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Thermography

2026-05-13T23:36:03Z

Mohit Raj: Started a stub

{{Short description|Infrared imaging used to reveal temperature}}
{{About|the infrared imaging technique|the printing technique called thermography|thermographic printing|thermography in medicine|Non-contact thermography}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}

[[File:Passivhaus thermogram gedaemmt ungedaemmt.png|thumb|Thermogram of a traditional building in the background and a "[[passive house]]" in the foreground]]

'''Infrared thermography''' ('''IRT'''), also known as '''thermal imaging''', is a [[Measurement|measurement]] and [[Imaging|imaging technique]] in which a thermal camera detects [[Infrared radiation|infrared radiation]] originating from the surface of objects. This radiation has two main components: [[Thermal radiation|thermal emission]] from the object's surface, which depends on its temperature and [[Emissivity|emissivity]], and [[Reflection (physics)|reflected radiation]] from surrounding sources. When the object is not (fully) opaque, i.e. exhibits nonzero transmissivity at the cameras operating wavelengths, transmitted radiation also contributes to the observed signal. The result is a visible image called a [[thermogram]]. Thermal cameras most commonly operate in the [[Infrared#Long-wave infrared|long-wave infrared (LWIR)]] range (7–14 μm); less frequently, systems designed for the [[Infrared#Mid-wave infrared|mid-wave infrared (MWIR)]] range (3–5 μm) are used.

Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero according to the [[black body]] [[Planck's law of black-body radiation|radiation law]], thermography makes it possible to see one's environment with or without [[optical spectrum|visible]] illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, and thermography allows one to see variations in temperature. When viewed through a thermal imaging camera, warm objects stand out well against cooler backgrounds. For example, humans and other [[warm-blooded]] animals become easily visible against their environment in day or night. As a result, thermography is particularly useful to the military and other users of [[surveillance]] cameras.

[[File:Termografia kot.jpg|thumb|right|Thermogram of a [[cat]]]]

Some physiological changes in human beings and other warm-blooded animals can also be monitored with thermal imaging during clinical diagnostics. Thermography is used in allergy detection and [[veterinary medicine]]. Some [[alternative medicine]] practitioners promote its use for [[Non-contact thermography#In alternative medicine|breast screening]], despite the [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] warning that "those who opt for this method instead of [[mammography]] may miss the chance to detect cancer at its earliest stage".<ref>{{cite web |title=Breast Cancer Screening: Thermogram No Substitute for Mammogram |url=https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm257499.htm |website=fda.gov |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=23 June 2018 |ref=FDA_No_Substitute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623185214/https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm257499.htm |archive-date=23 June 2018 |date=27 October 2017}}</ref> Notably, government and airport personnel used thermography to detect suspected swine flu cases during the 2009 pandemic.<ref name="Applegate">{{cite web |title=FLIR infrared cameras help detect the spreading of swine flu and other viral diseases |url=http://www.applegate.co.uk/news-on-line/more-detail-regarding-infrared-camera-0020792.htm?view=NEWS_105027 |website=applegate.co.uk |access-date=18 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229061442/http://www.applegate.co.uk/b2b-news-articles/more-detail-regarding-infrared-camera-0020792.htm?view=NEWS_105027 |archive-date=29 February 2012 |date=29 April 2009}}</ref>

Thermography has a long history, although its use has increased dramatically with the commercial and industrial applications of the past 50 years. [[Firefighter]]s use thermography to see through [[smoke]], to find persons, and to locate the base of a fire. Maintenance technicians use thermography to locate overheating joints and sections of [[electric power transmission|power line]]s, which are a sign of impending failure. [[Building construction]] technicians can see thermal signatures that indicate heat leaks in faulty [[thermal insulation]], improving the efficiency of heating and air-conditioning units.

The appearance and operation of a modern [[infrared camera|thermographic camera]] is often similar to a [[camcorder]]. Often the live thermogram reveals temperature variations so clearly that a photograph is not necessary for analysis. A recording module is therefore not always built-in.

Specialized thermal imaging cameras use [[Staring array|focal plane arrays]] (FPAs) that respond to longer wavelengths (mid- and long-wavelength infrared). The most common types are [[InSb]], [[InGaAs]], [[HgCdTe]] and [[QWIP]] FPA. The newest technologies use low-cost, uncooled [[microbolometer]]s as FPA sensors. Their resolution is considerably lower than that of optical cameras, mostly 160×120 or 320×240 [[pixels]], and up to 1280 × 1024<ref name=":3">[https://www.flir.com/globalassets/imported-assets/document/x8500sc-mwir-datasheet.pdf FLIR x8500sc Thermal imaging camera specifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710173057/https://www.flir.com/globalassets/imported-assets/document/x8500sc-mwir-datasheet.pdf |date=2019-07-10 }}. Retrieved on 2019-07-10.</ref> for the most expensive models. Thermal imaging cameras are much more expensive than their visible-spectrum counterparts, and higher-end models are often export-restricted due to potential military uses. Older [[bolometer]]s or more sensitive models such as InSb require [[cryogenic]] cooling, usually by a miniature [[Stirling cycle]] refrigerator or with [[liquid nitrogen]].

==Thermal energy==
{{More citations needed|date=July 2008}}
{{thermal image comparison}}
[[Image:electrical fault.jpg|thumb|This thermogram shows excessive heating on a terminal in an industrial electrical fuse block.]]
[[File:Infarot 9.jpg|thumb|A thermal image showing temperature variation in a hot air balloon]]
Thermal images, or thermograms, are visual displays of the total infrared energy emitted, transmitted, and reflected by an object. Because there are multiple sources of the infrared energy, it is sometimes difficult to get an accurate temperature of an object using this method. A thermal imaging camera uses processing algorithms to reconstruct a temperature image. Note that the image shows an approximation of the temperature of an object, as the camera integrates multiple sources of data in the areas surrounding the object to estimate its temperature.<ref>{{cite web|title=Infrared Technology|url=http://thermalscope.com/about-thermal-imaging|publisher=thermalscope.com|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108081407/http://thermalscope.com/about-thermal-imaging}}</ref>

This phenomenon may become clearer upon consideration of the formula:

:Incident Radiant Power = Emitted Radiant Power + Transmitted Radiant Power + Reflected Radiant Power;

where incident radiant power is the radiant power profile when viewed through a thermal imaging camera.
Emitted radiant power is generally what is intended to be measured;
transmitted radiant power is the radiant power that passes through the subject from a remote thermal source, and;
reflected radiant power is the amount of radiant power that reflects off the surface of the object from a remote thermal source.

This phenomenon occurs everywhere, all the time. It is a process known as radiant heat exchange, since radiant power × time equals [[radiant energy]]. However, in the case of infrared thermography, the above equation is used to describe the radiant power within the spectral wavelength passband of the thermal imaging camera in use. The radiant heat exchange requirements described in the equation apply equally at every wavelength in the [[electromagnetic spectrum]].

If the object is radiating at a higher temperature than its surroundings, then [[Energy transfer|power transfer]] takes place radiating from warm to cold following the principle stated in the [[second law of thermodynamics]]. So if there is a cool area in the thermogram, that object will be absorbing radiation emitted by surrounding warm objects.

The ability of objects to emit is called ''[[emissivity]]'', to absorb radiation is called ''[[absorbance|absorptivity]]''. Under outdoor environments, convective cooling from wind may also need to be considered when trying to get an accurate temperature reading.

==Emissivity==
{{Main|Emissivity}}
Emissivity (or emissivity coefficient) represents a material's ability to emit [[thermal radiation]], which is an [[Optics|optical property of matter]]. A material's emissivity can theoretically range from 0 (completely not-emitting) to 1 (completely emitting). An example of a substance with low emissivity would be silver, with an emissivity coefficient of 0.02. An example of a substance with high emissivity would be asphalt, with an emissivity coefficient of .98.

A [[black body]] is a theoretical object with an emissivity of 1 that radiates thermal radiation characteristic of its contact temperature. That is, if the contact temperature of a thermally uniform black body radiator were {{convert|50|C}}, it would emit the characteristic [[black-body radiation]] of {{convert|50|C}}. An ordinary object emits less infrared radiation than a theoretical black body. In other words, the ratio of the actual emission to the maximum theoretical emission is an object's emissivity.

Each material has a different emissivity which may vary by temperature and infrared wavelength.<ref name="Hapke2012">{{cite book| first = Bruce | last = Hapke | name-list-style = vanc |title=Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FNzaFuoXY0C|date=19 January 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88349-8 |page=416}}</ref> For example, clean metal surfaces have emissivity that decreases at longer wavelengths; many dielectric materials, such as quartz (SiO2), sapphire (Al2O3), calcium fluoride (CaF2), etc. have emissivity that increases at longer wavelength; simple oxides, such as iron oxide (Fe2O3) display relatively flat emissivity in the infrared spectrum.

== Measurement ==
[[File:wiki stranglesnake.jpg|thumb|Thermogram of a [[snake]] held by a human]]

A [[Thermographic camera|thermal imaging camera]] performs radiometric processing to convert the detected [[Infrared radiation|infrared radiation]] into estimates of the object's [[Surface temperature|surface temperature]]. This is achieved through the application of the thermography equation, which accounts for emitted and reflected components of radiation, as well as the influence of the [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmosphere]], which emits its own thermal radiation and attenuates the radiation originating from the measured surface. In the case of a [[Thermographic camera#Radiometric thermal cameras|radiometric thermal camera]] (the current standard), the output images contain not only visual information but also [[Radiometry|radiometric data]] that represent the detected radiation and allow accurate temperature evaluation based on the computational model provided by the thermography equation.

The [[Thermal radiation#Properties|spectrum and amount of thermal radiation]] depend strongly on an object's [[Temperature|surface temperature]]. This enables thermal imaging of an object's temperature. However, other factors also influence the received radiation, which limits the accuracy of this technique: for example, the [[emissivity]] of the object.

For a non-contact temperature measurement, the emissivity setting needs to be set properly. An object of low emissivity could have its temperature underestimated by the detector, since it only detects ''emitted'' infrared rays. For a quick estimate, a thermographer may refer to an emissivity table for a given type of object, and enter that value into the imager. It would then calculate the object's contact temperature based on the entered emissivity and the infrared radiation as detected by the imager.

For a more accurate measurement, a thermographer may apply a standard material of known, high emissivity to the surface of the object. The standard material might be an industrial emissivity spray produced specifically for the purpose, or as simple as standard black [[insulation tape]], with an emissivity of about 0.97. The object's known temperature can then be measured using the standard emissivity. If desired, the object's actual emissivity (on a part of the object not covered by the standard material) can be determined by adjusting the imager's setting to the known temperature. There are situations, however, when such an emissivity test is not possible due to dangerous or inaccessible conditions, then the thermographer must rely on tables.

Other variables can affect the measurement, including [[absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|absorption]] and ambient temperature of the transmitting medium (usually air). Also, surrounding infrared radiation can be reflected in the object. All these settings will affect the calculated temperature of the object being viewed.

=== Color scale ===

Images from infrared cameras tend to be [[monochrome]] because the cameras generally use an [[image sensor]] that does not distinguish different [[wavelength]]s of infrared radiation. Color image sensors require a complex construction to differentiate wavelengths, and color has less meaning outside of the normal visible spectrum because the differing wavelengths do not map uniformly into the [[color vision]] system used by humans.

Sometimes these monochromatic images are displayed in [[pseudo-color]], where changes in color are used rather than changes in intensity to display changes in the signal. This technique, called [[False color#Density slicing|density slicing]], is useful because although humans have much greater [[dynamic range]] in intensity detection than color overall, the ability to see fine intensity differences in bright areas is fairly limited.

In temperature measurement the brightest (warmest) parts of the image are customarily colored white, intermediate temperatures reds and yellows, and the dimmest (coolest) parts black. A scale should be shown next to a false color image to relate colors to temperatures.

==Cameras==
[[File:Infrared dog.jpg|thumb|right|Image of a [[Pomeranian (dog)|Pomeranian]] taken in mid-infrared ("thermal") light ([[false-color]])]]

A '''thermographic camera''' (also called an '''infrared camera''' or '''thermal imaging camera''', '''thermal camera''' or '''thermal imager''') is a device that creates an image using [[infrared]] (IR) radiation, similar to a normal [[camera]] that forms an image using [[optical spectrum|visible]] [[light]]. Instead of the 400–700 [[nanometre]] (nm) range of the visible light camera, infrared cameras are sensitive to [[wavelength]]s from about 1,000 nm (1 [[micrometre]] or μm) to about 14,000 nm (14 μm). The practice of capturing and analyzing the data they provide is called ''thermography''.

Thermal cameras convert the [[energy]] in the far infrared wavelength into a visible light display. All objects above absolute zero emit thermal infrared energy, so thermal cameras can passively see all objects, regardless of ambient light. However, most thermal cameras are sensitive to objects warmer than {{convert|−50|C}}.

Some [[Figure of merit|specification parameters]] of an infrared camera system are number of [[pixels]], [[frame rate]], [[responsivity]], [[noise-equivalent power]], [[noise-equivalent temperature]] difference (NETD), spectral band, distance-to-spot ratio (D:S), minimum focus distance, sensor lifetime, [[minimum resolvable temperature difference]] (MRTD), [[field of view]], [[dynamic range]], input power, and mass and volume.

Their resolution is considerably lower than that of optical cameras, often around 160×120 or 320×240 pixels, although more expensive ones can achieve a resolution of 1280×1024 pixels. Thermographic cameras are much more expensive than their visible-spectrum counterparts, though low-performance add-on thermal cameras for [[smartphone]]s became available for hundreds of US dollars in 2014.<ref>[http://www.stuff.tv/smartphone-clip-thermal-camera-answers-age-old-question/news Thermal camera answers age-old question] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008043336/http://www.stuff.tv/smartphone-clip-thermal-camera-answers-age-old-question/news|date=2014-10-08}} by Fraser Macdonald, 4 October 2014, Hot Stuff</ref>

=== Types ===
Thermographic cameras can be broadly divided into two types: those with cooled infrared image detectors and those with uncooled detectors.

==== Cooled infrared detectors ====
[[File:Wiki lizards.jpg|thumb|A thermographic image of several lizards]]
[[File:Airport Thermographic Camera.jpg|thumb|Thermal imaging camera & screen, in an airport terminal in Greece. Thermal imaging can detect [[fever]], one of the signs of [[infection]].]]

Cooled detectors are typically contained in a vacuum-sealed case or [[Dewar Flask|Dewar]] and [[cryogenic]]ally cooled. Cooling is necessary for the operation of the semiconductor materials used. Typical [[operating temperature]]s range from {{Convert|4|K|C|0|abbr=on}} to just below room temperature, depending on the detector technology. Most modern cooled detectors operate in the 60 Kelvin (K) to 100 K range (−213 to −173 °C), depending on type and performance level.<ref>{{cite web|title=Infrared Technology|url=http://thermalscope.com/about-thermal-imaging|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108081407/http://thermalscope.com/about-thermal-imaging|archive-date=8 November 2014|publisher=thermalscope.com|access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref>

Without cooling, these sensors (which detect and convert light in much the same way as common digital cameras, but are made of different materials) would be 'blinded' or flooded by their own radiation. The drawbacks of cooled infrared cameras are that they are expensive both to produce and to run. Cooling is both energy-intensive and time-consuming.

The camera may need several minutes to cool down before it can begin working. The most commonly used cooling systems are [[peltier cooler]]s which, although inefficient and limited in cooling capacity, are relatively simple and compact. To obtain better image quality or for imaging low temperature objects [[Applications of the Stirling engine#Stirling cryocoolers|Stirling cryocoolers]] are needed. Although the cooling apparatus may be comparatively bulky and expensive, cooled infrared cameras provide greatly superior image quality compared to uncooled ones, particularly of objects near or below room temperature. Additionally, the greater sensitivity of cooled cameras also allow the use of higher [[F-number]] lenses, making high performance long focal length lenses both smaller and cheaper for cooled detectors.

An alternative to Stirling coolers is to use gases bottled at high pressure, nitrogen being a common choice. The pressurised gas is expanded via a micro-sized orifice and passed over a miniature heat exchanger resulting in regenerative cooling via the [[Joule–Thomson effect]]. For such systems the supply of pressurized gas is a logistical concern for field use.

Materials used for cooled infrared detection include [[photodetector]]s based on a wide range of [[narrow gap semiconductor]]s including [[indium(III) antimonide|indium antimonide]] (3–5 μm), [[indium arsenide]], [[mercury(II) cadmium(II) telluride|mercury cadmium telluride]] (MCT) (1–2 μm, 3–5 μm, 8–12 μm), [[lead(II) sulfide|lead sulfide]], and [[lead(II) selenide|lead selenide]]. Infrared photodetectors can also be created with structures of high bandgap semiconductors such as in [[quantum well infrared photodetector]]s.

Cooled bolometer technologies can be superconducting or non-superconducting. Superconducting detectors offer extreme sensitivity, with some able to register individual photons. For example, [[European Space Agency|ESA]]'s [[Superconducting camera|Superconducting camera (SCAM)]]. However, they are not in regular use outside of scientific research. In principle, [[Josephson junction|superconducting tunneling junction]] devices could be used as infrared sensors because of their very narrow gap. Small arrays have been demonstrated, but they have not been broadly adopted for use because their high sensitivity requires careful shielding from background radiation.

==== Uncooled infrared detectors ====
Uncooled thermal cameras use a sensor operating at ambient temperature, or a sensor stabilized at a temperature close to ambient using small temperature control elements. Modern uncooled detectors all use sensors that work by the change of [[electrical resistance|resistance]], [[voltage]] or [[current (electricity)|current]] when heated by infrared radiation. These changes are then measured and compared to the values at the operating temperature of the sensor.

In uncooled detectors the temperature differences at the sensor pixels are minute; a 1 °C difference at the scene induces just a 0.03 °C difference at the sensor. The pixel response time is also fairly slow, at the range of tens of milliseconds.

Uncooled infrared sensors can be stabilized to an operating temperature to reduce image noise, but they are not cooled to low temperatures and do not require bulky, expensive, energy consuming cryogenic coolers. This makes infrared cameras smaller and less costly. However, their resolution and image quality tend to be lower than cooled detectors. This is due to differences in their fabrication processes, limited by currently available technology. An uncooled thermal camera also needs to deal with its own heat signature.

Uncooled detectors are mostly based on [[pyroelectric]] and [[ferroelectric]] materials or [[microbolometer]] technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spie.org/x27002.xml?highlight=x2412&ArticleID=x27002|title=Hot detectors|work=spie.org}}</ref> The material are used to form pixels with highly temperature-dependent properties, which are thermally insulated from the environment and read electronically.

[[File:ParowozIR.jpg|thumb|Thermal image of steam locomotive]]

Ferroelectric detectors operate close to [[phase transition]] temperature of the sensor material; the pixel temperature is read as the highly temperature-dependent polarization charge. The achieved [[noise equivalent temperature difference|NETD]] of ferroelectric detectors with [[F-number|f/1]] optics and 320×240 sensors is 70–80 mK. A possible sensor assembly consists of barium strontium titanate bump-bonded by [[polyimide]] [[thermal insulation|thermally insulated]] connection.

Silicon microbolometers can reach NETD down to 20 mK. They consist of a layer of [[amorphous silicon]], or a thin film [[vanadium(V) oxide]] sensing element suspended on [[silicon nitride]] bridge above the silicon-based scanning electronics. The electric resistance of the sensing element is measured once per frame.

Current improvements of uncooled focal plane arrays (UFPA) are focused primarily on higher sensitivity and pixel density. In 2013 [[DARPA]] announced a five-micron LWIR camera that uses a 1280 × 720 focal plane array (FPA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmag.com/lwir-thermal-camera-darpa/27125/|title=DARPA developing personal LWIR cameras to give soldiers heat vision|work=gizmag.com|date=19 April 2013|access-date=20 July 2024|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050154/http://www.gizmag.com/lwir-thermal-camera-darpa/27125/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Some of the materials used for the [[sensor array]]s are [[amorphous silicon]] (a-Si), [[vanadium(V) oxide]] (VOx),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5990481.html|title=Thermal detector with preferentially-ordered thermally sensitive element and method – Raytheon Company|work=freepatentsonline.com|access-date=2024-07-20|archive-date=2023-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118014618/https://www.freepatentsonline.com/5990481.html|url-status=live}}</ref> lanthanum barium manganite (LBMO), [[lead zirconate titanate]] (PZT), [[lanthanum]] [[dopant|doped]] lead zirconate titanate (PLZT), [[lead scandium tantalate]] (PST), lead lanthanum titanate (PLT), [[lead titanate]] (PT), lead zinc niobate (PZN), lead strontium titanate (PSrT), [[barium strontium titanate]] (BST), [[barium titanate]] (BT), antimony sulfoiodide (SbSI), and [[polyvinylidene difluoride]] (PVDF).

=== CCD and CMOS thermography ===
[[File:A smoldering ember pyrometry.png|thumb|321x321px|Color contours of temperature for a smoldering ember measured with a CMOS camera.]]
Non-specialized [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD) and [[CMOS sensor]]s have most of their spectral sensitivity in the visible light wavelength range. However, by utilizing the "trailing" area of their spectral sensitivity, namely the part of the infrared spectrum called ''[[Thermal infrared|near-infrared]]'' (NIR), and by using off-the-shelf CCTV camera it is possible under certain circumstances to obtain true thermal images of objects with temperatures at about {{convert|280|C}} and higher.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Porev VA, Porev GV |year=2004 |title=Experimental determination of the temperature range of a television pyrometer |journal=Journal of Optical Technology |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=70–71 |bibcode=2004JOptT..71...62P |doi=10.1364/JOT.71.000062}}</ref>

At temperatures of 600 °C and above, inexpensive cameras with CCD and CMOS sensors have also been used for pyrometry in the visible spectrum. They have been used for soot in flames, burning coal particles, heated materials, [[Thin-filament pyrometry|SiC filaments]], and smoldering embers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Dennis K. |last2=Sunderland |first2=Peter B. |year=2019 |title=Fire Ember Pyrometry Using a Color Camera (2019) |journal=[[Fire Safety Journal]] |volume=106 |pages=88–93 |doi=10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.04.006 |s2cid=145942969 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This pyrometry has been performed using external filters or only the sensor's [[Bayer filter]]s. It has been performed using color ratios, grayscales, and/or a hybrid of both.

=== Infrared films ===
Infrared (IR) film is sensitive to [[black-body radiation]] in the {{convert|250|to|500|C}} range, while the range of thermography is approximately {{convert|−50|to|2000|C}}. So, for an IR film to work thermographically, the measured object must be over {{convert|250|C}} or be reflecting infrared radiation from something that is at least that hot.

=== Comparison with night-vision devices ===
Starlight-type [[night-vision device]]s generally only magnify [[available light|ambient light]] and are not thermal imagers.

Some infrared cameras marketed as night vision are sensitive to near-infrared just beyond the visual spectrum, and can see emitted or reflected near-infrared in complete visual darkness. However, these are not usually used for thermography due to the high equivalent [[Black-body radiation|black-body]] temperature required, but are instead used with active near-IR illumination sources.

==Passive vs. active thermography==
All objects above the [[absolute zero]] temperature (0 [[Kelvin|K]]) emit [[infrared radiation]]. Hence, an excellent way to measure thermal variations is to use an infrared sensing device, usually a [[Staring array|focal plane array]] (FPA) [[infrared camera]] capable of detecting [[radiation]] in the mid (3 to 5 μm) and long (7 to 14 μm) wave infrared bands, denoted as MWIR and LWIR, corresponding to two of the high transmittance [[infrared window]]s. Abnormal temperature profiles at the surface of an object are an indication of a potential problem.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Maldague XP, Jones TS, Kaplan H, Marinetti S, Prystay M | chapter = Fundamentals of infrared and thermal testing. | title = Nondestructive Handbook, Infrared and Thermal Testing | date = 2001 | volume = 3 | veditors = Maldague K, Moore PO | edition = 3rd | location = [[Columbus, Ohio]] | publisher = ASNT Press }}</ref>

In ''passive thermography'', the features of interest are naturally at a higher or lower temperature than the background. Passive thermography has many applications such as [[surveillance]] of people on a scene and [[medical diagnosis]] (specifically [[thermology]]).

In ''[[active thermography]]'', an energy source is required to produce a thermal contrast between the feature of interest and the background.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Budzier |first1=Helmut |title=Active Thermography |date=2018 |work=Handbook of Advanced Non-Destructive Evaluation |pages=1–19 |editor-last=Ida |editor-first=Nathan |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-30050-4_13-1 |access-date=2024-11-20 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-30050-4_13-1 |isbn=978-3-319-30050-4 |last2=Gerlach |first2=Gerald |editor2-last=Meyendorf |editor2-first=Norbert|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The active approach is necessary in many cases given that the inspected parts are usually in equilibrium with the surroundings. Given the super-linearities of the [[black-body radiation]], ''active thermography'' can also be used to enhance the resolution of imaging systems beyond their [[diffraction limit]] or to achieve [[super-resolution microscopy]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graciani G, Amblard F | title = Super-resolution provided by the arbitrarily strong superlinearity of the blackbody radiation | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | article-number = 5761 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31848354 | pmc = 6917796 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-019-13780-4 | bibcode = 2019NatCo..10.5761G }}</ref>

==Advantages==
Thermography shows a visual picture so temperatures over a large area can be compared.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|vauthors = Costello JT, McInerney CD, Bleakley CM, Selfe J, Donnelly AE|title = The use of thermal imaging in assessing skin temperature following cryotherapy: a review|journal = Journal of Thermal Biology|date = 2012-02-01|pages = 103–110|volume = 37|issue = 2|doi = 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.11.008|bibcode = 2012JTBio..37..103C|url = https://eprints.qut.edu.au/50189/1/50189.pdf|access-date = 2019-12-11|archive-date = 2024-10-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241006115347/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/50189/1/50189.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bach AJ, Stewart IB, Minett GM, Costello JT | title = Does the technique employed for skin temperature assessment alter outcomes? A systematic review | journal = Physiological Measurement | volume = 36 | issue = 9 | pages = R27-51 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26261099 | doi = 10.1088/0967-3334/36/9/r27 | url = https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/ws/files/2805906/Does_the_technique_employed_for_skin_temperature.pdf | bibcode = 2015PhyM...36R..27B | s2cid = 23259170 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bach AJ, Stewart IB, Disher AE, Costello JT | title = A comparison between conductive and infrared devices for measuring mean skin temperature at rest, during exercise in the heat, and recovery | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | article-number = e0117907 | date = 2015-02-06 | pmid = 25659140 | pmc = 4319934 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0117907 | bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1017907B | doi-access = free }}</ref> It is capable of catching moving targets in real time.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> It is able to find deterioration, i.e., higher temperature components prior to their failure. It can be used to measure or observe in areas inaccessible or hazardous for other methods. It is a non-destructive test method. It can be used to find defects in shafts, pipes, and other metal or plastic parts.<ref>[http://www.globalspec.com/reference/5549/Using-Thermography-to-Find-a-Class-of-Latent-Construction-Defects Using Thermography to Find a Class of Latent Construction Defects]. Globalspec.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-18.</ref> It can be used to detect objects in dark areas. It has some medical application, essentially in [[physiotherapy]].

==Limitations and disadvantages==
Quality thermography cameras often have a high price (often US$3,000 or more) due to the expense of the larger pixel array (state of the art 2560x2048<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shkedy |first1=Lior |last2=Armon |first2=Eran |last3=Avnon |first3=Eran |last4=Ben Ari |first4=Nimrod |last5=Brumer |first5=Maya |last6=Jakobson |first6=Claudio |last7=Klipstein |first7=Philip C. |last8=Lury |first8=Yair |last9=Magen |first9=Osnat |last10=Milgrom |first10=Benny |last11=Rosenstock |first11=Tami |last12=Shiloah |first12=Niv |last13=Shtrichman |first13=Itay |chapter=HOT MWIR detector with 5 um pitch |editor-first1=Gabor F. |editor-first2=Masafumi |editor-first3=Lucy |editor-first4=Bjørn F. |editor-first5=John Lester |editor-last1=Fulop |editor-last2=Kimata |editor-last3=Zheng |editor-last4=Andresen |editor-last5=Miller |date=2021-04-12 |title=Infrared Technology and Applications XLVII |chapter-url=https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/11741/2585374/HOT-MWIR-detector-with-5-um-pitch/10.1117/12.2585374.full |volume=11741 |publisher=SPIE |pages=25 |doi=10.1117/12.2585374|bibcode=2021SPIE11741E..0WS |isbn=978-1-5106-4319-2 |chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Infrared camera ImageIR 12300 series {{!}} InfraTec |url=https://www.infratec-infrared.com/thermography/infrared-camera/imageir-12300/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=www.infratec-infrared.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Crane (5MP / 5μm) – SCD.USA – SemiConductor Devices |url=https://scdusa-ir.com/products/crane-5mp-5%C2%B5m/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524135323/https://scdusa-ir.com/products/crane-5mp-5%C2%B5m/ |archive-date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-10-22 |work=SCD.USA – SemiConductor Devices |language=en-US}}</ref>), although less expensive models (with pixel arrays of 40×40 up to 160×120 pixels) are also available. Fewer pixels compared to traditional cameras reduce the image quality making it more difficult to distinguish proximate targets within the same field of view.

There is also a difference in refresh rate. Some cameras may only have a refreshing value of 5 –15 Hz, other (e.g. FLIR X8500sc<ref name=":3" />) 180 Hz or even more in no full window mode.

There are various types of lenses available, including fixed focus, manual focus, and auto focus. Most thermal cameras only support digital zoom and lack true optical zoom capabilities. However, a few models (e.g. [https://571718c1-8e22-440f-aafb-ec57063ff4d0.usrfiles.com/ugd/571718_abf26411b17346f7a360df315d25acfd.pdf FOTRIC P7MiX]) offer dual-view optical zoom, combining lenses with different fields of view (e.g., 25° and 12°, or 25° and 7°).

Many models do not provide the irradiance measurements used to construct the output image; the loss of this information without a correct calibration for emissivity, distance, and ambient temperature and relative humidity entails that the resultant images are inherently incorrect measurements of temperature.<ref>F. Colbert, [https://archive.today/20140827211633/http://www.irinfo.org/articles/article_4_2006_colbert.html "Looking Under the Hood: Converting Proprietary Image File Formats Created within IR Cameras for Improved Archival Use"], Professional Thermographers Association</ref>

Images can be difficult to interpret accurately when based upon certain objects, specifically objects with erratic temperatures, although this problem is reduced in active thermal imaging.<ref>[http://www.omega.com/techref/iredtempmeasur.html Infrared Temperature Theory and Application] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006115349/https://www.omega.com/en-us/resources/infrared-thermometer |date=2024-10-06 }}. Omega.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-18.</ref>

Thermographic cameras create thermal images based on the radiant heat energy it receives.<ref>{{cite web |title=IR scanning handbook |url=https://nhathaservice.files.wordpress.com/2016/07/neta-ir-scanning-handbook-2.pdf |website=Nhatha |publisher=NETA |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> As radiation levels are influenced by the emissivity and reflection of radiation such as sunlight from the surface being measured this causes errors in the measurements.<ref>[http://www.pyrometer.com/pyro_technology.html Real Time Emissivity Measurement for Infrared Temperature Measurement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925153614/http://www.pyrometer.com/pyro_technology.html |date=2009-09-25 }}. Pyrometer.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-18.</ref>
* Most cameras have ±2% accuracy or worse in measurement of temperature and are not as accurate as contact methods.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* Methods and instruments are limited to directly detecting surface temperatures. 

==Applications==
[[File:Kite aerial thermogram of Statford Court Playingfields, Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK.jpg|thumb|Kite aerial thermogram revealing features on/under a grassed playing field.]]
[[File:DroneMapper UAS Thermal Imagery.png|thumb|UAS thermal imagery of a solar panel array in Switzerland]]
[[File:Wiki ringtailed lemur.jpg|thumb|Thermographic image of a [[ring-tailed lemur]]]]

Thermography finds many uses, and thermal imaging cameras are excellent tools for the maintenance of electrical and mechanical systems in industry and commerce. For example, [[firefighter]]s use it to see through [[smoke]], find people, and localize hotspots of fires. [[electric power transmission|Power line]] maintenance technicians locate overheating joints and parts, a telltale sign of their failure, to eliminate potential hazards. Where [[thermal insulation]] becomes faulty, [[building construction]] technicians can see heat leaks to improve the efficiencies of cooling or heating air-conditioning.

By using proper camera settings, electrical systems can be scanned and problems can be found. Faults with steam traps in steam heating systems are easy to locate.

In the energy savings area, thermal imaging cameras can see the effective radiation temperature of an object as well as what that object is radiating towards, which can help locate sources of thermal leaks and overheated regions.

[[File:418872main wise20100122-full.jpg|thumb|250px|Viewed from space by [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer|WISE]] using a [[thermal camera]], asteroid [[2010 AB78]] appears redder than the background stars as it emits most of its light at longer infrared wavelengths. In visible light and near-infrared it is very faint and difficult to see.]]

Cooled infrared cameras can be found at major astronomy research [[telescope]]s, even those that are not [[infrared telescope]]s. Examples include telescopes such as [[UKIRT]], the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]], [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer|WISE]] and the [[James Webb Space Telescope]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-readies-james-webb-space-telescope-for-december-launch/|title=NASA Readies James Webb Space Telescope for December Launch|website=NASA|date=8 September 2021|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006115450/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-readies-james-webb-space-telescope-for-december-launch/|url-status=live}}</ref>

For [[automotive night vision]], thermal imaging cameras are also installed in some luxury cars to aid the driver, the first being the 2000 [[Cadillac DeVille]].

In smartphones, a thermal camera was first integrated into the [[Cat S60]] in 2016.

