title=The Times of India: Latest News India, World & Business News, Cricket & Sports, Bollywood|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 November 2014|archive-date=18 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718161406/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-15/travel/40589314_1_ghosts-fort-area-alwar|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Siliserh Lake ===
{{main|Siliserh Lake}}
Siliserh Lake is 19th century lake created by Maharaja Vijay Singh of Alwar, situated 8 miles southwest of Alwar.

=== Hill Fort Kesroli ===
{{main|Hill Fort Kesroli}}
Hill Fort Kesroli, a 14th-century fort, has now been converted into and is conserved as a heritage hotel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/07/29/stories/2004072900680300.htm|title=Ruins revisited |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=July 29, 2004}}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[File:Alwar railway station 04.jpg|thumb|[[Alwar Junction railway station]]]]
As of 2019, the most common modes of medium-distance transport in Alwar are government-owned services such as flights, as well as privately operated lok pariwahan buses, taxis and auto rickshaws. Bus services operate from the Alwar old Bus Station which is 5 km away from the Alwar railway junction. In addition to this it is also planned that a metro rail system from Delhi to Alwar via Behror route will be started. The nearest airports to Alwar are [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] in Delhi (143 km away), [[Jaipur International Airport]] (150 km away), and an airport currently under development in Bhiwadi airport (90 km away). [[Alwar Junction railway station]], on the [[Delhi–Jaipur line]], is connected with [[Delhi]], [[Jaipur]], and [[Mumbai]]. Alwar is connected by roads from major cities of [[Rajasthan]] and nearby states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/delhi-alwar-rapid-rail-phase-1-corridor-to-be-connected-with-delhi-metro-bus-stand-railway-station/1548297/|title=Delhi-Alwar rapid rail: Phase 1 corridor to be connected with Delhi Metro, bus stand, railway station!|date=2019-04-15|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/all-rrts-stations-to-have-platform-screen-doors-4322971.html|title=All RRTS stations to have platform screen doors|website=Moneycontrol|date=11 August 2019 |access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/regional-rail-stations-to-have-platform-screen-doors/|title=Regional Rail stations to have platform screen doors|last=Shah|first=Narendra|date=2019-08-13|website=Metro Rail News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref>

==Geography==
Alwar is located at {{Coord|27.57|N|76.6|E|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|271|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The Ruparail River is a major river near the city. Alwar is fairly rich in mineral wealth; it produces marble, granite, feldspar, dolomite, quartz, limestone, soap stone, barites, copper clay, copper ore and pyrophylite.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alwar.nic.in/Mineral.html |title=Welcome to Alwar, The Gateway of Rajastan > Mineral Resources |publisher=Alwar.nic.in |access-date=19 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619224322/http://alwar.nic.in/Mineral.html |archive-date=19 June 2014 }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Alwar has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSh'') with long, sweltering summers and short, warm to very warm winters. The average maximum temperature in the summers is {{Cvt|41|C|F}} with an average minimum of {{Cvt|28|C|F}}. The winter temperature falls in the range of {{Cvt|21|C|F}} to {{Cvt|8|C|F}}. Alwar experiences a short monsoon. The average annual rainfall is about {{convert|67|cm|in|0|disp=or}}, which mostly falls in July and August when the monsoon is most active.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alwar Weather & Climate {{!}} Temperature & Weather By Month |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/rajasthan/alwar-57401/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded in Alwar is {{Cvt|50.6|C|F}} on 10 May 1956 and the lowest {{Cvt|-0.8|C|F}} recorded on 12 January 1967. Alwar held the record for the highest temperature ever recorded in India until 2016, when [[Phalodi]] in [[Jodhpur district]] recorded {{Cvt|51.0|C|F}} on 19 May 2016.
<div class="center">{{Weather box
| location = Alwar (1991-2020, extremes 1956–present)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 29.0
| Feb record high C = 35.0
| Mar record high C = 39.9
| Apr record high C = 46.4
| May record high C = 50.6
| Jun record high C = 47.3
| Jul record high C = 43.8
| Aug record high C = 41.2
| Sep record high C = 40.1
| Oct record high C = 40.6
| Nov record high C = 35.6
| Dec record high C = 29.7
| year record high C = 50.6
| Jan high C = 20.5
| Feb high C = 24.5
| Mar high C = 30.8
| Apr high C = 37.2
| May high C = 40.1
| Jun high C = 38.4
| Jul high C = 33.4
| Aug high C = 31.7
| Sep high C = 32.6
| Oct high C = 32.6
| Nov high C = 27.7
| Dec high C = 22.5
| Jan mean C = 13.9
| Feb mean C = 17.5
| Mar mean C = 23.4
| Apr mean C = 29.7
| May mean C = 33.3
| Jun mean C = 33.1
| Jul mean C = 29.6
| Aug mean C = 28.1
| Sep mean C = 28.0
| Oct mean C = 26.0
| Nov mean C = 20.9
| Dec mean C = 15.7
| Jan low C = 7.6
| Feb low C = 10.7
| Mar low C = 15.7
| Apr low C = 21.5
| May low C = 25.9
| Jun low C = 27.9
| Jul low C = 26.4
| Aug low C = 25.2
| Sep low C = 23.8
| Oct low C = 19.5
| Nov low C = 14.5
| Dec low C = 9.5
| Jan record low C = -0.8
| Feb record low C = 2.4
| Mar record low C = 7.3
| Apr record low C = 11.2
| May record low C = 15.7
| Jun record low C = 20.7
| Jul record low C = 20.6
| Aug record low C = 20.1
| Sep record low C = 16.8
| Oct record low C = 12.0
| Nov record low C = 6.1
| Dec record low C = 1.4
| year record low C = -0.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 14
| Feb rain mm = 17
| Mar rain mm = 12
| Apr rain mm = 12
| May rain mm = 19
| Jun rain mm = 72
| Jul rain mm = 190
| Aug rain mm = 223
| Sep rain mm = 86
| Oct rain mm = 15
| Nov rain mm = 7
| Dec rain mm = 5
| Jan rain days = 2
| Feb rain days = 2
| Mar rain days = 2
| Apr rain days = 2
| May rain days = 4
| Jun rain days = 8
| Jul rain days = 14
| Aug rain days = 15
| Sep rain days = 8
| Oct rain days = 2
| Nov rain days = 1
| Dec rain days = 1
| Jan humidity = 61
| Feb humidity = 52
| Mar humidity = 38
| Apr humidity = 24
| May humidity = 27
| Jun humidity = 43
| Jul humidity = 69
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 64
| Oct humidity = 46
| Nov humidity = 48
| Dec humidity = 56
| Jand sun = 8.8
| Febd sun = 9.7
| Mard sun = 10.6
| Aprd sun = 11.5
| Mayd sun = 12.1
| Jund sun = 11.8
| Juld sun = 9.4
| Augd sun = 8.4
| Sepd sun = 9.3
| Octd sun = 10.1
| Novd sun = 9.5
| Decd sun = 9.1
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDcityextremes>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 20 December 2022}}</ref>
| source 2 = Climate Data<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/rajasthan/alwar-57401/
| title = Alwar Weather & Climate {{!}} Temperature & Weather By Month
| publisher = en.climate-data.org
| access-date = 23 January 2023}}</ref>
}}</div>

Alwar has been ranked 40th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = <ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=Historical Census of India|publisher=Populstat.info|access-date=19 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|archive-date=17 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| 1891 | 52400
| 1901 | 56700
| 1911 | 41300
| 1921 | 44800
| 1941 | 54100
| 1951 | 57900
| 1961 | 72700
| 1971 | 100800
| 1981 | 140000
| 1991 | 210100
| 2001 | 266203
| 2011 | 341422
|align = center
}}

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Alwar City (2011)<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|90.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|4.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|2.61}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Rajasthan|Jainism]]|pink|2.13}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.29}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, the population of Alwar city and Alwar district were 341,422 and 3,674,179 respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/429-alwar.html |title=Alwar District Population Census 2011, Rajasthan literacy sex ratio and density |work=census2011.co.in |access-date=6 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216091928/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/429-alwar.html |archive-date=16 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/70-alwar.html |title=Alwar City Population Census 2011-2021 | Rajasthan |access-date=2016-07-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104130354/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/70-alwar.html |archive-date=4 November 2016 |df=dmy-all}} Alwar City Population Census 2011</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Alwar (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 93.47 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value2 = 3.43 |color2 = pink
|label3 = [[Mewati language|Mewati]] |value3 = 1.60 |color3 = indianred
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.50 |color4 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 63.61% of the population recorded their language as [[Hindi]], 3.43% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and 1.60% [[Mewati language|Mewati]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Urban): Rajasthan |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Education==


[[Raj Rishi Bhartrihari Matsya University]] was established in 2012–13. Alwar has several schools such as Alwar Public School, Shri Oswal Jain Senior Secondary School, St. Anselm's Senior Secondary School, [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], Adinath Public School, Knowledge City School, Chinar Public School, Lords International School, Sri Guru Harkrishan Public School, Step By Step Senior Secondary School, Raath International School, National Academy and Silver Oak, and colleges (Raj Rishi college, Siddhi Vinayak College, Presidency College, Government Law College, KCRI College, IET College). The [[ESIC Medical College, Alwar|Employee's State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) Medical College]] started operating from 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/alwar-medical-college-will-this-year-will-enter-in-2017-1561218/|title=अलवर को इसी वर्ष मिलेगा मेडिकल कॉलेज, 2017 में होंगे प्रवेश|publisher=Patrika}}</ref>

==Notable people==

*[[Saurabh Singh Shekhawat]]
*[[Sakshi Tanwar]]
*[[Jitendra Kumar]]
*[[Imran Khan (web developer)|Imran Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/imran-khan-alwar-338410-2016-09-05|title=Meet PM Modi's 'Imran Khan', a teacher who donated 52 educational apps to MHRD|date=5 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mr. Mohammad Imran Khan Mewati : Jamnalal Bajaj Award 2019 for Application of Science and Technology for Rural Development |url=http://www.jamnalalbajajawards.org/awards/archives/2019/science-and-technology/mohammad-imran-khan-mewati}}</ref>
*[[Aastha Chaudhary]]
*[[Bhuvneshwari Kumari]]
*[[Mahesh Sharma]]
*[[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1971)|Jitendra Singh]]
*[[Alok Bhargava]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Powlett|first=P. W.|title=Gazetteer of Ulwur (Alwar)|url=https://archive.org/stream/gazetteerofulwur00powliala#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1838|access-date=19 November 2014}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikivoyage|Alwar}}
* {{Official website|http://www.alwar.rajasthan.gov.in}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160106223135/http://alwar.rajasthan.gov.in/hist.htm History of District Alwar]

{{Rajasthan}}
{{Alwar district}}
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Alwar]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Alwar district]]

Barbaad

2026-02-17T13:33:08Z

Mohitjikumar32: redirect created

#REDIRECT[[Saiyaara (soundtrack)]]
[[Category:2025 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Jubin Nautiyal songs]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in India]]
[[Category:Songs from Saiyaara]]

Raghunathan Srianand

2026-02-10T02:44:36Z

Mohitjikumar32: updated page

{{Short description |Indian cosmologist, astrophysicist and a scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Raghunathan Srianand
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|2|1}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Cosmology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Redshift-space distortions|redshift evolution]] on the cosmic microwave background radiation
| awards = {{ublist| 2008 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~anand|Homepage}}
}}
'''Raghunathan Srianand''' (born February 1, 1969) is an Indian [[Cosmology|cosmologist]], [[Astrophysics|astrophysicist]] and a scientist at the [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] (IUCAA).<ref name="Academic Members">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/research.html#Faculty |title=Academic Members |date=2017-11-01 |website=Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics |access-date=2017-11-01 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611140022/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/Research.html#Faculty |archivedate=2010-06-11 }}</ref> Known for his research on [[Redshift-space distortions|redshift evolution]] on the cosmic microwave background radiation,<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=371 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref> Srianand is a member of the [[International Astronomical Union]]<ref name="Raghunathan Srianand on IAU">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/420/ |title=Raghunathan Srianand on IAU |date=2017-11-01 |website=International Astronomical Union |access-date=2017-11-01}}</ref> and the [[Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics]].<ref name="Srianand on PI">{{Cite web |url=http://perimeterinstitute.ca/people/raghunathan-srianand |title=Srianand on PI |date=2017-11-01 |website=Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics |access-date=2017-11-01}}</ref>

