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Baba Hari Dass

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Mohit8811: Adding Article

{{Short description|Indian yogi and writer (1923–2018)}}
{{Distinguish||text=[[Swami Haridas]] or with Baba Haridas (1594 - 1691 AD), the saint of the Dagar clan from Delhi}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Fanpov|date=May 2026}}
{{Promotional|date=May 2026}}
{{Peacock|date=May 2026}}
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{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Baba Hari Dass {{lang|und-Deva|बाबा हरि दास}}
| image = Baba Hari Dass yoga teacher.jpg
| caption = Baba Hari Dass in California (2006)
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_name = Hari Datt Karnatak
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|3|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Almora]], near [[Nainital]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| founder = Mount Madonna Center, Watsonville, CA; Pacific Cultural Center, Santa Cruz, CA; Dharmasara, Salt Spring Centre, Salt Spring Island, Canada; Sri Ram Orphanage, Haridwar, India; Ashtanga Yoga Institute
| guru = Baba Raghubar Dassji Maharaj
| philosophy = [[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|Ashtanga Yoga]], [[Kriya Yoga school|Kriya Yoga]], [[Samkhya]], [[Tantra]], [[Vedanta]], [[Ayurveda]]
| literary_works = ''[[#Commentaries and literary works|Baba Hari Dass bibliography]]''
| influenced = Ma-Renu, Anand Dass, [[Gregory Bateson]], [[Bhagavan Das (yogi)|Bhagavan Das]], [[Ram Dass]], [[Noah Diffenbaugh]], [[Jeannine Parvati Baker|Jeannine Parvati]], [[Mahamandaleshwar Swami Shankarananda (Shiva Yoga)|Mahamandaleshwar Swami Shankarananda]], [[Chris Sharma]], Stuart Sovatsky, Michael Tierra, Parama K. Williams
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|9|25|1923|3|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bonny Doon, California|Bonny Doon]], [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz, California]]
| order = [[Vairagi]]-[[Tyagi]] [[Vaishnava]]
| lineage = [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]]
| ordination = [[sannyasa]]
| school = [[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)]] of [[Patanjali]]
}}

'''Baba Hari Dass''' ([[Devanagari]]: बाबा हरि दास) (26 March 1923 – 25 September 2018) was an Indian [[yoga]] master, silent monk, temple builder, and commentator of Indian scriptural traditions of ''[[dharma]]'' and ''[[moksha]]''. He was classically trained in the [[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|Ashtanga]] of [[Patanjali]] (also known as ''[[Rāja yoga]]''),{{sfn|Feuerstein|2008|p=28}} as well as [[Kriya Yoga school|Kriya yoga]], [[Ayurveda]], [[Samkhya]], [[Shri Vidya|Sri Vidya]], [[Tantra]], [[Vedanta]], and [[Sanskrit]].

Baba Hari Dass took a [[Mauna (silence)|vow of silence]] in 1952, which he upheld through his life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibarra |first=Nicholas |date=2018-09-25 |title=Silent monk Baba Hari Dass, who inspired thousands at the Mount Madonna Center, dies at 95 |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/09/26/silent-monk-baba-hari-dass-who-inspired-thousands-at-the-mount-madonna-center-dies-at-95/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Santa Cruz Sentinel}}</ref> Although he did not speak, he was able to communicate in several languages through writing. His literary output included scriptural commentaries to the ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]]'', the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', ''[[Samkhyakarika]]'', and Vedanta ''[[Vidyaranya|Panchadasi]]'', collections of aphorisms about the meaning and purpose of life, essays, plays, short stories, children's stories, [[kirtan]], [[mantras]], and in-depth instructional yoga materials that formed the basis of a yoga certification-training program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2014 |title=Yoga Teacher Training 200, 300-hour, and Prenatal Program |url=https://mountmadonna.org/study/school-of-yoga/advanced-yoga-studies-ytt-300/ |access-date=11 July 2014 |website=Yoga Teacher Training 200-hour Program |publisher=Mount Madonna Center, Watsonville, CA}}</ref>

Upon his arrival in North America in early 1971,{{sfn|Leviton|1990}} Baba Hari Dass and his teachings inspired the creation of several yoga centers and retreat programs in the United States in [[Santa Cruz County, California]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://mountmadonna.org/yoga/babaji.html|title = Baba Hari Dass|date = 2001|access-date = 10 July 2014|website = Mount Madonna Center|publisher = Hanuman Fellowship|archive-date = 25 December 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225031155/https://www.mountmadonna.org/community|url-status = dead}}</ref> and in Canada at [[Salt Spring Island]] and in [[Toronto]].{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=180}} He was an early proponent of Ayurveda,<ref>{{Cite book|title = The way of Ayurvedic Herbs: A Contemporary Introduction and Useful Manual for the World's Oldest Healing System| last1 = Tierra|first1 = Michael|publisher = Lotus Press|year = 2008|isbn = 978-0-940985-98-8|location = Twin Lakes, WI|pages = X|last2 = Purkh Singh Khalsa|first2 = Karta}}</ref> an ancient Indian system of health and healing, and helped introduce the practice to the United States.

In an annual rendition of the Indian epic ''[[Ramayana]]'',{{sfn|Fuess|1983}} he taught performing arts, choreography and costume making. Baba Hari Dass devoted himself to helping others, with an emphasis on selfless service ([[karma yoga]]); In 1987 he opened Sri Ram Orphanage for homeless children in [[Haridwar]], India.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=179}} To the local population of Nainital and Almora, Baba Hari Dass was also known as Haridas{{sfn|Mukerjee|2012|p=221}} (''lit'' "servant of Lord Hari"), Haridas Baba,{{sfn|Mukerjee|1990|p=61}} Chota Maharaji{{sfn|Leviton|1990}} (''literally'' "little great king"), or Harda Baba.

==Early life, education, and spiritual path==
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Hari Datt Karnatak was born on 26 March 1923 in the town of [[Almora]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=179}} in [[Uttarakhand]], India. He was the fifth of seven children of his parents of five brothers and two sisters, followed by a younger brother and a sister.{{Sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=24}} His family was of a Kumaoni [[Brahmin]] Karnatak lineage. Hari Datt was born in the lunar month of [[Chaitra]], in [[Paksha|Shukla Paksha]] ([[Rama Navami]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.drikpanchang.com/navratri/chaitra-vasant-navratri-dates.html|title=1923 Chaitra Navratri, Vasanta Navratri Calendar for New Delhi, NCT, India|first=Adarsh Mobile Applications|last=LLP|website=Drikpanchang}}</ref>

Hari Datt grew up in the lower Himalayan region of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], which includes [[Dunagiri]] (also called Dronagiri), the birthplace of modern-day Kriya Yoga and the temple of [[Shakti]]. Known since the [[Mahabharata War]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.speakingtree.in/allslides/cities-of-mahabharata-in-the-present-time|title = Cities of Mahabharata in the present time|date = 10 August 2015|access-date = 12 September 2015|website = Speakingtree.in|publisher = Times Internet Limited|last = Kumar|first = Vivek}}</ref> the Kurmachalam<ref>{{Cite book|title = Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future|last1 = Aggarwal|first1 = J. C.|publisher = Concept Publishing Company|date = 1 January 1995|isbn = 978-81-7022-572-0|location = Uttar Khand Region (India)|pages = 163|first2 = S. P.|last2 = Agrawal|last9 = Shanti Swarup Gupta}}</ref> region encompasses [[Almora district]] and [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]. Early in life, he listened to stories told by older people about ''[[siddha]]'' yogis Sombari Baba Maharaj, Gudari Baba, Suri Baba, Khaki Baba, Aughar Baba, and several other saints of that region. His parents were devotees of a saint of Kumaon, Hariakhan Baba Maharaj, who was known to visit Almora.{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=158}}

[[File:India_Kumaon.png|alt=Location of Kumaon and Almora|thumb|Location of Kumaon in India]]

On a journey to [[Haldwani]] in 1929,<ref>{{Cite book|title = Hairakhan Baba, Known, Unknown|last = Hari Dass|first = Baba|publisher = Sri Rama Foundation Inc.|date = February 1975|edition=1st|isbn = 978-0-918100-00-9|location = Davis, CA|pages = 78}}</ref> Hari Datt received his first [[Darshana]] with the sage Sombari Baba Maharaj.{{sfn|Hari Dass|1975|p=78}}{{sfn|Ram Dass|Rameshwar Das|2010|pp=284-290}}

Darshana is viewed as experiencing the presence of a highly revered person, which can awaken the latent potential for spiritual growth or intellectual understanding. American poet [[Gary Snyder]], a [[Zen]] Buddhist practitioner, stated, "It's a gift; it's like there's a moment in which the thing is ready to let you see it. In India, this is called darshan. Darshan means getting a view."<ref>White, Jonathan, ed. (1994). Talking on the water: conversations about nature and creativity. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. {{ISBN|0871565153}}.</ref>

=== Leaving home at the age of eight ===
Hari Datt's early childhood years were marked by sadness and the feeling of separation: "When I was small, about five-six years old, I began to feel unhappy and sad inside. That sadness would be enhanced at sunset in the Himalayas... A feeling of separation would come, and I would feel like I was closed in a box where it is dark. The dome of the sky and the earth at night would make me feel like I was inside the box. 'How can I get out of this box?' was my constant question."{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=23}} His parents were puzzled by his strange behavior of leaving the house early in the morning and refusing to go into the house. He also didn't like to go to school to learn reading and writing.

His father, a Sanskrit scholar, and tough disciplinarian, forced Hari Datt to memorize Sanskrit grammar and prayers. In 1931–1932, his father died at age 56 of a heart attack, an event which shook the whole family, but also brought Hari Datt a sense of relief. With the pressure lifted, Hari Datt was free to do anything he wanted. However, he assumed more responsibilities by helping his mother in farming, taking care of the cows, and threshing grain. Also, he had to go to school and do homework.{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|pp=24–25}}

He was attracted to the freedom that monks had in their lifestyle, unburdened by an excess of clothing or work, and who did not have to attend school. "Whenever any monk would come to the village temple, I would go to see them. I started living like a monk." His mother came home one day to find him sitting, wearing only a loincloth, with wood ash smeared all over his body. She said, "Son, there is no happiness in the world, there is no peace in household life. I know you are very attracted to monk life, but that is not an easy task either."{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|pp=25–26}}

Hari Datt had several conversations with his mother about God, soul, and peace. His view of the surrounding world as a restraining box, made of earth as the bottom, and the sky as the top, induced him to weep. Deciding this had to be lifted, he made his conviction known to his mother, asking her to release him from the confinement of "this box of earth and sky." To that, she said, "I can't". He replied, "I'm going."{{sfn|Hari Dass|1973}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devyn |title=The Babaji Interview; Mount Madonna School |url=http://newsasaurus.newscenter.com/articles/09April/09AprilBabaji.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622090824/http://newsasaurus.newscenter.com/articles/09April/09AprilBabaji.html |archive-date=22 June 2014 |website=archive.today |access-date=20 July 2020 }}</ref>

=== Brahmacharya school ===

At the age of eight, Hari Datt was initiated into Brahmacharya.{{sfn|Hari Dass|1973|p=41}}{{sfn|Ram Dass|1978|p=27}} "I was initiated at the age of eight and would do my practices every morning and night before eating food."{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=67}} In 1931, with his mother's consent, he left home{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vyeda |first=Ed |date=24 May 1998 |title=Chalkfull of Wisdom, Monk of Mt. Madonna |work=Santa Cruz County Sentinel, Seq. C1-2 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/95273885/ |access-date=20 August 2015 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> and joined a small Brahmachari gurukul for young boys in the woods of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]].

[[File:Gurukul Bhojanalaya.jpg|alt=This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.|thumb|Gurukul education setting. Food is served by students, and eaten after prayer.]]

A regimented daily schedule included six hours of sleep, rising at 4:00{{spaces}}a.m., walking a mile in the dark to bathe in a river regardless of the season or weather conditions, a teacher-guided group study of homework and preparation for exams. Upon joining that place he was told by the teacher, "You have to learn to bear all kinds of hardships in life. We can train our body in any way we want."{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=27}} Daily duties included manual labor, carrying water from a river in a valley, collecting firewood, cooking, cleaning, and gardening. He practiced and became proficient in [[Martial arts timeline|martial arts]], [[Hatha yoga]], [[Shatkarma]], [[Mudras]] and Sanskrit.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Saving Young Lives - Baba Hari Dass|last = Catalfo|first = Phil|date = Dec 2001|journal = Yoga Journal|pages = 83–4}}</ref> The teacher was not a monk, although he wanted to be a monk. He would talk about politics and how the British came to India as traders and gradually took over the whole country. He resented British rule and would teach how to survive in the wild, and how to become revolutionaries.

Young Hari Datt Brahmachari and other boys were able to study, prepare for their grade school and high school exams, and do yoga exercises. The teacher, who was not sure about his own life, left that place and later joined the army. A diminished group continued their daily routine until they also disbanded leaving only a few.{{Sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=30}} By 1936, it was no longer a school but became a small study class. At that time Hari Datt Brahmachari, in comparison to other boys, who were determined to get good jobs or get well educated, didn't know what he wanted to be in life. His friends joked, "Just go on looking for some saints. Some day you may find someone, or you may go on looking forever."{{Sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=63}}

=== Naga Baba, Udasi Baba and Swami Nityananda Maharaj ===
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Hari Datt's interest in the monk lifestyle resurfaced on more than one occasion. He contacted traveling [[Sannyasa|sannyasins]] in temples or in public engagements in order to learn their wisdom and inquire about yoga techniques. Some of those early encounters fell short of his expectations. Trying to learn about the life of a Naga Baba (naked sannyasin) became a debacle. The kind of mischief other boys engaged in, like throwing rocks or disturbing the monk's meditation, resulted in cursing, angry outbursts, and a chase.{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|pp=31–33}}

Another sannyasin who attracted Hari Datt's attention was Udasi Baba, credited by adult followers as possessing supernatural powers over ghosts or curing sickness, and who lived in a cremation ground. One day, when he had nobody to cremate at his site, he joined an encampment of local people and looked like an ordinary man who craved attention. He acknowledged that his tales of subduing ghosts were fabrications and that "ghosts are for those who are afraid of ghosts."{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=42}} These encounters resulted in a diminishing attraction for monkhood for the 12-year-old Brahmachari.

In 1935, Hari Datt met [[Bhagawan Nityananda|Swami Nityananda Maharaj]], who lectured and held gatherings that many adults attended. "I was very eager to listen to Swamiji's talk. It was the first time I met a famous sannyasi who was surrounded by intellectuals, lawyers, professors, etc. Swamiji stood up chanting OM in a deep voice...Then he started his speech." For a boy to mix with adults who were following monks was not encouraged. It was believed that young lads couldn't understand spiritual subjects; in contrast, however, from Hari Datt's perspective, "older people simply became a hindrance for youngsters."{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=43}} Since Swami Nithyananda's lectures were in English, Hari Datt could not understand the content. Yet he was keen to observe the ascetic form of the swami, who was wearing a tiger skin and using a [[trident]] staff, was a follower of the [[Shiva]] order. Swamiji was a proponent of establishing ''[[dharmashala]]s'' locations, called [[Kailash Manasarovar Yatra|Kailash Mansarovar Yatra]], for pilgrims on their way to the [[Mount Kailash]].{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=63}}{{Refn|1="Swami Nityananda-ji Saraswati promoter of Kailas-Manasarovar Yatra... requested permission to build 21 dharmasalas in Tibet"; Kailas Histories, Alex McKay, Google Books, 2016, p. 407|group=note}}

=== Darshana of Anandamayi Ma and Samadhi ===
In 1935, when [[Anandamayi Ma]] visited [https://www.anandamayi.org/life-history-1933-1942/ Almora region], he went to see her in a trance state some interpreted as [[samadhi]]{{Refn|"In samprajnata samadhi (super-consciousness with knowledge) there is an object as a support (alambana) for the mind. The support is called bija (seed), so samprajnata samadhi is classified as sabija..." Baba Hari Dass, Commentary, Yoga Sutras, I:51|group=note}}: "I heard that a woman saint was in town. Her name was Ananda Mayi Ma. I was very excited to see a woman saint... a woman who looked to be 35-40 years old. Her eyes were closed. Her face looked like golden light. Everyone outside bowed to her and people hurriedly took her to [[Ranikhet]] to a secluded place to rest."{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=63-65}} He listened to a lecture by a [[pundit]] who invoked the Yoga Sutras to interpret her state of consciousness and what level of ''samadhi'' she was in. Intrigued, he discussed further experienced ''darshan'' and how samadhi brings knowledge of God with an older colleague in the Brahmacharya school. He was discouraged from viewing samadhi as an emotionally induced trance that could occur during devotional singing ([[Kirtan]]) or dancing. In contrast, he was told that through formal training, the regular practice of [[pranayama]] and meditation ([[Dhyana in Hinduism|Dhyana]]), samadhi could be attained and take deeper roots.

Also in that discussion, the issue was raised of renouncing the {{nowrap|world{{hsp}}{{mdash}}{{hsp}}}}becoming a ''[[Sannyasa|sannyasi]]'' would require a radical departure from social norms compared to the householder life of ''[[grihastha]]'', and "If everyone renounces the world, then one day all the old generation will die out and there will be no new generation." He agreed that such statement was quite right, however, since everyone is not meant to be a householder, the natural balance would still be sustained by everyone performing duties for the world. "When this thought came in my mind it removed the reality of my friend's argument. I felt good and did not lose my attraction for the life of renunciates."{{Sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=66}}

[[File:Shatkarmas.svg|alt=The shatkarmas - six preliminary purifications used in Hatha yoga.|thumb|The shatkarmas - six preliminary purifications used in [[Hatha yoga]]]]

=== First teaching in Hatha Yoga and Swami Satyananda Giri ===
In 1936, Hari Datt Brahmachari attended classes of [[Satyananda Giri|Swami Satyananda Giri]] (disciple of [[Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri]]) of [[Dashanami Sampradaya|Dashnami]] Sanyasi Sect (originated by [[Jagadguru]] [[Adi Shankara]]charya), who visited Almora region. Swami Satyananda was well versed in classical yoga tenets and encouraged adults to use the practices of [[Hatha yoga]]. He postulated that developing strong body, in which the soul resides, aids in the journey to attain emancipation. Techniques he demonstrated and explained were based in [[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|Ashtanga Yoga]] and Hatha Yoga of the seven limbs: [[Shatkarma]], [[Asana]], [[Mudra]], [[Pratyahara]], [[Pranayama]], [[Dhyana in Hinduism|Dhyana]], and [[Samadhi]]. He also used [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic principles]] of the balanced food of three-''[[dosha]]s'', consistent eating habits, and avoided oily and fat rich foods.

When young Brahmachari was asked to demonstrate what he knew, Swamiji was surprised and pleased to see well-developed postures, mudras, etc. Brahmachari explained he practiced those in Brahmachari School by his own doing rather than learning from someone else (''asanas'', ''pranayamas'', ''shatkarmas'', and ''mudras''). Swamiji asked him to teach others in his class, who were adults. "Swamiji saw my [[Sarvangasana]] and was very pleased. I showed the series of 12 postures of [[Surya Namaskār|Surya Namaskar]] (sun salutation). Swamiji liked the way I did the postures and said I should come back every morning and show the people the method of doing asanas."{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|pp=51–60}} Due to that teaching experience, his feeling of being a misfit in the class and shyness went away. He was also well received by adult learners.

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After seeing Swami Nityananda Maharaj and Ananda Mai Ma, Hari Datt's desire to practice yoga increased.{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=67}} Yoga practices became part of his life. His quest continued as he visited different villages in Himalayan mountains around the age of 14, encountering several Westerners who were learning yogic practices and later recalling them as "true seekers". Learning and experiences in Swami Satyananda Giri's classes in Hatha Yoga, Ayurveda, Ashtanga Yoga, and Kriyas shaped the foundation of his own system that he taught Western learners later in India, USA, and Canada. Baba Hari Dass' emphasis was to include tested and well-developed practices into a comprehensive whole, "There are several types of yoga, each of which has its own methods. All are different ways of attaining the same goal."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bodian |first=Stephan |date=March 1985 |title=10th Anniversary Retrospective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOsDAAAAMBAJ&q=gurdjieff+and+baba+hari+dass&pg=PA14 |journal=Yoga Journal |pages=14 |access-date=8 Oct 2023}}</ref>

=== Ramkot Hanuman temple and Sita Ram Dass Baba ===
Hari Datt Brahmachari and his remaining colleagues from the study group, in 1940, were getting ready to pass the 10th-grade high school exams. For that reason, they were motivated to visit a less-known temple in the area called Ramkot Hanuman (Khagmara Kot-Kila) [https://web.archive.org/web/20231015020114/https://www.beatificuttrakhand.com/2023/07/Khagmara-Fort-Almora-Khagmara-Satynarayan-Mandir.html], located near Almora, to pray for success. That place, established in a remote area and planned in 16th CE{{Refn|Khagmara Fort is a 16th century fort located in Almora that has been converted into a temple. Khagmara Fort is now known as Khagmara Temple or Satyanarayan Kot Temple. Some historians believe that it was built by the Katyuri kings and later the Chand dynasty established its authority over it (c.1559-1560).|group=note}} as a military fort, was used by bird hunters and gamblers. In local oral tradition, the place, among other stories, was talked about as a hunting ground (Khagmara hills) by the king Balo Kalyan Chand. He followed a hare and reached the top of the hill but then, the hare "assumed the form of a tiger and disappeared."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aggarwal |first1=J.C |title=Uttarakhand - Past, Present and Future |last2=Agrawal |first2=S.P. |publisher=Concept Publishing Co. |year=1995 |isbn=81-7022-572-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=163}}</ref> His diviners interpreted the meaning that his enemies would find they had tigers to deal with, so the raja started to build the fort there as his main outpost of the area.

In more recent times, a vairagi-renunciate from [[Ayodhya]], Sita Ram Dass Baba, renovated, cleaned the fort place and started regular temple worship of the deity of Hanuman. He renamed Khagmara Kot (“A fort where birds are hunted”) to Ramkot (“A fort of Rama”).{{Sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=80}} He was known for his uncompromising and tough character - did not tolerate bird hunters, and chased them out of the area. After that temple visit their worries about school progress weren't entirely relieved, partly because they believed they failed to satisfy the tough expectations of Sita Ram Baba who, they thought, may have been angry with them.

[[File:Jageshwar Mandir.jpg|alt=Jageshwar temple complex in Almora|thumb|Jageshwar temple complex in Almora]]

While waiting for the results of high school exams, they decided to visit [[Jageshwar Temples, Uttarkhand|Jageshwar Temples]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bahuguna |first=Aniruddha |date=2017–18 |title=The Temple Architecture of Almora |url=https://www.academia.edu/61509916 |journal=Ancient Indian History Culture and Archaeology |pages=29}}</ref> as one of them was from that area. "He said it is one of the 12 [[Jyotirlinga|Jyotir Lingams]], the self-revealed sign of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]... We had to pray for our success in the high school exams." At that time they separated. It was a sad moment because they had been together for several years, but since they were independent they could go their separate ways and had a reason to feel happy as well. Hari Datt Brahmachari, despite the fact that he liked the village of his friend, decided to leave and disappear into the mountains. Later, after four months of wondering, he could not recall his whereabouts, "I didn't have any memory...The whole summer passed that way and then I realized that I had to go back."{{Sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=85}} He learned, he had passed the high school exams, and that all his friends had moved away, either returning home, enrolling in college, finding jobs, or joining the army.

Since he had no place to stay and didn't want to return home, which he left ten years earlier, he decided to go back to Ramkot and see Sita Ram Dass Baba. He noticed several significant improvements were made in the temple surroundings. Also, a large group of vairagi monks on their pilgrimage way to [[Lake Manasarovar|Kailash Mansarovar]] was there. Most striking, Sita Ram Dass Baba warmly welcomed Brahmachari and asked him to do various tasks for the monks. He noticed in the ''yajnashala'' room (place of sacred fire) a monk completely covered with sheets motionless and meditating for several hours. He remained in the same position even as others were busy with their routines and activities. Brahmachari was allowed to sit near the monk and his mere presence induced in him a deep meditative experience. Later on, he was surprised to hear from Sita Ram Dass Baba that Baba Raghubar Dassji Maharaj, without any verbal communication with Brahmachari already accepted him as his disciple.{{Sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=91}}

=== Initiation into Sannyasa and Baba Raghubar Dassji Maharaj ===
{{Vaishnavism}}

In 1942, at the age of 19,<ref>{{harvnb|Jones|Ryan|2006}}: "In 1942 [Hari Datt] took initiation as a monk in the [[Vairagi]] [[Tyagi]] [[Vaishnavite]] order."</ref> he was initiated with [[Sannyasa]] [[diksha]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url = https://www.academia.edu/1007326|title = Baba Hari Dass and the Vairagi Vaishnava Leneage|date = 2006|access-date = 14 July 2014|journal = Shin-Ibs.edu|last = Crovetto|first = Helen}}</ref> into [[Vairagya|Vairagi]]-[https://web.archive.org/web/20231014232247/http://ancientindia.co.in/tyagi-bhumihars/ Tyagi] [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava.]] His [[guru]], Baba Raghubar Dassji Maharaj, a reclusive sadhu that he met in Ramkot [[Hanuman]] Temple ([[Almora district|Almora]] region),{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|pp=87–95}} oversaw the initiation. His guru's main center was Digambari [[Akhara|Akhada]], Tapasiji Ki Chhawani [[Ayodhya]], order of [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]].{{Sfn|Crovetto|2006|pp=242-260}} Followers of Saint [[Ramananda]] originated in the 14th century.

Baba Raghubar Dassji Maharaj was highly regarded renunciate and a Sanskrit [[Acharya]], he was known for minimal verbal communication. He met with his disciples only once every two or three years to convey yoga [[sādhanā]] instructions to his followers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devyn |date= |title=The Babaji Interview |url=http://newsasaurus.newscenter.com/articles/09April/09AprilBabaji.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622090824/http://newsasaurus.newscenter.com/articles/09April/09AprilBabaji.html |archive-date=22 June 2014 |access-date=29 August 2023 |website=Archive Today }}</ref> He's quoted as saying: "First find unity within, in your thoughts, words and actions and the unity outside will follow you."{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=~232}} On another occasion he said: "I tell you one thing, as long as you keep yourself hidden in the world you will progress in your spiritual path."{{Sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=116}}

In 1952–1953, while living in a burial place called Ghati, Baba Hari Dass described the experience of a legendary Kumaon yogi Hariakhan Baba while staying in a cave in cold winter. While sitting by the side of the fire, he fainted and his left arm fell into that fire: "I saw Hariakhan Maharaj come into the room and bend over me…, I saw him clearly, removing my left arm from the fire pit... By some unknown power I was related to Hariakhan Maharaj."{{Sfn|Hari Dass|1975|pp=76-79}}

===Vow of silence and ''tapas''===
''Silence is the only Voice of our God'' - [[Herman Melville]] (''[[Pierre: or, The Ambiguities]],'' Bk. XIV, ch. 1, 1852,)

{{Hinduism|expanded=Philosophical schools}}

In 1952, Baba Hari Dass took a continual [[vow of silence]] called ''mauna ''(or'' maunavrata'').{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006}} In a similar tradition of [[Buddhist meditation|Buddhist]] meditative method of [[Vipasana]], silence is used "as the process of self-purification by introspection."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goenka |first=S.N. |date=2014 |title=Vipassana Meditation |url=http://www.dhamma.org/en/about/code |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=Dhamma.org}}</ref>

In 1964, [[Bhagavan Das (yogi)|Bhagavan Das]] met Baba Hari Dass near a temple called [[Hanumangarhi, Nainital]], and later wrote: "The sadhu was a muni, a yogi whose practice of austerity includes complete silence. For the previous twelve years, whenever he wanted to communicate, he would jot his thoughts succinctly on a small chalkboard."{{sfn|Bhagavan Das|1997|p=43}} Similarly, in 1967, [[Ram Dass]]: "He is a jungle sadhu. He went into the jungle when he was 8 years old. He is silent (mauna). He has been mauna for 15 years. He writes with a chalkboard."{{sfn|Ram Dass|1978|p=30}}

Even as continued silence would seem a radical, but also inconvenient form of communication, several Western authors recognized the social value of silence. Among those were [[Jacques Derrida]] and [[Søren Kierkegaard]]. In their view, silence would function as a precursor for clearer and substantively deeper understanding. Michael Strawser (Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Central Florida), commenting on Jacques Derrida's view of Soren Kierkegaard's meaning of silence, wrote, "What is needed is Kierkegaard's call to silence in order to recognize one's responsibility to the other."<ref>Michael Strawser, ''Gifts of Silence from Kierkegaard and Derrida'', Penn State University Press, Vol. 89, No. 1/2, Spring/Summer 2006; Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal; {{ISSN|0038-1861}}; https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40052851</ref> Silence is also valued by Perkey Avot, in the Jewish Sages guide for living, and functions as "a safety fence for wisdom".<ref>{{Cite book|title = Britain Yearly Meeting, "Quaker Faith and Practice"|publisher = The Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)|year = 2005|isbn = 0-85245-374-4|location = Britain, London|pages = sections 2.01, 2.12–17 etc.}}</ref>

In yoga, ''mauna'' is maintained with the aim of achieving uninterrupted concentration ([[ekagrata]], Sanskrit: एकाग्रता). Side effects of such practice would include constraining outgoing emotions of the mind, such as anger, excessive argumentativeness, etc. In Ashtanga, ''mauna'' would be part of a larger body of practices called [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|tapas]] (Sanskrit: तपस्). Overall, ''mauna'' as practice of tapas would not be viewed as [[penance]] but rather "as a mental training to develop will power".{{Sfn|Hari Dass|1977|p=153}}

In the beginning of his practice he encountered obstacles, "For twelve years I faced much difficulties...for two or three years you have to fight with anger." Since merely not talking is not considered a yogic silence, keeping a quiet mind is, "The mind can't be stopped merely by keeping your mouth shut."{{sfn|Hari Dass|1973}}

[[File:Baba Hari Dass - silent yogi writing.jpg|alt=Baba Hari Dass - silent yogi|thumb|Baba Hari Dass - silent yogi writing on a chalkboard, c. 1976, California]]

In 1983, David C. Fuess (a writer for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''), observed about Baba Hari Dass: "Babaji had not spoken for twenty-nine years and communicates by a means of a small chalk board."{{sfn|Fuess|1983}} In 2008, Melissa Weaver, ''[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]]'' correspondent, wrote: "During classes, he sits in a wood-backed chair, his students... sit patiently while he writes his thoughts on a wipe-off board, which are then read aloud by a volunteer."<ref>''Silent yogi has led Mount Madonna community tucked in the Santa Cruz Mountains for more than 30 years'', Melissa Weaver – (Santa Cruz) Sentinel correspondent, 14 July 2008; http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/ci_9875268 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628175732/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/ci_9875268 |date=28 June 2014 }}</ref>

===Karma yogi builder===

Early on in his life Haridas Baba was influenced by the teachings of the ''Bhagavad Gita'', which considers karma yoga to be a selfless service, and the most straightforward pathway to progress in spiritual life. He learned temple masonry from a local mason and used those skills in building temples, ashrams, idols, and rock walls. In more than one of those projects he had a lead role. In 1950–1964 with the help of local followers and volunteers, adults and children, he built Hanumangarh and later Kainchi Ashram in [[Nainital]].''The Divine Reality'', a publication by Sri Kainchi Hanuman Mandir & Ashram, stated: "Haridas Baba used to come to Kainchi from [[Hanumangarhi, Nainital|Hanumangarh]] to supervise the construction work of Kainchi Ashram."<ref>''[http://maharajji.com/Divine-Reality/a-case-of-typhoid.html The Divine Reality of Sri Baba Neeb Karori Ji Maharaj] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603174555/http://maharajji.com/Divine-Reality/a-case-of-typhoid.html |date=3 June 2013 }}'' (A Translation of Alokik Yathartha), ''A Case of Typhoid''; 1 January 2005, by Sri Kainchi Hanuman Mandir & Ashram; 2nd ed., {{ISBN|978-8190310505}}</ref> In 1962, after Hanumangarh, and Kenchi (Kainchi) Ashram, he started to build an ashram at Kakrighat where Sombari Maharaj lived, which was later completed on a contract basis.{{Sfn|Hari Dass|1975|pp=78-79}}

In the United States, Canada and Mexico,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saltspringcentre.com/about/baba-hari-dass/|title = Baba Hari Dass|date = November 2013}}</ref> he continued using his design, planning and construction skills. In February, 1982, after a fire burnt a recently constructed program building at Mount Madonna Center, in Watsonville, California, he used the event as an opportunity to build a larger structure with more capacity. His example inspired many volunteers to help with those karma yoga efforts. In 1983, ''[[Yoga Journal]]'' writer, Virginia Lee, said "Baba Hari Dass swings his hammer alongside everyone else".<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=--sDAAAAMBAJ&dq=baba+hari+dass&pg=PA20 The Silent Master of Mount Madonna Center]''; ''Yoga Journal'', May/June 1983; by Virginia Lee; p. 18-20</ref> The same publication included two articles in 2002, ''Karma Yoga Awards'' and ''Saving Young Lives'', that described how Baba Hari Dass donated proceeds from his books to the Sri Ram Foundation that was set up to help destitute children in India. From those funds, and other donations, Shri Ram Ashram was created near Haridwar, in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Catalfo |first=Phil |date=December 2001 |title=Karma Yoga Awards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-oDAAAAMBAJ&q=almora+and+baba+hari+dass&pg=PA84 |journal=Yoga Journal |pages=82–83}}</ref>

=== Local teacher-leader ===
At the end of the 1930s several encounters with Western seekers in India shaped his attitude towards teaching yoga in the future. He became cognizant of a larger group of people wanting to learn yoga and the need to preserve genuine yogic tradition for these students. "When I was about 14 years old... I saw number of Westerners. Some had taken [[sannyasa]]..it was quite clear that they were true seekers." In India, yoga practices were tested for thousands of years and it became known how each method affects the body, mind and consciousness. By adopting a well-known method of Ashtanga of Patanjali, [[Yamas]] and [[Niyamas]], as his core practice, he aimed to shorten the time required for mastering essential routines. Otherwise, if new experimentation is needed "when those methods are changed, they are again subject to testing."

In the early 1960s, during one of the subsequent waves of interest in Indian spirituality and yoga, some newcomers to [[Nainital district]] were directed to Haridas Baba to receive instructions in hatha yoga, meditation and yogic life. "A young Englishman named Lawrie...was allowed to stay in the ashram, studying with Haridas Baba".{{sfn|Mukerjee|1990|pp=60–61}}

He had established a local following and was considered an adept teacher, a leader and builder in several building and karma yoga construction projects at Hanuman Garhi and Nainital Ashram temples. [[Dada Mukerjee]] (Sri Sudhir Mukerjee), recounting those events wrote: "Haridas was also very active in building the Kainchin temples and purchasing materials for them",{{sfn|Mukerjee|2012|p=221}} and "Haridas...was well-versed in pujas and rituals, as well as in pranayam and meditation, and an experienced practitioner of hatha yoga..., he also looked after the devotees who came there... Ram Dass stayed there in 1967 and Lawrie [<nowiki/>[[Cy Laurie]]- jazz musician] in 1964, among others."{{sfn|Mukerjee|2012|p=221}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laurie |first=Cy |title=Lucky Ol' Me |publisher=Sunstreamer |year=2005 |isbn=0-9550131-0-0 |location=England |pages=126–129}}</ref>

==Western confluence (1964–1971)==

=== Bhagavan Das and hospital episode ===
[[Bhagavan Das (yogi)|Bhagavan Das]] was introduced to Baba Hari Dass at the [[Hanumangarhi, Nainital]] (the 'Fortress of Hanuman'), who was then a manager and builder of the temple.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2012|loc=Part II, pp. 221-222}} Bhagavan Das described that experience: "Hari Das was the real thing, a cave yogi", and, "I showed Hari Dass Baba how I did these kriyas, and he helped me perfect my technique".{{sfn|Bhagavan Das|1997|loc=Ch. 6, pp. 43-44}}

In 1968, in meditation, Bhagavan Das, according to his own account, intuitively knew that Baba Hari Dass was in some danger, then under a supervised doctor care in [[Agra]],{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=286}} arranged by [[Neem Karoli Baba]]. Bhagavan Das drove from Nainital overnight and removed him from that life-threatening condition.{{refn|''It's Here Now (Are You?): A Spiritual Memoir''; Broadway Books, Ney York, 1997, 1st ed; {{ISBN|0-7679-00081}}; Ch 20, p.170: "I climbed through the window. I pulled the tubes out of his limbs, picked him up like a baby and walked out of the house. I laid him in the passenger seat of the Land Rover and drove back to Naini Tal..."|group=note}} After few days Baba Hari Dass wrote, "You saved my life".{{sfn|Bhagavan Das|1997|p=170}} Explaining that episode, Bhagavan Das interpreted the event with considerable hesitation. He reported the incident took place in [[Lucknow]] (not in Agra) and interpreted Baba Hari Dass' refusal of further treatments as a dislike of Western medicine: "being subjected to Western medical techniques was a death sentence."

According to Baba Hari Dass’ account, what occurred during the hospital treatment, arranged by Neem Karoli Baba in Agra (instead of Lucknow), had life-threatening consequences. After the initial diagnosis, „He has no sickness. He is just fatigued by overwork",{{Sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=286}} the doctor, nonetheless, prescribed tablets and injections that caused Baba Hari Dass to experience progressive body weakness, dizziness, and degrading of vital functions, „I started feeling dizzy. I told the doctor that I couldn’t keep my balance when I walked and that I didn't want any more injections...He stopped giving the injections, but I became very sick. I had no energy. I could not eat, sleep, or do anything… I asked the doctor to tell me what the injections and tablets he had given me were, but he refused to say and stopped coming to see me.”{{Sfn|Hari Dass|2019|p=287}} Latter, a chemist, familiar with that doctor's practice said, “If he told you that you have no sickness, then why was he giving you these shots?… These shots can damage your vital organs.” In one month time, Baba Hari Dass was able to walk and leave Agra for Haldvani, but the lingering effects of poor balance after the treatment persisted for several more weeks.

===Ram Dass – learning yoga===
In 1967 an ex-[[Harvard]] professor [[Richard Alpert]] ([[Ram Dass]]) travelled to India and was taken to Kainchi - Nainital region by [[Bhagavan Das (yogi)|Bhagavan Dass]]. At that time Baba Hari Dass had been already an accomplished yoga teacher and had a large following. On his guru, Neem Karoli Baba's recommendation, Ram Dass received teachings of Ashtanga: "Baba Hari Dass was my teacher. I was taught by this man with a chalkboard in the most terse way possible".{{sfn|Ram Dass|1978|p=35}}

Baba Hari Dass trained Ram Dass in Rāja yoga: [[asana]], pranayama, [[mantra]]s,{{sfn|Ram Dass|2004|p=119}} mudras, [[ahimsa]] (non-violence) and focused meditation. "Hari Dass Baba, who had been my [[Sādhanā|sadhana]] tutor while I lived in Kainchi.{{sfn|Ram Dass|Rameshwar Das|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/belovenowpathofh0000ramd/page/150 150]}}<ref>''Ram Dass Biography'', "...Hari Dass Baba, who taught in silence using only a chalkboard. For a time, Alpert was in correspondence with Meher Baba however he remained focused on the teaching of Hari Dass Baba..."</ref> Each morning around 11:30 Hari Dass Baba would come from Hanumangarh sixteen kilometers away to give me lessons in yoga."{{sfn|Ram Dass|Rameshwar Das|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/belovenowpathofh0000ramd/page/138 138]}} The aim of training and practices of yoga-sadhana was for Ram Dass to become an adept practitioner and teacher of the classical ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali'' in the US and to increase interest in yoga and spirituality in general. Building a yoga center in India or the US and publishing yoga books authored by Baba Hari Dass were also discussed.

That training of several months continued in a series of letters between Baba Hari Dass and Ram Dass in the period of 1967–1969. "He was training me to become an ascetic, although I never really became one."{{sfn|Ram Dass|Rameshwar Das|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/belovenowpathofh0000ramd/page/138 138]}} Ashtanga practices and observances were later included in the 1971 book ''[[Be Here Now (book)|Be Here Now]]'' and became a reference material for beginning yoga learners until Baba Hari Dass authored his comprehensive and detailed ''Ashtanga Yoga Primer'' (1981).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ashtanga Yoga Primer |publisher=Sri Rama Publishing |year=1981 |location=Santa Cruz}}</ref>

Some benefits of those learning experiences in India were long-lasting, "The [[aphasia]] has introduced silence into my conversation...I had training for this kind of thing when I was with Baba Hari Dass in India. I was ''mauna,''"{{sfn|Ram Dass|2001|p=[https://archive.org/details/stillhereembraci00ramd/page/191 191]}} or, "Silence brought me great energy of clarity. As Hari Dass wrote, 'Nothing is better than something.'"{{sfn|Ram Dass|Goleman|1978}}

=== Parting from Neem Karoli Baba ===
In 1968, Haridas, "who was very active in building the Kainichi temples and purchasing materials for them"{{sfn|Mukerjee|2012|pp=221–222}} in Nainital, discontinued involvement with Neem Karoli Baba. That association lasted since the mid-1950s, when "Haridas with his band of enthusiastic and active associates, was managing the affairs of the temples and ashram in Hanumangarh".

Since his childhood Haridas Baba had accepted disciplined life as essential in spiritual progress. He became a monk and adopted silence as a way of seeking inner peace.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=180}} For health reasons, and to eliminate digestive problems he had with his liver, he chose to drink a glass of milk once or twice a day instead of taking solid food. Since the early days of his association with Neem Karoli Baba, he encountered several obstacles in his observance of silence, or eating habits. During one [[Kumbha Mela]], he was obligated by Neem Karoli Baba to break those monastic rules for the reason of following the house rules as having higher but whimsical priority ("What is this rule? For what purpose is it made?"{{sfn|Mukerjee|2012|pp=267–8}}).

When he became a teacher in the 1950s, Baba Hari Dass sought conducive circumstances for his teaching environment to benefit learners; "He wanted to build a small community of his own devotees".{{sfn|Mukerjee|1990|pp=121–122}} Several disruptions and conflicts that occurred in Kainchi ashram where he was a resident, teacher and supervisor, were not well suited for that end. The Kainchi ashram became a difficult place with charged economic claims between local residents and newcomers who were outsiders and who by displacing local members were not acknowledging their share of efforts in building and maintaining the ashram. Excessive hoarding of goods and secret dealings to cover for Neem Karoli Baba's sudden appearances and disappearances in order to create an impression of yogic powers ([[siddhi]]s) were also contentious issues. Recognizing that, Neem Karoli Baba's intimate devotee, (Sudhir) [[Dada Mukerjee]] wrote, "cases have caused much misunderstanding and heart-burning among some, and have remained as enigmas for others."

Cases, which point to abuses, Mukerjee interpreted as needed for the grace of his guru to manifest, so that others, including "Bhabania and Haridas", could benefit from, and that "we can understand reasons for the hard treatment."{{sfn|Mukerjee|2012|p=80}} In that context, the author does not explain how contentious circumstances would justify and absolve actions that had abusive intent.

Following those events, in 1970, several Westerners already familiar with Baba Hari Dass teaching style, travelled to India, Haridwar, and convinced him to come to the US to continue his way of silent teaching.

An inquiry whether Baba Hari Dass was a disciple of Neem Karoli Baba leads to a proposition that there was no long-lasting relationship of guru-disciple in the sense of [[Guru-shishya tradition|guru-shishya]] (or ''chela''), although that relationship extended over several years (1954–1968) and included selfless service, ''guru-seva'' or [[Karma yoga|karma-yoga]] done by Baba Hari Dass.{{sfn|Hari Dass|2019|pp=295-297}} There was no sustained acceptance of the teachings ([[parampara]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://sanskritclassics.com/KriyaNetwork.htm|title = Guru-Param-Para (Lineage of the Guru Order)|date = December 2013|access-date = 20 July 2014|website = The Sanskrit Classics, publisher|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140721084824/http://www.sanskritclassics.com/KriyaNetwork.htm|archive-date = 21 July 2014}}</ref>), continuation of the said association that would last, or establishing a branch of teachings based on Neem Karoli Baba's orientation. The content of what Baba Hari Dass taught in Ashtanga, Vedanta, Ayurveda or Samkhya classes to his students in India, in the US, Canada and Mexico, came from the independent research of his own. Acknowledging that, while in the US, to a question "How many teachers did you have", Baba Hari Dass replied "Myself."{{sfn|Hari Dass|1973|p=78}}

=== Ma Renu ===
{{Main|Ruth Horsting}}
[[File:Baba Hari Dass and Ma Renu.jpg|thumb|Baba Hari Dass and Ma Renu, watching annual volleyball competition at Mount Madonna Center, July 1998]]

Ruth Horsting (also known as Ma Renu and Ruth Johnson) was a professor of arts at the [[University of California, Davis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancestry.com/boards/localities.northam.usa.states.illinois.counties.cook/9583/mb.ashx|title=Ruth Johnson HORSTING (1919–2000) (obit.)|last=Perazzo|first=Peggy|date=7 July 2002|website=Ancestry|access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref> She taught sculpture at UC Davis from 1959 until 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.conversations.org/story.php?sid=391|title = A Conversation with Archana Horsting: An Artist's Journey|date = 11 February 2014|access-date = 12 July 2014|website = Interviews and Articles|last = Whittaker|first = Richard}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Redfern|first=Cathy|date=1 December 2000|title=Founder of Mount Madonna Center, Ruth Johnson Horsting, dies at 81|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/95415035/|url-access=limited|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-29|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]]|page=10|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929134032/http://www.newspapers.com/image/95415035/ |archive-date=29 September 2021 }}</ref> She was contacted in 1970 by her students, Bondana and Mahendra Mark Jungerman, who were then searching for an advanced yoga teacher in India and they had found Baba Hari Dass in Haridwar. Another person who contacted Baba Hari Dass during 1970 was Paul C. Adams''' '''(also known as Prem Das).<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.luminous-places.com/bio.htm|title = Biography|date = 2012|access-date = 4 August 2014|website = Luminous Places.com|publisher = Luminous Photo Galleries|last = Adams|first = Paul C.}}</ref>

On that occasion the prospect of inviting Baba Hari Dass to the United States was raised. "They stayed with me and asked me to go to the United States. I said I could go anywhere. I was ready to move to the higher mountains".{{refn| See review of this subject in: http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/ci_9875268; by Melissa Weaver – ''Sentinel'' correspondent; POSTED: 14 July 2008: "Silent yogi has led Mount Madonna community tucked in the Santa Cruz Mountains for more than 30 years.. Hari Dass moved to the U.S. from India in 1971 after meeting Mark Jungerman and his wife, who had been traveling through Haridwar, India"; 'They stayed with me and asked me to go to the United States," Hari Dass said. 'I said I could go anywhere. I was ready to move to the higher mountains.'|group = note}} In 1971, on the recommendation of her students, Baba Hari Dass was invited to the United States, and Ma Renu sponsored his stay for the purpose of teaching yoga.<ref name=":2" /> Ma Renu described her first meeting Baba Hari Dass: "I felt there was no time to lose. I had already given my permission to sponsor his stay in America, but what had been intended as a short stay, turned into a 29 year darshan and blessing."{{refn|Ma Renu's motivation in inviting Baba Hari Dass into US came from personal quest of seeking deeper knowledge about life and the meaning of suffering at the time after her elder son had been killed. Trying to find solace in philosophy books by various authors left her concluding, "I basically got nowhere, none of the books said anything to me"; http://sriramfoundation.org/index.php/sri-rama-foundation/ma-renu-horsting|group=note}} At the age of 52, Horsting devoted herself fully to the study of Ashtanga.<ref name=":2" />

That association over the years became a fruitful fulfillment of selfless service ideals when several organizational projects and service missions were formed in the US, Canada and India. In 1976, Baba Hari Dass directed her in forming ''Sri Rama Foundation'' to support ''Sri Ram Ashram'' for destitute children located in Shyampur, in Uttarakhand near Haridwar.

===Anand Dass===
Jerry Tabachnick (also known as Anand Dass) became one of the first students who recognized the need to study yoga with a living master. He became a highly regarded disciple and commentator. In 1970, he travelled to India to study with Baba Hari Dass and to gain deeper understanding of yoga. He was also active in organizing the Vancouver Satsang in Canada<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-08|title=Founding Member Feature: Chandra|url=https://saltspringcentre.com/founding-member-feature-chandra/|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Salt Spring Centre of Yoga|language=en-US}}</ref> and became a Yoga Sutras commentator and teacher and co-authored Dharma Sara publications on yoga and yoga related subjects (1974–76).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dass|first1=Anand|title=Between Pleasure and Pain|date=1976|publisher=Dharma Sara Publications|location=Sumas, WA|isbn=0-88765-000-7|page=intro|edition=1st}}</ref>

===Prenatal Yoga===
Baba Hari Dass agreed to mentor his pregnant student [[Jeannine Parvati Baker|Jeannine Parvati]] through a course of prenatal Yoga. During that time she continued practicing [[asana]]s and authored ''Prenatal Yoga & Natural Childbirth'', published in 1974.<ref>"Practicing Yoga during pregnancy is one way to heal the split between soul and spirit found in our culture", p. XII, Jeannine Parvati Baker, North Atlantic Books, {{ASIN|B002XB5XQK}}, 1986</ref> As the daughter of a First Nation father (Ute tribe) and as a longtime student of Baba Hari Dass, Jeannine Parvati Baker's midwifery philosophy was one of earth-based values and non-harming principles.<ref>Jeannine Parvati Baker, 1986, p. 109</ref>

After "Prenatal Yoga" gained in popularity, Baba Hari Dass expounded supporting practices of yoga to include prenatal asana, pranayama, meditation, Ayurveda, and mindfulness techniques for labor that formed the basis of Prenatal Yoga Teacher Training. The emphasis was given on anatomy and physiology of pregnancy, common discomforts in pregnancy, and how to support mothers through every stage of pregnancy and postpartum.

===The impact of ''Be Here Now'' and Chota Maharaji===
"How the Swamis Came to the States", written by Richard Leviton, in ''[[Yoga Journal]]'', Mar/Apr 1990,{{sfn|Leviton|1990}} proposed a timeline of influential yoga teachers in the US. That overview covered 100 years (1890–1990) of multicultural developments in yoga influences with a focus in larger audience teaching. Among those, the beginning of yoga teaching of Baba Hari Dass{{sfn|Leviton|1990}} in the US was seen as starting in 1971. Prior to that, Baba Hari Dass's reputation preceded his arrival in America by several years, confirming his teaching engagements going back to at least 1968 as well established in India. Earlier credible accounts also exist (Bhagavan Das and Ram Dass) that confirm in 1963–64 he was a teacher of already considerable skills engaged in teaching others.

In February 1971 Baba Hari Dass was teaching in the US, and later the same year ''Be Here Now'' (1st edition, Oct 1971) by Ram Dass was published by the [[Lama Foundation]], in [[New Mexico]]. ''Be Here Now'', a manuscript initially titled ''From Bindu to Ojas'' (one thousand copies published in 1970), included information on yoga practices and theory compiled from what Baba Hari Dass had taught about hatha yoga, yogic life and conduct during daily morning sessions in [[Nainital]] mentioned by Ram Dass in his later writings, "I spent five months under his tutelage". That book, viewed as significant contribution to the public knowledge in the United States and Canada about yoga and Baba Hari Dass as a master yogi, was re-edited after "eighty thousand copies"{{sfn|Ram Dass|Rameshwar Das|2013|p=47}} were already distributed. Richard Leviton uses the first edition of ''Be Here Now. ''He notes that Ram Dass called Baba Hari Dass "this incredible fellow" as one of his teachers. Ram Dass used several affirmative remarks about Baba Hari Dass, also known as Chota Maharaji in his native Nainital-Almora region, that he later removed from the first edition.{{refn|group=note|http://frombindutoojas.com/origin/; BE HERE NOW by Ram Dass, First published in 1971, ASHTANGA YOGA: "Hari Dass Baba – this little 90-pound fellow – architecturally designed all of the temples and schools, supervised all the buildings and grounds, had many followers of his own, slept two hours a night. His food intake for the last 15 years had been 2 glasses of milk a day. That's it. His feces are like two small marbles each day. His arms are about this big around, tiny, but when the workmen can't lift a particularly heavy rock, they call for 'Chota Maharaji' – the little great king. As in a comic strip, he goes over and lifts the rock, just with one-pointedness of mind. He had met Maharaji in the jungle 15 years before, and he had become a disciple of Maharaji."}}

In ''Be Love Now'', published in 2010, explanation was given for the content removal in a dialogue between Ram Dass and his guru Neem Karoli Baba that took place in 1971. "I had mixed up Hari Dass and Maharaji when I heard the story from Hari Dass."{{sfn|Ram Dass|Rameshwar Das|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/belovenowpathofh0000ramd/page/150 150]}} "The story", which is repeated with some changes in another autobiographical book ''Polishing the Mirror: How to Live from Your Spiritual Heart,''{{sfn|Ram Dass|Rameshwar Das|2013|p=47}} was about who left his home at the age of eight. Several sources pointed out that Neem Karoli Baba left his home at the age of 11–12 years old, "After the wedding, the groom left home and wandered the country".<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://hinduism.enacademic.com/558/Neem_Karoli_Baba|title = Neem Karoli Baba|date = 2007|access-date = 23 July 2014|website = Encyclopedia of Hinduism|publisher = Academic, 2000–2013|last1 = Ryan|first1 = A. Jones|last2 = Ryan|first2 = James D. Ryan}}</ref> For Baba Hari Dass, leaving home took place at younger age when he was eight years old.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006}} With a sense of needed spiritual liberation and the discussion he had with his mother, "Take me out of this box of earth and sky," Baba Hari Dass left home and was not bound by the customary [[child marriage in India]] arrangement prevalent at that time, before it was declared illegal in 1929, or by the family's promise obligations that such marriage would impose.{{sfn|Hari Dass|1973}}

==Teaching to learn (1971-2018)==
[[File:Baba Hari Dass11.jpg|thumb|right|Mount Madonna Center, California, Baba Hari Dass, September 2013]]

===Physical foundation and social involvement===
In the US, in early 1971, in [[Sea Ranch, California|Sea Ranch]] in [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma County]], and in Santa Rosa, California, he started teaching core yoga practices which later became an aerobic hatha yoga regimen of Fitness Asanas{{sfn|Leviton|1990}} aimed to increase physical endurance in support of meditation. Later, [[kirtan]], mudras, fire ceremony ([[yajna]]), and [[satsang]] were introduced to complement a busy schedule. In 1972, as interest grew, several events were organized that included demonstrations of yoga asanas, shatkarma, and mudras ([[Lama Foundation]] in New Mexico, Coconut Grove in Florida, and Santa Cruz in California).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lamafoundation.org/detailed-information |title=Detailed Information |website=www.lamafoundation.org |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905224626/http://www.lamafoundation.org/detailed-information |archive-date=5 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://drgarygibbs.com/prologue.html |title=Prologue |website=drgarygibbs.com |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813205003/http://drgarygibbs.com/prologue.html |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> He also traveled to Canada to establish Dharmasara community in Toronto, Salt Spring Centre of yoga, on Salt Spring Island BC, and Dharma Sara Satsang, in Vancouver, BC.

In 1973, the Lama Foundation published his first book, ''The Yellow Book,''<ref>The Lama Foundation, 1974, San Cristobal, NM</ref> a collection of aphorisms that included terse but revealing statements ("all babies are yogis"), or longer question-answer format on life topics. In 1975 his second book, "a compilation of stories about one of the greatest and most mysterious of India's saints",<ref>Foreword, ''Hariakhan Baba - Known, Unknown'', Sri Rama Foundation, Davis, CA, 1975.</ref> ''Hariakhan Baba - Known, Unknown'', was issued by Sri Rama Foundation. In 1977, another collection in a question-answer format in ''[[q:Silence Speaks|Silence Speaks]]'' continued his silent teaching style with few written words in subsequent publications by Sri Rama Publishing.{{Sfn|Hari Dass|1977|pp=1-177}}

His experiences and skills in designing, building and management of Kainchi and Hanumangarh ashrams in Nainital, India, took a new form when the Hanuman Fellowship was created in 1974<ref>The Hanuman Fellowship is a non-profit organization founded by the students of Baba Hari Dass in 1971; https://mountmadonna.org/about/governance/)</ref> in Santa Cruz, California. He advised his followers to write letters to friends, associates, etc., to find a large, open space, in out-of-city surroundings. After a long search, in 1976, one response came from Lois Bateson (wife of the late anthropologist [[Gregory Bateson]]) who located a ranger who managed a large property in the Santa Cruz Mountains<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/81124687/?terms=mount+madonna+center|title = Musical Matrimony - Jazz Weds Anthropology at Mount Madonna|last = Towsend|first = Peggy R.|date = 27 July 1996|work = Santa Cruz Sentinel, CA|access-date = 25 June 2015|via = newspapers.com}}</ref> that would be sold on the condition the new buyers would preserve its natural state. That led to the establishment in 1978 of Mount Madonna Center for Creative Arts<ref>A Conference, Retreat and Yoga Center in the Heart of California; http://mountmadonna.org/</ref> in Watsonville. The vast space of the mountainous terrain was well suited for physical work with many volunteers working as karma yogis.

On 23 February 1982,<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.newspapers.com|title = Hanuman Fellowship Rebuilding|date = 26 February 1982|access-date = 18 July 2015|via = website|newspaper = Santa Cruz Sentinel}}</ref> the main program building was already finished, when a candle light from a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]-table started a fire that burnt that building down. In the summer of the same year, "the response to the disaster was overwhelming", and a new plan was implemented to build a larger program building that could host multi-user activities.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=--sDAAAAMBAJ&q=baba+hari+dass&pg=PA20|title = The Silent Master of Mount Madonna Center|last = Lee|first = Virginia|date = May–June 1983|journal = Yoga Journal|access-date = 24 July 2014}}</ref> Baba Hari Dass developed a three-tier yoga teaching schedule for beginners, intermediate and advanced practitioners. Regular classes in the ''Yoga Sutras'', ''Bhagavad Gita'', satsang events, ''Ramayana'' play, martial arts, sport activities with annual Hanuman Olympics and retreats provided rich holistic background in learning.