=== Industry ===

In manufacturing, engineering and research, thermography can be used for:
* Process control
* Research and development of new products
* [[Condition monitoring]]
* Electrical distribution equipment diagnosis and maintenance, such as transformer yards and distribution panels
* [[Nondestructive testing]]
* [[Fault diagnosis]] and [[troubleshooting]]
* [[Program process monitoring]]
* [[Quality control]] in production environments
* [[Predictive maintenance]] (early failure warning) on mechanical and electrical equipment
* [[Data center]] monitoring
* Inspecting [[Photovoltaic power station|photovoltaic]] power plants<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gallardo-Saavedra|first1=Sara|last2=Hernández-Callejo|first2=Luis|last3=Duque-Perez|first3=Oscar|date=2018-10-01|title=Technological review of the instrumentation used in aerial thermographic inspection of photovoltaic plants|url=|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=93|pages=566–579|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.027|bibcode=2018RSERv..93..566G |s2cid=115195654 |issn=1364-0321}}</ref>

In [[building inspection]], thermography can be used in:<ref>[http://www.infrared-buildinginspections.com Infrared Building Inspections — Resources for Electrical, Mechanical, Residential and Commercial Infrared/Thermal Inspections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806170220/http://infrared-buildinginspections.com/ |date=2018-08-06 }}. Infrared-buildinginspections.com (2008-09-04). Retrieved on 2013-06-18.</ref>
* [[Roof]] inspection, such as for low slope and flat roofing
* Building diagnostics, including [[building envelope inspections]], and [[energy losses in buildings]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kylili A, Fokaides PA, Christou P, Kalogirou SA |year=2014 |title=Infrared thermography (IRT) applications for building diagnostics: A review |journal=Applied Energy |volume=134 |pages=531–549 |bibcode=2014ApEn..134..531K |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.005}}</ref>
* Locating pest infestations
* [[Energy audit]]ing of [[building insulation]] and detection of [[refrigerant]] leaks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irtsurveys.co.uk/blog/thermal-imaging-highlights-westminsters-energy-waste/|title=Thermal imaging highlights Westminster's energy waste|date=19 February 2013|publisher=IRT Surveys|access-date=15 March 2013|archive-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008112246/http://www.irtsurveys.co.uk/blog/thermal-imaging-highlights-westminsters-energy-waste/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Home performance]]
* [[Moisture]] detection in walls and roofs (and thus in turn often part of [[mold growth, assessment, and remediation|mold remediation]])
* Masonry wall structural analysis

=== Health ===
Some physiological activities, particularly responses such as [[fever]], in human beings and other warm-blooded animals can also be monitored with [[non-contact thermography]]. This can be compared to [[contact thermography]] such as with traditional thermometers.

Healthcare-related uses include:

* [[Non-contact thermography|Dynamic angiothermography]]
* Peripheral vascular disease screening.
* [[Medical imaging]] in infrared
* [[Thermography (medical)]] – Medical testing for diagnosis
* Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) screening through skin thermal maps.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=A |last2=Ng |first2=EYK |last3=Lim |first3=ST |date=October 2019 |title=Infrared (IR) thermography as a potential screening modality for carotid artery stenosis. |journal=Computers in Biology and Medicine |volume=113 |article-number=103419 |doi=10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103419 |pmid=31493579 |s2cid=202003120}}</ref>
* Active Dynamic Thermography (ADT) for medical applications.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=Ashish |last2=Raman |first2=Vignesh |last3=Ng |first3=E. Y. K. |date=2 October 2019 |title=Study on methods to extract high contrast image in active dynamic thermography |journal=Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal |volume=16 |issue=3–4 |pages=243–259 |doi=10.1080/17686733.2019.1586376 |s2cid=141334526 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10356/144497}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=A |last2=Ng |first2=EYK |last3=Lim |first3=ST |date=May 2020 |title=Active dynamic thermography to detect the presence of stenosis in the carotid artery. |journal=Computers in Biology and Medicine |volume=120 |article-number=103718 |doi=10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103718 |pmid=32250851 |s2cid=215408087}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=Ashish |last2=Ng |first2=E.Y.K. |last3=Raman |first3=Vignesh |last4=Syarifuddin Bin Mohamed Hamli |first4=Muhammad |last5=Moderhak |first5=Mateusz |last6=Kolacz |first6=Szymon |last7=Jankau |first7=Jerzy |date=December 2019 |title=Infrared (IR) thermography-based quantitative parameters to predict the risk of post-operative cancerous breast resection flap necrosis |journal=Infrared Physics & Technology |volume=103 |article-number=103063 |bibcode=2019InPhT.10303063S |doi=10.1016/j.infrared.2019.103063 |s2cid=209285015}}</ref>
* Neuromusculoskeletal disorders.
* Extracranial cerebral and facial vascular disease.
* Facial emotion recognition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ioannou |first1=Stephanos |last2=Gallese |first2=Vittorio |last3=Merla |first3=Arcangelo |date=October 2014 |title=Thermal infrared imaging in psychophysiology: Potentialities and limits |journal=Psychophysiology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=951–963 |doi=10.1111/psyp.12243 |issn=0048-5772 |pmc=4286005 |pmid=24961292}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kosonogov |first1=Vladimir |last2=De Zorzi |first2=Lucas |last3=Honoré |first3=Jacques |last4=Martínez-Velázquez |first4=Eduardo S. |last5=Nandrino |first5=Jean-Louis |last6=Martinez-Selva |first6=José M. |last7=Sequeira |first7=Henrique |date=2017-09-18 |editor-last=Urgesi |editor-first=Cosimo |title=Facial thermal variations: A new marker of emotional arousal |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=12 |issue=9 |article-number=e0183592 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0183592 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5603162 |pmid=28922392|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1283592K }}</ref>
* Thyroid gland abnormalities.
* Various other neoplastic, metabolic, and inflammatory conditions.

=== Security and defence ===
[[File:2010-06-11 EC135 BPol EDDB 03.jpg|thumb|The thermographic camera on a [[Eurocopter EC135]] helicopter of the [[German Federal Police]]]]
[[File:ANPAS-13thermal.jpg|thumb|AN/PAS-13 thermal rifle scope mounted on an AR-15 rifle]]

Thermography is often used in [[surveillance]], security, firefighting, law enforcement, and [[anti-terrorism]]:<ref>{{cite web |title=Thermal Imaging Application Overview |url=http://www.bullard.com/V3/products/thermal_imaging/law_enforcement/TIs_on_the_job.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916150809/http://www.bullard.com/V3/products/thermal_imaging/law_enforcement/TIs_on_the_job.php |archive-date=16 September 2008 |access-date=15 March 2013 |publisher=Bullard}}</ref>
* [[Quarantine]] monitoring of visitors to a country
* [[Technical surveillance counter-measures]]
* [[Search and rescue]] operations
* [[Thermal imaging camera (firefighting)|Firefighting operations]]
* UAV surveillance<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Gaszczak A, Breckon TP, Han J |title=Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XXVIII: Algorithms and Techniques |chapter=Real-time people and vehicle detection from UAV imagery |year=2011 |series=Proceedings of SPIE |volume=7878 |doi=10.1117/12.876663 |url=http://www.durham.ac.uk/toby.breckon/demos/uavpeople/ |editor1-last=Röning |editor1-first=Juha |editor2-last=Casasent |editor2-first=David P |editor3-last=Hall |editor3-first=Ernest L |pages=78780B |citeseerx=10.1.1.188.4657 |bibcode=2011SPIE.7878E..0BG |hdl=1826/7589 |s2cid=18710932 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In weapons systems, thermography can be used in military and police target detection and acquisition:
* [[Forward-looking infrared]]
* [[Infrared search and track]]
* [[Night vision]]
* [[Infrared homing|Infrared targeting]]
* [[Thermal weapon sight]]

In computer hacking, a [[thermal attack]] is an approach that exploits heat traces left after interacting with interfaces, such as touchscreens or keyboards, to uncover the user's input.<ref name="l328">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Duo |last2=Zhang |first2=Xiao-Ping |last3=Hu |first3=Menghan |last4=Zhai |first4=Guangtao |last5=Yang |first5=Xiaokang |date=2019 |title=Physical Password Breaking via Thermal Sequence Analysis |journal=IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=1142–1154 |doi=10.1109/TIFS.2018.2868219 |bibcode=2019ITIF...14.1142L |issn=1556-6013}}</ref>

=== Other applications ===
[[File:Infrared image of a cow with with foot-and-mouth disease.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Hot hooves indicate a sick cow.]]

Other areas in which these techniques are used:
* [[Thermal mapping]]
* [[Kite aerial photography|Archaeological kite aerial thermography]]
* [[Thermology]]
* [[Veterinary]] thermal imaging<ref>{{cite book|title=Equine thermography in practice| first1 = Maria | last1 = Soroko | first2 = Mina C G Davies | last2 = Morel | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=CABI |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-78064-787-6 |location= Wallingford - Boston|lccn=2016935227 }}</ref>
* [[Thermal imaging in ornithology]] and other wildlife monitoring<ref name="Hughes">{{Cite Q|Q114456608}}</ref>
* Nighttime [[wildlife photography]]
* [[Search and rescue]] where rescuers can find targets in zero visibility (night, smoke, fog), via ground and drone usage.
* [[Stereo vision]]<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Pinggera P, Breckon TF, Bischof H |title=Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2012|chapter=On Cross-Spectral Stereo Matching using Dense Gradient Features|year=2012|pages=103.1–103.12|article-number=103 |doi=10.5244/C.26.103|url=https://bmva-archive.org.uk/bmvc/2012/BMVC/paper103/index.html|isbn=978-1-901725-46-9|publisher=BMVA Press}}</ref>
* [[Chemical imaging]]
* [[Volcanology]]<ref>[http://ipf.ov.ingv.it/tiimnet/tiimnet.htm Thermographic images in active volcanoes surveillance system — TIIMNet project Vesuvius and Solfatara INGV Naples Italy] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120710034235/http://ipf.ov.ingv.it/tiimnet/tiimnet.htm |date=2012-07-10 }}. Ipf.ov.ingv.it. Retrieved on 2013-06-18.</ref>
* [[Agriculture]], ''e.g.'', [[Seed-counting machine]]<ref name="Gemstone">{{cite web |url=https://automatic-seed-counter.com/products/Grain-Seed-Counter/2017-10-17/Automatic-Seed-Counting-Machine.html |title=DC-3 Automatic Electronic Seed Counting Machine for Seeds Medical Particles |publisher=Gemstone |access-date=October 30, 2021 |archive-date=2024-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006115349/https://automatic-seed-counter.com/products/Grain-Seed-Counter/2017-10-17/Automatic-Seed-Counting-Machine.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Baby monitor|Baby monitoring systems]]
* [[Chemical imaging]]
* [[Pollution]] effluent detection
* [[Aerial archaeology]]
* [[Flame detector]]
* [[Meteorology]] (thermal images from [[weather satellite]]s are used to determine cloud temperature/height and water vapor concentrations, depending on the wavelength)
* [[Cricket]] [[Umpire Decision Review System]]. To detect faint contact of the ball with the bat (and hence a heat patch signature on the bat after contact).
* [[Robot navigation|Autonomous navigation]]

== Standards ==
;[[ASTM International]] (ASTM)
*ASTM C1060, ''Standard Practice for Thermographic Inspection of Insulation Installations in Envelope Cavities of Frame Buildings''
*ASTM C1153, ''Standard Practice for the Location of Wet Insulation in Roofing Systems Using Infrared Imaging''
*ATSM D4788, ''Standard Test Method for Detecting Delamination in Bridge Decks Using Infrared Thermography''
*ASTM E1186, ''Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems''
*ASTM E1934, ''Standard Guide for Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with Infrared Thermography''

;[[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO)
*ISO 6781, ''Thermal insulation – Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in building envelopes – Infrared method''
*ISO 18434-1, ''Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Thermography – Part 1: General procedures''
*ISO 18436-7, ''Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel – Part 7: Thermography''

=== Regulation ===
Higher-end thermographic cameras are often deemed [[Dual-use technology#Night vision and thermal imaging|dual-use]] military grade equipment, and are export-restricted, particularly if the resolution is 640×480 or greater, unless the refresh rate is 9 Hz or less. The export from the USA of specific thermal cameras is regulated by [[International Traffic in Arms Regulations]].

== In biology ==
Thermography, by strict definition, is a measurement using an instrument, but some living creatures have natural organs that function as counterparts to [[bolometer]]s, and thus possess a crude type of thermal imaging capability. This is called [[thermoception]]. One of the best known examples is [[infrared sensing in snakes]].

== History ==

=== Discovery and research of infrared radiation ===
Infrared was discovered in 1800 by [[Sir William Herschel]] as a form of radiation beyond red light.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chilton|first=Alexander|date=2013-10-07|title=The Working Principle and Key Applications of Infrared Sensors|url=https://www.azosensors.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=339|access-date=2020-07-11|website=AZoSensors|language=en|archive-date=2020-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711215350/https://www.azosensors.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=339|url-status=live}}</ref> These "infrared rays" (infra is the Latin prefix for "below") were used mainly for thermal measurement.<ref>W. Herschel, 1 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/107057 "Experiments on the refrangibility of the visible rays of the sun"], Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 90, pp. 284–292, 1800.</ref> There are four basic laws of IR radiation: [[Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation]], [[Stefan–Boltzmann law]], [[Planck's law]], and [[Wien's displacement law]]. The development of detectors was mainly focused on the use of thermometers and [[bolometer]]s until [[World War I]]. A significant step in the development of detectors occurred in 1829, when [[Leopoldo Nobili]], using the [[Seebeck effect]], created the first known [[thermocouple]], fabricating an improved thermometer, a crude [[thermopile]]. He described this instrument to [[Macedonio Melloni]]. Initially, they jointly developed a greatly improved instrument. Subsequently, Melloni worked alone, creating an instrument in 1833 (a multielement [[thermopile]]) that could detect a person 10 metres away.<ref>Barr, E. S. (1962). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0020089162900234 The infrared pioneers—II]. Macedonio Melloni. ''Infrared Physics, 2''(2), 67–74.</ref> The next significant step in improving detectors was the bolometer, invented in 1880 by [[Samuel Pierpont Langley]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Langley |first=S. P. |title=The bolometer |journal=Proceedings of the American Metrological Society |volume=2 |date=1880 |pages=184–190 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433090766035;view=1up;seq=283 |access-date=2024-07-20 |archive-date=2023-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414051518/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433090766035;view=1up;seq=283 |url-status=live }}</ref> Langley and his assistant [[Charles Greeley Abbot]] continued to make improvements in this instrument. By 1901, it could detect radiation from a cow from 400 metres away and was sensitive to differences in temperature of one hundred thousandths (0.00001 C) of a degree Celsius.<ref>Barr, E. S. (1962). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0020089163900241 The infrared pioneers—III]. Samuel Pierpoint Langley. ''Infrared Physics, 3'' 195–206.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-05-03|title=Samuel Pierpont Langley|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Langley/langley_2.php|access-date=2021-05-12|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|archive-date=2023-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601214725/https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Langley/langley_2.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The first commercial thermal imaging camera was sold in 1965 for high voltage power line inspections.

The first civil sector application of IR technology may have been a device to detect the presence of icebergs and steamships using a mirror and thermopile, patented in 1913.<ref>L. Bellingham, "Means for detecting the presence at a distance of icebergs, steamships, and other cool or hot objects," US patent no. 1,158,967.</ref> This was soon outdone by the first accurate IR iceberg detector, which did not use thermopiles, patented in 1914 by R.D. Parker.<ref>Parker (R.D.)- [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1099199A/en Thermic balance or radiometer. U.S. Patent No 1,099,199] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006115425/https://patents.google.com/patent/US1099199A/en |date=2024-10-06 }} June 9, 1914</ref> This was followed by G.A. Barker's proposal to use the IR system to detect forest fires in 1934.<ref>Barker (G.A.) – Apparatus for detecting forest fires. U.S. Patent No 1,958,702 May 22, 1934</ref> The technique was not genuinely industrialized until it was used to analyze heating uniformity in hot steel strips in 1935.<ref>Nichols (G.T.) – Temperature measuring. U.S. Patent No 2,008,793 July 23, 1935</ref>

=== First thermographic camera ===
In 1929, Hungarian physicist [[Kálmán Tihanyi]] invented the infrared-sensitive (night vision) electronic television camera for anti-aircraft defense in Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/tihanyi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031024102742/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/tihanyi.html|archive-date=24 October 2003|title=Kalman Tihanyi (1897–1947)|last=Naughton|first=Russell|date=10 August 2004|publisher=Monash University|access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> The first American thermographic camera developed was an infrared line scanner. This was created by the US military and [[Texas Instruments]] in 1947<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/defense/1960/docs/66-first_flir.htm|title=Texas Instruments – 1966 First FLIR units produced|work=ti.com|access-date=2024-07-20|archive-date=2024-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006115857/https://www.ti.com/about-ti/company/overview.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2015}} and took one hour to produce a single image. While several approaches were investigated to improve the speed and accuracy of the technology, one of the most crucial factors dealt with scanning an image, which the [[AGA company]] was able to commercialize using a cooled photoconductor.<ref name=":0a">{{Cite book|url=http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=405270|title=Uncooled infrared imaging arrays and systems|last1=Kruse|first1=Paul W|last2=Skatrud|first2=David Dale|date=1997|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-086444-0|location=San Diego|language=en|oclc=646756485}}</ref>

The first British infrared linescan system was [[Yellow Duckling]] of the mid-1950s.<ref name="Gibson, Yellow Duckling" >{{Cite book |title=Nimrod's Genesis |last=Gibson |first=Chris |publisher=Hikoki Publications |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-902109-47-3 |pages=25–26 }}</ref> This used a continuously rotating mirror and detector, with Y-axis scanning by the motion of the carrier aircraft. Although unsuccessful in its intended application of submarine tracking by wake detection, it was applied to land-based surveillance and became the foundation of military IR linescan.

This work was further developed at the [[Royal Signals and Radar Establishment]] in the UK when they discovered that [[mercury cadmium telluride]] was a photoconductor that required much less cooling. [[Honeywell]] in the United States also developed arrays of detectors that could cool at a lower temperature,{{explain|date=September 2019}} but they scanned mechanically. This method had several disadvantages which could be overcome using an electronic scanning system. In 1969 [[Michael Francis Tompsett]] at [[English Electric Valve Company]] in the UK patented a camera that scanned pyro-electronically and which reached a high level of performance after several other breakthroughs during the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/recipients/tompsett.jsp|title=Michael F. Tompsett, TheraManager|work=uspto.gov|date=7 February 2023|access-date=20 July 2024|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006115953/https://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/ip-programs-and-awards/national-medal-technology-and-innovation-nmti|url-status=live}}</ref> Tompsett also proposed an idea for solid-state thermal-imaging arrays, which eventually led to modern hybridized single-crystal-slice imaging devices.<ref name=":0a" />

By using [[video camera tubes]] such as vidicons with a [[pyroelectric]] material such as [[triglycine sulfate]] (TGS) as their targets, a vidicon sensitive over a broad portion of the [[infrared]] spectrum<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goss |first1=A. J. |last2=Nixon |first2=R. D. |last3=Watton |first3=R. |last4=Wreathall |first4=W. M. |title=Infrared Technology X |chapter=Progress in IR Television Using the Pyroelectric Vidicon |editor-first1=Richard A. |editor-first2=Irving J. |editor-last1=Mollicone |editor-last2=Spiro |date=1985 |series=Proceedings of SPIE |volume=510 |page=154 |doi=10.1117/12.945018|bibcode=1985SPIE..510..154G |s2cid=111164581 }}</ref> is possible. This technology was a precursor to modern microbolometer technology, and mainly used in firefighting thermal cameras.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fire-tics.co.uk/4428.htm|title=Heritage TICs EEV P4428 & P4430 Cameras|access-date=2024-07-20|archive-date=2021-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723093835/http://fire-tics.co.uk/4428.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Smart sensors ===
One of the essential areas of development for security systems was for the ability to intelligently evaluate a signal, as well as warning of a threat's presence. Under the encouragement of the US [[Strategic Defense Initiative]], "smart sensors" began to appear. These are sensors that could integrate sensing, signal extraction, processing, and comprehension.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corsi|first=C.|date=1995-07-01|title=Smart sensors|journal=Microsystem Technologies|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=149–154|doi=10.1007/BF01294808|bibcode=1995MiTec...1..149C |s2cid=86519711|issn=1432-1858}}</ref> There are two main types of smart sensors. One, similar to what is called a "[[vision chip]]" when used in the visible range, allow for preprocessing using smart sensing techniques due to the increase in growth of integrated microcircuitry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236015724|title=Vision Chips or Seeing Silicon|last=Moini|first=Alireza|date=March 1997|website=The Centre for High-Performance Integrated Technologies and Systems}}</ref> The other technology is more oriented to specific use and fulfills its preprocessing goal through its design and structure.<ref>National patent no. 47722◦/80.</ref>

Towards the end of the 1990s, the use of infrared was moving towards civilian use. There was a dramatic lowering of costs for uncooled arrays, which along with the significant increase in developments, led to a [[Dual-use technology|dual-use]] market encompassing both civilian and military uses.<ref>A. Rogalski, "IR detectors: status trends," Progress in Quantum Electronics, vol. 27, pp. 59–210, 2003.</ref> These uses include environmental control, building/art analysis, functional medical diagnostics, and car guidance and [[collision avoidance system]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/09500341003693011|bibcode = 2010JMOp...57.1663C|title = History highlights and future trends of infrared sensors|year = 2010|last1 = Corsi|first1 = Carlo|journal = Journal of Modern Optics|volume = 57|issue = 18|pages = 1663–1686|s2cid = 119918260}}</ref><ref>C. Corsi, "Rivelatori IR: stato dell'arte e trends di sviluppo futuro," Atti della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi, vol. XLVI, no.5, pp. 801–810, 1991.</ref><ref>L. J. Kozlowski and W. F. Kosonocky, "Infrared detector arrays," in Hand-Book of Optics, M. Bass, Ed., chapter 23, Williams, W. L.Wolfe, and McGraw-Hill, 1995.</ref><ref>C. Corsi, "Future trends and advanced development in I.R. detectors," in Proceedings of 2nd Joint Conference IRIS-NATO, London, UK, June 1996.</ref><ref>M. Razeghi, "Current status and future trends of infrared detectors," Opto-Electronics Review, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 155–194, 1998.</ref><ref>Corsi, Carlo. "Infrared: A Key Technology for Security Systems." Advances in Optical Technologies 2012 (2012): 1–15.</ref>

== See also ==
{{cmn|colwidth=30em|
* {{annotated link|ASTM Subcommittee E20.02 on Radiation Thermometry}}
* {{annotated link|Chemical imaging}}
* {{annotated link|Fluorescent microthermography}}
* {{annotated link|Hyperspectral imaging}}
* {{annotated link|Infrared and thermal testing}}
* {{annotated link|Infrared non-destructive testing of materials}}
* {{annotated link|Infrared detector}}
* {{annotated link|Infrared photography}}
* {{annotated link|Infrared thermometer}}
* {{annotated link|Night vision}}
* {{annotated link|Non-contact thermography}}
* {{annotated link|Ora (film)}}
* {{annotated link|Passive infrared sensor}}
* {{annotated link|Sakuma–Hattori equation}}
* {{annotated link|Thermal imaging camera (firefighting)}}
* {{annotated link|Thermographic inspection}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Thermography}}
*[http://energy.concord.org/ir/ Infrared Tube], infrared imaging science demonstrations
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080218010319/http://www.compix.com/articles.npconint.html Compix], Some uses of thermographic images in electronics
*[http://www.radio101.info/thermographie/pictures.htm Thermographic Images], Infrared pictures
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043828/http://vzone.virgin.net/ljmayes.mal/pubs/uncooled.htm Uncooled thermal imaging works round the clock] by Lawrence Mayes
{{Medical imaging}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Infrared imaging]]
[[Category:Surveillance]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 2007

2026-05-08T11:06:43Z

Mohit Raj: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 2000s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Bharatiya Janata Party – Tamil Nadu

2026-05-07T16:15:09Z

Mohit Raj: made new stub and citations

{{short description|Tamil Nadu affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| party_name = Bharatiya Janata Party – Tamil Nadu
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| abbreviation =
| president = [[Nainar Nagenthran]]
| general_secretary = Rama Srinivasan
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader =
| treasurer = S. R. Sekhar
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1980|4|6|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
| headquarters = Kamalalayam, 19, Vaidyaraman Street, [[T. Nagar]], [[Chennai]]-600017, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| youth = Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, Tamil Nadu
| women = BJP Mahila Morcha, Tamil Nadu
| ideology = {{ubl|[[Integral humanism (India)|Integral humanism]]|[[Social conservatism]]|[[Tamil nationalism]]|[[Economic nationalism]]|[[Cultural nationalism]]|[[Hindu nationalism]]}}
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|39|hex=#FF9900}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|18|hex=#FF9900}}
| state_seats_name = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|1|234|hex=#FF9900}}
| symbol = [[File:BJP_election_symbol.svg_-783x768.png|120px]]
| flag = File:BJP Flag.svg{{!}}
| website = [http://tamilnadu.bjp.org//?p=228/ BJP Tamil Nadu]
| eci =
| founder={{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}}}

The '''Bharatiya Janata Party – Tamil Nadu''' ('''BJP Tamil Nadu''') , also known as the '''Tamil Nadu BJP''', is the affiliate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The party is based in [[Chennai]] and is led by chair [[Nainar Nagendran]].

==History==

In 1980, K. Narayan Rao became the first state president of BJP Tamil Nadu unit.
As per political observers, the 1982 Mandaikadu incident was a turning point, after which [[Hindu Munnani]] and later the BJP expanded the base from [[Kanyakumari District]]. This led to early electoral gains, including K. V. Balachandran’s 1984 win as an independent with its backing and the BJP’s later victory on its own in [[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram Constituency]]. In Kanyakumari district, the electorate is later divided between Hindus and Christians, with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] drawing support largely from Hindus and the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] backed by many Christians, leaving limited space for the Dravidian majors [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] and [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/at-the-end-of-dravidian-land-a-lotus-bud-waits-to-bloom/articleshow/89936896.cms |title=At the end of Dravidian land, a lotus bud waits to bloom|work=thetimesofindia|date=2 March 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===Lok Sabha election===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |Lok Sabha
! style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Seats contested
! style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Seats won
! style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | (%) of votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | (+/-) in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" | Vote swing
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |Outcome
|-
! colspan="10" |[[Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
|1
|{{Composition bar|0|39|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|15,462
|0.07%
|{{Steady}}
|{{steady}} new
|{{partial|Others}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
|3
|{{Composition bar|0|39|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|76,511
|0.29%
|{{Steady}}
|{{increase}} 0.22
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|15
|{{Composition bar|0|39|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|4,06,869
|1.65%
|{{Steady}}
|{{increase}} 1.36
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|37
|{{Composition bar|0|39|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|7,95,797
|2.93%
|{{Steady}}
|{{increase}} 1.28
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|5
|{{Composition bar|3|39|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|17,57,645
|6.86%
|{{increase}} 3
|{{increase}} 3.93
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|6
|{{Composition bar|4|39|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|17,57,645
|7.14%
|{{increase}} 1
|{{increase}} 0.28
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|6
|{{Composition bar|0|39|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|14,55,899
|5.07%
|{{decrease}} 4
|{{decrease}} 2.10
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|18
|{{Composition bar|0|39|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|17,57,645
|2.30%
|{{Steady}}
|{{decrease}} 2.77
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|9
|{{Composition bar|1|39|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|22,23,566
|5.56%
|{{increase}} 1
|{{increase}} 3.21
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|5
|{{Composition bar|0|39|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|15,51,924
|3.62%
|{{decrease}} 1
|{{decrease}} 1.94
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|23
|{{Composition bar|0|39|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|48,80,954
|11.24%
|{{Steady}}
|{{increase}} 7.58
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|}

===Legislative Assembly election===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Year || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats contested || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Seats won || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|+/- || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%) || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%) ||style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Vote share/Seats contested|| style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]|| 10 || {{Composition bar|0|234|hex=#FF9933}} || {{dash}} || 0.07% || New ||0.007||None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]|| 15 || {{Composition bar|0|234|hex=#FF9933}} || {{dash}} || 0.25% || {{increase}} 0.18 ||0.016||None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]|| 30 || {{Composition bar|0|234|hex=#FF9933}} || {{dash}} || 0.35% || {{increase}} 0.1 ||0.011||None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]|| 99 || {{Composition bar|0|234|hex=#FF9933}} || {{dash}} || 1.70% || {{increase}} 1.35 ||0.017||None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]|| 143 || {{Composition bar|1|234|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 1 || 1.81% || {{increase}} 0.11 ||0.012||None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]|| 21 || {{Composition bar|4|234|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 3 || 3.19% || {{increase}} 1.38 ||0.151||None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]|| 225 || {{Composition bar|0|234|hex=#FF9933}} || {{decrease}} 4 || 2.02% || {{decrease}} 1.17 ||0.008||None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]|| 204 || {{Composition bar|0|234|hex=#FF9933}} || {{dash}} || 2.22% || {{increase}} 0.2 ||0.010||None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]|| 188 || {{Composition bar|0|234|hex=#FF9933}} || {{dash}} || 2.84% || {{increase}} 0.62 ||0.015||None
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]|| 20 || {{Composition bar|4|234|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 4 || 2.62% || {{decrease}} 0.22 ||0.131||None
|- style="text-align: center;"
|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|33
|{{Composition bar|1|234|#FF9933}}
|{{Decrease}} 3
|2.97%
|{{Increase}} 0.35
|0.090
|None
|}

==Leadership==
===Elected members===
====Incumbent member(s) of Legislative Assembly====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" rowspan=2|S.No.
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" colspan=2|Constituency
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white;width:200px" rowspan=2|Name
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" rowspan=2|Remarks
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" rowspan=2|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election#Results by constituency|Win Margin in 2026]]
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|#
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Name
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | '''Nilgiris District'''
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |01.
|108
|[[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udagamandalam]]
|[[M. Bhojarajan]]
|
| align="center" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |'''976'''
|}

===Prominent members===
====Vice presidents of the state unit====
* M. Chakravarthy
* [[V. P. Duraisamy]], Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly</ref>, Former Deputy Speaker (from DMK)
* K. S. Narendiran
* M. Muruganandam
* M. N. Raja
* A. R. Mahalakshmi
* P. Kanagasabapathi
* Puratchikavidhasan

====General secretaries of the state unit====
* K. T. Raghavan
* G. K. Selvakumar
* R. Srinivasan
* Karu. Nagarajan

===List of presidents===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; background:#fef3e8"
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|S.No
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Tenure
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Elected year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Ref.
|-
!1
|K. Narayan Rao (1929–2017)
|1980 – 1983
|1980
| -
|-
!2
|[[K. N. Lakshmanan]] (1930–2020)
|1984 – 1989
|1984
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=K. N. Lakshmanan BJP state president in Tamil Nadu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ex-state-bjp-chief-dead/article31726829.ece|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
!3
|V. Vijayaraghavalu (unknown)
|1990 – 1993
|1990
| -
|-
!4
|[[N. S. Chandra Bose]] (1932–2010)
|1993 – 1995
|1993
| -
|-
!(2)
|[[K. N. Lakshmanan]] (1930–2020)
|1996 – 2000
|1996
| -
|-
!5
|S. P. Kirubanidhi (1927–2017)
|6 May 2000 – 12 May 2003
|2000
| -
|-
!6
|[[File:Shri C P Radhakrishnan, Honourable Vice President of India.jpg|85px]] [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1957)
| 12 May 2003 – 22 September 2006
|2003
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=TN BJP gets new president|language=en-IN|work=economictimes|url=https://economictimes.com/tn-bjp-gets-new-president/articleshow/46206085.cms|access-date=13 May 2003}}</ref>
|-
!7
|[[File:Nagaland Govenor La Ganeshan.jpg|85px]] [[La Ganesan]] (1945–2025)
|22 September 2006 – 30 December 2009
|2006
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=La Ganesan BJP state president in Tamil Nadu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/BJP-rewards-Ganesan-with-Rajya-Sabha-seat-from-MP/article14800093.ece|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2" |8
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Pon Radhakrishnan.jpg|85px]] [[Pon Radhakrishnan]] ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1952)
| rowspan="2" |30 December 2009 – 27 May 2014
|2009
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Pon Radhakrishnan appointed BJP state president in Tamil Nadu|language=en-IN|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2012/dec/28/pon-radhakrishnan-elected-bjps-tn-unit-president-437948.html|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|-
!rowspan="2" |9
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Tamilisai Soundararajan with her book "Suvai Migu Theneer Thuligal".jpg|85px]] [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]] ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1961)
| rowspan="2" |16 August 2014 – 1 September 2019
|2014
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Tamilisai appointed BJP state president in Tamil Nadu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamilisai-sounderrajan-appointed-bjp-tn-unit-president/article6324160.ece|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|-
!10
|[[File:L. Murugan with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|85px]] [[L. Murugan]] ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1977)
|11 March 2020 – 7 July 2021
|2020
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=L Murugan appointed BJP state president in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/l-murugan-appointed-bjp-state-president-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/74578665.cms |access-date=3 December 2020 |work=The Times Of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
!11
|[[File:Kuppusamy Annamalai.jpg|85px]] [[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]] ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1984)
|8 July 2021 – 12 April 2025
|2021
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annamalai appointed Tamil Nadu BJP State president|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/annamalai-appointed-tamil-nadu-bjp-state-president/article35219941.ece|date=8 July 2021|website=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
!12
|'''[[File:Nainar Nagendran, BJP Tamil Nadu.jpg|85px]] [[Nainar Nagendran]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1960)
|12 April 2025 – '''Incumbent'''
|2025
|
|}

==See also==
*[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
*[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]

Sangita Roy

2026-05-06T15:24:20Z

Mohit Raj: new new article

{{Short description|Indian politician in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sitai Assembly constituency|Sitai]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Jagadish Chandra Barma Basunia]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
}}
'''Sangita Roy'''<ref name=":TOI"/> is an Indian politician from West Bengal. She is a [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] since 23 November 2024, representing [[Sitai Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref name=":TOI">{{cite web |title=West Bengal bypolls: TMC's Sangita Roy bags Sitai seat with 1,30,636 vote margin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-bypolls-tmcs-sangita-roy-bags-sitai-seat-with-130636-vote-margin/articleshow/115593009.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TMC wins Sitai assembly seat in Bengal bypolls - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/tmc-wins-sitai-assembly-seat-in-bengal-bypolls/articleshow/115593467.cms |website=m.economictimes.com |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Crossed one lakh margin in Sitai, Haroa: TMC sweeps Bengal bypolls, wins all 6 seats, wrests Madarihat from BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/sitai-haroa-tmc-sweeps-bengal-bypolls-wins-all-seats-bjp-9686134/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal]]
* [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Sangita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Tini Tom

2026-05-02T05:55:38Z

Mohit Raj: new pg

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1972)}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tini Tom
| image = Tini Tom IMG 20220907 211444 (cropped).jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[North Paravoor]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian|[[]]}}
| othername = Tiny Tom, Devassy
| years_active = 1995–present
| spouse = Roopa
| children = 1
}}

'''Tini Tom''' is an Indian actor and comedian. He works in [[Malayalam]] films and television.