Focusing his work on observational and theoretical astrophysics, he is known to have assisted in widening the understanding of the ''bounds on the variation of fundamental constants using the absorption line spectra of quasars''.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners |date=2017-10-17 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> High-z [[Protogalaxy|proto-galaxies]], time and space variation of fundamental constants, [[redshift]] evolution of the CMB temperature and formation and evolution of IGM have been some of the areas of his research.<ref name="Research at IUCAA">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/research.html |title=Research at IUCAA |date=2017-11-01 |website=Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics |access-date=2017-11-01 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611140022/http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/Research.html |archivedate=2010-06-11 }}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/R_Srianand |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-10-17 |access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[Google Scholar]], an online article repository of scientific articles, has listed 306 of them.<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=37_XE1AAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017-10-31 |publisher=Google Scholar |access-date=2017-10-31}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to physical sciences in 2008.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx |title=View Bhatnagar Awardees |date=2017-11-11 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=S. Muzahid, Jane C. Charlton, Daisuke Nagai, Joop Schaye, R. Srianand |title=Discovery of an HI-rich Gas Reservoir in the Outskirts of SZ-effect Selected Clusters |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |year=2017 |volume=846 |issue=1 |pages=L8 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aa8559|arxiv=1708.02600|bibcode=2017ApJ...846L...8M|s2cid=118943294 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=R. Dutta, R. Srianand, Neeraj Gupta, Ravi Joshi |title=H i 21-cm absorption from z ∼ 0.35 strong Mg ii absorbers |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |year=2017 |volume=468 |issue=1 |pages=1029–1037 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stx538|doi-access=free |arxiv=1703.00457|bibcode=2017MNRAS.468.1029D|s2cid=119069958 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=M. Vivek, R. Srianand, N. Gupta |title=Transient C IV Broad Absorption Lines in radio detected QSOs |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |year=2015 |volume=455 |issue=1 |pages=136–149 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stv2240|doi-access=free |arxiv=1509.08471|bibcode=2016MNRAS.455..136V|s2cid=118700592 }}

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Physics}}
* [[Redshift-space distortions]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite journal |url=https://physics.aps.org/story/v13/st13 |title=Focus: A Constant Worthy of the Name |date=2017-11-01 |journal=Physics |volume=13 |access-date=2017-11-01|last1=Monroe |first1=Don }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srianand, Raghunathan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian astrophysicists]]
[[Category:Indian cosmologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]

Anshul Trivedi

2026-02-06T05:43:37Z

Mohitjikumar32: put up new stub - done

{{short description|Indian actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anshul Trivedi
| image = Anshul Trivedi.jpg
| alt = Anshul Trivedi
| caption = Anshul Trivedi
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Vadodara, Gujarat]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2012 to present
| known_for = [[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]], [[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]], [[Trideviyaan]], Oxygen
| notable_works =

}}
'''Anshul Trivedi''' is an Indian actor known for his works in [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]] and [[Indian television]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! Ritu Bhagwani: You can't take your eyes off Anshul Trivedi when he is performing, he is super supportive of his co-stars|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/exclusive-ritu-bhagwani-you-cant-take-your-eyes-off-anshul-trivedi-when-he-is-performing-he-is-super-supportive-of-his-co-stars/articleshow/77179504.cms|access-date=2020-10-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He appeared as a lead in ''Balika vadhu 2''[[Balika Vadhu 2| ]], ''Trideviyaan'', ''Khidki'', ''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]'', ''Ishq Ka Rang Safed'', ''Ek Rishta Aisa Bhi'', ''Kaali - Ek Punar Avataar'', ''Raam Leela'' and ''Ramayai Vastavaiya''. He did a short story "Love by Chance" for [[Bindass|UTV Bindass]], ''Bisaat Rishton Ki'' and ''Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki'' He was also seen as ''"Tantiya Tope" in the show " Jhansi Ki Rani" on colours in 2019''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Barodian-actor-Aanshul-Trivedi-is-looking-forward-to-good-offers-Saraswatichandra/articleshow/32590623.cms|title=Aanshul Trivedi is open to both TV shows and films!|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-26}}</ref>

==Early life==
Anshul Trivedi is a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/when-these-gujarati-celebs-heard-their-real-calling/articleshow/55279258.cms?from=mdr|title=When these Gujarati celebs heard their real calling|date=November 7, 2016|first=Soumitra|last=Das|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He grew up in his hometown [[Vadodara, Gujarat]], and also spent five years in [[Atul, Gujarat|Atul]], [[Valsad]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Vadodara has got a distinct charm: Aanshul Trivedi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/Vadodara-has-got-a-distinct-charm-Aanshul-Trivedi/articleshow/34583897.cms|date=May 3, 2014|first=Soumitra|last=Das|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Career==
He did bachelors in Business Administration (B.B.A) from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] and Post graduation in Public Relations & Corporate Communications (P.R.C.C) from Xavier's Institute of Communications (XIC) from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]. He is professionally trained in [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani Shastriya Sangeet]] (Indian classical) for 7 years. He was the winner of [[Sugama Sangeetha]] (Light Vocal) competition in the year 2004 at [[National Youth Festival (India)]]. He has also won state-level swimming competitions for 3 consecutive years and represented the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] at National level swimming championship organised by [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]. While he was graduating, music maestro [[Viju Shah]] heard him singing at one of the competitions and offered him to come down to Mumbai and perform with him in Navratri Shows and other shows. This was the beginning of his music career. He worked with [[Viju Shah]] for more than 5 years and did many live performances.
After his post graduation in PR and Corporate Communications, he got placed at CMCG India – a PR firm founded in Mumbai. Before the completion of probation period, he quite his first job and started pursuing his dream of becoming an actor. Anshul has worked with film directors and producers such as [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/these-tv-stars-are-set-to-debut-in-dhollywood-this-year/photostory/56377074.cms|title=Anshul Trivedi - These TV stars are set to debut in Dhollywood this year |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 January 2017 |access-date=2018-03-26}}</ref> [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Umesh Shukla]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/anshul-trivedi-s-first-comedy-experience-sab-tv-s-khidki-160628|title=Anshul Trivedi's first 'comedy' experience with SAB TV's Khidki }}</ref> and [[Vikram Bhatt]]

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2013
|''[[Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]''
|Anshul
|Hindi
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''
|Mandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|2017
|''Pela Adhi Akshar''
|Sunil
|Gujarati
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Oxygen (2018 film)|Oxygen]]''
|Shakespeare Joshi
|Gujarati
|
|-
|2022
|''Kesariya''
|Agam Somani
|Gujarati
|Filming
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !!Platform !!Notes
|-
| 2022 || ''Guilty Minds'' || PSA Shah ||[[Amazon Prime]] ||
|-
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|2011
|''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
|Sanjana friend
|-
|2011-2012
|''[[Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki]]''
|Vishal Chaturvedi
|-
|2012
|''[[Kaali – Ek Punar Avatar]]''
|Nimai Rajhans
|-
|2013
|''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]''
|Pramadan "Pramad" Dharmadhikari
|-
|2014
|''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
|Baba
|-
|2014-2015
|''[[Ek Rishta Aisa Bhi]]''
|Abhimaan Roy
|-
|2015
|''Love by Chance''
|Shaama Bhai
|-
|2016
|''[[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]]''
|Parshya
|-
|2016
|''[[Khidki]]''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/anshul-trivedi-s-first-comedy-experience-sab-tv-s-khidki-160628|title=Anshul Trivedi's first 'comedy' experience with SAB TV's Khidki|work=Tellychakkar.com|access-date=2018-03-26|language=en}}</ref>
|Rahul
|-
|2016
|''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
|Viren Kumar
|-
|2016-2017
|''[[Trideviyaan]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/aanshul-trivedi-aishwarya-sakhuja-trivediyaan-tall-co-star-tv-show/17883168|title=Why working with Aanshul Trivedi is welcome change for Aishwarya Sakhuja|date=2017-01-04|work=mid-day|access-date=2018-03-26|language=en}}</ref>
|Inspector Shaurya Chauhan
|-
|2018
|''[[Kaun Hai?]]''
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2019 TV series)|Khoob Ladi Mardaani... Jhansi Ki Rani]]''
|[[Tatya Tope]]
|-
|2021
|''[[Balika Vadhu 2]]''
|Khimji Bhujaariya
|-
|2023-2025
|''[[Pushpa Impossible]]''
|Jugal Setalwad
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trivedi, Anshul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Gujarati actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Arun (given name)

2026-01-12T16:11:52Z

Mohitjikumar32: put up new info - done

{{Infobox given name
| name = Arun
| gender = [[Male]]
| region = [[India]]
| languageorigin = [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
| derivation = {{wikt-lang|sa|अरुण}}
| meaning = "reddish brown" or "dawn"
| related names = [[Aruna (given name)]]
}}
'''Arun''' is an Indian male given name meaning [[dawn]] in [[Sanskrit]]. The name derives from [[Aruna (Hinduism)|Aruna]], the aspect of dawn and charioteer of [[Surya]].

The following is a list of notable people with "Arun" as their first, middle or last name.

==Academia, art & literature==
* [[Arun Agrawal]] (born 1962), a [[political scientist]] in the School of Natural Resources & Environment at the [[University of Michigan]].
* [[Arun G. Phadke]], Distinguished Professor emeritus in the Department of Electrical Engineering at [[Virginia Tech]].
* [[Arun Joshi]] (1939–1993), an [[India]]n writer.
* [[Arun K. Pati]], an Indian [[physicist]] notable for his research in [[quantum information]] and [[quantum computation|computation]].
* [[Arun Kolatkar]] (1932–2004), Indian [[poet]].
* [[Arun Krushnaji Kamble]] (1953–2009), a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] writer and [[Dalit]] activist.
* [[Arun Kumar Basak]], a Bangladeshi physicist and [[Professor Emeritus]] in the Department of Physics, [[University of Rajshahi]].
* [[Arun Majumdar]], a [[materials science|materials scientist]], engineer and [[University of California, Berkeley]] graduate who was [[President of the United States|President]] [[Barack Obama|Obama's]] nominee for [[Under Secretary of Energy for Energy and Environment|Under Secretary of Energy]].
* [[Arun Midha]] (born 1964), a British academic.
* [[Arun Mitra]] (1909–2000), a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poet.
* [[Arun Netravali]] (1945–2021), Indian–American computer scientist.
* [[Arun Nigavekar]], an [[educationist]] and ex Chairperson & Vice-Chairperson of [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]].
* [[Arun Prasad]], a historian specialized in the History of [[Bangalore]].
* [[Arun Rai]], an Indian born American scientist.
* [[Arun Sarma]] (1931–2017), a contemporary writer of [[Assam]].
* [[Arun Sundararajan]], is the NEC Faculty Fellow, Professor of Information, Operations & Management Sciences and Doctoral Coordinator at the [[Stern School of Business]], [[New York University|NYU]].
* Arun Schaechter Viswanath, translator into [[Yiddish]] of novels about [[Harry Potter]] and [[Pippi Longstocking]].<ref>''[[Wall Street Journal]]'': https://www.wsj.com/articles/translating-harry-potter-into-yiddish-isnt-totally-meshugge-11582649480</ref><ref>https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-young-translator-of-sold-out-harry-potter-yiddish-is-truly-his-mamaloshen</ref><ref>https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/harry-potter-translated-yiddish</ref><ref>https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/here-comes-pipi-langshtrimp/</ref>
* [[Madhuvanti Arun]], an Indian educational promoter.
* [[Vinod Bala Arun]], a Hindi, Sanskrit and Indian Philosophy scholar.