Baba Hari Dass emphasized physical work and volunteer karma yoga services. The aim of such approach was that social contact and interaction while working together would translate into other areas and would support coherent functioning of the multi-purpose facility "where a spiritual aspirant could come to learn yoga and find peace." Around those ideas similar projects were created at Salt Spring Centre of Yoga (1974) in Canada, in Vancouver, BC, and in Pacific Cultural Center in Santa Cruz, California (1989).<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=--sDAAAAMBAJ&q=+baba+hari+dass&pg=PA20|title = The Silent Master of Mount Madonna Center|last = Lee|first = Virginia|date = May–Jun 1983|journal = Yoga Journal|access-date = 24 July 2014|pages = 18–19}}</ref>

===US temples and religious symbols===
[[File:Baba Hari Dass temples MMC.jpg|thumb|Shiva Lingam, Ganesha temple, Sankat Mochan Hanuman temple; Mount Madonna Center, CA, 2014]]

Emphasis on [[bhakti yoga]] derived from the teachings of the ''Bhagavad Gita'' and ''Ramayana'' inspired several of his students to travel to India in 2001 in search of a Hanuman [[murti]]. "When that statue arrived," Baba Hari Dass wrote, "It needs a Temple."<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.hanumanfellowship.org/temple/about/|title = Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple|date = 2008|access-date = 24 July 2014|website = Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple|publisher = Hanuman Fellowship}}</ref> He walked to the ceremonial site and marked out a location for the temple with his foot. The [[Prana pratishta]] ceremony, "establishing the breath" within the sacred image, was performed in 2003. Sankat Mochan Hanuman, Ganesh temples,<ref>The Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple and Ganesha Temples are located within the grounds of the Mount Madonna Center for the Creative Arts and Sciences, established in 1978 by the students of Baba Hari Dass;</ref> [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]-[[Shiva lingam]] water cascade, and several idols of deities were built at the Mount Madonna Center site. Conceived as an alternative bhakti yoga tract, the site serves local residents and can accommodate visitors from the wider community of the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] in daily visits.

=== Human psychology contribution ===
In the West [[transpersonal psychology]] became a rich and productive field in psychology, anthropology and psychiatry. Practices and theories of yoga added to that impact while researchers focused on energies of the subtle body that in yoga terms relate to [[SukShma sharira]]. Several authors credited Baba Hari Dass for his contributions and adept views. Steven Simon Bentheim PhD commenting on spiritual marriages that were made and fell apart despite the blessings of the guru, wrote: "Baba Hari Dass soon realized that the ideal of abstinence as a tool for spiritual development — whether it be dietary or sexual was a problem in the West."<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://dspace.library.uvic.ca:8443/bitstream/handle/1828/771/bentheim_2005.pdf?sequence=1|title = Couple Congruence and Spirituality: Expanding Satir's Model Through|date = 2005|access-date = 7 July 2014|website = Couple Congruence and Spirituality: Expanding Satir's Model Through|publisher = University of Victoria|last = Bentheim|first = Steven Simon}}</ref>

Bonnie Greenwell, while working on her PhD in Transpersonal Psychology (''Energies Transformation: A Guide to the Kundalini Process'') was allowed to study "the unpublished manuscripts of the Jnana yoga teacher Baba Hari Dass."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greenwell |first=Bonnie |date=2002 |title=Energies of Transformation – A Guide to Kundalini Process |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F0L9z4eMDgC&q=transpersonal+psychology%2C+Energies+of+Transformation+%E2%80%93+A+Guide+to+Kundalini+Process%3B+Bonnie+Greenwell+and+baba+hari+dass&pg=PR12 |journal=Transpersonal Psychology |pages=xi |isbn=9788120818156 |via=Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi}}</ref>

Stuart Sovatsky PhD, commenting on [[Ken Wilber]], Ram Dass and others whose work focused on "[solo] spiritual heroes" unwittingly garbled into Western lives the specialized family-less "sadhu trip", wrote that Baba Hari Dass warned all Western seekers not to mix up Western life style and stringent sadhu requirements. Commenting on that he wrote, "For Westerners Brahmacharya is almost impossible because the association between the sexes is so free. Don't mix the sadhu trip in this thing."<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://merliannews.com/Yoga_35/Euro-Hinduism_in_America_From_Vivekananda_to_Deepak_Chopra_by_Stuart_Sovatsky_Part_Two.shtml|title = Euro-Hinduism in America: From Vivekananda to Deepak Chopra|date = 1987|access-date = 7 July 2014|website = Merlian News|last = Sovatsky|first = Stuart |pages=107}}</ref>

===Ayurveda===
Baba Hari Dass was one of the early proponents who helped bring Ayurveda to the US in the early 1970s, an ancient Indian system of health and healing. He taught combined classes in Ashtanga, Samkhya and Ayurveda as "sister sciences".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruddell |first=Steven |title=Pleasure and Pain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3usDAAAAMBAJ&q=dharma+sara+-+a+journal+of+yoga&pg=PT1 |journal=Yoga Journal |issue=Sep-Oct 1976 |pages=37}}</ref> As interest grew, the [[dosha|''three-dosha'']] theory, pulse detection, and ayurvedic medicum derived from the classic scriptures of the ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' and the ''[[Charaka Samhita|Charaka Saṃhitā]]'', were introduced that led to the establishment of the Mount Madonna Institute, College of Ayurveda,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Swarup |date=2023 |title=About Mount Madonna Institute |url=https://www.mountmadonnainstitute.org/office-of-president/affiliations |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Accredited College of Ayurveda and School of Yoga}}</ref> Ayurveda World, and Ayurvedic pharmacy. He invited several notable Ayurvedic teachers, Dr. Vasant Lad, Sarita Shrestha, M.D., Professor Ram Harsh Singh, Ph.D., and others. Michael Tierra, Ayurvedic medicine practitioner, wrote: "The history of Ayurveda in North America will always owe a debt to the selfless contributions of Baba Hari Dass" (''The way of Ayurvedic Herbs'', Lotus Press, 2008, p. XIV).<ref>Karta Purkh Singh Khalsa and Michael Tierra: "Independently, we both first learned Ayurvedic medicine from our respective spiritual mentors – myself with Baba Hari Dass and K.P., with Yogi Bhajan." (p.X); ''The way of Ayurvedic Herbs'', Lotus Press, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-9409-8598-8}}</ref>

=== Yoga Teachers Training ===
Following the tradition of non-sectarian teachings of Ashtanga, with the roots in practical Hatha yoga and the metaphysics of Samkhya, Baba Hari Dass inspired and supervised several programs with focus in training future yoga instructors. He first started teaching yoga in India as per existing accounts by Bhagavan Das{{sfn|Bhagavan Das|1997|p=44}} in 1964, and by Ram Dass{{sfn|Ram Dass|Rameshwar Das|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/belovenowpathofh0000ramd/page/138 138]}} in 1965–66. By some other accounts, his teaching engagements occurred already in 1958 when he trained several former students of the known mystic [[George Gurdjieff]] (1866–1949).

In the US, Mexico and Canada, beginning in the mid-1970s, he created comprehensive teaching programs combining the eight limbs of the ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali''. Those were grounded in the scriptural tradition of Hatha yoga system in the ''[[Hatha Yoga Pradipika]]'', ''Siva Samhita'', and ''Gherand Samita'', ''[[Yoga Vashishta]]''. With the emphasis on strength and flexibility he developed fitness asanas{{sfn|Leviton|1990}} to increase physical endurance. Pranayama, a stable control and expansion of energy, was given prominence in focused support of meditation. Kirtan, mudras, the theory of [[gunas]] of Samkhya and the subtle body, or [[SukShma sharira]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Atma Vijnana - Science of Soul|last=Saraswati|first=Swami Yogeshwaranand|publisher=Yog Niketan Trust|year=1977|location=Rishikesh|pages=11–24}}</ref> of Tantra and [[Vedanta|Vedantic philosophy]] were also included. Regular and persistent practice ([[sadhana]] and [[Abhyasa]]) augmented scriptural references and emphasized experience through regular routine.

In addition to the core practices of Rāja yoga, several less mainstream teachings are given during the formative stages of Yoga Teacher Training at Mount Madonna Center, Watsonville, CA. For example, Tantric Bhairavī Chakra Sadhana and The Vairagī Ritual is a circular yoga sādhana performed with an equal number of men and women that employs [[yantras]] to invoke the various forms of [[Devi]], or [[Durga]] as the supreme Being in the [[Shaktism]] tradition. Practices such as Shut Chakra Bedhana (piercing the chakras) and Yoni Mudra Japa are included. That sadhana used as the Vairāgī Vaiṣṇavas practice does not have a sexual component.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crovetto |first=Helen |date=2013 |title=Bhairavī Cakra: Goddess Mandalas/Rituals in Contemporary Tantra's Nondualism |url=https://www.academia.edu/1007326 |journal=Academia.edu |pages=Intro }}</ref>

=== Sri Ram Ashram ===
[[File:Sri Ram Ashram Shyampur.jpg|thumb|Children getting sweets, Sri Ram Ashram, Shyampur, India]]

Baba Hari Dass in his travels through India encountered many abandoned children who were in need of home and a caring place. As a young boy Baba Hari Dass witnessed the mistreatment of children at an orphanage he visited with his friend. Prompted by that experience and using the proceeds from his yoga books and generous donations, "he established a loving home for children in need".<ref>"Jewel in the Jungle", DVD edition; Sri Ram Ashram Documentary by Rashmi Cole; Oceanview Bookstore, CA; 2005.</ref> One of his students, Ma Renu, inspired by the teachings of selfless service (karma yoga) traveled to India to launch in 1984 Sri Ram Ashram,<ref>Sri Ram Orphanage, founded in 1984; located in Uttaranchal, near the town of Haridwar; http://sriramfoundation.org/index.php/sri-ram-ashram</ref> a children's home, school, and medical clinic in rural location of the northern state of [[Uttaranchal]].

The Ashram, now located near Haridwar (Shyampur village) was established in 1987. From its inception, the focus became to support orphaned and destitute children. Some children find their way to Sri Ram Ashram by being brought and left at the entrance gate, or by being found abandoned in the streets of towns, or rural places. After medical evaluation those children are brought into the new surroundings with care and loving attention. In 1987, Sri Ram Vidya Mandir became a nationally accredited school, which educates children, Nursery through 12th grade standard, from both the orphanage and nearby villages.

==Scriptural focus==
[[File:Baba Hari Dass with kids.jpg|thumb|right|Baba Hari Dass with children, Mount Madonna Center, May 2008]]

===The aim===
The attainment of higher states of concentration according to Rāja yoga (classical yoga of Patanjali) is rooted in the development of the physical body (Hatha Yoga). "The body is a boat which carries the soul in the ocean of the world. If it is not strong, or if has a hole, then it can't cross the ocean. So the first duty is to fix the boat."<ref>{{Cite book|title = Ashtanga Yoga Primer|last = Hari Dass|first = Baba|publisher = Sri Rama Publishing|year = 1977|isbn = 0-918100-04-6|location = Santa Cruz, CA|pages = 52}}</ref> With the physical body gaining in strength and guided by a disciplined life, an adept can receive more refined instructions and teachings, called sadhana. Regular sadhana, according to Baba Hari Dass, is a key element of the practice of yoga, and no matter what method is adopted sadhana becomes an anchor that can always be relied on.

Baba Hari Dass, himself a monk all his life, considered people who are married as also capable of leading yogic life. Due to their daily care for children, a regular sadhana would take a form of [[Grihastashrama|Grihasta Yoga]] (householder yoga), "It is a union of two people in which they sacrifice their personal desires to become one."<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=--sDAAAAMBAJ&q=+baba+hari+dass&pg=PA20|title = The Silent Master of Mount Madonna|last = Lee|first = Virginia|date = May–June 1983|journal = Yoga Journal|access-date = 28 July 2014}}</ref>

===Yoga tradition of Patanjali===
Yoga, as a spiritual practice, likely developed prior to the sixth and fifth centuries BCE, in the same ascetic circles as the early [[Shramana|sramana movements]].{{sfn|Samuel|2008|p=8}}{{refn|group=note|Buddhists, Jainas and Ajivikas{{sfn|Samuel|2008|p=8}}}} Several [[Upanishads]] (Ranade, R. D., dating from the 1200 – 600 BC), have particular relevance to the teachings of yoga (''Katha'', ''Prasna'', ''Mundaka'', ''Chandogya'', ''Brihadaranyaka'', or ''Shvetasvtara'').<ref>Ranade, R. D. (1926), ''A constructive survey of Upanishadic philosophy'', Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.discover-yoga-online.com/origin-of-yoga.html|title = The Origin of Yoga|date = 2007|access-date = 28 September 2014|website = Discover-yoga-online.com|publisher = International Yogalam}}</ref> Those writings predate Buddhist tradition of more formal yoga-practices described in the Buddhist Nikayas.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Yoga And Indian Philosophy|last = Werner|first = Karel|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|year = 1998|isbn = 81-208-1609-9|pages = 119–200}}</ref> Some authors, evaluating various opinions about the origin of Yoga, state that "It can certainly be argued that the germs of ''yogic'' thought can be found in embryonic form in the (middle period) Vedic literatures themselves, the [[Aranyaka]]s and [[Brahmana]] texts"<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|publisher=North Point Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-86547-736-0|location=New York|pages=xx|url=https://archive.org/details/yogastrasofpataj0000brya|url-access=registration}}</ref> (most likely between c. 1500–1200 BC).

Ascertaining various sources, Baba Hari Dass, composed his own in-depth commentary to ''The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali'' that elucidates difficult theoretical concepts with many years of experience and knowledge of practices of yoga. Some authors assert that Patajali's ''Yoga Sutras'' and Yoga practices in general "had been virtually forgotten for the better part of seven hundred years"<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali|last=White|first=David Gordon|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-691-14377-4|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=xvi}}</ref> until it was rehabilitated at the end of the nineteenth century by [[Swami Vivekananda]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Raja-Yoga & Patanjali Yoga-Sutra|last=Vivekananda|first=Swami|publisher=Ramamkrishna Vivekananda Center|year=1982|isbn=0-911206-23-X|location=New York}}</ref> However, scriptural research may have to be evaluated in addition to localized Yoga traditions that rely on the word of mouth transfer of yogic knowledge and are centuries older in duration than indicated by the theoretical speculation.

Building upon Himalayan [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] tradition of centuries old yoga development,<ref>Baba Hari Dass, 1975, ''Hariakhan Baba - Known, Unknown''.</ref> Baba Hari Dass started his weekly Yoga Sutras of Patanjali classes at the University of California, at Santa Cruz, CA in 1975.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baba |first=Hari Dass |title=10th Anniversary Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOsDAAAAMBAJ&q=gurdjieff+and+baba+hari+dass&pg=PA14 |journal=Yoga Journal |date=March 1985 |issue=March 1985 |pages=14}}</ref> Several commentaries and yoga classics were referenced, such as: ''Yoga Vashishta'', ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'', ''[[Shiva Samhita]]'', ''[[Goraksha Samhita]]'',''Yoga Bhashya'' attributed to [[Veda Vyasa]] (probably the fifth C.E.); Īśvarakrishna's ''[[Samkhyakarika]] ''(4th or 5th century CE); [[Vācaspati Miśra]]'s ''[[Tattvavaiśāradī]] ''(the ninth century C.E.); ''Yogavartika'' of [[Vijnanabhiksu]] (the sixteenth century C.E.)'';'' [[Swami Hariharananda Aranya]]'s (1869–1947) ''Yoga Philosophy of Patanjali'', and Pandit Usharbudh Arya's commentary (1986). In his exposition of the yoga principles, continued until 2012, the ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali'' and Ashtanga played a fundamental and formative role in educating yoga seekers.

According to Baba Hari Dass, "''Yogah'' means samadhi, or the state that occurs when mental modifications are controlled by persistent practice and dispassion."<ref>Baba Hari Dass, ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, Vol I'', 1999; p. 3</ref> Patanjali's Yoga Sutras define the meaning of yoga as "Control of thought waves in the mind" (I:2), or as ''nirodha'' (mental control), "by which union (the goal of yoga) is achieved."<ref>{{Cite book|title = Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, Vol I|last = Dass|first = Baba Hari|publisher = Sri Rama Publishing|year = 1999|isbn = 0-918100-20-8|location = Santa Cruz, CA|pages = 5}}</ref> ''Nirodha'' is the process, while resultant ''niruddha'' is the state of perfection. The path that assumes dualistic individuality becomes the nondual state "characterized by the absence of individuality." In that sense, the goal of yoga can be described "as eternal peace, pure love, Self-realization, or liberation", or as "a prescription for liberation from the cycle of suffering."<ref>Baba Hari Dass, ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, Vol I'', 1999; p. 2</ref>

===''Ramayana'', ''Bhagavad Gita'', and other writings===
[[File:Ramayana costume preparation.jpg|alt=Ramayana backstage costume preparation, 2003|thumb|''Ramayana'' theatrical production, costume preparation, 2003]]

Among several [[Versions of Ramayana|versions of ''Ramayana'']], a colorful musical stage performance by students trained by Baba Hari Dass, is the largest yearly, Western version of the epic being performed on stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.mountmadonnaschool.org/Ramayana|title = Ramayana! – 36th Annual Ramayana!|date = June 2014|access-date = 10 August 2014|website = Mount Madonna School|publisher = Hanuman Fellowship}}</ref> ''Ramayana'' in India is a stage performances throughout villages and towns. Young actors and participants assume different roles each year thus being able to play several characters over the years. In the United States, Baba Hari Dass trained students of Mount Madonna School in Watsonville, California,{{sfn|Fuess|1983}} to continue that tradition in annual musical in June (first performance in 1974); "The play has grown to be the widely anticipated annual school event of the year in which the entire school participates".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sethuraman|first1=Vidya|title=Ramayana – A must see show in Bay Area|url=http://www.indiapost.com/ramayana-a-must-see-show-in-bay-area/|website=India Post|date=13 June 2013|access-date=29 August 2014}}</ref> He has taught acting arts, costume design, mask making and choreography to bring alive the characters of [[Sri Ram]], [[Sita]], [[Hanuman]], [[Lakshmana]], etc.

''Bhagavad Gita'' – a commentary to Chapters 1–6 (Vol I, pub. 2013); the ''Bhagavad Gita'' uses a metaphor of a battle to convey the meaning of the inner struggle to attain knowledge of human condition. The struggle is between positive and negative tendencies. In this volume meaning of the three main types of yoga are articulated: Karma Yoga, [[Jnana Yoga]], and Bhakti Yoga. The emphasis is given to the view that "action is superior to inaction" (p. 300). "Actions that are performed without self-interest and for the good of all are called sacrifice (yajna)"(p. 302), and those actions will not cause any bondage.

''Samkhya Karika'' and Vedanta: A commentary to [[Isvara Krishna]]'s (Samkhyakarika) exposition of Samkhya principles of 24 [[tattva]] system that culminates in full recognition of the Self, recognition which brings about the separation of [[Purusha]], conscious principle from [[Prakriti]], unconscious material principle. In editing stages: a commentary to Vedantic classic [[Panchadasi]] of Swami Vidyaranya, the commentary includes discussion of several Vedantic schools: [[Advaita Vedanta]], [[Vishishtadvaita]], and [[Dvaita]]. Fifteen chapters deal with the discrimination of Sat, Chit, and Ananda aspects of the Truth.

== Later events and death ==
[[File:Baba Hari Dass, silent yoga master.jpg|alt=Baba Hari Dass, silent yoga master|thumb|Baba Hari Dass, Mount Madonna Center, Watsonville, CA, c. 2006]]

In 16 October 2013, after physical examination, it was announced by his medical team that Baba Hari Dass "had a dramatic neurological change that has affected his mobility, stamina, and expression",<ref>{{Cite web|title = Baba Hari Dass - Official Updates From The Hanuman Fellowship|url = http://www.babaharidass.org/?page=5|website = www.babaharidass.org|access-date = 24 June 2015}}</ref> and "his physicians have conducted all appropriate tests and have not found any treatable cause." At that time he discontinued his regular activities of teaching classes of Vedanta, ''Yoga Sutras'', ''Bhagavad Gita'', or attending ceremonial events. He did not resume his regular teaching schedule afterwards. He died in peace in hospice care at 10:32 a.m. on 25 September 2018, in Bonny Doon, near Santa Cruz, California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.babaharidass.org/memorial|title=Baba Hari Dass|date=25 September 2018|website=Memorial pages|access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-26|title=Silent monk Baba Hari Dass, who inspired thousands at the Mount Madonna Center, dies at 95|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/09/26/silent-monk-baba-hari-dass-who-inspired-thousands-at-the-mount-madonna-center-dies-at-95/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=The Mercury News|language=en-US}}</ref> He was known and admired by local community. "He took his vow of perpetual silence in 1952, which he kept until his passing... Tuesday morning, a cremation ceremony was organized at Santa Cruz Memorial. It didn't take long before hundreds of people began lining up to pay their respects" (''Register Pajaronian'', 27 September 2018).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://register-pajaronian.com/article/spiritual-leader-founder-of-mt-madonna-center-dies-at-95|title=Spiritual leader, founder of Mt. Madonna Center dies at 95|last=Miller|first=Johanna|date=27 September 2018|work=Register Pajaronian|access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref>

The ''Santa Cruz Sentinel'' published a front-page obituary titled "Silent monk Baba Hari Dass, who inspired thousands at the Mount Madonna Center, dies at 95":

{{blockquote|Baba Hari Dass, the spiritual leader and silent monk who inspired thousands out of the Mount Madonna Center north of Watsonville, died Tuesday morning in his Bonny Doon home. He was 95 [...] he taught yoga and meditation out of the Watsonville retreat center and school after moving to the U.S. from India in 1971. Babaji took a vow of silence in 1952, conversing only through his writings and a small chalkboard from which he would dispense terse-yet-profound utterances to those who sought his advice. Asked once by a ''Sentinel'' reporter to describe himself, he wrote simply, "I am what people see me as." Asked how should one live a good life, he would reportedly respond, "Work honestly, meditate every day, meet people without fear, and play."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2018/09/25/silent-monk-baba-hari-dass-who-inspired-thousands-at-the-mount-madonna-center-dies-at-95/|title=Silent monk Baba Hari Dass, who inspired thousands at the Mount Madonna Center, dies at 95|last=Ibarra|first=Nicolas|date=26 September 2018|work=Santa Cruz Sentinel|access-date=26 September 2018}}</ref> }}

[[File:Baba Hari Dass Shraddha4.jpg|alt=Baba Hari Dass Shraddha ceremony|thumb|Baba Hari Dass Shraddha ceremony, 7 October 2018]]

His departure from the physical form ([[Mahasamādhi|mahāsamadhi]]) took place during the month of [[Bhadrapad]] following [[Purnima]] (full Moon), on the first day of [[Krishna Paksha|Krishna Paksha Prathama]] as per Lunar Indian calendar system. [[Śrāddha|Sraddha]] ritual was performed lakeside, on the 12th day after his mahāsamadhi, at Mount Madonna Center, Watsonville, California, on Sunday, 7 October.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.babaharidass.org/memorial|title = Baba Hari Dass - Official Updates from the Hanuman Fellowship}}</ref> ''Santa Cruz Sentinel'' wrote: "About 1,500 people gathered Sunday morning at the Mount Madonna Center to commemorate Baba Hari Dass, the silent monk, teacher and guru... There were people of all ages in attendance Sunday, many wearing white, who came from the Santa Cruz area, as well as across the country and Canada to pay their respects to the man known to his students as Babaji. There was a serene, somber and intense atmosphere, with a combination of bells, chants and the sound of the wind filling the air."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2018/10/07/baba-hari-dass-silent-monk-celebration-of-life|title=A celebration of life for Baba Hari Dass, the silent monk|date=8 October 2018}}</ref> ''San Francisco Chronicle'' noted: "In the last five years ...due to a deterioration in his health, ...the community has already become accustomed to his physical absence, but it remains to be seen what the impact of his passing will be."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/style/article/The-legacy-of-Babi-Hari-Dass-Santa-Cruz-s-13337547.php|title=The legacy of Baba Hari Dass, Santa Cruz's silent guru|last=Zonszein|first=Mairav|date=26 October 2018|work=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=28 October 2018}}</ref>

His ashes were immersed in the [[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]] at [[Har Ki Pauri]] ([[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] - Hari), in Haridwar, one of the holiest sites in India, on 19 November 2018, with special puja and [[Aarti|arati]], on auspicious day of [[Ekadashi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baba Hari Dass - Official Updates From The Hanuman Fellowship |url=https://www.babaharidass.org/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=www.babaharidass.org}}</ref>

==Commentaries and literary works==
* {{cite book |first=Baba |last=Hari Dass |title=The Yellow Book: The Sayings of Baba Hari Dass |year=1973 |location=Santa Fe, NM |publisher=Lama Foundation |edition=1st |asin=B001U2T24W}}
* ''Hariakhan Baba: Known, Unknown'', 1975, Sri Rama Foundation, ({{ISBN|0-918100-00-3}})
* ''The Magic Gem – A Story Coloring Book''; 1976, Sri Rama Foundation; (Library of Congress 76–10032)
* ''Silence Speaks: Aphorisms From the Chalkboard of Baba Hari Dass'', 1977, Sri Rama Foundation, ({{ISBN|0-918100-19-4}})
* ''A Child's Garden of Yoga'', Sri Rama Publishing, 1980, ({{ISBN|0-918100-02-X}})
* ''Sweeper to Saint: Stories of Holy India, A Collection of short stories''; Sri Rama Publishing, July 1980, ({{ISBN|0-918100-03-8}})
* ''Ashtanga Yoga Primer, Illustrated Practical Guide'', 1981, Sri Rama Publishing, ({{ISBN|0-918100-04-6}})
* ''Cat and Sparrow'', Sri Rama Foundation, 1982, Santa Cruz, CA; ({{ISBN|0-918100-06-2}})
* ''Mystic Monkey'', Sri Rama Publishing, Sri Rama Publishing,1984, ({{ISBN|0-918100-05-4}})
* ''Fire Without Fuel: The Aphorisms of Baba Hari Dass'', Sri Rama Publishing, 1986, ({{ISBN|0-918100-08-9}})
* ''Essays on the Search for Peace in Daily Life, 1. Binding Thoughts & Liberation'', Sri Rama Publishing, 1992, ({{ISBN|0-918100-14-3}})
* ''Essays on the Search for Peace in Daily Life, 2. Mind is Our World'', Sri Rama Publishing, 1992, ({{ISBN|0-918100-14-3}})
* ''Essays on the Search for Peace in Daily Life, 3. Selfless Service, The Spirit of Karma Yoga'', Sri Rama Publishing, 1995, ({{ISBN|0-918100-17-8}})
* ''Vinaya Chalisa: Forty Prayers'', Sri Rama Publishing, 1994, ({{ISBN|978-0-918100-16-0}})
* ''The Path to Enlightenment is Not a Highway'', Sri Rama Publishing, 1996, ({{ISBN|0-918100-15-1}})
* ''The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: A Study Guide and Commentary for Book I Samadhi Pada'', Sri Rama Publishing, 1999, ({{ISBN|0-918100-20-8}})
* ''Surya Namaskara, The Sun Salutation Series, Ashtanga Yoga Fitness Asana Series'', vol. 1, Sri Rama Publishing, 2000, ({{ISBN|0-918100-22-4}})
* ''Everyday Peace: Letters for Life'', Sri Rama Publishing, 2000, ({{ISBN|0-918100-21-6}})
* ''The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: A Study Guide and Commentary for Book II Sadhana Pada'', Sri Rama Publishing, 2008, ({{ISBN|978-0-918100-23-8}})
* ''Kshama Prarthana Pranam, Forgiveness Asana Series'', Sri Rama Publishing, 1 June 2008
* ''Pigeon Throne'', 2010, Sri Rama Publishing, ({{ISBN|978-0918100269}})
* ''Bronze Buddha, A Collection of three short stories'', 2011, Sri Rama Publishing, ({{ISBN|978-0-918100-27-6}})
* ''Hand Mudras Pamphlet'', 2011, Sri Rama Publishing, ({{ISBN|978-0-918100-3-20}})
* ''Srimad Bhagavad Gita: Chapters I-VI, A Study Guide and Commentary'', Sri Rama Publishing, 2013, ({{ISBN|978-0918100283}})
* ''The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: A Study Guide and Commentary for Book III Vibhuti Pada'', Sri Rama Publishing, 2013, ({{ISBN|978-0-918100-24-5}})
* ''Srimad Bhagavad Gita: Chapters VII-XII, A Study Guide and Commentary'', Sri Rama Publishing, 2014, ({{ISBN|978-0-918100-30-6}})
* ''Srimad Bhagavad Gita: Chapters XIII-XVIII, A Study Guide and Commentary'', Sri Rama Publishing, November 2015, ({{ISBN|978-0-918100-29-0}})
* ''The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: A Study Guide and Commentary for Book IV Kaivalya Pada'', Sri Rama Publishing, 2017, ({{ISBN|978-0-918100-25-2}})
* ''Path Unfolds: The Autobiography of Baba Hari Dass'', Sri Rama Publishing, 2019, ({{ISBN|978-0918100429}})

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|1}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
====Primary sources====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Hari Dass |first=Baba |title=Path Unfolds: The Autobiography of Baba Hari Dass |publisher=Sri Rama Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-918100-42-9 |location=Santa Cruz, CA }}
{{refend}}

====Secondary sources====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Bhagavan Das |author-link=Bhagavan Das (yogi) |title=It's Here Now (Are You?): A Spiritual Memoir |publisher=Broadway Books |place=New York |year=1997 |isbn=0-7679-00081}}
* {{cite book |last=Feuerstein |first=Georg |author-link=Georg Feuerstein |title=Yoga Tradition |publisher=Hohm Press |year=2008 |isbn= 978-1-890772-18-5 |location=Prescott, Arizona}}
* {{cite news |first=David C. |last=Fuess |title=Ramayana – Self Service |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=October 1983 |page=iB}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA179 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |title=Baba Hari Dass |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |date=2006 |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn = 978-0816075645 |pages=179 ''ff''}}
* {{cite journal |title=How the Swamis Came to the States |last=Leviton |first=Richard |date=March–April 1990 |journal=Yoga Journal |volume=91 |issn=0191-0965 |page=126 |url=https://beezone.com/beezones-main-stack/yogainamerica.html  |access-date=2022-02-27}}
* {{cite book |last=Mukerjee |first=Dada |author-link=Dada Mukerjee |year=1990 |title=By His Grace: A Devotee's Story |place=Santa Fe, NM |publisher=Hanuman Foundation Publishing |isbn=0-9628878-7-0}}
* {{cite book |title=The Near and The Dear |last=Mukerjee |first=Dada |year=2012 |publisher=Hanuman Foundation Publishing |orig-date=1996 |isbn=978-1-887474-02-3|location=Santa Fe, New Mexico}}
* {{cite book |author=Ram Dass |author-link=Ram Dass |year=1978 |orig-date=1971 |title=Be Here Now |place=San Cristobal, NM |publisher=Lama Foundation |isbn=978-0517543054 |url=https://archive.org/details/beherenowremembe0000ramd |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author1=Ram Dass |last2=Goleman |first2=Daniel |title=Journey of Awakening: A Meditator's Guidebook |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |year=1978 |isbn=978-0552615785 |url=https://archive.org/details/journeyofawakeni00ramd |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book |author=Ram Dass |title=Still Here: Embracing Aging, Changing, and Dying |url=https://archive.org/details/stillhereembraci00ramd |url-access=registration |publisher=Riverhead Books |year=2001 |isbn=1-57322-871-0 |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |author=Ram Dass |title=Paths to God: Living the Bhagavad Gita |publisher=Three Rivers Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4000-5403-9 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/pathstogodliving0000ramd |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author=Ram Dass |author2=Rameshwar Das |title=Be Love Now |publisher=Harper One |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-196138-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/belovenowpathofh0000ramd |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author=Ram Dass |author2=Rameshwar Das |title=Polishing the Mirror: How to Live from Your Spiritual Heart |publisher=Sounds True |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-62203-380-5 |location=Boulder, CO |url=https://archive.org/details/polishingmirrorh0000ramd |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Samuel |first=Geoffrey |title=The Origins of Yoga and Tantra |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-69534-3 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==

{{wikiquote}}
{{Wikiquote|Silence Speaks|Baba Hari Dass|Silence Speaks}}
*[https://temple.mountmadonna.org/ Sankat Mochan Hanuman]

=== Videos ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NG6Ck-jb6jQ Hari Dass Baba Doing Rare Mudras]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsPPEE4iHvI Sacred Hand Mudras (David Fuess)]

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{{Religious pluralism}}
{{Modern Hindu writers}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hari Dass}}
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Silchar Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T04:52:19Z

Mohit8811:

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Silchar
| mla = [[Rajdeep Roy]]
| party = {{party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP}}
| alliance = {{party index link|National Democratic Alliance|NDA}}
| latest_election_year = 2026
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Cachar district|Cachar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors =
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 118
| map_image = Silchar Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
}}

'''Silchar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 [[Assam Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Assam]] state in [[Northeast India|North Eastern]] India. It is also one of the 7 state legislative assembly constituencies included in the [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2"|Political Party
! Tenure
|-
|2026
| Dr. [[Rajdeep Roy]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}| ||rowspan=4| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|''[[Incumbent]]''
|-
|2021
|[[Dipayan Chakraborty]]
|2021-2026
|-
|2016
|rowspan=2 |[[Dilip Kumar Paul]]
|rowspan=2 |2014-21
|-
|2014
|-
|2011
|[[Sushmita Dev]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2011-14
|-
|2006
|[[Bhitika Dev]]
|2006-11
|-
|2001
|rowspan=2| [[Bimalangshu Roy]]
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}| ||rowspan=3| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|rowspan=2| 1996-06
|-
|1996
|-
|1991
|[[Samarendra Nath Sen]]
|1991-96
|-
|1985
|[[Karnendu Bhattacharjee]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1985-91
|-
|1983
|[[Jagdish Chandra Choudhury]]
|1983-85
|-
|1978
| [[Nurul Huda (CPI(M) politician)|Nurul Huda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1978-83
|-
|1972
|[[Mohitosh Purkayastha]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1972-78
|-
|1967
|[[Satindra Mohon Dev]]
|1967-72
|-
|1962
| [[Nanda Kishor Sinha]] || rowspan="4" |
|IND
|1962-67
|-
|1957
|[[Jyotsna Chanda]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1957-61
|-
|1952
|[[Mehrab Ali Laskar]]
|IND
|1952-57
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Silchar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[Rajdeep Roy]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abhijit Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Silchar<ref>{{cite news |url= http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/2021/form21E_2021.html |title=AC_Wise Final Result as per Form 21E |work=CEO Assam |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Dipayan Chakraborty]]|votes=98,558|percentage=56.17|change=-4.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Tamal Kanti Banik|votes=60,980|percentage=34.75|change=-0.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Dilip Kumar Paul]]|votes=11,254|percentage=6.41|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,398|percentage=0.80|change=+0.08}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 37,578
|percentage = 21.42
|change = -4.08
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=175,465|percentage=74.55|change=-0.50}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =-4.36
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Silchar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dilip Kumar Paul]]
|votes = 94,787
|percentage = 60.53
|change = +19.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bithika Dev
|votes = 54,867
|percentage = 35.03
|change = -14.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Supriya Bhattacharjee
|votes = 1,961
|percentage = 1.25
|change = -3.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shuvadip Dutta
|votes = 657
|percentage = 0.41
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rita Mazumder
|votes = 526
|percentage = 0.33
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Imdad Hussain Laskar
|votes = 512
|percentage = 0.32
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sahin Ahmed Choudhury
|votes = 332
|percentage = 0.21
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Pradip Kumar Deb
|votes = 324
|percentage = 0.20
|change = -0.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Biju Chanda
|votes = 318
|percentage = 0.20
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Khairul Alam Barbhuiyan
|votes = 270
|percentage = 0.17
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Brojalal Das
|votes = 232
|percentage = 0.14
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ascham Uddin Laskar
|votes = 211
|percentage = 0.13
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = BGP
|candidate = Nilom Sanjib Sarmah
|votes = 199
|percentage = 0.12
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Monilal Das
|votes = 158
|percentage = 0.10
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ashim Kumar Das
|votes = 97
|percentage = 0.06
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,143
|percentage = 0.72
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 39,920
|percentage = 25.50
|change = +13.10
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,56,594
|percentage = 75.05
|change = +17.04
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +17.20
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 by-election===
{{Election box begin|
title=2014 by-election: Silchar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dilip Kumar Paul]]
|votes = 74,898
|percentage = 58.37
|change = +20.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Arun Dutta Mazumder
|votes = 37,457
|percentage = 29.19
|change = -20.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Nur Ahmed Barbhuiyan
|votes = 11,203
|percentage = 8.73
|change = +8.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dulal Mitra
|votes = 2,401
|percentage = 1.87
|change = -3.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Deb
|votes = 881
|percentage = 0.69
|change = -0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shuvadip Dutta
|votes = 465
|percentage = 0.36
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jahir Uddin Mazumder
|votes = 272
|percentage = 0.21
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shipra Rani Das
|votes = 205
|percentage = 0.16
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Biju Chanda
|votes = 173
|percentage = 0.13
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Puspita Devi
|votes = 148
|percentage = 0.12
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kaushik Paul
|votes = 141
|percentage = 0.11
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ashim Das
|votes = 77
|percentage = 0.06
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 37,441
|percentage = 29.18
|change = +16.78
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,28,321
|percentage = 63.09
|change = +5.08
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +20.79
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Silchar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sushmita Dev]]
|votes = 56,377
|percentage = 49.89
|change = +3.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajdeep Roy
|votes = 42,366
|percentage = 37.49
|change = -4.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Parimal Kanti Paul
|votes = 5,835
|percentage = 5.16
|change = +1.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Alhaj Fakrul Islam Mazumder
|votes = 4,066
|percentage = 3.60
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Dhrubajyoti Gupta
|votes = 1,010
|percentage = 0.89
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Tushar Kanti Purkayastha
|votes = 807
|percentage = 0.71
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Dibakar Bhattacharjee
|votes = 718
|percentage = 0.64
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shekhar Roy
|votes = 671
|percentage = 0.59
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rajdeep Deb Roy
|votes = 542
|percentage = 0.48
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amrit Lal Das
|votes = 341
|percentage = 0.30
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kamal Das
|votes = 262
|percentage = 0.23
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,011
|percentage = 12.40
|change = +8.75
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,12,995
|percentage = 58.01
|change = -1.93
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +4.38
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Silchar]]
* [[Cachar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Silchar]]
[[Category:Cachar district| ]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Motipur, Muzaffarpur

2026-05-04T03:48:12Z

Mohit8811:

{{refimprove|date=June 2013}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Motipur
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.3|N|85.13|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 60
| population_total = 28,572
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = Arun Kumar Singh (BJP)
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Veena Devi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Baruraj Assembly constituency|Baruraj]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Motipur Nagar Parishad
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 843111
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-6223
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|https://www.nagarparishadmotipur.com/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Motipur''' is a town and a [[notified area]] in [[Muzaffarpur district]]. It is located 14 kilometres south of [[Mehsi]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. In 2021, Motipur Nagar Panchayat was upgraded to Nagar Parishad (Municipal Council).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-motipur-city-council-notification-issued-3910370.html|title=मोतीपुर नगर परिषद की अधिसूचना जारी}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/news/seven-new-city-panchayats-will-also-be-formed-in-kanti-motipur-and-sahebganj-128038402.html|title=जिले में नगर निकायों की संख्या हो जाएगी 11:कांटी, मोतीपुर और साहेबगंज में अब नगर परिषद, सात नई नगर पंचायत भी बनेगी}}</ref>

==Location==
Motipur is located {{convert|102|km|mi|0}} north of [[Patna]], {{convert|30|km|mi|0}} north of [[Muzaffarpur]] and {{convert|14|km|mi|0}} south of [[Mehsi]] East Champaran District of 15 kilometres. [[National Highway 28 (India)|National Highway 28]] passes through Motipur. The nearest airport is [[Patna Airport]].

Motipur is connected with the road and railways networks (Northern Eastern Railway). Railway services provide direct connections with all of the metropolitan cities of India. The railway has direct service from [[Motipur railway station]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Motipur (MTR) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri|url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/motipur-mtr|access-date=2021-09-17|website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref>

== River ==
The river [[Budhi Gandak]] flows beside the town of [[Mehsi]]. Budhi Gandak is one of the branches of [[Gandak river]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Motipur had a population of 21,933. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Motipur has an average literacy rate of 43%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 52%, and female literacy is 33%. In Motipur, 19% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.nagarparishadmotipur.com/ website]

{{Tirhut Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Muzaffarpur district]]

Katangi, Jabalpur

2026-05-03T20:30:41Z

Mohit8811: new the info needs work...

{{Short description|Town in Jabalpur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{unreliable sources|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Katangi
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.44|N|79.79|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balaghat District|Jabalpuur]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Patan, Madhya Pradesh|Patan]]
| government_type = [[Nagar Panchayat]]
| population_total = 19,040
| population_as_of = 2011
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 20]]
}}
'''Katangi''' is located in [[Jabalpur District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is a [[Nagar Parishad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagarparishadkatangijabalpur.com/|title=Nagar Parishad Katangi Jabalpur|access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref> Katangi is located on Damoh Jabalpur Road. Its pin code is 483105.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur/katangi-jabalpur|title=Katangi Jabalpur Pin Code | Postal Code (Zip Code) of Katangi Jabalpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India|first=|last=|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Katangi is located on '''23.44°N 79.79°E'''. Katangi has an average elevation of 442 metres (1,450 feet).
Katangi is located on Damoh Jabalpur Road. [[Hiran River (Madhya Pradesh)]] flows near Katangi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Katangi, India |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Katangi.html |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Katangi Nagar Panchayat has population of 19,040 of which 9,896 are males while 9,144 are females as [[2011 census of India|Census India 2011]]. In Katangi Nagar Panchayat, the female sex ratio is 924 against state average of 931. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Katangi is around 886 compared to Madhya Pradesh state average of 918. The literacy rate of Katangi city is 77.55%, higher than the state average of 69.32%. In Katangi, male literacy is around 85.42% while the female literacy rate is 69.10%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table - 3 : Population, population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex - Cities/Towns (in alphabetic order): 2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=16 June 2004 |website=[[Census India]]}}</ref>

== Description ==
Katangi is famous for Nidan Waterfall and Katangi ke rasgulle.
Many people visit this place.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.trawell.in/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur/katangi-falls-nidan-falls | title=Katangi Falls / Nidan Falls, Jabalpur – Timings, Swimming, Entry Fee, Best time to visit }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jabalpur district]]

List of historical ships of the Indian Navy

2026-05-02T09:26:41Z

Mohit8811:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Dynamic list}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
This is a '''list of ships of the Indian Navy'''. It covers both the pre-independence era when India was a [[british colony]] and ships were designated as HMIS / [[Royal Indian Navy]]<ref>{{cite web|title=genesis |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/genesis.htm |publisher=Official Cite |access-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111202914/http://indiannavy.nic.in/genesis.htm |archive-date=11 January 2011}}</ref> and in the post-independence republic era as [[Indian Navy]] with designation of INS.

==Historical ships==
'''Note:''' Prior to 1950, Indian naval ships carried the prefix HMIS ("His Majesty's Indian Ship") as the Indian Armed Forces were under the British Crown. After the [[History of India (1947–present)|declaration of the Republic of India]] on 26 January 1950, the prefix became INS ("Indian Naval Ship").

===Aircraft carriers===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Ship
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Pennant
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Class
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Commissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Decommissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Fate
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Notes
|-
|{{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}}
|R11
|{{sclass|Majestic|aircraft carrier|0}}
|4 March 1961
|31 January 1990<ref name=Hiranandani>Hiranandani G.M, Transition to Eminence - The Indian Navy 1976 – 90; pub Lancer New Delhi 2005, {{ISBN|978-81-7062-266-6}}</ref>
|Converted to IMS-Indian Museum Ship briefly but subsequently scrapped in 2014.
|Formerly HMS ''Hercules'' although never commissioned into the Royal Navy.
|-
|{{INS|Viraat||6}}
|R22
|[[Centaur-class aircraft carrier|''Centaur-c''lass]]
|12 May 1987
|6 March 2017
|Dismantled on 19 September 2020
|Formerly {{HMS|Hermes|R12|6}}.
|}

===Submarines===
{{see also|List of submarines of the Indian Navy}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Boat
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Pennant
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Class
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Commissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Decommissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Fate
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Nuclear Submarines
|-
|[[Soviet submarine K-43|INS ''Chakra'']]
| S71
|[[Charlie-class submarine|''Charlie'' class]]
|1 September 1987
|Returned to Soviet Union in January 1991
|Scrapped in Russia.
|Leased from the Soviet Union.
|-
|[[Russian submarine Nerpa (K-152)|INS ''Chakra'']]
| S71
|[[Akula-class submarine|''Akula'' class]]
| 4 April 2012
| Returned to Russia June 2021
|
| Returned to Russia before 10-year lease completed, due to extensive damage suffered in service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/06/09/explosion-forced-indian-navy-to-return-nuclear-submarine-to-russia.html |date=2021-06-09 |title=Explosion forced Indian Navy to return nuclear submarine to Russia|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Navy's Only Nuclear Attack Submarine Returns To Russia Before Lease Expires|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/navys-only-nuclear-attack-submarine-ins-chakra-returns-to-russia-before-lease-expires-2456368|access-date=2021-06-09|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Conventional Submarines
|-
|{{INS|Khanderi|1968|6}}
|S22
|{{sclass|Kalvari|submarine|4||1967}}
|6 December 1968
|18 October 1989<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|Scrapped but sail fin on display
|
|-
|{{INS|Kalvari|S23|6}}
|S23
|{{sclass|Kalvari|submarine|4||1967}}
|8 December 1967
|31 May 1996<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|Scrapped but sail fin on display
|
|-
|{{INS|Kursura|S20|6}}
|S20
|{{sclass|Kalvari|submarine|4||1967}}
|18 December 1969
|27 September 2001<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|Converted to Museum Ship at [[RK Beach|Ramakrishna Mission Beach]], [[Visakhapatnam]].
|
|-
|{{INS|Karanj|S21|6}}
|S21
|{{sclass|Kalvari|submarine|4||1967}}
|4 September 1969
|1 August 2003<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Vagsheer|S43|6}}
|S43
|[[Vela-class submarine|''Vela'' class]]
|26 December 1974
|30 April 1997<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Vagir|S41|6}}
|S41
|[[Vela-class submarine|''Vela'' class]]
|3 November 1973
|7 June 2001<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Vela|S40|6}}
|S40
|[[Vela-class submarine|''Vela'' class]]
|31 August 1973
|25 June 2010
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Vagli|S42|6}}
|S42
|[[Vela-class submarine|''Vela'' class]]
|10 August 1974
|9 December 2010
|To be preserved as a museum in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=thenewindianexpress>{{cite news|title=Sea Dredging Mooted to Take Sub to Mamallapuram Shores|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Sea-Dredging-Mooted-to-Take-Sub-to-Mamallapuram-Shores/2014/08/06/article2366522.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133831/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Sea-Dredging-Mooted-to-Take-Sub-to-Mamallapuram-Shores/2014/08/06/article2366522.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2014|access-date=23 August 2014|work=The New Indian Express|date=6 August 2014}}</ref>
|
|-
|{{INS|Sindhurakshak|S63|6}}
|S63
|[[Sindhughosh-class submarine|''Sindhughosh'' class]]
|24 December 1997
|6 March 2017
|Sunk
|Exploded and sank on 14 August 2013. After being salvaged in June 2014,<ref name=dna>{{cite news|last1=Manish K Pathak|title=INS Sindhurakshak finally brought to surface|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ins-sindhurakshak-finally-brought-to-surface-1993975|access-date=20 June 2014|work=DNA|date=7 June 2014}}</ref> she was decommissioned in March 2017 and disposed of at sea that June.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rajput|first1=Rashmi|title=Navy sinks 'graveyard' INS Sindhurakshak|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-sinks-graveyard-ins-sindhurakshak-4828999/|access-date=15 October 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=5 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[INS Sindhuvir (S58)|INS ''Sindhuvir'']]
| S58

| [[Sindhughosh-class submarine|''Sindhughosh'' class]]
|26 August 1988

| March 2020

| Transferred to [[Myanmar Navy]]
|
|-
|[[INS Sindhudhvaj (S56)|INS ''Sindhudhvaj'']]
|S56
|[[Sindhughosh-class submarine|''Sindhughosh'' class]]
|12 June 1987
|16 July 2022
|rowspan = '2' |Decommissioned
|
|-
|[[INS Sindhughosh|INS ''Sindhughosh'']]
|S55
|[[Sindhughosh-class submarine|''Sindhughosh'' class]]
|30 April 1986
|19 December 2025
|<ref>{{cite tweet |number=2002227582222414199 |user=IN_WNC |title=INS Sindhughosh, the lead submarine of her class in service with the #IndianNavy, was decommissioned at sunset on 19 Dec 25... |date=19 December 2025 |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>
|}

===Cruisers===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Ship
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Pennant
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Class
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Commissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Decommissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Fate
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Cruisers
|-
| {{INS|Delhi|1948|6}} Originally commissioned as '''HMIS (His Majesty's Indian Ship) ''Delhi'''''
|C74
|{{sclass|Leander|cruiser|4||1931}}
|5 July 1948
|30 June 1978<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|Scrapped
|Purchased from the U.K. Formerly {{HMS|Achilles|70|6}} of the [[Battle of the River Plate]] fame. Turrets on Display at [[Devonport Naval Base]], Auckland, New Zealand, and at [[Indian Military Academy]], Dehradun, India.
|-
| {{INS|Mysore|C60|6}}
|C60
| {{Sclass|Fiji|cruiser|4}}
|29 August 1957
|20 August 1985<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|Scrapped
|Purchased from the U.K. Formerly {{HMS|Nigeria|60|6}}.
|}

===Destroyers===
{{main|List of destroyers of the Indian Navy}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Ship
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Pennant
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Class
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Commissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Decommissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Fate
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Destroyers
|-
| {{INS|Rajput|D51|6}} (ex-''Nadezhny'')
| D51
| [[Rajput-class destroyer]]
| 4 May 1980
| 21 May 2021
|
|Built in the Soviet Union as '''Nadezhny''', but never commissioned into the Soviet Navy.
|-
| {{INS|Ranjit|D53|6}} (ex-''Lovkiyy'')
| D53
| [[Rajput-class destroyer]]
| 24 November 1983
| 6 May 2019<ref name="ranjit-deco">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1571660&RegID=3&LID=1|title=INS Ranjit Sails into Sunset Culminating 36 years of Glorious Era
|publisher=PIB|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref>
|Sunk during TROPEX-21 as a live target.
|Built in the Soviet Union as '''Lovkiyy''', but never commissioned into the Soviet Navy.
|-
|[[HMS Rotherham (H09)|INS ''Rajput'']]
|D141
|[[Q and R-class destroyer|''R'' class]]
| 28 July 1949
|30 June 1973<ref name=Triumph>Hiranandani G.M, Transition to Triumph - The Indian Navy 1965 – 75; pub Lancer Publishers LLC 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-897829-69-1}}</ref>
|scrapped 1979
|Served as '''HMS ''Rotherham''''' in the Royal Navy before being transferred to India.
|-
|[[HMS Redoubt (H41)|INS ''Ranjit'']]
|D209
|[[Q and R-class destroyer|''R'' class]]
|4 July 1949
|30 September 1975<ref name=Triumph/>
|scrapped 1979
|Served as '''HMS ''Redoubt''''' in the Royal Navy before being transferred to India.
|-
|[[HMS Raider (H15)|INS ''Rana'']]
|D115
|[[Q and R-class destroyer|''R'' class]]
|9 September 1949
|30 September 1971<ref name=Triumph/>
|scrapped 1979
|Served as '''HMS ''Raider''''' in the Royal Navy before being transferred to India.
|-
|[[ORP Ślązak (L26)|INS ''Godavari'']]
|D92
|[[Hunt-class destroyer|Hunt class]]
|27 April 1953
|31 Aug 1976<ref name="Hiranandani"/>
|scrapped 1979
|leased and then purchased from the Royal Navy. Formerly '''HMS ''Bedale'''''. Was operated by Polish Navy during World War II as [[ORP Ślązak (L26)|ORP ''Ślązak'']].
|-
|[[INS Gomati (D93)|INS ''Gomati'']]
|D93
|[[Hunt-class destroyer|Hunt class]]
|24 April 1953
|31 May 1972<ref name=Triumph/>
|scrapped 1975
|leased and then purchased from the Royal Navy. Formerly [[HMS Lamerton (L88)|HMS ''Lamerton'']].
|-
|[[INS Ganga (D94)|INS ''Ganga'']]
|D94
|[[Hunt-class destroyer|Hunt class]]
|18 June 1953
|31 July 1972<ref name=Triumph/>
|scrapped 1975
|leased and then purchased from the Royal Navy. Formerly [[HMS Chiddingfold (L31)|HMS ''Chiddingfold'']].
|}

===Frigates===
{{main|List of frigates of the Indian Navy}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Ship
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Pennant
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Class
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Commissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Decommissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Fate
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Frigates
|-
|[[List of River-class frigates|HMIS ''Tamar'']]
|K262
|[[River-class frigate|''River'' class]]
|1946
|Dec 1946
|Constructive Total Loss after running aground off [[Hainan Island]]
|was previously '''HMS ''Aire''''' prior to Indian service.
|-
|[[List of River-class frigates|HMIS ''Neza'']]
|K239
|[[River-class frigate|''River'' class]]
|1946
|1947
|Returned to the Royal Navy in April 1947. Scrapped 1955.
|Served as '''HMS ''Test''''' in the Royal Navy before transfer to India.
|-
|{{HMIS|Shamsher|K392|6}}
|K392
|[[River-class frigate|''River'' class]]
|1945
|1947
|Transferred to Pakistan and served as PNS ''Shamsher''. Scrapped 1959.
|Served as '''HMS ''Nadder''''' in the Royal Navy before transfer to India.
|-
|[[PNS Zulfiqar (K265)|HMIS ''Dhanush'']]
|K265
|[[River-class frigate|''River'' class]]
|1945
|1948
|Transferred to Pakistan and served as PNS ''Dhanush''.
|Served as '''HMS ''Deveron''''' in the Royal Navy before transfer to India.
|-
|[[List of River-class frigates|HMIS ''Kukri'']] renamed '''INS ''Kukri''''' post republic.
|K243
|[[River-class frigate|''River'' class]]
|1946
|1951
|Converted to survey vessel post republic. Recommissioned as '''INS ''Investigator''''' <ref name="insurvey"/>
|Served as '''{{HMS|Trent|K243|6}}''' in the Royal Navy before being transferred to India.
|-
|[[List of River-class frigates|HMIS ''Hooghly'']] renamed '''INS Hooghly''' post republic.
|K330
|[[River-class frigate|''River'' class]]
|Purchased 1948
|1950
|scrapped
|Served as '''HMCS ''Waskesiu''''' for the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II. Converted to a pilot vessel in Indian service, scrapped 1965.
|-
|{{HMIS|Tir|K256|6}} renamed '''INS ''Tir''''' post republic.
|K256
|[[River-class frigate|''River'' class]]
|3 December 1945
|30 September 1977<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|scrapped
|Served as '''HMS ''Bann''''' in the Royal Navy during World War II. Served as training ship in the Indian Navy.
|-
|{{INS|Khukri|F149|6}}
|F149
|[[Blackwood-class frigate|''Blackwood'' Class]]
|16 July 1958
|
|Sunk in action on 9 December 1971 during [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].
|
|-
|{{INS|Kirpan|F144|6}}
|F144
|[[Blackwood-class frigate|''Blackwood'' Class]]
|July 1959
|1978
|Transferred to Coast Guard Service 1978.
|
|-
|{{INS|Kuthar|F146|6}}
|F146
|[[Blackwood-class frigate|''Blackwood'' Class]]
|November 1959
|18 Aug 1978<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|Transferred to Coast Guard Service 1978.
|
|-
|{{INS|Talwar|F140|6}}
|F140
|[[Whitby-class frigate|''Whitby'' class]]
|26 April 1959
|30 Oct 1985<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|Broken up for scrap 1992
|
|-
|{{INS|Trishul|F143|6}}
|F143
|[[Whitby-class frigate|''Whitby'' class]]
|13 January 1960
|31 Aug 1992<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|Broken up for scrap 1996
|
|-
|{{INS|Brahmaputra|1957|6}}
|F31
|[[Leopard-class frigate|''Leopard'' class]]
|31 March 1958
|30 Jun 1986<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|Ordered HMS ''Panther'', but transferred to India. Broken Up 1986
|
|-
|{{INS|Beas|1958|6}}
|F37
|[[Leopard-class frigate|''Leopard'' class]]
|24 May 1960
|22 Dec 1992<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|Broken Up 1992
|
|-
|{{INS|Betwa|1959|6}}
|F39
|[[Leopard-class frigate|''Leopard'' class]]
|8 December 1960
|31 December 1991<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|Broken Up 1988
|
|-
|{{INS|Nilgiri|F33|6}}
|F33
|[[Nilgiri-class frigate (1972)|''Nilgiri'' class]]
|23 June 1972
|31 May 1996<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|Sunk on 24 April 1997, by a Sea Eagle AShM fired from a Sea Harrier Frs Mk.51 of the Indian Navy.
|
|-
|{{INS|Himgiri|F34|6}}
|F34
|[[Nilgiri-class frigate (1972)|''Nilgiri'' class]]
|23 November 1974
|6 May 2005
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Udaygiri|F35|6}}
|F35
|[[Nilgiri-class frigate (1972)|''Nilgiri'' class]]
| 18 February 1976
| 24 August 2007
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Dunagiri|F36|6}}
|F36
|[[Nilgiri-class frigate (1972)|''Nilgiri'' class]]
|5 May 1977
|20 October 2010
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Vindhyagiri|F42|6}}
|F42
|[[Nilgiri-class frigate (1972)|''Nilgiri'' class]]
|8 July 1981
|14 Jun 2012
|Collided with a merchant ship while in Mumbai harbour on 30 January 2011; sank after on-board fire. No casualties. Re-floated and decommissioned with full honours in 2012.
|
|-
|{{INS|Taragiri|F41|6}}
|F41
|[[Nilgiri-class frigate (1972)|''Nilgiri'' class]]
|16 May 1980
|27 June 2013
|-
|{{INS|Krishna|F46|6}}
|F46
|[[Leander-class frigate|''Leander'' class]]
|22 August 1995
|24 May 2012<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/INS-Krishna-to-make-its-last-voyage/article13368592.ece| title = INS Krishna to make its last voyage| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 17 January 2012| publisher = The Hindu Times |first1=S |last1=Anandan | access-date = 3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314182149/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/INS-Krishna-to-make-its-last-voyage/article13368592.ece |archive-date=14 March 2021}}</ref>
|Sunk as target, 2012.
|Purchased as a cadet training ship from the Royal Navy. Was previously '''HMS ''Andromeda'''''.
|-
|{{INS|Godavari|F20|6}}
|F20
|[[Godavari-class frigate|''Godavari'' class]]
|10 December 1983
|23 December 2015
|Sunk as target, October 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-in-exercise-navy-ship-fires-missile-sinks-decommissioned-godavari-frigate-2314481|title=In Naval Exercises At Arabian Sea, Missile Sinks Old Ship|date=23 October 2020|access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/indian-navy-sinks-old-ship-with-missile-during-exercise-at-arabian-sea-1603436906753|title=Indian Navy sinks old ship with missile during exercise at Arabian Sea|date=23 October 2020|access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1319480490676482048?utm_campaign=fullarticle&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=inshorts|title=The anti-ship missile (AShM) launched by Indian Navy Missile Corvette #INSPrabal, homes on with deadly accuracy at max range, sinking target ship: Indian Navy|date=23 October 2020|access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref>
|
|-
|{{INS|Ganga|F22|6}}
|F22
|[[Godavari-class frigate|''Godavari'' class]]
|30 December 1985
|22 March 2018
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Gomati|F21|6}}
|F21
|[[Godavari-class frigate|''Godavari'' class]]
|16 April 1988
|15 May 2022
|
|
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Sloops (later reclassified as frigates)
|-
|[[Anchusa-class sloop|HMIS Elphinstone]]
|
|[[Anchusa-class sloop|''Anchusa'' class]]
|May 1922
|
|wrecked on Nicobar Islands 29 January 1925.
|
|-
|[[P-class sloop|HMIS ''Baluchi'']]
|PC.55
|[[P-class sloop|''P'' Class]]
|May 1922
|1935
|Sold for scrapping
|
|-
|[[P-class sloop|HMIS ''Pathan'']]
|PC.69 K26
|[[P-class sloop|''P'' Class]]
|5 August 1921
|
|sunk by Italian submarine [[Brin-class submarine|''Galvani'']] on 23 June 1940.<ref name=r&h23>Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.23</ref><ref name="rin3945">{{cite book |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html#contents |title=The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945, Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War |last=Collins |first=D.J.E. |publisher=Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan) |date=1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1940-11-20a.1988.4 |title=House of commons debate - Indian, Burman, and Colonial War Effort.|work=[[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|date=20 November 1940}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/ships/indian.htm|title=Fighting the U-boats = Indian Naval forces |work=Uboat.net}}</ref>
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Indus|U67|6}}
|U67
|[[Grimsby-class sloop|''Grimsby'' class]]
|15 March 1935
|
|Sunk by Japanese aircraft during [[Burma Campaign]], 6 April 1942
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Cornwallis|L09|6}}
|L09 U09 (1940)
|[[Aubrietia-class sloop|''Aubrietia'' Class]]
|1921
|1946
|scrapped
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Lawrence|L83|6}}
|L83 U83 (1940)
|Unique Patrol Sloop
|27 December 1919
|1947
|scrapped
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Clive|L79|6}}
|L79 U79 (1940)
|Unique Patrol Sloop
|20 April 1920
|1947
|scrapped
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Narbada|U40|6}}
|U40
|[[Black Swan-class sloop|''Black Swan'' class]]
|29 April 1943
|1948
|Transferred to Pakistan post-partition and served as PNS ''Jhelum''
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Godavari|U52|6}}
|U52
|[[Black Swan-class sloop|''Black Swan'' class]]
|28 June 1943
|1948
|Transferred to Pakistan post-partition and served as PNS ''Sind''.
|Sunk the [[German submarine U-198]] while in Indian service during [[World War II]].
|-
|{{HMIS|Hindustan|U80|6}}
|L80
|[[Hastings-class sloop|''Hastings'' class]]
|10 October 1930
|1948
|Transferred to Pakistan post-partition and served as PNS ''Karsaz'' until 1960.
|Was involved in the [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]].
|-
|{{HMIS|Cauvery|U10|6}} renamed '''INS ''Kaveri''''' post republic.
|U10
|[[Black Swan-class sloop|''Black Swan'' class]]
|26 August 1943
|30 Sep 1977<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|scrapped
|
|-
||{{HMIS|Sutlej|U95|6}} renamed '''INS ''Sutlej''''' post republic.
|U95
|[[Black Swan-class sloop|''Black Swan'' class]]
|23 April 1941
|1 Dec 1978<ref name=Triumph/>
|scrapped
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Jumna|U21|6}} renamed '''INS ''Jamuna''''' post republic.
|U21
|[[Black Swan-class sloop|''Black Swan'' class]]
|13 May 1941
|31 Dec 1980<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|scrapped
|Helped sink the {{ship|Japanese submarine|Ro-110||2}} in 1944 while in Indian service.
|-
|{{HMIS|Kistna|U46|6}} renamed '''INS ''Krisna''''' post republic.
|U46
|[[Black Swan-class sloop|''Black Swan'' class]]
|26 August 1943
|31 Dec 1981<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|scrapped
|
|-
|}