==Early life==
Tini Tom was born in [[North Paravoor]], [[Kerala]], India. His father Tomy T.D. is an engineer.<ref>{{cite web|title=On Record with T.N Gopakumar: Tini Tom| date=6 November 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0eY9TEZyRcU|publisher=youtube.com|accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> He has a sister Tincy. Tom completed his high school education from St. Albert's High School, [[Ernakulam]] and his pre-degree course at St. Albert's College, Ernakulam, and degree in politics from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]]. He enrolled for [[L.L.B]] at Ramamanohar Lohia College of Law, [[Bangalore]], but discontinued.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} He has a [[karate]] blue belt.<ref>[http://www.mangalam.com/women/coloumn/121539 ചിരി തന്നെ ജീവിതം]. mangalam.com (2013-11-25). Retrieved on 2014-02-13.</ref>

==Career==
Tini Tom started his career as an [[Impressionist (entertainment)|impressionist]] and has worked with famous troupes such as Seven Arts, Cochin Guinness and [[Kalabhavan]],<ref>[http://www.cochinkalabhavan.com/contribution.html Cochin Kalabhavan]</ref> which saw him going places.<ref>[http://www.mangalam.com/cinema/interviews/4592 ടിനിടോം മദ്യപാനം നിര്‍ത്തി?]. mangalam.com. Retrieved on 2014-02-13.</ref> His appearance in a TV comedy programme called ''Tom & Jerry'' with [[Guinness Pakru]], became a success. This programme helped both the artists gain entry into commercial films. Tini Tom made his big-screen debut with ''Panchapandavar'' (1998) but it was through the [[Mammootty]]-starrer ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]'' that he gained some notice. He got his career break with [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]'s Mammootty-starrer ''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]'' in which he portrayed the role of a driver. His effective use of [[Thrissur]]-slang of Malayalam language earned him high praise.<ref>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/tini-tom-man-who-takes-humour-seriously-207 "Tini Tom, the man who takes humour seriously"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504150921/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/tini-tom-man-who-takes-humour-seriously-207 |date=4 May 2012 }}</ref>

His roles as the expensive land dealer in ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'', the noticeable character in ''[[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]]'' and the bartender in ''[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]'' gave him a place in the forefront of Malayalam cinema.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/tinys-big-dreams/article2738150.ece Tiny's big dreams]. The Hindu (2011-12-22). Retrieved on 2014-02-13.</ref> He is also a permanent judge in ''Vodafone Comedy Stars'', a comedy reality show on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].

He acted as the body double of [[Mammootty]] for the dual roles in ''[[Annan Thampi]]'' and ''[[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham]]'' and triple-role in ''[[Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (film)|Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha]]''.

He acted in the 2013 Malayalam Film [[Housefull (2013 film)|Housefull]] in a leading role for the first time in his acting career, in which he portrayed the role of a 36-year-old police constable who experienced multiple failures at trying to find a woman to marry and at last after marriage as a result of fertility treatments the couple got four kids in a single delivery. [[Jyothirmayi]] was the actress who portrayed the role of Tini Tom's wife.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tini Tom in Avicharitha - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Tini-Tom-in-Avicharitha/articleshow/20521299.cms|access-date=2020-07-25|website=The Times of India|date=11 June 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

Two Malayalam films namely ''Green Apple'' and ''Odum Raja Aadum Rani'' are completed in which he is playing the lead role. Tom's film ''[[Daffadar (film)|Daffadar]]'' has been completed in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=இளையராஜாவின் பாடல்களை வெளியிட்ட கேரளா முதல்வர்..!|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/50710/cinema/Kollywood/ilayaraja-song-launched-by-kerala--chife-minister.htm|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|date=2016-09-09|access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> He won the 2017 Critics Award and Abu memorial award for best actor. He was elected A.M.M.A. (Association of Malayalam Movie Artists) executive member. Tini Tom is now in Guinness Book of World Records as host and judge for doing the comedy show Utsavam in Flowers TV continuously twelve hours without break and for the TV live telecast.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Comedy Utsavam' registers a Guinness record for its first-of-its-kind event - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/comedy-utsavam-registers-a-guinness-record-for-its-first-of-its-kind-event/articleshow/67229282.cms|access-date=2020-07-25|website=The Times of India|date=24 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is married to Roopa and they have a son. He resides in [[Aluva]] with his family, their house is named Eden.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ajith |title=Tini Tom's dream home 'Eden' in Kochi is a garden of peace |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/decor/2019/07/03/tini-tom-dream-home-eden.html |access-date=31 August 2022 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=3 July 2019}}</ref>

== Awards ==
*2014 [[Asianet Film Awards]] for Best supporting actor film [[Vellimoonga]].
*2017 [[Kerala Film Critics Awards]] for Best supporting actor film [[Dafedar]].
*2017 AT Abu Memorial award for Best actor film [[Dafedar]].
*2022 Kerala vision special jury award for different movies includes (signature, pappan, 19aam nootandu)

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted''.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1995|| ''Mimics Action 500'' || Mimics Stage Presenter|| Debut Film
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1998 || ''[[Graama Panchaayathu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manthri Maalikayil Manasammatham]]'' || Prasad ||
|-
| 1999 || ''Panchapandavar'' || Divakaran ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Onnaman]]'' || ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]'' || Krishnan Kutty ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2004 || ''Kanninum Kannadikkum'' ||Actor ||
|-
| ''Kusruthi'' || Peethambharan ||
|-
| ''[[Vajram (2004 film)|Vajram]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2007 || ''[[Hareendran Oru Nishkalankan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Athisayan]]'' || Jamal ||
|-
| ''[[Heart Beats (film)|Heart Beats]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2008 || ''[[Aayudham (2008 film)|Ayudham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[One Way Ticket (2008 film)|One Way Ticket]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| rowspan=1 | 2009 || ''[[Vairam: Fight for Justice]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''[[Ringtone (film)|Ringtone]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]'' || Supran ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2011 || ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'' || Hameed a.k.a. CH ||
|-
| ''BhakhaJanagalude Sradhakku'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]]'' || Alex ||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 2012 || ''[[Thalsamayam Oru Penkutty]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shikari (2012 film)|Shikari]]'' || Koya ||
|-
| ''[[Perinoru Makan]]'' || Sahadevan ||
|-
| ''[[Hero (2012 film)|Hero]]'' || Suni ||
|-
| ''[[Veendum Kannur]]'' || Sugunan ||
|-
| ''[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]'' || Johnson ||
|-
| ''[[Naughty Professor]]'' || Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Mullamottum Munthiricharum]]'' || Sunny ||
|-
| ''[[Namukku Parkkan]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''Meow Meow Karimpoocha 3D'' || || 3D Film
|-
| ''[[Friday (2012 film)|Friday]]'' || Jayakrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Theruvu Nakshatrangal]]'' || Muthukrishnan IAS ||
|-
| ''[[Banking Hours 10 to 4]]'' || Commando Idikkula Stephen ||
|-
| ''[[Kaashh]]'' || Karunan ||
|-
| ''[[Prabhuvinte Makkal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[The Hitlist]]'' || Reporter Stephen ||
|-
| ''[[Madirasi]]'' || Jayapalan ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 2013 || ''[[Isaac Newton S/O Philipose]]'' || Josekuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Housefull (2013 film)|Housefull]]'' || Ananthan || Lead Role
|-
| ''[[Kutteem Kolum]]'' || Advocate ||
|-
| ''[[Thank You (2013 film)|Thank You]]'' || Sugunan ||
|-
| ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' || Jayesh || In the Segment:''"Gowri"'''
|-
| ''[[God for Sale|God for Sale: Daivam Vilppanakku]]'' || Kuttichira Achan ||
|-
| ''[[Kadal Kadannoru Mathukkutty]]'' || Vidhadharan ||
|-
| ''[[Camel Safari]]'' || College Principal ||
|-
| ''[[Pottas Bomb]]'' || CI Santhosh Kumar||
|-
| ''[[Ginger (2013 film)|Ginger]]'' || Circle Inspector Radhakrishnan ||
|-
| ''Namboothiri Yuvavu @ 43'' || Shyam Ambatt ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]]'' || Franco ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2014 || ''[[Salala Mobiles]]'' || Venu Maash ||
|-
| ''Gunda'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manglish (film)|Manglish]]'' || Boss ||
|-
| ''[[Vellivelichathil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vellimoonga]]'' || Jose ||
|-
| ''[[Maramkothi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Korean Padam]]'' || Nandakumar ||
|-
| ''Odum Raja Aadum Rani'' || Venkidi ||
|-
| ''Colour Balloon'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2015 || ''6'' || ||
|-
| ''[[She Taxi (2015 film)|She Taxi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kumbasaram]]'' || Producer Pattabhiraman ||
|-
| ''[[Ayal Njanalla]]'' || Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Taxi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Loham]]'' || Jacob alias Thrissurkaran Thendi ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016 || ''Anyarkku Praveshanamilla'' || || Lead Role
|-
| ''[[Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum]]'' || Tom ||
|-
| ''[[Daffadar (film)|Daffadar]]'' || Ayyappan || Lead Role
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2017 || ''[[Theeram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Puthan Panam]]'' || Jayaprakash ||
|-
| ''[[Varnyathil Aashanka]]'' || Gireesh ||
|-
| ''[[Pareeth Pandari]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kaaliyan'' || Raghavan Ashan ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2018 || ''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]'' || Subhran || Reprised his own role of Subran from [[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]
|-
| ''[[Kaly (film)|Kaly]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Khaleefa'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Panchavarnathatha]]'' || James Thomas ||
|-
| ''Kenalum Kinarum'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Drama (2018 film)|Drama]]'' || Benny John Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Kaattu Vithachavar]]'' || DIG [[Jayaram Padikkal]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2019 ||''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]'' || ACP Majeed Ali ||
|-
| ''[[Sakalakalashala]]'' || Kolathiparambil Achan ||
|-
| ''[[An International Local Story]]'' || Krishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Finals (film)|Finals]]'' || Thomas ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''[[Big Brother (2019 film)|Big Brother]]'' || Khan ||
|-
| ''[[Paapam Cheyyathavar Kalleriyatte]]'' || Alex ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Randu (film)|Randu]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's a wrap for Vishnu Unnikrishnan's 'Randu' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/feb/17/its-a-wrapfor-vishnuunnikrishnans-randu-2264967.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=The New Indian Express|date=17 February 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paappan]]'' || CI Soman Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]'' || Kunju Pillai ||
|-
| ''Operation Arapaima'' || ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Antony (2023 film)|Antony]]'' || Xavier ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antony teaser has both Joju George and Kalyani Priyadarshan flexing muscles |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/18/antony-teaser-has-both-joju-george-and-kalyani-priyadarshan-flexing-muscles-48739.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''Gangs of Sukumara Kurup'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=It's A Wrap For Rushin Shaji Kailas' Debut Film Gangs Of Sukumara Kurup |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/its-a-wrap-for-rushin-shaji-kailas-debut-film-gangs-of-sukumara-kurup-8805869.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bad Boyz (film)|Bad Boyz]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-09 |title=Ghora Ghora Rajadhi Raja song from Bad Boyz out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/09/ghora-ghora-rajadhi-raja-song-from-bad-boyz-out |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[916 Kunjoottan]]'' || || <ref>{{cite web |title=916 Kunjoottan - About the movie |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/pakala/916-kunjoottan/ET00442564?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |publisher=Book My Show |access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''Police Day'' || SP Lalmohan IPS ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam Film Police Day First Look Out: Ansiba Haasan Is Ready For The Battle |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/malayalam-film-police-day-first-look-out-ansiba-haasan-is-ready-for-the-battle-8828845.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
*''[[Cinemala]]'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*Tom and Jerry ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*Savari Giri Giri ([[Surya TV]])
*Five Star Thattukada ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*comedy stars ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]) as Judge
*Sundari niyum Sundaran njnanum ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]) as Judge
*''Comedy Masters''([[Amrita TV]]) as Host
*Comedy Utsavam Season 3([[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]) as Judge
*top singer Season 2([[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]) AS Judge
*John Jaffer Janardhan ([[Surya TV]]) as MLA
*Veendum Chila Veetuviseshangal ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]) as Host
*Comedy Mamakam (Asianet) as Host
*Comedy Stars (season 3) (Asianet) as Judge
*Top Singer (season 2) (Flowers TV)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2184443}}
* {{Facebook|TinyTomOfficial}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tom, Tini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Kuruva, Malappuram

2026-04-29T22:37:53Z

Mohit Raj: added first info more to come - done

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kuruva
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = Kerala#India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|00|57|N|76|06|47|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Perinthalmanna]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| area_total_km2 = 31.02
| elevation_m = 52
| population_total = 38153
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 679338
| area_code = 04933
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| registration_plate = KL-53
| image_skyline = Pang, Kuruva, Malappuram (2).jpg
| image_caption = A countryside near Pang Town in Kuruva
}}

'''Kuruva''' is a village in [[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna Taluk]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram District]], [[Kerala]], India. It is located along the [[National Highway 966 (India)|National Highway 966]], about 6 kilometres southeast of the district seat [[Malappuram]], and 13 kilometres northwest of the taluk seat [[Perinthalmanna]]. As of the [[2011 India census|2011 India Census]], the population was 38,153.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
In the 2011 census, Kuruva had a total of 7,233 households. The gender composition was 47.84% male and 52.16% female. The literacy rate was 79.70%, with 80.69% of the male population and 78.80% of the female population being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== Kuruva Gram panchayat ==
Kuruva [[Gram_panchayat|Grama Panchayat]] is a local governing body in Malappuram district of Kerala state, India. The local governing body has 22 wards. The Panchayat office is located at [[Padapparamba]] town.

=== Wards ===
List of wards in Kuruva Grama Panchayath <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/942 | title=List of elected members - Official Local Self Government Department | website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Number
!Name
|-
|1
|Mullappalli
|-
|2
|Kuruva
|-
|3
|Samoosappadi
|-
|4
|Vattalloor
|-
|5
|Nechikkuthparamba
|-
|6
|Karinjapadi
|-
|7
|Padapparamba
|-
|8
|Kizhakkan Pang
|-
|9
|Thora
|-
|10
|Thekkan Pang
|-
|11
|Pookkode
|-
|12
|Ambalapparambu
|-
|13
|Chendi
|-
|14
|Padinhattumuri
|-
|15
|Chandanapparamba
|-
|16
|Chandapparamba
|-
|17
|Cherukulamba
|-
|18
|Cherukulamba West
|-
|19
|Mekkulamba
|-
|20
|Thekkumkulamba
|-
|21
|Pazhamalloor
|-
|22
|Meenarkuzhi
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Malappuram]]

Chandramathi

2026-04-29T04:41:21Z

Mohit Raj: creating info!

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1954)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| image =
| caption = Chandrika Balan
| pseudonym = Chandramathi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|01|17}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Author
* academic
* translator
* critic
}}
| language = English, [[Malayalam]]
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[University of Kerala]]
| awards = [[Malayalam literary awards|Padmarajan Puraskaram]], [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| website = {{URL|http://chandrikabalan.com}}
}}

'''Chandrika Balan''' (born 17 January 1954) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] writer who has published books in English and [[Malayalam]], under the pen name '''Chandramathi'''. She is a writer of fiction, translator,<ref name="WhosWho">{{cite book|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M |first=Kartik Chandra |last=Dutt |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1999 |page=220 |isbn=9788126008735 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&q=Katha+award+for+translation+B.Chandrika&pg=PA220}}</ref> and [[literary criticism|critic]] in English and Malayalam.<ref>{{cite book|title=In their own voice: The Penguin anthology of contemporary Indian women poets |editor-first=Arlene R. K. |editor-last=Zide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-tjAAAAMAAJ&q=Chandrika+Balan |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1993 |page=251|isbn=9780140156430 }}</ref> Chandramathi has published four books in English and 20 in Malayalam, including 12 collections of short stories, an anthology of medieval Malayalam poetry, two collections of essays, two memoirs, and five books translated from English. The Malayalam film ''[[Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela]]'' was based on her book.<ref>{{cite web |title='Njandukalude Naattil Oridavela' borrows {{sic|i|t's|nolink=y}} title from literature! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/njandukalude-naattil-oridavela-borrows-its-title-from-literature/articleshow/60336161.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 July 2020 |date=2 September 2017}}</ref>

== Biography ==

Chandramathi was born in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala. She graduated in English Language and Literature from the [[University of Kerala]] in 1976. In 1988 she received her PhD, from the University of Kerala. She was Professor of English literature at All Saints' College, Thriuvananthapuram.<ref name="yentha">{{cite news |url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/Teacher-Writer-and-Cancer-Fighter |title=Teacher, Writer and Cancer Fighter |first=Rasika |last=Ramesh |publisher=Yentha.com |date=23 May 2010 |access-date=9 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019125945/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/Teacher-Writer-and-Cancer-Fighter |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> From 1993 to 1994 she served as Executive Editor of ''Medieval Indian Literature''.<ref name="WhosWho" />
She received the Professor Sivaprasad Foundation Award for Most Outstanding Teacher in 1999<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chandrikabalan.com/awards.html|title=Dr.Chandrika Balan|website=www.chandrikabalan.com|access-date=2019-05-25|archive-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525084548/http://www.chandrikabalan.com/awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Alumni Association of St. Berchmans College's award for Best College Teacher in Kerala in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.berchmanskuwait.org/activities.htm |title=Alumni Awards |publisher=Alumni Association of St. Berchmans College, Kuwait Chapter |access-date=9 August 2012 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724201752/http://berchmanskuwait.org/activities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1998 she visited Sweden with a team of 10 Indian writers under the [[Sahitya Akademi]]'s cultural exchange programme. The visit inspired her to write the short story "Reindeer".<ref name="yentha" />

== Awards ==

* Thoppil Ravi Foundation Award (1995)<ref name="WhosWho" />
* V.P.Sivakumar Smaraka Keli award for The Best Short Story of the Year (1996)
* Katha National Award for fiction and translation (1997)<ref name="WhosWho" />
* The State Bank of Travancore Literary Award for the Best Collection of fiction, 1997. (1998)
* Odakkuzhal Award for the Best Work, 1998.
* The Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Best Fiction-1996-1998. (1999)
* The [[Muthukulam Parvathy Amma Award]] for the Best Woman Writer of 2003. (2004)
* A.P.Kalakkad Award for the Best Fiction. (2004)
* Kerala Sahitya Akademi C.B.Kumar Endowment Award for the Best collection of Essays. (2005)
* Padmarajan Puraskaram for the Best Short Fiction of 2006. (2007)<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/04/stories/2007080451870300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123192132/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/04/stories/2007080451870300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2007 |title=Rooted in reality |date=4 August 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 August 2012}}</ref>
* Kairali Award (New York) for the Best Writer in Malayalam (2007)
* Avaneebala Puraskaram for the best woman writer (2009)<ref name="yentha" />
* O.V.Vijayan Puraskaram for the best work of short fiction. The Indian Express. 23 October 2016.
* The first Snehathalam Award for Excellence in the field of Literary Works. 2018
* Pattom Ramachandran Nair Smaraka award for total contribution to Malayalam Literature. 2022.

== Selected works ==

=== Books in English ===

* ''V. K. Krishna Menon''. (Co-Author). Madras: Macmillan, 1990.
* ''Best-Loved Stories''. (Co-Editor). Madras: Anu Chitra, 1991.
* ''The Private Garden : Family in Post-war British Drama''. (Author). New Delhi: Academic Foundation, 1993.
* ''Critical Spectrum: Responses to Contemporary Literary Theories''. (Editor). Calcutta : Papyrus, 1993.
* ''Arya and Other Stories''. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.earthenlampjournal.com/bookreview.php?review_id=34 |title=Earthen Lamp Journal |access-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213033357/http://www.earthenlampjournal.com/bookreview.php?review_id=34 |archive-date=13 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Invisible Walls. Novel. Published by Niyogi Books, New Delhi.2018.

=== Books in Malayalam: fiction ===

* ''Aryavarthanam''. [Arya Repeated]. Kottayam: [[DC Books]], 1995.
* ''Devigramam''. [Village of the Goddess] Kottayam: DC Books, 1997.
* ''Reindeer''. Calicut: Mulberry, 1998.
* ''Swayam, Swantham''. [Me, Mine]. Trivandrum: Prabhath Books, 1999.
* ''Vethaalakathakal''. [Tales From the Vetaal]. Thrissur : Current Books, 1999.
* ''Daivam Swargathil''. [ God is in His Heaven]. Kottayam: DC Books, 2000.
* ''Thattarakkudiyile Vigrahangal''. [The Idols of the Blacksmiths' Street]. Kollam: Sankeertanam- Publishers, 2002.
* ''Annayude Athazhavirundu''. [Anna's Banquet]. Kottyam: DC Books,2006.
* ''Ente Priyappetta Kathakal''. [ Stories Dear to Me]. Kottayam: DC Books
* ''Chandramathiyude Kathakal''. [Compilation all the stories]. Kottayam: DC Books, 2009.
* ''Ivide Oru Techie''. [ A Techie Here ]. Kottayam: DC Books, 2010.
* ''Sherlock Holmes''. [Stories for children]. Calicut : Poorna Publications, 2010.
Aparnayude Thadavarakal(Aswathiyudethum) [ The Prison houses of Aparna; Aswathy's Too. NOVEL]. Kottayam: DCBooks 2013
* Ningal Nireekshanathilaanu" [ You are Under Surveillance]. Kottayam: DC Books, 2017
* Wanderlust. Kottayam: DC Books. 2020
* Ozhukathe Oru Puzha. [A Stagnant Stream]. Novel on the life of Sophia Tolstoy). Kozhikode: Mathrubhumi Books, 2025.

Children's Literature
*Sherlock Holmes Calucut: Poorna
*Thankathilakkam. Calicut: Mathrubhumi
*Snehapoorvam Nikitha. Kottayam: DCBooks
*Ishtakkuttiyum Ishtallakkuttiyum. H&C Books. 2023

=== Books in Malayalam: non-fiction ===

* ''Madhyakaala Malayala Kavitha''. [Medieval Malayalam Poetry] (Co-Editor). New Delhi : [[National Book Trust]], 1998.
* ''Perilla Prasnangal''. [ Problems without a Name]. Thrissur: Current Books, 2003.
* ''Njandukalude Naattil Oru Idavela''. [ An Interval in the Land of the Crabs : Cancer memoirs]. Kottayam: DC Books,2006.
* ''Sooryarajaavinte Pranayini''. [The Lover of the Sun-God]. Kottayam : DC Books, 2007.
* ''Njan Oru Veedu''. [I, A House]. (Childhood Memoirs). Trichur: H&C, 2010.Revised edition by H&C in 2022.
*Oliverude Diarykkurippukal. [ Ruskin Bond's novel Mr. Oliver's Diary ].Kottayam: DC Books,2011.

The latest Malayalam movie of Nivin Pauly—Njandukalude Nattil Oru Idavela is based on Chandramati's well-known memoirs titled Njandukalude Nattil Oru Idavela which is an autobiographical story of her long fight with cancer and survival.

*Lenin Rajendran's award winning movie രാത്രിമഴ (Night Rain) is based on her short story "Website"

=== Books in Malayalam: translations ===

* ''Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai''. (Monograph by K. Ayyappa Paniker). Kottayam : DC Books, 1992.
* ''Janu''. (Novel by Menon Marath). Thrissur : [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], 2003.
* ''Vanchana''. (Harold Pinter's play : ''The Betrayal''). Trivandrum : Chintha Publishers, 2008.
* ''Unmeshadinangal''. ( Laurent Graff's novel Happy Days). Kottayam : DC Books, 2010.
* ''Kazhinja Kaalangal''. (Harold Pinter's play Old Times) Trivandrum: Chintha Publishers, 2010.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandramathi}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian self-help writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian women literary critics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Women autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian women biographers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian women children's writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

B. Venkatrama Reddy

2026-04-28T13:49:22Z

Mohit Raj: made basic pg initial version

{{Short description|Indian film producer (c.1944–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = B. Venkatrama Reddy
| image =
| birth_date = {{circa|1944}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 12 May 2019 (aged 75)
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| relatives = [[B. Nagi Reddy]] (father)
| occupation = Film producer
}}

'''Bommireddy Venkatrama Reddy''' ({{circa|1944}} – 12 May 2019, also written as '''B. Venkatrami Reddy''') was an Indian film producer who produced many [[Tamil films|Tamil]] and [[Telugu films]].

==Biography==
B. Venkatrama Reddy was the youngest son of [[B. Nagi Reddy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/film-producer-venkatarama-reddy-passes-away/States/news/1594758.html
|title=Film producer Venkatarama Reddy passed away
|date=12 May 2019|accessdate=6 December 2019|website=United News of India
}}</ref> He produced films like ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'', ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Vijayam]]'', ''[[Uzhaippali]]'', ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'', ''[[Nammavar]]'' and ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]''.

Reddy was married to B. Bharathi Reddy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/film-producer-b-venkatrama-reddy-dead/article27111111.ece
|title=Film producer dead
|date=13 May 2019|accessdate=6 December 2019|website=The Hindu
}}</ref> They had one son and two daughters.

Reddy died on 12 May 2019 at the age of 75.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/veteran-producer-b-venkatarama-reddy-passes-away-at-75-406475.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521022139/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/veteran-producer-b-venkatarama-reddy-passes-away-at-75-406475.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=21 May 2019
|title=Veteran producer B Venkatarama Reddy passes away at 75
|date=13 May 2019|accessdate=6 December 2019|website=in.com
}}</ref><ref name=a>{{cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/bhairava-dweepam-producer-venkatarami-reddy-no-more
|title=Bhairava Dweepam producer Venkatarami Reddy no more
|date=13 May 2019|accessdate=6 December 2019|website=Telangana Today
}}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/producer-b-venkatrama-reddy-dies-at-75-after-prolonged-illness/articleshow/69305513.cms
|title=Producer B Venkatrama Reddy dies at 75 after prolonged illness
|date=13 May 2019|accessdate=6 December 2019|website=The Times of India
}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
===Tamil===
* ''[[Uzhaippali]]'' (1993)<ref name=a/>
* ''[[Nammavar]]'' (1994)<ref name=a/>
* ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' (2007)<ref name=a/>
* ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]'' (2009)<ref name=a/>
* ''[[Venghai]]'' (2011)<ref name=a/>
* ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' (2014)<ref name=a/>
* ''[[Bairavaa]]'' (2017)<ref name=b/>
* ''[[Sangathamizhan]]'' (2019){{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

===Telugu===
* ''[[Brundavanam]]'' (1992)<ref name=a/>
* ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' (1994)<ref name=a/>
* ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Vijayam]]'' (1996)<ref name=a/>

==Awards==
* He won [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Nandi Award for Third Best Feature Film - Bronze]] - [[Bhairava Dweepam]] (1994)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020 | language=Telugu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, B. Venkatarama}}
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:1940s births]]

Antakshari

2026-04-24T00:30:32Z

Mohit Raj:

{{Short description|Parlor game in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2014}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=December 2014}}
'''Antakshari''', also known as '''Antyakshari''' (अंताक्षरी {{Translation|The game of the ending letter}}) is a [[spoken game|spoken]] [[parlour game|parlor game]] played in [[India]].<ref name="ref01zefil">{{Citation | title=Sikh women in England: their religious and cultural beliefs and social practices | author=S. K. Rait | publisher=Trentham Books, 2005 | isbn=978-1-85856-353-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRfkTq1ykSIC | quote=''... playing antakshri (a group singing game) ...''}}</ref> Each contestant sings the first verse of a song (often [[Hindustani classical music|Classical Hindustani]] or [[Bollywood songs|Bollywood song]]s) that begins with the [[consonant]] of [[Hindi]] [[alphabet]] on which the previous contestant's song ended.

==Etymology==
The word is derived from two [[Sanskrit]] words: ''antya'' (अन्त्य) meaning end + ''akshara'' (अक्षर) meaning letter of the [[alphabet]]. With the addition of the suffix 'i', the combined term means "''The game of the ending letter''". Due to [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa syncope in Hindi]] and other Indo-Aryan languages, Antyakshari is pronounced ''antakshri''.<ref name="ref35roqix">{{Citation | title=Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary |author1=Henk W. Wagenaar |author2=S. S. Parikh |author3=D. F. Plukker |author4=R. Veldhuijzen van Zanten | publisher=Allied Publishers, 1993 | isbn=978-81-86062-10-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1LzD8-iipgC | quote=''... अन्ताक्षरी : antākshri ...''}}</ref> A dialectical variation of the word is इन्ताक्षरी or ''intakshri''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

==Origin==
Antakshari was originally present in the Ramayana, where rishis (sages) sang the first verses of bhajanas continuously by singing another Bhajana beginning with the last letter of the ending word.

==Rules==
The game can be played by two or more people and is popular as a group activity during commutes, and social gatherings. The first singer has to sing two complete lines and then s/he may stop at the end of those or following lines. The last letter of the last word sung is then used by the next singer to sing another song, starting with that letter. The winner or winning team is decided by a process of elimination. The person or team that cannot come up with a song with the right consonant is eliminated if their opponents can produce such a song.

The game is often kicked off with the consonant /m/ (म ) with the recitation of the following couplet which varies, but usually has wording similar to -

<blockquote>
बैठे बैठे क्या करे? करना है कुछ काम,

शुरू करो अंताक्षरी, लेके प्रभु का ना'''म'''!

''Baiṭhē, baiṭhē, kya karē? Karnā hai kuch kām,'' 
''Shurū karō antākshari, lēkē Prabhu ka nā'''m'''!''

''Sitting here all bored, whatever shall we do?''

''Take the name of the Lord and start a game of Antākshari!''

 

</blockquote>

* This means that the first song must start with (m).
* Songs have to be started from the last sound of the previous song.
* Only songs from [[Hindustani classical music]] or [[Bollywood]] movies are allowed by default. Songs from other languages can be allowed with prior agreement.
* At least the first verse of the song must be sung. If the singer does not remember it in entirety, they cannot use the song.
* No song can be repeated in the game.

==Popularity==
The original start of this practice was from Srilankan Tamil Radio., further followed by Bombay based Radio and TV anchors.
It started as a [[family]] [[pastime]]. Now there are several TV shows and competitions all over India based on it. The classic style is where two or more teams sing songs which start with the last consonant letter of the song sung by previous team. When a team sings a song they earn points.

A popular Indian television program by the [[Antakshari (TV series)|same name]] has run successfully on [[Zee TV]] for over 10 years. [[Annu Kapoor]] was the permanent male host while female hosts included Durga Jasraj, Renuka Shahane, Pallavi Joshi, Shefali, Rajeshwari Sachdev & Richa Sharma.

==Example==

आ चल के तुझे, मैं ले के चलूं, इक ऐसे गगन के तले 
जहां ग़म भी न हो, आँसू भी न हो, बस प्यार ही प्यार प'''ले''' 
(Movie: ''[[Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein]]'')

This song ends with ले (le), i.e. the consonant /l/ ल. The next contestant could sing -

'''ल'''ग जा गले कि फिर ये हसीन रात हो न हो 
शायद फिर इस जनम में मुलाक़ात हो न हो 
''(Movie: [[Woh Kaun Thi]])''

===Example===
Kehne ko jashn-e-bahaaraa hai, 
Ishq yeh dekh ke hairaan hai, 
Phool se khushboo khafa khafa hai gulshan mein, 
Chupa hai koi ranj fiza ki chilman mein. 
''(Movie: [[Jodhaa Akbar]])''

The next song should begin with /m/ (the 'n' in ''mein'' is only a nasalization rather than a complete consonant, similar to ''bon''/''good'' in French):

Mai zindagi ka saath nibhata chala gaya, Har fiqr ko dhuen mein uraata chala gaya, 
Barbadiyon ka sog manana fizool tha, Barbadiyon ka jashn manata chala gaya. 
''(Movie: [[Hum Dono (1961 film)]])''

The next song should begin with (y) and so on.

==Related games==
[[Bait Bazi]] is a related game played with Urdu poetry instead of movie songs. Several [[word chain]] games also resemble ''antakshari'' in their basic methodology. ''Antakshari's'' basic methodology resembles that of several [[word chain]] games.