[[File:Indian Ambassador Arun Kumar Singh.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Arun Kumar Singh]]]]

==Bureaucracy and administration==
* [[Arun Jaitley]], Union Finance Minister of India.
* [[Arun Bhatnagar]] (born 1944), former [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer.
* [[Arun Kumar Gupta]], an Indian police officer.
* [[Arun Kumar Mishra]] (born 1955), a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].
* [[Arun Kumar Purwar]], [[Chairman of State Bank of India]].
* [[Arun Kumar Singh]], an [[India]]n diplomat and [[Indian Ambassador to the United States]].

[[File:Arun Shourie.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Arun Shourie]]]]

==Business==
* [[Arun Firodia]], an Indian businessman and chairman of [[Kinetic Engineering Limited|Kinetic Group]].
* [[Arun Katiyar]], a media expert from India.
* [[Arun Nayar]], an Indian businessman and ex-husband of [[Elizabeth Hurley]].
* [[Arun Pudur]], an Indian businessman, entrepreneur and investor.
* [[Arun Purie]], an Indian businessman who is the founder-publisher and editor-in-chief of [[India Today]].
* [[Arun Raha]] (born 1959), Executive Director and Chief Economist for the [[State of Washington]].
* [[Arun Sarin]] (born 1954), an [[India]]n-born American telecommunications executive.
* [[Arun Shourie]] (born 1941), an Indian journalist, author and politician.

[[File:Ishita Arun 2010 - still 113962 crop.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Ishitta Arun]]]]

==Film, Television & Media==
* [[Adith Arun]], an [[Actor|Indian film actor]] who has appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language films.
* [[Arun Alat]], an Indian playback singer and musician.
* [[Arun Bakshi]], an Indian film and television actor and singer.
* [[Arun Bali]] (1942–2022), an Indian actor.
* [[Arun Bannerjee]], an Indian Bengali film actor.
* [[Arun Bhatt]], an Indian former film director (of Hindi and Gujarati cinema).
* [[Arun Chaudhary]], first official videographer of the [[White House]].
*[[Arun Cherukavil]], an Indian [[Malayalam film]] Actor.
* [[Arun Date]] (1934–2018), a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] singer of [[Bhavageete]].
* [[Arun Govil]] (born 1958), an Indian actor, producer and director.
* [[Arun Kashalkar]], an Indian classical vocalist of the Agra-Gwalior Gharana.
* [[Arun Kaul]] (1933–2007), a noted [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] film maker and screenwriter.
* [[Arun Kumar Ahuja]] (1917–1998), an Indian actor and producer.
* [[Arun Kumar Aravind]] (born 1977), Indian film director, editor and producer.
* [[Arun Maini]] (born 1995), British [[YouTuber]] known as Mrwhosetheboss.
* Arun Mukherjee ([[:bn:%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF|bn]]), Bengali [[playwright]] and actor.
* [[Arun Muraleedharan]], an Indian music composer.
* [[Arun Nalawade]], an Indian film and theater personality.
* [[Arun Pandyan]], an Indian actor, [[film director|director]], [[film producer|producer]] and politician.
* [[Arun Paudwal]] (died 1991), music composer in [[Bollywood]] in India.
* [[Arun Rath]], a prominent radio producer and broadcast journalist.
* [[Arun Sagar]] (born 1980), Indian film actor, art director and comedian.
* [[Arun Saha (actor)]] (born 1983), a [[Bangladeshi]] actor and musician.
* [[Arun Sarnaik]] (1935–1984), an actor and singer from Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.
* [[Arun Shenoy]] (born 1978), a [[composer]] and [[music producer]] of Indian origin, based in [[Singapore]].
* [[Arun Thapa]] (1952–1999), Nepali singer and songwriter.
* [[Arun Vaidyanathan]], an [[Indian-American]] film director, producer and screenwriter.
* [[Arun Vijay]] (born 1974), an Indian actor, playback singer & [[stunt coordinator]].
* [[Ila Arun]], Indian actress, TV personality and singer.
* [[M. D. Pallavi Arun]], a singer from [[Karnataka]], India.
* [[P. A. Arun Prasad]] (born 1967), an [[Indian film]] director, screenwriter and producer.
* [[Priya Arun]], an actress in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language film industry.
[[File:Arun Prakash.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Admiral]] [[Arun Prakash]]]]

==Indian Armed Forces==
* [[Arun Khetarpal]] (1950–1971), an officer of the [[Indian Army]] and a posthumous recipient of the [[Param Vir Chakra]].
* [[Arun Prakash]] (born 1944), a retired [[four-star rank|Four-Star]] [[Admiral]] who served as the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] of the [[Indian Navy]].
* [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]] (1926–1986), 13th [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]] (CoAS) of the [[Indian Army]].

[[File:Arun Jaitley, Minister.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Arun Jaitley]]]]

==Politics==
* [[Arun Chandra Guha]] (1892–?), an Indian politician.
* [[Arun Jaitley]] (1952–2019), a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician. [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister for Finance]], [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Corporate Affairs]], Information, and Broadcasting, in the [[Government of India]].
* [[Arun Kumar Sarmah]] (born 1956), an Indian politician and member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]].
* [[Arun Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)]] (born 1948), an Indian politician from [[Bareilly district]].
* [[Arun Kumar (Bihar politician)]] (born 1959), an Indian politician from [[Bihar]].
* [[Arun Nehru]] (1944–2013), an Indian politician.
* [[Arun Pathak (Bihar politician)]], an Indian politician.
* [[Arun Pathak (Uttar Pradesh politician)]], an Indian politician.
* [[Arun Pathak]] (born 1975), an Indian politician.
* [[Arun Sao]] (born 1968), Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]].
* [[Arun Singh (politician, born 1944)|Arun Singh]] (born 1944), Indian politician and former union minister of state for defence in the [[Government of India]].
* [[Arun Singh (politician, born 1965)|Arun Singh]] (born 1965), Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]].
* [[Arun Subhashchandra Yadav]] (born 1974), member of 14th and 15th [[Lok Sabha]]s of India.
* [[Arun Verma]] (born 1986), an Indian politician.
* [[M. Arun Subramanian]], Indian politician. Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Tiruttani (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruttani constituency]].
* [[Sangram Arun Jagtap]], Indian politician and member of the 13th [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].
* [[Undavalli Aruna Kumar]] (born 1954), an Indian politician.

===Convicted politician===
* [[Arun Gawli]] (born 1955), a gangster-turned-politician in [[Mumbai]], India.

[[File:Arun Vishnu 2014-05-04 07-35.png|thumb|right|150px|[[Arun Vishnu]]]]

==Sports==
* [[Arun Bhardwaj]], an [[ultramarathon]] runner from [[New Delhi]], India.
* [[Arun Harinath]] (born 1987), an English [[cricket]]er.
* [[Arun Karthik]] (born 1986), an Indian cricketer.
* [[Arun Khurana]], an Indian former cricketer.
* [[Arun Lal (cricketer, born 1985)]], a Pakistani [[first-class cricket]]er who plays for [[Quetta cricket team]].
* [[Arun Lal]] (born 1955), an [[India cricket team|Indian]] [[cricket]]er, and a [[cricket commentator]].
* [[Arun Murugesan]], an [[India]]n [[Powerlifting|Weightlifter]].
* [[Arun Muthukrishnan]], an Indian [[motorcycle racing|motorcycle racer]].
* [[Arun Panchia]], a New Zealand [[field hockey]] player.
* [[Arun Poulose]], an Indian cricketer.
* [[Arun Sharma (Services cricketer)|Arun Sharma]], an Indian [[first-class cricket]]er.
* [[Arun Singh (cricketer)]], an Indian former cricketer.
* [[Arun Singla]], an Indian cricketer.
* [[Arun Vishnu]] (born 1988), an [[India]]n [[badminton]] player.
* [[Bharat Arun]], an [[Indian cricket team|Indian]] [[Test cricket]]er.
* [[Subramanian Arun Prasad]] (born 1988), an Indian Chess Grandmaster.

==Others==
* [[Arun Arora]] (born 1971), British Anglican priest and former Director of Communications of the Church of England
* [[Arun Barun O Kiranmala]], a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Fantasy film]].
* [[Arun Garg]] (born 1946), an [[Indo-Canadian]] physician in [[British Columbia]] who is recognized for contributing linkages between [[Canada]] and [[India]].
* [[Arun Krishnamurthy]] (born 1986), an Indian [[environmental activist]] who initiated campaign cleaning various [[lake]]s across India.
* [[Arun Kumar Chanda]] (1899–1947), an Indian independence activist from [[Cachar]] district of [[Assam]].
* [[Arun Luthra]], a [[jazz]] musician (saxophonist, [[konnakol]] artist, composer and arranger) based in [[New York City]].
* [[Arun Maira]] (born 1943), a management consultant and former member of [[Planning Commission of India]].
* [[Arun Manilal Gandhi]], an Indian-American socio-political activist, and the fifth grandson of [[Mohandas Gandhi|Gandhi]].
* [[Arun Netravali]] (born 1946), an [[Indian-American]] computer engineer credited with major contributions in digital technology including [[HDTV]].
* [[Arun Sadhu]] (1941–2017), a writer and a freelance journalist from Maharashtra, India.
* [[Tushar Arun Gandhi]], son of journalist [[Arun Manilal Gandhi]], grandson of [[Manilal Gandhi]] and great-grandson of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].

==See also==
*[[Arun (disambiguation)]]
*[[Aaron]]
*[[Kumar]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{given name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arun (Name)}}
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Idu Mishmi language

2026-01-01T11:12:16Z

Mohitjikumar32: enhanced information as per guidelines and added references

{{Short description|Language spoken in India and Tibet}}
{{distinguish|Idun language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Idu Mishmi
| nativename =
| image = Idu Mishmi diorama.JPG
| imagecaption = Diorama and [[wax figures]] of [[Mishmi people]] in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar]]
| region = [[India]]: [[Assam]]; [[Arunachal Pradesh]]: [[Dibang Valley district, Lower Dibang valley, Lohit]]; [[East Siang District]]; [[Upper Siang]]. [[China]]: southeastern [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]: [[Nyingchi Prefecture]]: [[Zayü County]]; western [[Yunnan]]
| ethnicity = [[Mishmi people]] (categorized as [[Lhoba people|Lhoba]] and Mishmi)
| speakers = 11,000
| date = 2001 census
| ref = e18
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam1 = [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]?
| fam2 = [[Greater Siangic languages|Greater Siangic]]?
| fam3 = [[Digaro languages|Digarish]]?
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]]
| map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|Idu Mishmi is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.}}
| iso3 = clk
| glotto = idum1241
| glottorefname = Idu
}}

The '''Idu Mishmi language''' is a small language spoken by the Idu [[Mishmi people]] in [[Dibang Valley district]], [[Lower Dibang Valley district]], [[Lohit district]], [[East Siang district]], [[Upper Siang district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and in [[Zayü County]] of the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[China]]. There were 8569 speakers in India in 1981 and 7000 speakers in China in 1994. It is considered an [[endangered language]].

==Religion==
They follow [[Animism]] and [[Shamanism]]. Ini Mashelo-Zinu and Nani Intaya are the supreme deities who are worshipped. Idu Mishmis believe that they created the universe and mankind. They also believe in the almighty sun and the divine spirit that governs the universe, spirits that govern nature and have a strong belief in an afterlife and spirit guides. They worship spirits, including benevolent and malevolent ones, and believe in the existence of ghosts. The Idu Mishmi tribe's shaman is called an Igu, and they perform rituals and dances to ensure the safety and health of their families and households. The Igu wears a coat, loin cloth, and an apron-like garment, and uses musical instruments while dancing, chanting, and singing.

==Locations==
In China, Idu Mishmi is spoken in Xiba village 西巴村, which has just over 40 residents and is located at the foot of Xikong Mountain 习孔山. Xiba village is located 10 kilometers from the nearest administrative center, namely Migu village 米古村 (Jiang 2005:4).<ref>Jiang Huo. 2005. ''Yiduyu Yanjiu''. Beijing: Minzu University Press.</ref> The Idu live in the Danba River 丹巴江 and E River 额河 watersheds in [[Zayü County]], Tibet. They are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic [[Lhoba people]].