===Corvette===
{{main|List of corvettes of the Indian Navy}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Ship
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Pennant
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Class
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Commissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Decommissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Fate
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Corvettes
|-
|{{HMIS|Gondwana|K348|6}} || K348 || [[Flower-class corvette|''Flower'' class]] || 15 May 1945 || 1946 || returned to Royal Navy and sold to the [[Royal Thai Navy|Thai Navy]] as '''HTMS ''Bangpakong''''' ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Sind|K274|6}} || K274 || [[Flower-class corvette|''Flower'' class]] || 24 August 1945 || 1946 || returned to Royal Navy and sold to the Thai Navy as '''HTMS ''Prasae''''' ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Mahratta|K395|6}} || K395 || [[Flower-class corvette|''Flower'' class]] || 1946 || || Constructive total loss after running aground in 1947. ||
|-
| {{HMIS|Assam|K306|6}} || K306 || [[Flower-class corvette|''Flower'' class]] || 19 February 1945 || 1947 || returned to Royal Navy and scrapped ||
|-
| {{HMIS|Punjab|J239|6}} || J239 || [[Bathurst-class corvette|''Bathurst'' class]] || 20 March 1942 || 1949 || Transferred to Pakistan post-partition ||
|-
| {{HMIS|Bombay|J249|6}} renamed '''INS ''Bombay''''' post republic. || J249 || [[Bathurst-class corvette|''Bathurst'' class]] || 24 April 1942 || 1960 || scrapped || Was involved in defence during the [[attack on Sydney Harbour]]
|-
| {{HMIS|Bengal|J243|6}} renamed '''INS ''Bengal''''' post republic. || J243 || [[Bathurst-class corvette|''Bathurst'' class]] || 8 August 1942 || 1960 || scrapped ||Sank the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] commerce raider ''[[Hōkoku Maru]]'' in 1942 while in Indian service.
|-
| {{HMIS|Madras|J237|6}} renamed '''INS ''Madras''''' post republic. || J237 || [[Bathurst-class corvette|''Bathurst'' class]] || 12 May 1942 || 1960 || scrapped ||
|-
| {{INS|Arnala|1972|6}} || P68 || [[Arnala-class corvette|''Arnala'' class]] || 29 June 1972 || 9 April 1999 || ||
|-
| {{INS|Androth|1972|6}} || P69 || [[Arnala-class corvette|''Arnala'' class]] || 30 June 1972 || 9 April 1999<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Anjadip|1972|6}} || P73 || [[Arnala-class corvette|''Arnala'' class]] || 23 December 1972 || 13 December 2003<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Andaman|P74|6}} || P74 || [[Arnala-class corvette|''Arnala'' class]] || 28 December 1973 || || Lost in a storm 22 August 1990 ||
|-
| {{INS|Amini|1974|6}} || P75 || [[Arnala-class corvette|''Arnala'' class]] || 12 December 1974 || 16 September 2002<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Kamorta|P77|6}} || P77 || [[Arnala-class corvette|''Arnala'' class]] || 21 November 1968 || 31 October 1991<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Kadmatt|P78|6}} || P78 || [[Arnala-class corvette|''Arnala'' class]] || 23 December 1968 || 30 November 1992<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Kiltan|P79|6}} || P79 || [[Arnala-class corvette|''Arnala'' class]] || 30 October 1969 || 30 June 1987<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||Participated in [[Operation Trident (1971)]].
|-
| {{INS|Kavaratti|P80|6}} || P80 || [[Arnala-class corvette|''Arnala'' class]] || 23 December 1969 || 31 July 1986<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||Participated in [[Operation Trident (1971)]].
|-
| {{INS|Katchall|P81|6}} || P81 || [[Arnala-class corvette|''Arnala'' class]] || 23 December 1969 || 31 December 1988<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Amindivi|P83|6}} || P83 || [[Arnala-class corvette|''Arnala'' class]] || || 1986–88 || ||
|-
| {{INS|Hosdurg|K73|6}} || K73 || [[Durg-class corvette|''Durg'' class]] || 15 January 1978 || 5 June 1999<ref name=Hiranandani/> || Sunk in a [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle]] AShM test in June 2000.
|-
| {{INS|Vijaydurg|K71|6}} || K71 || [[Durg-class corvette|''Durg'' class]] || 25 December 1976 || 30 September 2002<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Sindhudurg|K72|6}} || K72 || [[Durg-class corvette|''Durg'' class]] || 29 May 1977 || 24 September 2004<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
|{{INS|Prahar|K98|6}} || K98 || [[Veer-class corvette|''Veer'' Class]] || 1 March 1997 || || Sunk in collision on 22 April 2006 ||
|-
|[[INS Veer (K40)|INS ''Veer'']]
|K40
|[[Veer-class corvette|''Veer'' Class]]
|26 March 1987
|28 April 2016
|
|
|-
|[[INS Nipat (K42)|INS ''Nipat'']]
|K42
|[[Veer-class corvette|''Veer'' Class]]
|5 December 1988
|28 April 2016
|
|
|-
|[[INS Khukri (P49)|INS ''Khukri'']]
|P49
|[[Khukri-class corvette|''Khukri'' Class]]
|23 August 1989
|23 December 2021
|Preserved as museum in [[Diu, India]]
|
|-
|[[INS Kirpan (P44)|INS ''Kirpan'']]
|P44
|[[Khukri-class corvette|''Khukri'' Class]]
|16 August 1988
|22 July 2023
|Donated to [[Vietnam People's Navy]]
|
|-
| [[INS Agray (1991)|INS Agray]]|| P36 || [[Abhay-class corvette|Abhay-class]]||30 January 1991 ||27 January 2017<ref name="jdw-30jan17">{{cite web|last=Mazumdar|first=Mrityunjoy|url=http://www.janes.com/article/67337/indian-navy-decommissions-two-ships|title=Indian Navy decommissions two ships|work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|date=30 January 2017|access-date=31 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202233428/http://www.janes.com/article/67337/indian-navy-decommissions-two-ships|archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> || ||
|-
| [[INS Akshay (1990)|INS Akshay]]|| P35 || [[Abhay-class corvette|Abhay-class]]||10 December 1990<ref>{{cite web|title=INS Nishank and INS Akshay Decommissioned|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1831080|website=Press Information Bureau of India|date=3 June 2022|access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> ||3 June 2022 || ||
|-
| [[INS Ajay (1990)|INS Ajay]]|| P34 || [[Abhay-class corvette|Abhay-class]]||24 January 1990||19 September 2022 || ||
|-
| [[INS Abhay (1989)|INS Abhay]]|| P33 || [[Abhay-class corvette|Abhay-class]]||10 March 1989 <ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Saunders|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-mask=Commodore Stephen Saunders|title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2005-2006|date=2005|publisher=Jane's Information Group|location=Coulsdon|isbn=0710626924|page=320|edition=108th|chapter=India}}</ref>||6 October 2025<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release |title=INS Abhay and INFAC T-82 decommissioned |date=2025-10-07 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2176497 |access-date=2025-10-11}}</ref> || ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Anti-Submarine Naval Trawler
|-
|{{HMIS|Agra|T254|6}} || T254 || [[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]] || || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Ahmedabad|T264|6}} ||T264||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Amritsar|T261|6}}||T261||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Baroda|T249|6}}||T249||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || 1948 || Transferred to Pakistan||
|-
|{{HMIS|Berar|T256|6}}||T256||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Calcutta|T339|6}}||T339||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Cochin|T315|6}}||T315||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Cuttack|T251|6}}||T251||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Karachi|T262|6}}||T262||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Lahore|T253|6}}||T253||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Lucknow|T267|6}}||T267||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Madura|T268|6}}||T268||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Multan|T322|6}}||T322||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Nagpur|T269|6}}||T269||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Nasik|T258|6}}||T258||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Patna|T255|6}}||T255||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Peshawar|T263|6}}||T263||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Poona|T260|6}}||T260||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Quetta |T332|6}}||T332||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Rampur|T212|6}}||T212||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || 1948 || Transferred to Pakistan ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Shillong|T250|6}}||T250||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|-
|{{HMIS|Travancore|T312|6}}||T312||[[Basset-class trawler|''Basset'' class]]|| || || ||
|}

===Minesweepers===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Ship
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Pennant
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Class
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Commissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Decommissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Fate
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Ocean Going Minesweeper
|-
|{{HMIS|Oostcapelle||6}} <ref name="inthewake"/>
|
|unique ship
|before 1939
|before 1947
|
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Irawadi||6}} <ref name="inthewake"/>
|
|unique ship
|before 1939
|before 1947
|
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Kathiawar|J155|6}}
|J155
|[[Bangor-class minesweeper|''Bangor'' Class]]
|23 December 1942
|1948
|Transferred to Pakistan as PNS ''Chittagong''.
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Baluchistan|J182|6}}
|J182
|[[Bangor-class minesweeper|''Bangor'' Class]]
|28 October 1942
|1948
|Transferred to Pakistan as PNS ''Baluchistan''.
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Oudh|J245|6}}
|J245
|[[Bangor-class minesweeper|''Bangor'' Class]]
|21 October 1943
|1948
|Transferred to Pakistan as PNS ''Dacca''.
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Malwa|J55|6}}
|J55
|[[Bangor-class minesweeper|''Bangor'' Class]]
|1945
|1948
|Transferred to Pakistan as PNS ''Peshawar''.
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Deccan|J129|6}}
|J129
|[[Bangor-class minesweeper|''Bangor'' Class]]
|30 March 1945
|1948
|Sold in 1949 as the mercantile ''Kennery''.
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Orissa|J200|6}}
|J200
|[[Bangor-class minesweeper|''Bangor'' Class]]
|14 March 1942
|1949
|Scrapped
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Khyber|J190|6}}
|J190
|[[Bangor-class minesweeper|''Bangor'' Class]]
|12 August 1942
|1949
|Scrapped
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Carnatic|J199|6}}
|J199
|[[Bangor-class minesweeper|''Bangor'' Class]]
|27 October 1942
|1949
|Scrapped
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Kumaon|J164|6}}
|J164
|[[Bangor-class minesweeper|''Bangor'' Class]]
|30 November 1942
|1949
|Scrapped
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Bihar|J247|6}}
|J247
|[[Bangor-class minesweeper|''Bangor'' Class]]
|27 February 1944
|1949
|Scrapped
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Rajputana|J197|6}}
|J197
|[[Bangor-class minesweeper|''Bangor'' Class]]
|30 April 1942
|1961
|Scrapped
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Konkan|J228|6}}
|J228
|[[Bangor-class minesweeper|''Bangor'' Class]]
|12 June 1942
|31 Jul 1972<ref name=Triumph/>
|Scrapped
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Rohilkhand|J180|6}}
|J180
|[[Bangor-class minesweeper|''Bangor'' Class]]
|5 February 1943
|1963
|Scrapped
|
|-
|{{ship|INS|Pondicherry|M61|6}}
|M61
|[[Pondicherry-class minesweeper|''Pondicherry'' class]]
|2 February 1978
|5 October 2007
|
|
|-
|{{ship|INS|Porbandar|M62|6}}
|M62
|[[Pondicherry-class minesweeper|''Pondicherry'' class]]
|19 December 1978
|2007
|
|
|-
|{{ship|INS|Bedi|M63|6}}
|M63
|[[Pondicherry-class minesweeper|''Pondicherry'' class]]
|27 April 1979
|22 September 2009
|
|
|-
|{{ship|INS|Bhavnagar|M64|6}}
|M64
|[[Pondicherry-class minesweeper|''Pondicherry'' class]]
|27 April 1979
|26 December 2009
|
|
|-
|{{ship|INS|Ratnagiri|M66|6}}
|M66
|[[Pondicherry-class minesweeper|''Pondicherry'' class]]
|10 June 1980
|22 May 2012
|
|
|-
|{{ship|INS|Allepey|M65|6}}
|M65
|[[Pondicherry-class minesweeper|''Pondicherry'' class]]
|10 June 1980
|13 March 2015
|
|
|-
|{{ship|INS|Karwar|M67|6}}
|M67
|[[Pondicherry-class minesweeper|''Pondicherry'' class]]
|14 July 1986
|9 May 2017
|
|
|-
|{{ship|INS|Cannonare|M68|6}}
|M68
|[[Pondicherry-class minesweeper|''Pondicherry'' class]]
|17 December 1987
|23 March 2018
|
|
|-
|{{ship|INS|Cuddalore|M69|6}}
|M69
|[[Pondicherry-class minesweeper|''Pondicherry'' class]]
|29 October 1987
|23 March 2018
|
|
|-
|{{ship|INS|Kakinada|M70|6}}
|M70
|[[Pondicherry-class minesweeper|''Pondicherry'' class]]
|23 December 1986
|9 May 2017
|
|
|-
|{{ship|INS|Konkan|M72|6}}
|M72
|[[Pondicherry-class minesweeper|''Pondicherry'' class]]
|8 October 1988
|23 March 2018
|
|
|-
|{{ship|INS|Kozhikode|M71|6}}
|M71
|[[Pondicherry-class minesweeper|''Pondicherry'' class]]
|19 December 1988
|13 April 2019
|
|Last ship of this class to be decommissioned.
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Coastal Minesweeper
|-
|[[INS Cuddalore (M90)|INS ''Cuddalore'']]
|M90
|[[Ton-class minesweeper|''Ton'' class]]
|1956
|30 June 1979<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|ex-Royal Navy {{HMS|Wennington|M1190|6}}
|-
|[[INS Cannanore (M91)|INS ''Cannanore'']]
|M91
|[[Ton-class minesweeper|''Ton'' class]]
|1956
|31 Mar 1981<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|ex-Royal Navy {{HMS|Whitton|M1191|6}}
|-
|[[INS Karwar (M92)|INS ''Karwar'']]
|M92
|[[Ton-class minesweeper|''Ton'' class]]
|1956
|31 Mar 1981<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|ex-Royal Navy {{HMS|Overton|M1197|6}}
|-
|[[INS Kakinada (M93)|INS ''Kakinada'']]
|M93
|[[Ton-class minesweeper|''Ton'' class]]
|1956
|30 June 1979<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|ex-Royal Navy {{HMS|Durweston|M1201|6}}
|-
|[[INS Mulki|INS ''Mulki'']]
|M87
|[[Mahé-class minesweeper|''Mahé'' Class]]
|10 May 1984
|16 May 2003<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|
|-
|[[INS Magdala|INS ''Magdala'']]
|M88
|[[Mahé-class minesweeper|''Mahé'' Class]]
|10 May 1984
|31 Oct 2001<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|
|-
|[[INS Malvan|INS ''Malvan'']]
|M84
|[[Mahé-class minesweeper|''Mahé'' Class]]
|16 May 1983
|3 Jan 2003<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|
|-
|[[INS Mangrol (1983)|INS ''Mangrol'']]
|M85
|[[Mahé-class minesweeper|''Mahé'' Class]]
|16 May 1983
|7 Apr 2004<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|
|-
|[[INS Mahé (1983)|INS ''Mahé'']]
|M83
|[[Mahé-class minesweeper|''Mahé'' Class]]
|16 May 1983
|15 May 2006
|
|
|-
|[[INS Malpe|INS '' Malpe'']]
|M86
|[[Mahé-class minesweeper|''Mahé'' Class]]
|10 May 1984
|4 Dec 2006
|
|
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" |Inshore Minesweeper
|-
|[[INS Bassein|INS ''Bassein'']]
|M2707
|[[Ham-class minesweeper|''Ham'' class]]
|14 June 1955<ref name="Singh_bluewater">Singh, Satyindra, Blueprint to Blue Water - The Indian Navy 1951–1965 ; pub Lancer New Delhi 1992, {{ISBN|978-81-7062-148-5}}</ref>
|1994
|
|ex-Royal Navy {{HMS|Littleham|M2707|6}}
|-
|[[INS Bimlipatan|INS ''Bimlipatan'']]
|M2705
|[[Ham-class minesweeper|''Ham'' class]]
|14 June 1955<ref name=Singh_bluewater/>
|1994
|
|ex-Royal Navy {{HMS|Hildersham|M2705|6}}
|-
|}

===Fast Attack Craft===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Ship
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Pennant
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Class
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Commissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Decommissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Fate
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Missile Boat
|-
| {{INS|Veer|K82|6}} || K82 || [[Vidyut-class missile boat|''Vidyut'' Class]] || 2 April 1971 || 31 December 1982<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||Sunk [[PNS Muhafiz|PNS ''Muhafiz'']] during [[Operation Trident (1971)]].
|-
| {{INS|Nirbhik|K88|6}} || K88 || [[Vidyut-class missile boat|''Vidyut'' Class]] || 20 February 1971 || 31 December 1986<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Nipat|K86|6}} || K86 || [[Vidyut-class missile boat|''Vidyut'' Class]] || 26 April 1971 || 29 February 1988<ref name=Hiranandani/> || || Destroyed the ammunition ship MV ''Venus Challenger'', and the destroyer [[PNS Shah Jahan (DD-962)|PNS ''Shah Jahan'']] and the Karachi oil tanks during [[Operation Trident (1971)]].
|-
| {{INS|Nirghat|K89|6}}|| K89 || [[Vidyut-class missile boat|''Vidyut'' Class]] || 29 January 1971 || 31 July 1989<ref name=Hiranandani/> || || Sunk the [[HMS Cadiz (D79)|PNS ''Khaibar'']] during [[Operation Trident (1971)]].
|-
| {{INS|Vinash|K85|6}} || K85 || [[Vidyut-class missile boat|''Vidyut'' Class]] || 20 January 1971 || 15 January 1990<ref name=Hiranandani/> || || Sunk the merchant MV ''Gulf Star'', MV ''Harmattan'', and badly damaged the Pakistani Fleet Tanker {{ship|PNS|Dacca|A41|6}}, which was later scrapped, during [[Operation Python]] in 1971.
|-
| {{INS|Nashak|K87|6}} || K87 || [[Vidyut-class missile boat|''Vidyut'' Class]] || 19 March 1971 || 31 December 1990<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Vidyut|K83|6}} || K83 || [[Vidyut-class missile boat|''Vidyut'' Class]] || 16 February 1971 || 31 March 1991<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Vijeta|K84|6}} || K84 || [[Vidyut-class missile boat|''Vidyut'' Class]] || 27 March 1971 || 30 June 1992<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Pratap|K92|6}} || K92 || [[Chamak-class missile boat|''Chamak'' Class]] ||17 February 1976 || 17 May 1996<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Charag|K97|6}} || K97 || [[Chamak-class missile boat|''Chamak'' Class]] ||17 October 1977 || 17 May 1996<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Prachand|K90|6}} || K90 || [[Chamak-class missile boat|''Chamak'' Class]] || 17 February 1976 || 29 December 1999<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Prabal|K93|6}} || K93 || [[Chamak-class missile boat|''Chamak'' Class]] ||17 February 1976 || 29 December 1999<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Pralaya|K91|6}} || K91 || [[Chamak-class missile boat|''Chamak'' Class]] || 17 February 1976 || 8 June 2001<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|-
| {{INS|Chapal|K94|6}} || K94 || [[Chamak-class missile boat|''Chamak'' Class]] ||4 November 1976 || 5 May 2005 || Preserved at Karwar, Karnataka ||
|-
| {{INS|Chamak|K95|6}} || K95 || [[Chamak-class missile boat|''Chamak'' Class]] ||4 November 1976 || 5 May 2005 || ||
|-
| {{INS|Chatak|K96|6}} || K96 || [[Chamak-class missile boat|''Chamak'' Class]] ||9 February 1977 || 5 May 2005<ref name=Hiranandani/> || ||
|}

===Amphibious Warfare Ships===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Ship
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Pennant
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Class
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Commissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Decommissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Fate
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Landing Ship Tank
|-
|{{INS|Magar|1949|6}}
|L3011
|[[Landing ship, tank]]
|1949
|31 March 1976<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|Former British tank landing ship HMS ''Avenger''.Also took active part in 1971 Indo-Pakistan war Eastern Theater.
|-

|{{INS|Magar|L20|6}}
|L20
|[[Magar-class amphibious warfare vessel|''Magar'' class]]
|15 July 1987
|6 May 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ins-magar-to-end-roar-on-saturday-after-36-glorious-yrs/article66800800.ece|title=INS Magar to end roar on Saturday after 36 glorious years|publisher=The Hindu Businessline|first=Dalip|last=Singh|date=2023-05-01}}</ref>
|
|Participated in relief efforts for the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]].
|-

|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Landing Ship Medium
|-
|{{INS|Gharial|L12|6}}
|L12
|[[Polnocny-class landing ship|''Polnocny'' class]]
|1966
|30 Sep 1987<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|Originally L3022, Polish Built - Polnocny A
|-
|-
|{{INS|Guldar|L13|6}}
|L13
|[[Polnocny-class landing ship|''Polnocny'' class]]
|1966
|30 Dec 1985<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|Originally L3033, Polish Built - Polnocny A
|-

|-
|{{INS|Ghorpad|L14|6}}
|L14
|[[Kumbhir-class tank landing ship|''Kumbhir'' class]]
|21 December 1974
|11 January 2008
|
|Polish Built - Polnocny D
|-

|-
|{{INS|Kesari|1975|6}}
|L15
|[[Kumbhir-class tank landing ship|''Kumbhir'' class]]
|15 August 1975
|8 May 1999
|
|Polish Built - Polnocny D
|-

|-
|{{INS|Shardul|1975|6}}
|L16
|[[Kumbhir-class tank landing ship|''Kumbhir'' class]]
|24 December 1975
|June 1997
|
|Polish Built - Polnocny D
|-

|-
|{{INS|Sharabh|L17|6}}
|L17
|[[Kumbhir-class tank landing ship|''Kumbhir'' class]]
|27 January 1976
|15 July 2011
|
|Polish Built - Polnocny D
|-

|[[INS Cheetah (L18)|INS ''Cheetah'']]
|L18
|[[Kumbhir-class tank landing ship|''Kumbhir'' class]]
|February 1985
|12 January 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1995782|title=INS CHEETAH, GULDAR AND KUMBHIR DECOMMISSIONED AFTER 40 YEARS OF GLORIOUS SERVICE|date=2024-01-13|access-date=2024-01-17}}</ref>
|
|Polish Built - Polnocny D
|-

|[[INS Mahish (L19)|INS ''Mahish'']]
|L19
|[[Kumbhir-class tank landing ship|''Kumbhir'' class]]
|4 June 1985
|11 November 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/2016/11/11/ins-mahish-decommissioning-ceremony/|title=INS Mahish Decommissioning Ceremony|date=2016-11-11|website=Andaman Sheekha|access-date=2016-12-05}}</ref>
|
|Polish Built - Polnocny D
|-

|[[INS Guldar (L21)|INS ''Guldar'']]
|L21
|[[Kumbhir-class tank landing ship|''Kumbhir'' class]]
|December 1985
|12 January 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1995782|title=INS CHEETAH, GULDAR AND KUMBHIR DECOMMISSIONED AFTER 40 YEARS OF GLORIOUS SERVICE|date=2024-01-13|access-date=2024-01-17}}</ref>
|
|Polish Built - Polnocny D
|-

|[[INS Kumbhir (L22)|INS ''Kumbhir'']]
|L22
|[[Kumbhir-class tank landing ship|''Kumbhir'' class]]
|November 1986
|12 January 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1995782|title=INS CHEETAH, GULDAR AND KUMBHIR DECOMMISSIONED AFTER 40 YEARS OF GLORIOUS SERVICE|date=2024-01-13|access-date=2024-01-17}}</ref>
|
|Polish Built - Polnocny D
|-

! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Landing Ship Infantry
|-
|{{HMIS|El Hind|F120|6}}
|
|merchant requisitioned as [[Landing ship, infantry]]
|1943
|
|14 April 1944 destroyed in [[Bombay Explosion (1944)]]
|
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Landing Craft Tank (re-designated Landing Craft Utility)
|-
|{{INS|LCU 31|L31|6}}<ref name="inlcu">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ships?page=0%2C7 |title=Surface Ships - Landing Craft Utility |publisher=Indian Navy |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195623/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ships?page=0%2C7 |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="brlcu">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/165-Mk3-LCU.html |title=Mark 3 Landing Craft |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref>
|L31
| rowspan="2" |[[Landing Craft Utility|LCU Mk.1]]
|1978
|1 Feb 1999<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
| rowspan="2" |Ordered in 1974<ref name="navy1991-2000">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/Transition-to-Guardianship-07Apr16.pdf#page=68|title=Transition to Guardianship, The Indian Navy 1991–2000|access-date=2019-11-16}}</ref>
|-
|{{INS|LCU 32|L32|6}}<ref name="inlcu"/><ref name="brlcu"/>
|L32
|6 November 1981
|May 2011<ref name="L32-L34">{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2011/may16-11/h4.htm|title=Indian Naval Landing Craft Utility (INLCU) L-32 and L-34 of Andaman and Nicobar Command were decommissioned|date=2011-05-16}}</ref>
|
|-
|{{INS|LCU 33|L33|6}}
|L33
| rowspan="3" |[[Landing Craft Utility|LCU Mk.2]]
|1 December 1980
|mid April 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andamanchronicle.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4294:in-lcu-l-33-to-be-decommissioned-after-glorious-service-to-the-nation&catid=49&Itemid=200|title=IN LCU L 33 to be Decommissioned After Glorious Service to the Nation|date=2014-01-31}}</ref>
|
| rowspan="3" |Ordered in 1975<ref name="navy1991-2000"/>
|-
|{{INS|LCU 34|L34|6}}<ref name="inlcu"/><ref name="brlcu"/>
|L34
|28 January 1980
|May 2011<ref name="L32-L34"/>
|
|-
|{{INS|LCU 35|L35|6}}
|L35
|
|
|-
|{{INS|LCU 36|L36|6}}
|L36
| rowspan="4" |[[Mk. III LCU|LCU Mk.3]]
|
|rowspan="2"|9 February 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/961985578504826881|title=Indian Naval Landing Craft Utility, IN LCU 36 & IN LCU 37 were decommissioned this evening at Port Blair after completing more than 30 years of glorious service to the nation. LCU 36 was 1st of LCU MK-III class landing craft utility vessels built at GSL followed by LCU 37, 38 &39pic.twitter.com/othoW7XP6x|last=SpokespersonNavy|date=9 February 2018|website=@indiannavy|language=en|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>
|
|rowspan="4"|Ordered in 1982<ref name="navy1991-2000"/>
|-
|{{INS|LCU 37|L37|6}}
|L37
|
|
|-
|{{INS|LCU 38|L38|6}}
|L38
|
|rowspan="2"|30 March 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/IndianNavy/posts/867697416918453 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/324159234605610/867697416918453 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |url-access=limited|title=Indian Navy, Official Facebook Page|website=[[Facebook]] |date=2019-03-30}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/naval-landing-craft-decommissioned|title=Naval Landing Craft Decommissioned|date=2019-03-30}}</ref>
|
|-
|{{INS|LCU 39|L39|6}}
|L39
|
|
|-
|}

===Patrol Ships===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Ship
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Pennant
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Class
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Commissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Decommissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Fate
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Offshore Patrol Vessel
|-
|{{HMIS|RAMDAS||6}}<ref name="rin3945"/>
|
|requisitioned armed merchant ship <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg01659.html |title=[Goanet] SS Ramdas |date=2 August 2006}}</ref>
|1940
|1945
|returned to merchant service.
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Jamnagar||6}}<ref name="inthewake">In the Wake, E C Streatfeild-James</ref>
|
|requisitioned armed merchant ship
|1940
|1947
|sold and became M/V ''Hellenic Bulbul''.
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Ratnagiri||6}}<ref name="inthewake"/>
|
|requisitioned armed merchant ship
|1940
|
|
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Hiravati||6}}<ref name="inthewake"/>
|
|requisitioned armed merchant ship
|1940
|
|
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Prabhavati||6}}<ref name="inthewake"/>
|
|requisitioned armed merchant ship
|1940
|
|Sunk by friendly fire by {{HMS|Glasgow|C21|6}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/22394.html|title=Allied Warships - HMIS Prabhavati}}</ref><ref name="maccart153">Neil MacCart, ''Town Class Cruisers'', Maritime Books, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-904-45952-1}}, p. 153</ref><ref name=Collins96>{{cite book|last=Collins|first=J.T.E.|title=The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945|series=Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War|year=1964|publisher=Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan)|location=New Delhi|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html}},p96</ref>
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Dipavati||6}} <ref name="rinr">{{cite web |url=http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RINR_officers.html |title=Royal Indian Naval Reserve (RINR) Officers 1939–1945 }}</ref>
|
|auxiliary patrol vessel
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{HMIS|Sonvati||6}}<ref name="admwardiary">{{cite web |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1942.htm |title= ADMIRALTY WAR DIARIES of WORLD WAR 2 EAST INDIES FLEET - January to March 1942. |work=[[British Admiralty|Admiralty]]}}</ref>
|
|auxiliary patrol vessel
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Sarayu|P54|6}}
|P54
|[[Sukanya-class patrol vessel|''Sukanya'' class]]
|8 October 1991
|2000
|Sold to Sri Lanka in 2000 and in service as the flagship of [[Sri Lanka Navy]], [[SLNS Sayura|SLNS ''Sayura'']]
|
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Patrol Vessel
|-
|[[INS Ajay (1960)|INS Ajay]]
|
|[[Ajay-class patrol vessel|''Ajay class'']]
|1961
|26 July 1974
|Transferred to the [[Bangladesh Navy]] on 26 July 1974, served as [[BNS Surma (1974)|BNS ''Surma'']] and was eventually decommissioned
|
|-
|INS Amar
|
|[[Ajay-class patrol vessel|''Ajay class'']]
|11 July 1969
|March 1974
|Transferred to [[Mauritius]] and commissioned as MNS ''Amar'' on 3 April 1974. She was later re-commissioned in the [[Mauritius Police Force|Mauritius Coast Guard]] as CGS ''Amar'' on 24 July 1987. She served as Mauritius's only naval vessel for over two decades, and was decommissioned on 19 March 1998.
|
|-
|INS Ajit
|
|[[Ajay-class patrol vessel|''Ajay class'']]
|9 December 1969
|July 1971
|
|[[Foundered]], Written-off
|-
|INS Atul
|
|[[Ajay-class patrol vessel|''Ajay class'']]
|11 June 1970
|1980
|
|
|-
|[[BNS Padma (1973)|INS Akshay]]
|
|[[Ajay-class patrol vessel|''Ajay class'']]
|
|12 April 1973
|Transferred to Bangladesh Navy on 12 April 1973 and served as [[BNS Padma (1973)|BNS ''Padma'']] and was eventually decommissioned
|
|-
|INS Abhay
|
|[[Ajay-class patrol vessel|''Ajay class'']]
|13 November 1961
| 20 June 1980
|
|
|-
|[[INS Pamban|INS ''Pamban'']]
|
|[[Pulicat-class patrol boat|''Pulicat'' class]]
|18 February 1967
|1977
|Transferred to newly formed [[Indian Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy's Inshore Patrol Vessels |url=http://www.orbat.info/cimh/navy/Indian_Navy_Inshore_Patrol_Vessels.pdf}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[INS Puri|INS ''Puri'']]
|
|[[Pulicat-class patrol boat|''Pulicat'' class]]
|18 February 1967
|1977
|Transferred to newly formed [[Indian Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy's Inshore Patrol Vessels |url=http://www.orbat.info/cimh/navy/Indian_Navy_Inshore_Patrol_Vessels.pdf}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[INS Pulicat|INS ''Pulicat'']]
|
|[[Pulicat-class patrol boat|''Pulicat'' class]]
|16 March 1967
|1977
|Transferred to newly formed [[Indian Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy's Inshore Patrol Vessels |url=http://www.orbat.info/cimh/navy/Indian_Navy_Inshore_Patrol_Vessels.pdf}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[INS Panaji|INS ''Panaji'']]
|
|[[Pulicat-class patrol boat|''Pulicat'' class]]
|16 March 1967
|1977
|Transferred to newly formed [[Indian Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy's Inshore Patrol Vessels |url=http://www.orbat.info/cimh/navy/Indian_Navy_Inshore_Patrol_Vessels.pdf}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[INS Panvel|INS ''Panvel'']]
|
|[[Pulicat-class patrol boat|''Pulicat'' class]]
|16 March 1967
|1977
|Led Task Force Alpha in [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971-India Pakistan war]].Transferred to newly formed [[Indian Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy's Inshore Patrol Vessels |url=http://www.orbat.info/cimh/navy/Indian_Navy_Inshore_Patrol_Vessels.pdf}}</ref>
|
|-
|{{INS|Seaward|T54|6}}
|T54
|[[Seaward-class defense boats|Seaward defence boat]]
|September 1982
|20 January 2006
|Sunk to be made into an artificial reef
|
|-
|{{INS|Tarmugli|T64|6}}
|T64
|[[Trinkat-class patrol vessel|''Trinkat'' class]]
|4 March 2002
|23 February 2005
|Transferred to [[Seychelles Coast Guard]], as SCG ''PS Topaz''
|
|-
|{{INS|Tillanchang|T62|6}}
|T62
|[[Trinkat-class patrol vessel|''Trinkat'' class]]
|17 March 2001
|16 April 2006
|Transferred to [[Maldivian Coast Guard]], as CGS ''Huravee''
|
|-
|{{INS|Seawaves|T57|6}}
|T57
|[[Seaward-class defense boats|Seaward defence boat]]
|
|24 August 2006
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Seawater|T55|6}}
|T55
|[[Seaward-class defense boats|Seaward defence boat]]
|
|2008–2009
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Seawind|T56|6}}
|T56
|[[Seaward-class defense boats|Seaward defence boat]]
|
|2008–2009
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Seasand|T59|6}}
|T59
|[[Seaward-class defense boats|Seaward defence boat]]
|
|7 September 2009
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Searock|T60|6}}
|T60
|[[Seaward-class defense boats|Seaward defence boat]]
|
|7 September 2009
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Seastorm|T58|6}}
|T58
|[[Seaward-class defense boats|Seaward defence boat]]
|
|20 July 2010
|
|
|-
|[[INS Tarasa (T63)|INS ''Tarasa'']]
|T63
|[[Trinkat-class patrol vessel|''Trinkat'' class]]
|24 August 2001
|7 November 2014
|Transferred to [[Seychelles Coast Guard]] as [[PS Constant]]
|
|-
|INFAC T-82
|T82
|{{Sclass|Super Dvora Mk II|patrol boat|4}}
|9 October 2003
|6 October 2025<ref name=":0" />
|
|
|}

===Auxiliaries===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Ship
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Pennant
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Class
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Commissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Decommissioned
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Fate
! style="background-color:#3399FF;" | Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Troopship
|-
|{{HMIS|Dalhousie||6}}<ref name="Winfield">{{cite book|last1=Winfield|first1=Rif|last2=Lyon|first2=David|title=The Sail & Steam Navy List : All the ships of the Royal Navy 1815 - 1889|url=https://archive.org/details/sailsteamnavylis00lyon|url-access=limited|date=2004|publisher=Chatham|location=London|isbn=1-86176-032-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/sailsteamnavylis00lyon/page/n284 283]}}</ref><ref name="CMRT">{{cite web|title=Dalhousie|url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=3916|website=The Clyde Built Ships|publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>
|
|Unique ship
|1886
|1945
|scrapped in 1945
|Later depot ship at Basra, Bombay and Karachi
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Tanker
|-
|{{HMIS|Chilka||6}} Renamed '''INS Chilka''' post republic. 
|
|Unique ship
|1948
|1976
|scrapped in 1977
|
|-
|{{INS|Shakti|1954|6}}
|
|Unique ship
|29 January 1954
|31 December 1967<ref name=Triumph/>
|scrapped c.1975
|Italian-built tanker purchased new in 1953<ref>{{cite web|title=Shakti|url=http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/ship/show?nameid=410119&shipid=227698|website=Miramar (subscription required)|publisher=R B Haworth|access-date=17 January 2017|location=Wellington, NZ}}</ref>
|-
|{{INS|Deepak|1967|6}}
|A50
|[[Deepak-class oiler|''Deepak'' class]]
|20 November 1967
|30 April 1996<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Shakti|1975|6}}
|A57
|[[Deepak-class oiler|''Deepak'' class]]
|31 December 1975
|21 July 2007
|
|
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Submarine Tender
|-
|[[INS Amba (A54)|INS ''Amba'']]
|A54
|[[Ugra-class submarine tender|Modified ''Ugra'' class]]
|28 December 1968
|July 2006
|scrapped
|
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Survey Ships
|-
|{{HMIS|Investigator||6}} <ref name="insurvey">{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/print/book/export/html/977 |title=The Naval Hydrographic Department, CHAPTER 24 |work=THE NAVAL HYDROGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT, [[Indian Navy]]}}</ref>
|
|Unique ship
|1932
|1951
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Investigator|1951|6}} <ref name="insurvey"/>
|
|[[River-class frigate|Modified ''River'' class]]
|1951
|30 September 1974<ref name=Triumph/>
|scrapped
|former {{HMS|Trent|K243|6}} purchased in 1946 and renamed '''HMIS ''Kukri'''''. Modified and converted to Survey Ship in 1950.
|-

|{{INS|Darshak|1964|6}}
|
|Unique ship
|1964
|15 Jan 1990<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Makar|1984|6}}
|J31
|Makar Class <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/158-Makar-Class.html |title= Makar Class |work=[[Bharat Rakshak]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/j-makar.htm|title=J33 Makar Class|work=Global Security}}</ref>
|31 January 1984
|4 April 2005
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Mithun|1984|6}}
|J32
|Makar Class
|31 March 1984
|31 March 2007
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Meen|1984|6}}
|J33
|Makar Class
|23 June 1984
|24 April 2005
|expended as a target for [[BrahMos]] test.<ref name="brahmos">{{cite web|url=http://www.brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=123|title=BRAHMOS missile proves its mettle once again :: BrahMos.com|publisher=brahmos.com|access-date=4 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919084859/http://www.brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=123|archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref>
|
|-
|{{INS|Mesh|1984|6}}
|J34
|Makar Class
|31 October 1984
|1 February 1999<ref name=Hiranandani/>
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Nirdeshak|J19|6}}
|J19
|rowspan='2'|[[Sandhayak-class survey ship (1981)|Sandhayak-class survey ship]]
|4 October 1983
|19 December 2014 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Survey-ship-Decommissioned/2014/12/20/article2580482.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228181849/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Survey-ship-Decommissioned/2014/12/20/article2580482.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2014 |title=Survey Ship Decommissioned}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|{{INS|Sandhayak|J18|6}}
|J18
|14 March 1981
|4 June 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1723980|title=INS Sandhayak to be Decommissioned on 04 Jun 21|publisher=PIB|date=2021-06-03}}</ref>
|
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: lavender;" | Torpedo Recovery Vessel
|-
|[[Astravahini-class torpedo recovery vessel#Ships in the class|INS A-71]]
|A71
|[[Astravahini-class torpedo recovery vessel|Astravahini-class]]
|15 September 1982
|25 March 2005
|
|
|-
|[[Astravahini-class torpedo recovery vessel#Ships in the class|INS A-72]]
|A72
|[[Astravahini-class torpedo recovery vessel|Astravahini-class]]
|23 February 1983
|6 Nov 2014
|sunk in an accident on 6 Nov 2014
|
|-
|[[Astravahini-class torpedo recovery vessel#Ships in the class|INS A-73]]
|A73
|[[Astravahini-class torpedo recovery vessel|Astravahini-class]]
|5 November 1984
|16 July 2015
|
|
|}

==== Auxilary Patrol Vessels ====
* HMIS ''Parvati'' <ref name="ibiblio">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/RIN-4.html|title=HyperWar: The Royal Indian Navy (Chapter 4)|publisher=ibiblio.org|access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref><ref>Blueprint to Bluewater, the Indian Navy, 1951–65, P27, Satyindra Singh</ref>
* HMIS ''Netravati''

==== Barges ====
* [[Poshak-class barge|INS Posak]]
* [[Poshak-class barge|INS Puran]]
* [[INS Pushpa]]
* [[INS Prema]]
* [[INS Ambuda (GRSE)|INS Ambuda]]

==== Ferryboats ====

* [[GSL-class ferry|INS Manohar]]
* [[GSL-class ferry|INS Modak]]
* [[GSL-class ferry|INS Mangal]]
* [[GSL-class ferry|INS Madhur]]
* [[GSL-class ferry|INS Manorama]]
* [[GSL-class ferry|INS Manjula]]

==== Tug boats ====

* [[Gaj-class tugboat|INS Gaj]]
* [[Gaj-class tugboat|INS Matanga]]
* [[Anand-class tugboat|INS Anand]]
* [[Anand-class tugboat|INS Atal]]
* [[Anjan-class tugboat|INS Anjan]]
* [[Anjan-class tugboat|INS Angad]]
* [[Anjan-class tugboat|INS Anup]]
* [[Anjan-class tugboat|INS Athak]]
* [[Anjan-class tugboat|INS Ajral]]
* [[Balram-class tugboat|INS Balaram]]
* [[Balram-class tugboat|INS Bajrang]]
* [[Bahadur-class tugboat|INS Bahadur]]
* [[Bahadur-class tugboat|INS Ajanta]]
* [[Bahadur-class tugboat|INS Aja]]

===Mooring Vessels===
*[[INS Dhruvak]]

==See also==

* [[List of historical equipment of the Indian Coast Guard]]
*'''Indian navy related'''
**[[Aircraft of the Indian Navy]]
** [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
** [[List of Indian naval aircraft]]
** [[List of Indian Navy bases]]
** [[List of submarines of the Indian Navy]]
** [[List of warships gifted by India]]
** [[List of destroyer classes of the Indian Navy]]

* '''Indian military related'''
** [[India-China Border Roads]]
** [[Integrated Space Cell#Military|Indian military satellites]]
** [[List of active Indian military aircraft]]
** [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]
** [[List of equipment of the Indian Coast Guard]]
** [[List of countries with overseas military bases#India|India's overseas military bases]]
** [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Indian Nuclear Command Authority]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Sources==
* Collins, J.T.E. [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html ''The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945'']. Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War. New Delhi: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan), 1964.
* Parkes, Oscar. ''Jane's Fighting Ships 1931''. Newton Abbot, Devon, UK:Davis & Charles Reprints, 1931 (1973 reprint). {{ISBN|0-7153-5849-9}}.
* {{cite book |last= Singh|first= Satyindra|date=1992 |title= Blueprint to Bluewater, the Indian Navy, 1951–65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PLeQ8sM06kC&q=INS+Mysore+cruiser+pennant+number&pg=PA72|publisher=Lancer Publishers & Distributors |page=72 |isbn=978-81-7062-148-5 |access-date=23 August 2014 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Rohwer|first1=Jürgen|last2=Hummelchen|first2=Gerhard|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945|year=1992|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn= 1-55750-105-X}}
* {{cite book |first=E. C. |last=Streatfeild-James |title=In the Wake: The Birth of the Indian and Pakistani Navies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFkSAAAAYAAJ |publisher=Skilton |year=1983|isbn=9780284985804 }}
* {{cite book |last1 = Hore |first1=Peter |title=Dreadnought to Daring: 100 Years of Comment, Controversy and Debate in The Naval Review |date=5 November 2012 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing, 2012 |isbn=978-1-84832-148-9 }}
* Moore, John (Ed). Jane's Fighting Ships 1980–81. Jane's. 1980. {{ISBN|0-7106-0703-2}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}
{{Military of India}}
{{Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Ships Of The Indian Navy}}
[[Category:Naval ships of India|*]]
[[Category:Lists of ships of India|Navy]]
[[Category:Ships of the Indian Navy| ]]
[[Category:Indian Navy lists|Ships]]

Scottish Indian

2026-04-24T19:56:10Z

Mohit8811: Put Up A Pg More To Come

{{short description|Ethnic group; part Indian and part Scottish or of Scottish descent in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| flag = {{flagicon|Scotland}} {{flagicon|India}}
| group = Scottish-Indians
| regions = {{hlist|[[Kolkata]] | [[Mumbai]] | [[New Delhi]] | [[Hyderabad]]}}
| langs = [[English language|English]] ([[Scottish English|Scottish]]{{·}}[[Indian English|Indian]]){{·}}[[Scots language|Scots]]{{·}}[[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] [[Hindi]]{{·}}Other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]
| rels = {{hlist|[[Church of Scotland]]}}
| related = {{hlist|[[Anglo-Indian]] | [[Irish Indians]] | [[Indian diaspora]]}}
}}
'''Scottish-Indians''' refers to either [[Scottish people|Scots]] diaspora living in [[India]], or the descendants with Scottish or people of Scottish and Indian ancestry.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} Scottish-Indian, like [[Irish Indians]], are often categorized as an [[Anglo-Indian]]. Scottish Indians celebrate [[Culture of Scotland|Scottish culture]], with traditional Scottish celebrations like [[Burns supper|Burns Night]] widely observed among the community.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

==History==

===18th Century===
Scottish immigration to India began with the union of [[Scotland]] with [[England]] in 1707 to create the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>"[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/6520001/Indias-Scottish-heritage-remembered-in-renovation-of-Calcuttas-Raj-architecture.html India's Scottish heritage remembered in renovation of Calcutta's Raj architecture]", ''The Telegraph'', 9 November 2009.</ref> Under the deal, Scotland's landed families gained access to the East India Company, and gradually become its dominant force. Scots came into India as writers, traders, engineers, missionaries, tea and indigo planters, [[Jute trade|jute traders]] and teachers. By 1771 almost half of the [[East India Company|East India Company's]] writers were Scots.

The Scottish presence was also strongly evident in India.<ref>"[https://www.ltscotland.org.uk/higherscottishhistory/migrationandempire/impactofscotsemigrants/scottishinfluence.asp The Scottish influence]", ''Education Scotland''.</ref> The first three Governor-Generals of India were Scots. When [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville|Henry Dundas]] became President of the Board of Control in 1784 he 'Scoticised' India and through his agencies Scots came to dominate the activities of the East India Company (EIC). By 1792, Scots made up one in nine EIC civil servants, six in eleven common soldiers and one in three officers.

===19th Century===
[[File:Bombay Scottish School 1878.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The [[Bombay Scottish School, Mahim|Bombay Scottish School]] in the early 1900s]]
By 1813, 19 of Calcutta's private merchant houses were dominated by Scots. From 1830 onwards, Scots became involved as general merchants with Indian interests.<ref>"[https://www.ltscotland.org.uk/higherscottishhistory/migrationandempire/impactofscotsemigrants/scotsabroad.asp Scots abroad]", ''Education Scotland''.</ref> They began to export jute, tea, timber, coal, sugar and indigo as well as cotton. By 1880, with the help of Scottish entrepreneurs, India overtook China as leaders of tea distribution.

The 18th and 19th centuries saw Scots found some of the first modern colleges in India, which acted as a 'cultural conduit' through which Enlightenment values came to permeate Indian society.<ref>"[http://www.britishcouncil.org/new/press-office/press-releases/scots-shaped-modern-india/l Scots "shaped modern India"]", ''British Council'', 19 July 2011.</ref>

===20th Century===
{{Main|Calcutta Scottish}}
The Calcutta Scottish was a regiment of volunteers of Scottish descent raised in 1914 as an infantry regiment of the [[British Indian Army]]. The regiment formed part of the army reserves in [[Auxiliary Force (India)|Auxiliary Force, India]] (AFI). The regiment was disbanded following India's independence in 1947.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

==Education==
List of Scottish schools in India:
* [[Bombay Scottish School, Mahim]] (Established in 1847)
* [[Bombay Scottish School, Powai]] (Established in 1997)
* [[Scottish Church College]] (Established in 1830)
* [[Scottish Church Collegiate School]] (Established in 1830)

==Scottish Cemetery at Calcutta==
{{Main|Scottish Cemetery at Calcutta}}
The Scottish Cemetery at Calcutta was established in 1820 catering to the specific needs of the large Scottish population in the Kolkata area. The cemetery was utilised until the 1940s but was abandoned in the 1950s and neglected following India's independence. Well over 90% of those buried bear recognizably Scots names such as Reid, McGregor, Campbell and Ross. Around 10% are Bengali.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

The cemetery was recently restored by the Kolkata Scottish Heritage Trust (KSHT) in 2008.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==Notable individuals==
{{Unsourced|section|date=May 2025}}
* [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)]]
* [[William Dalrymple]] – India-based historian
* [[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]] – Christian Protestant Presbyterian missionary
* [[Neil Benjamin Edmonstone]] – Indian civilian
* [[Daniel Eliott]] – Scottish Indian civilian
* [[Edward Hay Mackenzie Elliot]] – British soldier
* [[Walter Elliot (Scottish naturalist)|Walter Elliot]] – Scottish naturalist
* [[Hedy Fry]] - Canadian politician and physician
* [[Colin Mackenzie (Indian Army officer)|Colin Mackenzie]] – Indian Army officer
* [[Norman Marjoribanks]] – Indian magistrate and civil servant
* [[James Wood-Mason]] – Scottish zoologist
* [[Fearless Nadia]] – Indian film actress and stuntwoman
* [[Malcolm Struan Tonnochy]] – Former acting [[Governor of Hong Kong]]
* [[George Yule (businessman)|George Yule]] – Former President of the [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Alexander Cunningham]] – Founder of [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
* [[Aeneas Francon Williams]] and his wife Clara Anne Rendall – Both were [[Church of Scotland]] Missionaries in [[Kalimpong]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Dooars]], and of Scottish descent

==See also==
{{Portal|Scotland|India}}
*[[Britons in India]]
*[[Indian diaspora]]
*[[Paisley (design)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{British diaspora}}
{{Immigration to India}}

[[Category:Europeans in India]]
[[Category:Diasporas in India]]
[[Category:Scottish diaspora by country|India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Scottish descent| ]]

Alanaati Ramchandrudu

2026-04-18T10:55:12Z

Mohit8811: Adding Data

{{short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Alanaati Ramchandrudu
| image = Alanaati Ramchandrudu Theatrical Release Poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Chilukuri Akash Reddy
| writer = Chilukuri Akash Reddy
| producer = Hymavathi Jadapolu Sreeram Jadapolu
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Krishna Vamsi
* [[Mokksha]]
* [[Brahmaji]]
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]]
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]]
* [[Vasu Inturi]]
}}
| cinematography = Prem Sagar
| editing = JC Srikar
| music = Sashank Tirupati
| studio = Hyniva Creations LLP
| released = {{Film date|2024|08|02|df=yes}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Alanaati Ramchandrudu''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film written and directed by Chilukuri Akash Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-01-25 |title=Dil Raju unveils ‘Alanati Ramachandradu’ teaser |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/dil-raju-unveils-alanati-ramachandradu-teaser-853852 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It is produced by Hymavathi Jadapolu, Sreeram Jadapolu under the banner of Hyniva Creations LLP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alanaati Ramachandrudu - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/alanaati-ramachandrudu-official-trailer/videoshow/112098712.cms |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908165632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/alanaati-ramachandrudu-official-trailer/videoshow/112098712.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> the film features Krishna Vamsi, [[Mokksha]], [[Brahmaji]], [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]], [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]], [[Vasu Inturi]] in important roles alongside other ensemble cast.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The film was released on 2 August 2024.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=‘అలనాటి రామచంద్రుడు’ మూవీ రివ్యూ {{!}} Alanati Ramachandrudu 2024 Movie Review And Rating In Telugu {{!}} Krishna Vamsi {{!}} Mokksha {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/alanati-ramachandrudu-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-2138575 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Siddhu (Krishna Vamsi) is a shy and introverted college student who struggles with public speaking and social interactions. In contrast, Dharani (Mokksha) is outgoing and effortlessly draws people to her. Despite their contrasting personalities, Siddhu is captivated by Dharani's vibrant nature and harbors deep feelings for her. Unable to express his love directly, he records his experiences and memories of her on tapes, keeping them as a private collection. Although they form a friendship, Siddhu's fear prevents him from confessing his love. However, when he finally gathers the courage to reveal his feelings, their lives take an unexpected turn, leading to unforeseen consequences.<ref name=":1" />

== Cast ==
* Krishna Vamsi as Siddu<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-03 |title= ‘Alanaati Ramachandrudu’ review: Filled with charming love elements |url= https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/alanaati-ramachandrudu-review-filled-with-charming-love-elements-896470 |access-date=2026-04-18 |work=Hans India |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Mokksha]] as Dharani<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-10 |title=Team 'Alanaati Ramachandrudu' unveils first look poster, promising a wholesome entertainment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/team-alanaati-ramachandrudu-unveils-first-look-poster-promising-a-wholesome-entertainment/articleshow/103556942.cms |access-date=2024-09-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920061525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/team-alanaati-ramachandrudu-unveils-first-look-poster-promising-a-wholesome-entertainment/articleshow/103556942.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Supraj Ranga as Vikram, Dharani’s ex-boyfriend
* [[Brahmaji]] as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Subhash Reddy, Dharani’s father
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Savithri, Siddu’s neighbor
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Police SI
* [[Vasu Inturi]] as Photographer
* Venkatesh Kakamanu as Srisailam, College Senior
* Chaitanya Garikapati as Abhi, Siddu’s bestfriend
* Snehamadhuri Sharma as Sneha, Siddu and Abhi’s friend
* Pramodini Pammi as Siddu’s mother
* Keshav Deepak as Siddu’s father
* Divya Sri Gurugubelli as Divya, Dharani’s bestfriend

== Music ==
The music and background score is composed by Sashank Tirupathi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sindhuja |date=2024-07-13 |title=Alanaati Ramachandrudu Telugu Movie 2024 {{!}} Cast & Crew Details,Release Date,Trailer,Songs,Review,Rating,Censor {{!}} Krishna Vamshi {{!}} Mokksha |url=https://thetelugufilmnagar.com/alanaati-ramachandrudu-telugu-movie-2024-cast-crew-detailsrelease-datetrailersongsreviewratingcensor/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Telugu Filmnagar |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Sound Track
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:12
| title1 = Brahmhaandamantha
| lyrics1 = [[Rakendu Mouli]]
| extra1 = Javed Ali
| length1 = 4:40

| title2 = Naa Peru Nuvvani
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = Rithu Vysakh, Dinker Kalvala
| length2 = 3:14

| title3 = Kanulara
| lyrics3 = [[Shreshta]]
| extra3 = Anjana Balakrishnan
| length3 = 3:48

| title4 = Mass Flash Mob
| lyrics4 = Mallika Vallabha Pitla
| extra4 = Harini, Nadapriya, Lakshmi Meghana
| length4 = 2:35

| title5 = Nanna
| lyrics5 = Chilukuri Akash Reddy
| extra5 = Anjana Balakrishnan, Sragvi
| length5 = 3:00

| title6 = Seethamma
| lyrics6 = Bharadwaj Gaali, Zeeha Khan (Qawwali Lyrics)
| extra6 = Kapil Kapilan, Pranathi, Shahbaz Khan
| length6 = 4:55
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Alanaati Ramchandrudu'' was released worldwide on 2 August 2024 in Telugu language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-13 |title=Alanaati Ramchandrudu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/13/alanaati-ramchandrudu-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717152832/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/13/alanaati-ramchandrudu-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received generally favorable reviews, particularly praising the background score, songs, production values and realistic performances of the cast.