==See also==
* [[Antakshari – The Great Challenge]]
* [[Antakshari Intercollegiate Championship]]
* [[Bait Bazi]]
* [[Baas-o-Beyt]]
* [[Bollywood songs]]
* [[Titan Antakshari|Zee Tv's Antakshari]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Multiplayer games]]
[[Category:Indian games]]

List of schools and colleges in Kanchipuram

2026-04-23T23:45:53Z

Mohit Raj: started a article

{{Short description|none}}
{{directory|date=March 2019}}
{{unreferenced|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
Kanchipuram in history has also been known as the ''ghatikasthanam'' or place of learning. Today several educational institutions offer courses in engineering, arts and science, and medicine, in and around [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]].

==List of Educational Institutions==
Some of the Major Universities and Schools in the City are listed below.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|- style="background:#FFC569"
! scope="col" |'''Name of the Institution'''
! scope="col" |'''Location'''
|- align="center"
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|-
! colspan="2" scope="col" |'''Schools'''
|-
|Billabong high international school
|NH4, thamaraithangal village white gate (Vellai gate), Kanchipuram - 631502
|-
|Shrishti International School
|NH 4, Thimmasamudram, Kanchipuram
|-
|Sangford School
|Vandavasi Road, Abdullapuram
|-
|Vasanthas Nursery and Primary School
|Vishar Village, Kanchipuram
|-
|INDU MATRICULATION SCHOOL
|-
|Agathiya Matriculation Higher Secondary School
|Walajabad
|-
|Sree Narayana Guru Matriculation School
|Kanchipuram
|-
|Anderson Higher Secondary School
|Kanchipuram
|-
|AKT High School.
|
|-
|Annie Besant Matriculation School
|
|-
|Agathiya Nursery & Primary School
| Ayyanpettai
|-
|BMS Government
|
|-
|Bharathidhasan Matriculation Higher Secondary School
|Orrikkai
|-
|C.S.M. Higher Secondary School
| Pillaiyar Palayam
|-
|Govt.C.M. Subbaraya Mudaliar Higher Secondary School
|Big Kanchipuram
|-
|Dr P.S.S MPL Higher Secondary School
|
|-
|D.A.V School, Santhavellur
|Sunguvarsathiram.
|-
|Devi Matriculation School
|Walajabad
|-
|Government higher secondary school
|Naickenpettai
|-
|Government Higher Secondary School
|Iyyangarkulam
|-
|Government Girls Higher Secondary School
|Big Kanchipuram.
|-
|Govt. Aringner Anna Hr Secondary School
|Walajabad.
|-
|Infant Jesus Matriculation Higher Secondary School
|kamatchi amman kovil street, Kanchipuram
|-
|M.L.M Mamallan Matriculation Higher Secondary School
|
|-
|Maharishi International Residential School
|Sriperumbudur
|-
|Pachaiyappa's Higher Secondary School
|
|-
|pallavan matriculation school
|kolivakkam
|-
|PTVS Higher Secondary School
|
|-
|S.S.K.V Boys Higher Secondary School
|
|-
|S.S.K.V Girls Higher Secondary School
|
|-
|Sundar Mission Matriculation Higher Secondary School
|
|-
|Victoria Matriculation School
|kanchipuram
|-
|SWAMI VIVEKANANDA MATRIC HR.SEC. SCHOOL
|Kanchipuram
|-
|Agathiya Matriculation Higher Secondary School (15 km)அகத்தியா மெட்ரிகுலேசன் மேல்நிலைப்பள்ளி
| Walajabad வாலாஜாபாத்
|-
|Shri Vani Nilayam
|
|-
|Aadhuraa Special School
|
|-
|S.A.I Vidyalaya, CBSE School
|Madam Street, Kanchipuram
|-
|sri sankara vidhayalaya mat.hr.scl
|.
|-
|CHOLAN MATRICULATION HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL
|Kanchipuram
|-
|-
! colspan="2" scope="col" |'''CBSE Schools'''
|-
|Shrishti International School
|NH 4, Thimmasamudram, Kanchipuram
|-
|Sangford School
|Vandavasi Road, Abdullapuram
|-
|Dhwarkesh Vidhyashram
|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="col" |'''Universities and Medical Colleges'''
|-
|[[Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya]]
|
|-
| Aringar Anna Cancer Institute
|
|-
| Meenakshi Medical college
|
|-
| Chengalpattu Medical College & Hospital (Managed by Govt. of Tamil Nadu)
|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="col" |'''Engineering colleges'''
|-
|[[University College of Engineering kanchipuram|University College of Engineering, Kanchipuram]]
|
|-
|[[Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering|Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering, Kanchipuram]]
|
|-
|[[Aksheyaa College of Engineering]]
|Puzhuthivakkam
|-
|Pallavan Engineering College
| White Gate
|-
| Kanchi Pallavan College of Engineering
| Iyyangarkulam
|-
| Pallava Raja College of Engineering
| Iyyangarkulam
|-
| Lord Venkateshwara Engineering College
|
|-
|[[Thirumalai Engineering College]]
|Vanchuvanchery, Padappai
|-
|Valliammai Engineering College
|Kattangulathur
|-
! colspan="2" scope="col" |'''Polytechnics'''
|-
| Cholan Polytechnic College
|
|-
| Bhaktavatsalam Polytechnic College
|
|-
| Pallavan Polytechnic
|Iyyangarkulam
|-
|Thirumalai Polytechnic College
|Kilambi
|-
|arasimma Pallavan Polytechnic College
|White Gate
|-
! colspan="2" scope="col" |'''Arts and Science Colleges'''
|-
| Kanchi Sri Krishna College of Arts and Science
|Kilambi
|-
|Pachaiyappa's College for Men
|
|-
| Pachaiyappa's College for Women
|
|-
| Sri Sankara Arts & Science College
|Eanathur
PURATCHI THALAIVAR DR MGR ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE UTHIRAMERUR
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Kanchipuram district|Schools]]
[[Category:Lists of schools in Tamil Nadu|Kanchipuram]]
[[Category:Kanchipuram]]

Anil Kumar Tripathi

2026-04-18T21:42:05Z

Mohit Raj: made basic bio from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{For|Indian academician & scientist|Anil Kumar Tripathi (academician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anil Kumar Tripathi
| native_name = अनिल कुमार त्रिपाठी
| image =
| caption =
| quotation =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|06|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Menhdawal]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| party = [[NISHAD Party]]
| education = Diploma in Civil Engineering
| spouse = Mrs. Asha Tripathi
| children =
| occupation = Politician
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency1 = [[Menhdawal (Assembly constituency)|Menhdawal]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Rakesh Singh Baghel]]
| successor1 =
| website = {{URL|www.aniltripathi.in}}
}}

'''Anil Kumar Tripathi''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Menhdawal (Assembly constituency)|Menhdawal constituency]] in [[Sant Kabir Nagar district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="one">{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/sant-kabir-nagar/nishad-party-bets-on-anil-tripathi-from-mehndawal-khalilabad-news-gkp425700093|title=मेंहदावल से निषाद पार्टी ने अनिल त्रिपाठी पर लगाया दांव|date=3 February 2022|publisher=Amar Ujala}}</ref><ref name="2022 result">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/menhdawal-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4852088.html|title=Menhdawal Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Anil Kumar Tripathi of NISHAD Wins|date=11 March 2022|publisher=News18}}</ref>

==Early life and political career==
Anil Kumar Tripathi was born on 12 June 1965 in Karma Kalan village of [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]] (then a part of [[Basti district|Basti]]), [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He has been active in politics for the last 18 years contesting the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] polls from the Menhdawal legislative assembly constituency. He contested the 2007 polls independently, earning the fourth position. In 2012, he was the Menhdawal constituency candidate of the [[Peace Party of India]], placing himself in the second position. He retained his second position in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]'s ticket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/sant-kabir-nagar/anil-tripathi-declared-bsp-candidate|title=अब अनिल त्रिपाठी बने बसपा के महावत|date=28 June 2016|publisher=Amar Ujala}}</ref> With a history of three defeats from the same constituency, he won in his fourth attempt in 2022.<ref name="two">{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/sant-kabir-nagar/news/anil-tripathi-has-put-a-hat-trick-of-defeat-in-mehdawal-the-election-in-the-district-is-on-march-3-129401735.html|title=मेंहदावल में हार की हैट्रिक लगा चुके हैं अनिल त्रिपाठी:अब चौथी बार भाजपा गठबंधन के हैं प्रत्याशी, जिले में तीन मार्च को है चुनाव|work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=14 February 2022|publisher=Bhaskar.com}}</ref><ref name="one" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/videos/gallery/bjp-nishad-alliance-candidate-anil-tripathi-mehdawal-vidhan-sabha-sant-kabir-nagar/up20220204141050065|title=मेंहदावल विधानसभा क्षेत्र का करूंगा सर्वांगीण विकास: अनिल त्रिपाठी|date=4 February 2022|publisher=ETV Bharat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/uttar-pradesh/uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2022-know-about-sant-kabir-nagar-menhdawal-assembly-seat-852140.html|title=UP Assembly Elections 2022: संत कबीर नगर की मेंहदावल विधानसभा सीट पर भाजपा का दबदबा, जानिए इस सीट से जुड़ी हर अपडेट|date=11 January 2022|publisher=TV9 Hindi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|Anil4Bharat}}


{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Anil}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Sant Kabir Nagar district]]

Begur, Bengaluru

2026-04-18T16:12:35Z

Mohit Raj:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Begur
| other_name = DoddaBeguru
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| pushpin_map = India Bengaluru
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bengaluru, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.872347|N|77.632871|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}}[[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name2 = Bengaluru
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560 114<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/LocatePostOffices.aspx?Pin=SAti0cbFmNY=| title=Begur Pin Code| publisher=India Post, GoI}}</ref>
| registration_plate = KA-51
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Begur or Begūru''' is a suburb of [[Bengaluru]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is located off Bengaluru-[[Hosur]] highway. It is said to have been a prominent place during the rule of the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] and later the [[Chola Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/begurs-panchalingeshwara-temple-gives-earliest-proof-of-bengalurus-existence/articleshow/50847527.cms?from=mdr| title=Begur's Panchalingeshwara temple gives earliest proof of Bengaluru's existence| work=The Economic Times| date=2016-02-04| author=Divya Shekhar}}</ref>

==Begur Fort==
[[File:Naganatheshwara-Begur-temple.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Historical Naganatheshwara temple at Begur]]
Panchalingeshwara temple is located in the centre of Begur. It has a 1100 years old inscription which is the oldest existing reference to a place called 'Bengaluru'.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ganga-era-inscription-stone-discovered-inside-begur-lake/articleshow/66026416.cms| title=Ganga-era inscription stone discovered inside Begur lake| work=The Economic Times| date=2018-10-01}}</ref> The area was ruled by the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] and in the 10th century the [[Cholas]] had acquired the territory.

The [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara temple]] was built by Ereganga Neetimarga around 9th century and Panchaligeshwara temple was built by Akthiyar of the Chola Kingdom.

Near the temple, there exists a tiny circular fort, about 1.4 km2 in area, is built by the Cholas. The date of construction is unknown (no research done), but the existence of a 1100-year-old inscription on the gateway of the fort would suggest the same age for the fort.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/where-past-lingers-667459.html| title=Spectrum: Where the past lingers| work=Deccan Herald| date=2018-04-30| author=Renuka Krishnaraja}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Begur is well connected to KR Market, Shivaji Nagar and [[Kempegowda Bus Station|Kempegowda Bus Stand]] by [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] services. The suburb is proximate to [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]] which connects to Hosur, a border town of the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu. Bangalore Airport and railway station are reachable with the available Outer Ring Road passing through this area along with availability of BMTC buses to and fro between Begur and central part of the city. The arterial road passing through the area, Begur Road, is planned to be widened to ease the growing vehicular traffic on the route.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bbmp-kicks-off-process-for-begur-road-widening/articleshow/67781228.cms| title=BBMP kicks off process for Begur Road widening| work=The Times of India| date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/tdr-only-way-to-acquire-land-to-widen-three-major-roads-in-bengaluru-basavaraj-bommai-1032944.html| title=TDR only way to acquire land to widen three major roads in Bengaluru: Basavaraj Bommai| work=Deccan Herald| date=2021-09-22}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Begur inscriptions and hero stones]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Begur, Bengaluru}}
{{reflist}}

{{Bangalore Urban district}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in East Bengaluru]]

Sugnu Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:37:40Z

Mohit Raj: new a article

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sugnu
| mla = [[Kangujam Ranjit Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance= {{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance|MPSA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Thoubal district|Thoubal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:28268}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type= SLA
}}

'''Sugnu Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>

It is part of [[Thoubal district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|Mayanglambam Babu Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Loitongbam Ibomcha Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Mayanglambam Babu Singh
|-
|[[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|rowspan=6|[[Kangujam Ranjit Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=results2017/>
|-
|[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|27.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|25.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|43.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|29.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|31.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|41.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|37.60}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugnu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kangujam Ranjit Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,673 |percentage=50.63% |change=-5.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mayanglambam Binod|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=11,657|percentage=46.57%|change=3.59%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kakyenpaibam Muktasana Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=555|percentage=2.22%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=146|percentage=0.58%|change=-0.24%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,016 |percentage=4.06% |change=-9.15% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=25,031|percentage=88.55%|change=-0.06%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,268 |change =5.58% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.56% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugnu<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kangujam Ranjit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,331 |percentage=56.19% |change=-1.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumnam Jiban Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,198 |percentage=42.98% |change=35.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=196 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,133 |percentage=13.21% |change=-26.80% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,725 |percentage=88.61% |change= 1.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,775 |change =16.72% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.81% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugnu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kangujam Ranjit Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,534 |percentage=58.00% |change=3.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yumnam Jiban Singh|party=Communist Party of India|votes=3,579|percentage=18.00%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mayanglambam Binod|party=Manipur Peoples Party|votes=3,221|percentage=16.20%|change=-13.17%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khaidem Sharat Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,549|percentage=7.79%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,955 |percentage=40.01% |change=15.16% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=19,885|percentage=86.67%|change=1.62%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,940 |change =-7.37% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.80% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugnu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kangujam Ranjit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,420 |percentage=54.21% |change=15.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayanglambam Binod |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=6,186 |percentage=29.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwairakpam Iboyaima |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=3,302 |percentage=15.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achou Singh Sorokhaibam |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=159 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,234 |percentage=24.84% |change=16.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,067 |percentage=85.06% |change= -4.34% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,766 |change =15.49% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 15.74% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugnu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kangujam Ranjit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,318 |percentage=38.47% |change=32.51% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwairakpam Iboyaima |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=5,675 |percentage=29.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khumukcham Raghumani Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=3,658 |percentage=19.23% |change=-5.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayanglambam Babu Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=1,917 |percentage=10.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thingnam Sanayaima Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=394 |percentage=2.07% |change=-25.23% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,643 |percentage=8.64% |change=6.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,024 |percentage=89.40% |change= -2.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,444 |change =2.75% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 13.09% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugnu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kangujam Ranjit Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,204 |percentage=27.30% |change=8.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayanglambam Babu Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=4,743 |percentage=24.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khumukcham Raghumani Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,504 |percentage=23.63% |change=5.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khwairakpam Iboyaima |party=Samata Party |votes=1,559 |percentage=8.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sorokhaibam Ibomcha Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,135 |percentage=5.95% |change=-18.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amom Nagin Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=953 |percentage=5.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Ibochouba Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=586 |percentage=3.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Subhas |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=368 |percentage=1.93% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=461 |percentage=2.42% |change=1.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,060 |percentage=92.22% |change= 0.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,871 |change =9.64% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Dal |swing= 1.93% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugnu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayanglambam Babu Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=4,404 |percentage=25.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Loitongbam Ibomcha Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,159 |percentage=23.96% |change=-6.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achou Singh Sorokhaibam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,264 |percentage=18.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khumukcham Raghumani Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,180 |percentage=18.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaidem Nimai Singh |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=2,349 |percentage=13.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=245 |percentage=1.41% |change=-11.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,356 |percentage=92.13% |change= 3.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,036 |change =-6.19% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Janata Dal |swing= -18.06% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugnu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Loitongbam Ibomcha Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=7,708 |percentage=43.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayanglambam Babu Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,468 |percentage=30.81% |change=1.51% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khumukcham Sanayaima |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,502 |percentage=19.74% |change=-0.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achou |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=1,012 |percentage=5.70% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,240 |percentage=12.62% |change=5.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,745 |percentage=88.80% |change= -3.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,292 |change =28.27% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.14% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugnu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayanglambam Babu Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,178 |percentage=29.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Loitongbam Ibomcha Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,101 |percentage=21.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayanglambam Nila Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,934 |percentage=20.58% |change=-10.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaidem Nimaichand |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=2,904 |percentage=20.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achou Singh Sorokhaibam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,142 |percentage=8.01% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,077 |percentage=7.55% |change=0.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,259 |percentage=92.00% |change= 5.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,820 |change =8.41% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -1.77% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugnu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayanglambam Nila Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,836 |percentage=31.07% |change=-4.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayanglambam Babu Singh |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=2,923 |percentage=23.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achou Singh Sorokhaibam |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,413 |percentage=19.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaidem Nimaichand |party=Janata Party |votes=2,401 |percentage=19.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Takhelambam Tatu |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=772 |percentage=6.25% |change=-35.59% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=913 |percentage=7.40% |change=0.64% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,345 |percentage=86.56% |change= 2.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,593 |change =23.63% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -10.77% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugnu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaidem Nimaichand |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,090 |percentage=41.84% |change=15.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayanglambam Nila Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,430 |percentage=35.09% |change=-2.51% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Takhelambam Tatu |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,401 |percentage=14.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khumukcham Tomba Singh |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=772 |percentage=7.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thinginam Anoubi |party=Independent politician |votes=59 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=660 |percentage=6.75% |change=5.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,775 |percentage=84.56% |change= 1.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,804 |change =2.53% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 4.24% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sugnu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayanglambam Nila Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,512 |percentage=37.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayanglambam Kamal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,403 |percentage=36.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaidem Nimaichand |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,425 |percentage=25.96% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=109 |percentage=1.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,340 |percentage=82.90% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,513 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Thoubal district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.29|93.88|display=title}}

[[Category:Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]

Rudrapur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:46Z

Mohit Raj: Added A Info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rudrapur
| map_image = 336-Rudrapur, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Jai Prakash Nishad]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Gorakhpur district|Deoria]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,21,349
| constituency_no = 336
}}

'''Rudrapur''' is a constituency of [[Gorakhpur-Bansgaon, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]] covering the city of [[Rudrapur Khajani (Khajani), Uttar Pradesh|Rudrapur]] in the [[Gorakhpur district|Deoria district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Rudrapur is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 336 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Rudrapur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rudrapur.html |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Chandrabali
| style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Sita Ram
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Rajendra Prasad Gupta
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Pradeep Kumar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Bhasker Pandey
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Gorakh Nath
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Mukti Nath Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Jai Prakash Nishad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Mukti Nath Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Jai Prakash Nishad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Anugrah Narain Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Suresh Tiwari]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Akhilesh Pratap Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jai Prakash Nishad]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rudrapur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jai Prakash Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:78187}}
|percentage = 42.99
|change = {{decrease}}4.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rambhual Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:36251}}
|percentage = 19.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Akhilesh Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:31177}}
|percentage = 17.14
|change = {{decrease}}13.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Suresh Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:20093}}
|percentage = 11.05
|change = {{decrease}}2.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pradeep Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:9598}}
|percentage = 5.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1629}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change = {{decrease}}0.68
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:41936}}
|percentage = 23.06
|change = {{increase}}6.76
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:181863}}
|percentage = 56.59
|change = {{increase}}0.53
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Election]] was won by the [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''[[Jai Prakash Nishad]]''' defeating [[Indian National Congress]] candidate '''[[Akhilesh Pratap Singh]]''' by a margin of 26,789 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rudrapur.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Rudrapu<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jai Prakash Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:77754}}
|percentage = 47.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Akhilesh Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:50965}}
|percentage = 31.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chandrika Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:23081}}
|percentage = 14.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Kaushal Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:2591}}
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Veer Sen Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1856}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2561}}
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26789}}
|percentage = 16.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:164353}}
|percentage = 56.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.44|83.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deoria district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

List of districts of Himachal Pradesh by highest point

2026-04-14T05:10:22Z

Mohit Raj:

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2013}}

This is a '''list of districts of [[Himachal Pradesh]] by highest point'''.

==Districts==

{| class="wikitable sortable" font=90%
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!District !!Highest Peak !!Height ([[metre|m]])
|-
| [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]]
| [[Shilla (mountain)|Shilla Peak]]<ref name ="peaklist"/>
| 7025
|-
| [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]]
| [[Mount Gya|Gya]]<ref name="peaklist">{{cite web|title= Snow Study Himachal Pradesh| url = https://snowstudy.in/himachal-pradesh-district-wise-highest-mountain-peaks|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 6,794
|-
| [[Kullu district|Kullu]]
| [[Parvati Parbat]]<ref name="guidehp">{{cite book|title= Guide to Trekking in Himachal: Over 65 Treks and 100 Destinations|isbn = 9788173871498| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-DvcK7Or0AIC&q=parvati+parvat+6632&pg=PA30|last1 = Chaudhry|first1 = Minakshi|year = 2003}}</ref>
| 6,632
|-
| [[Chamba district|Chamba]]
| Menthosa<ref name="alpjourn">{{cite web|title= The Army Mountaineering Association Himachal Pradesh Expedition 1973 | url = http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1974_files/AJ%201974%2021-27%20Fleming%20Kulu%20Lahul.pdf}}</ref>
| 6,443
|-
| [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| Shikar Beh
| 6,200
|-
| [[Shimla district|Shimla]]
| Pishu<ref name="himclub">{{cite web|title= EXPEDITIONS AND NOTES 10 WHAT DID YOU DO IN SORANG VALLEY? | url = https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/50/30/expeditions-and-notes-10-what-did-you-do-in-sorang-valley/}}</ref>
| 5,672
|-
| [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
| Nagru<ref name="hillagric">{{cite web |title=Mandi Distt Hill |url=https://snowstudy.in/himachal-pradesh-district-wise-highest-mountain-peaks |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 4400
|-
| [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]]
| Churdhar
| 3,647
|-
| [[Solan district|Solan]]
| Mount Karol
| 2,280
|-
| [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
| Bahadurpur
| 1,980
|-
| [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
| Awah Devi<ref name="hamirtemp">{{cite web |title=Hamirpur - Temples in the district |url=https://snowstudy.in/himachal-pradesh-district-wise-highest-mountain-peaks |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005033929/http://hphamirpur.nic.in/temple.htm |archivedate=5 October 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| 1137
|-
| [[Una district|Una]]
| Sola singhi fort 1200<ref name="hamirtemp" />
| 1,200
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Himachal Pradesh districts by highest point}}
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh-related lists|Highest points]]
[[Category:Districts of Himachal Pradesh|*]]
[[Category:Highest points of Indian states and union territories]]
[[Category:Lists of highest points in Asia]]
[[Category:Lists of mountains of India]]

Lanja Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:23:44Z

Mohit Raj: started new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lanja
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1976 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1976 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 67,646
| mla = Shiwajirao Sawant
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Lanja Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After 1976 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Rajapur Assembly constituency|Rajapur]] and [[Sangameshwar Assembly constituency|Sangameshwar]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Kalambate Vithal Ganesh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Athale Shashishekhar Kashinath || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | Shashishenkar Kashinath Athalye
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Shiwajirao Sawant || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Lanja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shiwajirao Sawant |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,939 |percentage = 60.34% |change = {{increase}}24.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagannathrao Jadhao |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 11,308 |percentage = 31.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vanjare Nana |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 2,376 |percentage = 6.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopal Kashinath Surve |party = Independent politician |votes = 734 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,631 |percentage = 29.24% |change = {{increase}}17.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,513 |percentage = 56.93% |change = {{decrease}}2.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,357}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,646 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}12.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Lanja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shashishenkar Kashinath Athalye |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 16,620 |percentage = 47.88% |change = {{decrease}}3.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shiwajirao Sawant |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,556 |percentage = 36.17% |change = {{increase}}12.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. R. Kamble |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,539 |percentage = 15.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,064 |percentage = 11.71% |change = {{decrease}}16.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,816 |percentage = 59.05% |change = {{increase}}22.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,715}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,039 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Lanja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shashishenkar Kashinath Athalye |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 9,562 |percentage = 51.62% |change = {{decrease}}29.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anna Shripat Vishwasrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,336 |percentage = 23.41% |change = {{increase}}11.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Babu Chaugule |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,669 |percentage = 14.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Purushottam Pandurang Chawan |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,958 |percentage = 10.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,226 |percentage = 28.21% |change = {{decrease}}41.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 20,283 |percentage = 36.96% |change = {{decrease}}4.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 18,525}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,876 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}29.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Lanja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Athale Shashishekhar Kashinath |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,824 |percentage = 80.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalambate Vithal Ganesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,521 |percentage = 11.44% |change = {{decrease}}27.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khanvilkar Appasaheb Balvantrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,700 |percentage = 7.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,303 |percentage = 69.42% |change = {{increase}}61.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,045 |percentage = 41.95% |change = {{increase}}9.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,045}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,547 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}14.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}41.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Lanja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kalambate Vithal Ganesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,831 |percentage = 39.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Athiye Shashishekhar Kashinath |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 6,288 |percentage = 31.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakurdesai Shivram Ganesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,143 |percentage = 15.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salvi Vinayakrao Shivramrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,652 |percentage = 13.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,543 |percentage = 7.75% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 19,914 |percentage = 32.49% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 19,914}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,299 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Ellis Memorial Church

2026-04-06T12:38:34Z

Mohit Raj: new redirect

#redirect [[CSI Ellis Memorial Church]]

Babanrao Vitthalrao Shinde

2026-04-04T03:36:24Z

Mohit Raj: made some bio from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = (1995-1999), (1999-2004), (2009-2014), (2014-2019), (2019
| term_end = 2024)
| predecessor = Pandurang Patil
| successor = [[Abhijeet Dhananjay Patil]]
| constituency = [[Madha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madha]]
| birth_date = 1 September 1951
| birth_place = [[Madha]], [[Solapur District]]
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| children =
| spouse =
}}

'''Babanrao Vitthalrao Shinde''' (born 1950) is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is a six time MLA from [[Madha Assembly constituency]] in [[Solapur district|Solapur District]]. He won the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Madha Election Results 2019 Live Updates (माढा): Shinde Babanrao Vitthalrao of NCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/madha-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2-2358657.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shinde is from Madha, Solapur District, Maharashtra. He is the son of Vitthalrao Maruti Shinde Patil. He passed Class 10, but discontinued his studies while studying Class 11 at Lokmanya Vidyalay, Pandharpur, in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shinde Babanrao Vitthalrao(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- Madha(SOLAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/mh2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=3237 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shinde won from Madha Assembly constituency representing Nationalist Congress Party in the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 1,42,573 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Sanjay Kokate of [[Shiv Sena|Shiva Sena]], by a huge margin of 68,245 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madha (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2022: Candidate List, Winner, Runner-Up, Latest News and Updates, Videos, Photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madha-election-results-in-maharashtra/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA as an independent candidate winning from [[Madha Assembly constituency]] in the [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] and continued his winning streak till 2019. He won on [[Nationalist Congress Party]] ticket in the next five elections in
[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]], [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]], [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]], [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=MADHA Assembly Election Results 2019: MADHA Maharashtra Election Schedule, Vote share and Results - India News |url=https://www.loksatta.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election/madha-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinde, Babanrao Vitthalrao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]

Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)

2026-04-02T11:29:08Z

Mohit Raj: creating bio

{{Short description|24th Chief of the Army Staff (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[General (India)|General]]
| image = Gen Bikram Singh.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| name = Bikram Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]
| office = 24th [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
| term_start = 1 June 2012
| term_end = 31 July 2014
| president = [[Pratibha Patil]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| prime_minister = [[Manmohan Singh]] [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[V. K. Singh]]
| successor = [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]]
| death_date =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|7|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[East Punjab]], [[India]]
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| service_years = 31 March 1972 – 31 July 2014
| rank = [[File:General of the Indian Army.svg|15px]] [[General (India)|General]]
| commands = [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee]] [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] [[File:IA_Eastern_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]] [[10th Indian Infantry Division|10th Infantry Division]]
| unit = [[Sikh Light Infantry]]
| battles =
| awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sena Medal]] [[File:US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png|20px]] [[Legion of Merit|Commander of the Legion of Merit]]
| spouse = Surjeet Kaur
| alma_mater = [[National Defence Academy]] [[Indian Military Academy]] [[United States Army War College]] [[The Punjab Public School, Nabha]]
| laterwork =
}}

[[General (India)|General]] '''Bikram Singh''', {{Small|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]}} <ref name="ibnknow">{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=xeJc3XP5Xi0gVSsqSjklJA==&ParentID=MwLOPn3l7BWODujIQNqObg==&flag=GaMXwIrIb4r/oM2QoLOXzQ== |title=Chief of the Army Staff |publisher=indianarmy.nic.in |access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref> (born 19 July 1952) is a retired Indian army officer who served as the 24th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]] (COAS) of the [[Indian Army]]. Previously the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the army's [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]], he succeeded [[V. K. Singh|General V. K. Singh]] as COAS on May 31, 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/know-your-new-army-chief-general-bikram-singh-485869|title=Know your new army chief, General Bikram Singh|work=NDTV}}</ref> He retired on 31 July 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/lt-gen-dalbir-singh-suhag-take-army-chief-today-1642409.html|title=Lt Gen Dalbir Singh Suhag to take over as army chief today|date=31 July 2014|publisher=First Post|location=New Delhi|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> He is the second [[Sikhs|Sikh]] to be COAS, the first having been [[Joginder Jaswant Singh|General J. J. Singh]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=PPI |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/344959/lt-general-bikram-singh-next-indian-army-chief/ |title=Lt General Bikram Singh to succeed Indian army chie |work=Express Tribune |access-date=31 May 2012}}</ref> He was also the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (CoSC) of the Indian armed forces.<ref>{{cite news |title=General Bikram Singh takes over as most senior military chief|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/General-Bikram-Singh-takes-over-as-most-senior-military-chief/articleshow/28149766.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102132505/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-30/india/45708640_1_cosc-next-iaf-chief-acm-browne|url-status=live|archive-date=2 January 2014|access-date=3 January 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 December 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Gen. Raymond T. Odierno speaks with Gen. Bikram Singh, chief of staff of the Indian Army, during an office call to the Pentagon in Washington, Dec. 5, 2013 131205-A-KH856-269.jpg|250px|thumbnail|[[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]], General [[Raymond T. Odierno]] speaking with Singh during an office call to [[The Pentagon]] in December 2013.]]

==Military career==
[[File:The Chief of Army Staff, General Bikram Singh with the Army Chief, Bangladesh, Gen. Iqbal Karim Bhuiyan, in Dhaka, Bangladesh on October 03, 2012.jpg|right|thumb|General Singh in India-Bangladesh Joint Meeting in October 2012 with [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Bangladeshi Chief of Army Staff]], General [[Iqbal Karim Bhuiyan]].]]
Born in Amritsar, he spent his early childhood with his family at Jammu. In 1962, he joined the Punjab Public School, Nabha.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} The future chief had considered becoming a doctor as he was an exceptional student of Zoology and Biology. But the wars of 1962 and 1965 motivated him to join the NDA in 1968. When asked whether he ever regrets the choice made, Bikram said, "If I were ever to be born again, I would only join the Indian Army."<ref name=":0" />

A graduate of the 40th course at the [[National Defence Academy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nda.nic.in/chief-of-staff.html |title=Chiefs of Staff |publisher=National Defence Academy |access-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> Singh was commissioned into the [[Sikh Light Infantry]] on 31 March 1972. On passing out from IMA, he was awarded J&K Rifles Gold Medal in Leadership and Tactics and the Shrinagesh trophy in firing. He was adjudged the 'Best Young Officer' at the Young Officer's course at the Infantry School and was also awarded both the Commando Dagger for being the best commando and the 'Best in Tactics' trophy. He later was an instructor at the Commando and Weapons Wings of the Infantry School.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/know-your-new-army-chief-general-bikram-singh-220536 |title=Know your new army chief, General Bikram Singh |work=ndtv.com |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=31 May 2012}}</ref>

He is also a graduate of the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington, Higher Command Course at Army War College, Mhow and US Army War College, Pennsylvania, USA, where he also won the ‘Annual Public Speaking Award’. Later in December 2013, he was inducted into the US Army War College ‘International Fellows Hall of Fame’. On 18 October 2013, he was awarded ‘The Legion of Merit’ by the United States government for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services.

The General’s Academic Qualifications include MSc (Defence Studies) from Madras University in 1986, M Phil (Defence & Management Studies) from Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore in 1997 and Master of Strategic Studies from US Army War College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, USA in 2004. In addition, the General was conferred with two Honorary Degrees of ‘Doctorate of Science’ by SGGS World University, Punjab in 2016 by the Chief Minister of Punjab and GNDU, Amritsar on 31 May 2018 by the Union HRD Minister Sh. Prakash Javadekar.

Gen Bikram Singh has served in three UN missions in Nicaragua ([[ONUCA]]), El Salvador ([[ONUSAL]]) and the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC). While in the first two missions he was the Chief operations Officer, in MONUC, he was the General Officer Commanding of a Multinational Division in the Democratic Republic of Congo. His Division contributed immensely in the initiation of ‘Goma Peace Process’. During his tenure in Congo, the former [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] [[Qamar Javed Bajwa]] served under his command as a brigade commander.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Pandit|first1=Rajat|date=November 27, 2016|title=General Qamar Javed Bajwa: Will Qamar Javed Bajwa be as hostile as Raheel Sharif to India?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/qamar-javed-bajwa-pakistans-new-army-chief-implications-for-india/articleshow/55641190.cms|access-date=2021-06-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

He has been the President of Indian Golf Union from 2012 to 2013 and the President of Indian Polo Association from June 2012 to 31 July 2014.