In India, the Idu are found in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], although after the declaration of Roing as a Township, Adi people migrated south towards Sadiya. Idus followed and occupied the Northern Part of Lower Dibang Valley.

Idu People are believed to have migrated with the [[Adi people|Adi]] from southern Tibet in the early 1700s following footprints.

==Script==
The Idu Mishmi people did not usually have a script of their own. When needed Idu Mishmis tended to use the [[Tibetan script]].{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} Currently the Idu Mishmi have developed the Latin orthography known as "Idu Azobra".

==Alternative names==
The Idu Mishmi language is also referred to as:
* Kera’a<ref>CULHANE, Kirsten & PECK, Naomi & BOUAZIZ, Wifek & REINÖHL, Uta. 2023. ''The loss of word-initial consonants in Kera’a: A challenge for phonological theory''. 26th Himalayan Languages Symposium, 4–6 September 2023. Paris: INALCO.</ref>
* Sulikata by the indigenous Assamese people of the Assam Plains.
* Idu in general.
* Yidu may be used in China.
* Midi by the [[Adi people|Adi's]].

==Dialects==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Dialect name
! Alternative name (if any)
! Area spoken
|-
| Mindri
|
| [[Anini]] area
|-
| Mithu
| Bebejia
| Hunli, Desali, Koronu, Abango, Bhismaknagar,
|-
| Midu
|
| [[Roing]], [[Dambuk]], [[Aohali]], [[Injonu]]
|-
| Mihi
|
| Ahi valley (Anelih)
|}

==Registers==
Idu has various registers that are used in different situations. These include:<ref>Blench, Roger. 2022. ''[https://www.academia.edu/82399458/Why_would_a_language_with_5000_speakers_have_seven_registers_Register_flipping_in_the_isolates_of_Northeast_India_compromises_the_unitary_concept_of_language Why would a language with 5000 speakers have seven registers? Register-flipping in the isolates of Northeast India compromises the unitary concept of language]''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Education Foundation.</ref>

*shamanic register, known as ''Igu''<ref>REINÖHL, Uta. 2023. ''Shamanic languages and their potentials for understanding language history, genealogy and contact – The case of Igu''. 26th Himalayan Languages Symposium, 4–6 September 2023. Paris: INALCO.</ref>
*hunting register
*cursing register
*mediation register
*mourning register
*babytalk register
*humorous register

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Blench, Roger. 2017. [https://www.academia.edu/31295745/Idu_dictionary A dictionary of Idu, a language of Arunachal Pradesh]. Roing, Arunachal Pradesh: Mishmi Publishing House.
*Blench, Roger. 2016. [https://www.academia.edu/25276813/Attempts_to_write_the_Idu_language_and_a_proposal_for_a_modern_orthography Attempts to write the Idu language and a proposal for a modern orthography].
*Blench, Roger. 2016. [https://www.academia.edu/20315411/Hunting_among_the_Idu_a_people_of_Arunachal_Pradesh Hunting among the Idu, a people of Arunachal Pradesh].
*Blench, Roger, Mite Linggi, Hindu Meme, and Apomo Linggi. 2016. [https://www.academia.edu/20110571/Reading_and_writing_Idu Reading and writing Idu: a book of letters]. Roing, Arunachal Pradesh: Idu Language Development Committee.
* {{cite journal |title=A sketch grammar of Igu, the Shamanic language of the Kera'a |date=2025 |last1=Reinöhl |first1=Uta |last2=Pulu |first2=Pachu |last3=Wallner |first3=Usha |journal=Himalayan Linguistics |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=58–87 |issn=1544-7502 |doi=10.5070/H9.35231 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mh3m3x4|doi-access=free }}
* [http://mercury.soas.ac.uk/wadict/icstll41/abstracts/Chhangte_abstract.doc Preliminary notes on the phonology of Ida Mishmi]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00140 Discovery - Endangered Languages]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120430033216/http://knowidu.blogspot.com/2011/06/azobra-alphabet.html Idu Mishmi alphabet]
*{{cite book |last=Liu |first=Bin 刘宾 |date=2019 |title=Xizang Chayu Yidu yu 西藏察隅义都语 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[The Commercial Press]] |oclc=1153187238}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Arunachal languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Definitely endangered languages]]
[[Category:Digaro languages]]
[[Category:Mishmi languages]]
[[Category:Languages of China]]
[[Category:Languages of Tibet]]
[[Category:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of China]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages]]

Amolops assamensis

2025-12-18T04:14:16Z

Mohitjikumar32: put up a post - done

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Speciesbox
| image=
| status=VU
| status_system=IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name=IUCN />
| taxon = Amolops assamensis
| authority = Sengupta, Hussain, Choudhury, Gogoi, Ahmed, and Choudhury, 2008
| synonyms =
}}

The '''Assamese cascade frog''', '''Assam stream frog''', '''Assam cascade frog''', or '''Sengupta's cascade frog''' (''Amolops assamensis'') is a species of [[frog]]s that was discovered in 2008 in [[Mayeng Hill Reserve Forest]], [[Kamrup District]], [[Assam]] in north-eastern [[India]].<ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/?action=names&taxon=Amolops+assamensis |title=''Amolops assamensis'' Sengupta, Hussain, Choudhury, Gogoi, Ahmed, and Choudhury, 2008 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2013 |work=Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title=''Amolops mahabharatensis'' Sengupta, Hussain, Choudhury, Gogoi, Ahmed, and Choudhury, 2008
|author1=
|editor1=
|date=
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/7114
|access-date=July 20, 2025}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN
|title=Assamese Cascade Frog: ''Amolops assamensis''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/158638/166113999
|article-number=e.T158638A166113999
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T158638A166113999.en
|id=158638
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|access-date=July 20, 2025}}</ref><ref name=Des>{{cite journal|author1=Sengupta S|author2= Hussain B|author3= Choudhury PK|author4= Gogoi J|author5= Ahmed MF|author6= Choudhury NK |year=2008 |title=A new species of Amolops (anura: Ranidae) from Assam, North-eastern India. |journal=Hamadryad |volume=12|pages=5–12|type=Full text|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320182715_A_new_species_of_Amolops_AnuraRanidae_from_Assam_North-eastern_India|access-date=July 20, 2025}}</ref>

==Description==
The adult male frog measures 52.80–61.50 mm in [[snout-vent length]] and the adult female frog 82.50–94.40 mm. The skin of the dorsum is olive-green in color with round or irregular brown blotches. The sides of the head are also olive-green in color with brown marks. The legs are yellow with red-brown marks.<ref name=Des />

==Habitat==
This frog lives in [[canopy (biology)|canopied]] forests, where it has been found in and near fast-flowing streams, especially in the splash areas on rocks. Scientists observed this frog between 80 and 1580 meters above sea level.<ref name=IUCN />

Scientists have seen the frog in some protected parks: Mayeng Hill Reserve Forest, [[Kolaghat Reserve Forest]], [[Garbhanga Reserve Forest]], [[Amchang Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Nongkhylem Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=IUCN />

==Threats==
The IUCN classifies this frog as vulnerable to extinction. Its principal threats include [[habitat loss]] in favor of agriculture and human habitation. Scientists consider overharvesting a possible threat, but it has yet to be confirmed.<ref name=IUCN />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Amolops}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2843798}}

[[Category:Amolops|assamensis]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2008]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
{{Ranidae-stub}}

Diu Island

2025-12-16T14:54:12Z

Mohitjikumar32: formatting fix

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Diu Island
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Island
| image_skyline = Diu_fort,_India.JPG
| image_caption = Diu Fort
| image_map = [[File:Diu Island Map.png|250px]]
| map_caption = Map of Diu Island showing major features
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| mapsize = 150px
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu emblem.png}} [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Daman and Diu|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Diu District|Diu]]
| founder =
| named_for =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| area_total_km2 = 38.8
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_total = 44215
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:00
| coordinates = {{coord|20|42|53.9|N|70|59|26.1|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 8
| postal_code_type = Postcode
| postal_code =
| Post Office Name =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]
| website = www.diu.gov.in
| footnotes =
}}

'''Diu Island''' is an island off the southern coast of [[Gujarat|Gujarat's]] [[Kathiawar]] peninsula, separated from the mainland by a [[creek (tidal)|tidal creek]]. It has an area of 38 km2, and a population of 44,110 (2001 census).

Administratively it belongs to the [[Diu district]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] union territory of India, both [[Daman and Diu Lok Sabha constituency|Damaon and Diu]] share the same elected representative as the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]]. The island lies 5 km to the east of [[Diu Head]].
[[File:Diu map1729.jpg|thumb|Map of Diu, 1729 (G. Child Sculpt., engraved by G. Child)]]
The town of [[Diu, India|Diu]] and [[Diu Fort]] are located on the island. There is also a domestic airport, [[Diu Airport]].

==History==
Throughout the 15th century, especially under [[Muzaffar Han]], Diu flourished as a major port of the [[Gujarat]]i state, with a notable fleet. From 1510, it became the seat of the governors of [[Surat]]. In 1535, the viceroy [[Nuno da Cunha]] made a treaty with Bahadur Sah, the sultan of [[Khambhat]], for the use of the port by Portugal. Despite several attacks by Ottomans and Arabs, the Portuguese, who by 1541 had completed their massive fort, would remain in control of the island until 1961, when it became a union territory with [[Daman, India|Daman]].<ref name=Aethiopica173>{{cite book |editor-last1=Uhlig |editor-first1=Siegbert |editor-last2=Bausi |editor-first2=Alessandro |editor-last3=Yimam |editor-first3=Baye |date=2003 |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha |publisher=Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |pages=173–174 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFhyAAAAMAAJ |access-date= |isbn=9783447052382 |issn= |oclc= }}</ref>

The Ethiopian highlands, through the ports of [[Massawa]] and [[Zeila]], imported Indian textiles and exported to the island slaves, wax, butter, [[civet]] and ivory. A population of Ethiopian slaves is reported in Portuguese sources to have lived in Diu and in the neighbouring area in the early 16th century.<ref name=Aethiopica173/>

==Churches==
[[File:Major Churches of Diu Island.jpg|thumb|Major Church Buildings on Diu Island (Anticlockwise from top): 
1. Churches of St. Paul and St. Thomas (Diu) 
2. Church of St. Francis of Assisi (Diu) 
3. Church of Our Lady of Remedes (Fudam) 
4. Church of Our Lady of Mercy (Vanakbara)]]

===[[St. Paul's Church, Diu|St Paul's Church]]===
The construction of this church was begun in 1601 and completed by 1610. The Church was dedicated to Our Lady of Immaculate Conception in 1691. Illuminated by flood lights (by night time), the main façade of the church is perhaps the most elaborate of all Portuguese churches in India.{{according to whom|date=June 2023}} In architectural style, the church is Gothic and resembles the Bom Jesus Church at [[Old Goa]]. The wood panelling of the church is rated one of the best in church craftsmanship.{{according to whom|date=June 2023}} The church is adorned with volutes, shell-like motifs and wood carvings.<ref name=tour>{{Cite web|url=http://www.damandiutourism.com/paul-church-diu-india.php|title=St. Paul's Church, Diu - India ...|accessdate=2009-10-18|publisher=Official Website of Daman and Diu Tourism Department|archive-date=2009-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122205513/http://www.damandiutourism.com/paul-church-diu-india.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===St. Thomas Church===
Now a museum, the old St. Thomas Church houses antique statues, various stone inscriptions of the earlier rulers, wooden carvings and idols. The Gothic edifice was built in 1598. A part of it has been converted into a museum. The artifacts displayed date back to the 16th century and beyond.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shetty |first1=Sneha |title=Have you visited these churches in Diu? |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/have-you-visited-these-churches-in-diu-3237043/ |website=india.com |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>