''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' gave a 2.5 rating, particularly praising the performances of the lead actors and the beautiful music composed by Sashank Tirupathi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-08-30 |title=Krishna Vamsi: From corporate life to cinematic success |url=https://telanganatoday.com/krishna-vamsi-from-corporate-life-to-cinematic-success |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Telangana Today |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910055820/https://telanganatoday.com/krishna-vamsi-from-corporate-life-to-cinematic-success |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=31939390|title=Alanaati Ramchandrudu}}

[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]

Bathnaha Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:53Z

Mohit8811: Adding Pg

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Bathnaha

|type= SLA
| map_image = 24-Bathnaha constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district =
|division =
| loksabha_cons = |constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-24]]
|established = 1967
| reservation = SC
|abolished = 
|mla = [[Anil Kumar (born 1987)|Anil Kumar]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| electors = 318,190
}}
'''Bathnaha''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Sitamarhi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]]. It was an open seat earlier.

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 24. Bathnaha Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: Bathnaha and [[Majorganj (Community development block)|Majorganj]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Bagha, Khap Khopraha, Marpa, Kanhauli, Kachor, Bhutahi, [[Madhesra]], Ghurghura, Hanuman Nagar and Bishanpur Gonahi [[gram panchayat]]s of Sonbarsha CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Bathnaha Assembly constituency is part of 5. [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Bathnaha Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/bathnaha.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Mohan Lal Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ram Bahadur Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Paturi Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Suryadeo Rai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ram Niwas
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |Suryadeo Rai
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |Nagina Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dinkar Ram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anil Kumar (born 1987)|Anil Kumar]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bathnaha<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Bathnaha">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Bathnaha |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0424.htm |access-date=26 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226185020/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0424.htm |archive-date=26 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Anil Kumar (born 1987)|Anil Kumar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:123698}}
|percentage = 57.47
|change = {{increase}}3.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Naveen Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:71929}}
|percentage = 33.42
|change = {{increase}}6.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Naval Kishor Chaudhary
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:5282}}
|percentage = 2.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pramod Baitha
|votes = {{formatnum:1972}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3807}}
|percentage = 1.77
|change = {{decrease}}1.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:51769}}
|percentage = 24.05
|change = {{decrease}}3.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215256}}
|percentage = 67.65
|change = {{increase}}11.96
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser = RJD
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bathnaha<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Anil Kumar (born 1987)|Anil Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:92648}}
|percentage = 54.15
|change = {{increase}}5.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sanjay Ram]]
|votes = {{formatnum:45830}}
|percentage = 26.79
|change = {{decrease}}9.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Chandrika Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:15322}}
|percentage = 8.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Baitha
|votes = {{formatnum:2890}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lalu Das
|votes = {{formatnum:2482}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramphl Sada
|votes = {{formatnum:1865}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5240}}
|percentage = 3.06
|change = {{decrease}}0.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:46818}}
|percentage = 27.36
|change = {{increase}}14.11
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171093}}
|percentage = 55.69
|change = {{increase}}0.65
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bathnaha<ref name="Bathnaha Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Bathnaha Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/bathnaha |access-date=26 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226185015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/bathnaha |archive-date=26 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dinkar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:74763}}
|percentage = 49.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Surendra Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:54597}}
|percentage = 35.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Deeplal Paswan Baghela
|votes = {{formatnum:4318}}
|percentage = 2.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtravadi Janata Party
|candidate = Subodh Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3099}}
|percentage = 2.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manoj Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2273}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sadhu Sharan Das
|votes = {{formatnum:2151}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Indal Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1763}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5028}}
|percentage = 3.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20166}}
|percentage = 13.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:152233}}
|percentage = 55.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26|37|N|85|36|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Alok Pandey

2026-04-12T06:19:45Z

Mohit8811: Adding Entry

{{short description|Film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alok Pandey
| image = Alok Pandey in 2018.jpg
| caption = Pandey in 2018
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|04|30}}
| birth_place = [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name=dainik>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-shahjahanpur-theater-artist-known-in-mumbai-17732963.html|title=मायानगरी में चमक बिखेर रहे शाहजहांपुर के सितारे|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts]]<ref name=patrika/>
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 2007–present
| known_for = ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'' (2016) ''[[Lucknow Central]]'' (2017) ''[[Batla House]]'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glamsham.com/en/movie-review-batla-house|title=a couple of scene developments are extraordinary for example the interrogation of Tufail (Alok Pandey)|website=Glamsham|language=En|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref><ref name=patrika>{{Cite web|url=https://m.patrika.com/lucknow-news/interview-of-alok-panday-actor-of-m-s-dhoni-the-untold-story-1428000/|title='धोनी' का 'चिट्टू' अब दिखेगा लखनऊ सेंट्रल में|website=www.patrika.com}}</ref> ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]'' (2016)
| spouse(s) = Aarti Pandey
| parents = {{ubl|Shivram Pandey (father)|Rajkanti Pandey (mother)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/shahjahanpur-alok-work-with-big-star-of-bollywood-18666309.html|title=Alok Work With Big Star Of Bollywood|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref>
| website =
}}

'''Alok Pandey'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sushant Singh Rajput's co-actor pens a heartfelt poem - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sushant-singh-rajputs-co-actor-pens-a-heartfelt-poem/articleshow/76910800.cms|access-date=2020-07-12|website=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-batla-house-alok-pandey/1319205.html|title=खास बातचीत : बोले एक्टर आलोक पांडेय - 'रंगमंच का अनुशासन ही काम आता है'|website=Prabhat Khabar|language=Hi|access-date=2019-08-22}}</ref> (born 30 April 1989)<ref>{{Cite web|title=मायानगरी में चमक बिखेर रहे शाहजहांपुर के सितारे|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-shahjahanpur-theater-artist-known-in-mumbai-17732963.html|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[actor]] and [[model (person)|model]] who is best known for playing [[MS Dhoni]]’s best friend in the former [[Indian Cricket Team]] captain’s biopic ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]''<ref name="prabhatkhabar.com">{{Cite web|title=''धौनी'' फिल्‍म के बाद लोग जानने लगे हैं : आलोक पांडेय|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bollywood/1148476|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News|language=hi}}</ref>”, a negative role with [[John Abraham]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=अब जॉन अब्राहम के साथ बाटला हाउस में नजर आयेंगे आलोक पांडेय|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bollywood/1301564|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News|language=hi}}</ref> in ''[[Batla House]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=खास बातचीत : बोले एक्टर आलोक पांडेय - ''रंगमंच का अनुशासन ही काम आता है''|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bollywood/1319205|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News|language=hi}}</ref> and a major role in ''[[Lucknow Central]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=हिंदी खबर, Latest News in Hindi, हिंदी समाचार, ताजा खबर|url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/actor-alok-pandey-in-farhan-akhtar-starrer-lucknow-central-movie-news-in-hindi-1536990/|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Patrika News|language=hindi}}</ref> He performed packed role in a short film entitled “KKKK…KIRAN”.<ref>{{Cite web|title=शॉर्ट फिल्म "ककक किरण" की शूटिंग खत्म, जल्द होगी रिलीज|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bollywood/1173975|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News|language=hi}}</ref> He has also played roles in films like ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'', ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]'', ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]'', ''[[Special Ops]]'', ''[[One Day: Justice Delivered]]'', etc.

== Early life ==
Pandey was born in a village named Dadoun, [[Shahjahanpur]]. During his college days, he went to watch a [[Theater|theater play]] . While watching this play, the idea of becoming an actor came into his mind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaonconnection.com/manoranjan/interviews-alok-pandey|title=थियेटर के शौक ने पहुंचा दिया बॉलीवुड तक: आलोक पांडे|first=Mohit|last=Asthana|date=18 October 2017|website=www.gaonconnection.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Pandey joined the "Sanskriti Theater Group" in 2007. He learned acting tricks from his mentor Alok Saxena in this theater group. Later, he joined the "Bhartendu Natya Akademi" (BNA) (new name is "[[Bharatendu Academy of Dramatic Arts]]") in [[Gomti Nagar]]. He is a 2011 batch pass-out, got opened the BM Shah auditorium where he staged his first professional theater play.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wincreator.com news: I owe everything to Bhartendu Natya Akademi: Actor Alok Panday|url=http://wincreator.com/news/entertainment/i-owe-everything-to-bhartendu-natya-akademi-actor-alok-panday|access-date=2020-08-12|website=wincreator.com|language=en}}</ref> He performed several shows in Lucknow BNA.<ref>{{Cite web|title="जो हार मान ले वो हीरो काहे का" : आलोक पांडेय|url=http://filmaniaentertainment.com/2019/05/29/jo-haar-maan-le-wo-hero-kaahe-ka/}}</ref> After that he got selected in [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]] in [[Kolkata]]. Here, he learned a lot from fellow actor [[Vipin Sharma]]. After a year, in December 2012, finally he came to [[Mumbai]].<ref name="prabhatkhabar.com"/> Theater friend Manoj Sharma was already in Mumbai, so he sheltered Pandey. .He got a good role with Ravi Khemu's serial ''Hamarey Gaon Koi Ayega'' in the lead role of Gulam Nabi, in 2013which he was making for [[Doordarshan]]. Meanwhile, Pandey get a chance to do work with [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s short film ''[[That Day After Everyday]]'', opposite [[Radhika Apte]]. Then he got to work in [[Salman Khan]]'s ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]'' that assigned with [[Rajshri Productions]] directed by [[Sooraj Barjatya]]. During this film, casting director Vicky Sidana came in contact and because of that, Pandey later got to work in films like ''[[M. S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'', ''[[Lucknow Central]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Life and Background - Alok Pandey|url=https://www.thealokpandey.com/p/life-and-background.html|access-date=2020-08-12}}</ref> ''He become famous after doing Bambai Meri Jaan''<ref>{{Cite web |title=दाऊद के मामा के रोल ने बदल दी आलोक की जिंदगी, सूरज बड़जात्या यूं साबित हुए पारस पत्थर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/actor-alok-pandey-from-shahjahanpur-dawood-ibrahim-bambai-meri-jaan-haseen-dilruba-2-chhote-yadav-ravi-khemu-2023-12-26 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Film/Series title
!Role
!Year
|-
|''Bindiya Ke Bahubali S1''(web series)
|Babbal Banna
|2025 8August
|-
|''Pakdam Pakdi'' (web series)
|Awdesh Pandey
|2025, Coming soon
|-
|''The Pshychiatrist''
|Ethen Dsouza
|2025, Coming soon
|-
|''Haseen Dilruba 2''
|Chiraunji Lal
|2024
|-
|''The Rapist Film''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-26|title=Now, I have the freedom to explore my roles: Alok Pandey|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/now-i-have-the-freedom-to-explore-my-roles-alok-pandey-101627323643850.html|access-date=2021-08-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|Hemant
|Cooming soon
|-
|''Aazam''
|Vishal
|2023
|-
|''[[Bambai Meri Jaan]]'' (web series)
|Rahim (with [[Kay Kay Menon]])
|2023
|-
|''Sehar''
|Vishal Kaul
|NA
|-
|''Hurdang''
|Gopal Singh
|2022
|-
|''[[Special Ops]]'' (web series)
|Pappu Haramzada
|2020
|-
|''[[Batla House]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Batla House Movie Review: John Abraham starrer evokes right spirit of patriotism this Independence Day|url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/batla-house-movie-review-john-abraham-starrer-evokes-right-spirit-of-patriotism-this-i-day-234113.html|access-date=2020-08-13|website=News Nation English|language=en}}</ref>
|Tufail Khan
|2019
|-
|''Kkk... Kiran'' (short film)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India com Hindi News|title=आलोक पांडेय की बहुप्रतीक्षित शार्ट फिल्म "कककक…किरण" ने सोशल मीडिया में मचाई धूम|url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/entertainment-hindi/alok-pandey-movie-kkkk-kiran-hit-on-you-tube-3725676/|access-date=2020-08-13|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=hi}}</ref>
|Psycho Killer
|2019
|-
|''[[Hum Chaar]]''
|Vikram Singh
|2019
|-
|''[[One Day: Justice Delivered]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Check out lists of Movies by #AlokPandey #Filmography|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/alok-pandey/filmography.html|access-date=2020-08-13|website=FilmiBeat|language=en}}</ref>
|Afzal Ahmed
|2019
|-
|''[[Lucknow Central]]''
|Bunty ([[List of awards and nominations received by Farhan Akhtar|Farhan Akhtar]]'s friend)
|2017
|-
|''[[M. S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]''
|Chittu
|2016
|-
|''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''
|Watchman
|2015
|-
|''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]''
|Montu
|2015
|-
|''[[PK (film)|PK]]''
|TV Reporter (special appearance)
|2014
|-
|''Samvidhaan'' (TV serial)
|[[Journalist]]
|2014
|-
|''[[That Day After Everyday]]''
|Goon
|2014<ref>{{Cite web|title=Acting Career - Alok Pandey|url=https://www.thealokpandey.com/p/acting-career.html|access-date=2020-08-13}}</ref>
|}

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8026847}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama person|alok-pandey}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Alok}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Shahjahanpur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema]]

Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Thiruvananthapuram

2026-04-03T13:19:56Z

Mohit8811: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Thiruvananthapuram
| org_group = [[Regional Institute of Ophthalmology]]
| image =
| caption =
| logo =
| location = Red-cross road, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| region = [[Thiruvananthapuram district]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = {{Ind}}
| coordinates =
| healthcare =
| type = Specialist
| speciality = [[Ophthalmology]]
| emergency = Yes
| affiliation = [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
| beds =
| founded = {{start year and age|1905}} as Government Eye Hospital
| closed = 
| website =
| other_links = 
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
}}
The '''Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Thiruvananthapuram''' is a government eye hospital located in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala. It is the highest government level referral hospital in the field of [[ophthalmology]] in [[Kerala state]]. In 1995, it was upgraded to [[Regional Institute of Ophthalmology]].

==Overview==
Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Thiruvananthapuram is the highest government level referral hospital in the field of [[ophthalmology]] in [[Kerala state]]. As of 2025, it is the only [[Regional Institute of Ophthalmology]] in Kerala. The hospital is located near the General Hospital at Red Cross Road in [[Thiruvananthapuram city]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ആശുപത്രികള്‍ {{!}} City Of Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/ml/page/113 |website=tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in |language=ml |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182101/https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/ml/page/113 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Sunayanam'', the first mobile eye hospital in Kerala operates under Thiruvananthapuram Regional Institute of Ophthalmology.<ref name="vachiyoor"/>

Including retinal and vitreo-retinal surgeries, hospital performs around 10,000 surgeries annually.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-02-03 |title=New advanced operation theatre complex opened at eye hospital |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/new-advanced-operation-theatre-complex-opened-at-eye-hospital/articleshow/117866161.cms |access-date=2025-08-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Daily about 600 people are consulted as referrals, and about 200 people come in directly for treatment without a referral.<ref name="PRD">{{cite web |title=കണ്ണാശുപത്രിക്ക് പുതിയ സ്‌പെഷ്യാലിറ്റി ബ്‌ളോക്ക്; മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി ഉദ്ഘാടനം നിർവഹിച്ചു {{!}} I&PRD : Official Website of Information Public Relations Department of Kerala |url=https://prd.kerala.gov.in/ml/node/40179 |website=prd.kerala.gov.in |language=ml |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602232013/https://prd.kerala.gov.in/ml/node/40179 |url-status=live }}</ref> Specialised clinics for [[squint]], [[glaucoma]], [[conjunctivitis]], [[Pediatric ophthalmology|Paediatric Ophthalmology]], [[Cornea]] and [[Low vision assessment|Low vision aid]] clinics are functioning here.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sam |first=Shalima Salomi |date=2018-05-10 |title=Thiruvananthapuram: Eye hospital bursting at the seams {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram: Eye hospital bursting at the seams |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/100518/thiruvananthapuram-eye-hospital-bursting-at-the-seams.html |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The hospital also has 250 inpatient beds.<ref name=":0" />

==History==
The hospital was established as Government Eye Hospital in 1905, during the reign of king [[Sree Moolam Thirunal]] of [[Travancore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malayalam.dutchinkerala.com/kerala_008_8.php?id=09&sub=8|title=കേരളചരിത്രത്തിലൂടെ ഡച്ച് സമൂഹം - Dutch in Kerala|access-date=2021-05-31|language=ml|archive-date=2020-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131141415/http://www.malayalam.dutchinkerala.com/kerala_008_8.php?id=09&sub=8|url-status=live}}</ref> With the establishment of the [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvananthapuram Medical College]] in 1951, it became the ophthalmology department of the Medical College.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/nagaram/thiruvananthapuram-1.3600437|title=കണ്ടോ.....കണ്ണാശുപത്രി|access-date=2021-05-31|language=ml|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213757/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/nagaram/thiruvananthapuram-1.3600437|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1995, the hospital was separated from Medical college and upgraded to the Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, an autonomous institution.<ref name="vachiyoor">{{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=Dr Achuth Sankar S. |last2=Sankar |first2=Adithya |title=VANCHIYOOR VIGNETTES: Local History of a Bygone Village |date=2021-04-15 |isbn=978-93-5426-581-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XYpEAAAQBAJ&q=thiruvananthapuram+regional+institute+of+ophthalmology+1995&pg=PA115 |language=en |access-date=2021-07-06 |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121074212/https://books.google.com/books?id=8XYpEAAAQBAJ&q=thiruvananthapuram+regional+institute+of+ophthalmology+1995&pg=PA115 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Courses offered==
* Post graduate degree in ophthalmology<ref name="vachiyoor"/>
* Bachelor's degree in optometry<ref name="vachiyoor"/>

==Development==
The new Specialty Block of the Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Thiruvananthapuram was inaugurated in February 2019.<ref name="PRD"/>

==Punarjyothi==
On 13 February 2019, Kerala government and the RIO Trivandrum Alumni Association jointly started a rehabilitation center for visually challenged patients under the ''Punarjyothi'' project.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title='Punarjyothi' to help them come out of total darkness {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/punarjyothi-to-help-them-come-out-of-total-darkness/articleshow/67983247.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709221821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/punarjyothi-to-help-them-come-out-of-total-darkness/articleshow/67983247.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PUNARJYOTHI – RIO TRIVANDRUM |url=https://riotrivandrumalumni.com/punarjyothi/ |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181302/https://riotrivandrumalumni.com/punarjyothi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coords|8|29|56|N|76|56|24|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Eye hospitals in India]]

List of Lok Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh

2026-03-22T13:00:56Z

Mohit8811: quick enhance information after review and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|District lies in Constituencies}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{one source|date=October 2020}}

Following is the list of [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of Parliament]] in [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Himachal Pradesh]].

==Present members==
'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#FBB917|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (4) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#03B1FC|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (0) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable"
! No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.P.
!colspan="2"|Party affiliation
!width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!1
| [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]]
| [[Dr. Rajeev Bharadwaj]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

|<ref name="RS-list-alpha">{{cite web|title=List Of Former Members Of Lok Sabha Since 1952 |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/lokprev.aspx|website=loksabha.nic.in |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, Sansad Bhawan, New Delhi|accessdate=29 September 2020}}</ref>
|-

! 2
|[[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]]
|[[Kangana Ranaut]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-25 |title=Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha Seats and Members - Lok Sabha Online |url=https://loksabha.online/himachal-pradesh-lok-sabha-seats-and-members/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-

! 3
| [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| [[Anurag Thakur]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-

! 4
| [[Shimla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimla]]
| [[Suresh Kumar Kashyap]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|}

==See also==

*[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lok Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh}}
[[Category:Lists of members of the Lok Sabha by state|Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh]]

British Residency, Hyderabad

2026-03-21T17:58:40Z

Mohit8811: brief fixed intro based on references also and improved wording to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Koti Residency
| image = British Residency of Hyderabad 3.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Front [[façade]] of the Koti Residency
| coordinates = {{coord|17.3837248|N|78.4847522|E|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| building_type = [[Ambassadorial residence]]
| architectural_style = [[Palladian architecture|Palladian]]
| structural_system =
| location = [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| completion_date = ''Circa'' {{start date and age|1805}}
| opened_date =
| main_contractors =
| architect = Samuel Russell
| structural_engineer =
| current_tenants = [[University College for Women, Koti]]
}}
'''Koti Residency''' or '''British Residency''' or "Hyderabad Residency" is an opulent mansion built by [[James Achilles Kirkpatrick]] in the [[princely state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. Kirkpatrick was [[British Resident]] of Hyderabad between 1798 and 1805. Today it is part of the [[Osmania University College for Women]] and has been converted into a museum. It can be visited with prior online booking.<ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=A visit to Hyderabad’s British Residency — home of the White Mughal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/a-visit-to-hyderabads-british-residency-home-of-the-white-mughal/cid/1998314 |access-date=20 February 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=4 February 2024}}</ref>

The building with its classical [[portico]] is in the style of a [[Palladian villas of the Veneto|Palladian villa]] and is similar in design to its near-contemporary in the United States, the [[White House]]. It features in the 2002 [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] book ''[[White Mughals]]''. The house was designed by [[Lieutenant]] Samuel Russell of the Madras Engineers and construction began in 1803.<ref name="Rangan"/>

The building has been included in the [[Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India|list of heritage structures]] compiled by INTACH. [[World Monuments Fund]] has included the building in ''2025 World Monuments Watch''. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/news/hyderabads-heritage-sites-make-it-to-2025-world-monuments-watchlist-1854558|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|title=Hyderabad's Heritage Sites Make it to 2025 World Monuments Watchlist|first=Mrittika|last=Banerjee|date=2025-01-16|access-date=2025-03-06}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:British_residence,_Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|The British Residency photographed by [[Lala Deen Dayal]] in the 1880s.]]
[[File:The_arched_gateway_of_the_then_British_Residency,_partially_in_water_during_the_Great_Musi_Flood_of_1908.jpg|thumb|The arched gateway of the then British Residency, partially in water during the [[Great Musi Flood of 1908]].]]
Kirkpatrick built the mansion for himself and his Indian wife Khair un Nissa, who bore him two surviving children who were sent to England by the age of five and never saw them again due to the early deaths of their parents.

The building was once the embassy of the [[East India Company]] to the court of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], and the residence of James Kirkpatrick, the British Resident, as well as his successors. Within its compound there were several quarters, including a ''[[zenana]]'' (women's quarters) where Khair un Nissa lived. Within the compound is a miniature model of the building- legend has it that this was so Kirkpatrick's wife, who remained in [[purdah]], could see the entire mansion, including the front. This scaled model has recently been beautifully restored.

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, a group of rebels, led by [[Maulvi Allauddin]] and [[Turrebaz Khan]], attacked the residency. After the events of 1857, the British erected [[Martello tower|martello towers]] at the residency, which were demolished in 1954.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://libraries.mit.edu/img/libs/rotch/HyderabadGuide_2009.pdf|title=A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad, Deccan, India|last=Khalidi|first=Omar|publisher=Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture|year=2009|location=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|pages=115|author-link=Omar Khalidi|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313131458/https://libraries.mit.edu/img/libs/rotch/HyderabadGuide_2009.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After independence in 1947, the building became vacant. In 1949 it was converted into a women's college, [[University College for Women, Koti|Osmania University College for Women]].<ref name="Rangan"/>

After a court directive to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], it is now a protected monument.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/31/stories/2006083123110400.htm | title=Court directive to Archaeological Survey of India | newspaper=The Hindu | date=22 March 2012 | archive-date=23 December 2007 | access-date=19 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223003743/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/31/stories/2006083123110400.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the building suffered much damage over the years and part of the ceiling had collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|title=The British Residency in Hyderabad|url=http://www.minorsights.com/2014/04/the-hyderabad-residency.html|publisher=Minor Sights|access-date=23 July 2014|date=May 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225035447/http://www.minorsights.com/2014/04/the-hyderabad-residency.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was placed on the [[2002 World Monuments Watch]] list.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2023-02-10 |title=Of romance, rebellion and restoration |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/of-romance-rebellion-and-restoration/article66484593.ece |access-date=2023-04-20 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420213533/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/of-romance-rebellion-and-restoration/article66484593.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Restoration works were completed in January 2023, the result of an effort spanning over 20 years.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mollan |first=Cherylann |date=28 January 2023 |title=In photos: A makeover for 200-year-old India heritage building |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64300791 |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=BBC News |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128225426/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64300791 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== List of British Residents ===
[[File:Residency 20.jpg|thumb|Photos and names of British Residents of [[Hyderabad]]]]
From 1786 - 1947 [[Hyderabad]] had 34 British residents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Names of British Residents of Hyderabad |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Residency_21.jpg |website=Wikimedia Commons |publisher=Wikimedia |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref>

#John Kennaway (1788 - 1794)
#Major-General [[William Kirkpatrick (East India Company officer)|William Kirkpatrick]] (1794–1797)
#Major [[James Achilles Kirkpatrick]] (1797–1805) (The residency building was built during his time)
#Captain Thomas Sydenham (1806–1810)
#Sir [[Sir Henry Russell, 2nd Baronet|Henry Russell]] (1811–1820)
#Colonel Martin (1825 - 1830)
#Colonel Stewart (1830 - 1838)
#General J S Fraser (1838 - 1852)
#Colonel Cuthbert Davidson (1852 - 1853, 1853, 1825 - 1835)
#General Sir John Low (1853)
#G A Bushby (1853 - 1856)
#Colonel William Thornhill (1856 - 1857)
#Sir George Yule (1863)
#Sir [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Richard Temple]] (1867–1868)
#H A Roberts (1868)
#J G Cordery (1868, 1883 - 1884, 1886)
#C. B. Saunders (1868–1872, 1872 - 1875)
#Sir [[Richard John Meade|Richard Meade]] (1876–1881)
#Sir Stuart Bayley (1881 - 1882)
#W B Jones (1882 - 1883)
#A P Howell (1888 - 1889)
#Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick (1889 - 1891)
#Sir Trevor Chichele Plowden<ref>{{cite news | first=David | last=Smith | title=letters Reveal Heartbreak of Young Winston | newspaper=The Guardian | date=9 November 2003 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/09/booksnews.redbox | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305174001/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/nov/09/booksnews.redbox |archivedate=5 March 2016 }}; see also {{cite news | first=Ramachandra | last=Guha | title=Churchill in Bangalore | magazine=The Hindu Magazine | date=21 December 2003 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/12/21/stories/2003122100040300.htm | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930152336/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/12/21/stories/2003122100040300.htm |archivedate=30 September 2007 }}</ref> (1891 - 1900)
#Colonel Mackenzie (1899)
#[[David William Keith Barr|Sir David Barr]] (1900 - 1905)
#Sir Charles Bayley (1905 - 1908)
#[[Michael O'Dwyer]] (1908–1911)
#Colonel Alexander Pinhey (1911–1916)
#Sir [[Stuart Fraser (diplomat)|Stuart Fraser]] (1914, 1916–1919)
#Sir Charles Russell (1919–1924)
#Sir William Burton (1924 - 1930)
#Sir Terrance Keyes (1930 - 1933)
#Sir Duncan George Mackenzie (1934–1938)
#[[Arthur Cunningham Lothian|Sir Arthur Lothian]] (1942–1946)

== Architecture ==
The building is in the [[Palladian architecture|Palladian]] style, with a classical portico. Six [[Corinthian columns]] support the roof. Within its compound there were several quarters, including a ''[[zenana]]'' quarter.

== References ==
{{commons category|British Residency, Hyderabad}}
<references/>

[[Category:Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Residencies of British India]]
[[Category:1805 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Palaces in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Neoclassical architecture in India]]

{{India-palace-stub}}{{Hyderabad topics}}

Akon

2026-03-12T12:48:05Z

Mohit8811: fixed issues

{{Short description|Senegalese-American singer (born 1973)}}
{{Distinguish|Acon (disambiguation){{!}}Acon|A-Kon|Abdus Sattar Akon}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akon
| image = Akon DF2 4639 (47859034612) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Akon in 2019
| other_names = {{hlist|A-Kon|El Negreeto}}
| birth_name = Aliaune Damala Bouga Time Puru Nacka Lu Lu Lu Badara Akon Thiam<ref>{{cite web |title=Akon Reveals His Full Name |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHOWhnRkwM8 |website=YouTube | date=February 13, 2023 |publisher=BigBoyTV |access-date=April 15, 2024 |archive-date=September 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915050817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHOWhnRkwM8&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|04|16}}
| birth_place = [[St. Louis]], Missouri, U.S.
| father = [[Mor Thiam]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* songwriter
* record producer
* businessman
* philanthropist
}}
| organization = [[Akon Lighting Africa]]
| works = {{hlist|[[Akon discography|Discography]]|[[#Filmography|filmography]]|[[Akon production discography|production]]}}
| children = 9<ref name="9 children" />
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Akon|Full list]]
| relatives = [[Bu Thiam]] (brother)<ref>{{cite magazine | title=Abou 'Bu' Thiam on Managing Kanye & Chris Brown, His BuVision Label at Atlantic & Breaking New Artists | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/bu-thiam-kanye-chris-brown-label-interview/ }}</ref>
| years_active = 1996–present
| module = {{infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| origin = [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], U.S. [[Newark, New Jersey]], U.S.
| genre = {{hlist|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[hip-hop]]|[[dance-pop]]|[[Europop]]<ref name="allmusic" />}}
| label = {{Flatlist|
* [[Konvict Kulture]]
* [[Akonik Label Group|Akonik]]
* [[BMG Rights Management|BMG]]
* [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]
* [[Konvict Muzik|Konvict]]
* [[KonLive Distribution|KonLive]]
* [[Republic Records|Republic]]
* [[Universal Motown Records|Universal Motown]]
* [[Universal Records (1995)|Universal]]
* [[SRC Records|SRC]]
* [[UpFront Records|UpFront]]
}}
| website = {{URL|akon.com}}
| module = {{Infobox
| embed = yes|child=yes
| header1 = Logo
| header1style = background:#b0c4de
| data2 = [[File:Akon Logo.png|180px]]
}}
}}
| signature = Akon sig.svg
}}
'''Aliaune Damala Bouga Time Puru Nacka Lu Lu Lu Badara Akon Thiam''' (born April 16, 1973), is a [[Senegalese Americans|Senegalese-American]] singer, songwriter, record producer, businessman and philanthropist. An influential figure in [[world music]], he rose to prominence in 2004 following the release of his single "[[Locked Up (song)|Locked Up]]" (featuring [[Styles P]]). Styled in [[hip-hop]], it preceded the release of his debut studio album ''[[Trouble (Akon album)|Trouble]]'' (2004), which became his commercial breakthrough and spawned the [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]-styled follow-up, "[[Lonely (Akon song)|Lonely]]", the following year.

His second album, ''[[Konvicted]]'' (2006), peaked at number two on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] and was nominated for [[Best Contemporary R&B Album]] at the [[50th Annual Grammy Awards]], while its lead singles — "[[I Wanna Love You (Akon song)|I Wanna Love You]]" (featuring [[Snoop Dogg]]) and "[[Smack That]]" (featuring [[Eminem]]) — both received nominations for [[Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]]. The songs simultaneously peaked at numbers one and two on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], respectively, along with two of his singles released the following year: "[[Don't Matter]]" and his guest performance on [[Gwen Stefani]]'s "[[The Sweet Escape (song)|The Sweet Escape]]"; this made Akon the first solo artist to concurrently hold the top two positions on the chart twice.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bronson |first=Fred |date=2007-04-05 |title=Chart Beat |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/chart-beat-159-1053124/ |access-date=2025-10-27 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/chart-beat-159-1053124/ | title=Chart Beat | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=November 7, 2023 | archive-date=November 7, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107024224/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/chart-beat-159-1053124/ | url-status=live }}</ref> His third album, ''[[Freedom (Akon album)|Freedom]]'' (2008), was supported by the top ten single, "[[Right Now (Na Na Na)]]", as well as the top 40 singles "[[I'm So Paid]]" (featuring [[Lil Wayne]] and [[Jeezy]]) and "[[Beautiful (Akon song)|Beautiful]]" (featuring [[Colby O'Donis]] and [[Kardinal Offishall]]). His fourth album, ''[[El Negreeto]]'' (2019), explored [[reggaeton]] and [[Latin music]], while his fifth album, ''Akonda'' (also 2019), explored [[Afrobeats]]; both of which failed to chart.

Along with his solo career, Akon has guest performed on 23 ''Billboard'' Hot 100 entries for other artists—such activity earned him two additional Grammy Award nominations. Akon founded the record labels [[Konvict Muzik]] in 2004 and [[KonLive Distribution]] in 2007, through which he has signed commercially successful acts including [[Lady Gaga]], [[T-Pain]], [[R. City]], [[Kardinal Offishall]], [[Jeffree Star]] and [[French Montana]], among others. In addition, he holds a [[Akon production discography|separate career in production and songwriting]] predominantly for artists on the labels, but also for other artists such as [[Michael Jackson]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Lionel Richie]], [[Leona Lewis]], [[Sean Paul]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Mario (American singer)|Mario]], and [[Estelle (musician)|Estelle]], among others.

Akon has since been prolific in charitable and philanthropic endeavors. He launched the non-profit [[Akon Lighting Africa]] in 2014 and has begun development on [[Akon City]] in Senegal. ''[[Forbes]]'' ranked Akon 80th (Power Rank) in the [[Forbes Celebrity 100|''Forbes'' Celebrity 100]] in 2010<ref name="forbes1">{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2012 |title=Akon |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/akon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417173650/http://www.forbes.com/profile/akon/ |archive-date=April 17, 2012 |access-date=April 30, 2012 |website=Forbes}}</ref> and 5th in the 40 Most Powerful Celebrities in Africa list, in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2011 |title=Forbes releases "40 Most Powerful Celebrities in Africa" list | Channel O TV Online |url=http://channelo.dstv.com/2011/10/forbes-releases-40-most-powerful-celebrities-in-africa-list/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102232317/http://channelo.dstv.com/2011/10/forbes-releases-40-most-powerful-celebrities-in-africa-list/ |archive-date=January 2, 2013 |access-date=April 30, 2012 |publisher=Channelo.dstv.com}}</ref> ''Billboard'' ranked Akon number 6 on the list of Top Digital Songs Artists of the decade.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Billboard – Music Charts, Music News, Artist Photo Gallery & Free Video |url=http://www.billboard.com/#/charts-decade-end/digital-songs-artists?year=2009 |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804233042/https://www.billboard.com/#/charts-decade-end/digital-songs-artists?year=2009 |archive-date=August 4, 2018 |access-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> He was listed by ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the number-one selling artist for master ringtones in the world, with 11 million sold by December 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/86827-best-selling-mastertones-act |title=Best-selling mastertones act | Guinness World Records |access-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107031153/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/86827-best-selling-mastertones-act |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Aliaune Damala Bouga Time Puru Nacka Lu Lu Lu Badara Akon Thiam was born on April 16, 1973, in [[St. Louis]], Missouri, to a [[Muslims|Muslim]] family.<ref name="bio.com">{{Cite web |title=Akon – Music Producer, Songwriter, Singer |url=http://www.biography.com/people/akon-21330753 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821123250/http://www.biography.com/people/akon-21330753 |archive-date=August 21, 2016 |access-date=August 30, 2016 |website=Biography.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim celebrities |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/famous-muslim-celebrities/28/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183523/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/famous-muslim-celebrities/28/ |archive-date=January 10, 2019 |access-date=January 10, 2019 |website=cbsnews.com |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2014 |title=12 Black Celebrities Whose Real Names Will Surprise You |url=https://atlantablackstar.com/2014/05/09/12-black-celebrities-whose-real-names-will-surprise/4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326212454/https://atlantablackstar.com/2014/05/09/12-black-celebrities-whose-real-names-will-surprise/4/ |archive-date=March 26, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=atlantablackstar.com}}</ref> His mother is dancer Kine Gueye Thiam (''née'' Gueye), and his father is Senegalese percussionist [[Mor Thiam]].<ref name="Goldsmith">{{Cite book |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Melissa Ursula Dawn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA300 |title=Hip Hop around the World: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes] |last2=Fonseca |first2=Anthony J. |date=2018-12-01 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35759-6 |pages=300 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jeune Afrique">{{Cite news |last=Pajon |first=Léo |date=July 3, 2018 |title=Dix choses à savoir sur Akon, artiste multi-casquette |language=fr |trans-title=Ten things to know about Akon, multi-talented artist |work=[[Jeune Afrique]] |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/586428/culture/dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-akon-senegal-usa-chanteur/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302154013/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/586428/culture/dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-akon-senegal-usa-chanteur/ |archive-date=March 2, 2020}}</ref> Mor Thiam was born to a [[Toucouleur people|Toucouleur]] family of Quranic scholars in [[Kaolack]], Senegal, a francophone country in [[West Africa]].<ref name="Goldsmith" /><ref name="Jeune Afrique" /> Akon spent a significant part of his childhood in [[Senegal]], which he described as his "hometown". Akon learned to play five instruments, including drums, guitar and [[djembe]].<ref name="VH1_interview">{{Cite web |last=Bottomley |first=C. |date=May 2, 2005 |title=Akon: Trouble No More |url=http://www.vh1.com/artists/interview/1501105/05022005/akon.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020050755/http://www.vh1.com/artists/interview/1501105/05022005/akon.jhtml |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |website=[[VH1]].com}}</ref> At age seven, he and his family relocated to [[Union City, New Jersey]],<ref name="Billboard11.4.06">{{Cite magazine |date=November 4, 2006 |title=Deep Grooves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |page=36 |via=[[Google Books]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116095236/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36 |archive-date=January 16, 2016 |access-date=November 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuperinksy, Amy |date=January 15, 2020 |title=Akon went from Union City to building his own city, Akon City, in Senegal |url=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2020/01/akon-went-from-union-city-to-building-his-own-city-akon-city-in-senegal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116090028/https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2020/01/akon-went-from-union-city-to-building-his-own-city-akon-city-in-senegal.html |archive-date=January 16, 2020 |access-date=September 1, 2020 |website=[[NJ.com]]}}</ref> splitting his time between the United States and Senegal until settling in [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]].<ref name="VH1_interview" /> Growing up in New Jersey, Akon had difficulties getting along with other children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-11-16 |title=Akon swaps hood celebrity for national success |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/akon-swaps-hood-celebrity-national-success-wbna15754055 |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=TODAY.com |language=en}}</ref> When he and his younger brother, [[Bu Thiam]], reached high school, his parents left them on their own in [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] and moved the rest of the family to [[Atlanta]], Georgia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Steve |date=October 4, 2004 |title=Akon, not 'Trouble,' is his middle name |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2004-10-04-otv-akon_x.htm |url-status=live |access-date=June 12, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070511060455/http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2004-10-04-otv-akon_x.htm |archive-date=May 11, 2007 |quote=Akon (real name: Allaune Thiam) is the son of acclaimed Senegalese percussionist Mor Thiam, who came to the USA to tour with dancers Katherine Dunham and Alvin Ailey. Growing up, Akon had a hard time getting along with kids in New Jersey. When he and his older brother reached high school, his parents left them on their own in Jersey City and moved the family to Atlanta}}</ref> Akon attended [[William L. Dickinson High School]] in Jersey City.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lin |first=Jonathan |date=November 17, 2013 |title=Akon stops by his Jersey City home away from home |url=https://www.nj.com/hudson/2013/11/akon_stops_by_jersey_city_bar_for_dinner_speaks_of_growing_up_in_the_area.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701212242/https://www.nj.com/hudson/2013/11/akon_stops_by_jersey_city_bar_for_dinner_speaks_of_growing_up_in_the_area.html |archive-date=July 1, 2019 |access-date=July 1, 2019 |website=[[The Jersey Journal]] |via=NJ.com |quote=Akon said Costa helped keep him out of trouble during his rougher days in Jersey City, when he attended [[William L. Dickinson High School|Dickinson High School]] on Palisade Avenue.}}</ref>

Akon has stated that he was part of an auto-theft ring and spent three years in prison from 1999 to 2002. However, in April 2008, [[The Smoking Gun]] website challenged his claim with court records and interviews with detectives involved in Akon's case, concluding that he was not convicted of any crime and did not serve time in prison.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sisario |first=Ben |date=April 17, 2008 |title=Akon's Rap Sheet Is Revealed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/arts/17arts-AKONSRAPSHEE_BRF.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206050407/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/arts/17arts-AKONSRAPSHEE_BRF.html |archive-date=February 6, 2017 |access-date=February 21, 2017 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 17, 2008 |title=Report: Akon Embellished Criminal History |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,351580,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630223833/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,351580,00.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |access-date=January 2, 2010 |publisher=Fox News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-10-18 |title=Akon's Con Job |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/crime/akons-con-job |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=The Smoking Gun |language=en}}</ref> Akon responded to the report by saying that he never spent 3 consecutive years in prison, but had many shorter sentences that add up to three years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Chris |date=May 16, 2008 |title=Akon Responds To Smoking Gun Report That He Fabricated His Criminal Past: 'It Only Helps Me' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1587614/20080516/akon.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320013719/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1587614/20080516/akon.jhtml |archive-date=March 20, 2009 |access-date=January 2, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> Despite his history of giving interviews claiming he is a convicted felon and at one point led a car theft ring, Akon is acknowledged to have fictionalized his criminal history, with a 1998 gun charge conviction, which resulted in him only receiving three years probation, in fact being his only criminal conviction even as of November 2025.<ref name=criminalrecord>{{cite news|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/music/news/akon-arrested-georgia-dekalb-county-b2864007.html|title=Akon thrown in Georgia jail after being arrested on outstanding warrant|first=Carsen|last=Holidey|work=The Independent|date=November 12, 2025|accessdate=November 12, 2025}}</ref>

==Music career==
===1996–2005: Discovery and ''Trouble''===
When still in high school, he became part of the Refugee Camp, the extended musical family of [[Fugees|the Fugees]]. In 1996, he recorded a single, "Operations of Nature", that earned him a deal with [[Elektra Records]]—but when the song failed to catch on in the United States, the record deal went by the wayside as well. "That was the turning point for my music, especially the music career. That's when I lost all hope, and I was like, 'It's not really for me.' That's when I became a misfit."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/2007/05/04/akon-does-right-by-himself/28545756007/|title=Akon does right by himself|last=Sculley|first=Alan|date=May 4, 2007|website=Sarasota Herald-Tribune}}</ref>

Music mogul Devyne Stephens, the president of Upfront Megatainment, first heard about Akon when rapper [[Lil Zane]] brought him along to Stephens' rehearsal hall, a place that at the time saw talents such as [[Usher (musician)|Usher]] and [[TLC (group)|TLC]] being developed. The relationship between Stephens and Akon began as a friendship and [[mentorship]], with the young artist regularly stopping by to ask for advice, with Stephens eventually signing him to his production company and began grooming him professionally.<ref name="hitquarters.com">{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2005 |title=Interview With Knobody |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_JeromeFoster.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217105316/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_JeromeFoster.html |archive-date=February 17, 2012 |access-date=July 1, 2010 |publisher=[[HitQuarters]]}}</ref> The songs Akon recorded with Stephens were brought to the attention of [[Universal Motown Republic Group|Universal's]] imprint [[SRC Records]].<ref name="hitquarters.com" /> In an interview with [[HitQuarters]] SRC A&R [[Knobody|Jerome "Knobody" Foster]], he said, "What caught my attention right away was "Lonely", and I said, 'this kid is official – this is a huge record."<ref name="hitquarters.com" /> Foster and SRC CEO Steve Rifkind immediately boarded a private plane to Atlanta to meet the young artist.<ref name="hitquarters.com" /> Akon knew of Foster's work as producer [[Knobody]] and so there was a mutual respect for one another and the pair hit it off.<ref name="hitquarters.com" />

Akon's solo debut album, ''[[Trouble (Akon album)|Trouble]]'', was released on June 29, 2004. It spawned the singles "[[Locked Up (song)|Locked Up]]", "[[Lonely (Akon song)|Lonely]]", "[[Belly Dancer (Bananza)]]", "[[Pot of Gold (Akon song)|Pot of Gold]]" and "[[Ghetto (Akon song)|Ghetto]]". "Locked Up" reached the number 8 position in the US and number 5 in the UK. "Ghetto" became a radio hit when it was [[remix]]ed by [[DJ Green Lantern]] to include verses from rappers [[Tupac Shakur|2Pac]] and [[The Notorious B.I.G.]] The album is a hybrid of Akon's silky, West African-styled vocals mixed with East Coast and Southern beats. Most of Akon's songs begin with the sound of the clank of a jail cell's door with him uttering the word "Konvict".<ref name="allmusic">{{Cite web |last=Loftus |first=Johnny |year=2006 |title=Akon — Biography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p535592/biography |access-date=May 8, 2008 |website=[[AllMusic]] |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017083101/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/akon-mn0000933458 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2005, he released the single "Lonely" (which samples [[Bobby Vinton]]'s "[[Mr. Lonely (Bobby Vinton song)|Mr. Lonely]]"). The song reached the top five on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], and topped the charts in Australia, the UK and Germany. His album also climbed to number one in the UK in April 2005. When music channel [[The Box (British and Irish TV channel)|The Box]] had a top ten weekly chart, which was calculated by the number of video requests, Akon's "Lonely" became the longest-running single on the top of the chart, spanning over fifteen weeks. Akon was then featured on two other singles, [[P-Money]]'s "Keep on Callin'" off the album ''[[Magic City (P-Money album)|Magic City]]'', and the other with New Zealand rapper [[Savage (rapper)|Savage]] with the single "[[Moonshine (Savage song)|Moonshine]]", which had become a success in both New Zealand and Australia, reaching number one on the New Zealand charts. A year later in 2005, he made his first critically acclaimed guest appearance on [[Jeezy|Young Jeezy]]'s debut album ''[[Let's Get It: Thug Motivation 101]]'', with the song "[[Soul Survivor (Young Jeezy song)|Soul Survivor]]". In December the same year, his manager Robert Montanez was killed in a shooting after a dispute in [[New Jersey]].

In 2006, Akon and Young Jeezy suggested plans for a collaborative album.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saga Of Young Jeezy, Akon Continues With Possible Duet LP - News Story {{!}} Music, Celebrity, Artist News {{!}} MTV News |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1534336/20060614/jeezy_young.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109025528/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1534336/20060614/jeezy_young.jhtml |archive-date=2010-01-09 |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=www.mtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Petipas |first=Jolene |title=Young Jeezy Teams With Akon For Collabo CD {{!}} Daily Hip-Hop News {{!}} SOHH.com / |url=http://sohh.com/articles/article.php/10420 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127184238/http://sohh.com/articles/article.php/10420 |archive-date=2007-01-27 |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=sohh.com}}</ref>

===2006–2008: ''Konvicted''===
[[File:Akon at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre in Charlotte, North Carolina, 2007.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Akon performing at the [[Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre (Charlotte)|Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre]] in [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], 2007]]
Akon started his new record label [[Konvict Kulture|KonLive Distribution]] under [[Interscope Records]]. His second album, ''[[Konvicted]]'', was released in November 2006 and debuted at number two on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], selling 286,000 copies in its first week. After only six weeks, ''Konvicted'' sold more than one million records in the US. The album was certified platinum after seven weeks, and after sixteen weeks it was certified double platinum. It stayed in the top twenty of the ''Billboard'' 200 for 28 consecutive weeks and peaked at number two on four occasions. On November 20, 2007, the RIAA certified the album 'triple platinum' with 3 million units sold in the US.

The album included collaborations with [[Eminem]], [[Snoop Dogg]], and [[Styles P]]. The first single "[[Smack That]]" (featuring Eminem) was released in August 2006 and peaked at number two on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 for five consecutive weeks. On October 5, 2006, Akon broke a record on the Hot 100, as he achieved the largest climb in the chart's 48-year-history with "Smack That" jumping from number 95 to 7. The leap was fueled by its number six debut on [[Digital Song Sales|Hot Digital Songs]] with 67,000 downloads. The record has since been broken several times. "Smack That" was nominated for [[Grammy Award for Best Melodic Rap Performance|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] at the [[49th Annual Grammy Awards]], but lost to [[Justin Timberlake]] and [[T.I.]]'s "[[My Love (Justin Timberlake song)|My Love]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akon's "Smack That" receives Grammy nomination |url=http://www.republicrecords.com/akons-smack-that-receives-a-grammy-nomination/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309035847/http://www.republicrecords.com/akons-smack-that-receives-a-grammy-nomination/ |archive-date=March 9, 2014 |access-date=March 8, 2014 |publisher=Republic Records}}</ref>

"[[I Wanna Love You (Akon song)|I Wanna Love You]]", featuring [[Snoop Dogg]], was the second single released in September, it would go on to earn Akon his first number-one single on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, and Snoop's second. "I Wanna Love You" topped the US charts for two consecutive weeks. In January 2007, a third single "[[Don't Matter]]" which earned him his first solo number one and second consecutive Hot 100 chart-topper was released. "[[Mama Africa (song)|Mama Africa]]" was released as a European single in July 2007, making it the fourth overall single from the album. To coincide with the release of the deluxe edition of the album "[[Sorry, Blame It on Me]]" debuted in August 2007 on the Hot 100 at number seven.

In February 2007, Akon launched his clothing line ''Konvict Clothing''. It features urban streetwear including denim jeans, hoodies, T-shirts and hats. ''Aliaune'' is the upscale version, or high-end line, for males and females, which includes blazers, denim jeans and other items.<ref>{{cite web |last=Winning |first=Brolin |url=http://www.mp3.com/features/stories/6856.html |title=Akon – Got It Locked |website=MP3.com |date=October 23, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929230835/http://www.mp3.com/features/stories/6856.html |archive-date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref>

In April 2007, Akon drew criticism for an onstage act that included simulated sex with Danah Alleyne – a 15-year-old girl at the time who is the daughter of a pastor and sister of ''[[Crime Watch (TV series)|Crime Watch]]'' host Ian Alleyne – at the Zen Nightclub in [[Port of Spain]], Trinidad and Tobago, as part of a fake contest, despite the club's statement to have a 21-years-and-over age requirement.<ref>{{cite news |last=Telesford |first=Nigel |url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161129187 |title=Akon 'cons' Trinidad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514214327/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161129187 |archive-date=May 14, 2007 |work=Trinidad Express |date=April 14, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnarine |first=Kristy |url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161131759 |title=Zen owner: for club |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701110512/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161131759 |archive-date=July 1, 2007 |work=Trinidad Express |date=April 20, 2007}}</ref> The incident was filmed by Akon's crew and later uploaded to the Internet. On April 20, 2007, local media, channel [[CCN TV6]], aired the video clip publicly. Amid criticism, [[Verizon (wireless service)|Verizon Wireless]] removed ringtones featuring Akon's songs and Verizon decided not to sponsor [[The Sweet Escape Tour]] where Akon was to be the opening act for [[Gwen Stefani]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Leeds |first=Jeff |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/10/arts/music/10akon.html |title=Verizon Drops Pop Singer From Ads |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024825/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/10/arts/music/10akon.html|archive-date=February 2, 2017 |work=New York Times |date=May 10, 2007}}</ref> Right wing political commentators [[Michelle Malkin]], [[Laura Ingraham]], and [[Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]] criticized Akon for "degrading women".<ref>{{cite news |last=Malkin |first=Michelle |url=http://michellemalkin.com/2007/05/03/look-whos-promoting-a-vulgar-misogynist/ |title=Look who's promoting a vulgar misogynist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119211500/http://michellemalkin.com/2007/05/03/look-whos-promoting-a-vulgar-misogynist/ |archive-date=November 19, 2009 |website=MichelleMalkin.com |date=May 3, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sohh.com/articles/article.php/11592 |title=Pulse Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911145152/http://www.sohh.com/articles/article.php/11592 |archive-date=September 11, 2007 |work=SOHH |date=May 11, 2007}}</ref>

[[File:GwenStefaniAndAkon.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Akon performing with Gwen Stefani on The Sweet Escape Tour]]
He produced and featured on Gwen Stefani's "[[The Sweet Escape (song)|The Sweet Escape]]" which has reached No. 2 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. Akon performed at the [[Live Earth concert, New Jersey|American leg]] of [[Live Earth]]. He later recorded a remix of "[[Wanna Be Startin' Somethin']]" by [[Michael Jackson]] for the [[Thriller 25|25th-anniversary rerelease]] of Jackson's ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]''. He also worked with bachata group [[Aventura (band)|Aventura]] and [[Reggaeton]] duo [[Wisin & Yandel]] on [[All Up 2 You]]. The song received two nominations at the Premios Lo Nuestro 2010 for "Urban Song of the Year" and "Video Collaboration of the Year". He signed Jayko, a Hispanic R&B and [[Reggaeton]] artist, to his label.

On June 3, 2007, at [[WSPK]]'s KFEST concert at the [[Heritage Financial Park|Dutchess Stadium]] in [[Fishkill, New York]], a concert attendee threw an object towards Akon on stage. Akon asked the crowd to identify who threw the object and that he be brought on stage. Security staff grabbed the teen and took him up to the stage. Akon then pulled him up from the crowd and hoisted him across his shoulders. The singer then tossed the attendee back into the crowd from his shoulders. Video of the incident was reviewed by Fishkill police.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070829/ENT04/70829010 |title=Police: Akon investigation continues |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116095236/http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070829%2FENT04%2F70829010|archive-date=January 16, 2016 |work=Poughkeepsie Journal |date=August 29, 2007}}</ref> Akon has said that the incident was staged and that he in fact used the act to set up for the next record.<ref name="Sawjani">Sawjani, Archna. [http://allhiphop.com/blogs/alternatives/archive/2007/08/06/18367247.aspx Akon: Real Talk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720111502/http://allhiphop.com/blogs/alternatives/archive/2007/08/06/18367247.aspx|date=July 20, 2008}}, AllHipHop.com, August 6, 2007.</ref>{{dead link|date=May 2021}}{{Better source needed|reason=Most sources say he plead guilty for throwing a fan off stage, but this source claims it was staged.|date=May 2021}} Charges of endangering the welfare of a minor, a misdemeanor, and second-degree harassment, a violation, were filed, according to police Chief Donald F. Williams, and Akon was arraigned on the two charges on December 3, 2007, in the town of Fishkill Court.<ref>{{cite news |work=Reuters |title=Singer Akon pleads not guilty after tossing fan |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyle/singer-akon-pleads-not-guilty-after-tossing-fan-idUSN03436756/ |date=December 4, 2007}}</ref> In 2008, Akon pleaded guilty to harassment. He served no jail time, provided he performed "65 hours of community service and paid a $250 fine."<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 18, 2008 |title=Hip Hop's Akon Admits He Threw Fan Off Stage |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/local/natl-hip-hops-akon-admits-he-threw-fan-off-stage/1847728/ |access-date=July 10, 2025 |website=NBC4 Washington |language=en-US}}</ref>

===2008–2009: ''Freedom''===
Akon released his third album ''[[Freedom (Akon album)|Freedom]]'' on December 2, 2008, which spawned four singles: "[[Right Now (Na Na Na)]]", "[[I'm So Paid]]" (featuring [[Lil Wayne]] and [[Jeezy|Young Jeezy]]), "[[Beautiful (Akon song)|Beautiful]]" (featuring [[Colby O'Donis]] and [[Kardinal Offishall]]) and "[[We Don't Care (Akon song)|We Don't Care]]". ''Freedom'' was certified platinum in the US. Rap singer Nelly suggested that Akon, [[Pharrell Williams|Pharrell]], and [[T-Pain]] had talked about forming a rap supergroup in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldstein |first=Melissa |date=October 23, 2008 |title=Pharrell, T-Pain, Nelly, Akon Unite for Supergroup |url=https://www.spin.com/2008/10/pharrell-t-pain-nelly-akon-unite-supergroup/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405153013/https://www.spin.com/2008/10/pharrell-t-pain-nelly-akon-unite-supergroup/ |archive-date=April 5, 2018 |access-date=April 5, 2018 |website=Spin}}</ref> Akon and [[Konvict Kulture|Konvict Muzik]] produced hip-hop/rock group [[Flipsyde]]'s 2009 release, ''State of Survival'', released via [[Konvict Kulture|KonLive Distribution]] and [[Martin Kierszenbaum|Cherrytree Records]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flipsyde's Official MySpace |url=https://www.myspace.com/flipsyde |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107174700/https://myspace.com/flipsyde |archive-date=January 7, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2014}}</ref> He was also the executive producer of Kardinal Offishall's fourth solo album ''[[Not 4 Sale (Kardinal Offishall album)|Not 4 Sale]]''. The first single "[[Dangerous (Kardinal Offishall song)|Dangerous]]", which featured Akon peaked at No. 5 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. He co-wrote [[Lady Gaga]]'s hit "[[Just Dance (song)|Just Dance]]", and which earned a Grammy nomination for Best Dance Recording at the [[51st Annual Grammy Awards]].

After the unexpected death of [[Michael Jackson]], who Akon was working with, Akon released a tribute song called "Cry Out of Joy". Akon said he was close friends with Jackson near the end of Jackson's life in an interview with UK R&B writer Pete Lewis of the award-winning 'Blues & Soul' in October 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2008 |title=Akon interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' December 2008 |url=http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/364/out_of_akon_do_big_interviews_grow/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229120713/http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/364/out_of_akon_do_big_interviews_grow/ |archive-date=February 29, 2012 |access-date=July 24, 2011 |publisher=Bluesandsoul.com}}</ref> In July 2008, a song called "[[Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson and Akon song)|Hold My Hand]]", an R&B duet/collaboration between Michael Jackson and Akon, circulated the internet. It was not included in the tracklist for ''Freedom'' as Akon previously stated. During an interview with [[Tavis Smiley]], Akon said that Jackson had planned on a high-profile release including a music video until the track had leaked. This is Jackson's last known song before he died on June 25, 2009. Akon finished work on the song for Jackson's posthumous album, [[Michael (Michael Jackson album)|''Michael'']], and it was released as a single in November 2010.