After completing the Higher Command Course, he served his first tenure as a Director in the Military Operations (MO) Directorate. The tenure coincided with the [[Kargil War]] and he was the official spokesperson of the Army during that period. He went on to serve four important tenures at Army HQ: an additional tenure in the MO Directorate as the Deputy Director General, two tenures in the Perspective Planning Directorate, as the Deputy Director General of Perspective Planning (Strategy) and later, as the Additional Director General. He was posted back to the Army HQ as a Lieutenant General to serve as the Director General Staff Duties before taking over as Eastern Army Commander.<ref name="NDTV"/> Colleagues remember him for being a 'soldier's soldier' for spending time and working hard with his troops on the ground.

He has held positions of [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer-Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]], [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]], GOC [[10th Indian Infantry Division|10th Infantry Division]], Commander of Rashtriya Rifles Sector and GOC of the Multi-National Eastern Division in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref name="NDTV"/> He was wounded while posted as a [[Brigadier]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], where he has spent much of his service.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/i-have-shed-my-blood-in-kashmir-valley-army-chief/972128/| title= I have shed my blood in Kashmir Valley: Army Chief| date= 9 July 2012}}</ref>

==Retirement==
Bikram Singh retired as Chief of Army Staff on 31 July 2014. He was succeeded by [[General (India)|General]] [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=105072 |title=Lt Gen Dalbir Singh Will be the Next Chief of Army Staff |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref>
Post retirement he has continuously expressed views on strategic [[XVII Corps (India)|Mountain Strike Corps (MSC)]], with presentations.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-stand-off-general-bikram-singh-political-efforts-shouldnt-lull-us-into-complacency-6465674/ General Bikram Singh: ‘Political efforts shouldn’t lull us into complacency’][https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-s-mountain-strike-corps-gets-10-000-additional-troops-firepower-for-ops-along-china-border-1789122-2021-04-09][https://theprint.in/defence/as-tensions-with-china-continue-beefed-up-mountain-strike-corps-reaches-arunachal-for-exercise/756844/]</ref>

==Family==
Bikram Singh is married to Surjeet Kaur and the couple has two children.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bikram-Singh-assumes-charge-as-new-Army-chief/articleshow/13684772.cms | title= Bikram Singh assumes charge as new Army chief| date=31 May 2012 | work=The Times Of India}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
{|
|
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sena Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:Wound Medal-India.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:India General Service Medal 1947.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|105px]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:UN ONUSAL Medal ribbon.svg|104px]]
|[[File:UN ONUCA Medal ribbon.svg|104px]]
|[[File:UN UNMIK Medal ribbon.svg|104px]]
|-
|colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png|width=90}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
|
|-
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Sena Medal]]
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Wound Medal (India)|Wound Medal]]
|-
|[[General Service Medal 1947|General Service Medal - Mizo Hills]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Sangram Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|-
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|25th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[ONUSAL]]
|[[ONUCA]]
|[[UNMIK]]
|-
|colspan="4"|Commander of the [[Legion of Merit]] (United States)
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 31 March 1972<ref name="commission">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1256 |date=3 November 1973 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1973/O-1287-1973-0044-57336.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 31 March 1974<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=984 |date=24 August 1974 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1974/O-1255-1974-0034-55611.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 31 March 1978<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=671 |date=8 July 1978 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1978/O-1094-1978-0027-48193.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 31 July 1984<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=652 |date=11 May 1985 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1985/O-0780-1985-0019-34598.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 April 1992<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=323 |date=5 February 1994 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1994/O-0361-1994-0006-14309.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 January 1995<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=175 |date=1 February 1997 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1997/O-0205-1997-0005-7654.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 29 March 2002<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2491 |date=17 December 2005 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2005/W_51_2012_115.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 1 March 2006<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=605 |date=14 April 2007 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2007/W_15_2011_062.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 25 November 2008 (seniority from 1 November)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=565 |date=21 March 2009 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2009/W_12_2011_091.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[General (India)|General]] (COAS) || Indian Army || 1 June 2012<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1719 |date=17 November 2012 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2012/W_46_2012_135.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bikram Singh}}
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2957641.ece Bikram Singh Army Chief]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Norman Anil Kumar Browne]]
|title = [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
| years = 2014
| after = [[Arup Raha]]}}
{{succession box | before = [[V. K. Singh|Vijay Kumar Singh]]
|title = [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]]
| years = 2012–2014
| after = [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]]}}
{{succession box
|before = [[V. K. Singh|Vijay Kumar Singh]]
|title = [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer-Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
|years = 2010 - 2012
|after =[[Dalbir Singh Suhag]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief of the Army Staff India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bikram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:People from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:United States Army War College alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Army War College, Mhow alumni]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]

Rhantus tigris

2026-04-01T18:03:45Z

Mohit Raj: Added Details

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
|image =
|taxon = Rhantus tigris
|authority = [[Michael Balke|Balke]], 1995<ref name="Balke 1995"/>
}}

'''''Rhantus tigris''''' is a species of [[water beetle]] in the family [[Dytiscidae]].<ref name=CoL/> It was described in 1995 by [[species:Michael Balke|Michael Balke]].<ref name="Balke 1995"/><ref name=CoL/> It is known from [[Assam]], India.<ref name="Balke 1995"/><ref name="Ghosh & Nilsson 2012"/> It measures about {{cvt|14|mm}} in length.<ref name="Balke 1995"/>

==References==
<references>

<ref name="Balke 1995">{{cite journal |last1=Balke |first1=Michael |title=Revision of the Afrotropical-Oriental ''Rhantus rugulosus''-clade (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) |journal=Entomologica Scandinavica |date=1995 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=229–239 |doi=10.1163/187631295X00206}}</ref>

<ref name=CoL>{{Catalogue of Life |id=4S3PT |title=''Rhantus tigris'' Balke, 1995 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Ghosh & Nilsson 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sujit Kr. |last2=Nilsson |first2=Anders N. |name-list-style=amp |title=Catalogue of the diving beetles of India and adjacent countries (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) |journal=Skörvnöpparn |date=2012 |volume=Suppl. 3 |pages=1-77 |url=https://www.sef.nu/download/norrent_filarkiv/skorvnopparn_supplement/SN_Supplement_3.pdf }}</ref>

</references>

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2245747}}

[[Category:Rhantus|tigris]]
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 1995]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Michael Balke]]

{{Dytiscidae-stub}}

Bulleh Shah

2026-03-27T07:51:50Z

Mohit Raj: added info

{{short description|Punjabi philosopher and poet (1680–1757)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Bulleh Shah
| native_name = {{nobold|{{nq|بُلّھے شاہ}}}}
| native_name_lang = pnb
| image = Bulleh Shah's Shrine.JPG
| image_size = 180px
| caption = The tomb of Bulleh Shah in [[Kasur]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| title =
| birth_date = {{circa|1680}}
| birth_place = [[Uch]], [[Subah of Multan|Multan Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1757|08|30|1680|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kasur]], [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| philosophy =
| lineage =
| resting_place = [[#Tomb|Darbar Baba Bulleh Shah, Kasur]]
| attributes =
| patronage =
| issues =
| influences = [[Shah Hussain]] [[Shah Inayat Qadiri]] [[Baba Farid]] [[Sultan Bahu]]
| major_works =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| footnotes =
| denomination =
| birth_name = Sayyid Abdullāh Shāh Qādrī
| Sufi_order =
| main_interests = {{Hlist|''[[Tassawuf]]''|''[[ishq]]''|[[philosophy]]|[[Sufi poetry|poetry]]|[[Love of God#Islam|Divine love]]|[[humanism]]}}
| father = Shah Muhammad Darwaish
| mother = Fatima Bibi
| influenced = [[Mian Muhammad Bakhsh]] [[Khwaja Ghulam Farid]] [[Bhagat Singh]] [[Muhammad Iqbal]] [[Ali Arshad Mir]] [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]] [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] [[Pathanay Khan]] [[Jam Saqi]] [[Abida Parveen]] [[Taimur Rahman]]
| teachers = [[Shah Inayat Qadiri]]
| module = {{Infobox writer |embed=yes
| genre = {{Hlist|[[Love]]|[[divine love]]|[[Sufi poetry|Islamic mysticism]]|[[social commentary|society]]|[[nature]]|[[self-reflection]]|''[[Nazm]]''|''[[Kafi]]''}}
| notableworks =
| pseudonym = {{hlist|''Bulleh Shāh''|''Bulleyā''}}
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
}}
}}
{{Sufism}}
{{Punjabis}}
'''Sayyid Abdullāh Shāh Qādrī'''{{efn|{{langx|pnb|{{nq|سید عبداللہ شاہ قادری}}}}, {{IPA|pa|ˈsəˈjəd əbdʊ‿ˈláː ʃáː kaːdᵊɾiː|pron}}}} ({{circa|1680}} – 1757), popularly known as [[Baba (honorific)|Baba]] '''Bulleh Shah'''{{efn|also [[Romanization|romanised]] as '''Bullhē Shāh'''; {{langx|pnb|{{nq|بُلّھے شاہ}}}}, {{IPA|pa|ˈbʊlːèː ʃáː|pron}}}} and [[Vocative case|vocatively]] as '''Bulleya''',{{efn|also [[Romanization|romanised]] as '''Bullhēyā'''; {{langx|pnb|{{nq|بُلھیا}}}}, {{IPA|pa|bʊlːè'(j)aː|pron}}}} was a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] revolutionary [[philosopher]], [[reformist|reformer]] and poet, regarded as one of the greatest [[List of Punjabi-language poets|poets]] of the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language and revered as the 'Father of Punjabi Enlightenment'. His [[#Poetry|literary oeuvre]], comprising ~150 ''[[kafi]]'' and 94 other [[poetry|poetic compositions]], reflect themes of [[Sufism|Sufi]] and [[Humanism|humanist]] [[philosophy]] — for which he is regarded as 'Poet of the People' among Punjabis.{{efn|{{langx|pnb|{{nq|لوکاں دے شاعر}}|Lōkāñ dē śā'ir}}<ref name=Poetry>{{cite web|url=https://www.sikhawareness.com/topic/10305-bulleh-shahs-poetry-mentions-of-dasam-patshah/ |title=Bulleh Shah's Poetry (mentions of Dasam Patshah) - Islam |website=sikhawareness.com|author=shaheediyan |date=26 January 2008 |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Comparative theology in the millennial classroom : hybrid identities, negotiated boundaries |date=2016 |editor1=Mara Brecht |editor2=Reid B. Locklin |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-51250-9 |location=New York |oclc=932622675}}</ref><ref name=APNA>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnaorg.com/poetry/bullahn/ |title=The Life of Bulleh Shah|website=Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNA) website|author=J.R. Puri |author2=T.R. Shangari|access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref>}}

Born in [[Uch]], [[Subah of Multan]], Bulleh Shah belonged to a family of religious scholars. In his juvenile years, his family moved to [[Malakwal]], and later [[Pandoke, Lahore|Pandoke]], in the [[Subah of Lahore]]; where he got his early education from his father, while working as a [[herder]], in the village. He received his higher religious education at [[Kasur]] from [[Hafiz Ghulam Murtaza]]; and later studied in [[Lahore]] under [[Shah Inayat Qadiri]].

Bulleh Shah's poetry resonated with a wide audience due to the use of [[Colloquialism|colloquial language]]; employing [[metaphors]] and [[imagery]] to convey complex spiritual ideas to those outside formal religious circles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-08 |title=Poet Of The People: The Time And Kalam Of Bulleh Shah |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2022/04/08/poet-of-the-people-the-time-and-kalam-of-bulleh-shah/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=The Friday Times |language=en}}</ref> He became known for his [[Sufi literature|mystic poetry]], which blended his [[philosophy]] of [[Tawhid|oneness of god]], [[Love of God#Islam|divine love]], [[social equality]]; and critiqued social norms and institutions for exploiting the ordinary people. Bulleh Shah's works also left an impact on the Punjabi language, marking a new era of [[Punjabi literature]] which helped propagate a literary variety of Punjabi, based on colloquial speech, employing nuances from various [[Punjabi dialects|local forms]] of the language.<ref name="RefQ">{{Cite book |last=Snehi |first=Yogesh |title=Spatializing popular Sufi shrines in Punjab : dreams, memories, territoriality |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-429-51220-9 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |publisher=Routledge |oclc=1098274711}}</ref><ref name="RefL">{{Cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/3685 |title=Travels of Bollywood Cinema: From Bombay to LA |date=2012-02-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807598-1 |editor-last=Roy |editor-first=Anjali Gera |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075981.001.0001 |editor-last2=Huat |editor-first2=Chua Beng}}</ref>

He spent most of his life in Kasur, where he died at the age of 77.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Abbas |first=Sadia |title=At Freedom's Limit : Islam and the Postcolonial Predicament |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-8232-5786-7 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Fordham University Press |oclc=1204032457}}</ref> His poetry has been ingrained in Punjabi proverbs, ''[[Punjabi Qisse|qisse]]'', and [[Punjabi folklore|folk traditions]]; and has been recited at many cultural events, particularly his ''[[kafi]]s'', including one organized by [[UNESCO]].<ref name=":8" /> The songs based on his lyrics have been sung on important occasions, including one at [[White House]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-22 |title=A cappella group Penn Masala perform Bollywood songs at White House before PM Modi's arrival |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/a-cappella-group-penn-masala-perform-bollywood-songs-at-white-house-before-modis-arrival-8680706/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It has also brought forth many modern renditions, particularly in the form of ''[[qawwali]]''.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The Oral and intangible heritage of South Asia: Performances by 40 dancers and musicians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000160005 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref>

== Biography ==
===Early life and education===
There is no consensus on Bulleh Shah's real name. While mainstream historians assert it was 'Abdullah,' some scholars argue that it was 'Bu Ali.'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soofi |first=Mushtaq |date=2021-07-19 |title=Punjab Notes: Fazal Farid Laleka: Bullah's name and Khawaja Farid's Masnavi |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1635870 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

Bulleh Shah was born around 1680 in [[Uch]], [[Subah of Multan]], in [[History of Punjab#Mughal Empire|Mughal Punjab]] into a [[Sayyid]] family.

Bulleh Shah's father, Shah Muhammad Darwaish, was well-versed in [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and the [[Quran]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Raj |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC&dq=bl&pg=PA190 |title=Encyclopaedia of Untouchables, Ancient, Medieval and Modern |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |isbn=978-81-7835-664-8 |location=Delhi, India |page=190 |language=English |oclc=277277425 |quote=It is said that from among the ancestors of Bulleh Shah, Syed Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari came to Multan from Surakh-Bukhara three hundred years earlier. [...] Bulleh Shah's family, of being Sayyiad caste, was related to prophet Muhammad [...] Bulleh Shah's father, Shah Mohammed Dervish, was well versed in Arabic, Persian and the holy Qura'n. [...] There is a strong historical evidence to show that Bulleh Shah was an eminent scholar of Arabic and Persian.}}</ref> For unknown reasons, in his early life, his family moved to [[Malakwal]], a village near [[Sahiwal]]. Bulleh Shah had at least one sister who was also [[Sufism|Sufi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Shāh |first=Bullhe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hic3XnRU-VgC |title=The Mystic Muse |date=1996 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-341-0 |language=en}}</ref> Both siblings never married.<ref name=":10" /> According to another account, he had two sisters and none of them ever married.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Journal of Punjab Studies (Vol. 3) (1996) |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=sister+of+bullhe+shah&tbm=bks |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>

Later, when Bulleh Shah was six years old, his family moved to [[Pandoke, Lahore|Pandoke]], which is 50 miles southeast of [[Kasur]]. Bulleh Shah was schooled by his father along with the other children of the village. Most sources confirm that Bulleh Shah had to work, as a child and adolescent, as a [[herder]] in the village. It is confirmed that he received his higher education in Kasur. Some historians claim that Bulleh Shah received his education at a highly reputed madrassa run by [[Hafiz Ghulam Murtaza]], where he taught for some time after his graduation. After his early education, he went to [[Lahore]] where he studied with [[Shah Inayat Qadiri]], a [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[murshid]] of Lahore.<ref name="APNA" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-25|title=Bulleh Shah|url=https://sufipoetry.wordpress.com/poets/bulleh-shah/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Sufi Poetry|language=en}}</ref> Bulleh Shah later became an eminent scholar of [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name=":0" />

By [[Social class|social stratum]], Bulleh Shah was a [[peasant]].<ref name=":10" /> He had at least one unmarried sister.<ref name=":13">{{Citation |last=Mobeen |first=Shahid |title=The Imaginatively Constituted I-Center and Fana (Annulment of Egoic-I) for a Sustainable Future in the Islamic Philosophy of Bulleh Shah |date=2024 |work=Eco-Imagination towards a Sustainable Future: Perspectives from Philosophies in Islam |series=Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology in Dialogue |volume=8 |pages=143–154 |editor-last=Quintern |editor-first=Detlev |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67659-8_11 |access-date=2025-08-03 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-67659-8_11 |isbn=978-3-031-67659-8 |editor2-last=Verducci |editor2-first=Daniela|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Among his friends included Darshi Nath, a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[fakir]].<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lineamenti Di Antropologia Filosofica - Ales Bello Angela Mobeen S.: 9788872330913 - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.com/9788872330913/Lineamenti-Antropologia-Filosofica-Ales-Bello-8872330912/plp |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref>

One of the oldest texts to mention him is Gazetteer of the Multan District (1901–02) prepared and published by [[Edward Douglas MacLagan]] in 1902.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Maclagan |first=E. D. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181748 |title=Gazetteer Of The Multan District (1901-02) |date=1902}}</ref> The text identified Shah as the "best known, and it is said the first, writer of [[kafi]]s."<ref name=":14" /> However, his kafis were published for the first time as "Qanun-i-Ishq", in 1889, by Anwar Ali in [[Lahore]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Janoo |first=Yahya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5fiAAAAMAAJ |title=The Pride of the East: Profile of Two Hundred Eminent Personalities of East |date=1996 |publisher=Owais Enterprise |language=en}}</ref>

===Persecution===
There is a fort-like [[Gurdwara]] in [[Daftuh]] that was built in the 18th century by the Sikh Chieftainess [[Bibi (title)|Bibi]] Isher Kaur, who donated 80 squares of land for its construction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Indiablooms |title=Pakistan 'neglects' Gurdwara dedicated to Baba Bulleh Shah {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/world-details/SA/41262/pakistan-neglects-gurdwara-dedicated-to-baba-bulleh-shah.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Indiablooms.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Qaiṣar |first=Iqbāl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3nXAAAAMAAJ |title=پاكستان وچ سكھاں دياں تواريخى پوتر تھاواں |date=1998 |publisher=Punjabi History Board |language=pa}}</ref> Bulleh Shah took refuge in this Gurdwara after a group of Islamic fundamentalists started threatening his life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-25 |title=An ode to Baba Bulleh Shah, historic gurdwara in Pakistan falls to nature's vagaries, govt's apathy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sufi-poet-baba-bulleh-shah-gurdwara-sahib-in-pakistan-punjab-heritage-8858407/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9" />

In his bad times, when even his family looked down upon him (for accepting a lower-caste [[Shah Inayat Qadiri]] as a teacher), his sister loved him and stood with him.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":0" />

During his lifetime, he was outcast as [[kafir]] (non-believer) by some Muslim clerics.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Waheed |first=Sarah Fatima |title=Hidden histories of Pakistan : censorship, literature, and secular nationalism in late colonial India |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-99351-7 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |oclc=1263249486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghulam |first=Chatha Akbar |title=Faith, Not Religions : a Collection Of Essays. |date=2012 |publisher=iUniverse.Com |isbn=978-1-4759-6461-5 |oclc=1124524187}}</ref>

===Death===
He died in 1757, at the age of 77.<ref name="indiatimes1" /> He was buried in [[Kasur]], where he had spent most of his life. As he was declared a [[kafir]] (a non-believer), religious fundamentalists of Kasur claimed it was prohibited to offer the prayer at his funeral. He was then buried on the outskirts of Kasur and his funeral prayer was led by Syed Zahid Hamdani, a renowned religious personality of Kasur.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1332459|title=My visit to Bulleh Shah's tomb made me feel an otherworldly sense of peace|last=Zia|first=Sidra|date=17 June 2019|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|language=en|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>

===Tomb===
A [[dargah]] was built over his tomb in the following decades. It is now, officially, a protected monument under regulation of the [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab government]]. The tomb's premises are too small to accommodate the large number of visitors it receives each year. In 2024, due to overcrowding, the local government canceled several events and had to restrict entry to manage the overwhelming influx of people.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Afzal |date=2024-09-02 |title=Bulleh Shah Urs: Kasur officials struggle to deal with devotees' influx |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1856232 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

== Poetry ==
Bulleh Shah lived after the Punjabi Sufi poet and saint [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar]] (1179–1266), and lived in the same period as other Punjabi Sufi poet [[Sultan Bahu]] (1629–1691). His lifespan also overlapped with the Punjabi poet [[Waris Shah]] (1722–1799), who is famous for ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'', the Sindhi Sufi poet [[Sachal Sarmast]] (1739–1829), and the Pashto poet [[Khushal Khattak]] (1613–1689). Amongst [[Urdu]] poets, Bulleh Shah lived 400 miles away from [[Mir Taqi Mir]] (1723–1810) of [[Delhi]].<ref name=Dawn/>

Bulleh Shah practised the Sufi tradition of Punjabi poetry established by poets like [[Shah Hussain]] (1538–1599), [[Sultan Bahu]] (1629–1691), and [[Shah Sharaf]] (1640–1724).<ref name=Dawn/>

The verse form Bulleh Shah primarily employed is the [[Kafi]], popular in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] poetry.<ref name=APNA/> His poetry is a mixture of traditional mystic thought and intellectualism.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1987 |isbn=9788126018031 |location=New Delhi |pages=600 |language=English}}</ref>

Many people have put his [[Kafi]]s to music, from humble street-singers to renowned Sufi singers like [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Fareed Ayaz]], [[Pathanay Khan]], [[Abida Parveen]], the [[Waddali Brothers]], [[Iqbal Bahu]] and [[Sain Zahoor]], from the synthesised techno [[qawwali]] remixes of UK-based Asian artists to the Pakistani rock band [[Junoon (band)|Junoon]].<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

Among the most distinguished persons to be influenced by Bulleh Shah's poetry had been [[Muhammad Iqbal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sud |first=Kider Nath |url=https://archive.org/details/iqbalhispoemsare0000unse |title=Iqbal and His Poems - A Reappraisal |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1969 |location=Delhi |pages=41 |language=English}}</ref> It is maintained that Iqbal took his last breath while listening to his kafi.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indian Horizons; Volumes 26-27 |publisher=[[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] |year=1977 |location=New Delhi |pages=43 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=Kartar Singh |title=Literary Encounters; Volume 1 |publisher=Marwah Publications |year=1980 |location=India |pages=8 |language=English}}</ref>

He is the "most famous and celebrated" Punjabi poet<ref name="RefQ"/> and is widely recognized as "poet par excellence".<ref name="RefL"/> A sample of his poetic work is presented below:

'''Verse 1:'''

"''The [[mullah]] and the torch-bearer''

''Hail from the same stock;''

''They give light to others,''

''And themselves are in the dark.''"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bullhe |first=Shāh |date=1986 |url=http://archive.org/details/bullehshah0000unse |title=Bulleh Shah : the love-intoxicated iconoclast |editor-first1=J.R. |editor-last1=Puri |editor-first2=T.R. |editor-last2=Shangari |publisher=Radha Soami Satsang Beas |location=Punjab |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

'''Verse 2:'''

"''Let anyone who calls me [[Sayyid]] be punished''

''with the tortures of hell;''

''And let him revel in the pleasures of heaven,''

''who labels me an [[Arain]]''."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shāh |first1=Bullhe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQE2AAAAMAAJ |title=Bulleh Shah: The Love-intoxicated Iconoclast |last2=Puri |first2=J. R. |date=1986 |publisher=Radha Soami Satsang Beas |language=en}}</ref>

'''Verse 3:'''

'''“'''''Not a believer in the'' ''[[mosque]] am I,''

''Nor a disbeliever with his rites am I.''

''I am not the pure amongst the impure,''

''I am neither [[Moses]] nor [[Pharaoh]]''.”

== Philosophy and views ==
Bulleh Shah's non-orthodox views and simple language played important role in popularization of his poetry. It has been noted in literature that "one reason for his all-time popularity is his relatively modern vocabulary."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Crossing boundaries |date=1997 |publisher=Orient Longman |author=Geeti Sen |isbn=81-250-1341-5 |location=New Delhi |oclc=38257676}}</ref> Among the core tenets of his philosophy includes humanism, equality, tolerance, rejection of double standards, and defiance to the authority of [[Ulama]] and blind faith in their authority. For his criticism of replication of beliefs (blind faith and following), the "Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare" compared Bulleh Shah with [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cobb |first=Mark |title=Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare. |date=2012 |publisher=OUP Oxford |others=Christina M. Puchalski, Bruce Rumbold |isbn=978-0-19-150218-7 |location=Oxford |oclc=867929609}}</ref> For his "ruthless [analysis of] human society" and an "unending quest" to change it, he is often compared with [[Karl Marx]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soofi |first=Mushtaq |date=2019-08-26 |title=Punjab Notes: Bulleh Shah: beyond caste and its polluting touch |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1501710 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> Among major taboos in his philosophy was reciting words without comprehending them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knight |first=Michael Muhammad |title=Journey to the End of Islam. |date=2009 |publisher=Soft Skull Press |isbn=978-1-59376-552-1 |location=Berkeley |oclc=826853777}}</ref> He was a reformer with very much conscious of the contemporary religious, political and social situations.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Harish |title=First Raj of the Sikhs : the Life and Times of Banda Singh Bahadur. |date=2013 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-39-5 |location=Carlsbad |oclc=858762739}}</ref>

In Bulleh Shah's poetry, [[Sufism]] can be seen as an indigenous philosophy of political activism and class struggle<ref name="Inam">{{Cite web |last=Inam |first=Moniza |date=2018-03-11 |title=IN MEMORIAM: THE SUFI COMMUNIST |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1394228 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> and resistance to powerful institutions like religion and imperialism.<ref name=":1" /> Through his poems he spoke against "religious, political and social patriarchal high handedness" of his time.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Gaur |first=I. D. |title=Martyr as bridegroom : a folk representation of Bhagat Singh |date=2008 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-81-905835-0-3 |location=New Delhi, India |oclc=227921397}}</ref> This side of his poetry is evident from his defying of the imperial ban on dancing and singing,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bullhe Shāh,?-1758? |title=The mystic muse |date=1996 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |others=Kartar Singh Duggal |isbn=81-7017-341-8 |location=New Delhi |oclc=35151781}}</ref> and support for [[Sikhs]], in general, and [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]<ref name=":2" /> and [[Guru Gobind Singh]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lakshman Singh |first=Bhagat |title=Short sketch of the life and work of Guru Govind Singh, the 10th and last guru of the Sikhs |date=1995 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=81-206-0576-4 |location=New Delhi |oclc=858588727}}</ref> in particular, in their struggle against the imperialist [[Mughal Empire]]. Thus, his version of Sufism is usually considered opposite to that of [[Ali al-Hujwiri|Ali Hajweri]] and other 'more spiritual' Sufis who were confined to their libraries and schools and rarely participated in public discourse.<ref name=":3" />

Bulleh Shah was a "revolutionary" and "rebel" poet who spoke against powerful religious, political and social institutions of his time<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> and, thus, his influence can be seen on many noted socialists, progressives and workers and women rights activists like [[Jam Saqi]],<ref name="Inam"/> [[Taimur Rahman]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Loye Loye Bhar Ly Kurye Sung By Taimur Rehman, LAAL Band. | date=14 August 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOlN8tghs0g |language=en |access-date=2023-02-16}}</ref> [[Bhagat Singh]],<ref name=":4" /> [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolf |first=Richard K. |title=The voice in the drum : music, language, and emotion in Islamicate South Asia |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-252-09650-1 |location=Urbana |oclc=894227410 |publisher=University of Illinois Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Husain |first=Imdad |title=An introduction to the poetry of Faiz Ahmed Faiz |date=1989 |publisher=Vanguard Books |isbn=969-402-000-X |location=Lahore |oclc=21322031}}</ref> [[Madeeha Gauhar]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-12 |title=Ajoka holds festival to mark 9/11 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1042289 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> and Major Ishaque Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kazmi |first=Sara |title=Of subalterns and Sammi trees: Echoes of Ghadar in the Punjabi literary movement |url=https://socialiststudies.com/index.php/sss/article/download/27242/20156/69627 |journal=[[Socialist Studies (Society for Socialist Studies journal)|Socialist Studies]] |year=2018 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=114–133|doi=10.18740/ss27242 |s2cid=150355584 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Humanism]] is the key attribute of the life and works of Bulleh Shah.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-first=Amin |editor-last=Asfari |date=2020 |title=Civility, Nonviolent Resistance, and the New Struggle for Social Justice |isbn=978-90-04-41758-8 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |oclc=1130904784}}</ref>

==Modern renderings==
===Bands and albums===
In the 1990s, [[Junoon (band)|Junoon]], a rock band from Pakistan, rendered his poems "[[Bullah Ki Jaana]]" and "Aleph" ("Ilmon Bas Kareen O Yaar"). In 2004, [[India]]n musician [[Rabbi Shergill]] turned the classical poem "Bullah Ki Jaana" into a rock/fusion song in his debut album ''[[Rabbi (album)|Rabbi]]''; the song was a chart-topper in 2005, helping the album to eventually sell over 10,000 copies and became immensely popular in India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050604/asp/calcutta/story_4806895.asp|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011175204/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050604/asp/calcutta/story_4806895.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2017| title = Soundscape for the soul| author = Zeeshan Jawed| website = The Telegraph (Kolkata newspaper)| location = Calcutta| date = 4 June 2005| access-date = 20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/04/11/stories/2005041100540100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105132448/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/04/11/stories/2005041100540100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012| title = Urban balladeer| author = Bageshree S.| date = 11 April 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]| access-date = 20 May 2020}}</ref>

The [[Wadali brothers|Wadali Bandhu]], a Punjabi Sufi group from India, have also released a version of "Bullah Ki Jaana" in their album ''Aa Mil Yaar... Call of the Beloved''. They also worked with British-Punjabi music composer, [[Mukhtar Sahota]], to create their own rendition of a famous [[Folk music of Punjab|Punjabi folk song]], "Charkha" which was released in May 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFAHyGWc1AY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/FFAHyGWc1AY|archive-date=2024-03-24 |url-status=live|title=Charka - Mukhtar Sahota & Wadali's - Unpredictable |via=YouTube |date=4 May 2007 |access-date=24 March 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Another version was performed by [[Lakhwinder Wadali]] and entitled "Bullah".{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} [[Dama Dam Mast Qalandar]], a qawwali composed in honour of [[Shahbaz Qalandar]], has been one of Bulleh Shah's most popular poems and has been frequently rendered by many Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi singers including [[Noor Jehan]], [[Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Abida Parveen]], [[Sabri Brothers]], Wadali brothers, [[Reshma (Pakistani singer)|Reshman]] and [[Runa Laila]]. Other qawwali songs by Bulleh Shah, include "[[Sade Vehre Aya Kar]]" and "[[Mera Piya Ghar Aaya]]".<ref name="indiatimes1"/> In 2008, a version of Bulleh Shah's famous verse, ''Aao Saiyo Ral Deyo Ni Wadhai'', was sung by [[Shafqat Amanat Ali|Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan]], for his debut solo album, ''[[Tabeer (album)|Tabeer]]''. Ali named the song "Bulleh Shah" in honor of the poet.