==Forts==

===Diu Fort===
[[File:Diu Fortress, Jan. 2010.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Diu Fort]]
The [[Fort Diu|Diu Fort]] is administered by the Government of India. The fort was built by the Portuguese during their colonial rule of the Diu island. The town of Diu is located to the west of the fort. The fort was built in 1535, subsequent to a defense alliance forged by Bahadur Shah, the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]] and the Portuguese when Humayun, the [[Mughals|Mughal Emperor]], waged war to annex this territory. Some additions were made in 1541 and the fort was strengthened over the years until 1546. The Portuguese ruled over this territory from 1537 until 1961. They were forced to leave in December 1961, during the [[Indian annexation of Goa]], after which Diu became a centrally administered Union Territory.<ref name=Ramchandani>{{Cite book|last= Ramchandani|first= Indu|author2=Dale Hoiberg|title= Students' Britannica India: Select essays|work= Diu Fort|pages=398–400|access-date=2009-10-14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xzljvnQ1vAC&q=Diu+Fort&pg=PA398|publisher= Popular Prakashan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-85229-762-9}}</ref>

The fort, with its double moat, is fairly well-preserved, but years of sea erosion and neglect are leading to its slow collapse. Cannonballs litter the place, and the ramparts have an array of cannons. The lighthouse is Diu's highest point, with a beam that reaches 32 km in every direction. There are several small chapels, one holding engraved tombstone fragments. Part of the fort also serves as the island's jail.<ref name=Elton>{{Cite book|last=Elton|first= Geoffrey Rudolph|title= The New Cambridge Modern History: The Reformation, 1520–1559|work= Europe and the East|page=673|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-521-34536-1}}</ref>

===Fortim do Mar===
Built right at the mouth of the creek, the fortress of [[Fortim do Mar]] (meaning ''Sea Fort'' in English or ''Pani-Kotha'' in Gujarati) is a stone structure in the sea. Approximately one nautical mile (1.852 km) from the Diu jetty, it also has a lighthouse and a small chapel dedicated to Our Lady of the Sea.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fortim do Mar Diu |url=http://www.gujaratorbit.com/archeology-in-gujarat/fortim-do-mar/fortim-do-mar.html |website=Gujarat Orbit |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>


{{Wikivoyage|Diu}}

==Settlements==
The town of [[Diu, India|Diu]] and most of the district's villages and settlements are on
Diu Island. Many of these places [[Renaming of cities in India|have been renamed]] since the [[Annexation of Goa|Invasion of 1961]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Settlement type
! Portuguese name
! Indian name
|-
| Town
| [[Diu, India|Diu]]
| Diu
|-
| Village
| [[Fudam (Diu)|Podamo]]
| Fudam
|-
| Village
| [[Bucharwada (Diu)|Bunxivará]]
| Bucharwada
|-
| Settlement
| Dangarvadi
| Dangarwadi
|-
| Village
| [[Vanakbara (Diu)|Brancavará]]
| Vanakbara
|-
| Uninhabited
| [[Fortim do Mar (Diu)|Fortim do Mar]]
| Pani Kota
|-
| Uninhabited
| [[Diu Fort|Castilo de Diu]]
| Diu Fortress
|-
|}

== See also ==
* {{Portal inline|Islands}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Diu district]]
[[Category:Islands of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Diu district]]

Areez Khambatta

2025-12-15T19:36:29Z

Mohitjikumar32: put up stub

{{Short description|Indian businessman (1937–2022)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Areez Khambatta
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1937|09|22}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|11|19|1937|09|22}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]]
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat College]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Areez Pirojshaw Khambatta''' (22 September 1937 - 19 November 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rasna founder Areez Khambatta passes away at 85 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rasna-founder-areez-khambatta-passes-away-cardiac-arrest-2300136-2022-11-22 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-22 |title=Founder of soft drink Rasna Areez Khambatta dies at 85 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/founder-of-soft-drink-rasna-areez-khambatta-dies-at-85-8283797/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian businessman and the founder of [[Rasna (drink)|Rasna]], a soft-drink concentrate company. He was posthumously awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2022-11-21 |title=Rasna founder Areez Pirojshaw Khambatta passes away at 85 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/rasna-founder-areez-pirojshaw-khambatta-passes-away/article66163869.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Areez Khambatta |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Content/CitationsForTickets/2023/202342.pdf |website=Padma Awards}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He graduated from the [[Gujarat College]] in 1959 with a degree in chemistry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Areez Khambatta, creator of famous Rasna drinks honoured with Padma Shri 2023 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-areez-khambatta-recipient-padma-shri-2023-padma-shri-areez-khambatta-rasna-rasna-founder-areez-khambatta-3019699 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Areez joined his father's business in 1962. He created the [[soft drink]] concentrate brand Jaffe, named for Jaffna mangoes in the 1976. Jaffe was named Rasna in 1980. In 1997, his son Piruz took over the company.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-22 |title=A sip of nostalgia |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-sip-of-nostalgia/article6920058.ece |access-date=2023-10-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Other work ==

He was also the Chairman of Areez Khambatta Benevolent Trust and Rasna Foundation.<ref name=":0" />

He was vice president of the Federation of Parsi Zoroastrian Anjuman of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-21 |title=Areez Pirojshaw Khambatta, the creator of Rasna, passes away |url=https://www.afaqs.com/obituary/areez-pirojshaw-khambatta-the-creator-of-rasna-passes-away |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=afaqs!}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was married to Persis Khambatta, and had three children - Piruz, Delna, and Ruzan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-21 |title=Rasna founder Areez Khambatta no more |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rasna-founder-areez-khambatta-no-more/articleshow/95661737.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-05 |title=Meet Areez Pirojshaw Khambatta, the founder of Rasna: Know about his journey, education, and lifestyle |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-areez-pirojshaw-khambatta-the-founder-of-rasna-know-about-his-journey-education-and-lifestyle/3113435/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khambatta, Areez}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]

Kusumgram

2025-11-30T04:04:46Z

Mohitjikumar32: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kusumgram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.3905|N|88.1335|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 11,707
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713422(Kusumgram)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 0342

| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Manteswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manteswar]]
| website = {{URL|http://bardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Kusumgram''' is a large village in [[Manteswar (community development block)|Manteswar]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Kalna subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]]

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Kusumgram had a total population of 11,707, of which 5,972 (51%) were males and 5,735 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,572. The total number of literates in Kusumgram was 7,470 (73.70% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 18 March 2017 }}</ref>

==Transport==
[[State Highway 8 (West Bengal)|State Highway 8]] running from Santaldi (in Purulia district) to Majhdia (in Nadia district) and [[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)|State Highway 15]] running from Dainhat (in Purba Bardhaman district) to Gadiara (in Howrah district) cross at Kusumgram.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 18 March 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
Kusumgram Tyeba Institution, established in 1923, is a Bengali-medium co-educational, higher secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.icbse.com/schools/kusumgram-tyeba-institution/19092406802 | title = Kusumgram Tyeba Institution | publisher = ICBSE | access-date = 6 March 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

{{PurbaBardhaman-geo-stub}}

Vinu Mohan

2025-11-11T00:51:16Z

Mohitjikumar32: expanded content

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinu Mohan
| image = Vinu Mohan.jpg
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|5|12}}
| birth_place = [[Kottarakkara]], [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
| party =
| parents = {{ubl|K. Mohan Kumar|[[Shobha Mohan]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Vidhya Mohan]]|2013}}
| years_active = 2007–present
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] (Grandfather)|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] (Uncle)|[[Bindu Panicker]] (Aunt)|[[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]]
(Brother)}}
}}

'''Vinu Mohan''' (born 12 May 1986) is an Indian actor who appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. He made his debut in the 2007 film ''[[Nivedyam (2007 film)|Nivedyam]]'', directed by [[A. K. Lohithadas]]. He is the grandson of the actor [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]], son of actors K. Mohan Kumar and [[Shobha Mohan]], and nephew of actor [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]].

==Early life and family==
Vinu Mohan was born to actors K. Mohan Kumar and [[Shobha Mohan]] in [[Kottarakkara, Kerala]], India. He is the grandson of the [[veteran]] actor [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] and nephew of [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 January 2017|title=Vinu Mohan to enter wedlock with Vidyalakshmi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Vinu-Mohan-to-enter-wedlock-with-Vidyalakshmi/articleshow/16681551.cms|access-date=2020-11-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Actor [[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]] is his younger brother. He attended Government Boys Higher Secondary School in [[Karunagappalli]] and Government Model B.H.S.S, [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131219082852/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/5435/ സ്വപ്‌നങ്ങളില്‍ ഞാന്‍ എന്നും നായകന്‍ ]. [[Mathrubhumi]] (3 March 2008)</ref>

Vinu married actress [[Vidhya Mohan]] in 2013 after they co-starred in ''[[Ee Thirakkinidayil]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=George|first=Anjana|date=3 August 2020|title=Vinu Mohan-Vidya wedding anniversary video gives us couple goals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vinu-mohan-vidya-wedding-anniversary-video-gives-us-couple-goals/articleshow/77333234.cms|access-date=2020-11-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
He started his acting career with the multilingual film ''[[Ajantha (2012 film)|Ajantha]]'', but its release was delayed until 2012. His first release was ''[[Nivedyam (2007 film)|Nivedyam]]'' in 2007, for which he won the [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet]] Best Star Pair Award with his costar, [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Malayalam Awards Asianet Film Awards 2008 |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Malayalam/awards/asianet-film-awards-2008 |access-date=2020-11-04 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2017 |title=പ്രവാസി എക്സ്പ്രസ് 2017 അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ വിതരണം ചെയ്തു |trans-title=Pravasi Express 2017 Awards presented |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/pravasi/news-pravasi-07-08-2017/662777 |access-date=2020-11-04 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref>

[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] was cast as the villain in the film ''[[Cycle (2008 film)|Cycle]]'', in which Vinu played the lead role along with [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]].<ref>{{cite news|date=20 October 2008|title=Sultan ready to grace the theatres|work=[[Oneindia]]|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2008/sultan-movie-ready-201008.html|url-status=dead|access-date=16 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021104643/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2008/sultan-movie-ready-201008.html|archive-date=21 October 2012}}</ref> In 2009, he acted alongside [[Mammootty]] in the film ''[[Chattambinadu]]''. He played leading roles in ''[[Sultan (2008 film)|Sultan]]'' (2008)<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 May 2008|title=Vinu Mohan in Sultante Kottarathil|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vinu-mohan-in-sultante-kottarathil-news-malayalam-kkft1bfajbi.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001080939/http://www.sify.com/movies/vinu-mohan-in-sultante-kottarathil-news-malayalam-kkft1bfajbi.html|archive-date=1 October 2012|website=Sify Movies}}</ref> and ''[[Koottukar (2010 film)|Koottukar]]'' (2010). He portrayed the role of Manikuttan in ''[[Pulimurugan]]'' (2016) starring [[Mohanlal]]. In 2017, he acted in ''[[Jomonte Suvisheshangal]]'' alongside [[Dulquer Salmaan]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2005|| ''[[Kanne Madanguka]]''|| V. Harikumar ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Nivedyam (2007 film)|Nivedyam]]'' || Mohan Krishnan || Won: Asianet award for Best Newcomer
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Sultan (2008 film)|Sultan]]'' || Sivan ||
|-
| ''[[Cycle (2008 film)|Cycle]]'' || Sanju ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2009 || ''Dalamarmarangal'' || Praveen ||
|-
| ''[[Chattambinadu]]'' || Murukan ||
|-
| ''[[Colours (2009 film)|Colours]]'' || Rahul ||
|-
| ''[[Keralotsavam 2009]]'' || Sandeep Subramaniam / Javed Ibrahim ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''Inganeyum Oral'' || Rahul ||
|-
| ''[[Koottukar (2010 film)|Koottukar]]'' || Unnikrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Holidays (2010 film)|Holidays]]'' || Alby ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Nadakame Ulakam]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || ''[[Ee Thirakkinidayil]]'' ||Ananthan ||
|-
| ''[[Ajantha (2012 film)|Ajantha]]'' || || Filmed in 2006; Delayed release
|-
| 2013 || ''My Dear Mummy'' || Rahul||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Bombay Mittayi]]'' || Suresh ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Nee-Na]]'' || Sunnykutty ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Pulimurugan]]'' || Manikuttan ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Jomonte Suvisheshangal]]'' || Alfi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''Sthaanam'' || Prasad ||
|-
| ''Paviyettante Madhurachooral'' || Anandu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019||''[[Janaadhipan]]''||Anand ||
|-
|''[[Ittymaani: Made in China]]''||Ajjo ||
|-
|2020||''Prapancha Nayakan''||Churuttu 'Sultan'||
|-
|2022
|''Oru Nadan Premam''
|
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{TBA|''L3: Azrael''}}
|{{TBA}}
|
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2021||''[[Swantham Sujatha]]''||Himself ||Surya TV series
|-
|2023- present||''Mayamayuram''||Himself/ production||Zee Keralam series

|}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External {{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Vinu}} [[Category:Male actors from Kollam]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]] [[Category:Indian male film actors]] [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:People from Kollam district]] [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]] links==
* {{IMDb name|2778646}}
* {{facebook|Mr.Vinumohan}}