Akon co-wrote and recorded "Put It on My Tab" with [[New Kids on the Block]] for their 2008 reunion album ''[[The Block (album)|The Block]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2008 |title=New Kids On The Block |url=http://nkotb.com/blog/2008/08/donnie-talks-music |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524215941/http://nkotb.com/blog/2008/08/donnie-talks-music/ |archive-date=May 24, 2009 |access-date=January 2, 2010 |publisher=Nkotb.com}}</ref> He also co-wrote and produced [[Leona Lewis]]' single "[[Forgive Me (Leona Lewis song)|Forgive Me]]" and worked with [[The X Factor (British TV series)|X Factor]] 2008 winner [[Alexandra Burke]] on her debut album. He later worked with [[Whitney Houston]] for her 2009 comeback album ''[[I Look to You]]'', appearing on the track "Like I Never Left".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |date=July 28, 2008 |title=Whitney & AKon Collab |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1591675/20080728/houston_whitney.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722031256/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1591675/20080728/houston_whitney.jhtml |archive-date=July 22, 2009 |access-date=July 24, 2011 |publisher=MTV}}</ref> Akon collaborated with [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]] on the single "[[Shut It Down (song)|Shut It Down]]" from the album "[[Pitbull Starring in Rebelution|Rebelution]]" and worked with [[Matisyahu]] to remix his single "[[One Day (Matisyahu song)|One Day]]" on his album [[Light (Matisyahu album)|Light]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashley Iasimone |date=January 15, 2010 |title=Matisyahu, 'One Day' (Remix) Feat. Akon – New Song |url=http://www.spinner.com/2010/01/15/matisyahu-one-day-remix-feat-akon-new-song/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403002206/http://www.spinner.com/2010/01/15/matisyahu-one-day-remix-feat-akon-new-song/ |archive-date=April 3, 2012 |access-date=June 6, 2010 |website=Spinner}}</ref> He also co-produced singer [[Teddy Sinclair|Natalia Kills]]' debut single, "[[Mirrors (Natalia Kills song)|Mirrors]]", from her debut album, ''[[Perfectionist (album)|Perfectionist]]''. IsThereSomethingICanDo.com, launched On March 25, 2009, the social action collaboration project between the artists [[Peter Buffett]] and Akon has partnered with DoSomething.org, to coincide with the release of "Blood Into Gold". The song focused on [[human trafficking]] and featured both artists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2009 |title=Is There Something I Can Do? |url=http://www.dosomething.org/istheresomethingicando |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203032317/http://www.dosomething.org/istheresomethingicando |archive-date=February 3, 2011 |access-date=February 3, 2011}}</ref>

[[David Guetta]] collaborated with Akon in "[[Sexy Bitch]]", the first [[house music|house]] track by Akon. The song reached number 1 in more than six countries and charted at 5 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. He produced and recorded "[[Oh Africa]]" for the 2010 World Cup with Pepsi.

According to ''[[Forbes]]'', Akon grossed $13 million in 2011, $21 million in 2010, $20 million in 2009 and $12 million in 2008.

===2010–2018: Unreleased ''Stadium'' album and hiatus===
A single, "[[Angel (Akon song)|Angel]]", produced by Guetta, was released in September 2010, which peaked at number 56 on the US ''Billboard'' charts, significantly lower than his previous outings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FMQB: Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more! |url=http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=16691 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221171432/http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=16691 |archive-date=February 21, 2010 |access-date=September 3, 2016}}</ref> Akon performed the song during the 2010 [[Victoria's Secret Fashion Show]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2010 |title=Fashion Show Scoop: Akon |url=http://vsallaccess.victoriassecret.com/2010/10/22/fashion-show-scoop-akon/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203061946/http://vsallaccess.victoriassecret.com/2010/10/22/fashion-show-scoop-akon |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |access-date=February 17, 2011 |publisher=victoriassecret.com}}</ref> Akon travelled to Jamaica to work with [[Damian Marley|Damian]], [[Julian Marley|Julian]] and [[Stephen Marley]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2012 |title=Akon in Jamaica hanging with the Marley brothers - Damien Marley |url=http://www.zimbio.com/Damien+Marley/articles/XlsNm3VHume/Akon+Jamaica+hanging+Marley+brothers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130210041556/http://www.zimbio.com/Damien+Marley/articles/XlsNm3VHume/Akon+Jamaica+hanging+Marley+brothers |archive-date=February 10, 2013 |access-date=April 30, 2012 |publisher=Zimbio}}</ref> Around the same time, Akon collaborated with [[Dr. Dre]] and [[Snoop Dogg]] on "[[Kush (song)|Kush]]", charting on number 36 on the ''Billboard'' charts. The single was first intended to from Dr. Dre's forthcoming album ''[[Dr. Dre|Detox]]''; however, it was removed from the final album track list, with the album eventually being unreleased. He also contributed "[[We Are the World 25 for Haiti]]", a [[Charity record|charity single]] in aid of the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]]. After an almost three-year hiatus from solo work, Akon released the promotional single "Dirty Work", featuring [[Wiz Khalifa]], which was released in February 2013, peaking at number 31 on the [[Rhythmic Airplay|Rhythmic ''Billboard'' charts]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Rhythmic Songs |magazine=Billboard |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/rhythmic-40/2013-03-23 |url-status=live |access-date=November 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925143658/https://www.billboard.com/charts/rhythmic-40/2013-03-23 |archive-date=September 25, 2018}}</ref>

In 2010, Buddhist groups in Sri Lanka vehemently protested a planned concert by Akon, saying his music video with Guetta for "[[Sexy Bitch|Sexy Chick]]" insulted [[Buddhism]] because of the Buddha statue that can be seen several times in the background. Considering the allegations against Akon, the [[Government of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Government]] decided not to issue him a [[Travel visa|visa]] to enter [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=No visa for Akon |url=http://adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=7584 |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=adaderana.lk |language=en}}</ref>

Later that year, on November 11, 2013, Akon released a standalone single titled "So Blue".<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2013 |title=iTunes - Music - So Blue - Single by Akon |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/so-blue-single/1445291876 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102092416/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/so-blue-single/id736330884 |archive-date=November 2, 2014 |access-date=October 6, 2014 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref>

On January 1, 2015, Akon released five singles from ''Stadium''. He also announced that the album would be a quintuple album, broken up into five genres (Euro, Pop, Urban, Island & World).<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2, 2015 |title=Akon Announces New Quintuple Album 'Stadium'; Releases Five Songs - Fashionably-Early |url=http://www.fashionably-early.com/2015/01/01/akon-announces-new-quintuple-album-stadium-releases-five-songs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102021025/http://www.fashionably-early.com/2015/01/01/akon-announces-new-quintuple-album-stadium-releases-five-songs/ |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |access-date=January 2, 2015 |website=Fashionably-Early}}</ref> All singles failed to chart.

In November 2015, Akon announced via his official website that he was planning to release his fourth album ''Stadium'' in four versions: ''Stadium-Island'', ''Stadium-Urban'', ''Stadium-World'' and ''Stadium-House''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 30, 2015 |title=STADIUM |url=http://www.akon.com/stadium |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071824/http://www.akon.com/stadium |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=August 30, 2016}}</ref> These editions of the album will be available exclusively via the ''Stadium'' [[mobile app]] which is supported by ads but allows fans to stream the albums.<ref name="stadium news nov 15">{{Cite web |title=R&B star Akon to debut new albums on his own 'Stadium' app — Akon.com – Official Website |url=http://www.akon.com/archives/3308 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224180608/http://www.akon.com/archives/3308 |archive-date=December 24, 2015 |access-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref> The album was indefinitely postponed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[INTERVIEW] Back for an Encore, Akon Details His Musical Renaissance |url=https://www.parlemag.com/2019/11/akon-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115220135/https://www.parlemag.com/2019/11/akon-interview/ |archive-date=November 15, 2019 |access-date=November 21, 2019}}</ref>

In late 2015 and early 2016, Akon released the singles "Want Some", "Hypnotized" and "Good Girls Lie", upon striking a new record deal with [[Atlantic Records]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 11, 2015 |title=Akon Signs With Atlantic Records; Drops New Single 'Want Some' – Fashionably Early |language=en-US |work=Fashionably Early |url=https://www.fashionably-early.com/2015/12/10/akon-signs-with-atlantic-records-drops-new-single-want-some/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925104231/https://www.fashionably-early.com/2015/12/10/akon-signs-with-atlantic-records-drops-new-single-want-some/ |archive-date=September 25, 2018}}</ref> In April 2016, Akon appeared in the Chinese reality TV show ''[[Singer (TV series)|I Am a Singer]]'' along with the Taiwanese singer [[Jeff Chang (singer)|Jeff Chang]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=我是歌手4张信哲帮帮唱嘉宾AKon阿肯个人资料 |date=April 8, 2016 |url=http://gz.bendibao.com/xiuxian/201645/213918.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410102215/http://gz.bendibao.com/xiuxian/201645/213918.shtml |archive-date=April 10, 2016 |access-date=April 10, 2016}}</ref> Later that year, he was featured on the remix of [[Joey Montana]]'s single "[[Picky (song)|Picky]]" and featured alongside [[Chris Brown]] on [[Gucci Mane]]'s Michael Jackson tribute single "Moonwalk".

In late 2017, he released a collaborative mixtape with Konvict signees entitled ''Konvict Kartel Vol. 2''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konvict Kartel Vol. 2 Mixtape by Akon |url=https://datpiff.com/mixtape/875685 |access-date=November 28, 2018 |website=DatPiff }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2018, he collaborated with reggaeton singer [[Ozuna]] on the bilingual single "[[Aura (Ozuna album)|Coméntale]]", the first time that Akon sang in Spanish in a Latin song. At the time, he stated he had adopted the nickname "El Negreeto" and would be pursuing collaborations with other Spanish-language artists.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Roiz |first=Jessica |date=September 27, 2018 |title=Akon Opens Up About His Comeback, Ozuna Collab and Special Connection With Latin Urban Music |magazine=Billboard |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/akon-talks-comeback-ozuna-collab-latin-urban-exclusive-8477180/ |url-status=live |access-date=August 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607095028/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8477180/akon-talks-comeback-ozuna-collab-latin-urban-exclusive |archive-date=June 7, 2020}}</ref>

===2019–present: Return to music, Akonik Label Group, ''El Negreeto'', and ''Akonda''===
Akon has announced his new record label Akonik Label Group and will release four studio albums in different genres. In May 2019, Akon released his first Latin single "Get Money", featuring [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] rapper [[Anuel AA]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premiere: Akon a.k.a. El Negreeto and Anuel AA Flex in "Get Money" Video |url=https://www.complex.com/music/2019/05/akon-anuel-aa-get-money-video |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716174419/https://www.complex.com/music/2019/05/akon-anuel-aa-get-money-video |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |access-date=July 16, 2019 |website=[[Complex Networks]] |date=May 24, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2019 |title=GET MONEY - Single by Akon & Anuel AA |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/get-money-single/1466087753 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716171037/https://music.apple.com/us/album/get-money-single/1466087753 |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |access-date=July 16, 2019}}</ref> It was intended to be the lead single for his fourth album ''[[El Negreeto]]'' but didn't appear on the final version of the album. The album was expected to be released on August 30, 2019, but was pushed back and released on October 4, 2019. On September 6, 2019, Akon released "[[Cómo No]]" featuring Mexican-American singer [[Becky G]], as the lead single from ''El Negreeto''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alston |first=Trey |title=Akon Breaks Down His Journey Into Reggaeton With Becky G And New Album El Negreeto |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/3137935/akon-como-no-becky-g-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909025750/http://www.mtv.com/news/3137935/akon-como-no-becky-g-interview/ |archive-date=September 9, 2019 |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=MTV News |language=en}}</ref> He released the album ''Akonda'' on October 25, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magett |first=Sonya |date=October 24, 2019 |title=East Coast, West Coast, Worldwide: Akon's Business Ventures Are Legend, but His New Music Enterprise Is One of His Most Boundary Breaking Yet |url=https://thegrapevine.theroot.com/east-coast-west-coast-worldwide-akon-s-business-vent-1839322620 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025025139/https://thegrapevine.theroot.com/east-coast-west-coast-worldwide-akon-s-business-vent-1839322620 |archive-date=October 25, 2019 |access-date=October 25, 2019 |website=The Grapevine}}</ref> ''Konnect'' was announced as his sixth album, scheduled for December of the same year, but was never released.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diallo, Aziz Malick |date=November 27, 2019 |title=Akon assure qu'un collaboration est à venir avec Booba et... Gims |trans-title=Akon says a collaboration is coming up with Booba and... Gims |url=https://www.afrik.com/actu-rap-akon-assure-qu-une-collaboration-est-a-venir-avec-booba-et-gims |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128123029/https://www.afrik.com/actu-rap-akon-assure-qu-une-collaboration-est-a-venir-avec-booba-et-gims |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |access-date=November 28, 2019 |website=Afrik |language=fr}}</ref>

A remix of "Locked Up" (originally by Akon) by [[Steve Aoki]] and Trinix was released in August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2023 |title="Nous étions persuadés que ça arriverait": les DJ de Trinix, ou le succès patient |url=https://fr.news.yahoo.com/%C3%A9tions-persuad%C3%A9s-%C3%A7a-arriverait-dj-060000038.html |access-date=February 8, 2025 |website=Yahoo News |language=fr-FR}}</ref> In 2025, Akon joined Canadian [[country music]] artist [[Josh Ross]] on the song "[[Drunk Right Now (Na Na Na)]]", a reimagined take on Akon's song "[[Right Now (Na Na Na)]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newcountry1031.com/josh-ross-is-drunk-right-now-with-akon/|title=Josh Ross is 'Drunk Right Now' with Akon|date=May 28, 2025|work=New Country 103.1 WIRK|access-date=June 30, 2025}}</ref>

In August 2025, Akon performed in [[Russia]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akon filmed slapping his bodyguard during a concert in Russia - criticized by fans for arrogant behavior |url=https://telegrafi.com/en/Akon-filmed-slapping-his-bodyguard-during-a-concert-in-Russia--criticized-by-fans-for-arrogant-behavior/ |work=[[Telegrafi]] |date=August 14, 2025}}</ref> but his concert in [[Sochi]] was nearly disrupted by a [[Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|drone attack]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Unknown drones nearly disrupt American rapper Akon's concert in Russia's Sochi: Video |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/unknown-drones-nearly-disrupt-american-rapper-1754683637.html |work=[[RBC-Ukraine]] |date=August 8, 2025}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
{{Main|Akon Lighting Africa}}
Akon also started a project [[Akon Lighting Africa]] in 2014 which provides electricity in 15 countries of [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2015 |title=Akon unveils new solar campaign for Africa |url=http://www.insightnews.com/news/13643-akon-unveils-new-solar-campaign-for-africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705062734/http://www.insightnews.com/news/13643-akon-unveils-new-solar-campaign-for-africa |archive-date=July 5, 2015 |website=InsightNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Akon lights Africa for better future |work=enca |url=http://www.enca.com/world/akon-lights-africa-better-future |url-status=live |access-date=July 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825144902/http://www.enca.com/world/akon-lights-africa-better-future |archive-date=August 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2015 |title=Musician Akon works to light up Africa |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/06/08/segment-walker-vause-akon-electricity-africa.cnn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206160643/http://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/06/08/segment-walker-vause-akon-electricity-africa.cnn |archive-date=February 6, 2018 |access-date=July 3, 2015 |website=CNN}}</ref>

He also launched his own charity for underprivileged children in Africa called Konfidence Foundation.

Akon was included as a guest appearance in [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]]'s "I Believe That We Will Win (World Anthem)" official music video, in which all proceeds from the song's sales, streaming and views are being donated to [[Feeding America]] and the [[Tony Robbins Foundation]] as relief to those affected by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pitbull - I Believe That We Will Win | date=May 7, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxMaHi91RkE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/ZxMaHi91RkE |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |access-date=May 8, 2020 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Akon City==
{{Main|Akon City, Senegal}}
[[File:Akon City construction site.png|thumb|Construction site of the Akon City Welcome Centre in December 2023.]]
In 2018, Akon announced he was working with the Senegalese government to build a [[tourist city]] with a [[cryptocurrency]]-based economy named Akon City, using Akon's own cryptocurrency, Akoin, at the transactional center.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mary Meisenzahl |date=January 15, 2020 |title=Singer Akon has finalized plans to build a 2,000-acre city in Senegal that's powered by his cryptocurrency, Akoin |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/akon-cryptocurrency-akoin-city-senegal-2020-1?r=US&IR=T |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725020925/https://www.businessinsider.com/akon-cryptocurrency-akoin-city-senegal-2020-1?r=US&IR=T |archive-date=July 25, 2020 |access-date=January 18, 2020 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>

On January 13, 2020, Akon shared on Twitter that the agreements for the city have been finalized, and the project is underway. He captioned a photo of himself with Senegal president [[Macky Sall]] "Looking forward to hosting you there in the future."<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2020 |title=Just finalized the agreement for AKON CITY in Senegal. Looking forward to hosting you there in the future |url=https://twitter.com/Akon/status/1216803497057931264 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118071654/https://twitter.com/Akon/status/1216803497057931264 |archive-date=January 18, 2020 |access-date=January 18, 2020}}</ref>

In June 2020, it was announced that the engineering and consulting firm KE International (the same firm responsible for building [[Mwale Medical and Technology City]]) had been awarded a $6 billion contract to build the city.<ref name="Cision_1">{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2020 |title=KE International awarded US $6 Billion construction contract for Akon City, Senegal |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/ke-international-awarded-us-6-billion-construction-contract-for-akon-city-senegal-817309441.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617155241/https://www.prweb.com/releases/ke_international_awarded_us_6_billion_construction_contract_for_akon_city_senegal/prweb17165260.htm |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |access-date=June 19, 2020 |publisher=[[Cision|Cision PRWEB]]}}</ref> Phase 1 of construction, which was due to begin in 2023 and be completed in 2026, is to include roads, a hospital, residences, hotels, a police station, a waste facility, a school, and a solar power plant.<ref name="Cision_1" />

The project has not begun construction, well past schedule; locals are concerned about a lack of progress. On September 1, 2020, Akon told a news conference that he had laid the first stone of the $6 billion city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=September 2, 2020 |title=Senegal: Singer Akon Plans $6bn City in Senegal Homeland |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202009020069.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923004217/https://allafrica.com/stories/202009020069.html |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |access-date=September 3, 2020 |website=allAfrica.com |publisher=Vanguard |language=en}}</ref> "The stone itself sits at the bottom of a dirt track in a field; a small placard advertising the megaproject has fallen off it."<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2022 |title=Singer Akon's Senegalese 'Wakanda' city unstarted, locals left in dark |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/09/03/singer-akon-s-senegalese-wakanda-city-unstarted-locals-left-in-dark/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929171044/https://www.africanews.com/2021/09/03/singer-akon-s-senegalese-wakanda-city-unstarted-locals-left-in-dark/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |website=AfricanNews.com}}</ref>

A suit has been brought against Akon in the United States by Devyne Stephens for a debt of almost 4 million dollars borrowed as part of the implementation of his futuristic city project. Stephens said that Akon City and Akoin are part of a fraudulent scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2022 |title="Akon City" project: the singer accused of fraud and brought to justice |url=https://worldh24.com/blog/en/akon-city-project-the-singer-accused-of-fraud-and-brought-to-justice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929171045/https://worldh24.com/blog/en/akon-city-project-the-singer-accused-of-fraud-and-brought-to-justice |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |website=Worldh24.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2022 |title=Akon Accused of Running 'Ponzi Schemes' |url=https://popculture.com/celebrity/news/akon-accused-of-running-ponzi-schemes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929171045/https://popculture.com/celebrity/news/akon-accused-of-running-ponzi-schemes/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |website=popculture.com}}</ref>

In August 2024, the government of Senegal, through Sapco-Senegal, Senegal's state-owned tourist and coastal development company, issued an ultimatum to Akon: start work or lose 90% of the land allocated for the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2024 |title=Akon's $6 Billion Futuristic African City Project Gets Final Deadline|url=https://africanfolder.com/akons-6-billion-futuristic-african-city/|website=africanfolder.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2024 |title=Singer Akon's $6 Billion futuristic African City project gets final warning deadline|url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/08/03/singer-akons-6-billion-futuristic-african-city-project-gets-final-warning-deadline/|website=nairametric.com}}</ref>

In July 2025, the project was officially abandoned, with Akon stating he would instead pursue more realistic projects and opportunities.<ref name="bbc-7-4-2025"/>

==Television and film==
On November 30, 2007, Akon entered the Big Brother house in ''[[Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Edition 2]]'' as a guest. He also appeared on the edition of November 17, 2008, of ''[[WWE Raw]]'', with [[Santino Marella]] citing him in his speech.

He collaborated with music director duo [[Vishal–Shekhar]] and the English and [[Hindi]] lyrics of "[[Chammak Challo]]" and "Criminal" as a part of the soundtrack for the 2011 Bollywood film ''[[Ra.One]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2010 |title=Hip-hop meets Bollywood |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hip-hop-meets-bollywood-22719 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102161213/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hip-hop-meets-bollywood-22719 |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |access-date=May 1, 2010 |website=Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>

Akon made his acting debut appearing alongside an ensemble cast in the 2012 Nigerian-American film ''[[Black November]]''. In 2014, he starred alongside [[Hayden Christensen]] and [[Adrien Brody]] in the action movie, ''[[American Heist]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jack E Kent |date=January 15, 2015 |title=American Heist (2014) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2923316/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909043731/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2923316/ |archive-date=September 9, 2014 |access-date=October 6, 2014 |website=IMDb}}</ref> directed by [[Sarik Andreasyan]].

==Personal life==
Akon is said to be a [[Polygamy|polygamist]]. In 2007, Akon said in an interview with ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' that he had five children (four sons and one daughter) with three different women, and that he was married to one of them.<ref name="Blender">{{Cite web|url=http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?ID=2811 |title=Who Does Akon Think He Is?|work=Blender|date=September 19, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180407/http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?ID=2811 |archivedate=September 30, 2007}}</ref> As of December 2022, he has nine children.<ref name="9 children">{{Cite web |title=Akon Defends Nick Cannon Having Numerous Kids with Multiple Women, Says That's How Life is Supposed to be |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/akon-defends-nick-cannon-kids-multiple-women/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226164502/https://www.xxlmag.com/akon-defends-nick-cannon-kids-multiple-women/ |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]|date=December 21, 2022 }}</ref> In 2023, a woman publicly stated that she was one of four women married to Akon, and that the four wives were located in Atlanta, L.A., and Africa.<ref name="n427">{{cite web |last=Waruinge |first=Maureen |date=April 9, 2023 |title=Akon's wife finally discloses how many wives he has |url=https://www.mpasho.co.ke/entertainment/2023-04-09-akons-wife-finally-discloses-how-many-wives-he-has |access-date=July 16, 2025 |website=Mpasho}}</ref><ref name="x474">{{cite web | author=Rie Wit the tea | title=Make Your Day | website=TikTok | url=https://www.tiktok.com/@riewitthetea/video/7218948252786232618 | access-date=July 12, 2025}}</ref> On September 11, 2025, Tomeka Thiam, who he married in 1996, filed for divorce.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://people.com/akon-wife-files-for-divorce-before-29th-wedding-anniversary-11809474|first=Rachel|last=DeSantis| title=Akon's Wife Files for Divorce Days Before 29th Wedding Anniversary |publisher=People|date=September 29, 2025|accessdate=November 12, 2025}}</ref>

Akon is a [[Muslims|Muslim]] and has also alleged that he is a [[teetotalism|teetotaler]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Yuan|first=Jada|title=Akon Confesses: 'I Drink Shirley Temples All the Time'|website=Grub Street|publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]|date=June 9, 2009|url=https://www.grubstreet.com/2009/06/akon_confesses_i_drink_shirley.html|access-date=March 8, 2024|archive-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730215950/http://www.grubstreet.com/2009/06/akon_confesses_i_drink_shirley.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Akon owned a diamond mine in South Africa and denied the existence of [[blood diamond]]s (also known as "conflict diamonds") in a 2007 interview, saying: "I don't believe in conflict diamonds. That's just a movie. Think about it. Nobody thought or cared about conflict diamonds until ''[[Blood Diamond]]'' was released."<ref name="Cooper">Egere-Cooper, Matilda. [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/akon-so-what-if-i-own-a-diamond-mine-5332169.html Akon: So what if I own a diamond mine?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817194119/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/akon-so-what-if-i-own-a-diamond-mine-5332169.html |date=August 17, 2017 }}. ''Independent'', February 16, 2007. "'That's just a movie. Think about it. Ain't nobody thought about nothing about no conflict diamonds until the movie came out. Where was all that shit before the movie? That's the problem with people - they believe everything they read or see on TV." He slaps my knee and emits a hearty laugh. He's getting excited. "It's no different from The Blair Witch Project. Everybody thought that was real. That campaign and marketing was incredible. After that, they're getting Oscars. Unless you go to Sierra Leone and see what's going down, don't believe everything you're reading or see on TV. Trust me.' [...] Aliaune Damala Bouga Time Puru Nacka Lu Lu Lu Badara Akon Thiam has spoken."</ref> However, he later stated that he does accept that blood diamonds exist and that he was a partial owner of an African mine that is dedicated to avoiding the use of blood diamonds and donating profits to local communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akon Interview with Howard Stern part 4 of 4 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpd0N4YGfJQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202144110/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpd0N4YGfJQ |archive-date=December 2, 2015 |access-date=October 11, 2015 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> In 2020, he revealed he bowed out due to the underlying ramifications of the business. He claimed, "it's worse than the drug business".<ref>{{Cite web |last=VladTV |title=EXCLUSIVE: Akon Owned an African Diamond Mine: It's Worse than the Drug Business |url=https://www.vladtv.com/article/265025/akon-owned-an-african-diamond-mine-its-worse-than-the-drug-business |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=www.vladtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

Akon stated during an appearance on the [[ITV2]] show ''[[The Hot Desk]]'' that he is a fan of the English [[Premier League]] club [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===Legal issues===
In 1998, Akon was convicted in [[New Jersey]] of a gun charge. However, it did not result in him serving any jail time, with Akon only being sentenced to three years probation. As of November 2025, this remains his only criminal conviction.<ref name=criminalrecord />

On September 10, 2025, Akon was cited for not having insurance and for driving on a suspended license.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/crime/exclusive-details-akon-booked-in-georgia-after-skipping-court-on-suspended-license-case/ar-AA1QjjxL |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> On November 7, 2025, Akon was arrested in [[Chamblee, Georgia]] on an outstanding warrant for failure to appear. He was released from jail after six hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2025/11/12/akon-arrested-georgia-suspended-license/87234302007/|title=Akon arrested in Georgia following police warrant over suspended license|first=Edward|last=Segarra|publisher=USA Today|date=November 12, 2025|accessdate=November 12, 2025}}</ref><ref name=criminalrecord /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tmz.com/2025/11/12/akon-arrested-georgia/|title=Akon I GOT LOCKED Up|publisher=TMZ|date=November 12, 2025|accessdate=November 12, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/dekalb-county/singer-akon-arrested-dekalb-county/V2NN2JCP7ZGMLFF6FFFZS2DN2M/|title=Singer Akon arrested in DeKalb County|publisher=[[WSB-TV]]|date=November 12, 2025|accessdate=November 12, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/akon-arrested-atlanta-outstanding-warrant|title=Akon arrested in Atlanta on outstanding warrant|first=Sam|last=Daniel|publisher=Fox 5 Atlanta|date=November 12, 2025|accessdate=November 12, 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Akon}}

==Discography==
{{Main|Akon discography|Akon production discography}}

[[File:Logo Akon.gif|thumb|Akon's general marketing logo, used from 2003 to 2007]]
[[File:Akon Logo.png|thumb|Akon's general marketing logo, used since 2008]]

'''Studio albums'''
* ''[[Trouble (Akon album)|Trouble]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Konvicted]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Freedom (Akon album)|Freedom]]'' (2008)
* ''[[El Negreeto]]'' (2019)
* ''Akonda'' (2019)

==Filmography==
* ''[[Black November]]'' (2012)
* ''[[American Heist]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping]]'' (2016)

==Tours==
* [[Dar es Salaam|Dar Es Salaam]], Tanzania One-off Concert (2006).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19981206063030/http://www.allafrica.com/ Akon comes to region]. ''All Africa Newswire'', May 23, 2006.</ref>
* Konvicted Tour (July to September 2007, then additional dates in 2008)
* [[The Sweet Escape Tour]] with [[Gwen Stefani]] (April to July 2007)
* [[Good Girl Gone Bad Tour]] with [[Rihanna]] (Canadian-leg only, September – December 2008)
* Konvict Muzik Tour with [[T-Pain]] (Australia only, October 26–27, 2009)
* Summer Tour, (Brazil-leg only, January to February 2010)
* [[OMG Tour]] with [[Usher (musician)|Usher]] (North America Second Leg, April – June 2011)

==See also==
* {{Portal inline|size=tiny|Music}}
* [[List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one on the UK singles chart|List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Downloads Chart|List of artists who have had number-one singles on the UK Official Download Chart]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q32849|c=Category:Akon|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name|1868102}}
* {{AllMusic|id=p535592|label=Akon}}

{{Akon}}
{{Konvict Muzik}}
{{American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist}}
{{Billboard Year-End Top Artists}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Akon| ]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American rappers]]
[[Category:21st-century Senegalese male singers]]
[[Category:Activists from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Activists from Missouri]]
[[Category:Activists from New Jersey]]
[[Category:African-American male rappers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male rappers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male rappers]]
[[Category:20th-century American rappers]]
[[Category:African-American male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:American male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:African-American Muslims]]
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[[Category:African-American record producers]]
[[Category:American contemporary R&B singers]]
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[[Category:American hip-hop singers]]
[[Category:American male pop singers]]
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[[Category:American people of Senegalese descent]]
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[[Category:American tenors]]
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[[Category:Dogon]]
[[Category:Musicians from Dakar]]
[[Category:Rappers from Jersey City, New Jersey]]
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[[Category:Record producers from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Record producers from Missouri]]
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[[Category:Senegalese hip-hop musicians]]
[[Category:Senegalese Muslims]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Missouri]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Sony Music Publishing artists]]
[[Category:Spanish-language American singers]]
[[Category:SRC Records artists]]
[[Category:Universal Motown Records artists]]
[[Category:William L. Dickinson High School alumni]]
[[Category:World Music Awards winners]]
[[Category:Muslims from Missouri]]
[[Category:Muslims from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Muslims from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Jersey City, New Jersey]]

F.I.R. (1999 film)

2026-03-03T21:18:29Z

Mohit8811: creating data

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = F.I.R
| image = F.I.R film poster.jpg

| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Shaji Kailas]]
| producer = [[M. Mani]]
| writer = [[Dennis Joseph]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] [[Biju Menon]] [[Indraja (actor)|Indraja]]
| music = Rajamani
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[M. Mani|Sunitya Productions]]
| distributor = Aroma Release
| released = {{Film date|1999|1|21|India}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''F.I.R''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Shaji Kailas]], written by [[Dennis Joseph]] and produced by [[M. Mani]]. It stars [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Indraja (actor)|Indraja]], [[N. F. Varghese]] and [[Maniyan Pillai Raju]]. ''F.I.R'' is the first [[Malayalam film]] to introduce [[Machine Gun]] [[AK-47]].

==Plot==
Roy Alex, an [[investigative journalist]] writes on [[Hawala|hawala money]] from the [[Middle East]], where he meets former [[Member of Parliament|M.P.]] and [[business tycoon]] Rahim Haji as invited by Haji's driver Basheer. Haji had lost his M.P. post a year ago after a write-up by Roy Alex in a magazine. Being an expert and a previous ace trader of the flow of foreign currency reserves to [[Kerala]], Haji states to Roy that, most of the foreign reserves are mainly concentrated along the Gulf-American belt starting from [[Kottayam]] and extending till the coastal town of [[Varkala]]. He invited Roy as a part of reviving his failed business, and to eliminate his business rival Narendra Shetty, whom he considers as responsible for destroying his business.

Roy follows a van carrying a drama troupe, which reaches a home far away as a part of a drama, where he sees the owner of the home, a businessman and Chakrapani, the drama director, having demands of [[Black market|black money]], and he captures it. However, Chakrapani finds them and kills him with his dogs. While passing through a nearby road at the same time, Rahim Haji tries to contact Roy, but soon learns about his death, and soon leaves to see Shetty, who fatally shoots down him for trespassing through his territory. It is later seen that Basheer has betrayed Haji as he is in cahoots with Shetty. Haji's assassination comes as a serious blow to his party.

The [[Chief Minister of Kerala|C.M.]] Nair appoints Mohammed Sarkar, an IPS officer in [[Tripura]] cadre, as the [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] to investigate the assassination. At the same time, the party undergoes a fast headed by [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Kunjalavi, which results in a serious rift between the police officers and party workers. After interrogating Chakrapani and Basheer, Mohammed Sarkar manages to gather evidence against Shetty and a final confrontation occurs where Mohammed Sarkar kills Chakrapani. Shetty tries to kill Mohammed Sarkar, but his colleague [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Gurumoorthy gets killed. Enraged, Mohammed Sarkar kills Shetty and [[Brigadier]] Giridhar Baruva by destroying the warehouse.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Mohammed Sarkar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Biju Menon]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Gregory
* [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] as Narendra Shetty (Voiceover by [[Vijay Menon]])
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Gurumoorthy
* [[Indraja (actor)|Indraja]] as Laila Gafoor, Mohammed Sarkar's wife
* [[N. F. Varghese]] as Retd. [[Inspector General of Police#India|IG]] Bhargavan Panicker [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as V. K. Nair, [[Chief Minister]] of [[Kerala]]
* [[Bheeman Raghu]] as Chakrapani, Narendra Shetty's henchmen
* [[Narendra Prasad]] as Rahim Haji
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as [[Lance Naik#India|Lance Naik]] Shivaram
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as Roy Alex
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as [[Brigadier#India|Brigadier]] Giridhar Baruva (Gireesh Bhaskar Mangattuserry)
* [[Mohan Jose]] as Basheer
* [[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Thahir Sahib
* [[K. P. A. C. Azeez]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#India|DYSP]] John Varghese
* [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Kunjalavi [[Member of Legislative Assembly#India|MLA]]
* [[Karamana Janardanan Nair]] as Fr. Paulouse
* [[Paravoor Ramachandran]] as [[Home Minister]] of [[Kerala]]
* Kumarakam Reghunath as Ramachandra Adiga
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Mollakka
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Editor Marar
* [[Ravi Vallathol]] as Judge
* [[Kanakalatha]] as Madhavi/Maria
* [[Rajendran]] as BSS Soldier
* Priyanka Anoop as Alice
* [[Chali Pala]] as Nagappa
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot at Thiruvananthapuram and Chennai.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=12 March 1999|title=FIR: Kailas to direct Suresh Gopi |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/march12/south.htm |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126142142/http://www.screenindia.com/old/march12/south.htm |archive-date=26 November 2010 |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The background score was composed by C. Rajamani

==Reception==
''[[Sify]]'' wrote sarcastically that "There are no songs only background music. No duets and running around trees. A boring film in short".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/fir-review-tamil-pcltR4ebajgbi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422061607/https://www.sify.com/movies/fir-review-tamil-pcltR4ebajgbi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2022|title=FIR|date=25 April 2003|work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Shaji Kailas}}
{{Dennis Joseph}}

[[Category:1999 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaji Kailas]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Dennis Joseph]]
[[Category:1999 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]

Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala

2026-03-03T21:17:14Z

Mohit8811: minor cleanup

{{short description|1998 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala
| caption = Poster
| image = Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala.jpg
| director = [[Sreenivasan]]
| producer = C. Karunakaran
| writer = Sreenivasan
| starring = [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] Sreenivasan
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[S. Kumar (cinematographer)|S. Kumar]]
| studio = Carlton Films
| distributor = Filimothsav
| released = {{Film date|1998|10|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala''''' ({{Translation|Pensive Shyamala}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film written and directed by [[Sreenivasan]]. Its stars [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] and himself, with [[Thilakan]], [[Innocent (Actor)|Innocent]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Sudheesh]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], and [[Mamukkoya]] in supporting roles. The plot follows a lazy negligent father and husband who embraces faith as a means of escape, further abandoning his responsibilities to his family.

''Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala'' is often considered as one of the classic family dramas in Malayalam.<ref>{{cite news|title='Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala' and Sreenivasan to come together again for a social satire|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Chinthavishtayaya-Shyamala-and-Sreenivasan-to-come-together-again-for-a-social-satire/movie-review/40504470.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 August 2014}}</ref> It won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]], the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] (for Sangita), and two [[Filmfare Awards South]]. The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Aavide Syamala]]'' (1999) and Tamil as ''[[Chidambarathil Oru Appasamy]]'' (2005).

==Plot==
Vijayan is a village school teacher who believes that his degree in economics will make him succeed in business ventures. Frequently taking long leaves from his job, he pursues these ventures, all of which fail. He lives with his wife, Shyamala, and their two daughters.

During one such venture, Vijayan attempts to produce a short advertising film at the encouragement of a friend. The attempt fails due to his lack of experience, and he abandons the project. His father, Karunan Mash, grows concerned about Vijayan’s neglect of his teaching job and its impact on the family. Shyamala, who is less educated, supports Vijayan’s actions, believing their difficulties to be temporary. Karunan ''mash'' and Vijayan's father-in-law, Achuthan Nair, suggest that Vijayan undertake the annual pilgrimage to the [[Sabarimala]] temple in the hope that it will lead to a change in his outlook. Vijayan eventually agrees and observes the customary 41-day period of fasting and abstinence.

After returning from Sabarimala, Vijayan adopts a highly religious lifestyle, including vegetarianism, prayer, and renunciation stating that many people have turned to spiritualism after making all the riches in life.He defends his actions saying if spirituality is the ultimate goal anyways then why go through the trouble of slogging and making money. The bills rack up and the lack of money takes a toll on Shyamala who is unable to pay for groceries and kids fees. He later leaves his family to live in an [[ashram]]. His presence there creates difficulties, and the ashram residents eventually learn that he has a family and his faith is merely a mean for escapism. He is advised by the head of the ashram to take responsibility for his life rather than withdraw from it. Vijayan then leaves the ashram and returns home.

During Vijayan’s absence, Shyamala begins working as a tailor with a tailoring unit operating out of their house . She becomes the primary provider for the family making progress in all aspects slowly and steadily. She supports the household independently and encourages her sister to complete her education and seek employment. When Vijayan attempts to rejoin the family, Shyamala is cold and indifferent towards him. Vijayan faces same hostile attitude from his in laws and even Karunan mash who goes to the extent of threatening to burn him alive if he ever steps into his house again. He also berates Vijayan's lack of responsibilities and taunts him saying its his irresponsibility that made Shyamala stand on her feet and be independent and thus her indifference towards him. Vijayan now having realised his mistakes starts correcting them one by one. He rejoins his school job and rekindles his friendship with his old friends whom he had abandoned. All of no avail, as despite his efforts at reconciliation, Shyamala initially asks him to leave them alone. When Vijayan conducts another drama to prevent leaving from home with the help of his kids Shyamala confronts him about his past actions and questions his commitment. She even asks if Vijayan has ever thought how she and his kids lived after he left them. Vijayan subsequently reflects on his actions and decides to resume his teaching career and new life as a responsible man.

The film concludes with Vijayan reuniting with his wife and children, as [[Communist]] party leaders, who are also undertaking the Sabarimala pilgrimage, walk along the same road and cross paths with the family.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] as Shyamala
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Vijayan
* [[Thilakan]] as Karunan master
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Achuthan Nair
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as School headmaster
* [[Sudheesh]] as Suku
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Johnnykutty
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Usman
* [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Barber Chandhran
* Kamala Devi as Rathnavali
* Kripa as Divya
* [[Shafna]] as Kavya
* Unni Mannanur as Swamiji
{{colend}}

==Production==
The title was inspired by [[Kumaran Asan]]'s poem ''Chinthavishtayaaya Sita'', which imagines the musings of [[Sita]] in the final chapter of the epic ''[[Ramayana]]''.{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}

For the role of Shyamala, Sreenivasan initially considered casting [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], but this did not materialize.<ref>{{cite web |title=സമ്മാനങ്ങൾ തന്ന് സ്നേഹിച്ച പാർത്ഥിപനും കുടുംബവും {{!}} parthipan, sreenivasan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZsBBYH6ud8 |publisher=[[Kairali TV]] |access-date=24 December 2025 |date=23 December 2025}}</ref> Later, [[Mohanlal]] suggested Sangita for the role.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohanlal suggested Sangeetha for Shyamala: Sreenivasan|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlal-suggested-Sangeetha-for-Shyamala-Sreenivasan/articleshow/45349180.cms|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 December 2014}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack contains two songs, all composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] and lyrics by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] and [[Yusufali Kechery]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Aarodum Mindaathe"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| 2
| "Machakathammaye"
| [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Chorus
|}

==Release==
===Reception===
The film received critical acclaim.<ref name="rediff1998"/>

===Box office===
The film became a commercial success, becoming one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of the year.<ref name="rediff1998">{{cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=7 December 1998 |title=All is not lost... |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/dec/07malaya.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==Awards==
The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]] in 1999. It won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]] in 1998.
{| class="wikitable"
! Award Category
! Award
! Artist
|-
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| [[National Film Awards]] || [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]] || C. Karunakaran
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Awards]] || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]||C. Karunakaran Sangita
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards South]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film (Malayalam)]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director (Malayalam)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=46th Filmfare Awards South Winners |url=https://archive.org/download/46thFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners/46th%20Filmfare%20Awards%20south%20winners.jpg |access-date=2020-10-21}}</ref>||C. Karunakaran Sreenivasan
|-
| [[Asianet Film Awards]] || [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Film|Best Film]] [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Director|Best Director]]
|}

==Remakes==
It was remade in Telugu as ''[[Aavide Syamala]]'' (1999) by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2013 |title=Aavide Shyamala {{!}} Full Length Telugu Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifz4dmGYGDY |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> This film was later remade into Tamil as ''[[Chidambarathil Oru Appasamy]]'' in 2005 directed by [[Thangar Bachan]] who also starred in lead role. It was also remade in Hindi as ''SRK'' with [[Vinay Pathak]] but it remains unreleased.{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0377643}}

{{National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sreenivasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]

Anupallavi (film)

2026-03-03T20:59:41Z

Mohit8811: minor edit

{{short description|1979 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anupallavi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Baby (director)|Baby]]
| producer = [[Reghu Kumar]]
| writer = [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] [[Balakrishnan]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Baby
| starring = [[Jayan]] [[Sukumari]] [[Srividya]] Balan Kattoor
| music = [[K. J. Joy]] '''Lyrics:''' [[Bichu Thirumala]] [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]]
| cinematography = Vipin Das
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = Dheera
| distributor = Dheera
| released = {{Film date|1979|5|4|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Anupallavi''''' is a 1979 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Baby (director)|Baby]] and produced by [[Reghu Kumar]] and Dheera. The film stars [[Jayan]], [[Sukumari]], [[Srividya]] and Balan Kattoor in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[K. J. Joy]]. The film has Jayan who is typically noted for his action hero roles display his flair for comedy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1015|title=Anupallavi|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3149 |title=Anupallavi |accessdate=2014-10-11 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016064109/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3149 |archivedate=16 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/anupallavai-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016013321/http://spicyonion.com/title/anupallavai-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2014|title=Anupallavi|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Suresh and Radha get married after a whirlwind romance. However Suresh soon becomes enamored of the new typist Stella in his office. He spins tales to convince Stella that his wife is a bed-ridden invalid with a terrible temper. He's also very sympathetic to Stella and helps her out in the treatment of her sick father. Radha soon learns that her husband is enamored of another woman while Stella learns that Suresh had been feeding her lies.

==Cast==
*[[Jayan]] as Suresh
*[[Srividya]] as Radha
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Stella
*[[Sukumari]]
*Balan Kattoor
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]]
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]]
*[[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]]
*[[Vallathol Unnikrishnan]]
*[[Bhavani (actress)|Bhavani]]
*[[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1951)|Vijay Babu]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[K. J. Joy]] and the lyrics were written by [[Bichu Thirumala]] and [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aayiram Maathalappookkal" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || [[Bichu Thirumala]] ||
|-
| 2 || "En Swaram Poovidum" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Bichu Thirumala ||
|-
| 3 || "Navamee Chandrikayil" || [[P. Susheela]] || Bichu Thirumala ||
|-
| 4 || "Neeraattu En Maanasaraani" || P. Jayachandran, [[Vani Jairam]] || [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] ||
|-
| 5 || "Ore Raaga Pallavi" || K. J. Yesudas, [[S. Janaki]] || Bichu Thirumala ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0332566|Anupallavai}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. J. Joy]]
[[Category:Films directed by Baby (director)]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Cleopatra (2013 film)

2026-03-03T20:43:27Z

Mohit8811: minor refine references per standard format additionally to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cleopatra
| image = Cleopatra 2013 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Rajan Sankaradi]]
| producer = TKR Nair Pioneer Worldwise Pictures
| writer = Satheesh Kumar
| starring = [[Manoj K. Jayan]] [[Vineeth]] [[Sudha Chandran]] [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] [[Urmila Unni]] Aswathy Prerna [[Sudheesh]]
| music = [[Sangeetha Varma]] [[Manjunath Jayavijaya]] [[Narayananunni S]] [[Surya Narayanan]]
| cinematography = Muralikrishnan
| editing = P.C.Mohanan
| studio = Kalidasa Kalakendram
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2013|10|25|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''''Cleopatra''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam|Malayalam-language]] film directed by [[Rajan Sankaradi]], starring [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Vineeth]], [[Sudha Chandran]], and veteran [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cleopatra Cast and Crew - Synopsis|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8207/malayalam/cleopatra/index.htm|accessdate=2012-07-12|date=12 July 2012|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195224/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8207/malayalam/cleopatra/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its release was on hold for over 2 years and finally released on 25 October <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.futurecreater.in/2013/10/cleopatra-malayalam-movie-preview.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185025/http://www.futurecreater.in/2013/10/cleopatra-malayalam-movie-preview.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=Cleopatra Malayalam movie Releasing Date |date=24 October 2013}}</ref>

==Plot==

''Cleopatra'' is an emotional family film which concentrates on family bondings.

==Cast==

* [[Manoj K Jayan]]
* [[Vineeth]]
* [[Sudha Chandran]]
* [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]]
* [[Urmila Unni]]
* Aswathy
* Prerna
* [[Sudheesh]]
* [[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cleopatra}}
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajan Sankaradi]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Anga

2026-03-01T18:55:32Z

Mohit8811: correct article further and added references per sources

{{Short description|Ancient kingdom of India}}
{{about|the historical kingdom|Cultural, linguistic, and historical region of Bihar, India|Angika#Anga Region}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Aṅga
| common_name = Anga
| era = [[Iron Age]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| year_start = Unknown (~1100 BCE)
| year_end = c. 530 BCE
| s1 = Haryanka dynasty{{!}}Magadha
| image_map = Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png
| image_map2 = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_map2_caption = Aṅga and other Mahajanapadas in the Post Vedic period Aṅga is the easternmost, south of [[Vajjika League|Vajji]] and east of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
| image_map_alt = Anga
| image_map_caption = Aṅga and other kingdoms of the late [[Vedic period]]
| capital = [[Champapuri]] (near modern [[Bhagalpur]]) and [[Malinipuri|Malini]] (near modern [[Munger]]), Bihar
| Angika_languages =
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]] [[Jainism]] [[Buddhism]]
| currency =
| title_leader = [[Raja]] (King)
| leader_name1 = [[Karna]] [[Brahmadatta of Anga|Brahmadatta]]
| year_leader1 = mid 6th century BCE
| today =
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}
{{History of Bihar}}
{{History of Bengal|Ancient}}
'''Anga'''{{efn|{{langx|sa|अङ्ग}}, {{IAST3|Aṅga}}}} was an ancient [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[tribe]] of eastern [[South Asia]] whose existence is attested during the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]. The members of the Aṅga tribe were called the '''Āṅgeyas'''.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=106-110}}

Counted among the "sixteen great nations" in [[Buddhist texts]] like the [[Anguttara Nikaya]], Aṅga also finds mention in the Jain [[Vyakhyaprajnapti]]'s list of ancient [[janapadas]].

==Location==
Annga proper was located between the [[Chandan River|Champa]] river to the west and the [[Rajmahal hills]] to the east. However, at times, its territories did extend to the sea in the south, or included [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] in the west.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=106-110}}

The capital of Anga, named Campā, was located at the confluence of the Champa and [[Ganges|Ganga]] rivers, and corresponds to the modern-day area of [[Champapuri|Champapuri]] and Champanagar in [[Bhagalpur]] the eastern part of the Indian state of [[Bihar|Bihar]]. According to the [[Jataka tales|{{transliteration|pi|Jataka}}]]s, Champa was also called Kala-Champa, while [[Puranas|Puranic texts]] claim its ancient name was Malini.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=106-110}}

The other important cities within the Anga kingdom included {{transliteration|pi|Assapura}} ([[Sanskrit]]: {{transliteration|sa|Ashvapura}}) and {{transliteration|pi|Bhaddiya}} ([[Sanskrit]]: {{transliteration|sa|Bhadrika}}).{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=106-110}}

== Etymology ==
According to the [[Mahabharata]] (I.104.53–54) and [[Puranic]] literature, ''Aṅga'' was named after Prince Anga, the founder of the kingdom, and the son of Vali, who had no sons. So, he requested the sage, Dirghatamas, to bless him with sons. The sage is said to have begotten five sons through his wife, the queen Sudesna.<ref name=vayu>{{cite book|title=Cultural History from the Vāyu Purāna|year=1946|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pub.|pages=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmnm-smZm6oC&pg=PA46 |author=Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil|isbn=9788120820852}}</ref> The princes were named Aṅga, [[Vanga kingdom#References in the Mahabharata|Vaṅga]], [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kaliṅga]], [[Suhma kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Sumha]] and [[Pundra kingdom#References in Mahabharata|Pundra]].<ref name=enHindu>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&q=Bali+Kalinga+Vanga&pg=PA18|author=Gaṅgā Rām Garg|isbn=9788170223740}} The prince Vaṅga founded [[Vanga kingdom|Vaṅga kingdom]], in the current day region of southern [[Bangladesh]] and the eastern part of southern [[West Bengal]]. The prince Kalinga founded the kingdom of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], in the current day region of coastal Orissa, including the North Sircars. Also the price Pundra founded [[Pundra kingdom|Pundra]] consisting of the northern regions of [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]. The prince [[Suhma]] founded [[Suhma kingdom]] in the western part of southern [[West Bengal]].</ref>

The [[Ramayana]] (1.23.14) narrates the origin of name ''Aṅga'' as the place where Kamadeva was burnt to death by Siva and where his body parts (''aṅgas'') are scattered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valmikiramayan.net/bala/sarga23/bala_23_frame.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103150640/http://www.valmikiramayan.net/bala/sarga23/bala_23_frame.htm|archive-date=November 3, 2022 |title=Bala Kanda Book I, Chapter 23}}</ref>

== Early history ==
Aṅga was first mentioned in the [[Atharvaveda|{{transliteration|sa|Atharvaveda}}]], where it was connected to the [[Gandhara|Gāndhārī]]s, Mūjavats, and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Māgadhī]]s. The founder of Aṅga might have been the king Aṅga Vairocana, who is mentioned in the [[Aitareya Brahmana|{{transliteration|sa|Aitareya Brāhmaṇa}}]] as a ruler who had been consecrated by the Aryan ritual of {{transliteration|sa|Aindra mahābhiśeka}}.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=106-110}}

Vedic literature such as the {{transliteration|sa|Baudhāyana Dharmasūtra}} nevertheless listed the Āṅgeyas with peoples described as being of "mixed origin."{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=106-110}}

Aṅga was a powerful kingdom at the time of the {{transliteration|sa|Aitareya Brāhmaṇa}}, which mentions the "world conquest" of one of the Āṅgeya kings. The Āṅgeya capital of Campā itself was counted until the time of the Buddha's death among the six most prominent cities of northern India, along with [[Rajgir|Rājagaha]], [[Shravasti|Sāvatthī]], [[Sāketa]], [[Kosambi|Kosāmbī]], and [[Varanasi|Vārāṇasī]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=106-110}}

During the Iron Age, Aṅga expanded to include Vaṅga within its borders, with the capital city of Campā being a wealthy commercial centre from where traders sailed to [[Suvarnabhumi|Suvarṇabhūmi]]. According to the [[Kathasaritsagara|{{transliteration|sa|Kathā-sarit-sāgara}}]], the Āṅgeya city of Viṭaṅkapura was located on the shores of the sea.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=106-110}}

During the 6th century BCE, the king of Aṅga was Dadhivāhana,{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=106-110}} who was married to the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavika]] princess Padmāvatī, who was herself the daughter of the consul of the Licchavika republic, [[Chetaka|Ceṭaka]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Deo |first=Shantaram Bhalchandra |date=1956 |title=History of Jaina Monachism from Inscriptions and Literature |location=[[Pune]], [[India]] |publisher=[[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]] |page=71 |isbn=978-9-333-68377-7 }}</ref> Ceṭaka's sister [[Trishala|Trisalā]] was the mother 24th [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]], [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]], thus making Ceṭaka his uncle and Padmāvatī his cousin; Ceṭaka himself had become an adept of the teachings of Mahāvīra and made the Licchavika capital of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]] a bastion of Jainism, and the marriages of his daughters contributed to the spreading of Jainism across northern India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |date=1974 |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385 |location=[[Delhi]], [[India]] |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |page=67 |isbn=978-8-120-80805-8}}</ref> The daughter of Dadhivāhana and Padmāvatī, Candanā or Candrabālā, became the first woman convert to Jainism shortly after Mahāvīra attained [[Kevala jnana|{{transliteration|sa|Kevala}}]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=106-110}}

Under Dadhivāhana's rule, Aṅga had conquered its western neighbour, the state of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], hence why the {{transliteration|pi|Vidhura Paṇḍita Jātaka}} described the Māgadhī capital of Rājagaha as a city of Aṅga.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=106-110}} This conquest brought Aṅga in direct contact with Magadha's western neighbour [[Vatsa]], whose king Śatānīka attacked the Āṅgeya capital of Campā out of fear of Dadhivāhana's expansionism. Dadhivāhana instead sought friendly relations with Vatsa, and he gave his daughter in marriage to Śatānīka's son, [[Udayana (king)|Udayana]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=106-110}} After Śatānīka's death from dysentery at the same time as a campaign against Vatsa was being carried out by the king [[Pradyota]] of [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]], the latter became the overlord of Vatsa, and Udayana lived as a captive at the court of Pradyota, in [[Ujjain|Ujjenī]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=R. Morton |date=1957 |title=On the Ancient Chronology of India (II) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/596129 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=266–280 |doi= 10.2307/596129|jstor=596129|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

During Udayana's captivity, the state of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kaliṅga]] attacked Aṅga and took Dadhivāhana captive. It was once Pradyota had restored Udayana to his throne, after the latter's marriage to his daughter Vāsavadattā, that Udayana was able to defeat Kaliṅga and restore Dadhivāhana on the Āṅgeya throne, and Dadhivāhana's daughter Priyadarśikā was married to Udayana; according to the later play [[Priyadarsika|{{transliteration|sa|Priyadarśikā}}]], which itself rests on historical records,{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=203}} the Āṅgeya chamberlain took brought her into the refuge of the forest-king Vindhyaketu, from where she was captured by Udayana's army and, given the name Āraṇyikā ("she who is from the forest") after being assumed to be Vindhyaketu's daughter, was brought to Vatsa to become servant of Vāsavadattā, and later married Udayana after the Āṅgeya chamberlain recognised her as once Udayana had defeated Kaliṅga.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Davane |first=G. V. |title=The Legend of Udayana |date=1957 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930814 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |volume=18 |pages=344–373 |jstor=42930814}}</ref>

Aṅga's prosperity ended when, in the middle of the 6th century BCE, the Māgadhī crown prince [[Bimbisāra|Bimbisāra Śreṇika]] avenged his father's defeat against Aṅga by defeating and killing the Āṅgeya king [[Brahmadatta of Anga|Brahmadatta]], after which Aṅga became part of the Māgadhī empire, and Campā became the seat of a Māgadhī viceroy.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=106-110}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=117}}

== Later history ==
During his pilgrimage there in the end of the 4th century, the Chinese monk [[Faxian]] noted the numerous Buddhist temples that still existed in Campā, transliterated {{transliteration|zh|Chanpo}} in Chinese (瞻波 {{zh | hp=Zhānbō| w=Chanpo}}){{#tag:ref|Campā (Indian, not Vietnamese) was also transliterated, besides 瞻波, in the records as Zhanbopo (瞻博婆) and Zhanpo (瞻婆、瞻匐、瞻蔔、詹波、闡蔔、閻波、占波)<ref name=BL>佛光電子大辭典 (''Buddha's Light Electronic Dictionary''). Taiwan: Buddha's Light Publishing ([[Fo Guang Shan]])</ref>|group="N.B."}}. The kingdom of Aṅga by then had long ceased to exist; it had been known as Yāngjiā (鴦伽) in Chinese.{{#tag:ref|Anga was also transliterated, besides 鴦伽, in the records as 鴦迦 (different [[radical (Chinese)|radical]] for ''jiā''), 泱伽 (same pronunciation), Yāngjué (鴦掘), Àng'é (盎誐). Sometimes by [[metonymy]], the kingdom would be called the 'State of Champa'‘’, ''i.e''., 瞻波國.<ref name=BL/>|group="N.B."}}

== Varman rule on Anga ==
In the 11th–12th century, Anga region was under the control of [[Varman dynasty (Bengal)|Varman dynasty]]. Belava copperplate of Bhojavarman mentions that Jatavarman under the leadership of his father Vajravarman conquered Anga and established the rule of his family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=R. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93tDAAAAYAAJ&q=jatavarman+yadava+anga |title=A Comprehensive History of India: A.D. 985–1206 |date=1992 |publisher=People's Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Anga (region)]]
* [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
* [[Anga Lipi]]
* [[Mahajanapadas]]
* [[Magadha-Anga war]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of Hinduism]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}{{Reflist}}
<references group="N.B."/>

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jha|first1=D. N.|author-link1=D. N. Jha|title=Ancient India : in historical outline|date=1999|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788173042850}}
* {{cite book|last1=Malalasekera|first1=G. P.|author-link1=Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera|title=Dictionary of Pali Proper Names|date=2003|orig-year=1937|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120618237|url=http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/c/campaa.htm|language=en}}
*{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] }}
* {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-link1=Upinder Singh|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Longman|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131716779|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ}}
{{refend}}

{{Santhal Pargana Division topics |state=collapsed}}
{{Mahajanapada}}
[[Category:Anga| ]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Mahajanapadas]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:6th-century BC establishments in India]]
[[Category:6th-century BC disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Anga Desh| ]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC]]

Government of Punjab, Pakistan

2026-02-28T09:53:08Z

Mohit8811: adding initial entry basic info

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox government
| government_name = Government of the Punjab
| nativename = {{ubl|{{nobold|{{nq|حکومت پنجاب}}}}|{{nobold|''Hukūmat-e-Panjāb''}}}}
| government_form = Provincial Government
| image = Coat of arms of Punjab.svg
| image_size =
| alt = Emblem of Punjab, featuring the five rivers of the region, alongside a crescent and star
| image2 = [[State emblem of Pakistan#Regional emblems|Emblem of Punjab]] [[File:Flag of Punjab.svg|160px]]
| alt2 = Flag of Punjab featuring the emblem of Punjab on a green field
| caption = [[Flag of Punjab, Pakistan|Flag of Punjab]]
| date = {{Start date|1947|08|15|df=y}} ([[West Punjab]]) {{Start date|1970|07|01|df=y}} ([[Legal Framework Order, 1970|current form]])
| document_type = Constitutional instrument
| document = [[Constitution of Pakistan]]
| division_type = Province
| division = [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
| country = [[Pakistan]]
| website = {{URL|https://punjab.gov.pk/}}

| legislature = [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
| speaker = [[Malik Ahmad Khan]]
| deputy_speaker = [[Zaheer Iqbal Channar]]
| members_in_assembly = [[List of members of the 18th Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Members of the Punjab Assembly]] (MPA)
| meeting_place = [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab#Assembly building|Punjab Assembly Building]] ([[The Mall, Lahore|Shahrah-e-Quaid-e-Azam]], [[Lahore]])
| branch3 = Executive branch
| leader_type = [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor]]
| leader_title = [[Sardar Saleem Haider Khan]]
| leader_type2 = [[Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan|Chief Minister]]
| leader_title2 = [[Maryam Nawaz]]
| leader_type3 = [[Chief Secretary of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Secretary]]
| leader_title3 = Zahid Akhtar Zaman
| headquarters = [[Lahore]]
| main_organ = [[Maryam Nawaz provincial government|Cabinet]]
| departments = 
| branch4 = Judicial branch
| court = [[Lahore High Court]]
| chief_justice_label = [[Lahore High Court#Chief Justices|Chief Justice]]
| chief_justice = [[Aalia Neelum]]
| seat = [[Lahore]] (principal seat){{efn|'''Circuit benches:''' [[Bahawalpur]], [[Multan]], [[Rawalpindi]]}}
| extra_courts_label = Appeals from
| extra_courts = [[District Courts of Pakistan|District courts of Punjab]]
}}

The '''Government of the Punjab''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]/{{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|حکومت پنجاب}}|Hukūmat-e-Panjāb}}) is the [[Government|legal authority]] of the [[Pakistani province]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], based in its capital [[Lahore]]. It has authority over its [[Districts of Punjab, Pakistan|41 districts]], with powers and structure set out in the [[Constitution of Pakistan|national constitution]]. The government is composed of three branches — [[Legislature|legislative]], [[Executive (government)|executive]], and [[judiciary|judicial]]. The [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] serves as the unicameral legislative authority of the province, and elects the [[Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan|chief minister]] to [[head of government|head the government]], executive, and their appointed [[Maryam Nawaz provincial government|cabinet]] – which is aided by the [[Chief Secretary of Punjab (Pakistan)|chief secretary]], who serves as the bureaucratic chief and highest-ranking administrative officer of the province. The [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor]], appointed by the [[Government of Pakistan|federal government]], serves as the ceremonial [[Head of state|head of province]]. The [[Lahore High Court]], headed by its [[Lahore High Court#Chief Justices|Chief Justice]], is the [[Supreme court|highest court]] in the province's judiciary, having supreme [[appellate jurisdiction]] over all provincial cases.