In 2016, a collaboration between two EDM artists ([[Headhunterz]] and Skytech) named "Kundalini" used words created by Bulleh Shah, as well as having the words Bulleh Shah in the lyrics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8zB7QKU87c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/e8zB7QKU87c |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Headhunterz & Skytech – Kundalini (Official Music Video) |via=YouTube |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=17 January 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Bulleh Shah's verses have been an inspiration to painters as well, as in the two series of paintings (''Jogia Dhoop'' and ''Shah Shabad'') by an Indian painter [[Geeta Vadhera]] inspired by the poetry of Bulleh Shah and other Sufi poets and saints. In 2017, British-Pakistani singer [[Yasir Akhtar]] used Bulleh Shah's poetry in his song "Araam Naal Kar – Take it Easy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0l9kI5-aiGQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/0l9kI5-aiGQ |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=<nowiki>Yasir Akhtar | Araam Naal Kar – Take it Easy ft.Martay M'Kenzy (Official Video)</nowiki>|date=3 February 2017|access-date=16 February 2017|via=YouTube|publisher=Yasir Akhtar}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/130751-Yasir-Akhtar-the-singing-sensation-is-back-with-Aram-Nal-Kar|title=Yasir Akhtar, the singing sensation, is back with 'Aram Nal Kar'|date=11 February 2017|access-date=16 February 2017|via=Geo News|publisher=Tanveer Khatana}}</ref> In 2019, [[Sona Mohapatra]] used a verse of Bulleh Shah in her song "R.A.T. Mashup".{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

===Films===
The 1973 movie [[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]] song by [[Narendra Chanchal]] starts with the verse ''Beshaq mandir masjid todo, Bulleh Shah ye kahta''. Some of Bulleh Shah's verses, including "[[Tere Ishq Nachaya]]", have been adapted and used in [[Bollywood]] film songs including "[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]", which featured [[Shah Rukh Khan]], and "Thayya Thayya" in the 1998 film ''[[Dil Se..]]'', "Tere Ishq Nachaya" in the 2002 film ''[[Shaheed-E-Azam]]'' and "Ranjha Ranjha" in the 2010 film ''[[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]]''.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Bulleh-Shahs-poetry-in-present-day/articleshow/14098893.cms |title=Bulleh Shah's poetry in present day|website=Times Of India|date=13 June 2012 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> In a 2002 [[BBC]] poll, people from 155 countries voted "[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]" as one of the best songs of all time, as it ranked 9th out of over 7,000 songs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mouli |first=Chandra |date=2025-03-12 |title=SRK's song Chaiyya Chaiyya and its Sufi connection |url=https://www.siasat.com/srks-song-chaiyya-chaiyya-and-its-sufi-connection-3193150/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> The song inspired the soundtrack of the [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] movie [[Inside Man]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blanchard |first=Terence |title=The Official Terence Blanchard Website > Discography > Inside Man (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=http://www.terenceblanchard.com/discography/inside-man-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524162840/http://www.terenceblanchard.com/discography/inside-man-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |archive-date=2013-05-24 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=www.terenceblanchard.com |language=en}}</ref>

The 2007 Pakistani movie ''[[Khuda Kay Liye]]'' includes Bulleh Shah's poetry in the song "Bandeya Ho". The 2008 [[Bollywood]] film, ''[[A Wednesday!|A Wednesday]]'', included a song titled "Bulle Shah, O Yaar Mere". In 2014, [[Ali Zafar]] sung some of his verses as "[[Chal Bulleya|Chal Buleya]]" for Bollywood soundtrack album ''[[Total Siyapaa]]'', and the song was reprised by Zafar same year in ''[[Pakistan Idol]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/556499-lady-dadas-nightmare |title=Lady Dada's Nightmare – I | Instep |work=The News International |date=15 June 2014 |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> The 2016 Bollywood films ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]'' and ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' feature the song "Bulleya", sung by Papon and Amit Mishra respectively, which is short for Bulleh Shah.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} Poetry of Bulleh Shah was also used in 2015 film ''[[Wedding Pullav]]'' composed by [[Salim–Sulaiman]].<ref name="indiatimes1" /> A song "Hun Kis Theen" based on his poetry was also featured in Punjabi animated film ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sikh-history-hasnt-been-documented-well-and-some-of-the-versions-available-are-inaccurate-4365320/ |title=Sikh history hasn't been documented well and some of the versions available are inaccurate |work=The Indian Express |date=9 November 2016 |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref>

===Coke Studio (Pakistan)===
In 2009, the [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 2)|season 2]] of ''[[Coke Studio (Pakistani TV program)|Coke Studio]]'' featured "Aik Alif" performed by [[Sain Zahoor]] and [[Noori]]. [[Ali Zafar]] also used some of Bulleh Shah and [[Shah Hussain]]'s verses in his "Dastan-e-Ishq".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zr8NGEGTK6Q |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Zr8NGEGTK6Q |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Dastaan-e-ishq, Ali Zafar – BTS, Coke Studio Pakistan, Season 2|date=23 June 2009|via=YouTube|publisher=Rohail Hyatt}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2010, the [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 3)|season 3]] featured "Na Raindee Hai" and "Makke Gayaan Gal Mukdi Nahi" performed by [[Arieb Azhar]]. In 2012, Shah's poetry was featured with [[Hadiqa Kiani]] performing "Kamlee".<ref>{{cite web|author=Ata ur Rehman |url=http://www.pakium.com/2012/05/13/hadiqa-kiani-kamlee-coke-studio-season-5-episode-1 |title=Hadiqa Kiani Kamlee, Coke Studio Season 5 Episode 1 |date=12 May 2012 |publisher=Pakium.com |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> In 2016, [[Ahmed Jahanzeb]] and [[Umair Jaswal]] performed "Khaki Banda"; In third episode of [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 11)|season 11]] Fareed Ayaz, Abu Muhammad Qawal & Brothers performed a [[Qawwali]] based on [[Kalam]] by Bulleh Shah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/25-Aug-2018/coke-studio-releases-third-episode-of-season-11 |title=Coke Studio releases third episode of Season 11 |work=The Nation|location=Pakistan |date=25 August 2018 |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> In [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 12)|season 12]] [[Hadiqa Kiani]] used verses of Bulleh Shah in the song "Daachi Waaleya".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/pakistani-cinema/coke-studio-brings-love-ballads-and-sufi-poetry-from-top-stars-1.68060545 |title=Coke Studio brings love ballads and Sufi poetry from top stars | Pakistani Cinema|work=Gulf News |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>

==Legacy==
===Academic and literary circles===

The journalist [[Najam Sethi]] attempted to translate the verses of Bulleh Shah into English.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Aslam |first=Irfan |date=2015-05-15 |title=How Bulleh Shah was translated into English |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1182060 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> However, his friend [[Taufiq Rafat]] published the finest translation of Bulleh Shah's selected poems.<ref name=":11" />

The work of Bulleh Shah influenced and inspired many other poets and artists, such as [[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], [[Ali Arshad Mir]], and [[Mian Muhammad Bakhsh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |date=2023-12-01 |title=The Universal Appeal of the Poetry of Bulhe Shah |url=https://republicpolicy.com/the-universal-appeal-of-the-poetry-of-bulhe-shah/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Republic Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>

For over three decades, the Bulleh Shah Conference has been held at the saint's tomb. During the event, scholars have presented research papers on Bulleh Shah's poetry and life, while prominent politicians—such as [[Qamar Zaman Kaira]] and Chaudhry Manzoor Ahmed—have delivered speeches.<ref name=":12" />

===Socio-economics===

In 2012, the [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|government of Punjab]], most populous province of Pakistan, renamed an important road in the provincial capital Lahore to "Bulleh Shah Road".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasnain |first1=Khalid |title=Roads, intersections' naming: Shahbaz approves CDGL's summary |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/782532/roads-intersections-naming-shahbaz-approves-cdgls-summary |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=DAWN.COM |publisher=Dawn |date=31 January 2013 |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, the government of Pakistan also approved his name for a road in the country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasnain |first1=Khalid |title=Lahore streets, intersections to be named after famous personalities |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1640853 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=DAWN.COM |publisher=Dawn |date=16 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Pakistan's "largest renewable packaging facility" is also named after him.<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.bullehshah.com.pk/ |website=www.bullehshah.com.pk |publisher=Bulleh Shah Packaging (Pvt.) Limited |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> There is a housing community in Kasur called "Bulleh Shah Colony." Also, a road in Kasur is called "Baba Bulleh Shah Road." A roadway junction on [[Lahore Ring Road]] is called "Bulleh Shah Interchange." In 2023, a public hospital in Kasur was renamed to "Baba Bulleh Shah Hospital."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=DHQ hospital named after Baba Bulleh Shah |url=https://pakobserver.net/dhq-hospital-named-after-baba-bulleh-shah/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Pakistan Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-04 |title=Kasur DHQ Hospital renamed after Baba Bulleh Shah |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/04-Aug-2023/kasur-dhq-hospital-renamed-after-baba-bullay-shah |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Daily Pakistan Global |language=en}}</ref>

An educational institute called "Bulleh Shah Institute" is operating in [[Badhni Kalan]], India, since 2003. Another educational institute called "Bulleh Shah Law College" (affiliated with [[University of the Punjab]]) operates in Kasur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of the Punjab- Affiliated Colleges - Bulleh-Shah-Law-College-Main-Sadar-Diwan-Road-Kasur |url=http://pu.edu.pk/affiliation/collegeinfo/1304/Bulleh-Shah-Law-College-Main-Sadar-Diwan-Road-Kasur |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=pu.edu.pk}}</ref> In 2007, Pakistani senator Chaudhry Manzoor Ahmed raised the proposal for establishment of Bulleh Shah University in Kasur.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2007 |title=Demand for Bulleh Shah university |language=en |work=DAWN.COM |publisher=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/263177/demand-for-bulleh-shah-university |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaikh |first1=Ahsan ul haq |date=9 January 2022 |title=UNIVERSITY IN CHUNIAN |language=en |work=DAWN.COM |publisher=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1668469 |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> In 2023, the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] passed a bill, proposed by [[Asiya Azeem]], for the establishment of "Bulleh Shah International University" in [[Kasur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NA passes 26 bills to set up new universities, institutes amid criticism about quality education |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1094931-na-passes-26-bills-to-set-up-new-universities-institutes-amid-criticism-about-quality-education |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=28 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, Pakistani President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] reiterated the establishment of Bulleh Shah International University in Kasur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=APP |date=2024-09-01 |title=President proposes Bulleh Shah varsity |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2492657/president-proposes-bulleh-shah-varsity |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The renowned Pakistani businessman [[Syed Babar Ali]] mentioned Bulleh Shah in his autobiography, and the role played by his team in publishing his works.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babar Ali |first=Syed |url=https://lums.edu.pk/sites/default/files/sba-biography.pdf |title=Learning From Others |publisher=Topical Printers, Lahore |year=2017 |isbn=978-969-9251-71-9 |edition=2nd |location=[[Lahore]] |pages=99 |language=English}}</ref>

===Politics===

In the 1960s and 1970s, [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] exploited the rising popularity of the ideas of Bulleh Shah, and the slogan of "Roti Kapra aur Makan" (that inspired the film [[Roti Kapda Aur Makaan]]) among the common masses and emerged as a populist leader who eventually became the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-05 |title=Bhutto's ideology is need of the hour |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/533378/bhuttos-ideology-is-need-of-the-hour-daily-times/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Bhutto used the term “[[Dama Dam Mast Qalandar]]” (a song adapted by Bulleh Shah) in 1973 to predict the political turmoil ahead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharjeel |first=Shahzad |date=2019-12-06 |title=The myriad interpretations of Sufi anthem 'Mast Qalandar' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/061219/the-myriad-interpretations-of-sufi-anthem-mast-qalandar.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2006 then Chief Minister of Punjab [[Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi]] addressed a conference at the [[University of the Punjab]], in which he said, Bulleh Shah and other Sufi's "were not only preachers, but also historians of social history."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drage |first=Teresa Ann |url=https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws%3A34696/datastream/PDF/view |title=The National Sufi Council: Redefining the Islamic Republic of Pakistan through a discourse on Sufism after 9/11 (PhD thesis) |publisher=[[University of Western Sydney]] |year=2015 |pages=130 |language=English}}</ref>

In March 2013, [[Hamza Shahbaz]] (on the behalf of Punjab's chief minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]]) inaugurated "Yadgar-e-Baba Bulleh Shah" (a memorial to Bulleh Shah) in Kasur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10151519973642931&set=a.10151519972877931.1073741835.352666212930 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> In 2015, in his address the Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] recited a verse of Bulleh Shah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-20 |title=PM Nawaz Recties Bulleh Shah Poetry While Addressing Parsi Community - video Dailymotion |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x32ekk8 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Dailymotion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-10 |title=Nawaz pledges equal status to minorities |url=https://nation.com.pk/10-May-2013/nawaz-pledges-equal-status-to-minorities |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=The Nation |language=en}}</ref>

In 2015, the cricketer-turned-politician [[Imran Khan]] (former Prime Minister) called Bulleh Shah "the great Sufi inspirational heritage of our region."<ref>{{Cite twitter |number=637122777665765376 |user=ImranKhanPTI |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Twitter |language=en |title=Today is the Urs of the great Sufi poet Baba Bulleh Shah. He is part of the great Sufi inspirational heritage of our region. |first=Imran |last=Khan}}</ref>

In August 2023, the caretaker [[chief minister]] of Punjab [[Mohsin Raza Naqvi]] laid the foundation stone of the extension project of the [[dargah]] of Bulleh Shah. He said, the teachings of Bulleh Shah are "an enlightening as well as an illuminating chapter for us."<ref>{{Cite web |title=CARETAKER CM MOHSIN NAQVI VISITS MAZAR OF SUFI SAINT HAZRAT BABA BULLEH SHAH (RA) AND LAYS FOUNDATION STONE OF ITS EXTENSION PROJECT |url=https://dgpr.punjab.gov.pk/node/24400 |website=Directorate General Public Relations, Government of the Punjab}}</ref> Among the attendees were [[Nayyar Ali Dada]].

[[Aseff Ahmad Daula]], former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, was an admirer of Bulleh Shah. In one of his essays, he equated "[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]" with the language of Bulleh Shah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-07-18 |title=A question of identity: The Pakistani Southasian |url=https://www.himalmag.com/a-question-of-identity-the-pakistani-southasian/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Himal Southasian |language=en-GB}}</ref> Another Foreign Minister [[Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri]] praised Bulleh Shah for "always projecting truth in his verses."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-04-19 |title=KASUR: Tribute paid to Bulleh Shah |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/356788/kasur-tribute-paid-to-bulleh-shah |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2026, a shrine dedicated to Bulleh Shah in Uttarakhand was vandalised by an estimated group of 25 to 30 people.<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=Sufi Poet Baba Bulleh Shah's Shrine Vandalised in Mussoorie, FIR Filed |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/breaking-news/sufi-poet-baba-bulleh-shahs-shrine-vandalised-in-mussoorie-fir-filed |work=The Quint |language=en |date=27 January 2026 |access-date=30 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Manraj Grewal |title=Bulleh Shah's shrine vandalised in Mussoorie: How the Sufi poet blended religious beliefs, challenged orthodoxy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/bulleh-shah-shrine-mussoorie-10499499/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=30 January 2026 |language=en |date=28 January 2026}}</ref> The group Hindu Raksha Dal has claimed responsibility.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindu Raksha Dal vandalises shrine of Sufi poet Baba Bulleh Shah in Uttarakhand |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/hindu-raksha-dal-vandalises-shrine-of-sufi-poet-baba-bulleh-shah-in-uttarakhand/ |website=Maktoob media |access-date=30 January 2026 |date=26 January 2026}}</ref>

==Works==
Bulleh Shah never published his works. However, a significant part of his work has been preserved and published formally in India, Pakistan and abroad. The following is a list of books and book chapters containing his poetic works (or its translation).

'''Works in [[English language|English]]:'''
* ''Sufi Lyrics: Selections from a World Classic'' (Publisher: [[Harvard University Press]]), '''2021'''. English Translation by: [[Christopher Shackle]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |first=Bullhe |last=Shāh |title=Sufi lyrics |date=2015 |editor=C. Shackle |translator=C. Shackle |isbn=978-0-674-25966-9 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=1240164691}}</ref>
* ''Bulleh Shah: A Selection'' (Publisher: [[Oxford University Press]]), '''2016'''. English Translation by: [[Taufiq Rafat]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Bullhe |last=Shāh |title=Bulleh Shah : a selection |date=2015 |translator=Taufiq Rafat |isbn=978-0-19-940288-5 |location=Karachi, Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=927190615}}</ref>
* Baba Bulleh Shah (in ''Islamic Mystical Poetry: Sufi Verse from the Mystics to Rumi)'' (Publisher: [[Penguin Books]]), '''2009'''. Author: Mahmood Jamal''.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmood Jamal |url=http://archive.org/details/islamic-mystical-poetry-by-mahmood-jamal |title=Islamic Mystical Poetry - Sufi Verse from the Early Mystics to Rumi |isbn=9781101488348}}</ref>
* ''Bulhe Shah: Volume 141'' (Publisher: [[Sahitya Akademi]]), '''1987''' (reprinted in 1990). Author: Surindar Singh Kohli.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kohli |first=Surindar Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CloGAAAAMAAJ |title=Bulhe Shah |date=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Bulleh Shah: The Love-intoxicated Iconoclast'' (Publisher: [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]]), '''1986'''. Authors: J. R. Puri and T. R. Shangari<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Puri |first1=J. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/bulleh-shah-the-love-intoxicated-iconclast_202303 |title=Bulleh Shah The Love Intoxicated Iconclast |last2=Shangari |first2=T. R. |publisher=[[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]]}}</ref>

'''Works in [[Gurmukhi]] (Punjabi):'''

* ''Bulleh Shah Jeevan Te Rachna'' [The Life and Career of Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: [[Punjabi University]], Patiala, India), '''2010'''. Editor: Jeet Singh Sital.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeet Singh Sital |url=http://archive.org/details/bulleh-shah-jeevan |title=Bulleh Shah Jeevan |date=2010}}</ref>
* ''Kalam Bulle Shah'' [The Verses of Bulleh Shah], '''2009'''. Editor: Gurdev Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/KalamBullehShah |title=Kalam Bulleh Shah |language=Punjabi}}</ref>
* ''Bulleh Shah: A Sufi Poet'' [Collection of Verses], [[Oxford University Press]], 2010. Edited by Shabnam Virmani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2024-10-29 |title=Best 2 Lines Love Shayari in Punjabi - Express Your Emotions |url=https://shayari2u.com/love-shayari-in-punjabi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113224928/https://shayari2u.com/love-shayari-in-punjabi/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Shayari2u |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Works in [[Shahmukhi]] (Punjabi):'''

* ''Kalam Hazrat Baba Bulleh Shah'' [The Verses of Saint Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Karmanwala Book Shop), '''2009'''. Editor: Sami Ullah Barkat.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/bulle-shah |title=Bulle Shah}}</ref>
* ''Bulleh Shah Kehende Nain'' [Bulleh Shah says], '''1987'''. Editor: Maqbool Anwar Dawoodi.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/bulleh-shah-kehende-nain |title=Bulleh Shah Kehende Nain |language=Malay}}</ref>

'''Works in [[Urdu]]:'''

* ''Sayin Bulleh Shah'' [Master Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]]), '''2000'''. Authors: T. R. Shangari and J.R. Puri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=T.R. Shangari and J.R. Puri |url=http://archive.org/details/sain-bulleh-shah |title=Sain Bulleh Shah |date=1987}}</ref>
* Bulleh Shah (Publisher: [[Sahitya Akademi]]), '''1992'''. Author: Surinder Singh Kolhi. Translator: Kamil Qureshi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Surinder Kolhi |url=http://archive.org/details/bullehshah_202002 |title=Bulleh Shah |date=1992 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>
* ''Tazkara'' [Discussion], '''1984'''. Author: Mian Akhlaq Ahmad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mian Akhlaq Ahmad |url=http://archive.org/details/tazkera-hazrat-shah-inayat-qadiri-shattari |title=Tazkera Hazrat Shah Inayat Qadiri Shattari |date=1984}}</ref>
* ''Kulliyat Bulleh Shah'' (Publisher: Zahid Basheer Printers, Lahore). Editor: Faqir Muhammad Faqir.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/kulliyat-bulleh-shah |title=Kulliyat Bulleh Shah |language=Urdu}}</ref>
* ''Ramooz e Irfan: Kafyan Hazrat Bulleh Shah'' [Secrets of Sainthood: The [[Kafi]]s of Saint Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Kashmir Research Institute, Srinagar). Translator: Fiza Jokalwai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hazrat Bulle Shah |url=http://archive.org/details/rafooz-e-irfan-kafyan-urdu-hazrat-bulle-shah |title=Rafooz E Irfan Kafyan Urdu Hazrat Bulle Shah}}</ref>

'''Work in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]:'''

* Bulleh Shah Joon Kafiyoon [The [[Kafi]]s of Bulleh Shah], '''1983'''. Editor: Noor Haider.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noor Haider |url=http://archive.org/details/bullehshahjoonkafiyoon |title=Bulleh Shah Joon Kafiyoon |date=1983}}</ref>

'''Works in [[Hindi]]:'''

* ''Sai Bulle Shah Radha Swami Satsang Vyas'' (Publisher: [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]]), '''1995'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Radha Swami Satsang Vyas |url=http://archive.org/details/sai-bulle-shah-radha-swami-satsang-vyas |title=Sai Bulle Shah Radha Swami Satsang Vyas}}</ref>
* ''Kafian Baba Bulleh Shah'' [The [[Kafi]]s of Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary/ Namdhari eLibrary).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baba Buley Shah |url=http://archive.org/details/kafian-baba-bulleh-shah |title=Kafian Baba Bulleh Shah}}</ref>

'''Other works:'''

"[[Dama Dam Mast Qalandar]]" is one of the most famous Sufi songs in India and Pakistan. It was originally written by [[Amir Khusrau]], and was modified by Bulleh Shah. The version composed by Bulleh Shah was sung by [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Abida Parveen]], [[Laal (band)]] and numerous other singers from India and Pakistan.

"[[Tere ishq Nachaya]]," a popular poem by Bulleh Shah, has been sung numerous times both in public and film industry, e.g., the popular song [[Chaiyya Chaiyya]] is derived from its lyrics.

"[[Bullah Ki Jaana]]," one of the most popular poems by Bulleh Shah, has been sung by numerous singers in India and Pakistan.

A brief biographical sketches of him are found in "Encyclopaedia of Untouchables : Ancient Medieval and Modern" (2008)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Raj |title=Encyclopaedia of untouchables ancient, medieval and modern |date=2008 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |isbn=978-81-7835-664-8 |location=Delhi |oclc=277277425}}</ref> and "Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature" (1987).<ref name=":6" />

== See also ==
* [[List of Punjabi language poets]]
* [[Sufism]]
* [[Waris Shah]]
* [[Hafiz Ghulam Murtaza]]
* [[Shah Inayat Qadiri]]
* [[Tere ishq Nachaya]]
* [[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]
* [[Bullah Ki Jaana]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=RXQaAQAAIAAJ ''Bulleh Shah: The Love-Intoxicated Iconoclast''], by J. R. Puri, Tilaka Raj Shangri. Radha Soami Satsang Beas, 1986, {{ISBN|9788182560031}}.
* ''Great Sufi Poets of the Punjab'', by R. M. Chopra, Iran Society, Kolkata, 1999.

== External links ==
{{commons category|Bulleh Shah}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080916225455/http://www.wichaar.com/news/239/ARTICLE/7115/2008-05-18.html Biography of Bulleh Shah]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051031002735/http://www.sikhspectrum.com/082004/punjabi.htm Littérateurs of the Punjabi language]}}

{{South Asian Muslim Saints}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulleh Shah}}
[[Category:1680s births]]
[[Category:1757 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kasur District]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Poets from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sufis]]
[[Category:Punjabi Muslims]]
[[Category:Sufis from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:Sufi shrines in Pakistan]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:18th-century mystics]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]

Chakravakam (raga)

2026-03-23T11:35:25Z

Mohit Raj: slightly corrected section for accuracy also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Musical scale in South Indian classical music}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Chakravakam
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}
{{Carnatic}}
'''Chakravakam''' or '''Chakravaham''' (pronounced chakravākam) is a [[rāga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale in South Indian classical music). It is the 16th ''[[Melakarta]]'' [[rāga]]m (parent rāgam) in the 72 ''melakarta'' rāgam system. According to the [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] school, this rāgam is called '''Tōyavēgavāhini'''.<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref> Chakravakam is similar to Raga ''[[Ahir bhairav]]'' in [[Hindustani music]].<ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref>

''Chakravakam'' is a raga that is known to incite feelings of devotion, sympathy and compassion in the listeners.

==Structure and Lakshana==
[[Image:Chakravakam scale.svg|thumb|right|316px|Chakravakam scale with Shadjam at C]]

It is the 4th ''melakarta'' in the 3rd ''chakra- Agni''. The mnemonic name is ''Agni-Bhu''. The mnemonic phrase is ''sa ra gu ma pa dhi ni''.<ref name="ragas" /> Its {{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}} structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see ''[[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|swaras in Carnatic music]]'' for details on below notation and terms):
*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R1|S|foot=yes}}

The notes in this scale are ''shadjam, shuddha rishabham, anthara gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, panchamam, chathusruthi dhaivatham'' and ''kaisiki nishadham''.

It is a [[sampoorna raga|''sampoorna'' rāgam]] - rāgam having all 7 [[swara]]ms. It is the ''suddha madhyamam'' equivalent of ''[[Ramapriya]]'', which is the 52nd ''melakarta''.

Chakravakam is different from Mayamalavagowla in some ways, while playing. The Ri Ga ma notes are played a bit flatter than Mayamalavagowla, making it sound more restrained than Mayamalavagowla. The Da and Ni are played somewhat like Hari Kambhoji, giving the overall tune, to be restrained and devotional essence

== Asampurna Melakarta ==
'''Tōyavēgavāhini''' is the 16th ''Melakarta'' in the original list compiled by [[Venkatamakhin]]. The notes used in the scale are the same and the ascending scale and descending scale are same.<ref name="dikshitar">Shree Muthuswami Dikshitar Keerthanaigal, by A Sundaram Iyer, Music Book Publishers, Mylapore, Chennai</ref>

==Janya rāgams==
''Chakravakam'' has quite a few ''[[janya]]'' rāgams (derived scales) associated with it, of which ''Bindumalini'', ''[[Malayamarutam]]'' and ''[[Valaji]]'' are popular.

See [[List of Janya Ragas#Chakravakam|List of ''Janya'' Ragas]] for a full list of its ''janyas''.

==Popular Compositions==
*''Etula Brotuvo Teliya'' and ''Sugunamule'' by [[Thyagaraja]]
*''Kānakkankoti Vendum'' by [[Koteeswara Iyer]]
*''Gajānanayutham'', ''Kailasanatham Bhajeham'', ''Vinayaka Vighna Nashaka'', ''Veena Pusthaka Dharinim'' and ''Varahim Vaishnavim'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]
*''Inka Daya'' by [[Ramaswami Dikshitar]]
*''Mullu Koneya Mele'' By [[Purandara Dasa]]
*''Kada Beladingalu'' By [[Sripadaraja]]
*''Sarojanabha'' by Maharaja [[Swathi Thirunal]]
*''Inka Daya Raleda'' and ''Jalajakshi ([[Varnam]])'' by [[Patnam Subramania Iyer]]
*''Na Manavini'' by Garbhapurivasa
*''Nera Nammiti'' and ''Janardhanam Samashrayeham'' by [[Mysore Vasudevachar]]
*''Pramathadipam Pranathathiharam'' by [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]]
*''Sri Amruta Phalāmbike'' by [[Kalyani Varadarajan]]
*''Pibare Ramarasam (version by [[Balamuralikrishna]]) by Sadashiva Brahmendra''
*''Chandrashekharendra Saraswathi Mānasa Bhajarē'' by ''P. K. Rajagopala Iyer''
*''Jathiswaram'' by [[K. N. Dhandayudapani Pillai]]

==Film Songs==
"Albela Sajan" from "Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam" (Hindi), "Poochho Na Kaise Maine Rain Bitai" from "Meri Surat Teri Ankhen" (Hindi) and "Raakkili Than" from "Perumazhakalam" (Malayalam).

===Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Year
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Ullathil Nalla Ullam
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]
| rowspan="2" |1964
| rowspan="2" |[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
|Maranathai Enni
|-
|Thaai Paadum Paatu
|[[Naam Pirandha Mann]]
|1977
| rowspan="5" |[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[P. Susheela]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Deivathin Theareduthu
|[[Paattum Bharathamum]]
|1975
| rowspan="2" |[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|Aalukoru Thedhivechi
|[[Theerpu]]
|1982
|-
|Indha Vanji Magal
|Thampadhyam oru Sangeetham
|
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Vaarey Vaa
|[[Thee (1981 film)|Thee]]
|1981
|[[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
|Naalellam Unthan Thirunale
|[[Thirumalai Deivam]]
|1973
|[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
|[[K. B. Sundarambal]]
|-
|Vanithamani
|[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]
|1986
|rowspan="9"|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]], [[Kamal Haasan]]
|-
|Vaanile Thenila
|[[Kaakki Sattai]]
|1985
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Chalakku Chalakku
|[[Chembaruthi]]
|1992
|rowspan=2|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]],[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Katthum Kadal
|[[Kattumarakaran]]
|1995
|-
|Nee Pathi Naan Pathi
|[[Keladi Kanmani]]
|1990
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Uma Ramanan]]
|-
|Thottu Thottu Thukkipattu
|[[Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen]]
|1992
|[[Minmini]]
|-
|Ezhumalaiyanin Mahimai
|Ezhumalaiyan Mahimai
|1997
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Alli Sundaravalli
|Kangalin Varthaigal
|1998
|Arunmozhi
|-
|Poonkatrae
|[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]
|2001
|rowspan="2"|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
|Vidu Kathaiya
|[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]
|1995
|rowspan="2"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
|Eechambazham
|[[Pavithra (film)|Pavithra]]
|1994
|[[Shahul Hameed]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Vaa Vaa En Veenaiyae
|[[Sattam]]
|1983
|rowspan=4|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Unathe Ilam Maalai Pozhuthe
|Oomai Janangal
|1984
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Poovo Ponno
|[[Pudhu Yugam (1985 film)|Pudhu Yugam]]
|1985
|[[K. J. Yesudas]],[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Valarpirai Enave
|Rendum Rendum Anju
|1988
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|Aavani Masam Porakattum
|Ponnu Pudichirukku
|1984
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|-
|Paadu Paadu
|[[Sengottai (film)|Sengottai]]
|1996
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[K.S. Chitra]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
|Neelagiri Mala Orathila
|[[Namma Annachi]]
|1994
|rowspan="2"|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Munnuru Naal Sumanthu
|Kasthuri Manjal
|1993
|rowspan=3|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Sathamillatha Thanimai
|[[Amarkkalam]]
|1999
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|-
|Ulagam Oru Vaadagai
|[[Thaiyalkaran]]
|rowspan=2|1991
|rowspan=2|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Agaram Ippo
|[[Sigaram]]
|[[K.J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Unnalathan Nanum Vazhven
|[[Eesa]]
|2009
|Haran
|[[Naresh Iyer]]
|}

===Janya:Rasikaranjani Ragam===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Amuthe Tamizhe
|[[Koyil Puraa]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Illayaraja]]
|[[P. Susheela]], [[Uma Ramanan]]
|-
|Neela Kuyile
|Magudi
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Konathu Sengarumbu(Folkish Style)
|Padikatha Pannaiyar
|[[Deepan Chakravarthy]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|-
|Ethilum Ingu
|[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]
|[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|}

==Album==
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Album
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|KalamSei Kove
|[[Sandham- Symphony Meets Classical Tamil]]
|[[Rajan Somasundaram|Raleigh Rajan]]
|[[Saindhavi]]
|}

==Related rāgams==
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

''Chakravakam's'' notes when shifted using ''[[Graha bhedam]]'', yields 2 other major ''melakarta'' rāgams, namely, ''[[Sarasangi]]'' and ''[[Dharmavati]]''. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the Shadjam to the next note in the rāgam. For an illustration refer ''[[Graha bhedam#Dharmavati|Graha bhedam on Dharmavati]]''.

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OA22JgZOjec Carnatic musician Charulatha Mani describes Chakravakam (Tamil)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Buy5UogLq80 Carnatic violinist Aishu Venkataraman performs Chakravakam]

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakravakam (Raga)}}
[[Category:Melakarta ragas]]

Indira Devi of Kapurthala

2026-03-21T06:40:37Z

Mohit Raj: added first bio v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian princess and radio presenter (1912–1979)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Indira Devi
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Princess Indira Devi of Kapurthala, Bassano Ltd, 1938.png
| image_upright =
| caption = Devi in 1938<ref name=Poddar2015/>
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|02|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kapurthala]], [[Kapurthala State]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1979|09|01|1912|02|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ibiza]], Spain
| other_names =
| education = [[Queen Mary College, Lahore]]
| occupation = Radio presenter
| years_active = 1939–1968
| era =
| employer = [[BBC Radio]]
| organization =
| agent = 
| known_for = {{Indented plainlist|
* Political correspondent to [[George Orwell]]: ''The Debate Continues'' from the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] (1940s)
* Hosting ''[[Hello Punjab]]'' (1940s)
}}
| title = 
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| parents = 
| mother = [[Brinda Devi]]
| father = [[Paramjit Singh (ruler)|Paramjit Singh]]
| relatives = [[Jagatjit Singh]] (grandfather)
}}

'''Indira Devi of Kapurthala''' (26 February 1912 – 1 September 1979), affectionately known as the '''Radio Princess''', was an Indian socialite and princess, the eldest grandchild of [[Jagatjit Singh|Maharaja Jagatjit Singh]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] in [[Punjab, British India]]. During the [[Second World War]] she was recruited as a political correspondent to [[George Orwell]], for the India team of the [[BBC Radio|BBC]]. There, she became a regular broadcaster of the programme ''The Debate Continues'' from the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], and ''[[Hello Punjab]]'', a programme in Hindustani for the [[British Indian Army]]. With [[V. K. Narayana Menon|Narayana Menon]] she [[Master of ceremonies|hosted]] the Indian Service musical programmes.

At the age of 23, Devi had secretly travelled to London to become an actress, telling only her two sisters, and enrolled at the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]. For a brief period, she worked at [[London Films]] with [[Alexander Korda]], and in 1938, she appeared on stage for the first time, when she played the role of a Turkish slave girl.

At the onset of the Second World War, Devi sat the [[St John Ambulance]] examinations and qualified in first aid. She subsequently transported casualties during [[the Blitz]]. In 1943, she was appointed permanently within the BBC Radio's Overseas Service Division, and in 1951, she reported on the 30th anniversary of the [[1921 Northern Ireland general election]]. Following a road trip to India in 1958, she narrated a film by the explorer Count Vitold de Golish, ''Twilight of the Maharajahs'', for the BBC in their ''Adventure'' series. It was delivered alongside her own life, having discovered old film footage after revisiting her former palace in India. She continued to work for the BBC until 1968, and spent her last years in Ibiza, Spain, where she managed a bar.