G. Subramania Iyer

2025-10-25T12:00:37Z

Mohitjikumar32: general fixed content as per guidelines and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Indian journalist, social reformer and freedom fighter}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2017}}
{{Inline citations|date=September 2025}}}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ganapathy Dikshitar Subramania Iyer
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1855|01|19}}
| image = G. Subramania Iyer.jpg
| birth_place = [[Tanjore]], [[Madras Presidency]], India
| spouse =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1916|04|18|1855|01|19}}
| death_place = [[Madras Presidency]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Lecturer|Journalist|Entrepreneur}}
}}

'''Ganapathy Dikshitar Subramania Iyer''' (19 January 1855 – 18 April 1916) was a leading Indian journalist, [[social reformer]] and [[freedom fighter]] who led the [[Triplicane Six]] in launching ''[[The Hindu]]'', an English newspaper on 20 September 1878. He was [[proprietor]], editor and managing director of ''[[The Hindu]]'' from 20 September 1878 to October 1898. The [[Tamil language]] newspaper '[[Swadesamitran]]' was also founded by him in 1891.

== Early life ==

Subramania Iyer was born in January 1855 in Tiruvadi in the then [[Tanjore district]]. He was the fourth of seven sons of Ganapathi Dikshitar, a pleader in the Munsiff's Court of Tiruvadi. Subramania Iyer had his early schooling in Tiruvadi and matriculated from St. Peter's College, [[Tanjore]] in 1871. In 1873, he passed his arts examinations in merit and attended a teacher's training course at Madras from 1874 to 1875.

Subramania Iyer taught at the Church of Scotland Mission School at Madras from 1875 to 1877 and at Pachaiyappa's High School in 1877. In 1877, he cleared his B. A. examinations as a private candidate and was appointed headmaster of the Anglo-Vernacular school, [[Triplicane]] in 1879.

== Founding of ''The Hindu'' ==

To voice their support for [[Sir T. Muthuswamy Iyer]] to be appointed to the bench of the [[Madras High Court]], Subramania Iyer founded ''[[The Hindu]]'' along with [[M. Veeraraghavachariar]], T. T. Rangachariar, P. V. Rangachariar, D. Kesava Rao Pantulu and [[Nyapati Subba Rao Pantulu|N. Subba Rao Pantulu]], on 20 September 1878.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|title=Pathways to Nationalism: Social Transformation and Nationalist Consciousness in Colonial Tamil Nadu, 1858–1918|author=S. Ganeshram|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2016|isbn=9781351997379}}</ref> Initially, ''The Hindu'' was started as a weekly, but later, it was converted into a tri-weekly and then a daily.

== As editor of ''The Hindu'' 1878–1898 ==

Soon, 'The Triplicane Six' broke up when the other students were called to the Bar and editor G. Subramania Iyer and Veeraraghavachariar were the only ones who remained with the newspaper.

''The Hindu'' made its presence felt for the first time since its inception. Subramania Iyer was known for his fiery articles with plenty of sting. Subramania Iyer actively supported the cause of India's freedom and used his newspaper to protest British Imperialism. In 1897, when [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] was arrested by British authorities, The Hindu vehemently condemned the arrest. On 3 December 1883, the paper moved to 100 Mount Road and established its own press called 'The National Press'.

''The Hindu'' welcomed the birth of the Indian National Congress in a 12 December 1885 editorial:

{{Blockquote|The objective of the Congress... is to bring to a focus to our scattered political energy and to give solidity and organisation to native opinion... [on such] topics in which... all parts of the country are interested...}}

In May 1889, at Subramania Iyer's invitation, the Anglo-Indian barrister [[Eardley Norton]] began to write a regular column ''Olla Podrida'' for the newspaper. The two later became intimate friends.

Subramania Iyer was dead against conservatism and blind superstitions and try to use his newspaper as a vehicle for reform. However, Subramania Iyer's articles landed the newspaper in many defamation suites and Subramania Iyer was reduced to dire financial straits while trying to fight them. In 1898, Subramania Iyer quit as Chief-editor and was succeeded by Veeraraghavachariar. In 1905, the newspaper was bought by prosperous barrister [[Kasturi Ranga Iyengar]].

== Politics ==

Subramania Iyer actively participated in the Indian Independence movement. He was one of the 72 delegates present at the Bombay Conference at Tejpal Sanskrit College on 12 December 1885, which resulted in the founding of the Indian National Congress. In the second session of the Indian National Congress, Subramania Iyer was selected member of the committee to report on the representation of Indians in the public services. In the Madras session of 1887, Subramania Iyer was appointed member of the Committee which framed the constitution of the Indian National Congress. During the 1894 Madras session, he was selected as a part of the delegation which presented the case of Indian nationalists before the Secretary of State for India in London. He was met by Gandhi in Pachaiyappa's hall when Gandhi came to Madras for spreading the information on the status of Indians in South Africa, as per the guidance of Sir Pherozeshah mehta. Gandhi mentioned himself this event in his My Experiment with truth. In 1906, he was appointed member of the Standing Committee to promote the objectives of the Indian National Congress. He was one of the founding members of Madras Mahajan Sabha (1884) which coordinated local nationalist effort in Madras Presidency.

When he conducted his widowed daughter's remarriage in 1889, Subramania Iyer was socially boycotted by his own relatives apart from the conservative Mylapore society. Subramania Iyer lost the support of conservative elements who formed a powerful lobby in the Indian National Congress. As a result, he was never elected President of the Indian National Congress nor was he ever elected to the [[Madras Legislative Council]].

== Social reforms ==

Subramania Iyer campaigned vehemently for reforms in Hindu society. He supported widow remarriage and desired to abolish untouchability and child marriages. Subramania Iyer arranged for the remarriage of his eldest daughter, Sivapriyammal, who had been widowed at the age of 13, to a boy in Bombay during the 1889 Congress session.

Subramania Iyer wrote in ''The Hindu'' that:

{{Blockquote|the degraded condition" of Dalits was "notorious and the peculiarities of The Hindu social system are such that from this system no hope whatever of their amelioration can be entertained." It seemed hopeless, he commented, for Dalits "to expect redemption from anything that ''The Hindu'' might do" and "no amount of admiration for our religion will bring social salvation to these poor people.}}

He realised the importance of speaking in the local language and addressed the masses in Tamil in his public lectures. He encouraged Subramaniya Bharathi in his early years and sheltered him in his house.

== Later life and death ==

In 1898, Subramania Iyer relinquished his claims over 'The Hindu' and concentrated his energies on ''[[Swadesamitran]]'', the Tamil language newspaper which he had started in 1882. When he left ''The Hindu'' in 1898, he made the ''Swadesamitran'', a tri-weekly and, in 1899, a daily, the first in Tamil.

Subramania Aiyar's pen "dipped in a paste of the extra-pungent thin green chillies" – as Subramania Bharati described his Editor's writing style – got him in trouble with the British in 1908. He suffered jail terms and persecutions which gradually broke his health.

In his later years, Subramania Iyer was diagnosed with [[leprosy]] and succumbed to the disease on 18 April 1916.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite news|title=WILLING TO STRIKE AND NOT RELUCTANT TO WOUND |url=http://www.hindu.com/th125/stories/2003091300770200.htm |date=13 September 2003 |author=S. Muthiah |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107181430/http://www.hindu.com/th125/stories/2003091300770200.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 |df=dmy }}
* {{cite news|title=Birth of Two Newspapers|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/03/stories/2004050300290300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529212309/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/03/stories/2004050300290300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 May 2005|date=3 May 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=S. Muthiah}}

== Biographies ==

* {{cite book|title=Builders of modern India|author=S. A. Govindarajan|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|year=1969}}
* {{cite book|title=G.Subramania Iyer: his life and career with an introduction|year=1900}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before= None}}
{{s-ttl|title=Managing-Director of ''[[The Hindu]]''|years=1878–1898}}
{{s-aft|after= [[M. Veeraraghavachariar]]}}
{{s-bef|before= None}}
{{s-ttl|title=Editor of ''[[The Hindu]]''|years=1878–1898}}
{{s-aft|after= [[C. Karunakara Menon]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{KasturiSons}}
{{Indian independence movement}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyer, G. Subramania}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper founders]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:The Hindu Group]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the mass media industry]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Deaths from leprosy]]
[[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in India]]

Dhar iron pillar

2025-10-18T21:20:48Z

Mohitjikumar32: Adding Some Post First Draft

{{Short description|Iron column in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Iron pillar Dhar.jpg|thumb|right|Fragments of the Dhar pillar]]

The '''Dhar iron pillar''' is a now-fragmented iron [[column]] located in the [[Dhar]] town of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. The exact origins of the pillar are unknown, but according to the local tradition, it was a [[victory column]] erected by the 11th century [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]].

Three of its fragments are now located near the 15th century [[Lat Masjid]] ("pillar mosque"), which is named after the pillar (called "lāṭ" in [[Hindi]]). A fourth portion is believed to be missing. The original pillar tapered from bottom to top: the bottom fragment has a square cross-section; the middle fragment has square and octagonal cross-sections, and the top fragment has an octagonal cross-section with a small circular part at the end. The total length of the three fragments is {{convert|43|ft|4|in|m|order=flip}}, which indicates that the original pillar must have been twice as high as the [[iron pillar of Delhi]]. The combined weight of the fragments is estimated at around {{convert|7300|kg}}, which is at least {{convert|1,000|kg}} more than the Delhi pillar's weight. At the time of its erection, it was probably the largest [[forge welding|forge-welded]] iron pillar in the world.