The Punjab province is the country's most populous region and is home to the Punjabis and various other groups. Neighbouring [[provinces of Pakistan]] are [[Sindh]] to the south, [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] to the south-west and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the north-west, as well as [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] to the north and [[Islamabad Capital Territory]] to the north-west. It also shares [[India-Pakistan border|International border]] with Indian states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Rajasthan]] to the east and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir to the north]]. The main languages are [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]] and the provincial capital is Lahore. The name Punjab literally translates from Persian into the words 'Panj' (پانج) five, and 'Aab' (آب) water respectively, which can be translated as "five water" (hence the poetic name land of the five rivers), referring to the [[Beas River|Beas]], [[Ravi river|Ravi]], [[Sutlej]], [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] rivers. Part of the [[Indus River|Indus]] river also lies in Punjab, but it is not considered one of the "five" rivers.

==Departments==
There are [https://punjab.gov.pk/provincialdepartments 41 departments] in the Punjab government. Each Department is headed by a provincial Minister (elected member of the provincial assembly) and a provincial Secretary (a civil servant of usually BPS-20, 21, or BPS-22). All ministers and Secretaries report to the Chief Minister and Chief Secretary, who are the Chief Executive. The [[Chief Secretary Punjab]] is a [[Grade 22|BPS-22 grade]] bureaucrat. The Chief Secretary is appointed by the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]].

In addition to these departments, there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary.<ref name="punjab">{{cite web|url=http://punjab.gov.pk/?q=provincialdepartments|title=Provincial Departments | Punjab Portal|publisher=punjab.gov.pk|access-date=22 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123095928/http://punjab.gov.pk/?q=provincialdepartments|archive-date=23 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Punjab is the largest Province by population. For better management, Sub Secretariat and Additional Inspector General (IG) South Punjab office in [[Multan]] was established by the government.

=== List of departments ===

* [http://www.pndpunjab.gov.pk/ Planning & Development Board]
** Planning & Development Department
* [https://sgad.punjab.gov.pk/ Services, General Administration, Coordination Department]
** Services Wing
** General Administration Wing
** Inter Provincial Coordination Wing
** I&C Wing
** Training Management & Research Management Wing
* [[Anti-Corruption Establishment Punjab|Anti-Corruption Establishment]]
* [http://lgcd.punjab.gov.pk/ Local Government and Community Development Department]
* [https://punjab.gov.pk/home Home Department]
* Chief Minister's Inspection, Enquiries & Implementation Team
* Universities and Boards Department
* [[Punjab Food Department (Pakistan)|Food Department]]
* [[Finance department, Punjab (Pakistan)|Finance Department]]
* [[Energy Department (Punjab, Pakistan)|Energy Department]]
* [[Punjab Health Department|Health Department]]
* [[Punjab Communication and Works Department|Communication and Works Department]]
* Culture, [https://tourism.punjab.gov.pk/ Tourism], Antiquities & [[Punjab Archives|Archives Department]]
* Works & Services Department
* [[Punjab information and culture department|Information and culture Department]]
** [[Punjab Council of Arts]]
* [[Excise and taxation department, Punjab (Pakistan)|Excise and taxation department]]
* [http://pwd.punjab.gov.pk/ Population Welfare Department]
* [https://labour.punjab.gov.pk/ Labor & Human Resources Department]
* [https://law.punjab.gov.pk/ Law & Parliamentary Affairs Department]
* [[Punjab Irrigation Department|Irrigation Department]]
* [[Punjab Highway Department|Highway Department]]
* [[Agriculture department (Punjab, Pakistan)|Agriculture Department]]
* [[Literacy & non-formal basic education department (Punjab, Pakistan)|Literacy & non-formal basic education department]]
* [[Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries department, Punjab|Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries department]]
** [[South Punjab Forest Company]]
* Information, Science & Technology Department
* Cooperative Department
* Women Development Department
* Transport & Mass Transit Department
* [[Industries, commerce and investment department (Punjab, Pakistan)|Industries, commerce and investment department]]
* Human Settlement Department
* Social Welfare Department
* Mines & Minerals Development Department
* Rehabilitation Department
* [https://yas.punjab.gov.pk/ Sports & Youth Affairs Department]
* Housing, Urban Development, and Public Health Engineering Department
* [[Higher Education Department]]
* [[School education department (Punjab, Pakistan)|School Education Department]]
* Environment, Climate Change & Coastal Development Department
* Investment Department
* [[Punjab Auqaf and Religious Affairs Department|Auqaf and Religious Affairs Department]]
* [[Punjab Human Rights and Minorities Affairs Department|Human Rights and Minorities Affairs Department]]

=== Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments ===
* [[Punjab Information Technology Board]]
* [[Punjab Prisons (Pakistan)]]
* [[Punjab Higher Education Commission]]
* [[Punjab Commission on the Status of Women]]
* [[Punjab Khal Panchayat Authority]]
* [[Punjab Masstransit Authority]]
* [[Punjab Food Authority]]
* [[Punjab Forensic Science Agency]]
* [[ Punjab Employees Social Security Institution (PESSI) ]]

==Legislature==
The [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] is a unicameral legislature with 297 elected members, 66 seats reserved for women and 8 seats reserved for non-Muslims)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/reserved_seats/en/20|title=Punjab Assembly|website=www.pap.gov.pk|access-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170719/http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/reserved_seats/en/20|archive-date=30 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Punjab}}
*[[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan]]
*[[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)]]
*[[Speaker of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab]]
*[[Leader of the Opposition of Punjab (Pakistan)|Leader of the Opposition Punjab]]
*[[Chief Secretary Punjab]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.punjab.gov.pk/ Government of the Punjab official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510003636/http://www.punjab.gov.pk/ |date=10 May 2015 }}
* [https://www.facebook.com/GovtOfThePunjab/ Official facebook page]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180830185525/https://wespm.com/ Information For Punjab Employees]}}
* [https://point2pointnews.com/ LATEST PUNJABI NEWS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227190217/https://point2pointnews.com/ |date=27 December 2023 }}

{{Punjab, Pakistan topics}}
{{Government of Pakistan}}

[[Category:Government of Punjab, Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:Provincial governments of Pakistan|Punjab]]

Clemis Abraham

2026-02-25T11:45:25Z

Mohit8811: creating entry

{{Short description|Indian prelate (1918-2002)}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Chief Metropolitan
| honorific_prefix = ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܩܠܶܡܺܝܣ ܐܰܒ݂ܪܳܗܳܡ Qooberneeyto Hakeemo
| name = Mor Clemis Abraham
| honorific_suffix = '''Great Metropolitan of the East'''
| title = [[Malankara Metropolitan]] and Archbishop of [[Knanaya|Knanaya Archdiocese]]
| image = Mor Cleemis Abraham.png
| image_upright = yes
| caption = Mor Clemis Abraham
| church = [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]]
| term = 1957 - 1958
| predecessor = [[Athanasius Paulose|Mar Athanasius]]
| other_post = [[Knanaya|Archbishop of Knanaya Syrian Archdiocese]],
[[Malankara Metropolitan]] of [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]] (1957-58)
| ordination = 15 January 1947
| ordained_by = [[Yulios Elias Qoro]]
| consecration = 15 April 1951
| consecrated_by = [[Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum]]
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = [[Metropolitan bishop|Chief Metropolitan]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1918|04|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = Vaikom, [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]], [[Travancore]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |2002|9|29 |1918|4|29 |mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Lisie Hospital, Kochi]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| buried = St. John's Dayro, Mor Epiram Seminary [[Chingavanam]], [[Kottayam]]
| nationality = [[India]]
| religion = [[Oriental Orthodoxy]]
| education = B.A. from [[St. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai]], 
M.A. (Hons.) in Political Science from [[Annamalai University]], 
B.D. Syriac & Theology Studies from Theological Seminary [[Mosul]], 
M.Div. from [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)]], [[United States of America]]
| alma_mater = [[Columbia University]], [[Annamalai University]]
| successor = [[Baselios Augen I]]
| native_name =
}}
'''Mor Clemis Abraham, Chief Metropolitan of the East''' (born as Abraham, 22 April 1918 – 29 September 2002) was a bishop of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], who served as the 19th [[Malankara Metropolitan]] of the [[Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church]] from 1957 to 1958 and the Archbishop of the [[Malankara Syriac Knanaya Archdiocese|Knanaya Syriac Archdiocese]] of [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brock |first1=Sebastian P. |last2=Taylor |first2=David G. K. |title=The Hidden Pearl: At the turn of the third millennium ; the Syrian Orthodox witness |date=2001 |publisher=Trans World Film Italia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lPuAAAAMAAJ&q=Mor+Clemis+Abraham |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |last2=Brady |first2=Williams Raymond |title=Christian Pluralism in the United States: The Indian Immigrant Experience |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521570169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1uk6zZQKzAC&q=Mor+Clemis+Abraham&pg=PA68 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Joseph |first1=Thomas |title=Mor Clemis Abraham Vayala (1918 - 2002) |url=http://sor.cua.edu/Personage/Malankara/MClemisAVayala.html |website=sor.cua.edu}}</ref>

== Education ==
Mor Clemis Abraham did his primary education at the Vaikom Town Government Lower Primary School.<ref>{{cite web |title=Govt. Lower primary School at Vaikom |url=http://education.kerala.gov.in/Downloads2011/Notifications/statitics/lp/kottayamlp.pdf}}</ref> His secondary education was in MS Higher Secondary School, Ranni in 1934.<ref>{{cite web |title=MS Higher Secondary School, Ranni |url=http://mshssranni.com/higher-secondary}}</ref> and later joined St. Mary's High School in Aluva. He passed his pre-degree from [[CMS College Kottayam]] and joined [[St. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai]] for [[Bachelor of Arts]]. He did his master's degree in [[political science]] from [[Annamalai University]], studied Syriac and theology studies at the Theological Seminary in [[Mosul]]. In 1960 he obtained a [[Master of Divinity]] from [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union Theological Seminary]] in [[New York City]], [[United States of America]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Union Theological Seminary |url=https://utsnyc.edu/ |website=Union Theological Seminary}}</ref>

==Ecumenical relations==
He had an audience with the [[pope]] of Rome at [[Holy See|Vatican]] on July 29, 1960, and on May 14, 1980, Mor Clemis visited the pope again at Vatican with Patriarch [[Mor Ya`qub III]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Meeting with the Syro-Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (May 14, 1980) {{!}} John Paul II |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/1980/may/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19800514_patriarca-antiochia.html |journal=W2.vatican.va}}</ref>

==Honors==
* 1982, Patriarch Mor [[Ignatius Zakka I]] conferred the title '''Kooberneethi Hakheemo (wise captain)'''.
* 1989, the title '''Great Metropolitan of the East''' by Patriarch Mor [[Ignatius Zakka I]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=994kAQAAIAAJ&q=Mor+Clemis+Abraham |title=Eastern Churches Journal: A Journal of Eastern Christendom |date=2003 |publisher=Society of Saint John Chrysostom |language=en}}</ref>
* 1992, Established a school named after himself: Clemis School and Junior College, Chingavanam, Kottayam, Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=The school is named after the illustrious Abraham Mor Clemis, Chief Metropolitan of Malankara and all the East. |url=http://clemisschool.org/about%20-%20us.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719113746/http://clemisschool.org/about%20-%20us.html |archive-date=2018-07-19 |access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref>

== Death and Funeral ==
Clemis Abraham died at Lissie Hospital in [[Ernakulam]] on September 29, 2002. At the time of his death, Mor Clemis was the senior most Metropolitan of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] all over the world and the longest serving bishop in the history of the Malankara Church. His mortal remains were interred at St. John's Dayara Church, Chingavanam on October 1, 2002 after funeral rites were led by [[Baselios Thomas I]], Mor Yulius Yeshu` Çiçek of Europe, and other Metropolitans of Malankara.

==Succession==
{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|'Malankara [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] Titles}}
{{succession box
| before = Saint Athanasius of Aluva the Malankara Metropolitan
[[Mor Yulios Elias Qoro]] Syriac Orthodox Patriarchal Delegates of India 1953-1957
| title = [[Malankara Metropolitan]] of [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]
| years = 1957–1958
| after = Malankara Metropolitan [[Geevarghese II]] 1958-1964
}}

{{succession box|
| before =
| title = Knanaya Metropolitan of [[Malankara Syriac Knanaya Archdiocese|Knanaya Jacobite Archdiocese]]
| years = 1951–2002|
| after = [[Severios Kuriakose]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*[[Syriac Orthodox Church]]
*[[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]
*[[Severios Kuriakose]]
*[[Ivanios Kuriakose]]
*[[Gregorios Kuriakose]]
*[[Silvanos Ayub]]

==External links==
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSqwzeHS5xE&t=37s Qooberneeyto Hakeemo Mor Clemis Abraham, A Tribute from St. Mary's Knanaya Church, 2017]
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|'Malankara [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] Titles}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Mor Yulios Elias Qoro]] Syriac Orthodox Patriarchal Delegates of India 1953-1957|
title= [[Malankara Metropolitan]] of [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]|
years=1957–1958|
after= [[Geevarghese II]] 1958-1964}}

{{succession box|
|before=[[Dioscoros Thomas]]
|title=Knanaya Metropolitan of [[Malankara Syriac Knanaya Archdiocese|Knanaya Jacobite Archdiocese]]|
years=1951–2002|
|after= [[Severios Kuriakose]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Jacobite Syrian Christian Metropolitans}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abraham, Clemis}}
[[Category:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church bishops]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian bishops]]

Café Coffee Day

2026-02-19T12:03:44Z

Mohit8811: further enhanced details for accuracy further and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Coffeehouse chain}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Cafe Coffee Day
| logo = Café Coffee Day.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| image =
| image_caption = A Cafe Coffee Day store in [[Raipur]]
| trade_name = Café Coffee Day
| type = [[Subsidiary]] of Coffee Day Enterprises
| traded_as = {{BSE|539436}} {{NSE|COFFEEDAY}} (parent company)
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE335K01011}}
| industry = [[Coffeehouse]]
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1996}}
| hq_location = Coffee Day Square, Vittal Mallya Road
| hq_location_city = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coffeeday.com/contact.html|title=Coffeeday Group – Contact|website=www.coffeeday.com|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=23 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523231247/http://www.coffeeday.com/contact.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| num_locations = 550<ref name="Q1 2022 report">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/673b3133-e419-4c31-95fd-379430d913ee.pdf |title=Coffee Day Quarterly Report Q1 2022 |access-date=18 August 2021 }}</ref>
| num_locations_year = 2021
| area_served = Worldwide
| founder = [[V. G. Siddhartha]]
| key_people = {{ubl|S. V. Ranganath {{small|(Interim Chairman)}}|[[Malavika Hegde]] {{small|(CEO)}}}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/a-year-after-vg-siddharthas-death-wife-malavika-hegde-takes-charge-of-coffee-day-as-new-ceo/articleshow/79621120.cms?from=mdr | title=A year after VG Siddhartha's death, wife Malavika Hegde takes charge of Coffee Day as new CEO | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=8 December 2020 | access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref>
| products = {{flatlist|
* [[Coffee]]
* [[Tea]]
* [[Pastries]]
* [[Cappuccino]]
* [[Smoothies]]
}}
| revenue = {{down}} {{INRConvert|1024.79|c}} (2021)<ref name="Annual report">{{Cite web |url=http://www.coffeeday.com/PDF/CoffeeDayAR2018-19Final_compressed.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006203121/https://coffeeday.com/PDF/CoffeeDayAR2018-19Final_compressed.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2021 |title=Coffee Day Annual Report 2019 |access-date=30 March 2020 }}</ref>
| operating_income = {{down}} {{INRConvert|-559.02|c}} (2021)
| net_income = {{down}} {{INRConvert|-583.92|c}} (2021)
| assets = {{down}} {{INRConvert|6601.80|c}} (2021)
| equity = {{down}} {{INRConvert|3896.40|c}} (2021)
| num_employees = 20,135<ref name="Annual report" />
| parent = '''Coffee Day Enterprises'''
| subsid = {{flatlist|
* Café Emporio
* Coffee Day Fresh ‘n Ground
* Coffee Day Xpress
* Coffee Day Take Away
* Coffee Day Exports
* Coffee Day Perfect
* Coffee Day Beverages
}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.cafecoffeeday.com/|cafecoffeeday.com}}
}}
'''Café Coffee Day''' ('''CCD''') is an Indian multinational [[List of coffeehouse chains|chain]] of [[coffeehouse]]s headquartered in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]. It is a subsidiary of Coffee Day Enterprises Limited. Internationally, CCD is present in Austria, the Czech Republic, Malaysia, Nepal, and Egypt.

==History==
Café Coffee Day Global Limited Company is a [[Chikkamagaluru]]-based business that grows coffee in its own estates of 20,000 acres.<ref name="business.in.com">{{cite web|url=http://business.in.com/article/big-bet/vg-siddhartha-is-branching-out/26282/0|title=Forbes India Magazine – V.G. Siddhartha is Branching Out|access-date=9 July 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008092739/http://business.in.com/article/big-bet/vg-siddhartha-is-branching-out/26282/0|archive-date=8 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the largest producer of [[Arabica coffee|arabica]] beans in Asia, exporting to various countries including U.S., Europe, and Japan.<ref name="fullbeans">{{cite news |title=Full of beans |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140403/jsp/you/18146793.jsp |date=3 April 2014 |agency=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta |access-date=Jul 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729173913/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140403/jsp/you/18146793.jsp |archive-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[V. G. Siddhartha]] started the café chain in 1996 when he incorporated Coffee Day Global, which is the parent of the Coffee Day chain.<ref name="ccdvstsb">{{cite news |title=VG Siddhartha: The man who tasted success through coffee |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/vg-siddhartha-the-man-who-tasted-success-through-coffee/articleshow/70443514.cms |date=30 July 2019 |publisher=Economic Times |access-date=Jul 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730054853/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/vg-siddhartha-the-man-who-tasted-success-through-coffee/articleshow/70443514.cms |archive-date=30 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first CCD outlet was set up on July 11, 1996, at [[Brigade Road]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. It rapidly expanded to other cities in India, with more than 1,000 cafés open across the nation by 2011.

In 2010, it was announced that a consortium led by [[Kohlberg Kravis Roberts]] would invest {{INRConvert|1000|c|lk=|year=2010}} in Coffee Day Resorts, owned by the company.<ref name="kkrmillion">{{cite news |title=KKR-led consortium to invest Rs 1k-cr in Coffee Day Resorts |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-03-15/news/27618290_1_kkr-cafe-coffee-day-coffee-bars |date=15 March 2010 |agency=Economic Times |access-date=Jul 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708203153/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-03-15/news/27618290_1_kkr-cafe-coffee-day-coffee-bars |archive-date=8 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The same year, the logo was changed to the current logo, which the company stated was to showcase the chain as a place to talk.<ref name="newlogo">{{cite news|title=Cafe Coffee Day unveils new logo|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/29049/cafe-coffee-day-unveils-logo.html|date=6 October 2010|agency=[[Deccan Herald]]|location=Bangalore|access-date=Jul 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728144351/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/29049/cafe-coffee-day-unveils-logo.html|archive-date=28 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> This was done with major changes in the layout of the stores, including the addition of lounges and a total revamp of the interiors.<ref name="makeover">{{cite news |title=Cafe Coffee Day to go for makeover, to open 180 outlets this fiscal |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-cafe-coffee-day-to-go-for-makeover-to-open-180-outlets-this-fiscal-1402432 |date=28 June 2010 |agency=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Barcelona |access-date=Jul 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729032157/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-cafe-coffee-day-to-go-for-makeover-to-open-180-outlets-this-fiscal-1402432 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery width="120" heights="90">
Happy Valentine's Day...!.jpg|A cup of coffee at Café Coffee Day
Cafecoffeday.JPG|Sandwich, coffee and tea served at CCD
</gallery>

The company is vertically integrated as per the strategy to cut costs: from owning the plantations<ref name="business.in.com"/> to growing the coffee,<ref name="business.in.com"/> making the coffee machines<ref name="businesstoday.intoday.in">{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/competition-in-coffee-retailing-grows/1/17520.html|title=Competition in the coffee retailing sector steps up|date=18 August 2011 |access-date=22 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115121954/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/competition-in-coffee-retailing-grows/1/17520.html|archive-date=15 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> and making the furniture for the outlets.<ref name="business.in.com"/>

On 29 July 2019, Siddhartha went missing, and his body was found in the [[Netravati River|Nethravathi river]] backwaters two days later. A letter, assumed to be written by Siddhartha addressing the board of directors and staff, was made public in which he takes responsibility for not creating a profitable business model.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pixr8.com/news/indias-leading-coffee-chain-cafe-coffee-day-founder-dead-body-found/ |title=India's leading Coffee Chain Cafe Coffee Day founder dead body found |date=31 July 2019 |access-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731060932/https://pixr8.com/news/indias-leading-coffee-chain-cafe-coffee-day-founder-dead-body-found/ |archive-date=31 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2019, the company appointed auditing firm [[Ernst & Young|Ernst and Young]] to scrutinize their books of accounts. They also indicated the auditor will also look into circumstances of the last letter written by the founder and the points he made in it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/business/coffee-day-enterprise-appoints-global-accounting-firm-ey-to-scrutnize-book-of-accounts-2263585.html|title=Coffee Day Enterprise Appoints Global Accounting Firm EY to Scrutnise Book of Accounts|website=News18|date=8 August 2019 |access-date=2019-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903140818/https://www.news18.com/news/business/coffee-day-enterprise-appoints-global-accounting-firm-ey-to-scrutnize-book-of-accounts-2263585.html|archive-date=3 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2020, Coffee Day Enterprises Limited announced that it has reached an agreement to sell Global Village Technology Park, a 90-acre tech park on the outskirts of [[Bengaluru]], for a total consideration of ₹2,700 crore for repaying the debt of Cafe Coffee Day's associate firms and their promoters.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laskar|first=Anirudh|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/coffee-day-gets-rs-1800-crore-from-blackstone-for-it-park-deal-11585319349415.html|title=Coffee Day gets Rs. 1800 crore from Blackstone for IT park deal|date=27 March 2020|work=Live Mint|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> In 2023, [[IndusInd Bank]] filed a bankruptcy petition against Cafe Coffee Day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad B |first=keshava |date=24 July 2023 |title=ದಿವಾಳಿ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಗೆ ಅರ್ಜಿ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸಿದ ಕಾಫಿ ಡೇ ಗ್ಲೋಬಲ್ |url=https://vistaranews.com/commerce/coffee-day-global-coffee-day-global-filed-for-liquidation/408833.html |access-date=24 July 2023 |website=Vistara News}}</ref>

==Outlets==
Prior to Siddhartha's death in 2018, Coffee Day had nearly 1,700 cafes, 500-plus kiosks, more than 400 Fresh & Ground outlets, and over 47,500 vending machines placed in offices of different companies. <ref>{{Cite web |title=V G Siddhartha: Life, Legacy and Lessons of CCD Founder |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/v-g-siddhartha-the-man-behind-cafe-coffee-day-and-the-business-he-left-behind-3837276 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

As of September 2024, the company had 450 café outlets in 141 cities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannan |first=Uma |date=2024-09-04 |title=Cafe Coffee Day’s presence falls to 141 cities, outlets drop to 450 in FY24 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2024/Sep/04/cafe-coffee-days-presence-falls-to-141-cities-outlets-drop-to-450-in-fy24 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As of September 30, 2025, the cafe count stood at 423 while the vending machine business has survived with 55,733 machines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=V G Siddhartha: Life, Legacy and Lessons of CCD Founder |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/v-g-siddhartha-the-man-behind-cafe-coffee-day-and-the-business-he-left-behind-3837276 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
<gallery width="120" heights="90">
Café Coffee Day in Kempegowda Airport, Aug 2008.jpg|[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore Airport]]
Cafe coffee day cyber hub phase 3.jpg|[[Gurgaon]]
Cafe Coffee Day Barkatpura Hyderabad.jpg|[[Hyderabad]]
Cafe Coffee Day, Novy Smichov, Prague.jpg|[[Prague]]
</gallery>

==Subsidiaries==
In June 2010, CCD acquired Café Emporio, a café chain from the [[Czech Republic]]. At that time, Café Emporio had 11 cafés in the Czech Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/72821/cafe-coffee-day-acquires-cafe.html |title=CCD acquires Czech Republic's Cafe Emporio |access-date=30 March 2020 |date=1 June 2010 }}</ref>

Café Coffee Day's divisions include:
* Coffee Day Fresh 'n' Ground, which owns 375 [[coffee bean]] and powder retail outlets<ref name="Annual report" />
* Coffee Day Square, a high-level coffee bar in [[Bangalore]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]] and [[New Delhi]]
* Coffee Day Xpress, which runs 537 Coffee Day kiosks<ref name="Annual report" />
* Coffee Day Beverages, which runs over 56,799 vending machines<ref name="Annual report" />
* Coffee Day Exports, its exporting wing
* Coffee Day Perfect, its [[fast-moving consumer goods]] packaged coffee division
* Coffee Day B2C Plant, [[coffee vending machine]] manufacturing division

==See also==
* [[List of coffeehouse chains]]
* [[Tata Starbucks]]
{{portal|Coffee}}

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}{{commons category|Café Coffee Day}}

==External links==
* [https://www.cafecoffeeday.com/ Official website]

{{Kohlberg Kravis Roberts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cafe Coffee Day}}
[[Category:Coffeehouses and cafés in India]]
[[Category:Coffee brands]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

Upendra Sidhaye

2026-02-14T12:54:30Z

Mohit8811: Put Up Basic Pg Needs Work

'''Upendra Sidhaye''' (born 8 October 1980), born and brought up in [[Pune]], is a screenplay and story writer in Indian Film industry ([[Bollywood]]). Sidhaye won honors and admiration with his debut film ''[[Mumbai Meri Jaan]]'' (2008). Sidhaye and [[Yogesh Vinayak Joshi]] collectively received the [[Filmfare Awards]] (2009) and [[Cine Blitz]] award <ref name="Asia Pacific Screen Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/the_awards/past_winners_and_nominees/nominees_2009/best_screenplay |title=Asia Pacific Screen Awards > Best Screenplay |access-date=2011-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224064207/http://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/the_awards/past_winners_and_nominees/nominees_2009/best_screenplay |archive-date=2011-02-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> of best screenplay for [[Mumbai Meri Jaan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/filmfare-awards-2009-85.html|title=Filmfare Awards 2009 - Filmfare Award 2009 Winners|website=www.awardsandshows.com}}</ref>

==Education==
Sidhaye graduated with a degree in commerce. He did his post graduation in Mass Communication from [[Pune University]]. He joined theatre group viz. [[Maitree, Pune]] that staged Marathi plays like Sankraman. In conjunction, He also participated in a prestigious trophy named [[Purushottam Karandak]] to direct and act in a Marathi play viz. Enigma. This play won the team a silver cup and Sidhaye received award for best direction and acting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/screening-success/435507|title=Screening success - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=63493 | title=City News, Indian City Headlines, Latest City News, Metro City News }}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/screening-success/435507 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Sidhaye wrote and directed the [[short film]]s ''3 Khwaab'' and ''Waiting Room''.<ref name="Asia Pacific Screen Awards" /> Following this, he worked as an in-house writer for [[UTV Motion Pictures]] starting 2005 and, with [[Yogesh Vinayak Joshi]], co-wrote [[Nishikant Kamat]]'s ''[[Mumbai Meri Jaan]]'' and was also an assistant director for the film. He was a writer for the Bollywood film ''[[Payback (2010 film)|Payback]]'' (2010).

Sidhaye has written the Hindi adaptation of ''[[Drishyam (2015 film)|Drishyam]]'', as well as dialogues for the award-winning Marathi film ''[[Killa (film)|Killa]].'' <ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |title=Girlfriend marks Upendra Sidhaye's directorial debut - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/girlfriend-marks-upendra-sidhayes-directorial-debut/articleshow/69631291.cms |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with the Marathi film ''Girlfriend.'' <ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> Most recently, he worked on the feature film ''Me Vasantrao'', which he has co-written with director Nipun Dharmadhikari, which released in April 2022 to wide critical and commercial acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Me Vasantrao' review: A portrait of an artist as a diffident man |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1020748/me-vasantrao-review-a-portrait-of-an-artist-as-a-diffident-man |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>
* [http://www.weeksupdate.com/2009/02/filmfare-2009-54th-filmfare-awards-2009.html Weeks Update - Filmfare 2009: 54th Filmfare Awards 2009 Winners]
{{FilmfareAwardBestScreenplay}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sidhaye, Upenda}}
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

J. Shivashanmugam Pillai

2026-02-01T04:53:07Z

Mohit8811:

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{infobox person
| name = J. Shivashanmugam
| birth_name = Jagannathan Shivashanmugam
| birth_date = 24 February 1901
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1975|2|17|1901|2|24}}
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
| occupation = politician
| spouse = Chandra
}}
'''Jagannathan Shivashanmugam''' (24 February 1901 – 17 February 1975) was an Indian politician of the [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1938, he became the first [[Scheduled Caste]] [[Mayor of Chennai|Mayor of Madras]]. He also served as the first speaker of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Madras Legislative Assembly]] after [[Independence Day (India)|India's independence]].

== Early life ==

Shivashanmugam was born [[Chennai|Madras]] (now [[Chennai]], the capital of [[Tamil Nadu]]) theon 24 February 1901. His father Jagannathan was a steward. Shivashanmugam had his schooling in Madras and graduated from [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]]. He completed his master's in private from the [[University of Madras]].<ref name="shivashanmugam_bio">{{cite book |author=Rāmacandra Kshīrasāgara |title=Dalit movement in India and its leaders, 1857-1956 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |year=1994 |pages=294–295 |id={{ISBN|8185880433}}, {{ISBN|978-81-85880-43-3}}}}</ref>

== First Speaker in independent India ==

The first elections to state assemblies were conducted in 1951. Since independence, the franchise had been enlarged to include all Indian citizens. Shivashanmugam was elected to the assembly and was successfully nominated as the first Speaker.<ref name="shivashanmugam_bio" /> Shivashanmugam served as the Speaker of the assembly from 1951 to 1955.<ref name="shivashanmugam_bio" /><ref name="india_government">{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly: Details of terms of successive Legislative Assemblies constituted under the Constitution of India |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083126/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm |archive-date= 6 October 2014 |df= }}</ref>

== Later life ==

From 1955 to 1961, Shivashanmugam served as a member of the [[Union Public Service Commission]].<ref name="shivashanmugam_bio" /> In 1962, he was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] and served as member from 1962 to 1968.<ref name="shivashanmugam_bio" /><ref name="rajyasabha_bio">{{cite book|title=Biographical Sketch - Rajya Sabha|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/whoswho/previous_member/biograp_sketc_1e.htm|publisher=Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329131618/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/whoswho/previous_member/biograp_sketc_1e.htm|archive-date=29 March 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Family ==

Shivashanmugam married Chandra in 1937 and has three sons and one daughter.<ref name="shivashanmugam_bio" /><ref name="rajyasabha_bio" />

== Death ==

Shivashanmugam died on 17 February 1975 at the age of 73.<ref name="rajyasabha_bio" />

== Works ==

* {{cite book|title=History of the Adi Dravidas}}
* {{cite book | title=The Life, Select Writings and Speeches of Rao Bahadur M. C. Rajah| last=Rajah| first=M. C.|author2=J. Shivashunmugham | year=1930| publisher=Indian Publishing House}}
* {{cite book|title=Legislative Protection of Cultivating Tenant Labourers}}

== Notes ==

{{Reflist|2}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of mayors of Chennai|Mayor of Madras]]|before=[[K. Sriramulu Naidu]]|after=[[K. Venkataswamy Naidu]]|years=1937-1938}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivashanmugam, J.}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mayors of Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]

Siege of Negapatam

2026-01-30T17:05:45Z

Mohit8811: corrected article also and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|1781 siege of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Siege of Negapatam
|image=File:Portrait of Admiral Sir Edward Hughes.jpg
|caption=A portrait of Edward Hughes
|partof=the [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] and the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]
|date=21 October – 11 November 1781 ({{age in years, months, weeks and days|1781|10|21|1781|11|11}})
|place=[[Negapatam]], [[Dutch Coromandel]]
|result=British victory
|combatant1={{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
|combatant2={{flag|Dutch Republic}} [[File:Flag of Mysore.svg|22x20px]] [[Sultanate of Mysore]]
|commander1=[[Hector Munro, 8th of Novar|Hector Munro]] [[Edward Hughes (admiral)|Edward Hughes]]
|commander2={{Flagicon|Dutch Republic}} Reynier van Vlissingen [[File:Flag of Mysore.svg|22x20px]] [[Hyder Ali]]
|strength1= 4,000 troops
|strength2= 6,100 Dutch colonial troops
*600 Dutch
*5,500 Indian sepoys
2,100 Mysorean troops
|casualties1=Light
|casualties2= Unknown killed/wounded thousands captured
|campaignbox=
{{Campaignbox Fourth Anglo-Dutch War}}
{{Campaignbox Second Anglo-Mysore War}}
{{Dutch colonial campaigns}}
}}

The '''siege of Negapatam''' was the first major offensive military action on the [[India]]n subcontinent following the arrival of news that war had been declared between Great Britain and the [[Dutch Republic]], beginning the [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]]. A British force besieged the Dutch-controlled port of [[Nagapattinam|Negapatam]], the capital of [[Dutch Coromandel]], on the eastern coast of India, which capitulated after the fortification's walls were breached. The Dutch garrison consisted of 500 European troops, 5,500 local troops, and 2,000 troops of [[Hyder Ali]], the ruler of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]].

While many British troops were occupied with fighting Hyder Ali's armies as part of the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]], and General [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Eyre Coote]] was opposed to offensive actions against the Dutch, [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|Lord Macartney]], the governor of [[Madras]], was able to raise more than 4,000 troops and secure the assistance of Admiral Sir [[Edward Hughes (admiral)|Edward Hughes]] to defeat the larger Dutch and Mysorean defence force.

==Background==
{{main|Fourth Anglo-Dutch War|Second Anglo-Mysore War}}

Following French entry into the [[American War of Independence]] in 1778, Great Britain had moved rapidly to gain control over French colonial outposts in India. Their seizure of the French port of [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] on the west coast in 1779 prompted Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, who claimed the port to be under his protection, to open the Second Anglo-Mysore War against British holdings in southern India.<ref>Cust, p. 222</ref> He made strong initial gains, with his troops occasionally threatening the main British outpost of Madras on the east coast. By the start of the 1781 monsoon season, the British and Mysoreans were at an uneasy stalemate.

In December 1780 Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic, citing Dutch trafficking in arms in support of the French and American rebels as one of the reasons. While this news reached some of the Dutch colonial governors in India early in 1781, it did not reach Governor [[Reynier van Vlissingen]] at the main outpost of Negapatam until rumors of war became widespread, and [[Iman Willem Falck]], the governor of [[Trincomalee]], notified him in June of the war declaration.<ref name=L115>Lohuizen, p. 115</ref>

The relationship among the Dutch at Negapatam, the British, and the Mysoreans was at the time quite fluid. Hyder's forces had been raiding villages near Negapatam early in 1781, and van Vlissingen, in an attempt to collect damages from Hyder, had instead been forced to pay ransom to release the envoys he had sent to Hyder's camp at [[Tanjore]] after Hyder not only refused to release them, but also made verbal threats concerning the Dutch outposts at [[Pulicat]] and [[Sadras]].<ref>Lohuizen, pp. 113-114</ref> Van Vlissingen had received offers of assistance from General Eyre Coote, the British commander at Madras during these negotiations.<ref>Lohuizen, p. 112</ref>

In the summer of 1781, Lord Macartney arrived to take over as governor of Madras, brought news to the British outpost of the new war, and mobilised British troops to gain control over Dutch possessions in India and [[Ceylon]].<ref>Cust, p. 303</ref> Van Vlissingen, when he learned of the war, immediately negotiated an alliance with Hyder, which was agreed on 29 July (although it was not formally ratified until 4 September).<ref name=L115/>

==Prelude==
Van Vlissingen at first sent 600 men, as well as gunpowder and ammunition, to Hyder's camp at Tanjore in early August 1781. However, the rising threat of a British move against Negapatam prompted the allies to instead consider building up its defences. The Dutch 600 returned to Negapatam in late September with 2,100 Mysoreans, and established a defensive line outside the city's walls,<ref name=L116>Lohuizen, p. 116</ref> which were also defended by a mixed army composed mostly of local [[sepoy]]s, along with some European and [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] troops.

Most of the British forces on India's east coast were occupied by Hyder's actions, and General Coote was not agreeable to releasing significant forces from that effort. Lord Macartney secured the services of [[Hector Munro, 8th of Novar|Hector Munro]], who was preparing to retire to England, and was able to convince Colonel John Braithwaite, whose troops were active to the south of Madras, to release his men for action against the Dutch outposts. Braithwaite, who had been recently wounded, sent men under Colonel Eccles Nixon toward Negapatam,<ref>Vibert, p. 162</ref> while Munro's force was carried there by the fleet of Admiral Sir Edward Hughes. On 20 October Nixon seized the Dutch outpost at [[Karikal]], and the next day took control of [[Nagore]], a Dutch outpost that had been under Hyder's control. That same day Hughes's fleet arrived and delivered Munro and his army.<ref name=L116/>

==Siege==
Munro's first moves were attempts by relatively small detachments to gain control over some of the [[redoubt]]s on the outer lines of defence. On 27 and 28 October two such attacks against a redoubt on the west side of the line were repulsed. After sending one of Hughes's ships to reconnoiter the defences to the east, a third attack on a redoubt there succeeded on 30 October.<ref>Vibert, pp. 162-163</ref> According to Dutch reports, this battle resulted in most of the Mysorean cavalry fleeing the scene, and most of the remaining Dutch forces withdrew within the town's walls.<ref name="L117"/>

From that point Munro began digging siege trenches on 1 November, and construction of a forward battery began on 5 November. That night, the Dutch made a [[sortie (siege warfare)|sortie]] in an attempt to disrupt the works, but the battery of eight cannon was completed the next day, and opened fire on 7 November, doing significant damage to the town's northern walls.<ref>Vibert, p. 163</ref> A second Dutch sally on 10 November also failed to disrupt the siege.

Dutch requests to Hyder Ali for reinforcements had been made. On 28 October Hyder had sent another detachment of troops toward Negapatam. These reached Kuttur, about one day's march west of Negapatam, on 8 November, and van Vlissingen urged them to attack the British. However, they were reluctant to do so, given the large number of British troops, and asked Hyder for additional troops from Tanjore. These arrived on 10 November, but Munro seized the initiative and attacked the Mysoreans before they were prepared for battle, forcing them to retreat. A third wave of Mysorean reinforcements neared Negapatam on 13 November, only to learn the town had already surrendered.<ref name=L117/>

Van Vlissingen held a council of war after the failed sally on the night of 10 November, in which it was revealed that the town had but one day's supply of gunpowder left; the council voted for surrender, and raised the white flag the next day.<ref name=L117>Lohuizen, p. 117</ref>

==Aftermath==
Negotiations over the terms of capitulation were finalized on 12 November and the garrison surrendered that day.<ref name=L117/> The Dutch held an inquiry into the defeat, which highlighted unusual behavior by van Vlissingen during the siege: he had claimed illness during the later stages of the siege and may have been in some way responsible for the rather abrupt shortage of gunpowder.<ref>Lohuizen, p. 118</ref>

Britain went on to [[Capture of Trincomalee|capture Trincomalee]] on Ceylon<ref>Nicolas, pp. 123–124</ref> and other Dutch possessions in India. The British returned them all to the Dutch, except for Negapatam, after the war ended in 1784.

Munro had the [[Fyrish Monument]] constructed in Easter Ross in Scotland to represent the gate of Negapatam.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=btEHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA300&dq=negapatam+mossel&lr= Beatson's Naval and Military Memoirs] (contains terms of capitulation)
* [https://archive.org/details/annalswarseight04custgoog/page/n335  Cust, Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century]
* {{cite book|last=Lohuizen|first=Jan|title=The Dutch East India Company and Mysore, 1762-1790|location='s-Gravenhage|year=1961|publisher=M. Nijhoff|ref=Lohuizen|oclc=2217208}}
* {{cite book|title=The history of India, Volume 1|first=John Clark|last=Marshman|publisher=Harrison|year=1867|oclc=41875959|url=https://archive.org/details/historyindiafro04marsgoog|quote=Mahe capture 1781.}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalrecor00harrgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicalrecor00harrgoog/page/n167 119]|quote=port praya suffren 1781.|title=Historical record of the Royal Marine Forces, Volume 2|first=Paul Harris|last=Nicolas|ref=Nicolas|year=1845|publisher=Thomas and William Boone|location=London}}
* {{cite book|title=The military history of the Madras engineers and pioneers, Volume 1|last=Vibert|first=Henry|year=1881|publisher=W. H. Allen|ref=Vibert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8uEAAAAIAAJ&q=munro+nixon+negapatam}}
{{refend}}
{{coord|10|46|34.73|N|79|50|22.94|E|type:event|display=title}}

[[Category:Sieges of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War|Negapatam (Siege of)]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the British East India Company|Negapatam]]
[[Category:Sieges of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Dutch Republic|Negapatam (1781 Siege of)]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1781|Negapatam (Siege of)]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Kingdom of Mysore|Negapatam 1781]]
[[Category:1781 in India]]
[[Category:Battles of the Second Anglo-Mysore War|Negapatam]]
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu]]

Indian 2 (soundtrack)

2026-01-22T04:17:05Z

Mohit8811: new the article v1

{{Short description|2024 soundtrack album by Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Indian 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cover = Indian 2 album cover.jpg
| border = yes
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = {{Start date|2024|06|01|df=yes}}
| recorded = 4 December 2017 –10 March 2024
| studio = Rottenbiller Utca, [[Budapest]] Shruti Audio Labs, [[Hyderabad]] Strings 7 Studio, [[Chennai]] Adagio Roof Studios, [[Mumbai]] Offbeat Music Ventures, Chennai Albuquerque Records, Chennai Studio DMI, [[Las Vegas]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=22|s=38}}
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| prev_title = [[Leo (soundtrack)|Leo]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Devara: Part 1]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Indian 2
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Paaraa
| single1date = 22 May 2024
|single2 = Neelorpam
|single2date = 29 May 2024
|single3 = Kadharalz
|single3date = 07 June 2024
}}
}}

'''''Indian 2''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] for the Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film [[Indian 2|of the same name]], directed by [[S. Shankar]], starring [[Kamal Haasan]]. The film is jointly produced by [[Lyca Productions]] and [[Red Giant Movies]].

Anirudh was chosen to compose the songs, during the pre-production works of the film in November 2017. The recording process for the songs and original score, took place for nearly six years. The soundtrack album features six songs written by [[Pa. Vijay]], [[Kabilan Vairamuthu]], [[Thamarai]], [[Arivu]], [[Rokesh]] and Anirudh himself, with two of them being released as singles. The soundtrack was released digitally through [[Sony Music India]] on 1 June 2024.

== Production ==
The [[soundtrack album]] and background score are composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], in his first collaboration with Shankar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2018 |title=Confirmed: Anirudh to compose music for Kamal Haasan-Shankar's Indian 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/11/confirmed-anirudh-to-compose-music-for-kamal-haasan-shankars-indian-2-9178.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622004929/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/11/confirmed-anirudh-to-compose-music-for-kamal-haasan-shankars-indian-2-9178.html |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> He replaces Shankar's frequent collaborator [[A. R. Rahman]], who scored the original film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |date=4 December 2018 |title='2.0' director S Shankar and AR Rahman unlikely to team up for 'Indian 2' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-20-director-s-shankar-and-ar-rahman-unlikely-to-team-up-for-indian-2-2691940 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211183131/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-20-director-s-shankar-and-ar-rahman-unlikely-to-team-up-for-indian-2-2691940 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> This will mark the second collaboration of Anirudh with Haasan, after ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=17 May 2022 |title=Vikram is a fanboy sambavam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/may/17/vikramis-a-fanboy-sambavam-2454318.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526161740/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/may/17/vikramis-a-fanboy-sambavam-2454318.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In an interview Rahman stated that "Kamal had mentioned me to score for its sequel, but Shankar eventually had other ideas. Shankar is a person who wants to get inspired. Sometimes, when you work with the same person back-to-back, you get bored. Also ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'' is a difficult film that took me a long time to complete. Maybe Shankar thought he shouldn't make me overwork. That could be one of the reasons why he had chosen Anirudh."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2019 |title=Kamal Haasan wanted AR Rahman to compose for Indian 2, but Shankar chose Anirudh. This is why |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasan-wanted-ar-rahman-to-compose-for-indian-2-but-shankar-chose-anirudh-this-is-why-1444341-2019-02-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810162838/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasan-wanted-ar-rahman-to-compose-for-indian-2-but-shankar-chose-anirudh-this-is-why-1444341-2019-02-01 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Anirudh Ravichander stated working with Shankar as a "dream come true moment"; he eventually quoted ''Indian'' is a cult album and one of his favourites from Rahman's composition.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2019 |title=Anirudh Ravichander on Kamal Haasan film Indian 2: It is my dream come true |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anirudh-ravichander-on-kamal-haasan-film-indian-2-it-is-my-dream-come-true-1466005-2019-02-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526162726/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anirudh-ravichander-on-kamal-haasan-film-indian-2-it-is-my-dream-come-true-1466005-2019-02-27 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[India Today]]'', Anirudh stated about the comparisons of the first part to its sequel, that "With sequels, there are always comparisons on which one is better, but then nobody can match Rahman's work. I can never recreate the magic that ''Indian'' did in the 90s. Whatever I can do to the best of my abilities is what I am trying to do."<ref name=":1" /> After the offer came his way in November 2017, Anirudh started composing for the songs during December 2017, and it took a year to complete the album. He remarked that the delay in the release of ''2.0'' gave him more time to work on the film's songs.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In May 2018, [[Thamarai]] was hired to write one of the songs, in her maiden collaboration with Shankar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2018 |title=Indian 2: Lyricist Thamarai teams up with Shankar for the first time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/indian-2-thamarai-shankar-kamal-haasan-1245511-2018-05-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824095813/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/indian-2-thamarai-shankar-kamal-haasan-1245511-2018-05-30 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> During the film's launch, lyricists [[Pa. Vijay]], [[Vignesh Shivan]] and [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] were hired for writing the songs.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} However, only the former has been confirmed as the lyricist, while [[Kabilan Vairamuthu]] and [[Arivu]] also joined the songwriting team. In March 2023, Anirudh revealed that he would curate fresh tunes for the film score but would also incorporate Rahman's cues from the predecessor, as Rahman had granted him permission to reuse his compositions for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2023 |title=Indian 2: Music Composer Anirudh Ravichander To Reuse AR Rahman's Music |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/indian-2-music-composer-anirudh-ravichander-to-reuse-ar-rahmans-music-7239613.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308092412/https://www.news18.com/movies/indian-2-music-composer-anirudh-ravichander-to-reuse-ar-rahmans-music-7239613.html |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> A [[behind-the-scenes]] video of Anirudh composing a "peppy" number at his caravan at the film's sets, with the supervision of Shankar released in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=23 May 2023 |title=Indian 2: Anirudh comes up with a peppy track for the Kamal Haasan-starrer, Shankar in awe; video goes viral |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/indian-2-anirudh-comes-up-with-a-peppy-track-for-the-kamal-haasan-starrer-shankar-in-awe-video-goes-viral/295c123710271 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531010529/https://www.ottplay.com/news/indian-2-anirudh-comes-up-with-a-peppy-track-for-the-kamal-haasan-starrer-shankar-in-awe-video-goes-viral/295c123710271 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> Anirudh recorded the background score in January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Shankar locks the edit of Kamal Haasan's Indian 2; Anirudh starts work on background score |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-shankar-locks-the-edit-of-kamal-haasans-indian-2-anirudh-starts-work-on-background-score-1272359 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118121953/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-shankar-locks-the-edit-of-kamal-haasans-indian-2-anirudh-starts-work-on-background-score-1272359 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
In November 2023, it was announced that the audio rights for the film were acquired by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1719934899355062644 |user=LycaProductions |title=Keep your speakers ready 🔊⚡️ A rockstar @anirudhofficial musical 🎸 INDIAN-2 🇮🇳 audio rights bagged by @SonyMusicSouth |author=Lyca Productions |author-link=Lyca Productions |date=2 November 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102092523/https://twitter.com/LycaProductions/status/1719934899355062644 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The song "Come Back Indian" was featured in the glimpse video, which had lyrics penned by [[Arivu]] and sung by Anirudh himself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2023 |title=Indian 2 teaser: Kamal Haasan and Shankar do justice to all the delay |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/indian-2-teaser-kamal-haasan-and-shankar-do-justice-to-all-the-delay-9011671/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104145215/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/indian-2-teaser-kamal-haasan-and-shankar-do-justice-to-all-the-delay-9011671/ |archive-date=4 November 2023 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The promo of first single was unveiled on 21 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2024 |title=Paaraa Song Promo: Kamal Haasan Rides The Horse in First Indian 2 Music Track; Watch Video Here |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/indian-2-song-paaraa-kamal-haasan-anirudh-ravichander-release-date-8899062.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521121954/https://www.news18.com/movies/indian-2-song-paaraa-kamal-haasan-anirudh-ravichander-release-date-8899062.html |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=21 May 2024 |work=[[News18]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> The first single, "Paaraa", was released on 22 May 2024 together with the Telugu and Hindi versions of the song, titled "Souraa" and "Jaago" respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2024 |title='Paaraa': First single from Kamal Haasan-Shankar's 'Indian 2' oozes with patriotic spirit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/paaraa-first-single-from-kamal-haasan-shankars-indian-2-oozes-with-patriotic-spirit/article68203735.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522154802/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/paaraa-first-single-from-kamal-haasan-shankars-indian-2-oozes-with-patriotic-spirit/article68203735.ece |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> The second single's promo was released on 28 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-28 |title=Second single 'Neelorpam' promo from 'Indian 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/second-single-neelorpam-promo-from-indian-2/articleshow/110499982.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529035959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/second-single-neelorpam-promo-from-indian-2/articleshow/110499982.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The second single, "Neelorpam", was released on 29 May 2024 together with the Telugu and Hindi versions of the song, titled "Chengaluva" and "Dhaage" respectively.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The Tamil album was officially released on 1 June 2024, which coincided with a promotional event held at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]] in [[Chennai]], with the presence of the film's cast and crew and all the other celebrities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2024 |title=Indian 2 audio launch: Kajal Aggarwal, Rakul Preet Singh arrive; stage set for grand event of Kamal Haasan-Shankar's film. See pics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/indian-2-audio-launch-kajal-aggarwal-rakul-preet-singh-arrive-stage-set-for-grand-event-of-kamal-haasan-shankars-film-see-pics-9366179/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601182817/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/indian-2-audio-launch-kajal-aggarwal-rakul-preet-singh-arrive-stage-set-for-grand-event-of-kamal-haasan-shankars-film-see-pics-9366179/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Track listing ==
The tracklist consisting of 6 songs was revealed by Anirudh on his Twitter handle a day prior to the audio launch.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The song ''Neelorpam'' did not feature in the film, and the song ''Paaraa'' is shown to be a part of the third installment of the film during the end credits.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Paaraa
| length1 = 4:12
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], Shruthika Samudhrala
| title2 = Calendar Song
| length2 = 3:40
| lyrics2 = [[Kabilan Vairamuthu]]
| extra2 = [[SuVi|SUVI]], Aishwarya Suresh
| title3 = Neelorpam
| length3 = 5:05
| lyrics3 = [[Thamarai]]
| extra3 = [[Abby V]], Shruthika Samudhrala
| title4 = Zaga Zaga
| length4 = 2:07
| lyrics4 = Anirudh Ravichander
| extra4 = Anirudh Ravichander
| title5 = Come Back Indian
| length5 = 3:37
| lyrics5 = [[Arivu]]
| extra5 = Anirudh Ravichander
| title6 = Kadharalz
| length6 = 3:57
| lyrics6 = [[Rokesh]]
| extra6 = Anirudh Ravichander
| total_length = 22:38
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Souraa
| length1 = 4:12
| lyrics1 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra1 = Ritesh G Rao, Shruthika Samudhrala
| title3 = Chengaluva
| length3 = 5:05
| lyrics3 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra3 = [[Abby V]], Shruthika Samudhrala
| title2 = Calendar Song
| length2 = 3:41
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = Sravana Bhargavi
| title4 = Zaga Zaga
| length4 = 2:07
| lyrics4 = Anirudh Ravichander
| extra4 = Anirudh Ravichander
| title5 = Come Back Indian
| length5 = 3:37
| lyrics5 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra5 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]]
| title6 = Thatha Vasthaade
| length6 = 3:57
| lyrics6 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra6 = Arun Kaundinya
| total_length = 22:38
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jaago
| length1 = 4:12
| lyrics1 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| extra1 = Ritesh G Rao, Shruthika Samudhrala
| title3 = Dhaage
| length3 = 5:05
| lyrics3 = Manoj Muntashir
| extra3 = [[Abby V]], Shruthika Samudhrala
| title2 = Calendar Song
| length2 = 3:41
| lyrics2 = [[Kausar Munir]]
| extra2 = Sravana Bhargavi
| title4 = ZagaZaga
| length4 = 2:06
| lyrics4 = Anirudh Ravichander
| extra4 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| title5 = Come Back Indian
| length5 = 3:38
| lyrics5 = [[Kumaar]]
| extra5 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]]
| title6 = Dada Aara Re
| length6 = 3:55
| lyrics6 = Kumaar
| extra6 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
}}

== Reception ==
The songs received a mixed response criticising the compositions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian 2 Songs - Music Review: Anirudh's Decent Outing with Borrowed Flavors, Shankar's Poorest Album! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/33324/indian-2-kamal-haasan-music-review-anirudh-ravichander-shankar |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian 2 songs are out – Netizens react to Anirudh Ravichander's compositions in Kamal Haasan's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/indian-2-songs-are-out-netizens-react-to-anirudh-ravichanders-compositions/d96c223c2c516 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2024 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Anirudh Ravichander soundtracks]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]

Khambhat

2026-01-20T00:11:12Z

Mohit8811: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|City in Gujarat india}}
{{about|a city in Gujarat, India|the town in Myanmar|Khampat|the surname|Khambatta|the Gulf |Gulf of Khambhat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khambhat
| other_name = Cambay
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = City of Khambaht(Tower Area).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Tower Road, Khambhat
| nickname = Trambavati Nagari
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|22.3|N|72.62|E|region:IN-GJ_type:city(99,000)|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anand district|Anand]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar Palika]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 2932.9
| area_rank =
| population_total = 99,164 (M+OG)
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 620
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]
| postal_code = 388620, 388625, 388630, 388540
| area_code = 02698
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = GJ 23
| website = {{URL|khambhatnagarpalika.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| official_name =
}}
'''Khambhat''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʌ|m|b|ə|t}};<ref>{{Cite Dictionary.com|Khambhat}}</ref> {{IPA|gu|kʰəmbʱɑt|lang|Khambat.ogg}}), also known as '''Cambay''', is a city and the surrounding [[urban agglomeration]] in [[Anand district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Towns and their Population: Gujarat |work= Census of India 2010|publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/towns/guj_towns.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124151904/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/guj_towns.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was once an important trading center, but its harbour gradually silted up, and the maritime trade moved to [[Surat]]. Khambat lies on an alluvial plain at the north end of the [[Gulf of Khambhat]], noted for the extreme rise and fall of its tides, which can vary as much as thirty feet in the vicinity of Khambat. Khambat is known for its halvasan sweet, [[sutarfeni]], [[Aqeeq|akik]] stone and [[kite]]s (patang), and for sources of oil and gas.

Khambat is perhaps the only place in India where the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappan]] craft of agate bead making is found in the living tradition. Surprisingly Khambat has no stone deposits; the craft has survived mainly through acquiring stones from the [[Rajpipla]] hills, about 200 km away from the city. In the folklore of Khambat, the beginning of the craft is attributed to Baba Ghor, a 1500 AD saint from Ethiopia ([[Al-Habash|Habash]]) who had led a large contingent of Muslims ([[Siddi]]) to settle in the city. However, in the archaeological record the origin of the craft can be traced to nearby [[Lothal]], a Harappan outpost that flourished about 4000 years ago.

== Toponymy ==

=== Origin of name ===
Some people believe that the City of Khambat may be the Camanes of [[Ptolemy]]. [[James Tod]] believed that the name comes from the [[Sanskrit]] Khambavati or 'City of the Pillar'.