==Early life and education==
Indira Devi was born in [[Kapurthala]] on 26 February 1912, to the Sikh prince [[Paramjit Singh (ruler)|Paramjit Singh]] and his Hindu [[Rajput]] wife [[Brinda Devi]].<ref name=Will2003.1.>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Elaine |title=Memoirs of a rebellious princess |date=2003 |chapter=1|pages=1–14}}</ref><ref name=open>{{cite web |title=Making Britain. Discover how South Asians shaped the nation, 1870-1950: Indira Devi |url=https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/indira-devi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720185641/https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/indira-devi |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=www.open.ac.uk |publisher=[[The Open University]]}}</ref> She was the eldest of their three daughters and the eldest grandchild of [[Jagatjit Singh|Maharaja Jagatjit Singh]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] in Punjab, [[British India]].<ref name=open/><ref name=BAAN1949>{{cite news |title=The Princess Indira |work=Bucks Advertiser & Aylesbury News |date=24 June 1949 |page=3|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002028/19490624/024/0003|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In infancy, she [[failure to thrive|failed to grow]] until fed on goat's milk,<ref name=Will2003.9.>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Elaine |title=Memoirs of a rebellious princess |date=2003 |chapter=9|pages=117–129}}</ref> and in 1919, she caught [[measles]] along with her sisters.<ref name=Will2003.11.>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Elaine |title=Memoirs of a rebellious princess |date=2003 |chapter=11|pages=145–159}}</ref> Her mother later recalled that Devi was close to being spoilt and was sent to board at [[Queen Mary College, Lahore|Queen Mary College]], Lahore.<ref name=Will2003.14.>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Elaine |title=Memoirs of a rebellious princess |date=2003 |chapter=14|page=199}}</ref> There, she studied politics,<ref name=CMG1944>{{cite news |title=She talks to India|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19441015/039/0003 |access-date=17 August 2022 |work=Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore) |date=15 October 1944 |page=3|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and decided she would like to be an actress.<ref name=Will2003.14./> In 1934, she was noted to "have done exceptionally well" as an owner of dogs at the [[Tail-Waggers Club]],<ref name=BWPG1934>{{cite news |title=Tail-wagger sergeants - Champion Recruiter |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002174/19340113/115/0012 |access-date=25 July 2022 |work=Bournemouth Weekly Post and Graphic |date=13 January 1934 |page=12|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and she was known to feel more comfortable in her [[jodhpurs]] during the day and a [[saree]] for formal wear.<ref name=Will2003.15./>

At the age of 23 years she secretly travelled to London to become an actress, telling only her two sisters, Sushila and Ourmilla.<ref name=open/><ref name=Will2003.15.>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Elaine |title=Memoirs of a rebellious princess |date=2003 |chapter=15|pages=205–219}}</ref> At the time, her mother was visiting the United States, and upon receiving Devi's telegram stating "I have left India without permission" ... "and am on my way to London", her mother went to London to meet her.<ref name=Will2003.15./> Devi had saved her allowances and following her departure against her father and grandfather's wishes, had supposedly been the centre of much gossip in India.<ref name=Chambers2011>{{cite book |last1=Chambers |first1=Colin |title=Black and Asian Theatre in Britain: a history |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=978-1-134-21689-5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRn9DwAAQBAJ&dq=indira+of+kapurthala&pg=PP101|chapter=4. Between the wars|pages=83–107}}</ref> She arrived in London on the [[SS Kaisar-I-Hind|SS ''Kaisar-I-Hind'']] on 15 November 1935, giving her forwarding address as Westbourne Street, W2.<ref name="Pass1935">[https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/1518/images/47369_32021000952_2394-00085?treeid=&personid=&rc=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=gft1&_phstart=successSource&pId=21883488 UK and Ireland, incoming passenger lists, 1878-1960]. The National Archives of the UK; Kew, Surrey, England; Board of Trade: Commercial and Statistical Department and successors: Inwards Passenger Lists.; Class: BT26; Piece: 1075; Item: 23. [https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/1518/images/47369_32021000952_2394-00085?treeid=&personid=&rc=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=lON5&_phstart=successSource&pId=21883488] via [[ancestry.com]]. {{Subscription required}}</ref>{{efn|Devi's arrival in England is given as 1 January 1935 in The Open University document.<ref name=open/> She had previously visited London at least once, when at age two she accompanied her parents from Paris at the onset of [[World War I]].<ref name=Will2003.10.>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Elaine |title=Memoirs of a rebellious princess |date=2003 |chapter=10|pages=130–144}}</ref>}} In London, her mother, initially furious over the incident, ultimately helped her enroll at the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] and enlisted the help of [[Walter Pidgeon]], who provided the letter introducing her to [[Alexander Korda]], who reluctantly agreed to assist.<ref name=Will2003.15./><ref name=Collett2022>{{cite book |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel |title=Developing the Heart: E.M. Forster and India |date=2022 |publisher=City University of Hong Kong Press |isbn=978-962-937-590-4 |chapter=Notes|page=353 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abFYEAAAQBAJ&dq=princess+indira+devi+of+kapurthala&pg=PA353 |language=en}}</ref> For a brief period, she worked at [[London Films]] with Korda, who intended to launch her career in films, after [[Merle Oberon]].<ref name=open/> She played several extra-roles, learnt to walk like a model and how to do Western make-up.<ref name=NJ1938>{{cite news |title=Princess as film extra |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001898/19380408/124/0006 |access-date=25 July 2022 |work=Nottingham Journal |date=8 April 1938 |page=6|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> She appeared on stage for the first time in 1938, when she played the role of a Turkish slave girl in a play about [[John Keats|Keats]], [[Byron]] and [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]], ''The Heart was not Burned'', at the Gate Theatre.<ref name=Chambers2011/><ref name=Sphere1938>{{cite news |title=What other people are doing |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001861/19381203/035/0031 |access-date=25 July 2022 |work=The Sphere |date=3 December 1938 |page=393|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{efn|Cast with [[James Mason]] and [[Pamela Brown (actress)|Pamela Brown]], at the Gate Theatre in London, not Dublin.<ref name=Sweeney1999>{{cite book |last1=Sweeney |first1=Kevin |title=James Mason: A Bio-bibliography |date=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport |isbn=0-313-28496-2 |page=238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVtVA4EajSgC&pg=PA238 |language=en}}</ref>}} She subsequently had a role in the children's [[revue|theatrical piece]] ''[[Let's Pretend (children's review)|Let's Pretend]]''.<ref name=Chambers2011/> Her sisters were reported to visit her in London, and the three were popular [[socialite]]s of the 1930s.<ref name=Singh2020>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Ranveer |title=Sikh history on the streets of London: The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea |journal=Sikh Research Journal |date=2020 |volume=5 |issue=1 |url=https://sikhresearchjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/articles/Sikh_Research_Journal_V5_N1_Spring2020.pdf |pages=24–25 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423123414/https://sikhresearchjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/articles/Sikh_Research_Journal_V5_N1_Spring2020.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, sometime in the 1930s, she also featured in ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''.<ref name=BIMCIC>[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c3cb7be12b13fb318bb35ce/t/62b07ed9dd336631a91b8833/1655733986785/Indian_Women%26War_Booklet.pdf Princess Indira Devi of Kapurthala]. Indian women and war. BIMCIC. p.12.</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:centre">
File:Maharani Brinda Devi of Kapurthala, formally of Jubbal, with her three daughters.png|Indira Devi with her mother and two sisters<ref name=Poddar2015>{{cite book |last1=Poddar |first1=Abhishek |last2=Gaskell |first2=Nathaniel |last3=Pramod Kumar |first3=K. G |last4=Museum of Art & Photography (Bangalore |first4=India) |title=Maharanis: women of royal India |date=2015 |publisher=Mapin Publishing|location=Ahmedabad |isbn=978-93-85360-06-0 |chapter=Kapurthala|pages=138–141 |oclc=932267190 |language=English}}</ref>
File:Princesses-of-kapurthala.jpg|Indira Devi (centre) with her sisters princesses Sushila (left) and Ourmilla (right) (1935)<ref name=Poddar2015/>
File:Princess Indira Devi of Kapurthala, mid 1930s, Kinsey Studios, Delhi.png|Indira Devi, mid 1930s, Kinsey Studios, Delhi.<ref name=Poddar2015/>
File:Princess Indira Devi before 1935.jpg|Indira Devi, likely mid-1930s, Hay Wrightson Ltd.<ref name=Will2003.Ph.>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Elaine |title=Memoirs of a rebellious princess |date=2003 |chapter=Photos}}</ref>
</gallery>

==Second World War==
[[File:Indira Devi of Kapurthala at the BBC c 1946.jpg|thumb|Indira Devi at the BBC, December 1942<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Photo Sales |url=https://bbcphotosales.co.uk/search/?searchQuery=Princess+Kapurthala |access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref>]]
At the onset of the [[Second World War]], Devi sat and passed the [[St John Ambulance]] first aid examination, and subsequently transported casualties during [[the Blitz]].<ref name=open/><ref name=Webster2018>{{cite book |last1=Webster |first1=Wendy |title=Mixing it: Diversity in World War Two Britain |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-873576-2 |page=114 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|language=en |chapter=3. The Empire comes to Britain}}</ref> Earlier, she had travelled Europe and was in Munich in 1939, at the time of the [[Munich Agreement|Munich Crisis]].<ref name=NW1951>{{cite news |title=BBC Princess |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001542/19510619/082/0004 |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=Northern Whig |date=19 June 1951|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> For a short while, she worked as a censor for the wartime department of postal censorship.<ref name=CMG1944/>

She joined [[BBC Radio]] in 1939.<ref name=Collett2022/> At that time, she lived at 512a [[Nell Gwynn House]], Sloane Avenue, Kensington.<ref name=Singh2020/> In 1941, she became political correspondent for the India team of the BBC, with [[George Orwell]] as the talk producer, and with the aim at enlisting Indian support for the War.<ref name=Bhatt2006>{{cite book |last1=Bhatt |first1=Arunkumar |title=Psychological Warfare and India |date=2006 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7062-133-X |page=251 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1whOBwAAQBAJ&dq=radio+princess&pg=PA251 |language=en |chapter=9. The Indian experience}}</ref> Others on the team included [[Mulk Raj Anand]], [[Venu Chitale]], [[Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari]], [[T. S. Eliot]] and [[E. M. Forster]].<ref name=Bhatt2006/> She appeared regularly on the Home Service and the Eastern Service, and became affectionately known as the "Radio Princess".<ref name=Nasta2012/><ref name=Potter2022>{{cite book |last1=Potter |first1=Simon J. |title=This is the BBC: Entertaining the Nation, Speaking for Britain, 1922–2022 |date=2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-289852-4 |page=99 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziFnEAAAQBAJ&dq=princess+indira+devi+of+kapurthala&pg=PA99|language=en |chapter=3. Propaganda and war 1939-1945}}</ref> She hosted talks with [[Bevin trainees|Indian men in technical training]] based in the UK, and a 30-minute programme called ''[[Hello Punjab]]'', a programme in Hindustani for the [[British Indian Army]] based in the Middle East and the Mediterranean.<ref name=Webster2018/><ref name=Eliot2020>{{cite book |last1=Kaul |first1=Chandrika |editor1-last=Eliot |editor1-first=Simon |editor2-last=Wiggam |editor2-first=Marc |title=Allied Communication to the Public During the Second World War: National and Transnational Networks |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-350-10513-3 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJ-xDwAAQBAJ&q=PA208|language=en |chapter=12. "The meek ass between two burdens?" ''The BBC and India during the Second World War''}}</ref> From the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], where she was sometimes the only woman in the press gallery,<ref name=CMG1944/> she analysed and broadcast weekly reports to India in a programme called ''[[The Debate Continues]]''.<ref name=Webster2018/><ref name=Eliot2020/> With [[V. K. Narayana Menon|Narayana Menon]] she [[Master of ceremonies|hosted]] the Indian Service musical programmes, and was familiar with popular and classical western music.<ref name=Rodrigues1994.85/> In 1943 she was appointed permanently at the Overseas Service Division.<ref name=Nasta2012>{{cite book |last1=Bainbridge|first1=Emma|last2= Stadtler|first2=Florian |editor=Susheila Nasta|title=India in Britain: South Asian Networks and Connections, 1858–1950 |date=2012 |publisher=Springer|location=Basingstoke, Hampshire |isbn=978-0-230-39272-4 |chapter=10. Calling from London, talking to India: South Asian networks at the BBC and the case of G. V. Desani|page=176 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgYGlJI9vrUC&dq=princess+indira+devi+of+kapurthala&pg=PA176 |language=en}}</ref>

With regard to the BBC's wartime broadcasts to listeners in India, when an [[Report on Indian Programmes (1943)|initial questionnaire]] was sent across India asking about who people preferred to listen to, Devi was found to be twice as popular as Orwell.<ref name=Rodrigues1994.236>{{cite web |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Abha Sharma |title=George Orwell, the BBC and India: a critical study |date=1994 |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7154|location=University of Edinburgh|page=236 |quote=This thesis focuses attention on the two years that George Orwell spent, between August 1941 and November 1943, at the Indian Section of the B.B.C., producing propaganda talks for listeners in India and elsewhere.}}</ref>{{efn|How accurate the report was is not clear. Laurence Brander, who was tasked to investigate the impact of the Indian programmes, did not gather the data himself, and told Orwell that very few Indians listened to the broadcasts.<ref name=Rodrigues1994.236/><ref name=Orwell1998>{{cite book |last1=Orwell |first1=George |last2=Davison |first2=Peter |editor1-last=Davison |editor1-first=Peter |title=Two Wasted Years: 1943 |date=1998 |publisher=Secker & Warburg |isbn=0-436-40409-5 |pages=343–344 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVnImK-J1OcC&q=princess |language=en}}</ref>}} BBC producer [[Trevor Hill (producer)|Trevor Hill]] later recalled in his memoirs ''[[Over the Airwaves]]'', that Devi was a "very elegant lady in beautifully cut English tweeds, and with a beautifully cut Oxford accent to match".<ref name=Hill>{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Trevor |title=Over the Airwaves: My Life in Broadcasting |date=2005 |publisher=The Book Guild|location=Sussex |isbn=1-85776-832-9|language=en|chapter=3. 200Oxford Street, with the BBC's Overseas Service|page=28|oclc=1245625342 }}</ref> In India she was noted to have a "very good command of English".<ref name=Rodrigues1994.85>{{cite web |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Abha Sharma |title=George Orwell, the BBC and India: a critical study |date=1994 |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7154|location=University of Edinburgh|pages=85–86 |quote=This thesis focuses attention on the two years that George Orwell spent, between August 1941 and November 1943, at the Indian Section of the B.B.C., producing propaganda talks for listeners in India and elsewhere.}}</ref>

==Post-war life==
In February 1948, Devi was cleared of a charge of driving under the influence of alcohol in November 1947, but given a fine for dangerous driving, found to be due to taking pills containing [[ephedrine]], [[caffeine]] and [[Phenobarbital|phenobarbitone]], which she mistook for [[aspirin]].<ref name="DET1948">{{cite news |date=13 February 1948 |title=Princess cleared of drinking charge |page=1 |work=Dundee Evening Telegraph |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000563/19480213/013/0001 |access-date=25 July 2022|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> At the time she resided at Yeoman's Row, Chelsea.<ref name=DET1948/> In 1949, when her father became the Maharaja of Kapurthala, following the death of her grandfather, she was living in [[Ivinghoe Aston]], Buckinghamshire.<ref name=open/><ref name=BAAN1949/>

In 1951, Devi visited Stormont.<ref name=BN1951>{{cite news |title=Indian Princess at Stormont |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19510621/100/0004 |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=Belfast Newsletter |date=21 June 1951|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> There, she reported on the anniversary of the [[1921 Northern Ireland general election]].<ref name=LS1951>{{cite news |title=Festival recordings|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002913/19510831/036/0002 |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=Lisburn Standard |date=31 August 1951 |page=2|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The following year she visited New York to see the new [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations Building]] and report on the [[International Refugee Organization]].<ref name=US1952>{{cite book |title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress |date=1952 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvqEGRq39c4C&dq=indira+of+kapurthala&pg=SL1-PA870 |language=en|page=870}}</ref> She left New York on 23 January 1952 on the [[SS Europa (1928)|SS ''Liberté'']] bound for Plymouth.<ref name=PCL1952>{{cite web |title=U.S., Departing Passenger and Crew Lists, 1914-196 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/60882/images/42155_333329-00488?treeid=&personid=&rc=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=eWF1&_phstart=successSource&pId=7254168 |website=www.ancestry.co.uk |access-date=26 July 2022|via=ancestry.com|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The following month, [[Frances P. Bolton]] had praised her report as "clear and concise" and included it in her remarks at the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref name=US1952/>

In 1953, Devi co-directed a musical with [[Wauna Paul]].<ref name=PEN1953>{{cite news |title=Women have strong interest in this show |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000290/19530402/038/0005 |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=Portsmouth Evening News |date=2 April 1953 |page=5|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> That year, the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' published a photograph of Devi changing the tyre of a caravan, also carrying Paul; they were preparing to drive to India.<ref name=DM1953>{{cite news |title=An iceberg with an odd sense of timing|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000560/19580704/007/0002 |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=Daily Mirror |date=4 July 1958 |page=2|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1962, following her return from India, she narrated a film by the explorer Count [[:Fr:Vitold de Golish|Vitold de Golish]], ''Twilight of the Maharajahs'', for the BBC in their ''Adventure'' series.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220727094406/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/14f0c5d2f8f945fd85cf0372ad109cb4 "Adventure: ''The Twilight of the Maharajahs''"], BBC Programme Index. Retrieved 27 July 2022.</ref> It was delivered alongside her own life, having discovered old film footage after recently revisiting [[Sainik School, Kapurthala|her former family palace]].<ref name=RT196>{{cite book |title=Radio Times |date=1962 |publisher=G. Newnes |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wN9RAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Twilight+of+the+Maharajahs%22|quote="Today’s Adventure programme, Twilight of the Maharajas shows something of the former glories of the princes, and couples with this the personal story of Princess Indira of Kapurthala who ran away from her grandfather’s court to settle in England. A year ago she returned to Kapurthala for the first time since leaving her ancestral home. In the palace … she discovered half-a-dozen rusty cans of old film showing the princely life as it was over a generation ago." |language=en}}</ref> In 1963 she narrated ''Disciples of the Sword'', a film about the Sikhs by [[Rustom Master]] in the same series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Disciples of the Sword (1963) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8c2f3761 |website=BFI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815054832/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8c2f3761|archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Programme Index |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/07f0807cf56c4bd294ba8a1e01fa3fac |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727101027/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/07f0807cf56c4bd294ba8a1e01fa3fac |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2022 |website=genome.ch.bbc.co.uk |date=2 December 1963 |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> She continued to work for the BBC until 1968.<ref name=Nasta2012/>

In later life she moved to Ibiza, Spain, where she managed a [[Bar (establishment)|bar]].<ref name=BIMCIC/> She died there in September 1979.<ref name=open/>

==Selected publications==
* ''The Revenge of the Gods: A story of ancient Egypt''. The Eastern Press, London, 1928.<ref name=lib>{{cite web |title=Library Guides: Bibliographies for South Asian Studies: Pre-Independence |url=https://guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341864&p=2301845 |website=guides.lib.uw.edu |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724083446/https://guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341864&p=2301845 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Elaine |title=Maharani: Memoirs of a rebellious princess. Brinda, Maharani of Kapurthala |date=2003 |publisher=Rupa & Co|location=New Delhi |isbn=0-595-09428-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/maharanimemoirso0000will/page/n5/mode/2up}}

==Further reading==
* Sukhjit Singh., Frederick, Cynthia Meera. 2019 Prince, Patron and Patriarch: Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala. India: Showcase/Roli Books. ISBN 9788193860854
* {{Cite book |last1=Calder |first1=Ritchie |last2=Dover |first2=Cedric |last3=Ch'ien |first3=Hsiao |last4=Orwell |first4=George |title=Talking to India |date=1943 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.241082/page/n31/mode/2up?q=indira}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Elaine |title=Maharani: Memoirs of a rebellious princess. Brinda, Maharani of Kapurthala |date=1954 |publisher=Henry Holt |isbn=0-595-09428-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/maharanimemoirso0000will/page/n5/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Sukhjit |last2=Frederick |first2=Cynthia Meera |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=K. G. Pramod |title=Prince, Patron and Patriarch: Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala |date=2019 |publisher=Roli Books |isbn=978-81-938608-5-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3X_DwQEACAAJ |language=en}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Indira Devi of Kapurthala}}
* {{YouTube|hXydJCtY6NM|[1927] Maharaja Jagatjit Singh's Garden Party at his Palace, Indira Devi as a teen}}
*{{NPG name}}
*[https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-19-metre-band-1941-online BBC documentary: 19 Metre Band ("Go behind the scenes of Indian programmes on the BBC General Overseas Service (later the World Service)") (1941)]

[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian princesses]]
[[Category:People from Kapurthala]]
[[Category:BBC radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women radio presenters]]
[[Category:Radio reporters and correspondents]]
[[Category:Publicans]]
[[Category:Expatriates from British India in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:BBC World Service presenters]]
[[Category:Queen Mary College, Lahore alumni]]

Gopalswamy Doraiswamy Naidu

2026-03-17T14:53:43Z

Mohit Raj: added info

{{Short description|Indian inventor and engineer (1893–1974)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Gopalaswamy Doraiswamy Naidu
| image = Gopalswamy D. Naidu.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Gopalaswamy Doraiswamy Naidu
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1893|3|23}}
| birth_place = Kalangal, [[Coimbatore District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1974|1|4|1893|3|23}}
| death_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| citizenship = Indian
| ethnicity =
| field = Electrical, [[mechanics]], [[automotive]], agriculture
| work_institutions =
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Technical redesigner, Industrialist, businessman, photographer and philanthropist
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| prizes =
| footnotes =
| signature =
}}

'''G. D. Naidu''' ('''Gopalaswamy Doraiswamy Naidu''') (23 March 1893 – 4 January 1974) was an Indian technical redesigner and industrial pioneer who transformed imported technologies into practical and affordable innovations for India. He is referred to as one of "the wealth creators of Coimbatore".<ref>{{cite news|title=Coimbatore's wealth creators|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/02/stories/2004020201050100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040510163921/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/02/stories/2004020201050100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2004|date=2 February 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Coimbatore, India}}</ref> He is credited with the manufacture of the first electric motor in India. His contributions were primarily industrial but also spanned the fields of electrical, mechanical, agricultural (hybrid cultivation) and automobile engineering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnadu.com/personalities/g-d-naidu.html |title=G.D.Naidu |publisher=Tamilnadu.com |date=3 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411215410/http://tamilnadu.com/personalities/g-d-naidu.html |archive-date=11 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Genius">{{cite news|title=A non-conformist genius Architects of Coimbatore |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/10/stories/2009011050160200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803171033/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/10/stories/2009011050160200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2013|date=10 January 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Coimbatore, India}}</ref> Naidu developed an independently internal combustion four stroke engine. He had only primary education but excelled as a versatile genius. He is also known as "Miracle Man".<ref>{{Cite web |last=N.R.I.pathi |title=Personalities: G.D. Naidu {{!}} Andhra Cultural Portal |date=2 November 2020 |url=https://andhraportal.org/personalities-g-d-naidu/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
G.D Naidu was born on 23 March 1893 in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Agriculture|agrarian]] Kamma Naidu family at Kalangal, [[Coimbatore]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karelia |first=Gopi |title=GD Naidu: How a School Dropout Became India's Edison |url=https://thebetterindia.com/199284/gd-naidu-coimbatore-tamil-nadu-edison-inventor-electric-motor-india/ |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=thebetterindia.com |language=en}}</ref> His childhood years were spent getting in trouble at school. He disliked attending All classes.

== Early life ==
[[File:The Ridge Multi 1912.JPG|thumb|Vehicle which Naidu purchased from the British and on which he learned assembling]]
Naidu obtained work as a [[waiter|server]] in a hotel in Coimbatore with the intention of saving money to buy a motorcycle. After getting the vehicle he spent time dismantling and re-assembling it, and later became a mechanic. He began his transport business in 1920, with the purchase of an automobile coach. He drove it between [[Pollachi]] and [[Palani]]. In a few years, his Universal Motor Service (UMS) owned the most efficient fleet of public transport vehicles in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailylist.in/g-d-naidu-edison-of-india/|title=G D Naidu - "Edison Of India" (Gopalaswamy Doraiswamy Naidu)- DailyList|date=5 March 2021}}</ref> In 1937, the first motor to be produced in India was brought out from G. D. Naidu's factory – NEW (National Electric Works) at Peelamedu, Coimbatore.

== Technical redesigns and later life ==
G.D. Naidu developed India's first indigenous motor in 1937 along with D. Balasundaram Naidu. The motor's success resulted in the founding of Textool by D. Balasundaram Naidu (Popularly known as Textool Balasundaram) and, later, [[Lakshmi Machine Works]] (LMW).<ref name="HarishD">{{Cite book | last = Damodaran | first = Harish | title = India's New Capitalists | publisher = Permanent Black | year = 2008 | location = Ranikhet | pages = 148 | isbn = 978-81-7824-258-3 }}</ref>

Naidu's 'Rasant' razor incorporated a small motor operated by dry cells, called [[Heilbronn]].<ref name="HarishD" /> Among his other inventions were super-thin shaving blades, a distance adjuster for film cameras, a fruit juice extractor, a tamper-proof vote-recording machine and a [[kerosene]]-run fan. In 1941, he announced that he had the ability to manufacture five-valve radio sets in India a mere ₹70/- a set. In 1952, the two-seater petrol engine car (costing ₹2000/-) rolled out. Production was stopped subsequently, because of the government's refusal to grant the necessary license. His inventiveness was not confined to machinery alone. He researched and identified new varieties in cotton, maize and papaya. His farm was visited by [[Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman|Sir C. V. Raman]] and [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya]]. From laying foundation to completion he built a house in just 11 hours, from 6am to 5pm.<ref name="Genius" />

[[File:Prize for UMS from Hitler.JPG|thumb|250px|3rd Prize for UMS Razor Company for razor blades in an exhibition in 1936 in Leipzig, Germany]]
In 1922, he personally filmed the funeral of [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] in London. He met [[Adolf Hitler]] in Germany.<ref name="Perumal">{{Cite book | last = Perumal | first = N | title = An Industrial Scientist | publisher = Life Book Depot | location = Coimbatore | pages = 56 }}</ref> He invited [[K. Kamaraj]] to many functions. Among the Indian stalwarts that Naidu's camera captured were [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Pandit Jawarharlal Nehru]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. Naidu remained an outsider to politics, despite having contested and lost in the 1936 provincial general elections. He was gifted a Rolls-Royce car and he was the only one who had this luxury car in those times.

In 1944, Naidu retired from active involvement with his automobile combine and announced several philanthropic measures including grants for research scholarships and welfare schemes for his employees and the depressed sections of society. In 1967, the G D Naidu Industrial Exhibition was established.

G.D. Naidu, Rathnasabapathy Mudaliar and India's first finance minister [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]] conducted survey, for bringing Siruvani water to the Coimbatore city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Memories of Coimbatore – Another time, another place |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article1988214.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 May 2011 |location=India}}</ref>

Through Naidu's efforts and donations India's first polytechnic college, the Arthur Hope Polytechnic and the Arthur Hope College of Engineering were set up. Later the college moved to its present location and is now known as [[Government College of Technology, Coimbatore|Government College of Technology (GCT)]]. The college was named after the then Madras governor [[Arthur Hope, 2nd Baron Rankeillour|Arthur Hope]]. In 1945, GD Naidu was the principal of the college.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/presentation/135297775/Gd-Naidu|title=GD Naidu | PDF|website=Scribd}}</ref> Naidu was not satisfied with the four-year programs and said that it was a waste of time for students. He suggested that two years was more than enough to teach the same courses, even with different concentrations. However, the British government did not accept his idea and Naidu resigned from his post.<ref>https://www.scribd.com/doc/135297775/Gd-Naidu/ – Gd Naidu Scribd {{Better source needed|date=March 2022}}</ref> The name Hope College for the original site of the college remains in Coimbatore even now.

Naidu died on 4 January 1974. Sir C V Raman said of Naidu: "A great educator, an entrepreneur in many fields of engineering and industry, a warm-hearted man filled with love for his fellows and a desire to help them in their troubles, Mr Naidu is truly a man in a million – perhaps this is an understatement!" He is survived by his son G.D. Gopal and grandchildren G.D. Rajkumar and Shantini. A permanent Industrial Exhibition in his memory is in Coimbatore. He provided employment in the engineering and manufacturing sectors to many individuals in the 1950s and 1960s.

== Legacy ==

[[GD Matriculation Higher Secondary School|G. D. Matriculation Higher Secondary School]] and G. D. Public School in [[Coimbatore]] are named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=G.D Matriculation Higher Secondary School |url=https://www.gdschoolcbe.com/about-us |website=gdschoolcbe.com}}</ref>

His biography ''Appa'' as written by the popular Tamil writer [[Sivasankari]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/APPA-Sivasankari/dp/B08MYGV1FH|title=Amazon.in}}</ref>

=== In popular culture ===
''GD Naidu – The Edison of India'' is a [[documentary film]], directed by K. Ranjit Kumar and produced by the [[Films Division of India]], covering his life, times and contributions. It won the Best Science & Technology Film Award at the [[66th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Films Division documentary on GD Naidu wins National Award {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/press-release/films-division-documentary-on-gd-naidu-wins-national-award.html|access-date=2021-06-12|website=filmsdivision.org}}</ref>

''GDN'' is a film, directed by [[Five Star Krishna]] covering his life, times and contributions is being produced in which [[R. Madhavan]] plays the role of Naidu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=R Madhavan’s GD Naidu biopic titled GDN; Krishnakumar Ramakumar to helm the project {{!}} Films Division|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/r-madhavans-gd-naidu-biopic-titled-gdn-krishnakumar-ramakumar-to-helm-the-project-9842466/|access-date=2025-10-10|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.destinationinfinity.org/2011/01/02/g-d-naidu-museum-industrial-exhibition-in-coimbatore/ G.D.Naidu Museum & Industrial Exhibition in Coimbatore]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/article1453197.ece?viewImage=5 Vintage cycle at G.D. Naidu Museum, ''The Hindu'']

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:The King Naidu, Gopalswamy Doraiswamy}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]

Manorama Mohapatra

2026-03-15T09:34:44Z

Mohit Raj: started a stub

{{Short description|Indian writer and poet (1934–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Manorama Mohapatra at Bhubaneswar Odisha 02-19 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Manorama Mohapatra at [[Bhubaneswar]] Odisha, 2 December 2012]]
'''Manorama Mohapatra''' (10 June 1934 – 18 September 2021) was an Indian writer, poet, and editor, working primarily in the [[Odia language|Odia]] language. She wrote forty books consisting of novels and poetry, and edited an Odia newspaper, ''The Samaj.'' She was the recipient of several literary awards, including Odisha state's highest literary honor, the [[Odisha Sahitya Academy Award|Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1984. She was the first woman to be elected president of the Odisha State Sahitya Akademi, a literary organization for the state of Odisha.