== Manufacturing and erection ==
[[File:Dhar Plan.jpg|thumb|right|The pillar is located in the south-eastern part of the former fortified city of Dhar]]
The pillar does not bear an inscription mentioning its erector, date or purpose. It is located at Dhar, which was the capital of the [[Paramara dynasty]]. According to the local tradition, the pillar commemorates a military victory of the 11th century Paramara king [[Bhoja]], whose knowledge of iron metallurgy can be seen in his book ''Yuktikalpataru''. Henry Cousens of [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) theorized that it was constructed by the later Paramara king [[Arjunavarman]] in 1210 CE, from the molten arms of an enemy force.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=117}}

The [[Lat Masjid]], in whose compound the pillar is located, was constructed with [[spolia]] from [[Hindu temple|Hindu]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] temples. R. Balasubramaniam theorizes that a [[Shiva]] temple previously occupied the site, and the pillar was originally located at the front of this temple, with a [[trishula]] (trident) at the top.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=118}}

The two largest fragments have a number of holes at irregular intervals, on all sides. The depth of the holes ranges from {{convert|1.6|-|3|in|mm|order=flip}}, and their diameter ranges from {{convert|1.2|-|3|in|mm|order=flip}}. Because they are distributed unevenly, they do not appear to be slots for lamps (as in a [[Deep Jyoti Stambh|deepa-stambha]]). Cousens speculated that these were used by the forgers and welders to handle the pillar with their instruments during the manufacturing process. Roessler agreed with this hypothesis, and proposed that these slots were also used to hold the pillar upright using iron anchors.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|pp=129–130}}

The pillar appears to have been built using horizontal [[forge welding]] technique. [[Brahm Prakash]] theorized that smaller sections, measuring {{convert|2|ft|4|in|mm|order=flip}} to {{convert|2|ft|9|in|mm|order=flip}} in length, were joined together to form the pillar.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|pp=134–135}}

== Fragments ==
The iron pillar of Dhar was originally longer than the [[iron pillar of Delhi]].{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|Kumar|2003|pp=2451–2452}} After the [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa|Muslim conquest]] of Dhar, it broke into at least two pieces. The smaller piece was planted at the Dilawar Khan's Mosque in [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]. The larger piece was erected in front of the Lat Masjid constructed by [[Dilawar Khan]] in 1405.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=118}}<ref name="Klaus_1995">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEBWAAAAMAAJ |title=The non rusting iron pillar at Dhar |author=Klaus Roessler |journal=NML Technical Journal |volume=37 |issue=5 |year=1995 |page=145 }}</ref>

In 1531 CE, Dhar came under the control of [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]], the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]]. He made an attempt to carry the large piece to Gujarat. In this process, this part of the pillar toppled and fragmented into two pieces.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=119}}

Now, three fragments of the pillar are placed horizontally on a platform near Lat Masjid. These fragments were moved by ASI to their present position in 1980.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=121}} The combined height of the three fragments is {{convert|43|ft|4|in|1|order=flip}}, and their total weight is estimated at {{convert|7,300|kg}}.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=122}}<ref name="Klaus_1995"/> Thus, the original pillar must have been almost twice as high and at least {{convert|1,000|kg}} heavier than the [[iron pillar of Delhi]].{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=122}} At the time of its erection, it was probably the tallest and the largest forge-welded iron pillar in the world.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|pp=136}}<ref>{{cite book |author=R. V. G. Menon |author-link=R. V. G. Menon |title=Technology and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxkpXtyDk-4C&pg=PA15 |year=2010 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-5641-6 |page=15 }}</ref>

=== Fragment 1 ===

This piece is the larger part of the fragment broken during Bahadur Shah's reign. Henry Cousens (1902–03) measured its length as {{convert|24|ft|3|in|1|order=flip}}. Klaus Roessler (1995) found it to be {{convert|24|ft|2|in|1|order=flip}} long. It has a square cross-section. Roessler estimated its weight at {{convert|4,500|kg}}.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=122}}

In 1598, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]]'s visit to Dhar was recorded on the pillar in form of a [[Persian language]] inscription. This piece also has some names and letters in [[Devanagari]] script. The names end in word ''[[Soni (caste)|Soni]]'' ("goldsmith"), and seem to have been engraved while the original pillar was still intact. There are some other symbols and Persian characters scratched on the surface.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=119}}

The [[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri|autobiography]] of Akbar's son [[Jahangir]] mentions that he saw this piece lying on ground in Dhar. He ordered it to be taken to [[Agra]], intending to use it as a lamp post in the courtyard of [[Tomb of Akbar the Great|Akbar's tomb]]. It appears that Jahangir's orders were never carried out.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=119}}

Until 1980, this piece lay in a sloping position against a masonry terrace. The local kids used it as a [[playground slide|slide]], because of which a large part of its surface gained a polished appearance.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=120}}

=== Fragment 2 ===

This piece is the smaller part of the fragment broken during Bahadur Shah's reign. Henry Cousens (1902–03) measured its length as {{convert|11|ft|7|in|1|order=flip}}. The part with the square cross-section measured {{convert|8|ft|6|in|1|order=flip}}, while the part with the octagonal section measured {{convert|3|ft|1|in|1|order=flip}}. Klaus Roessler (1995) found this piece to be {{convert|11|ft|8|in|1|order=flip}} long. Roessler estimated its weight at {{convert|1,800|kg}}.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=122}}

The {{convert|13|ft|1|order=flip}} piece was removed from the Lat Masjid site at an unknown time. In February 1903, Henry Cousens of ASI found it in Anand High School, where a museum had been set up in 1902. The museum was relocated to another site between the years 1922 and 1942. When this happened, the pillar was brought back to the Lat Masjid and placed horizontally on the ground.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=121}}

=== Fragment 3 ===

This is the smallest piece, which was moved to Mandu during Dilawar Khan's reign. Its length is {{convert|7|ft|6|in|1|order=flip}} according to both Coussen and Roessler. It is mostly of an octagonal cross-section, except one {{convert|8|in|1|order=flip}} circular part at the end. Roessler estimated its weight at {{convert|940|kg}}.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=122}}

This piece was brought back from Mandu to Dhar sometime between 1844 and 1893. In 1893, [[Alois Anton Führer]] of ASI noticed it in the garden of the [[Dhar State|Dhar Maharaja]]'s guest house. In February 1902, this piece was fixed in a masonry basement at Lal Bagh public gardens near the Anand High School. Henry Cousens of ASI later had it removed from the basement to measure it. The piece was then moved to the Anand High School museum. From there, it was moved to Lat Masjid, similar to the second piece.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=121}}

=== Missing fragment ===

The third piece has a fractured top surface, which indicates that a fourth piece of the original pillar is missing. Klaus Roessler (1995) estimated the length of this piece at {{convert|3|ft|3|in|1|order=flip}}.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|p=125}} Henry Cousens hypothesized that the fourth piece had a [[garuda]] figure (the Paramara royal emblem) or a [[trishula]] (trident) at the top. As Bhoja was a Shaivite king, R. Balasubramaniam analyzed Shaivite iconography to conclude that the top had a trishula.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|pp=126–127}}

Balasubramaniam also theorizes that an iron pillar in front of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]'s Jami Masjid might be a re-shaped version of the Dhar pillar's missing piece. This pillar is called ''Allaudin's Sang'' (spear) after [[Alauddin Khalji]].{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|pp=128–129}}

== Chemical composition ==

According to R. Balasubramaniam and A. V. Ramesh Kumar (2003), the pillar shows "excellent" atmospheric [[corrosion resistance]].{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|Kumar|2003|p=2464}}

Ray et al. (1997) analyzed portions of the two smaller fragments. Their analysis revealed the following chemical composition (weight %):<ref>{{cite journal |title=The ancient 11th century iron pillar at Dhar, India: a microstructural insight into material characteristics |author1=Amitava Ray |author2=S. K. Dhua |author3=R. R. Prasad |author4=S. Jha |author5=S. Banerjee |journal=Journal of Materials Science Letters |volume=16 |issue=5 |year=1997 |pages=371–375 |doi=10.1023/A:1018550529070 |s2cid=134653889 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
| [[Carbon]] || 0.013%
|-
| [[Manganese]] || "trace"
|-
| [[Silicon]] || 0.06%
|-
| [[Phosphorus]] || 0.072%
|-
| [[Sulfur]] || 0.003%
|-
| [[Copper]] || 0.057%
|-
| [[Nickel]] || 0.268%
|-
| [[Iron]] || rest
|}

Balasubramaniam (2002) also obtained a small portion of the pillar with ASI's permission, and used an [[electron microprobe|electron probe microanalyzer]] to analyze its chemical composition. He found that "the composition varied from one location to another":{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|pp=137}}

{| class="wikitable"
| || colspan="4" | (''Mass of elements other than iron, as % of total mass'')
|-
! !! [[Carbon]] !! [[Phosphorus]] !! [[Manganese]] !! [[Silver]]
|-
| Portion containing [[pearlite]] || 0.683% || 0.693% || 0.013% ||
|-
| Portion containing [[pearlite]] and [[Allotropes of iron|ferrite]] || 0.276% || 0.851% || || 0.075%
|}

The typical composition of the [[slag]] was 55.8% iron, 27.8% silicon, 16.3% phosphorus, and 0.1% manganese.{{sfn|Balasubramaniam|2002|pp=137}}

== See also ==
{{columnslist|colwidth=30em|
* [[Ancient iron production]]
* [[History of metallurgy in South Asia]]
* [[Iron pillar of Delhi]]
* [[Pillars of Ashoka]]
* [[Heliodorus pillar]]
* [[Stambha]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol37_2_3_RBalasubramaniam.pdf |title=A new study of the Dhar iron pillar |first=R. |last=Balasubramaniam |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=37 |year=2002 |pages=115–151 }}
* {{cite journal |url=http://home.iitk.ac.in/~bala/journalpaper/journal/journalpaper_34.pdf |title=Corrosion resistance of the Dhar iron pillar |first1=R. |last1=Balasubramaniam |first2=A.V. Ramesh |last2=Kumar |journal=Corrosion Science |volume=45 |issue=11 |year=2003 |pages=2451–2465 |doi=10.1016/S0010-938X(03)00074-X }}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Dhar]]
[[Category:Paramara dynasty]]
[[Category:Monumental columns in India]]
[[Category:Metallurgical industry of India]]
[[Category:History of metallurgy]]
[[Category:Bhoja]]
[[Category:Archaeological artefacts of India]]

Zafar Futehally

2025-09-24T23:11:16Z

Mohitjikumar32: Starting a entry

{{short description|Indian naturalist and conservationist (1920–2013)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zafar Futehally
| image = ZF 2013.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|03|19}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|08|11|1920|03|19}}
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]
| spouse = Laeeq Futehally
| children = 3, including Zai Whitaker
| family = [[Tyabji family]]
| relatives = [[Romulus Whitaker]] (son-in-law)
| awards = 1971 [[Padma Shri]] 1981 [[Order of the Golden Ark]]
}}

'''Zafar Rashid Futehally''' (19 March 1920 – 11 August 2013) was an Indian naturalist and conservationist best known for his work as the secretary of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] and for the ''[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]'' a periodical that helped birdwatchers around India to communicate their observations. Awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in the year 1971, Zafar Futehally was also honoured with [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[order of merit]] the [[Order of the Golden Ark]] in 1981 and [[Karnataka Rajyotsava award]] by the [[Government of Karnataka]] in 1983.

== Early life and education ==
[[File:Zafar Futehally, Alan Morley and R T Chacko in Wayanad, Kerala.jpg|thumb|Zafar Futehally (at left) in Kerala in January 2002|alt=]]
Zafar Futehally was born in [[Andheri]] in 1920. The family lived at Gulshun, a property bought from Homi Mody in 1918. This land was mortgaged by his father to establish N. Futehally & Co., one of the first Indian companies to deal in the export of cotton to and import of textiles from Japan.<ref>Futehally (2014):4.</ref> In 1924 the family moved to Kobe in Japan to run the company branch and returned to India only in 1927.<ref>Futehally (2014):7.</ref> Futehally studied economics at St. Xavier's College in Bombay. Graduating with a BA in economics and political science in 1941 he wrote the public service commission examination, stood 84 among 3400 candidates and went through several interviews but did not get selected.<ref>Futehally (2014):8.</ref>

== Career ==
He was then offered work at his brother's company, Dynacraft Machine Company from 1942. The company was run along with his brother and cousin but in 1985 the Futehally brothers were removed from the board.<ref>Futehally (2014):9.</ref> Zafar's maternal grandfather was [[Badruddin Tyabji]], the eminent lawyer and president of the [[Indian National Congress]] and was a distant cousin of [[Salim Ali]].