=== Variants of name ===
* Cambay

==== Historical ====
* Cambaet of [[Marco Polo]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Travels of Marco Polo|last1=Polo|first1=Marco|last2=Pisa|first2=Rustichello|year=c. 1300|author-link1=Marco Polo|author-link2=Rustichello da Pisa}}</ref>
* Cambaia of [[Duarte Barbosa]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAgkDwAAQBAJ|title=The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the Countries bordering on the Indian Ocean and their Inhabitants: Written by Duarte Barbosa, and Completed about the year 1518 A.D, Volume 2|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317040149|author1=Duarte Barbosa |author2=Mansel Longworth Dames |date=15 May 2017}}</ref>
* Cambeth of [[Marino Sanuto the Elder|Marino Sanudo]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Marino Sanudo Torsello, The Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross: Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis|last=Lock|first=Peter|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4094-8210-9|pages=49}}</ref>
* Trambavati of [[James Tod|Tod]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hobson-Jobson/C#cambay|title=Hobson-Jobson/C|website=Wikisource}}</ref>
*Kambáya<ref name=":1" />
*Combea<ref name=":1" />
*Quambaya<ref name=":1" />
*Camanes of [[Ptolemy]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.169554|title=Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan; Or, The Mogul Empire: With an Introduction, Illustrative of the Geography and Present Division of that Country: and a Map of the Countries Situated Between the Head of the Indus, and the Caspian Sea|last=Rennell|first=James|publisher=M. Brown|year=1788|pages=136}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Mohman Khan Nawab of Cambay.jpg|left|thumb|Mohman Khan Nawab of [[Cambay State|Cambay]]]]
[[File:Moulai Abadullah khambhat.JPG|thumb|Mausoleum of 1st Wali–ul–Hind Moulai Abdullah, Khambat, Gujarat, 1050AD-1100AD.]]
[[File:Illustration of The city of Cambay in the 15th century.jpg|thumb|The city of Cambay was an important Indian manufacturing and trading center noted by Marco Polo and illustrated here in the 15th century.]]
[[File:Ludovico-di-Varthema-King-of-Khambat-16th-century-India.jpg|thumb|The king of Cambay (in present-day Gujarat) from "Figurae variae Asiae et Africae," a 16th-century Portuguese manuscript in the Casanatense Library in Rome ([[Codex Casanatense 1889]]).]]
Cambay was formerly a flourishing city, the seat of an extensive trade, and celebrated for its manufactures of [[silk]], [[chintz]] and gold stuffs.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Cambay |volume=5 |page=81 |inline=1}}</ref> The Arab traveler [[al-Mas'udi]] visited the city in 915 AD, describing it as a very successful port; it was mentioned in 1293 by [[Marco Polo]], who, calling it Cambaet, noted it as a busy port. He mentions that the city had its own king. [[Indigo dye|Indigo]] and fine [[buckram]] were particular products of the region, but much cotton and leather was exported through Cambay. In the early 1340s, the Moroccan traveller [[Ibn Battuta]] remarked on its impressive architecture and cosmopolitan population.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Rehla of Ibn Battuta (India, Maldive Islands and Ceylon)|last1=Baṭṭūṭa|first1=Ibn|last2=Husain|first2=Mahdi|publisher=Oriental Institute|year=1976|location=Baroda|pages=172}}</ref> <blockquote>"Cambay is one of the most beautiful cities as regards the artistic architecture of its houses and the construction of its mosques. The reason is that the majority of its inhabitants are foreign merchants, who continually build there beautiful houses and wonderful mosques -- an achievement in which they endeavour to surpass each other."</blockquote>An Italian traveler, [[Marino Sanuto the Elder|Marino Sanud]]o, said that Cambeth was one of India's main two ocean ports. Another Italian, visiting in about 1440, [[Niccolò de' Conti]], mentions that the walls of the city were twelve miles in circumference.

The Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]] visited the city, which he calls Cambaia, in the early sixteenth century.<ref name=":2">''Livro em que dá relação do que viu e ouviu no Oriente''. p. 77 sq.</ref>
His description of the city is very full. He states:

<blockquote>"Entering by Guindarim [Gandhar port, [[Bharuch]]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189298/page/n225|title=The Book Of Duarte Barbosa Vol. 1|website=Internet Archive}}</ref> which is within on the river, there is a great and fair city called Cambaia in which dwell both 'mouros' [Muslims] and 'gentios' [Hindus]. Therein are many fair houses, very lofty, with windows and roofed with tiles in our manner, well laid out with streets and fine open places, and great buildings of stone and mortar."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189298/page/n227|title=The Book Of Duarte Barbosa Vol. 1|year=1918|website=Internet Archive}}</ref>(translation of <ref name=":2" />)</blockquote>He describes the city as very busy and affluent, with merchants coming frequently by sea from the world around. Duarte Barbosa also noted that many ships from the Kingdom of Cambaya sailed to the [[Sultanate of Mogadishu]] in the [[Horn of Africa]] with cloths and spices for which they in return received [[gold]], [[wax]] and [[ivory]].<ref>Page 18 - A description of the coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the beginning of the sixteenth century, by Duarte Barbosa, a Portuguese. Tr. from an early Spanish manuscript in the Barcelona library; with notes and a preface, by the Hon. Henry E.J.Stanley" : [http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.ch.document.sip100025_final.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203233517/http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.ch.document.sip100025_final.pdf |date=3 December 2021 }}</ref>

Owing principally to the gradually increasing difficulty of access by water by the silting up of the gulf, its commerce has long since fallen away, and the City became poor and dilapidated. The [[spring tide]]s rise upwards of 30 ft (10 m) and in a channel usually so shallow that it is a serious danger to shipping. By 1900, the trade was chiefly confined to the export of [[cotton]]. The City was celebrated for its manufacture of [[agate]] and [[carnelian]] ornaments, of reputation, principally in [[China]].<ref name=EB1911/>

The houses in many instances are built of stone (a circumstance which indicates the former wealth of the city, as the material had to be brought from a very considerable distance); and remains of a brick wall, three miles (five km) in circumference, which formerly surrounded the City, enclose four large reservoirs of good water and three [[bazaar]]s. To the southeast there are very extensive ruins of subterranean temples and other buildings half-buried in the sand by which the ancient City was overwhelmed. These temples belong to the [[Jain]]s and contain two massive statues of their deities: one black, the other white. The principal one, as the inscription intimates, is Pariswanath or Parswanath, carved in the reign of the emperor [[Akbar]]; the black one has the date of 1651 inscribed.<ref name=EB1911/>

A few members of Shia community settled in Khambhat during 18th century from Iran. Among these the most known was Nawab Mohammed Jaffar Ali Khan Najamesani and his son Nawab Yavar Ali khan Najamesani. Nawab Yavar Ali khan Najamesani ruled 84 villages when he was crowned as a Nawab. Nawab Yavar Ali Khan was titled Sarkar Sahab (Governing Prince), because he was able to maintain peace and unity. The name Cambay to Khambhat was also given by Nawab Yavar Ali Khan during Pre-independence period. Nawab Yavar Ali Khan died in July 1996. His family still lives in Khambhat.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

=== Hub of mercantile activity ===
The traders and the merchants reached here from across the world. Cambay was known for its cotton and silk cloths. Cambay was one of India's most active [[trade]] center since the 14th century (Source: [[Ibn Battuta]]). After 200 years, [[Duarte Barbosa]] described Cambay as an important commercial center with [[Mughal carpets|carpets]], and other textile goods in Mughal established [[Mughal Karkhanas|industries]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walker|first=Daniel|url=https://archive.org/details/FlowersUnderfootIndianCarpetsoftheMughalEra00|title=Flowers Underfoot: Indian Carpets of the Mughal Era|date=1997|publisher=|isbn=|location=|pages=5|language=English}}</ref>

==== Cambay cloth ====
Cambay was famous for its cloth manufacturing and trading activities. There were certain coarse cotton cloths which were called Cambay cloth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Trade Cloths|url=http://asiantextileart.com/tradecloths.html|access-date=2021-01-11|website=asiantextileart.com}}</ref> For instance, the checked cloths.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Peck|first=Amelia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYjh82N63IQC|title=Interwoven Globe: The Worldwide Textile Trade, 1500-1800|date=2013|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-496-5|location=|pages=305|language=en}}</ref> There are records of extensive trading of Gujarati Cambay cloth.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC|title=Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern|date=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-664-8|location=|pages=231|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhcIAQAAIAAJ|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Rewa Kántha, Nárukot, Cambay, and Surat states|date=1880|publisher=Government Central Press|isbn=|location=|pages=191|language=en}}</ref>

===Princely State of Cambay===
{{main|Cambay State}}

[[File:Cambayflag.png|thumb|Cambay flag of Royal family of Nawab Jaffar Ali Khan najamesani.]]
Khambat was the capital of [[Cambay State]], a [[princely state]] of [[British India]]. It was the only state in the Kaira Agency of the Gujarat division of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. It had an area of {{cvt|350|sqmi}}. It was founded in 1730, at the time of the dismemberment of the [[Mughal Empire]]. The Nawabs of Cambay were descendants of Mumin Khan, the last of the Mughal governors of [[Gujarat]], who in 1742 defeated his brother-in-law Nizam Khan, governor of Khambhat,<ref name=EB1911/> and established himself there.<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Princely States of India]</ref>

The sport of [[cricket]] in India was first played in [[Cambay State]] in 1721.<ref name="Downing1737">{{cite book|author=Clement Downing|title=A Compendious History of the Indian Wars with an Account of the Rise, Progress, Strength and Forces of Angria the Pyrate. Also the Transactions of a Squadron of Men of War under Commodore Mathews sent to East-Indies to suppress the Pyrates. To which is annex'd, An Additional History of Wars between the Great Mogul, Angria, and his Allies, With an Account of the Life and Actions of John Plantain, a notorious Pyrate, at Madagascar, his Wars, with the Natives on that Island, where having continued eight Years, he join'd Agria, and was made his chief Admiral, by Clement Downing, Midshipman on board the Salisbury, afterwards Lieutenant of the Victory frigate, Fame Gally, and Revenge Grab, part of the Squadron employ'd by the East India Company to attack Angria; and sometimes Engineer in the service of the Great Mogul|url=https://archive.org/details/acompendioushis00downgoog|year=1737|pages=[https://archive.org/details/acompendioushis00downgoog/page/n232 228]–229}}</ref>

In 1780 Cambay was taken by the army of general Goddard Richards, but it was restored to the [[Maratha]]s in 1783. Finally it was ceded to the British by the [[Peshwa]] under the treaty of 1803. The state was provided with a railway in 1901.<ref name=EB1911/>

==Geography and Climate==

Khambhat is at {{Coord|22.3|N|72.62|E|}}.<ref>Khambhat is between the tropical and subtropical climatic zone.[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Khambhat.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Khambhat]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|8|metres|feet}}.

Khambhat has warm and humid climate. It is located on the plains. The land on which Khambhat sits is the silt deposited by the [[Mahi River]], so Khambhat has very fertile, wet coastal alluvial soil. The area south of Khambhat is muddy wetlands and then coast line comes. Normally April to June is summer. From July, it rains until September. It has a muggy climate for most of the year except winters. Sometimes Khambhat receives heavy rain, and surrounding areas get affected from floods in the [[Mahi River]]. Mid November to January is winter, which results in essentially mild cold during the nights and early mornings with warm noons. Maximum average temperatures are {{convert|25|to|30|C|F}} and minimum average temperatures are {{convert|10|to|12|C|F|1}}. Summer average maxima are {{convert|38|C|F|1|disp=or}} and minima around {{convert|22|C|F|1|disp=or}}. In summer, high winds are common. Khambhat coast's tides are among the highest in the world at up to {{convert|35|feet|metres|1|disp=or}}.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Tidal propagation in the Gulf of Khambhat, Bombay High, and surrounding areas|journal=Journal of Earth System Science|volume=108|issue= 3|author=A. S. Unnikrishnan, S. R. Shetye and G. S. Michael|pages=155–177}}</ref>
[[File:Creative artwork in a mosque.jpg|thumb|Creative artwork in a mosque]]

==Demographics==
As of 2011 India [[census]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khambhat Population (2020/2021), Taluka Village List in Anand, Gujarat|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Gujarat/Anand/Khambhat#:~:text=Khambhat%20is%20a%20Town%20and,females%20per%201000%20of%20males.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710043219/http://www.indiagrowing.com/Gujarat/Anand/Khambhat#:~:text=Khambhat%20is%20a%20Town%20and,females%20per%201000%20of%20males.|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 July 2014|access-date=2021-07-03|website=www.indiagrowing.com}}</ref> Khambhat had a population of 201,964. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Khambhat has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 67%. In Khambhat, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Economy==

In the 14th and 15th centuries, Khambhat was well known for Muslim gravestones carved in marble which were exported to various locations along the Indian Ocean rim, including Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lambourn|first=Elizabeth|date=2004|title=Carving and Communities: Marble Carving for Muslim Patrons at Khambhāt and around the Indian Ocean Rim, Late Thirteenth–Mid-Fifteenth Centuries|journal=Ars Orientalis|volume=34|pages=99–133}}</ref>

Many here are in the [[agate]] business, [[diamond]] cutting-polishing and colored stone business (mainly [[ruby]]), and have shops which sell eatables and household products. Kite making is another important business in the City among few particular communities. Fishing and salt harvesting are other businesses some particular communities are occupied with.

==Transport==

===Railway===
Khambhat is connected with [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]] by Railway Line.
Total 8 trains depart per day for [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]].

===Road===
Khambhat is connected with [[Ahmedabad]], [[Kheda]], [[Tarapur, Gujarat|Tarapur]], [[Dharmaj]], [[Vataman]], [[Petlad]], [[Nadiad]], [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]] (State Highway 16 of Gujarat)

'''Bus Service (GSRTC)'''

Khambhat is well connected to [[Ahmedabad]] by GSRTC Bus service route called '''Ahmedabad - Khambhat.'''(Via [[Kheda]], [[Matar, Kheda|Matar]], [[Tarapur, Gujarat|Tarapur]]) Daily Service To Connect Mega City Of Gujarat.

==Schools==
* [https://www.justdial.com/Anand/Shree-Adarsh-Saraswati-Vidya-Mandir-Khambhat/9999P2692-2692-140329161250-N1A2_BZDET Adarsh Saraswati Vidhya Mandir, NAGRA]
* Bits Education High School
* Chachaldeep Vidyavihar, NANAKALODRA
* Dr. J.B. Patel Primary School, ALING
* Harsh Balvatika, NANAKALODRA
* Jalsan High School, JALSAN
* Kendriya Vidyalaya ONGC (CBSE)
* Lok Jagruti High School
* [https://oruschool.in/india/m-t-high-school-granted-school-khambhat M.T. High School]
* [https://www.icbse.com/schools/madhavlal-shah-shala-granted-v36yv4 Madhavlal Shah High School]
* Metpur High School
* N.A. Patel Shishuvidhyalay, NANAKALODRA
*[[Roman catholic|RC]] Mission School
* S.B. Vakil Primary School (English Medium)
* S.D. Kapadiya High School
* Shree S.K. Vaghela High School
* Shree S.Z. Vaghela High School (Science + Common Stream)
* Smt. B.C.J. High School, JALUNDH, PIPLOI
* Smt. K.M.J. Patel High School, SAYAMA (Arts + Commerce Stream)
*[[Francis Xavier|St Xavier]]'s High School (Science + Common Stream)
* Supath High School
* Vatsalya International School

==Colleges==
* L.B. Rao Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
* Nav Jagruti Arts & Commerce College for Women
* R.P. Arts, K.B. Commerce & B.C.J. Science College
* Shri M N College of Pharmacy
* Smt. B.C.J. College of Education
*Vatsalya Institute of Nursing

== Tourism ==
[[File:Kite fastival in gujarat.jpg|thumb|[[Uttarayana]] at Khambhat]]
[[File:Shivling, Ralaj,Khambhat, Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Shivling, Ralaj, Khambhat]]

* Babu Shah Baba
* Dariyai [[Uttarayana]] (Organized on first Sunday after [[Uttarayana]] at Seashore)
* Jain [[Jain temple|Derasar]]
* [[Jami Mosque, Khambhat|Jami Masjid]]
* Saiyed Miran Ali and Wali
* Sikotar Mata Mandir, Ralaj
* Swaminarayan Mandir
* Neja

== Marine archeology ==

{{main|Marine archeology in the Gulf of Khambhat}}
In May 2001, India's Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Science and Technology division, [[Murli Manohar Joshi]], announced that the ruins of an ancient civilization had been discovered off the coast of Gujarat, in the [[Gulf of Khambhat]]. The site was discovered by [[National Institute of Ocean Technology|NIOT]] while they performed routine pollution studies using [[Sonar|SONAR]], and was described as an area of regularly spaced geometric structures. It is located 20 km from the Gujarat coast, spans 9 km, and can be found at a depth of 30–40 meters. In his announcement, Joshi represented the site as an urban settlement that pre-dates the [[Indus Valley civilization]]. However, these claims were made without the backing of any experts and have since been debunked by prominent archaeologists.<ref name="Bavadam 2002a">Bavadam, Lyla. "Questionable claims: Archaeologists debunk the claim that underwater structures in the Gulf of Khambhat point to the existence of a pre-Harappan civilisation." ''Frontline'' 2–15 March 2002. [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1905/19050670.htm].</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Khambatta]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}

{{Anand district}}
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gulf of Khambhat]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Anand district]]

Bhanwarkuan

2026-01-19T19:46:03Z

Mohit8811: Adding Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2016}}
{{coord|22.6906289|75.8695624|display=t|type:landmark}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhanwarkuan
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Indore District]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Indore]]
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_name4 = 13
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name5 = 64-Chitawad 74-Vishnupuri
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Indore Municipal Corporation]] (IMC)
| unit_pref = Metric
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Malini Laxmansingh Gaur
| leader_title1 = [[District Collector]]
| leader_name1 = Shivam Verma, IAS
| leader_title3 = Corporator
| leader_name3 = Seema Virang (Ward 64) Surendra Singh (Ward 74)
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 165000
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 452001
| registration_plate = MP-09
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rau (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rau]]
| website = {{url|http://imcindore.mp.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhanwarkuan''' is a sub-urban locality of [[Indore]], India.

==History==
The area has historically been home to the Takshashila Campus<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kansal |first1=Santosh |title=Takshashila Campus Map |url=https://www.dauniv.ac.in/public/frontassets/notices/NEW_MODIFIED_Takshila_davv_Model_11_.pdf |website=dauniv.ac.in |publisher=DAVV |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> of [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]], ever since its inception in 1956. Also, the [[Holkar Science College]] has had its academic campus in Bhanwarkuan for over a century.

==Geography==
A lot of motels, hotels and housing society are blooming up here. There are more than 15 sectors which houses more than 5000 houses. A lot of the residential areas are occupied by students who study at various colleges on a rented basis. There is a presence of the Residential Campus of [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya|DAVV]] and [[Holkar Science College]].

Neighbouring suburbs: [[Navlakha]], [[Khandwa Naka]], Khatiwala Tank 
Arterial Roads: Agra-Bombay Road ([[National Highway 52 (India)|NH-52]]), Ujjain-Indore-Khandwa Road ([[Madhya Pradesh State Highway 27|MP SH-27]])

==Politics==
Bhanwarkuan area falls under the [[Rau (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rau]] Assembly Constituency in [[Indore District]]. The current elected Member is [[Jitu Patwari]] from the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].

==Transport==
===Rail===
The nearest railway station is [[Saifee Nagar railway station]]. However, it is just a flag station. The [[Indore Junction railway station]] is not too far away. Public transport such as autos, taxis, magic-vans, city buses are readily available.

===Bus===
Bhanwarkuan being located on the arterial A.B. Road (Agra–Bombay ''NH-52''), several [[Indore City Bus|City Bus]] routes serve the area, with fares ranging from ₹10.00 to ₹25.00 or even more depending on distance. Bus Routes passing by The Nayak Tantya Bhil Square (Bhanwarkuan)<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhanwarkua Square to be renamed as The Nayak Tantya Bhil Square |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/indore/news/shivraj-singh-chouhan-announced-to-change-the-name-of-bus-stand-and-patalpani-in-mandla-129143002.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=bhaskar.com |date=22 Nov 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Shubham |title=Indore: The name of Bhanwarkuan square shall be "The Nayak Tantya Bhil" |url=https://khabarsatta.com/mp-news/indore-bhanwar-kuan-intersection-will-be-named-the-nayak-tantya-bhil-bus-stand-of-mr-10-will-be-named-tantya-mama-cm-shivraj-announced/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=khabarsatta.com |date=22 Nov 2021 |location=Indore |language=Hindi}}</ref> are <ref>{{cite web|title=Routes of City Bus|url=http://citybusindore.com/Index.php?page=bus-routes|accessdate=10 April 2016|format=|publisher=Indore City Bus|archive-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324210038/http://www.citybusindore.com/index.php?page=bus-routes|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{|class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"|Route No.
!scope="col"|Start
!scope="col"|End
|-
|align=center | C-3
|align=center | Tejaji Nagar
|align=center| Gandhi Nagar
|-
|align=center | M-4
|align=center | Tejaji Nagar
|align=center| Chhota Bangarda
|-
|align=center |R-5
|align=center| [[Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences|Aurobindo Hospital]]
|align=center| Mhow Naka
|-
|align=center | M-6
|align=center| Tejaji Nagar
|align=center| Rajwada
|-
|align=center |M-19
|align=center| Bhanwarkuan
|align=center| Simrol
|-
|align=center |M-37
|align=center| Kanadiya Bypass
|align=center| Gandhi Nagar
|-
|}

==Places of interest==
*[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Regional Park]]: A well-developed natural landscape and park alongside the Pipliyapala Lake.
*[[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]]: A State University of Madhya Pradesh
*[[Holkar Science College]]: A esteemed autonomous college of Indore
*Satprakashan Sanchar Kendra: An audio-video processing centre
*INOX Sapna Sangeeta: A multiplex for movie-goers

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Indore}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Indore]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Indore]]

Howrah Union

2026-01-09T12:54:06Z

Mohit8811: new initial entry initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian multi-sports club based in West Bengal}}
{{infobox football club
| clubname = Howrah Union
| image =
| image_size =
| fullname = Howrah Union
| nickname =
| founded = {{start date and age|1922}}
| ground =
| capacity =
| owner =
| mgrtitle =
| manager =
| league =
| current =
| season =
| position =
| website =
}}

'''Howrah Union''' is an Indian [[multisports club]] based in the city of [[Kolkata|Kolkata (Maidan)]]. The [[Association football|football]] team competes in the [[Calcutta Football League]].<ref name=howrah>{{cite web|url=http://howrahunion.com/clubprofile.html|title=Howrah Union – at a glance|access-date=13 October 2022|website=howrahunion.com|publisher=Howrah Union Club|archive-date=25 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425035748/http://howrahunion.com/clubprofile.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/eastern-railway-ran-full-steam-1958/ |title=WHEN EASTERN RAILWAY RAN ON FULL STEAM (1958) |website=www.goaldentimes.org |publisher=Goalden Times |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Debojyoti |date=29 August 2017 |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111162448/http://www.goaldentimes.org/eastern-railway-ran-full-steam-1958/ |archive-date=11 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/clubs/|title=IFAWB Clubs: Men's Division (CFL)|website=ifawb.org|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009123425/https://ifawb.org/clubs/|archive-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> The club previously competed in the Super Division of CFL.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india84.html#calc|title=India 1984 – List of Champions: Calcutta League|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=5 March 2015|first=Karel|last=Stokkermans|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007120420/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india84.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india85.html#calc|title=India 1985 – Regional Leagues: Calcutta League|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=30 May 2013|first1=Ian|last1=King|first2=Neil|last2=Morrison|first3=Piet|last3=Veroeveren|first4=Mark|last4=Cruickshank|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007120420/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india85.html}}</ref>

==History==
Howrah Union was formed in 1922, by late Panchanon Choungdar and Dr. Satyaban Roy along with many other sport's loving people from Howrah.<ref name="History 1">{{cite web|url=https://insidesports.in/archives/5533|title=কর্পোরেট ক্রিকেট দিয়ে হাওড়া ইউনিয়নে শতবর্ষ উৎযাপন শুরু|date=21 January 2023|access-date=26 January 2022|location=Kolkata|website=insidesports.in|publisher=ইনসাইড স্পোর্টস|language=bn|trans-title=Howrah Union keen to start club's centenary celebration with corporate cricket tournament|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205233414/https://insidesports.in/archives/5533|archive-date=5 February 2023}}</ref> Initially they played football at Howrah Maidan and the club's address was at 254, Panchanantala Road, Howrah. They eventually got affiliation from the [[Indian Football Association]] and joined thebCalcutta Football League.<ref name=howrah/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Football in Bengali culture and society: a study in the social history of football in Bengal 1911–1980 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/174532 |publisher=University of Calcutta |website=[[Shodhganga]] |page=35 |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Kausik |date=2008 |hdl=10603/174532 |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007174156/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/174532 }}</ref> They got promoted to the First Division in 1929 and won the [[Trades Cup]] in 1932.<ref name="History 1"/> In the 1936 [[IFA Shield]], they went till the semi-finals by defeating [[Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry]].<ref name=howrah/>

Howrah Union won the [[Stafford Challenge Cup]] in 1964 under the captaincy of Olympian M. A. Sattar. In 1967 the club won the [[Cooch Behar Cup]]. Howrah Union won the [[Trades Cup]] in 2011.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Notable players==
Notable football players who have played or started their careers at the club include [[Sailen Manna]] and [[Arun Ghosh]] and [[Jahar Das]].<ref name="kolkatafootball.com">[http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html Indian Legendary Football Players Profile]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914072626/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html |date=14 September 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianfootball.com/data/halloffame/manna_sailen.html |title=Sailendra Nath Manna |access-date=30 April 2008 |archive-date=19 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119091111/http://www.indianfootball.com/data/halloffame/manna_sailen.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2013/lack-of-focus-on-youth-development-is-biggest-problem-of-indian-football-arun-ghosh-exclusive-interview/|date=23 August 2013|access-date=26 August 2022|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|title="Lack of Focus on Youth Development Is The Biggest Problem of Indian Football" – Arun Ghosh (Exclusive Interview)|first1=Somnath|last1=Sengupta|first2=Aindrila|last2=Ghosh|first3=Bhaktimoy|last3=Sengupta|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127020642/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/lack-of-focus-on-youth-development-is-biggest-problem-of-indian-football-arun-ghosh-exclusive-interview/|archive-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> [[Samar Banerjee]],<ref name="Indian Express">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2007 |title=Huge facelift for Howrah Union club |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/huge-facelift-for-howrah-union-club/244373/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606170326/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/huge-facelift-for-howrah-union-club/244373/ |archive-date=6 June 2023 |website=archive.indianexpress.com |publisher=The Indian Express |agency=Express News Service |location=Kolkata}}</ref> [[Ashok Chatterjee]],<ref name="KF">{{cite web|first=G. C.|last=Das|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|title=Indian Legendary Football Players Profile: Ashoke Chatterjee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914072626/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/kolkatafootball_indian_legend_footballers_profile.html|date=14 September 2008|archive-date=14 September 2008|access-date=25 January 2011|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/ashok-chatterjee-passes-away-dies-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-durand-merdeka-rovers-cup-santosh-trophy-ifa-shield/article30889005.ece |title=Former India footballer Ashok Chatterjee dies |website=Sportstar |date=22 February 2020 |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118211006/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/ashok-chatterjee-passes-away-dies-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-durand-merdeka-rovers-cup-santosh-trophy-ifa-shield/article30889005.ece }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/former-india-footballer-ashoke-chatterjee-no-more/cid/1747743 |title=Former India footballer Ashoke Chatterjee no more |website=Telegraph |date=22 February 2020 |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118211005/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/former-india-footballer-ashoke-chatterjee-no-more/cid/1747743 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportslounge.co.in/legendary-indian-footballer-ashoke-chatterjee-passes-away/ |title=Legendary Indian footballer Ashoke Chatterjee passes away |website=Sports Lounge |date=22 February 2020 |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118211007/https://sportslounge.co.in/legendary-indian-footballer-ashoke-chatterjee-passes-away/ }}</ref> [[Mohammad Abdus Sattar]],<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/sports/asian-games/Former-football-star-Abdus-Sattar-passes-away/football/SP-Article10-689261.aspx Former football star Abdus Sattar passes away] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021171410/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/sports/asian-games/Former-football-star-Abdus-Sattar-passes-away/football/SP-Article10-689261.aspx |date=21 October 2012 }}, 24 April 2011</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/former-olympian-football-star-passes-away/660415.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318101725/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/former-olympian-football-star-passes-away/660415.html |archive-date=18 March 2012 |title=Former Olympian football star passes away, IBN Live News|date=18 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/172487-former-indian-olympic-football-star-passes-away?tmpl=component&print=1|title=Former Indian Olympic football star passes away|accessdate=27 April 2011|date=23 April 2011|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309071035/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/172487-former-indian-olympic-football-star-passes-away?tmpl=component&print=1|archive-date=9 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/article1764551.ece|title=Olympian Abdus Sattar dead|access-date=27 April 2011|date=25 April 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=30 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430095612/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/article1764551.ece}}</ref> S.Mewalal, Poongam Kannan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-au/news/indian-football-asian-pele-p-kannan-passes-away/msdndndhrit914azk0eg5zbvn|title=Indian Football: 'Asian Pele' P. Kannan passes away|website=www.goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=28 April 2019|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013061825/https://www.goal.com/en-au/news/indian-football-asian-pele-p-kannan-passes-away/msdndndhrit914azk0eg5zbvn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/asian-pele-p-kannan-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-mohammedan-sc-howrah-union/article26780100.ece|title='Asian Pele' P. Kannan suffers stroke, admitted to hospital|publisher=Sportstar|last=Venkatasan|first=S Prasanna|date=9 April 2019|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018072949/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/asian-pele-p-kannan-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-mohammedan-sc-howrah-union/article26780100.ece}}</ref>

==Home ground==
Howrah Union uses [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground|Mohammedan Sporting—Howrah Union Ground]] for its sporting events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://footballnewsindia.in/2015/08/04/calcutta-football-league-officers-choice-blue-title-sponsor/|title=CALCUTTA FOOTBALL LEAGUE – OFFICER'S CHOICE BLUE TO BE THE TITLE SPONSOR|location=Kolkata|website=Football News India|date=4 August 2015|access-date=7 October 2022|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010165728/http://footballnewsindia.in/2015/08/04/calcutta-football-league-officers-choice-blue-title-sponsor/}}</ref>

==Honours==
===Domestic tournaments===
*'''[[Stafford Challenge Cup|Stafford Cup]]'''
**Winners (1): 1964<ref name=howrah/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ksfa.in/staffordchallengecup|title=THE HISTORY: STAFFORD CHALLENGE CUP – KARNATAKA|website=ksfa.in|publisher=Karnataka State Football Association|access-date=26 November 2022|location=Bengaluru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224073556/https://www.ksfa.in/staffordchallengecup|archive-date=24 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stafford Challenge Cup: A Brief History of Time |url=https://theawayend.co/2023/02/23/stafford-challenge-cup-a-brief-history-of-time/ |date=23 February 2023 |website=theawayend.co |publisher=The Away End |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224070459/https://theawayend.co/2023/02/23/stafford-challenge-cup-a-brief-history-of-time/ }}</ref>
*'''[[Bordoloi Trophy]]'''
**Runners-up (1): 1962<ref>{{Cite web|title=India — List of Bordoloi Trophy Winners|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiabordoloicuphist.html|access-date=2021-12-16|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319131730/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/indiabordoloicuphist.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''[[Trades Cup]]'''<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-tradescup.html|title=India — List of Trades Cup Winners|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=2014|access-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927050302/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-tradescup.html|archive-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>
**Winners (3): 1932, 2011, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFA Trades Challenge Cup 2018|url=https://kolkatafootball.com/ifa_trades_cup_2018/score_table.html|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104093328/https://kolkatafootball.com/ifa_trades_cup_2018/score_table.html|archive-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>
**Runners-up (2): 2012, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFA Trades Challenge Cup 2019|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_lower_divn_2019-20/trades_2019.html#trades_21st|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126024521/https://kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_lower_divn_2019-20/trades_2019.html#trades_21st}}</ref>
*'''[[Cooch Behar Cup]]'''<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |title=Football Culture in Princely State of Cooch Behar |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416171622/http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |first=Amrita |last=Kumar Shil |journal=JHSR Journal of Historical Study and Search |date=15 May 2022 |issn=2583-0198 |volume=2 }}</ref>
**Winners (1): 1967<ref name=howrah/>

==Other departments==
===Cricket===
Howrah Union has its men's [[cricket]] section which is affiliated to the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/first_division.php|title=The Cricket Association of Bengal: First Division Clubs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023021313/https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/first_division.php|archive-date=23 October 2020|publisher=Cricket Association of Bengal|access-date=2 July 2021|location=Kolkata|website=cricketassociationofbengal.com}}</ref> and competes in the CAB Second Division League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricheroes.in/scorecard/775026/CAB-2nd-DIVISION-LEAGUE-2019-20/HOWRAH-UNION-(CAB2DIV)-vs-EXCELSIORS-CLUB-(CAB2DIV)|title=CAB 2nd DIVISION LEAGUE 2019–20: HOWRAH UNION (CAB2DIV) vs EXCELSIORS CLUB (CAB2DIV)|website=cricheroes.in|publisher=Cricheroes|date=8 February 2020|access-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131053240/https://cricheroes.in/scorecard/775026/CAB-2nd-DIVISION-LEAGUE-2019-20/HOWRAH-UNION-%28CAB2DIV%29-vs-EXCELSIORS-CLUB-%28CAB2DIV%29|archive-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricheroes.in/scorecard/385594/Y.F.C.A-CRICKET-TOURNAMENT-SEASON-1/HOWRAH-UNION-11-vs-Bishwanath-Cricket-Academy|title=CAB 2nd DIVISION LEAGUE 2019–20: HOWRAH UNION (CAB2DIV) vs BISHWANATH CRICKET ACADEMY|website=cricheroes.in|publisher=Cricheroes|date=14 May 2019|access-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131053111/https://cricheroes.in/scorecard/385594/Y.F.C.A-CRICKET-TOURNAMENT-SEASON-1/HOWRAH-UNION-11-vs-Bishwanath-Cricket-Academy|archive-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/history.php Early History of Bengal Cricket leading to the formation of the Cricket Association of Bengal in 1928]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102855/http://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/history.php |date=23 December 2017 }}. ''The Cricket Association Of Bengal (CAB)''. Retrieved 2 July 2021.</ref>

===Field hockey===
Men's hockey team is affiliated to the Bengal Hockey Association and competes in the [[Calcutta Hockey League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/schedule-1|title=Schedule|work=Hockey Bengal|access-date=18 November 2022|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024100541/https://www.hockeybengal.org/schedule-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/post/fixtures-of-1st-division-group-b-2022|title=Calcutta Hockey League Competition — Fixtures of 1st Division Group B 2022|website=hockeybengal.org|publisher=The Hockey Bengal|date=26 March 2022|access-date=31 January 2023|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118125355/https://www.hockeybengal.org/post/fixtures-of-1st-division-group-b-2022|archive-date=18 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://9476a252-c6e6-45a1-9e56-d69f3bf4f39e.usrfiles.com/ugd/9476a2_788612ea4f5b4a18b7dbc55f5d86439e.pdf|title=Calcutta Hockey League Competition — Fixtures of 1st Division Group A 2022|website=hockeybengal.org|publisher=The Hockey Bengal|date=13 February 2022|access-date=31 January 2023|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024100550/https://9476a252-c6e6-45a1-9e56-d69f3bf4f39e.usrfiles.com/ugd/9476a2_788612ea4f5b4a18b7dbc55f5d86439e.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2022}}</ref>

===Volleyball===
Howrah Union also operates men's [[volleyball]] team that participates in the [[Elliot Shield State Volleyball Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/sai-win-big-elliot-shield-state-volleyball-golf-meet/cid/1045616|title=SAI win big Elliot Shield State volleyball Golf meet|location=Kolkata|date=16 April 2004|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph India|access-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928102329/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/sai-win-big-elliot-shield-state-volleyball-golf-meet/cid/1045616|archive-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book |last1=Mitra | first1=Soumen |date=1 January 2006 |title=In Search of an Identity: The History of Football in Colonial Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZbgPgAACAAJ |publisher=Dasgupta & Co. Private Ltd. |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-8182110229 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021163751/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/In_Search_of_an_Identity.html?id=fZbgPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=21 October 2022 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharji |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{cite book |last=Majumdar, Boria |first=Bandyopadhyay, Kausik |year=2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 }}
*Ghosh, Saurindra Kumar. ''Krira Samrat Nagendraprasad Sarbadhikary 1869–1940'' (Calcutta: N. P. Sarbadhikary Memorial Committee, 1963) (hereafter Krira Samrat).
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}

'''Others'''
*{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/calcutta-fc-win/cid/1230824|title=CALCUTTA FC WIN|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph|date=13 July 2001|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608141520/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/calcutta-fc-win/cid/1230824|location=Kolkata|archive-date=8 June 2023}}
*{{cite web |url=http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |title=Triumphs and Disasters: The Story of Indian Football, 1889—2000. |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081005/http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|date=12 May 2021|title=SportMob – Best Indian football players of all time|url=https://sportmob.com/en/article/967888-Best-Indian-football-players-of-all-time|access-date=28 January 2022|website=SportMob.com|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809100523/https://sportmob.com/en/article/967888-Best-Indian-football-players-of-all-time}}
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106295?journalCode=fsas20 ''From recreation to competition: Early history of Indian football'']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181632/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106295?journalCode=fsas20 |date=9 July 2021 }}. pp. 124–141. Published online: 6 Aug 2006. ''Taylor & Francis''. Retrieved 30 June 2021.

==External links==
* [https://ifawb.org/clubs/ Clubs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009123425/https://ifawb.org/clubs/ |date=9 October 2022 }} at IFA

{{Football in West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal Sports}}

[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1922]]
[[Category:1922 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Multi-sport clubs in India]]

Silver Oak University

2025-12-24T06:22:49Z

Mohit8811:

{{short description|Indian private university}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox University
| name = Silver Oak University
| image =
| sports_nickname = SOU
| logo = Silver Oak University logo.png
| motto =
| established = 2019
| founder = Mr. Shital O. Agrawal
| accreditation = NAAC Grade A,
| type = Private
| endowment =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost = Dr. Saurin Shah
| president = Mr. Shital O. Agrawal
| vice_president = Mr. Janak P. Khandwala
| Executive Director =
| address = Nr. Bhavik Publication, Gota
| city = [[Ahmedabad]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|23.091730452114128|N|72.5349336098118|E|type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| publictransit =
| students = 25000+
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| staff =
| website = {{Official website|http://silveroakuni.ac.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Silver Oak University ''' is a premier university located in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It was recognized as a University in 2019 by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=7&Unitype=3|title=UGC University Gujarat |publisher=University Grants Commission |date=|accessdate=24 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/gujarat-amended-agricultural-varsity-bill-gives-more-power-to-state-government-5857352/ | title=Gujarat: Amended agricultural varsity bill gives more power to state government | publisher=The Indian Express | work=Ritu Sharma | date=28 July 2019 | accessdate=24 April 2020}}</ref> Announced as a State Private University (under Gujarat Private Universities Act, 2009) Silver Oak was established in 2009 as an affiliated college and gradually grew into Silver Oak Group of Institutes. It is ranked 7th among [https://silveroakuni.ac.in/list-of-colleges top 10 Engineering Colleges] in India by The Times of India and awarded as "Most Innovative Engineering College" by 94.3 My FM. The university offers various undergraduate and postgraduate programs in the discipline of Engineering, [https://silveroakuni.ac.in/faculty-of-management_admission Management], Arts and Science.

== Academic Divisions ==
Silver Oak University comprises multiple faculties and constituent institutes offering programs in engineering, technology, management, science, commerce, design, humanities, and health sciences. Each division is structured to promote interdisciplinary learning and research-oriented education.

'''Faculties and Institutes include:'''

* '''Faculty of Engineering & Technology''' – Offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in Computer Engineering, Information Technology, Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, and related fields.
* '''Faculty of Management''' – Includes the Silver Oak Institute of Business Management ([https://soibm.silveroakuni.ac.in/ SOIBM]), offering MBA and PGDM programs with specializations in marketing, finance, HR, and business analytics.
* '''Faculty of Computer Applications''' – Provides BCA and MCA programs focused on software development, AI, and data science.
* '''Faculty of Science''' – Offers programs in Biotechnology, Microbiology, Chemistry, and Physics.
* '''Faculty of Commerce and Humanities''' – Covers subjects like Accounting, Economics, Psychology, and English.
* '''Faculty of Design and Arts''' – Includes programs in Fashion Design, Interior Design, and Visual Communication.
* '''Faculty of Allied and Health Care''' – Offers BPT, Optometry, Medical Laboratory Technology, and Public Health programs.
* '''Faculty of Research and Doctoral Studies''' – Oversees Ph.D. programs across disciplines, fostering advanced research and innovation.

==Controversy==
In January 2022, [https://silveroakuni.ac.in/ Silver Oak University] was the subject of protests against charging its students unlisted fees for ID cards.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=4 January 2022 |title=Students Claim Gujarat’s Silver Oak University Has Fleeced Them Of Over Rs 2.10 Crore |url=https://www.vibesofindia.com/students-charge-silver-oak-university-with-fleecing-over-rs-2-10-crore/ |work=Vibes of India |location= |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref>

On 7 September 2022, Silver Oak University was raided by the [[Income Tax Department]] on suspicion of tax evasion and undocumented contributions to political parties.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=7 September 2022 |title=7 રાજ્યોમાં 100 સ્થળે ITના દરોડા:પોલિટિકલ ફન્ડિંગ મામલે કાર્યવાહી, રાજસ્થાનમાં ગેહલોત સરકારના મંત્રી રાજેન્દ્ર યાદવને ત્યાં પણ રેડ |trans-title=Red Of IT At Silver Oak University In Ahmedabad, With A Number Of Admissions, Transactions Are Likely To Have Increased. |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/ahmedabad/news/red-of-it-at-silver-oak-university-in-ahmedabad-with-a-number-of-admissions-transactions-are-likely-to-have-increased-130285824.html |language=Gujarati |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |location=Ahmedabad |access-date=7 September 2022}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=7 September 2022 |title=Day In Pics: September 7, 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/day-in-pics-september-7-2022-photos-221590?photo-1 |work=[[Outlook India]] |location= |access-date=7 September 2022}} </ref> These investigations were conducted shortly before the school's graduation ceremony, expected to be held on 24 September.<ref>{{cite news |title=Press Release |url=https://silveroakuni.ac.in/press-media}} </ref> Students have been placed on leave and the campus evacuated as investigations continue on the university's campus.<ref>{{cite news |title=Blog |url=https://silveroakuni.ac.in/blog/}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Soni |first=Tanvi |date=7 September 2022 |title=IT team conducts raid at Silver Oak University in Gota, Ahmedabad Gujarat |url=https://newswaali.com/ahmedabad-it-raids-in-surat-including-silver-oak-college-and-university-action-following-various-apprehensions-it-team-conducts-raid-at-silver-oak-university-in-gota-ahmedabad-gujarat-news-waal/ |work=News Waali |location= |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Private universities in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2019]]

{{Gujarat-university-stub}}

Hoodi metro station

2025-12-17T21:41:47Z

Mohit8811: new new entry initial version

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Purple Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Hoodi
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Purple}}
| other_name = Hoodi Junction
| style = Namma Metro
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Hoodi Metro.jpg
| photo2a = Hoodi metro station (Platform).jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 300
| foot_montage =
}}
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Hoodi Main Rd, near Godrej Air Nxt, Seetharampalya, Hoodi, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560048
| coordinates = {{coord|12.98873|77.71127|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Whitefield (Kadugodi)}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| connections = {{ric|Indian Railways}} {{stnlnk|Hoodi Halt}}
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Two Wheelers
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|2023|03|26|df=yes}}
| opening =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Staffed
| code = DKIA
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| architect = ITD - ITD Cementation India [[Joint venture|JV]]
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line=Purple |left=Seetharamapalya|to-left=Whitefield (Kadugodi)|right=Garudacharpalya|to-right=Challaghatta}}
| route_map = {{BMR Purple Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Hoodi''' (formerly known as '''Hoodi Junction''') is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India which holds the main [[Hoodi]] neighbourhood area. The station is located near SR Enterprises, Skylark Esta Apt Complex, MacPro Technologies and many more.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rustagi |first=Abha |date=2022-05-05 |title=Baiyappanahalli-Whitefield Line to be functional from Dec 2022 |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/baiyappanahalli-whitefield-line-to-be-functional-from-dec-2022/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baiyappanahalli-Whitefield Metro stretch to have 13 stops |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/sep/14/baiyappanahalli-whitefield-metro-stretch-to-have-13-stops-1656993.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-05 |title=Namma Metro: Why upcoming Whitefield stretch is a game changer for Bengaluru? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-why-upcoming-whitefield-stretch-is-a-game-changer-for-bengaluru-article-98428885 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

The '''Whitefield - Krishnarajapura''' trial runs were successfully conducted from 25 October for a month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Baiyappanahalli-Whitefield metro line trial from October 25 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/baiyappanahalli-whitefield-metro-line-trial-from-october-25-1151000.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> This metro station was inaugurated on 25 March 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and opened to the public on 26 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-26 |title=Metro finally comes to Whitefield, take a ride on March 26 from 7 am! |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/metro-finally-comes-to-whitefield-take-a-ride-on-march-26-from-7-am-1203579.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-25 |title=Bengaluru Metro: Much awaited metro line between Whitefield to KR Puram to be operational by March |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-much-awaited-metro-line-between-whitefield-to-kr-puram-to-be-operational-by-march-article-95761197 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-03 |title=Namma Metro train between K.R. Puram and Whitefield to run at frequency of 10 minutes |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/namma-metro-train-between-kr-puram-and-whitefield-to-run-at-frequency-of-10-minutes-bengaluru-baiyappanahalli-kengeri/article66464371.ece |access-date=2023-02-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 25ಕ್ಕೆ ವೈಟ್‌ಫೀಲ್ಡ್-ಕೆಆರ್ ಪುರಂ ಮೆಟ್ರೋ ಸೇವೆ ಲೋಕಾರ್ಪಣೆ? |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/karnataka/2023/mar/14/whitefield-kr-puram-metro-services-on-march-25-489412.html |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Kannadaprabha |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BMRCL to zoom metro from KR Puram to Whiefield in 22 minutes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/mar/02/bmrcl-to-zoom-metro-from-kr-puramto-whiefield-in-22-minutes-2552223.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302093410/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/mar/02/bmrcl-to-zoom-metro-from-kr-puramto-whiefield-in-22-minutes-2552223.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Hoodi track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Seetharamapalya}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Garudacharpalya}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]] '''Next station:''' [[Seetharamapalya metro station|Seetharamapalya]]
|-
|'''Platform 2 Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}} '''Next station:''' [[Garudacharpalya metro station|Garudacharpalya]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==Entry/Exit==
There are 2 Entry/Exit points - A and B. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel.

==See also==
*[[Hoodi]]
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Namma Metro|purple line=yes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]

Jolly Mukherjee

2025-12-13T09:39:55Z

Mohit8811: minor edit

{{short description|Indian singer (born 1956)}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jolly Mukherjee
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|01 October 1956}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| other_names = King of Strings
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1979-present
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background = solo_singer
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = {{ublist|[[Blues]]|[[Filmi]]}}
}}}}

'''Jolly Mukherjee''' (born in 1 October 1956) is an Indian singer who specializes in the music of [[Bollywood]]. He started his career as a backing singer for commercials, then moving on to writing music for airline on-flight introductions, where he sometimes wrote for [[British Airways]].{{fact|date=July 2023}} His roots include a mixture of [[Hindustani classical music]] and Western music. With the Madras Cinematic Orchestra, he recorded the album Fusebox, which included remixes from [[State of Bengal]] and [[Badmarsh & Shri]]. He provided the string arrangements for [[Icelanders|Icelandic]] singer [[Björk]]'s song "Verandi".<ref name="Gittins2002">{{cite book|last=Gittins|first=Ian|title=Björk: there's more to life than this : the stories behind every song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfvsg12ApDgC&pg=PA139|access-date=3 July 2010|date=10 December 2002|publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press|isbn=978-1-56025-416-4|page=139}}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film/Album
! Song(s)
! Composer(s)
! Co-singer(s)
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|1988
| rowspan="2"|''[[Dayavan]]''
| "Diwani Tum Jawanon Ki"
| rowspan="2"|[[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
| [[Sapna Mukherjee]], [[Mohammad Aziz]]
|
|-
| Chahe Meri Jaan Tu Le Le
| Sapna Mukherjee
|
|-
| rowspan="1"|1989
| ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]''
| "Chandni O Meri Chandni"
| [[Shiv-Hari]]
| [[Sridevi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1991
| ''Saathi''
| "Aaj Hum Tum O Sanam"
| [[Nadeem–Shravan]]
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Saajan]]''
| "Aei to Prothom Dekhlam"
| [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
|
| Bengali
|-
| rowspan="3"|1992
| ''[[Sangeet (film)|Sangeet]]''
| "Sun O Hasina"
| [[Anand Milind]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman]]''
| ""Kya Hua" (Laveria Hua)"
| rowspan="2"|[[Jatin–Lalit]]
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|
|-
| Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sudesh Bhonsle]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|1993
| rowspan="2"|''[[Sahibaan]]''
| "Sahibaan Meri Sahibaan"
| rowspan="2"|[[Shiv-Hari]]
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|
|-
| Is Mele Mein Log Aate Hain
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Aaina (1993 film)|Aaina]]''
| "Goriya Re Goriya"
| [[Dilip Sen]]-[[Sameer Sen]]
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Shatranj (1993 film)|Shatranj]]''
| "Koi Nahin"
| [[Anand–Milind]]
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1994
| rowspan="2"|''[[Aatish: Feel the Fire]]''
| "Dil Dil Dil Main Tere Pyar Mein"
| rowspan="2"|[[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|
|-
| Ya Mustafa" but change to Ya dilruba
| [[Mukul Aggarwal]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|1995
| ''[[Sabse Bada Khiladi]]''
| "Mukaala Mukaabla"
| [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|
|-
| ''[[रघुवीर (1995 फ़िल्म)|Raghuveer]]''
| "O Jaaneman Chehra"
| [[Dilip Sen]]-[[Sameer Sen]]
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bewafa Sanam]]''
| "Nargisi Nargisi Aankhein Teri Nargisi"
| [[Raju Singh]]-[[Sameer Sen]]
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1"|1996
| ''[[Ek Tha Raja]]''
| "Topi Topi"
| [[Anand–Milind]]
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], Poornima
|-
| rowspan="1"|1997
| [[Judge Mujrim]]
| "Laila o Laila"
| [[Anand Milind]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2000
| ''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]''
| "Zinda Hain Hum To"
| [[Anu Malik]]
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Hema Sardesai]]
|
|-
|[[Kodom Ali Mastan]]
|"Ki Batti Lagaili (Ore O Mainka)"
|
|
|Bangladeshi Film
|-
| rowspan="1"|2002
| ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]''
| "Yahan Pe Sab Shanti Shanti Hai"
| [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| [[Bali Brahmbhatt]], [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1"|2013
| ''[[Satya 2]]''
| "Taaqat"
| [[Sanjeev–Darshan]]
| [[Hricha Narayan]], Arghya, [[Sanjeev Rathod]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Jolly}}
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

{{India-musician-stub}}
{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Ajita Kesakambali

2025-12-11T02:14:44Z

Mohit8811: updated page

{{Short description|6th century BCE Indian materialist philosopher}}{{Infobox philosopher|region=[[Indian philosophy]]|birth_date=6th century BCE|era=[[Śramaṇa|Sramana Movement]]|notable_ideas=*Ucchedavada (the Doctrine of Annihilation after death)
*Tam-Jivam-tam-sariram-vada (the doctrine of identity of the soul and body)|school_tradition=[[Charvaka]]}}'''Ajita Kesakambali''' ({{langx|sa|अजित केशकंबली}}; {{zh|c=阿耆多翅舍欽婆羅|p=Āqíduō Chìshěqīnpóluó}}) was an ancient [[India]]n [[philosopher]] in the 6th century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/govind-pansare-mm-kalburgi-gauri-lankesh-murder-5316465/|title=Indian rationalism, Charvaka to Narendra Dabholkar|date=21 August 2018 }}</ref> He is considered to be the first known proponent of [[Indian philosophy|Indian]] [[materialism]], and forerunner to the [[Charvaka]] school. He was probably a contemporary of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] and [[Mahavira]]. It has frequently been noted that the doctrines of the [[Lokayata]] school were considerably drawn from Ajita's teachings.{{Hedonism}}

==Philosophy==
{{PaliCanonSamanaViews}}

Like those of [[Lokayata|Lokayatins]], nothing survives of Ajita's teachings in script, except some scattered references made by his opponents for the sake of refutation. Thus, due to the nature of these references, the basic framework of his philosophy has to be derived by filtering out obscure legends associated with him.

===From Buddhist sources===
According to a Buddhist legend, Ajita wore a blanket of human hair (''Kesakambali'' in Sanskrit means "with the hair blanket"), "which is described as being the most miserable garment. It was cold in cold weather, and hot in the hot, foul smelling and uncouth".<ref name="Bhaskar 1972">Bhaskar (1972){{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> ''Ajita'' means "unconquered", which implies that he was very argumentative.<ref name="ajita">{{cite book|author=David J. Kalupahana|title=Ethics in Early Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEN2-KyI4f4C&pg=PA18|accessdate=6 September 2013|date=January 1995|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1702-2|page=18}}</ref>

According to early Buddhist sources, Ajita Kesakambali argued that:
<blockquote>
There is no such thing as alms or sacrifice or offering. There is neither fruit nor result of good or evil deeds. A human being is built up of four elements. When he dies the earthly in him returns and relapses to the earth, the fluid to the water, the heat to the fire, the wind to the air, and his faculties pass into space. The four bearers, on the bier as a fifth, take his dead body away; till they reach the burning ground, men utter forth eulogies, but there his bones are bleached, and his offerings end in ashes. It is a doctrine of fools, this talk of gifts. It is an empty lie, mere idle talk, when men say there is profit herein. Fools and wise alike, on the dissolution of the body, are cut off, annihilated, and after death they are not.<ref>See: [[Thomas William Rhys Davids|Rhys-Davids.T.W]]: ''Dialogues of the Buddha'', 1899 quoted in [[Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya|Chattopadhyaya]] (1964/1993) pp.194</ref>
</blockquote>

According to the ''[[Brahmajala Sutta (Theravada)|Brahmajala Sutta]]'', Ajita propounded ''[[Ucchedavada]]'' (the Doctrine of Annihilation after death) and ''Tam-Jivam-tam-sariram-vada'' (the doctrine of identity of the soul and body), which denied the separate existence of an eternal soul.<ref name="Bhaskar 1972" /> The extent to which these doctrines, which were evidently inherited by [[Lokayata]], were found contemptible and necessary to be refuted in the [[idealism|idealist]], [[theist]] and [[religious]] literature of the time is a possible evidence of their popularity and, perhaps also, their philosophical sophistication.

===Modern Marxist interpretations===
[[Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi|D. D. Kosambi]], who elsewhere<ref>[[Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi|DD Kosambi]] (1956){{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> calls Ajita a proto-materialist, notes<ref>[[Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi|DD Kosambi]] (1965){{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> that he "preached a thoroughgoing materialist doctrine: good deeds and charity gained a man nothing in the end. His body dissolved into the primary elements at death, no matter what he had or had not done. Nothing remained. Good and evil, charity and compassion were all irrelevant to a man's fate."

==See also==
* [[Ajivika]]
* [[Ajñana]]
* [[Makkhali Gosala]]
* [[Pakudha Kaccayana]]
* [[Purana Kassapa]]
* [[Shramana]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Bhaskar, [[Bhagchandra Jain]], ''Jainism in Buddhist Literature'' (Alok Prakashan, Nagpur, 1972)
* [[Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya|Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad]], ''Indian Philosophy'' (People's Publishing House, New Delhi, 1964, 7th Edition: 1993)
* [[Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi|Kosambi, DD]], ''An Introduction to the Study of Indian History'' (Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India, 1956)
* [[Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi|Kosambi, DD]], ''The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical Outline'' (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1965)
* Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu (trans.) and [[Bhikkhu Bodhi|Bodhi, Bhikkhu]] (ed.), ''The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya'' (Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2001) {{ISBN|0-86171-072-X}}.
* [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]] (trans.) ''Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life'' (DN 2) (1997) Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html.
* Walshe, Maurice O'Connell (trans.), ''The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya'' (Wisdom Publications, Somerville, MA, 1995) {{ISBN|0-86171-103-3}}.