Zafar was married to Laeeq Futehally (1921-6 July 2014), a niece of Salim Ali, on 19 December 1943.<ref name="profile">{{cite journal|author=Futehally, Zafar| page=12| year=1985| title=Profile|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume = 25| issue=1&2|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW25#page/n14/mode/1up}}</ref> They had three children: a son, Murad, and two daughters [[Romulus Whitaker|Zahida (Zai)]] and Shama who also took to writing. Zai wrote biographies of Romulus Whitaker and Salim Ali. Shama (d. 2004) was the author of novels "''Tara Lane''" and "''Reaching Bombay Central''", a translator of the Meera Bhajans and Urdu poetry apart from numerous other literary works.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Futehally+Shama|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217101825/http://sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Futehally+Shama|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2005|title=Bookshelf: Shama Futehally}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2005/01/02/stories/2005010200020100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050126034422/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2005/01/02/stories/2005010200020100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2005|title=Memories of a friend|date=2 Jan 2005|author=Deshpande, Shashi|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="khushwant">{{cite web|author=Singh, Khuswanth|date=28 January 2006|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060128/saturday/above.htm|title=This above all: All about the write choice|access-date=2 October 2010|archive-date=26 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026071804/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060128/saturday/above.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Futehally (2014):10.</ref>

In 1972, Zafar moved to Bangalore where he lived for a while in the Palace orchards area before moving to a farm house in Dodda Gubbi on the outskirts of Bangalore. Laeeq took her skills in gardening and landscaping while also writing on the topic in a column in the ''Deccan Herald''.<ref name="Futehally 2014:36-43">Futehally (2014):36-43.</ref> A [[dacoity|dacoit]] attack in 1987 at their home in Dodda Gubbi forced the couple to move to Kodaikanal with their daughter Zai for four years before returning to live in Koramangala in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koramangala.com/korabuz/pers2000/07.htm|title=Newsmaker: Zafar Futehally |year=2000}}</ref> In Kodaikanal, they worked with the Palani Hills Conservation Council. In 2013 he left Bangalore to move back to his home in Kihim. He died on 11 August 2013 at his home in Kihim, following a bronchial infection.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/veteran-naturalist-zafar-futehally-passes-away/article5013503.ece|year=2013| title=Veteran naturalist Zafar Futehally passes away|newspaper=The Hindu |last1=Gandhi |first1=Divya }}</ref> He was cremated at Kihim according to his wishes.<ref>Afterword by Zai Whitaker in Futehally(2014):168.</ref>

===Ornithology and conservation===
In 1944 Salim Ali invited the couple to his camp in Palanpur, Saurashtra where he was running a bird survey. From this point, Futehally regularly joined Salim on camps.<ref>Futehally (2014):12-24.</ref> Somewhere in the 1950s a poorly written newspaper article in the ''Times of India'' on the magpie robin received the ire of Salim Ali<ref>{{cite journal|pages=579–586 |title=A portrait of Salim Ali|author=Futehally, Zafar|year=1974| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society| volume=71| issue=3 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48286804}}</ref> and the editor, N.J. Nanporia, asked Salim if he could suggest someone who could write for the newspaper on birds. Zafar Futehally took the suggestion and started a column called ''Birdwatcher's Diary'' which ran for thirty years (second in longevity to the column of [[Madhaviah Krishnan]]). This also led to radio shows which became quite popular. Around the 1950s Laeeq joined ''[[Quest (Indian journal)|Quest]]'' magazine produced by the Indian Committee for Cultural Freedom led by [[Minoo Masani]]<ref>Futehally (2014):26-29.</ref> which was partly sponsored by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1057/978-1-137-59867-7_15|chapter=Quest: Twenty Years of Cultural Politics|title=Campaigning Culture and the Global Cold War|year=2017|last1=Pullin|first1=Eric|pages=285–301|isbn=978-1-137-59866-0}}</ref> Futehally founded the ''[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]'', a periodical, in 1959. In 1962 Futehally became a member of the executive committee of the Bombay Natural History Society and later its Honorary Secretary, a position that he held until 1973 when he moved from Bombay to Bangalore. A dispute between [[Humayun Abdulali]] and Salim Ali led to the latter resigning from the position of Vice President. In 1959 there was WHO interest in the study of [[Kyasanur forest disease]] and it was suggested that this was being carried by migratory birds. A study was begun with Salim Ali heading the project. Alfred Schifferli from the Sempach Ornithological Station helped train them in mist netting and other handling techniques.<ref>Futehally (2014):68-73.</ref> The "Newsletter" included Salim Ali, [[Biswamoy Biswas]] and other eminent ornithologists of its time on the editorial board and was for many years mimeographed and distributed to subscribers in India and outside. In later years the covers were printed and still later the entire issue was printed. The newsletter encouraged an essay style of writing and some authors like [[Ramachandra Guha]] found their first opportunity to publish in it. The ''[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]'' continues to be popular among birdwatchers interested in the India region.<ref>{{cite news|author=Guha, R|title=The bird men of India|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/10/26/stories/2003102600060300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040629122401/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/10/26/stories/2003102600060300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2004|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 October 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=An excursion to Roorkee|author=Guha R|year=1970|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=10|issue=5|page=12|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW10#page/n65/mode/1up/}}</ref> The newsletter also pioneered large-scale collaborative studies on birds.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/09/1302.pdf |title=Zafar Futehally (1920–2013)|journal=Current Science|volume=105| issue=9| pages=1302–1303|author=Gadgil, Madhav|year=2013|author-link=Madhav Gadgil}}</ref>

In 1965 he was involved in organizing the IUCN meeting at New Delhi and became a member of its executive board in 1966. He became Vice-President of the IUCN in 1969, received the [[Padma Shri]] in 1970, Order of the Golden Ark in 1980 and the Karnataka Rajyotsava award of 1983.<ref name="profile" /> In 1973, Futehally was a member of the committee that was set up to study the impact of a dam on the river Kuntipuzha which threatened to destroy the forests of the [[Silent Valley National Park|Silent Valley]] region.<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.4103/0972-4923.65175|author= Rangarajan M.| title= Striving for a balance: Nature, power, science and India's Indira Gandhi, 1917–1984| journal= Conservation and Society| year=2009| volume= 7 |pages= 299–312| url= http://www.conservationandsociety.org/text.asp?2009/7/4/299/65175|issue= 4| doi-access= free| url-access= subscription}}</ref> He was also a steering group member of Project Tiger, during the early years of its establishment.<ref>{{cite journal| journal= Journal of the History of Biology|volume=38| issue=2| pages=185–207| year= 2005 |doi= 10.1007/s10739-004-1486-8| title= Indian Science for Indian Tigers?: Conservation Biology and the Question of Cultural Values| author= Lewis M|s2cid=84709932}}</ref>

Futehally founded the Bangalore Environment Trust along with [[Satish Dhawan]], [[Venkatraman Radhakrishnan]] (Sir C.V. Raman's son) and others in 1987.<ref name="Futehally 2014:36-43"/> The organization took an interest in the conservation of lakes and trees in and around Bangalore.<ref>Futehally (2014):44.</ref> In December 2000 he underwent a [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|by-pass surgery]]<ref>Futehally, Z (2001) Editorial. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 41(2):14</ref> Towards the end of 2003, following a cataract removal, he allowed the first few issues of the 2004 Newsletter for Birdwatchers to be guest edited<ref>Futehally, Z (2003) Editorial. Newsletter for Birdwatchers 43(5):62-63</ref> however this led to differences between the guest editors and the publisher leading to a break up of the Newsletter.<ref>Sridhar, S (2004) Editorial. Newsletter for Birdwatchers 44(1):1</ref> A new newsletter was launched and he became an emeritus editor for the periodical, ''Indian Birds''.<ref>[http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB.1.1.Final.pdf Indian Birds volume 1]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Conservation debates===
During his position at the BNHS and the World Wildlife Fund he was able to lobby for action, chiefly by influencing the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lewis M. |title=Cattle and Conservation at Bharatpur: A Case Study in Science and Advocacy|journal= Conservation and Society|year=2003|volume=1|pages=1–21|url=http://www.conservationandsociety.org/text.asp?2003/1/1/1/49354|issue=1}}</ref> His letters to the government helped in the establishment of Karnala bird sanctuary in Raigad in the 1960s, instead of being earmarked for industrial development.<ref>{{cite web|title=A fifty year journey|author=Futehally, Zafar|publisher=Development Alternatives|url=http://www.devalt.org/newsletter/jul97/of_3.htm|year=1997}}</ref><ref>Futehally (2014):78-80.</ref> In the 1970s, he supported [[Sidney Dillon Ripley|Dillon Ripley]] and the Smithsonian Institution for a project that proposed to radio-collar and study tigers in India. The project met with considerable resistance, with [[Kailash Sankhala]] and [[Madhaviah Krishnan]] suggesting that Indians could conduct such studies on their own. Ripley's past in the OSS and politics related to PL 480 grants in India were also to influence the refusal of the Indian government to permit Smithsonian research. Futehally, who was then in WWF-India, was criticized for his support since the IUCN and WWF international did not support the Smithsonian proposal. Ripley subsequently engineered a coup in WWF-US which involved the overthrow of its president, C. R. Gutermuth, on the ground that he had taken up a conflicting position as president of the [[National Rifle Association of America]]. The Smithsonian tiger tracking project was finally funded in part by WWF-US but were able to obtain permission only in Nepal.<ref>{{cite book|pages=96–98|author=Benson, Etienne| title=Wired Wilderness: Technologies of Tracking and the Making of Modern Wildlife|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2010}}</ref><ref name=spies>{{cite journal|author=Lewis, Michael|author-link=Michael Lewis|year=2002| title= Scientists or Spies? Ecology in a Climate of Cold War Suspicion| journal= [[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume= 37| issue= 24| pages=2324–2332}}</ref>

In later years, he continued to write about conservation issues particularly in Bangalore. In one issue, the government of Karnataka handed over lakes (particularly [[Hebbal Lake, Bangalore|Hebbal Lake]]) within the city to private hoteliers and water-based entertainment companies. This was opposed by many citizens as being contradictory to the role of government in public welfare. Zafar Futehally held the view that private enterprise could be conservation and welfare-oriented, a view which did not receive widespread support.<ref>{{cite news|title=Secrecy shrouds the Hebbal lake|author=Futehally Z|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Aug72007/snt2007080617509.asp|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=7 August 2007|archive-date=11 August 2011|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811180204/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Aug72007/snt2007080617509.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/12299/whos-incharge-our-lakes.html |title=Who's in charge of our lakes?|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=7 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Soup bowls, good or bad?| author=Futehally, Z|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/52827/soup-bowls-good-bad.html| newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

===Publications===
Futehally wrote numerous popular articles in the media. One of his early publications on a Paradise Flycatcher inspired the Indian poet [[Nissim Ezekiel]] to write a poem about it.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Futehally, Z|year=2004|title=Recoveries from the ''Newsletter for Birdwatchers'' – 2 |magazine=Newsletter for Ornithologists |volume=1 |number=4|pages=57–58|url=http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB.4.Final.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626220017/http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB.4.Final.pdf|archivedate=26 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ezekiel, Nissim | year=1965|title= INDIA-Paradise Flycatcher|journal= English |volume=15|issue=90|pages= 224–225| doi=10.1093/english/15.90.224|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW1#page/n5/mode/1up}}</ref> As the founder and editor of the ''[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]'', he selected articles from bird enthusiasts and friends in India as well as from outside. The articles were selected for readability rather than dry scientific communication although many scientific observations were made in its pages. He also edited and published an anthology of writings by Indian birdwatchers, "India through its birds", which was published in 2007.

In 2014, his memoirs were posthumously published as a book, ''The Song of the Magpie Robin''.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Rupa & Co.|url=http://www.rupapublications.co.in/books/song-magpie-robin|title=Book Launch: The Song of the Magpie Robin|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=10 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210142537/http://www.rupapublications.co.in/books/song-magpie-robin|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography ==
* Futehally, Zafar (with Shanthi and Ashish Chandola) (2014) The Song of the Magpie Robin. Rupa Publications, New Delhi.

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite web |last=Futehally |first=Zafar |date=2010-02-15 |title=Soup bowls, good or bad? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/52827/soup-bowls-good-bad.html |access-date= |website=Deccan Herald}}
* {{Cite web |last=Whitaker |first=Zai |date=2013-09-01 |title=Remembering Baba |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/remembering-baba/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express}}
* {{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Soumya |date=12 January 2005 |title=Where are our feathered friends? |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/01/12/stories/2005011200700100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109230732/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/01/12/stories/2005011200700100.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012 |website=The Hindu}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3A%22Newsletter+for+Birdwatchers%22 Scans of old issues of the Newsletter for Birdwatchers] [http://sites.google.com/site/nlbw2011/ Current issues]
* [https://archive.org/details/ZafarFutehallyPopularArticles1 Popular Articles in newspapers 1] [https://archive.org/details/ZafarFutehallyPopularArticles2 2]

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Futehally, Zafar}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Sulaymani Bohras]]
[[Category:Indian ornithologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Natural History Society]]
[[Category:Tyabji family]]