{{Belief systems}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:6th-century BC Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Atheist philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian materialists]]

Sachin Patil

2025-12-09T22:35:41Z

Mohit8811: Put Up New Article Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Sachin Sudhakar Patil''' (born 1970),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sachin Patil(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- PHALTAN (SC)(SATARA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=627 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Maharashtra Elections: Ajit Pawar's NCP Releases Third List Of 4 Candidates">{{cite news |last1= |title=Maharashtra Elections: Ajit Pawar's NCP Releases Third List Of 4 Candidates |url=https://news.abplive.com/states/maharashtra/maharashtra-elections-2024-ajit-pawar-ncp-releases-third-list-of-4-candidates-1727244 |access-date=18 January 2025 |work= |publisher=ABP News |date=27 October 2024 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Phaltan Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Satara district]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Nationalist Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phaltan Election Result 2024 LIVE: Sachin Patil of NCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/phaltan-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130202.html |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Phaltan (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/phaltan-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9685070/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patil is from [[Phaltan]], Satara district, Maharashtra. He is the son of Sudhakar Gajanan Kambale. He passed Class 9 at Mudhoji High School and Junior College, Phaltan in 1985.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Patil is a first time MLA representing [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. He won the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election from Phaltan Assembly constituency, a stronghold of NCP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live: Phaltan Election Results 2024 {{!}} Maharashtra Election Results {{!}} Elections 2024 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024/phaltan |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> He polled 119,287 votes and defeated his nearest rival and three time MLA, [[Deepak Pralhad Chavan|Deepak Prahlad Chavan]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (SP)]], by a margin of 17,046 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Phaltan, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: NCP's Sachin Patil wins Phaltan with 119287 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/phaltan-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638384-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Maharashtra Election Result Winners 2024: Full List - Constituency wise, elected MLA names, party wise details |url=https://www.etnownews.com/news/maharashtra-election-result-winners-2024-full-list-constituency-wise-elected-mla-names-party-wise-details-article-115589504 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=सकाळ डिजिटल |date=2024-11-23 |title=Sachin Patil won Phaltan Assembly Election 2024 Result : अटीतटीच्या लढतीत सचिन पाटील विजयी; दीपक चव्हाणांचा पराभव |url=https://www.esakal.com/satara/phaltan-assembly-election-2024-winner-live-updates-deepak-chavan-ncp-sachin-kamble-patil-ncp-ubt-maharashtra-vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-nikal-mva-vs-mahayuti-sdj87 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Sachin}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]

{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}

Nilgiri marten

2025-11-25T04:30:39Z

Mohit8811: add page additionally and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Species of carnivoran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Nilgiri marten
| image = Nilgiri marten by N A Nazeer.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Martes gwatkinsii'' |last1=Mudappa |first1=D. |last2=Jathana |first2=D. |last3=Raman |first3=T. R. S. |name-list-style=amp |date=2015 |errata=2016 |article-number=e.T12847A86161239 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T12847A45199025.en |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A3
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{cite Species+ |id=7173 |title=''Martes gwatkinsii'' Horsfield, 1851 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
| genus = Martes
| species = gwatkinsii
| authority = ([[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1851)
| range_map = Nilgiri Marten area.png
| range_map_caption = Nilgiri marten range
| synonyms = ''Charronia gwatkinsii''
}}

The '''Nilgiri marten''' ('''''Martes gwatkinsii''''') is the only [[marten]] species native to southern [[India]]. It lives in the hills of the [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiris]] and parts of the [[Western Ghats]]. With only around a thousand members left it is listed as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=iucn/>

== Taxonomy ==
The Nilgiri marten was described by [[Thomas Horsfield]] based on a skin in the museum of the East India Company; it is named after the collector Reynolds Gwatkins.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Horsfield |first1=Thomas |title=Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company |year=1851 |location=London |publisher=Printed by J. & H. Cox |pages=99–101 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.32671 |doi-access=free |oclc=1109424 |ol=243736W |ol-access=free}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
The Nilgiri marten is deep brown from head to rump, with the forequarters being almost reddish, with a bright throat ranging in colour from yellow to orange. It has a prominent frontal [[wikt:concave|concavity]] and is larger than the [[yellow-throated marten]].<ref name=Prater>{{cite book |last=Prater |first=S. H. |author-link=Stanley Henry Prater |title=The Book of Indian Animals |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society, Oxford University Press |location=Mumbai |year=2005 |orig-date=1971 |edition=3rd}}</ref>
It is about {{cvt|55-65|cm}} long from head to vent and has a tail of {{cvt|40-45|cm}}. It weighs about {{cvt|2.1|kg}}.<ref name="Hussain1999">{{cite journal |last=Hussain |first=S. A. |author-link=S. A. Hussain |year=1999 |title=Mustelids, Viverrids and Herpestids of India: Species Profile and Conservation Status |url=https://archive.org/details/MustelidsViverridsIndia/page/n6 |journal=ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=1–38}}</ref>{{rp|6}}

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Nilgiri Marten (Martes gwatkinsii).jpg|thumb|Two Nilgiri martens in [[Pampadum Shola National Park]]]]
The Nilgiri marten mainly inhabits the [[shola]] grasslands and [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]], and occasionally the adjacent [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]] and commercial plantations, that span the [[Western Ghats]] in the [[South India]]n states of [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. The [[Nilgiri Hills]] form the center of its range, but sightings have also been reported in [[Charmadi]] Ghat and in the [[Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary|Neyyar]] and [[Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary|Peppara Wildlife Sanctuaries]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Christopher |first1=G. |last2=Jayson |first2=E. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=1996 |title=Sightings of Nilgiri marten (''Martes gwatkinsii'' Horsfield) at Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary and Silent Valley National Park, Kerala, India |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/64d3896788bb835fc33faca74f75641f?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=15 |pages=3–4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419232855/http://nebula.wsimg.com/64d3896788bb835fc33faca74f75641f?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Madhusudan |first=M. D. |author-link=Mysore Doreswamy Madhusudan |year=1995 |title=Sighting of the Nilgiri marten (''Martes gwatkinsii'') at Eravikulam National Park, Kerala, India |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/4a5cc4f2fa3c0b46304f59b6fe74ad45?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=13 |pages=6–7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419231854/http://nebula.wsimg.com/4a5cc4f2fa3c0b46304f59b6fe74ad45?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gokula |first1=V. |last2=Ramachandran |first2=N. K. |name-list-style=amp |year=1996 |title=A record of the Nilgiri marten (''Martes gwatkinsii'' Horsfield) in Upper Bhavani |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofbombay931996bomb/page/82/mode/1up |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=93 |issue=1 |page=82}}</ref><ref name=Mudappa1999>{{cite journal |last=Mudappa |first=D. |year=1999 |title=Lesser Known Carnivores of the Western Ghats |url=https://archive.org/details/MustelidsViverridsIndia/page/n85 |journal=ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas |publisher=[[Wildlife Institute of India]] |place=Dehradun |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=65–70}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Balakrishnan |first=P. |year=2005 |title=Recent sightings and habitat characteristics of the endemic Nilgiri Marten ''Martes gwatkinsii'' in Western Ghats, India |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/8e6155184fe900bd8dd47aada16e4b88?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=33 |pages=14–16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419232550/http://nebula.wsimg.com/8e6155184fe900bd8dd47aada16e4b88?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krishna |first1=K. |last2=Karnad |first2=D. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=New records of the Nilgiri marten ''Martes gwatkinsii'' in the Western Ghats, India |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/29fcac2ce03b2ae724f045e27b3d66bf?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=43 |pages=23–27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419233345/http://nebula.wsimg.com/29fcac2ce03b2ae724f045e27b3d66bf?AccessKeyId=35E369A09ED705622D78&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Behaviour and ecology ==
The Nilgiri marten is [[Diurnal animal|diurnal]]. It is mainly [[arboreal]], but descends to the ground occasionally. It is [[omnivorous]] and [[prey]]s on [[bird]]s, small mammals (including the Malabar giant squirrel) and insects such as [[cicada]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hutton |first=A. F. |year=1948 |title=Feeding habits of the Nilgiri marten [''Charronia gwatkinsii'' (Horsfield) |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=355–356 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofbo4819481949bomb/page/354}}</ref><ref name=Prater/> It has also been observed feeding on a variety of fruits and seeds.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Anil, G. |author2=Kishor, N. |author3=Gafoor, N. |author4=Ommer, N. |author5=Nameer, P. O. |name-list-style=amp |date=2018 |title=Observations on the Nilgiri Marten ''Martes gwatkinsii'' (Mammalia: Carnivora: Mustelidae) from Pampadum Shola National Park, the southern Western Ghats, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11226–11230 |doi=10.11609/jott.3446.10.1.11226-11230 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110126034423/http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2605/stories/20090313260506400.htm Photographs: Close encounters in the wild]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091226201223/http://www.nilgirimarten.com/ NilgiriMarten.com] (archived 26 December 2009)

{{Carnivora|M.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q602823}}

[[Category:Martens]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1851]]

Syahi

2025-10-29T21:22:27Z

Mohit8811:

{{Short description|South Asian percussion tuning paste}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2009}}
[[File:Tabla y duggi6.JPG|right|thumb|Set of [[tabla]], with the ''syahi'' applied]]
[[File:syahi.jpg|thumb|A close-up of a syahi]]
[[File:Stimmpaste.JPG|thumb|Close-up of patch of tuning paste]]

'''Syahi''' (also known as '''gaab''', '''ank''', '''satham''' or '''karanai''') is the [[Musical tuning|tuning]] paste applied to the head of many [[South Asia]]n [[percussion]] instruments like the [[dholki]], [[Jori (instrument)|jori]], [[tabla]], [[madal]], [[mridangam]], [[khol]] and [[pakhavaj]].

== Overview ==
Syahi is usually black in colour, circular in shape and is made of a mixture of [[flour]], [[water]] and [[iron filing]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Students' Britannica India |last=Hoiberg |first=Dale |author2=Indu Ramchandani |year=2000 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |location=UK |isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=siyahi+rice+manganese+iron&pg=PA20 |access-date=March 29, 2010}}</ref> Originally, syahi was a temporary application of flour and water. Over time it has evolved into a permanent addition.

== Function ==
Syahi functions by loading only a portion of the stretched skin with weight. In the higher-pitched (usually right-hand) drum (for instance, the tabla proper) this has the effect of altering the resonance frequency of some lower order vibrations more than others. The action on the left hand drum is a little different. On the other side (for instance, the bāyāñ in the [[tabla]]), its position is offset and serves simply to lower the [[resonance]] frequency.

== Application ==
[[File:apply-syahi.jpg|upright|thumb|A Pakistani craftsman applying the syahi (Hyderabad, Sind, Pakistan - circa 1977)]]
The application of the syahi is very involved. It starts with a base layer of [[mucilage]], followed by the application of numerous thin layers of ''syahi masala'' (flour, water, iron filings and other secret ingredients), which are then rubbed with a stone. Not all of the layers are the same size, but the final product is almost always shaped as a circle.

The stone abrasion is crucial to creating the syahi. The material from which the syahi is made is inherently inflexible; if it were simply applied in a single layer and allowed to harden, it would not allow the drum to vibrate freely. The process of rubbing or polishing with the stone creates a tight [[latticework]] of cracks which extend down to the very base of the syahi, allowing the skin to resonate freely, despite the inherent firmness of the syahi.

== Producing the latticework ==
The process from the application of the first layer of glue and the finesse in adding the subsequent layers of syahi is the main determinant in the resulting tonal purity of the instrument and also of the longevity of the layers.

Once the preliminary leatherskin 'Puri' is fastened onto the face of the tabla, the craftsman applies the glue in a circle on the surface leaving a half-inch margin from the 'Chati'. When the glue is about to set, the syahi is applied in a 2–3 mm thick layer over the glue with small spikes in the syahi layer. Once the syahi is semi-hardened and not yet dry, the rubbing with the stone begins. The rubbing continues till it removes the spikes and a coarse surface results. On this, layers are then added in reducing concentric circles, each half to one mm thick. The essence lies in beginning the rubbing before the syahi completely hardens and continuing it till the surface is nearly dry when the new layer is added. The rubbing and its proper technique ensures that the layers are each uniformly thick, tapering slightly at the edges to smoothly merge in the layer below.

The process of rubbing generates heat in the paste applied and achieves the function of drying the paste and also the frictional vibration of the surface with the stone results in a fine latticework of cracks leaving grains of syahi attached only to the base of the layer below. This structure gives the instrument its exceptional sonority and tonal quality among all percussion instruments and also the rich harmonics which range from its tuned pitch of a few hundred Hertz to a few KiloHertz.

If the syahi is allowed to harden without rubbing it continuously, pockets of solidity would be left in the layers and distort the tone and also result in breakage of the grains from the layers within a short span, resulting in a jarring rattling sound during playing.

=== Wear ===
The layers, as the leatherskin on which they are applied, are vulnerable to humidity in the weather and also the moisture in the player's hand. Interaction with moisture results in melting of the black crystals. This is the reason why players frequently use powder to keep the hands dry while playing.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindustani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Drums]]
[[Category:Asian percussion instruments]]

Bishnupur district, Manipur

2025-10-01T17:50:32Z

Mohit8811: creating place

{{about|the district in Manipur|its eponymous headquarters|Bishnupur, Manipur}}
{{redirect|Bishnupur district|the proposed district in West Bengal|Bishnupur district, West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bishnupur district
| other_name = Bishenpur district
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Manipur|District]] of [[Manipur]]
| image_skyline = 3 Loktak Lake Manipur India.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Loktak Lake]]
| image_map = Bishnupur in Manipur (India).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Manipur
| coordinates = {{coord|24|38|N|93|46|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 12
| area_total_km2 = 530
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 237,399
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meiteilon]] (officially called [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=78 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MN-BI]]
| registration_plate = MN
| website = {{URL|https://bishnupur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Bishnupur district''' ([[Meitei language|Meitei pronunciation]]: /ˌbɪʃnʊˈpʊə/) or '''Bishenpur district''', is a [[Districts of Manipur|district of Manipur]] state in northeastern [[India]].

==Etymology==
Its name is derived from a [[Vishnu]] temple located at Lamangdong.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bishnupur.nic.in/history/ |title=History of Bishnupur |publisher=Bishnupur District, Government of Manipur |access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref>
[[File:A relief sculpture of Khuman Khamba in Bishnupur district, Manipur, India.jpg|thumb|left|220px|A relief sculpture of [[Khuman Khamba]]]]

==Geography==
[[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]] town is the administrative headquarters of the district. Other major towns in this district are: [[Nambol]], [[Moirang]], [[Ningthoukhong]], and [[Kumbi]]. Major village in this district are Nachou, [[Ngaikhong Khullen]], [[Toubul]], and Khoijuman Khullen.

==Flora and fauna==
In 1977 Bishnupur district became home to [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]], which has an area of {{convert|40|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web |author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment |title=Protected areas: Manipur |url-status=dead |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_states_ut.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009113803/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_states_ut.htm |archivedate=9 October 2011}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
|align = right
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |title=A-2 Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701220701/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref>
| footnote =
| 1951 | 57,340
| 1961 | 79,005
| 1971 | 108,785
| 1981 | 141,760
| 1991 | 180,773
| 2001 | 208,368
| 2011 | 237,399
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the Bishnupur district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 237,399.<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book - Bishnupur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/842/download/36236/DH_2011_1404_PART_A_DCHB_BISHNUPUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 583rd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|485|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 15.36%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Bishnupur has a [[sex ratio]] of 1000 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] is 76.35%. 36.86% of the population lived in urban areas.

Scheduled Castes made up 9.31% of the population, and the Scheduled Tribes 1.38% of the population in 2011.<ref name=districtcensus/> The composition of the scheduled tribes was as follows.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Population<ref>{{citation |title=A-11 Appendix: District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix), Manipur - 2011 |date=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43013 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India}}</ref>
!Percentage
of Total Pop.
|-
|All Scheduled Tribes
|3,287
|1.4%
|-
|Kuki-Zo tribes{{efn|The Kuki-Zo tribes include [[Gangte people|Gangte]], [[Hmar people|Hmar]], [[Paite people|Paite]], [[Simte people|Simte]], [[Sukte people|Sukte]], [[Thadou people|Thadou]], [[Vaiphei people|Vaiphei]], [[Zou people|Zou]], and some smaller tribes designated as "Any Kuki" and "Any Lushai ([[Mizo people|Mizo]])".}}{{efn|The low number of Kuki-Zo tribes is deceptive because many tribal villages that might appear to be geographically within the Bishnupur district regard themselves as belonging to the adjoining hill district, e.g., [[Torbung]] and [[Kangvai]].<ref>{{citation |first=Roluah |last=Puia |chapter=When boundaries matter: land, laws and territorial conflict in Manipur, Northeast India |editor1=Kedilezo Kikhi |editor2=Dharma Rakshit Gautam |title=Comprehending Equity |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=9781003182726 |pages=98– |doi=10.4324/9781003182726-8 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/49356615 |via=academia.edu |chapter-url-access=registration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7k6EAAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription }}</ref>}}
|913
|0.4%
|-
|Naga tribes{{efn|The Naga tribes include [[Angami Naga|Angami]], [[Kabui people|Kabui]], [[Kacha Naga]], [[Mao people (India)|Mao]], [[Maram people|Maram]], [[Poumai people|Poumai]], [[Sümi Naga|Sema]] and [[Tangkhul people|Tangkhul]].}}
|1,578
|1.1%
|-
|Old Kuki/Naga{{Efn|The Old Kuki tribes retaining the Kuki classification include: Aimol, Chiru, Kom, Koireng, Kharam, and Ralte. The tribes under the Naga umbrella include: Anal, Chothe, Koirao, Lamkang, Maring, Moyon, Monsang, Purum and Tarao.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kom |first=Ch. Sekholal |date=June 2015 |title=Ethno-nationalism: Competing Micro-nationalist Dissents in Manipur |journal=Social Change |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=289–307 |doi=10.1177/0049085715574192 |issn=0049-0857}}</ref>}}
|533
|0.2%
|}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bishnupur district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by religious community: Manipur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11383/download/14496/DDW14C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Manipur|Hinduism]]|darkorange|73.76}}
{{bar percent|[[Sanamahism|Sanamahi]]|chartreuse|16.20}}
{{bar percent|[[Meitei Pangals|Islam]]|green|7.87}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Manipur|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.80}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.37}}
}}

The primary language spoken is [[Meiteilon]], spoken by 97.87% of the population. Other minority languages spoken includes [[Rongmei language|Rongmei]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]] and [[Thadou language|Thadou]].<ref name="language">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-16 Population by mother tongue: Manipur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10213/download/13325/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1400.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
The district is divided into 3 sub-divisions:
* [[Nambol]]
* [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]]
* [[Moirang]]

== Towns ==


* [[Nambol]]
* [[Oinam]]
* [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]]
* [[Ningthoukhong]]
* [[Moirang]]
* [[Kwakta]]
* [[Kumbi]]

== See also ==
* [[List of populated places in Bishnupur district]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://bishnupur.nic.in/ Bishnupur district website]
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Bishnupur (Manipur)|Bishnupur district}}

{{Geographic location
|state = expanded
|Centre = Bishnupur district
|North = [[Imphal West district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Kakching district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Churachandpur district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Churachandpur district]]
|Northwest = [[Kangpokpi district]]
}}

{{Districts of Manipur}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bishnupur District}}
[[Category:Bishnupur district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Manipur]]

Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency

2025-09-30T15:08:03Z

Mohit8811:

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Chikmagalur
| map_image =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| established = 1967
| abolished = 2009
| reservation = None
}}
'''Chikkamagaluru Lok Sabha Constituency''' was a former [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituency in [[Karnataka]] state in southern [[India]]. With the implementation of the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, it ceased to exist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_how-delimitation-has-changed-state-s-electoral-face_1240150|title=How delimitation has changed state's electoral face|last=Madhusoodan|first=M.K.|date=18 March 2009|publisher=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Chikkamagaluru Lok Sabha Constituency comprised the following eight Legislative Assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha, Volume III|publisher=Election Commission of India website|pages=407–8|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref>
# [[Sringeri Assembly constituency|Sringeri]]
# [[Mudigere]]
# [[Chikmagalur Assembly constituency|Chikkamagaluru]]
# [[Kadur]]
# [[Birur Assembly constituency|Birur]]
# [[Tarikere]]
# [[Belthangady Assembly constituency|Belthangady]]
# [[Karkala Assembly constituency|Karkala]]

==Members of Parliament==

===As Hassan Chickmagalur (1952-1957)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|H.Siddananjappa<ref name="First">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1951 TO THE FIRST LOK SABHA|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=92}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===As Chikmagalur (1967-2009)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''1957 to 1967 : See [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]]''}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|M.Huchegowda
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|rowspan=2|[[D. B. Chandre Gowda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|1978^
|[[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|D. M. Puttegowda
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[D. K. Taradevi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|D. M. Puttegowda
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[D. K. Taradevi]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|B. L. Shankar
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|rowspan=3|[[D. C. Srikantappa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''2008 onwards : See [[Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Udupi-Chikamagalur]]''}}
|-
|}

^By Poll

==See also==
* [[Hassan Chickmagalur Lok Sabha constituency]] (1952 Election)
* [[Chikmagalur district]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency]] (2009 onwards)

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|13.3|75.8|display=title}}

[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka]]

Makaranda Muduli

2025-09-30T00:07:26Z

Mohit8811: Made new article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Lal Bihari Himirika]]
| party =
| image =
}}
'''Makaranda Muduli''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Rayagada Assembly constituency]] as an Independent candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rayagada Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Rayagada Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/rayagada-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Rayagada Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rayagada-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917318.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muduli, Makaranda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-politician-stub}}

Bhagthala Khurd

2025-08-17T02:06:12Z

Mohit8811: Adding New Info

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhagthala Khurd
| other_name = ਭਾਗਥਲਾ ਖੁਰਦ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.779534|74.786403|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 727
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151213
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Bhagthala Khurd''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਭਾਗਥਲਾ ਖੁਰਦ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagthala Khurd · Punjab 142052, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bhagthala+Khurd,+Punjab+142052/@30.7794325,74.7840214,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3919fcce0119e4e1:0x3a9c22f6bd927844!8m2!3d30.7799497!4d74.7871011!16s/g/1tjgyrvd?hl=en&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDIxMi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Bhagthala Khurd · Punjab 142052, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 727 as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagthala Khurd Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35557-bhagthala-khurd-punjab.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151203.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title=Area, pincode and population of Bhagthala Khurd village in Faridkot tehsil of Faridkot, Punjab, India based on census of India 2011 |url=https://villageinindia.com/india/punjab/faridkot/faridkot/bhagthala-khurd/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Village in India}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 320 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS PUNJAB |year=2011 |pages=67 |language=English}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{India-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Peelowani

2025-08-16T21:04:39Z

Mohit8811: Done - done

{{Short description|Peelowani - Village In Rajasthan}}
{{Multiple issues|{{orphan|date=January 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2025}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

'''Peelowani''' is a village located in the [[Desuri]] tehsil of [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] district in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. Situated approximately 50 kilometers from both the sub-district (Desuri) and district (Pali) headquarters, it falls under the administration of the Ghenari gram [[Panchayat samiti|panchayat]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLUcsv1wK-YC&q=Peelowani,+India |title=Census of India, 1981 |date=1986 |publisher=Sāmānya Praśāsana Vibhāga, Rājasthāna Sarakāra |language=hi}}</ref>

==Geography==
The village spans a total geographical area of 991.64 hectares.

==Demographics==
As per the 2011 Census of [[India]], Peelowani has a population of 2,416 individuals residing in 421 households. The gender distribution is 1,250 males and 1,166 females, resulting in a sex ratio of 933 females per 1,000 males, which is slightly above the [[Rajasthan]] average of 928. Children aged 0–6 constitute 10.39% of the population, with a child sex ratio of 743, below the state average of 888.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/91100-peelowani-rajasthan.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com#google_vignette|title=Peelowani Village Population - Desuri - Pali, Rajasthan|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

The literacy rate in Peelowani stands at 74.23%, higher than the state average of 66.11%. Male literacy is notably higher at 85.99%, while female literacy is 61.95%.<ref name="auto"/>

==Social Composition==
[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] make up 15.89% of the village's population, while there is no recorded Scheduled Tribe population.<ref name="auto"/>

==Economy and Occupation==
Out of the total population, 866 individuals are engaged in work activities. Of these workers, 85.68% describe their work as main work (employment or earning for more than six months), while 14.32% are involved in marginal activities providing livelihood for less than six months. Among the main workers, 98 are cultivators (owner or co-owner), and 102 are agricultural laborers.<ref name="auto"/>

==Education==
Peelowani is equipped with educational facilities, including government and private institutions. The village has a government primary school, a private primary school, a government middle school, a private middle school, a government secondary school, and a government senior secondary school.

==Healthcare==
In terms of healthcare, the village has a primary health sub-centre staffed by two [[Paramedic|paramedical]] personnel. The nearest community health centre and primary health centre are located more than 10 kilometers away from Peelowani. Additionally, there is a veterinary hospital within the village, staffed by one doctor and one paramedical staff member.

==Transportation==
Peelowani is connected by public bus services. The nearest railway station is located more than 10 kilometers away from the village.

==Postal Information==
The postal code for Peelowani is 306502.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/306502|title=Pin Code: 306502, List of Post Offices, PALI, RAJASTHAN Pincode.net.in|website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>

==Administrative Details==
The village is administrated by a [[sarpanch]], who is the elected representative as per the Panchayati Raj system. As of the 2019 statistics, Peelowani falls under the [[Marwar Junction Assembly constituency|Marwar]]Junction Vidhan Sabha constituency and the Pali Lok Sabha constituency.

==Nearby Villages==
Adjacent villages to Peelowani include [[Khinwara]] (4 km), Kerli (7 km), Sanwalta (7 km), Gajnipura (9 km), and Jeewand Kallan (9 km). Nearby cities are [[Sadri]], [[Bali Village|Bali]], [[Falna]], and Pali.

==Cultural Note==
Peelowani is recognized as a jagiri thikana of the Mutha Rajpurohit community of the Jodhpur Marwar state.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pali district]]

Anegundi Raj

2025-08-04T09:17:57Z

Mohit8811: Adding New Post

'''Anegundi Raj''' is an estate in the then [[Ballari district]], [[British Raj]], present in the [[Gangavathi|Gangavathi taluk]], [[Koppal district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. After the downfall of the Vijayanagara Empire at Chandragiri, the last emperor Sri Ranga III named Rama Raya recovered some part of his ancestral dominion and retained Anegundi, part of Chitaldurgam and part of Harpanahalli as a [[jagir]] from the Muslim government.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33544/page/n131/mode/2up|title= History of Anegundi Raj in Manual Of The Bellary District by Kelsall, John|date= 1872}}</ref>

== Origin ==
Originally they belonged to the [[Aravidu dynasty]], ( the fourth dynasty that ruled [[Vijayanagara Empire]]). The daughter of [[Krishnadevaraya]] was married to [[Aliya Rama Raya]] and thus the empire passed in to them.

== Estate Management ==
The [[Jagirdar]]s of anegundi enjoyed the estate under the [[Mughal Empire]] till 1749 and later under the Marathas till 1775 when Tippu sultan over ran the then Raja Timmappa and burnt the town of Anegundi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33544/page/n143/mode/2up?q=Anegundi|title= History of Anegundi Estate Management|date= 1872}}</ref>

After tippu's action the raja fled to Nizam dominions, where he stayed a fugitive till 1791 and then again in 1799 recaptured his estate back. Later English handed over the estate to Nizam and the raja turned out to be the pensioner and were termed the Raja of Anegundi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278530/page/n117/mode/2up|title= A Sketch Of The Dynasties Of Southern India by Robert Sewell}}</ref>

== Raja's of Anegundi ==
*1.) Sri Ranga IV (1665-1678)
*2.) Venkatapathi (1678-1680)
*3.) Sri Ranga (1680-1692)
*4.) Venkata Raya (1692-1706)
*5.) Sri Ranga Raya (1706-1716)
*6.) Mahadevaraya (1716-1724)
*7.) Sri Ranga Raya (1724-1729)
*8.) Venkata Raya (1729-1732)
*9.) Rama (1732-1739)
*10.) Venkatapati Raya (1739-1744)
*11.) Timmappa
*12.) Venkatapati (1791-1793)
After 1802 settlement
*13.) Tirumala Raja
*14.) -
*15.) Grand Daughter of Tirumala Raja.
*16.) Tirumala Deva ( Her son)
*17.) Venkata Rama Raya ( First son of Tirumala Deva )
*18.) Krishnadevaraya ( Second son of Tirumala Deva )
*19.) Narasimha Raja ( Third son of Tirumala Deva)
(The above list is given by Robert Sewell in 1883).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278530/page/n117/mode/2up|title= genealogy of Anegundi Jagirdari by Robert Sewell}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]

Ramavarappadu railway station

2025-08-01T18:43:58Z

Mohit8811: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox station
|style = Indian Railways
| name = Ramavarappadu
| image = Ramavarappadu Railway station name board.jpg
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| address = [[Ramavarappadu]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.5209|80.6829|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|21|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| line = [[Vijayawada–Gudivada section|Vijayawada–Gudivada line]]
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = RMV
| zone = [[South Coast Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Vijayawada}}
}}
| electrified = Yes
| status = Operational
| open =
| close =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Vijayawada–Nidadavolu loop line|left=Madhura Nagar|right=Nidamanuru}}
}}

'''Ramavarappadu railway station''' (station code - RMV) is an [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway station]] in [[Vijayawada]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Train services to be partially affected for nine days|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Train-services-to-be-partially-affected-for-nine-days/article14991602.ece|access-date=20 April 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A way out to decongest Vijayawada railway station|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/a-way-out-to-decongest-vijayawada-railway-station/article7281032.ece|access-date=16 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=4 June 2015|location=Vijayawada}}</ref> It is situated on [[Vijayawada–Nidadavolu loop line]] of [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] and is administered by [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf|title=Stations on the Vijayawada–Uppalur section|date=12 September 2009|website=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry|publisher=Ministry of Indian Railways|page=3|format=PDF|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150809/http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is categorized as a ''Non-Suburban Grade-6 (NSG-6)'' station in the division.<ref name="station_categories2">{{cite web|url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,358,748,2213|title=Stations – Category-wise (NEW)|website=South Central Railway|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> It is an important station alongside Ramavarappadu, for devotees during the annual Mary Matha festival, celebrated at [[Gunadala Matha Shrine]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Three-day Mary Matha festival takes off to a colourful start at Gunadala |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/feb/10/three-day-mary-matha-festival-takes-off-to-a-colourful-start-at-gunadala-1936770.html |access-date=29 April 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Classification ==
In terms of earnings and outward passengers handled, Ramavarappadu is categorized as a ''Non-Suburban Grade-6 (NSG-6)'' railway station.<ref name="station_categories">{{cite web |title=Stations – Category-wise (NEW) |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,358,748,2213 |website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> Based on the re–categorization of Indian Railway stations for the period of 2017–18 and 2022–23, an NSG–6 category station earns nearly {{₹|1}} [[crore]] and handles close to {{Nowrap|1 million}} passengers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Categorization of Railway Stations |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174916 |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=20 May 2019 |date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Vijayawada railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in NTR district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Badoni

2025-07-14T09:13:12Z

Mohit8811: Adding Article

{{short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Badoni Khurd
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Sonagiri Tirth.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sonagiri, Badoni
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.68|N|78.37|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Datia district|Datia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar Parishad]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10,309
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pin Code
| postal_code = 475686
| registration_plate = MP 32
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Badoni''' is a town and a [[Nagar Parishad]] in [[Datia District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in India. A [[Tehsil]] headquarter, it is 12 km away from the district headquarters [[Datia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://datia.nic.in/en/tehsil/|title=Tehsil | District Datia, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/gwalior/baroni-datia-pincode-475686.html|title=Baroni Datia Pin Code - 475686, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search gwalior Post Office Address|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

==Geography==
Badoni is located on {{coord|25.68|N|78.37|E|}}. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Baroni_Khurd.html | title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Baroni Khurd, India }}</ref>
It has an average elevation of 211 metres (692 .
Badoni is located in the [[Bundelkhand]] Region of Madhya Pradesh.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Badoni Nagar Panchayat has a population of 10,309, of which 5,426 are males and 4,883 are females<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999</ref> a sex ratio of 900 females per 1000 males.

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Badoni<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802110-badoni-madhya-pradesh.html | title=Badoni Nagar Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2024 | Madhya Pradesh }}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|96.40}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|03.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|0.00}}
{{bar percent|Buddhist|black|0.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians]]|blue|0.21}}
}}

==Administration==
Badoni is a Nagar Panchayat city. The city is divided into 15 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. Badoni Nagar Panchayat has total administration of over 2,176 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://datia.nic.in/en/department/urban-administration-and-development-en/ | title=Urban Administration and Development | District Datia, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India }}</ref>

==Popular in media==
1988's [[Sunny Deol]]'s Movie [[Yateem]] shot in a [[Haveli]] in Badoni. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCdcdXNNlYk|title = 1988 Yateem movie Shooting location | datia, madhya pradesh|website = [[YouTube]]| date=14 November 2019 }}</ref> The mansion is shown as Krishna's (Sunny Deol) house.

==Places of attraction==
* Badoni Fort <ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/uv?viewerState=lb&pb=!1s0x397717f254e391eb:0x91de7d11518d89e9&imagekey=!1e10!2sAF1QipNfK9GeHVm0ASTWfF_SCPWHKyrka9BgmjWwBCLZ&cr=tp_14&gsas=1 Viwe of Badoni Fort]</ref>
* Raja Narayan Singh Palace - Haveli Badoni
* Gupteshwar Mahadev Temple
* [[Sonagiri]] Jain Temples (5 km away)

==Transport==
* Roadways :
Badoni is well connected with roads. Badoni is connected by private bus services to all nearby major cities.
* Railways :
nearest railway station is [[Datia railway station]], 12 km from Badoni.
* Airways :
nearest Airport is [[Datia Airport ]], 15 km and [[Gwalior Airport]], 85 km from Badoni.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Gwalior Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Datia district]]

Raghubir Singh of Sitamau

2025-07-06T14:22:13Z

Mohit8811: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Raghubir Sinh]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to short name}}

Kristo Mohan Chakma

2025-07-03T11:15:36Z

Mohit8811: new basic details initial version...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder 
| name = Kristo Mohan Chakma
| birth_date = {{birth date|1912|1|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Lebachara, [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura State]], British India
| death_date = {{death date|1992|9|5|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kamalanagar (Mizoram)|Kamalanagar]], [[Mizoram]], India
| occupation = Politician, Chakma Leader
| spouse = 2
| children = 7
| website = [http://www.cadc.gov.in www.cadc.gov.in]
}}

'''Kristo Mohan Chakma''' ({{Birth date|df=yes|1912|1|10}}{{Spnd}}{{Death date|df=yes|1992|9|5}}) was an Indian politician from [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]]. He represented Chawngte constituency (now [[Tuichawng Assembly constituency]]) in the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] in 1978.

== Early life and education==

Kristo Mohan Chakma received his early education in the local school. He then became a [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]] (novice) and received training on Buddhism and Pali language.

In 1936, his father came to then [[Lushai Hills]] ([[Mizoram]]) from Tripura and settled at Marpara. In 1938, he married Sushama Chakma, daughter of Pancha Ratna Dewan. He again married Bhanumati Chakma in 1954.

He inspired the people to send their children to school. He tried for educational upliftment of the Chakma people. In 1970, his eldest son Surath Kumar Chakma became the first graduate amongst the Chakma in Mizoram. His daughter Mallika Devi Chakma became the first woman matriculate in 1972.

== Political career==

In 1952, the [[Assam Pradesh Congress Committee]] constituted the Demagiri Block Congress Committee on adhoc basis with Kristo Mohan Chakma as its President and Gaur Nitai Chakma as General Secretary. He held the post of President upto 1972. Thus, the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] in the Chakma belt in Mizoram was formed. Since then the Chakmas maintained their loyalty to the Congress party. He was the founder President of the [[Chakma District Congress Committee]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chakmadistrictcongress.org/about-us|title=About Us | CHAKMA DISTRICT CONGRESS COMMITTEE|website=Congress CDCC|access-date=13 August 2022|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811055917/https://www.chakmadistrictcongress.org/about-us|url-status=dead}}</ref> from the year 1979-84.

He led the team of Chakma leaders who made continuous demand for the creation of [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|Autonomous District Council]] for the Chakmas since 1952.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cadc.gov.in/2022/04/chakma-autonomous-district-council-celebrates-golden-jubilee/|title=Chakma Autonomous District Council celebrates Golden Jubilee – Chakma Autonomous District Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 2010 |title=The Untold Story of the CADC |url=https://mcdf.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/the-chakma-voice-global-edition2010.pdf |website=The Chakma Voice}}</ref> Accordingly, the Chakma Autonomous District Council was created in 1972 under the Sixth Schedule to the [[Constitution of India]] along with the creation of Mizoram Union Territory. On 2 April 1972 his excellency Satya Jiban Das, the Chief Commissioner and the Administrator of Mizoram invited Kristo Mohan Chakma at [[Raj Bhavan, Aizawl]] to submit the names to form the first body of the Chakma Regional Council. Thus, the first body of the Chakma Regional Council was formed with the following members:

{| class="wikitable"
! Sl. No.
! Name
! Designation
|-
| 1
| Atul Chandra Chakma
| [[Chief Executive Member of the Chakma Autonomous District Council|Chief Executive Member]]
|-
| 2
| Mayurdhawj Chakma
| Chairman
|-
| 3
| Gunadhar Chakma
| Member
|-
| 4
| Ananda Kumar Chakma
| Member
|-
| 5
| Satya Chakma
| Member
|}

The Chakma Regional Council was upgraded to the Chakma Autonomous District Council on 29 April 1972 along with Pawi and Lakher Autonomous District Council.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

In 1967, he was appointed as the Honorary Organiser of Chakma Affairs by the government of Assam. He held the post till the formation of Mizoram Union Territory up to 1972.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

On 15 January 1969 he was unanimously elected as the President of the [[Mizoram Buddhist Association]] and remain up to 1989.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

==Death==

On 5 September 1992 he died in his [[Kamalanagar (Mizoram)|Kamalanagar]] residence.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakma, Kristo Mohan}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Chakma people]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:People from Lawngtlai district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Mizoram]]

Indian locomotive class PT

2025-05-01T16:36:59Z

Mohit8811: new new entry with sources...

{{Short description|Indian steam locomotive class}}

{{Infobox locomotive
| name = Indian locomotive class PT
| bgcolor =
| color =
| image = File:South Indian Railways 2-6-4T steam locomotive Nr. PT 10 (Robert Stephenson Locomotive Works Nr. 4117 built 1936).jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Robert Stephenson & Co.]] work's photo of SIR No. 10 (RSC No. 4117)
| powertype = Steam
| designer = [[British Engineering Standards Association]]
| builder = [[Kitson & Co.]] (F/FS class){{sfn|Hughes|1979|p=70}} [[Robert Stephenson & Co.]] (SIR locomotives)
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber = 4114-4120 (SIR Lentz locomotives)<ref name=flickr/>
| buildmodel =
| builddate = 1936 (SIR locomotives)<ref name=flickr/>
| totalproduction = 7 (SIR Lentz locomotives)<ref name=flickr/>
| rebuilder =
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| whytetype = {{whyte|2-6-4|T}}
| uicclass = 1{{prime}}C2{{prime}} n2t (PT class) 1{{prime}}C2{{prime}} h2t (PTS/PTC class)
| DRGtype =
| driver = 
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| leadingdiameter = {{convert|3|ft|7|in|mm|abbr=on}}
| driverdiameter = 
| coupleddiameter = {{convert|5|ft|1+1⁄2|in|mm|abbr=on}}
| trailingdiameter = {{convert|3|ft|7|in|mm|abbr=on}}
| tenderdiameter = 
| carrydiameter =
| minimumcurve =
| wheelbase =
| wheelspacing = 
| engine total = {{convert|34|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
| leading =
| drivers = 
| coupled = {{convert|13|ft|0|in|m|abbr=on}}
| trailing =
| tender total =
| tendertruck = 
| tenderbogie = 
| wheelbasewithtender =
| racksystem =
| pivotcentres = 
| length =
| over couplers =
| over headstocks =
| over buffers = {{convert|43|ft|7+1/2|in|m|abbr=on}}
| width =
| height =
| frametype =
| axleload = {{convert|15|LT}}
| leadingbogie/pony= 
| coupled all = 
| coupled 1 = 
| coupled 2 = 
| coupled 3 = 
| coupled 4 =
| coupled 5 =
| coupled 6 =
| coupled 7 =
| coupled 8 =
| trail bogie/pony= 
| tenderbogieload = 
| tenderaxle = 
| weightondrivers =
| emptyweight =
| serviceweight =
| locoweight = {{convert|76.5|t|LT ST|abbr=on}}
| tenderweight =
| locotenderweight =
| tendertype =
| fueltype =
| fuelcap = {{convert|3|t| LT ST|abbr=on}} of coal.
| watercap = {{convert|2000|impgal|abbr=on}}
| tendercap =
| sandcap =
| fireboxtype = [[Belpaire firebox|Belpaire]]
| firearea = {{convert|25.3|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| boiler = 
| boilertype = 
| pitch = 
| diameterinside = Standard type: {{convert|5|ft|1+1/4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} [[Indian locomotive class SP|SP]]/[[Indian locomotive class SG|SG]] type: {{convert|4|ft|8+1/2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| lengthinside = 
| smalltubediameter= 
| largetubediameter= 
| boilerpressure = {{convert|180|psi|bar kgf/cm2|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
| safetyvalvetype = 
| feedwaterheater =
| fireboxarea =
| tubearea =
| archarea =
| fluearea =
| tubesandflues =
| totalsurface =
| superheatertype = [[Wilhelm Schmidt (engineer)|Schmidt]] (PTS/PTC class)
| superheaterarea =
| cylindercount = Two, inside (Original design) Two, outside (SIR locomotives)
| cylindersize = {{convert|18.5|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| hpcylindersize =
| lpcylindersize =
| cogwheelbore =
| cogwheelstroke =
| cylinderpressure =
| valvegear = Rotary [[Lentz valve gear|Lentz]] (SIR locomotives) [[Walschaerts valve gear|Walschaerts]] (Other locomotives){{sfn|Hughes|1979|p=70}}
| valvetype =
| valvetravel =
| valvelap =
| valvelead =
| transmission =
| trainheating =
| locobrakes =
| locobrakeforce =
| trainbrakes =
| safety =
| coupling =
| maxspeed =
| indicatedpower =
| poweroutput =
| tractiveeffort =
| factorofadhesion =
| operator =
| operatorclass =
| powerclass =
| numinclass =
| fleetnumbers =
| officialname =
| nicknames =
| axleloadclass =
| locale =
| deliverydate =
| firstrundate =
| lastrundate =
| retiredate =
| withdrawndate =
| preservedunits =
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner =
| disposition = One SIR locomotive preserved, remainder scrapped.
| notes = Reference: <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiansteamrailwaysociety.in/broad-gauge.php |title=History of Steam: Broad Gauge |author= |date= |website=www.indiansteamrailwaysociety.in |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629075526/http://www.indiansteamrailwaysociety.in/broad-gauge.php |access-date=18 July 2024 |archive-date=29 June 2016 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= |date=February 1907 |title=Second report of the Locomotive committee on standard locomotives for Indian railways. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435015707664&seq=43 |location= |publisher= |page=13 |isbn=|access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=18}} except where noted.
}}

The '''Indian locomotive class PT''' (Passenger Tank) were a class of {{whyte|2-6-4|T}} [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] [[Passenger train|passenger]] [[tank locomotive]]s
that were one of seven standard broad-gauge locomotive designs developed by the [[British Standards Institution|British Engineering Standards Committee]] (BESC, later the British Engineering Standards Association (BESA)) for the broad-gauge [[Rail transport in India|railways]] of [[British Raj|British India]].

==History==

The PT class was first catalogued in the second edition of the BESA report on standard locomotive classes for the railways of British India of 1907.<ref name=BESA2/> [[Robert Stephenson and Company]] built seven PT class locomotives for the [[South Indian Railway]] (SIR) in 1936, bearing works numbers 4114 to 4120.<ref name=flickr/> This batch differed significantly from the earlier F and FS classes (which correlate to the original BESA design with internal valve gear) by being fitted with outside cylinders.{{sfn|Hughes|1979|p=70}} In service, the locomotives were used in heavy suburban traffic, and were numbered 7 to 13.<ref name=flickr>{{cite web |access-date=30 August 2020 |author=Historical Railway Images |date=8 January 2018 |title=India Railways - South Indian Railways 2-6-4T steam locomotive Nr. PT10 (Robert Stephenson Locomotive Works 4117 / 1936) |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/124446949@N06/38688875175/}}</ref> Number 11 has been preserved and is on display in the [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi|National Rail Museum of India]] in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wojtkowiak |first=Maciej |title=Steam Locomotive PT 11 Constructed in Britain and used also in India |url=https://www.alamy.com/steam-locomotive-pt-11-constructed-in-britain-and-used-also-in-india-image5843192.html}}</ref>{{sfn|Hughes|1979|p=91}}

==Design==
[[File:BESA Standard 2-6-4 Type Tank Engine for Indian Railways.png|thumb|left|Drawing of the original design from the BESA's second report from 1907 (note the lack of external cylinders).]]

Three design variants of the PT class, each with different boilers, were listed in the 1907 BESC report. A larger standard boiler with a diameter of 5 ft 1 1⁄4 in (1556 mm) was developed for the PT, which was also listed as a variant in the third BESA report for the [[Indian locomotive class SP|SP]] and [[Indian locomotive class SG|SG]] class locomotives.<ref name=BESA3>{{cite book |author= |date=1909 |title=Indian Industries and Power, Volume 7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA275 |location= |publisher= |page=275 |isbn= |access-date=17 July 2024 }}</ref> Alternatively, the existing boilers from the SP and SG classes could also be used, provided that the weight of the locomotive was altered in accordance with the requirements of the report.<ref name=BESA2>{{cite book |author= |date=February 1907 |title=Second report of the Locomotive committee on standard locomotives for Indian railways. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435015707664&seq=17 |location= |publisher= |page=6 |isbn=|access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref> The PTS variant was fitted with a [[Wilhelm Schmidt (engineer)|Schmidt]] superheater - the ''S'' stands for ''superheated''.{{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=18}} In contrast to the design recommendations of the BESA report, the SIR locomotives were fitted with external [[Lentz valve gear|Lentz rotary valve gear]].{{sfn|Hughes|1979|p=70}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Hugh |author-link= |date=1979 |title=Steam locomotives in India, Part 3 – Broad Gauge |url=https://archive.org/details/steamlocomotives0000hugh/mode/2up |location=Harrow, Middlesex |publisher=The Continental Railway Circle |page= |isbn=978-0-9503469-4-6|url-access=registration}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Indian locomotive class PT}}

* {{cite web|title=Steam Locomotive PT 11 Constructed in Britain and used also in India|periodical=Alamy|publisher=|url=https://www.alamy.com/steam-locomotive-pt-11-constructed-in-britain-and-used-also-in-india-image5843192.html|url-status=|format=|access-date=2020-08-30|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=Maciej Wojtkowiak|date=|year=|language=en|pages=|quote=}} Preserved PT class locomotive number 11 in the [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi|National Rail Museum of India]], [[New Delhi]]

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Steam locomotives of India]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:2-6-4T locomotives]]
[[Category:Robert Stephenson and Company locomotives]]
[[Category:Passenger locomotives]]
[[Category:1′C2′ n2t locomotives]]
[[Category:1′C2′ h2t locomotives]]
[[Category:Kitson locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1936]]

Shaikpet Mosque and Sarai

2025-03-05T13:55:22Z

Mohit8811: Put Up A Details First Draft

{{Short description|Former mosque and sarai (resthouse) in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Shaikpet Mosque and Sarai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Shaikpet Sarai.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The former mosque in 2020
| map_type = India Hyderabad
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the former mosque and [[caravanserai]] in [[Hyderabad]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.406308709429457|78.39657671317416|region:IN-TE_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| locale =
| location = [[Golconda]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad District]], [[Telangana]]
| deity =
| rite =
| sect =
| tradition =
| festival = 
| country = [[India]]
| administration =
| consecration_year =
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]] and [[caravanserai]] {{small|(former)}}
| functional_status = '''Abandoned'''; (partial ruinous state)
| heritage_designation =
| ownership =
| governing_body =
| leadership =
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Qutb Shahi architecture|Qutb Shahi]]
| founded_by = [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]]
| creator =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = {{AH|1043|link=yes}}
| construction_cost =
| date_demolished = 
| facade_direction =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| interior_area =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = Three
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Two {{small|(maybe more)}}
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| shrine_quantity =
| inscriptions = Six; four [[Persian language|Persian]] verses
| materials = [[Limestone]]; [[basalt]]; [[porcelain tile]]s
| elevation_m = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| nrhp =
| designated =
| added =
| refnum =
| footnotes =
| website =
}}
The '''Shaikpet Mosque and Sarai''' is a former [[mosque]] and a [[Caravanserai|sarai]] (rest house) in a partial ruinous state, located near [[Golconda]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], in the [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad District]] of the state of [[Telangana]], India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani |title=History of The Qutb Shāhī Dynasty |date=1976 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |pages=545–546}}</ref> The former mosque and serai are listed as a [[State Protected Monuments of India|state protected monument]].

== History ==
It was built by [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] in {{AH|1043|link=yes}} for the benefit of various travellers to [[Golconda]] and was located on the way to [[Bidar]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://telanganatoday.com/shaikpet-sarai-ravaged-nature |title=Shaikpet sarai ravaged by nature |last=Varma |first=Dr. Anand Raj|work=Telangana Today |date= |access-date=2018-11-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is a heritage structure and, {{as of|2018|lc=on}}, was in need of restoration.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/crumbling-shaikpet-sarai-mosque-crave-attention/articleshow/61237347.cms |title=Crumbling Shaikpet Sarai & mosque crave attention |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= |access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Shaikpet-A-historic-locality-lost/articleshow/15410912.cms |title=Shaikpet: A historic locality lost |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= |access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
=== Mosque ===
The former mosque stands upon a rectangular plinth. The plinth measures {{convert|121|by|78|ft|m|order=flip}}, and has a height of {{convert|3|ft|m|order=flip}}. The mosque is constructed out of [[limestone]]. The [[façade]] has three arched entrances, each being about {{convert|15|ft|m|order=flip}} high and {{convert|10|ft|m|order=flip}} wide. Above the entrances is a band, approximately {{convert|3|ft|m|order=flip}} with, of blue, green, and yellow [[Porcelain tile|enameled tiles]], with white text. Most of the tiles have fallen off. The roof of the mosque is supported by three shallow domes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/34785.pdf |title=Annual Report Of The Archaeological Department Of His Exalted Highness The Nizams Dominions, 1346 F. (1936-37 AC) |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayeem |first=M. A. |author-link=M. A. Nayeem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V48MAQAAMAAJ&q=shaikpet |title=The Heritage of the Qutb Shahis of Golconda and Hyderabad |date=2006 |publisher=Hyderabad Publishers |isbn=978-81-85492-23-0 |language=en}}</ref>

There are traces of enameled tile-work in the interior of the mosque. The western wall contains six panels of inscriptions, carved in black [[basalt]]. Four of these contain [[Persian language|Persian]] verses, one contains an excerpt from the Quran, and the final panel records the date of its construction as {{AH|1043}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Sarai ==
The sarai had 30 rooms, stables for horses and camels, and a tomb of an unknown [[Sufi saint]]. It could accommodate 500 people.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Shaikpet Mosque.png|Shaikpet Mosque
Mosque and sarai in Shaikpet (1).jpg|Shaikpet mosque and Sarai
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|India}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in Telangana]]
* [[Nampally Sarai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Shaikpet Mosque and Sarai}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Qutb Shahi monuments}}

[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Caravanserais in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1630s]]
[[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Qutb Shahi architecture]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1634]]

Sekta Archaeological Living Museum

2024-10-31T22:07:21Z

Mohit8811: Put Up Initial Article W/ Refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Museum
| name = Sekta Archaeological Living Museum
| image = SEKTA ARCHAEOLOGICAL LIVING MUSEUM.jpg
| imagesize =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|24.89560|94.03806|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| established = 1991
| dissolved =
| location = [[Sekta]], [[Imphal East|Imphal East District]], [[Manipur]]
| type = Archaeological open air living museum
| visitors =
| director =
| curator =
| publictransit =
| website =
| native_name = ({{langx|mni|Sekta Kei}})
| native_name_lang = Manipuri
| image_size = 500px
}}
The '''Sekta Archaeological Living Museum''' ({{langx|mni|Sekta Kei}}) is a museum in [[Sekta]] village in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Manipur]]. It is a protected archaeological site which is one of the six mounds identified in the area. It is known for its secondary burial finds. This site was excavated by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in association with the State Archaeology Department of Manipur.<ref name=National>{{Cite web|url=http://manipur.nic.in/place.htm#sekta|title=Sekta - Archeological Living Museum|access-date=26 April 2016|publisher=Manipur National Informatics Center|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420163822/http://manipur.nic.in/place.htm#sekta|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=Manipur>{{Cite web|url=http://manipur.gov.in/?page_id=3678|title=Museum:Sekta Archaelogical living Museum|access-date=26 April 2016|publisher=Government of Manipur}}</ref> The Department of History of the [[Manipur University]] was also associated with the excavations carried out in 1991.{{Sfn|Birajit|2014|p=87}}{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=137-38}}

==Location==
The [[Sekta]] village where the archaeological excavation was carried out, which is now an open air living museum, is situated about {{Convert|16|km}} from [[Imphal]] and {{Convert|4| km}} north of [[Lamlai]], on the Imphal-Ukhrul road to the northeast of Imphal on the left bank of the [[Iril River]].<ref name=Manipur/>{{Sfn|Birajit|2014|p=87}}

==Features==
The Sekta archaeological site is reported to have 6 cleanly demarcated burial mounds. Of these, only one burial mound was excavated. The area covered by this mound is {{Convert|0.35| acre}}, which is now a protected site under the Archaeological Survey of India. {{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=137-38}}

The excavations have unearthed finds which are identified as of the proto-[[Meitei people|Meitei]] tribes, one of the earliest ethnic groups of Manipur, also called the Sekta people, whose cultural practice of burying their dead in graves was revealed in which other essential items of social and economic life were also buried.{{Sfn|Birajit|2014|p=87}}<ref name= Chingkheinganba>{{Cite news|last= Chingkheinganba |first= Phanjoubam |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Thawan_Thaba_burial_discovery_A_medieval_findings_lost_amidst_tragic_ignorance_By_Phanjoubam_Chingkheinganba|title=Thawan Thaba burial discovery: A medieval findings lost amidst tragic ignorance|date=20 October 2015|newspaper=E-pao}}</ref> With these excavations of the burial cum habitation area dated to late centuries BC,{{Sfn|Settar|Korisettar|2002|p=89}} archaeologist and historians have been able to reassess the historical link to the people of Manipur.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=137-38}} It has also been evaluated that in the burial mound more than one group of people lived with exclusive burial areas depending on their occupation.{{Sfn|Advani|1991|p=55}} The excavations were divided, stratification wise, to seven cultural periods in succession. The finds from these consisted of different types of [[urn]] burials, which also contained several funerary items made of copper, brass and iron and a relic casket made of bell metal, {{Sfn|Settar|Korisettar|2002|p=89}} or bronze of [[Buddhist]] origin.{{Sfn|Birajit|2014|p=87}}

== See also ==
* [[Imphal Peace Museum]]
* [[INA War Museum]]
* [[Kakching Garden]]
* [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]] - world's only floating national park in Manipur, India
* [[Khonghampat Orchidarium]]
* [[Loktak Folklore Museum]]
* [[Manipur State Museum]]
* [[Manipur Zoological Garden]]
* [[Phumdi]] - Floating biomasses in Manipur, India
* [[Yangoupokpi-Lokchao Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Advani|title=The India Magazine of Her People and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXEMAQAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=A. H. Advani}}
*{{cite book|last=Birajit |first=Soibam |title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|date=1 December 2014|publisher=ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur)|pages=87–|id=GGKEY:3Z4QYHH8K7K}}
*{{cite book|last1= Settar |first1=S. |last2= Korisettar |first2=Ravi |title=Indian Archaeology in Retrospect: Archaeology and historiography: history, theory, and method|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp7pAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research|isbn=978-81-7304-322-2}}
*{{cite book|last= Singh |first=E. Ishwarjit |title=Manipur, a Tourist Paradise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GP9_AAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2005|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7646-506-9}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Manipur]]
[[Category:Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Museums in Manipur]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Manipur]]

Daund Chord Line railway station

2024-09-21T22:06:34Z

Mohit8811:

{{Short description|Railway station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{For|the other station|Daund Junction railway station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Daund Chord Line
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Daund|New Daund]], [[Pune district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|18.4671|74.5535|region:IN_type:railwaystation|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|514|m|ft}}
| line = On bypass line joining [[Mumbai–Chennai line]] and [[Daund–Manmad branch line]]
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/daund-chord-line-ddcc/12768|title=IndiaRailInfo|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-10}}</ref>
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2020}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Functioning
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DDCC
| zone = [[Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Pune}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_type = India Maharashtra#India
| map_dot_label = Daund Chord Line railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
}}

'''Daund Cord Line railway station''' is a railway station on bypass line joining [[Mumbai–Chennai line]] and [[Daund–Manmad branch line]], located in Pune district, [[Maharashtra]], India. It is also a [[junction station]], although it is not named so.

==History==

The Pune–Raichur sector of the Mumbai–Chennai line was opened in stages: the portion from Pune to Barshi Road was opened in 1859, from Barshi Road to Mohol in 1860 and from Mohol to Solapur also in 1860. Work on the line from Solapur southwards began in 1865, and the line was extended to Raichur in 1871.<ref name="IR History: Early Days – II">{{cite web | url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | title = IR History: Early Days – II | last = Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date= 3 December 2013}}</ref>

Daund station was established in 1858 or 1859, the Daund-Baramati metre-gauge track was constructed in 1906. Daund became a junction after the broad-gauge Daund-Manmad track was built. Daund got connected to Srigonda by road when in 1928 the bridge over river Bhima was constructed.

Before establishment of Daund Chord Line railway station, trains from Pune, Goa, Hubli, etc, and going to Delhi, Howrah, etc had to get their engines reversed in opposite direction at {{rws|Daund Junction}}, which was a very time-consuming process. To avoid this problem, a new station for halting such trains was established in 2020, named Daund Chord Line. Since then, trains running on above routes halt at Daund Chord Line, bypassing {{rws|Daund Junction}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1493199870796-ConstructionProjects310317.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331035936/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1493199870796-ConstructionProjects310317.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/2027002/11|title=2027002-11: This new line|first=Yasin|last=M|publisher=India Rail Info|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/daund-chord-line-which-will-reduce-rail-travel-time-by-45-minutes-to-be-operational-by-next-week/story-xmjnAXx0MJmnYeRbusn3LP.html|title=Daund chord line, which will reduce rail travel time by 45 minutes, to be operational by next week|date=15 September 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Amenities==
Daund Chord Line railway station has no amenities.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IndiaRailInfo|12768}}

{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2020]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Pune district]]
[[Category:Solapur railway division]]

Lilapur Kalan

2024-08-27T02:38:40Z

Mohit8811: expanded layout to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Other uses|Lilapur (disambiguation){{!}}Lilapur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lilapur
| native_name = Lilapur Kalan
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.47|N|83.44|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prayagraj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lilapur Kalan''' is a village located approximately 25 km from the [[Prayagraj]] and approximately 12 km from Hanumanganj, on the NH 2.

==Geography==
The village is situated on the banks of [[river Ganges]]. The village is populated by nearly 6000 inhabitants. The crop production and animal husbandry are the main sources of livelihood of the villagers. Adjoining villages include Jamunipur, Lilapur Khurd, Kotwa, Katwarupur. It was one of the earliest electrified villages in India. The railway station Ramnathpur on [[Prayagraj]] to [[Varanasi]] route is near Hanumanganj. The large tract of Kachhar area, and mostly the babool trees are found here. The intermediate college is at Jamunipur and kotwa and a PG college (Nehru Gram Bharti) also in Jamunipur. The temple of Maharshi Durvasa, on the River Ganges is close to the sages durvasa which was once believed to have stayed.{{clarify|date=December 2016}}

This village is highly affected by the soil erosion caused by River Ganga during monsoon season. Every year it causes a loss of about 50 Ha of arable and fertile land. The greatest need of this village is pitching of Bank of river Ganga so that soil erosion can be avoided, and it can save the livelihood of the villagers those dependent on crop production only.

==History==
The village is also known for the curse of Lila Baba for that no dead is cremated from this village. The Pipal tree situated on the river banks has a small temple of the Lila baba. There is an interesting story related to the lila baba who died of protest against the jamindar of the village, whom he cursed and that proved true within a period of fortnight and the entire family of the landlord died. Later lila baba left the physical body due fasting as he took no food. Curse is just a myth, people need to fill the gap between rituals and truth for their own good.

==References==
*Census of India, 1981: Village Directory. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tpcWpTJGcX0C] [https://books.google.com/books?id=asRHAAAAYAAJ]
*Report on Primary Education for Boys and Girls in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. p 66. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQ9CAAAAIAAJ]
*Annual Report of the National Archives of India. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HEFmAAAAMAAJ Volume 2004]. p 50.

[[Category:Villages in Prayagraj district]]
{{Prayagraj district}}

{{Allahabad-geo-stub}}