== Life ==
Mohapatra was born in 1934 in Odisha, India. Her father, Dr Radhanath Rath was the editor of an Odia-language daily newspaper, ''The Samaj''. Her undergraduate education was in economics, at [[Ravenshaw University]] in Odisha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-19|title=Odia litterateur, journalist Manorama Mohapatra dies at 87|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/odia-litterateur-journalist-manorama-mohapatra-dies-at-87-1031945.html|access-date=2021-12-05|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> She briefly taught economics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-18|title=Odisha's Manorama Mohapatra passes away at 87|url=https://www.utkaltoday.com/manorama-mohapatra/|access-date=2021-12-05|website=Utkal Today|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205041155/https://www.utkaltoday.com/manorama-mohapatra/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She died on 18 September 2021, and her funeral was performed with state honors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=bureau|first=Odisha Diary|date=2021-09-19|title=Eminent Odia litterateur and journalist Manorama Mohapatra's last rites to be performed with State honours|url=https://orissadiary.com/eminent-odia-litterateur-and-journalist-manorama-mohapatras-last-rites-to-be-performed-with-state-honours/|access-date=2021-12-05|website=Odisha News {{!}} Odisha Breaking News {{!}} Latest Odisha News|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mohapatra began her career as a columnist for the daily newspaper ''The Samaj'', which was edited by her father, writing on politics and contemporary issues. She later succeeded him as the editor of the newspaper. in 1960, she published her first book of poetry, ''Juar Jeiunthi Uthe,'' which focused on themes of empowering women. She went on to write forty books, including novels and poetry, primarily in the Odia language, but also in Bengali. Some significant works include ''Ardhanareeswara'', ''Baidehi Visarjita'', ''Sanghatir Samhita'', S''hakti Rupena Sansthita, Roopam Roopam Pratirupam, Smruti Chandan, Samay Purusha,'' and ''Smritir Naimisharanya''. She also performed publicly, as an [[orator]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Noted litterateur Manorama Mohapatra passes away at 87|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/sep/19/noted-litterateur-manorama-mohapatra-passes-away-at-87-2360829.html|access-date=2021-12-05|website=The New Indian Express |date=19 September 2021 }}</ref> From 1982 to 1990, she was elected president of a literary society, the Utkal Sahitya Samaj, and from 1991 to 1994, she was elected the first woman president of the state literary society, the [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

Mohapatra's contributions to literature were recognised publicly following her death, with the Chief Minister of Odisha, Naveen Patnaik, noting that in addition to her writing, she "...played a key role in creating awareness on different social problems, rights of women and problems faced by them."<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=दुखद: ओडिशा की जानीमानी साहित्यकार मनोरमा महापात्रा का निधन, पीएम मोदी ने जताया दुख|url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/odia-litterateur-journalist-manorama-mohapatra-passed-away-and-pm-modi-expresses-anguish|access-date=2021-12-05|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> Mohapatra's writing focused on themes of empowering women, dealing with contemporary issues and politics concerning women's rights.<ref name=":2" /> Mohapatra also volunteered with a number of charitable organizations in Odisha, including the Red Cross Society, Social Service Guild of Orissa, and Lok Sevak Mandal.<ref name=":1" />

== Awards ==
Mohapatra won a number of literary awards during her career, including:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

* 1984 - [[Odisha Sahitya Academy Award|Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]]
* 1988 - Soviet Nehru Award
* 1990 - Critics' Circle Award of India
* 1991 - Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar Samman
* 1994 - Rupambara Award
* 2013 - Sarala Samman<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2013-11-19|title=Sarala Samman for Manorama Mahapatra {{!}} Sambad English|url=https://sambadenglish.com/sarala-samman-manorama-mahapatra/|access-date=2021-12-05|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Utkal Sahitya Samaj Award
* Gangadhar Meher Samman
* Sahitya Praveena Award
* Sucharita Award

== Bibliography ==
Notable works by Mohapatra include ''Juar Jeiunthi Uthe'' (1960) (poetry), ''Band Gharara Kabat'' (short stories)'','' as well as ''Ardhanareeswara, Baidehi Visarjita, Sanghatir Samhita, Shakti Rupena Sansthita, Roopam Roopam Pratirupam, Smruti Chandan, Samay Purusha, Smritir Naimisharanya, 151 Poems, Arup Aalo in Bengali, Ye Prithvi Sarsajjya,'' and ''Uttara Niruttara.''<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Odia literature}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohapatra, Manorama}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Women writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:Odia-language poets]]
[[Category:Odia short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Ravenshaw University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Uravugal

2026-03-09T06:43:22Z

Mohit Raj:

{{More citations needed|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Uravugal serial.jpg
| genre = Soap opera [[Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = S. Saravanan '''Dialogue''' S.S Lalit R.Raksha R.Usha Kumar
| screenplay = S. Kumaresan
| creative_director =
| director = S.N Haribabu (episodes 1-405) S.M Haribabu (episodes 407-708) K.Shiva Prakash (episodes 710-854)
| starring = Archana Krishnappa, Bhavana Shreekumar Ganesh, Rajkanth, Durga, Peeli Sivam, Vincent Roy, Ramachandran,
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 883 + 2 special episodes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/uravugal-seriyal-800-episode-157702.html| title=உறவுகள் 800 : களைகட்டிய கொண்டாட்டம்...| date=14 July 2012| publisher=tamil.filmibeat.com| access-date=14 July 2012}}</ref>
| list_episodes =
| producer = S.Ashok Kumar Vaidehi Ramamoorthy
| company = San Media Limited Vision Time India Private Limited
| theme_music_composer = [[D. Imman]]
| opentheme = "Uravugalale Uravugalale"
| composer = G. V. Kalai Kathir Ramesh Rehan
| cinematography = K.S.Shankar S. Dhandapani B.S Chella Pandiyan
| editor = B. L. Shankar Lingayath, Palanisamy
| camera = S. Dhandapani
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2009|6|1}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2012|10|12}}
}}

'''Uravugal''' ({{Translation|Relationships}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[Tamil television drama|television series]] that aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. The serial premiered on 1 June 2009, starring Archana Krishnappa, Bhavana, [[Shreekumar|Shreekumar Ganesh]], Rajkanth and Durga. The serial also reunited Bhavana, [[Shreekumar|Shreekumar Ganesh]] and Rajkanth, who previously starred together three years before on [[Megala (TV series)|Megala]] (2007-2010). The serial was directed by Balaji Yadav, Shiva K. and S. Haribabu. The serial was produced by San Media Limited and Vision Time India Private Limited. The serial last aired on 12 October 2012 and ended with 854 episodes. It also airs in [[Sri Lanka]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Channel on [[Vasantham TV]].

==Plot==
As the name implies, Uravugal is the tale of the conflicts that arise amongst the members of a single joint family following the passing of the elder. The family's eldest member, Annamalai, is wed to Parvathy. Krishnan and Gowri, their two children, were born. Azhagesan, the younger brother of Annamalai, marries Visalakshi or Visalam. Mukunthan and Ranjani are their twins. Senthil Andavar lives off his in-laws' money and is married to Ranjani. While Mukunthan possesses an MA, Krishnan did not complete any coursework and quit at the 10th grade level. They are a harmonious family.

The boys' wedding is decided by the family. It was intended for Mukunthan to marry Gayathri, the educated daughter of Thanikachalam and Rajeshwari. Chitra, who comes from a middle-class background, and Krishnan have been paired together. Mukunthan and Annamalai visit Chitra's home, and Mukunthan is seduced by Chitra's attractiveness. The weddings of Mukunthan and Chitra and Krishnan and Gayathri are planned amidst this. In order to make his brother happy, Krishnan lied about his academic level and obtained an MA. The union has ended. Soon after realising the reality, Gayathri departs from Krishnan. Annamalai later dies of cardiac arrest. After being convinced to do so by Senthil, Mukunthan and his mother are compelled to transfer his family away. After quickly seeing her error, Gayathri rejoins Krishnan. The two families reside apart.

The brothers' conflicts widen, and Mukunthan begins to despise Krishnan. Gayathri and Krishnan also quarrel, but this is resolved. The conflict between the families continues while Gayathri and Chitra try to resolve issues, however Chitra has much difficulty with the changed Mukunthan. The climax, shown where Mukundan reunites with his family where Chitra accepts him.

==Cast==

===Main cast===
{{cast listing|
*Shreekumar Ganesh as Krishnan "Krishna", Gayathri's husband, Annamalai and Parvathy's son, Gowri's brother
* Archana Krishnappa (2009–11) / Bhavana Samanthula (2011–12) as Gayathri Krishnan, Krishnan's wife
* Rajkanth as Mugunthan "Muguntha", Chithra's husband, Azhagesan and Visalam's son, Ranjani's twin
* Durga as Chithra Mugunthan, Mukundan's wife
}}

===Supporting cast===
{{cast listing|
* Sivakavitha as Ranjini, Senthil's wife, Mukundan's twin
* Peeli Sivam as Annamalai, Krishnan and Gowri's father, Azhagesan's elder brother, Parvathy's husband
* Sneha Eswar / Neepa as Shwetha
* Mohammed Absar as Vishnu
* Vincent Roy as Thanikachalam
* Ramachandran Mahalingam as Senthil Aandavar, Ranjani's husband
* Amarasigamani as Azhagesan, Annamalai's younger brother, Mukundan and Ranjani's father, Visalam's husband
* Nithya Ravindran as Rajeswari "Raji"
* Revathy Shankar as Visalatchi "Visalam" Azhagesan, Azhagesan's wife, Mukundan and Ranjani's mother
* Aarthika Shree as Sudha
* T. Rajeshwari as Parvathy Annamalai, Annamalai's wife, Krishnan and Gowri's mother
* J. Lalitha as Lakshmi, Chithra's mother
* Bharath Guru as Babu, Subramani's son, Gowri's husband
* Sudha Sandeep as Gowri Babu, Annamalai and Parvathi's daughter, Krishnan's sister and Babu's wife
* Jayaprakash as Subramani, Babu's father
* Comedy Kicha as Samippulla, Subramani's servant
* Shanthi Williams as Mangalam
* Sathya as Sathya
* Kavyavarshini as Tara, Babu's friend
* Sasi as Ravi, Sudha's ex-fiancé
* Sonia as Vasanthi, Murugan's wife
* Jayandh as Murugan, Vasanthi's husband
* K.S. Jayalakshmi as Meenatchi
* Cool Suresh as Raja
* Dev Anand Sharma as Natarajan, Swetha's father
* Aarthi Agustine
* Kalpana as Devi
}}

==Title song==
It was written by [[Vairamuthu]], composed by [[D. Imman]]. It was sung by [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]. Other required music for the serial was provided by G. V. Kalaikathir, Rehan and Ramesh. The male version of the title song was composed by Ramesh

===Soundtrack===
{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Uravugalale Uravugalale
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| music1 = [[D. Imman]]
| extra1 = [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 4:00
| title2 = Vinnai Thodum Varai Poradu
| lyrics2 = Asaithambi
| music2 = Rehan
| extra2 =
| length2 = 4:52
| title3 = Uravugalale Uravugalale (Male Voice)
| lyrics3 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| music3 = Ramesh
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length3 = 4:00
}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
|- bgcolor="blue"
!style="width:15pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Year
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Award
!style="width:120pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Category
!style="width:90pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Recipient
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Role
!style="width:30pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Result
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2009
| rowspan="1" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Television Awards for 2009]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/61100/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Tamilnadu-government-announced-tv-awards.htm| title=Chinna thirai Television News/Tamilnadu Government Announced TV Awards| publisher=[[Dinamalar]]| date=16 July 2017 | access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref>
| Best Actor Male
| [[Shreekumar]]
| Krishnan Annamalai
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2010
| rowspan="1" | [[Sun Kudumbam Awards]]
| Best Brother
| Rajkanth
| Mugundhan Azhagesan
| Nominated
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2011
| rowspan="1" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Television Awards for 2011]]
| Best Character Actress
| Revathy Shanker
| Visalatchi Azhagesan
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2012
| rowspan="4" | [[Sun Kudumbam Awards]]
|-
| Best Father-in-law
| Vincent Roy
| Thanikachalam
| Nominated
|-
| Best Editor
| B.L Shanker
|
| Nominated
|-
| Best Screenwriter
| Nominated
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Television Awards for 2012]]
| Best Dubbing artist Male
| Thangaraj
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actors Female
| Durga
| Chithra Mugundhan
| {{Won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt12154000}}

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Television series about families]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Shiva (2006 film)

2026-03-03T12:00:43Z

Mohit Raj: typo fix

{{short description|2006 film by Ram Gopal Varma}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shiva
| image = Shiva 2006 poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| producer = Ram Gopal Varma
| writer = [[Sajid-Farhad]]
| starring = [[Mohit Ahlawat (actor)|Mohit Ahlawat]] [[Nisha Kothari]] [[Dilip Prabhawalkar]] [[Upendra Limaye]] [[Nagesh Bhonsle]] [[Suchitra Pillai]] [[Shereveer Vakil]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Amal Neerad]]
| editing = Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| studio =RGV Film Company
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|9|15}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 6 crore
| gross = 3.43 crore
}}
'''''Shiva''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] produced and directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. The film was a prequel to the original 1990, ''[[Shiva (1990 film)|Shiva]]'', which is a remake of the 1989 Telugu film [[Shiva (1989 Telugu film)|of the same name]]. The film was screened at the [[New York Asian Film Festival]]. The film was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Shiva 2006''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/shiva2006_moviereview.php |title=Reviews : Movie Reviews |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119104004/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/shiva2006_moviereview.php |archive-date=19 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with the brutal murder of a Mumbai man named John by a group of gangsters led by ruthless kingpin Bappu Ganesh. As time goes on, Bappu becomes more and more powerful, until he manages to seize power from the government of [[Maharashtra]] and make himself chief minister of the state to seize all of Maharashtra's money. Shiva Swarassi is a poor slum-dweller who, after watching his parents being brutally murdered by Bappu's men, decides that it's time to get rid of Bappu. He gets the people of [[Dharavi]] Slum in Mumbai together and forms a rebellion against him.

==Cast==
* [[Mohit Ahlawat (actor)|Mohit Ahlawat]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Shiva Kumar
* [[Nisha Kothari]] as Sandhya Joshi
* [[Upendra Limaye]] as Bappu Ganesh
* [[Shereveer Vakil]] as John
* [[Ninad Kamat]] as Bollywood
* [[Dilip Prabhawalkar]] as [[Home Minister (India)|Home Minister]] Manohar Shirke
* [[Nagesh Bhonsle]] as [[Police Inspector|Inspector]] Sudhir Kamat
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Inspector Sawant
* [[Raju Mavani]] as Inspector Tavde
* Pankaj Jha as Inspector Salim Inamdar
* [[Ranvir Shorey]] as Daksh Kumar
* [[Suchitra Pillai]] as Manasi
* Dinesh Lamba as Hawaldar Atmaran Bhende
* Sanjeev Wilson as Inspector Sarvar Sheikh
* Ganesh Mayekar as Chutney
* Raam as Mukadam
* Vinod Jayawant as Bharti

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shiva
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 4 August 2006
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. The song "Saara Yeh Aalam" is based on "Ananda Ragam" from the Tamil film ''[[Panneer Pushpangal]]'' (1981).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2007/05/15/music-review-cheeni-kum/|title=Music Review: Cheeni Kum|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=15 May 2007|work=Baradwaj Rangan|access-date=18 May 2018|author-link=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref>

=== Hindi Soundtrack ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No
!Song
!Singer(s)
!Lyricist(s)
|-
|1
|"Dheemi Dheemi"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Gulzar]]
|-
|2
|"Josh Mein"
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|3
|"Kaise Kahein"
|[[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Roopkumar Rathod]]
|-
|4
|"Police Police"
|[[Shweta Pandit]], Ninad Kamat
|-
|5
|"Saara Yeh Alam Noorani Hai"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Roopkumar Rathod]]
|-
|6
|"Shapath"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|}

=== Telugu Soundtrack ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!No
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist(s)
|-
|1
|"Manasa Adagava"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
|-
|2
|"Pourusham Swasaga"
|[[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
|3
|"Adaganidhe Cheppedhi"
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]], [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
|4
|"Police Police"
|[[Shweta Pandit]], Ninad Kamat
|-
|5
|"Ye Oohalonu"
|[[Vijay Prakash]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|6
|"Enno Tyagala"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|}

=== Tamil Soundtrack ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No
!Song
!Singer(s)
!Lyricist(s)
|-
|1
|"Oru Naal Maalaiyil"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| Palani Bharathi
|-
|2
|"Yezhunthu Vaa"
|[[Vijay Prakash]]
| [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
|-
|3
|"Solvatharku Oru Solillaiya"
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
| Palani Bharathi
|-
|4
|"Laettaga Varuvanga Loottiyum"
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
| [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
|-
|5
|"En Nenjil Raagam Enge Enge"
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Vijay Prakash]]
| rowspan=2|[[Mu. Metha]]
|-
|6
|"Enge Naam Desam Poguthu"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|}

== Reception ==
[[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film one out of five, writing, "In the original, Raghuvaran exuded menacing energy with his smouldering eyes. In this Shiva, nasty is defined as a scowling ogre. That explains a series of repugnant performances from the bunch of incompetent villains. They evoke sniggers instead of awe."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/19shiva.htm|title=This Shiva is a joke|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|date=19 September 2006|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film one out of five, writing, "On the whole, SHIVA is a poor show, with nothing except gruesome violence on display."<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=15 September 2006 |title=Shiva Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shiva-2/critic-review/shiva-2-movie-review/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Jaspreet Pandohar of [[BBC.com]] wrote, " Everything from the dull good versus evil storyline, to the terrible casting of lead actors reeks of a bad decision. But the biggest culprit is the film's theme. An honest cop fighting unscrupulous elements holds little novelty today, even if an accomplished storyteller like Varma directs it. Compared with his previous works, Shiva comes across as a pale photocopy."<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandohar |first=Jaspreet |date=6 September 2006 |title=Shiva (2006) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/09/18/shiva_2006_review.shtml |work=[[BBC Online]] |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0831816|Shiva}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shiva}}
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]

United Kingdom of Kerala

2026-03-03T09:34:49Z

Mohit Raj: new stub

{{Short description|2025 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = United Kingdom of Kerala
| image = United Kingdom of Kerala.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Arun Vaiga
| producer = {{Ubl| Anne
| Sajeev Alexander Mathew}}
| writer = Arun Vaiga
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Ranjith Sajeev]]
* [[Johny Antony]]
* [[Indrans]]
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]]
* [[Manju Pillai]]
* [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]]
* [[Meera Vasudevan]]
* Manoj K. U.
* [[Alphonse Puthren]]}}
| music = [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| cinematography = Sinoj P. Ayyappan
| editing = Arun Vaiga
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2025|6|20|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''United Kingdom of Kerala''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by Arun Vaiga.<ref>{{cite news |title='ഇതു ഡബിൾ ഓക്കെ'; 'യുകെഓക്കെ' റിവ്യു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2025/06/20/united-kingdom-of-kerala-malayalam-movie-review-and-rating.html |work=[[Manorama News]] |date=20 June 2025 |language=ml}}</ref> The film stars [[Ranjith Sajeev]], [[Johny Antony]], [[Indrans]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Manju Pillai]], [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]], [[Meera Vasudevan]], Manoj K. U., and [[Alphonse Puthren]].

== Cast ==
* [[Ranjith Sajeev]]
* [[Johny Antony]]
* [[Indrans]]
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]]
* [[Manju Pillai]]
* [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]]
* [[Meera Vasudevan]]
* Manoj K. U.
* [[Alphonse Puthren]]

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Rajesh Murugesan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=United Kingdom Of Kerala (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/ae/album/united-kingdom-of-kerala-original-motion-picture/1822710974 |website=[[Apple Music]] |date=24 June 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Resamale
| length1 = 3:29
| lyrics1 = [[Shabareesh Varma]]
| extra1 = [[Kapil Kapilan]], Fazzy, Rajesh Murugesan
| title2 = Nee Ennil
| length2 = 3:55
| lyrics2 = Shabareesh Varma, Arun Vaiga
| extra2 = [[K. S. Harisankar]]
| title3 = Changa Changa
| length3 = 4:21
| lyrics3 = Shabareesh Varma
| extra3 = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| title4 = Thenni Veenithe
| length4 = 3:45
| lyrics4 = Shabareesh Varma
| extra4 = [[Jassie Gift]]
| title5 = Chirakugal
| length5 = 5:02
| lyrics5 = Shabareesh Varma
| extra5 = Suroor Musthafa, Gayathry Rajiv
| title6 = Irulithu Maari Varum
| length6 = 3:55
| lyrics6 = Rajesh Murugesan
| extra6 = Suroor Musthafa
| title7 = Kanal Eriyum
| length7 = 5:09
| lyrics7 = Murukan Kattakkada
| extra7 = Murukan Kattakkada
| total_length = 29:36
}}

== Release ==
''United Kingdom of Kerala'' was initially scheduled for release on 23 May 2025 but was postponed<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranjith Sajeev's United Kingdom of Kerala's release postponed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/22/ranjith-sajeevs-united-kingdom-of-keralas-release-postponed |work=Cinema Express |date=22 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and later released theatrically on 20 June 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=UKOK Review {{!}} വിഷയം ഗൗരവമാണ്, അവതരണം ലളിതവും; ഫീൽ ഗുഡ് 'യുണൈറ്റഡ് കിങ്ഡം ഓഫ് കേരള' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/united-kingdom-of-kerala-movie-review-1.10679366 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=20 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=കേരള യുവതയുടെ നേർസാക്ഷ്യം; 'യുണൈറ്റഡ് കിങ്ഡം ഓഫ് കേരള' റിവ്യു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/ranjith-sajeev-movies-united-kingdom-of-kerala-review/articleshow-iuzy9ag |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=20 June 2025 |language=ml}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "With a simplistic narrative and a lead character, who is too ironic an ‘angry young man’ to gain our sympathy, the film falters".<ref>{{cite news |title=United Kingdom of Kerala Movie Review: A not-bad message foiled by a weak script and lead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/united-kingdom-of-kerala/movie-review/121973517.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Vivek Santhosh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave it 1.5/5 stars and wrote, "Despite its worthy themes of self-determination and migration, ''UKOK'' is held back by tired writing and an inconsistent narrative focus".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Santhosh |first1=Vivek |title=United Kingdom of Kerala Movie Review: A film that lectures more than it connects |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jun/21/united-kingdom-of-kerala-movie-review-a-film-that-lectures-more-than-it-connects |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "The music and songs by Rajesh Murugesan worked well for the movie, which serves a hard-hitting message with some heart."<ref>{{cite news |title=United Kingdom of Kerala review: This Ranjith Sajeev movie is thought-provoking |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/06/20/united-kingdom-of-kerala-movie-review-ranjith-sajeev-johny-antony-arun-vaiga-film.html |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=20 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language drama films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

Government Mappillai

2026-03-03T04:57:32Z

Mohit Raj: general update layout after review and added references

{{More citations needed|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Government Mappillai
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Manivannan]]
| producer = G. S. Madhu
| writer = Manivannan
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Anandaraj]]|[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = D. Sankar
| editing = P. Venkateswara Rao
| distributor =
| studio = Madhu Films International
| released = {{Film date|1992|03|06|df=yes}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Government Mappillai''''' ({{translation|Government son-in-law}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[action drama film]] directed [[Manivannan]]. The film stars [[Anandaraj]] and [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]. It was released on 6 March 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=government mapillai ( 1992 ) |url=http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=government%20mapillai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815073735/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=government%20mapillai |archive-date=15 August 2007 |access-date=2014-02-28 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Sundarapandian, an angry orphan, is the henchman of a rich man Manivannan and often went to jail for minor offences. Karthikeyan enters his house as a servant and falls in love with his daughter Kalyani. In the meantime, Mallaria, an orphan, tries to reform Sundarapandian and they fall in love. One day, a poor girl Chellayi is raped and killed by a corrupted [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]. Sundarapandian and Mallaria finally get married, they decide to leave the village but they don't have enough money. Manivannan prepares his daughter's wedding with the MLA and Manivannan orders Sundarapandian to kill the innocent Karthikeyan. Sundarapandian, who is now a good man, decides to join the young pair. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Anandaraj]] as Sundarapandian
*[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] as Mallaria
*[[Ramkumar]] as Karthikeyan
*[[Saradha Preetha]] as Kalyani
*[[Manivannan]] as Manivannan
*[[Senthil]] as Chokka
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Karthikeyan's father
*[[Vasu Vikram]] as MLA
*[[Ponvannan]]
*Vasudevan
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*Kennedy
*[[Ragasudha]] as Chellayi
*Vijayadurga as Arukkani
*Janaki as Karthikeyan's mother
*[[Halwa Vasu|Vasu]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by Kalidasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1992 |title=Government Maapillai |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/government-maapillai/zmjdg98uR1U_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126115124/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/government-maapillai/zmjdg98uR1U_ |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Mappillai Tamil Audio Cassette By Deva |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/deva-tamil-audio-cassettes/government-mappillai-tamil-audio-cassette-by-deva/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218092240/https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/deva-tamil-audio-cassettes/government-mappillai-tamil-audio-cassette-by-deva/ |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Banumass}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Chinna Ponnu" || Krishnaraj, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:16
|-
| "Ilavatta Poove" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. S. Chithra || 4:39
|-
| "Mama Mama Unnai" || K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:15
|-
| "Manusanukku" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || 4:11
|-
| "Oru Veppamara Thoppu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Deva,Swarnalatha || 4:58
|-
| "Sontham Embathu"|| Krishnaraj || 3:14
|-
| "Sottu Sottaga" || Krishnaraj, K. S. Chithra || 4:30
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Manivannan}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 action drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Neela Kuyil

2026-03-03T04:50:54Z

Mohit Raj: started a post

{{short description|1995 Tamil film}}
{{About|the Tamil film Neela Kuyil|the Malayalam film|Neelakuyil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Neela Kuyil.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Alleppey Ashraf]]
| writer = [[Priyadarshan]] K. N. Anand (dialogues)
| producer = Harees
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pandiarajan]]|[[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]]}}
| cinematography = [[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]]
| editing = L. Boominathan
| music = [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
| studio = Annu Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|10|23}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Neela Kuyil''''' ({{Translation|The blue [[koel]]}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Alleppey Ashraf]]. The film stars [[Pandiarajan]] and [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]], with [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], [[Senthil]], [[Vadivelu]] and [[Y. G. Mahendra]] playing supporting roles. It is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Ninnistham Ennishtam]]'' which itself was inspired by [[Charlie Chaplin]]'s ''[[City Lights]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=1 December 2020 |title='Baasha' to 'Sathi Leelavathi': Why 1995 is an unforgettable year for Tamil cinema fans |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/baasha-sathi-leelavathi-why-1995-unforgettable-year-tamil-cinema-fans-138739 |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]] |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128102555/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/baasha-sathi-leelavathi-why-1995-unforgettable-year-tamil-cinema-fans-138739 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released on 23 October 1995.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=May 2023}}
Muthusamy is a poor and not-too-good-looking man, who roams the streets. Kaattayi, an old woman and street astrologer, becomes his friend and she gives him money to eat every day. Muthusamy lost his parents at a young age. One day, he meets Shalini a blind flower seller and Muthusamy befriends the innocent Shalini, he introduces himself as a rich business magnate. Shalini has a brother : Veerasamy, a dreaded rowdy. Muthusamy slowly falls in love with Shalini. He decides to pay for her surgery to repair Shalini's eyes : he worked day and night and sold his mother's gold pendant. The police suspect Muthusamy of stealing that gold pendant and arrests him, before being arrested he manages to give his money to Shalini. After the successful surgery, Shalini can see but Muthusamy is not there to see her happiness.

Shalini becomes friends with the doctor Raja who operated her eyes. Raja finds her voice sweet, and recommends her to his friend Raja, a music director. The first song Shalini sang becomes a chartbuster and she becomes the busiest singer of the cinema industry. After being released from jail, Muthusamy tries to meet Shalini. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
*[[Pandiarajan]] as Muthusamy
*[[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Shalini
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Kaattayi
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Raja
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Kannayiram
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Vadivelu]] as Mambattiyan
*[[Y. G. Mahendra]] as Madhan
*[[Pasi Narayanan]]
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
*[[Joker Thulasi]]
}}

==Production==
The climax scene was shot in an auditorium before 3,000 spectators.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kummar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=21 October 1995 |title=Big screen bonanza |pages=41 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951021/03/2041a.html |url-status=dead |access-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222033105/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951021/03/2041a.html |archive-date=22 December 1996}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Manikka Vinayagam]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neelakuyil (0) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/Neelakuyil-songs-T0004063 |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505095733/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/Neelakuyil-songs-T0004063 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Oru Vanambadithan" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:38
|-
| "Poo Malai Idhu" (duet) || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sujatha Mohan]] || 4:33
|-
| "Poo Malai Idhu" (solo) || Sujatha Mohan || 4:46
|-
| "Sruthilayam" || Sujatha Mohan || 5:23
|-
| "Yar Nenjilea" || Swarnalatha || 5:00
|}

== Critical reception ==
Thulasi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that today everyone believes in grandeur and great heroes. The director of this film relies on story and poignant sentiment. More than that he relies on the screenplay, so hope is not wasted.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=துளசி |date=26 November 1995 |title=நீலக்குயில் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-11-26/page/n7/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230512051640/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-11-26/page/n7/mode/2up |archive-date=2023-05-12 |access-date=11 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=7 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "A team of comedians keep the fun sometimes with `sickly' jokes, right through Anu Pictures' ''Neela Kuyil'', a small budget movie set to catch the eye of the ordinary viewers of the mofussil. Priyadarshan's story and screenplay are not powerful enough to make director Ashraf draw something more from the artistes, Vadivelu and Senthil, both working in tandem as cheats and tricksters, cornering most frames. Hero Pandiyarajan is sidelined in a role not suited to him a lamenting hero ruing his misfortune".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=27 October 1995 |title=Cinema: Makkal Aatchi/Rakasia Police/Kuruthi Punal/Neela Kuyil |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951028/03/2727a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222023659/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951028/03/2727a.html |archive-date=22 December 1996 |access-date=6 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=27}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Alleppey Ashraf]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sawaari (2016 film)

2026-03-03T03:07:03Z

Mohit Raj: new new stub

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Guhan Senniappan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sawaari
| image = Sawaari Movie Poster.png
| caption = Sawaari Movie Poster
| director = Guhan Senniappan
| producer = Entertainment Brothers
| writer = Guhan Senniappan
| starring = Benito Franklin [[Sanam Shetty]] Karthik Yogi [[Mathivanan Rajendran]]
| music = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| cinematography = [[Chezhiyan]]
| editing = [[Kishore Te]]
| studio = Entertainment Brothers
| distributor = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{film date|2016|03|18|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime = 114 min
}}
'''''Sawaari''''' is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language [[road film|road]] [[psychological thriller]] film written and directed by Guhan Senniappan. The film stars Benito Franklin, [[Sanam Shetty]], Karthik Yogi, and [[Mathivanan Rajendran]]. The music was composed by [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]] with cinematography by [[Chezhiyan]] and editing by [[Kishore Te]]. Distributed by [[Sri Thenandal Films]], the film was theatrically released on 18 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2016 |title=Sri Thenandal Films to release 'Sawaari' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sri-thenandal-films-to-release-sawaari/}}</ref> It received positive reviews.

== Plot ==
The movie starts off with three youngsters driving a car on a highway in the night while drunk. While driving, they notice a man asking for a lift, which they give. The unknown man then kills the three. It is then revealed that the unknown man is a psycho killer who kills people by asking them for lifts on highways.

ACP Solomon is assigned to find the psycho killer. He who is getting married the next day, Chennai to Nellore (his wedding place). While driving, his car breaks down. He then asks for a lift from a young man who is delivering a 1990 Contessa car to an MLA who is very concerned about his cars (he once smashed a guy's finger with a hammer for trying to scratch his Toyota Innova car).

The boy who is delivering the car is threatened by the MLA's henchmen to deliver the car within 4:00 P. M., which causes him to take a shortcut that reduces nearly 20 kilometers and helps him cross the tollgate. Solomon and the driver give lift to the boy who gave them directions to the shortcut. Along this route come another two people who, unknowingly, give lift to the psycho killer and take the same shortcut as Solomon, the driver, and the boy. The psycho killer then kills the two.

Solomon's team finds the killer's house and search it thoroughly, finding the clue of a tattoo (the same which the boy Solomon and driver picked up has). It is then revealed that he has misled them. How they find the psycho along the root forms the rest of the story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2016 |title=Sawaari (Aka) Savari review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/sawaari/sawaari-review.html}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Benito Franklin as ACP Solomon
*[[Sanam Shetty]] as Jeni
*Karthik Yogi as Ravi, the driver boy
*[[Mathivanan Rajendran]] as Mathi
*[[Arun Alexander]] as Ponmala
*[[Ramdoss]] as Sathish
*[[T. M. Karthik]] as Psycho
*[[Kavithalaya Krishnan]]
*Gajaraj as Commissioner Gajaraj
*Raja Rani Pandian as Inspector Ganesan
*Rio Raj as uncredited role
*Lollu Sabha Easter as MLA's PA
*Janan Jacob as Sub-Inspector Abdul Sukhoor
*Pradeep as Psychiatrist Frederick
*RJ Bharath as RJ
*Malini Sathappan
*Naveen Chandran
}}

== Production ==
The film marked the debut of director Guhan Senniappan, who had finished as a runner up in the reality show Naalaya Iyakkunar's third edition. [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]] was signed on to compose the film's music, while [[Chezhiyan]] and [[Kishore Te|Kishore]] worked on the cinematography and editing for the project, with ''Sawaari'', become Kishore's final project to release after his death in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-01 |title=Sawaari Tamil Movie Teaser by Chennaivision - Chennaivision |url=http://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/sawaari-tamil-movie-teaser-chennaivision/ |access-date=2016-07-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sawaari first look poster - Photos |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/sawaari-first-look-poster-5822-slide-38522 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=- Tamil News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/editor-kishore-last-film-sawaari-road-thriller-comedy-to-release-on-march-18-tamil-news-153490.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301001236/http://www.indiaglitz.com/editor-kishore-last-film-sawaari-road-thriller-comedy-to-release-on-march-18-tamil-news-153490.html |archive-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> Guhan described the film as a "psycho thriller" featuring a predominantly new cast of Benito Franklin, Karthik Yogi and Mathivanan Rajendran.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthik |first=Janani |title=Sawaari is a psycho thriller |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sawaari-is-a-psycho-thriller/articleshow/47038554.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Beginning production in January 2014, the team shot scenes in [[Mahabalipuram]] and carried on filming throughout 2014, before beginning promotions in early 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanam's ready for a sawari |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sanams-ready-for-a-sawari/articleshow/29444807.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The delay of the film's release meant that director Guhan moved on to begin work on another project titled ''Kanneer Anjali'' in 2015. [[Sri Thenandal Films]] later picked up the project in February 2015 and prepared it for a release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Thenandal Films to release 'Sawaari' |url=http://tamilnadu.indiaeveryday.in/news-sri-thenandal-films-to-release-sawaari-1130-1804340.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113752/http://tamilnadu.indiaeveryday.in/news-sri-thenandal-films-to-release-sawaari-1130-1804340.htm |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2025-01-12}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]], Vishal received critical acclaim for his work in Siddharth's [[Jil Jung Juk]] (2015), and recorded songs featuring music composers [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Santhosh Narayanan]] and [[Sean Roldan]] in the album. The song "Shoot the Kuruvi" became well noticed, while for another song "Red Roadu", Vishal worked on a mix between 1950s swing and EDM for the tune. He was recently worked on Aagam, and Krishna gaadi veera prema gaatha featuring [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]. He is now working on several projects like Thaami means selfie and Simba.

{{Infobox album
| name = Sawaari
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| cover =
| border =
| alt =
| released = 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 14:05
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label =
| producer = Vishal Chandrasekhar
| prev_title = [[Aagam (film)|Aagam]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
{{track listing
| headline =Track-list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 14:05
| title1 = June Malargalin
| extra1 = [[Naresh Iyer]]
| length1 = 4:45
| title2 = Ennai Theriyuma
| extra2 = Sudeep, [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| length2 = 3:20
| title3 = Paani Poori
| extra3 = [[Teejay Arunasalam]]
| length3 = 2:58
| title4 = Escape Theme
| extra4 = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| length4 = 0:48
| title5 = Power of Ponmala Theme
| extra5 = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| length5 = 1:12
}}

==Critical reception==

Sawaari has received generally positive reviews from critics. Malini Mannath from [[The New Indian Express]] in her review: "The plot follows the road journey of three main characters as they try to reach their respective goals. While the first half is refreshing, with a promise of exciting possibilities that could happen on the trip, the second falls short of what one had been led to expect", 'The director maintaining a racy pace'. Behindwoods rated 2.25 out of 5 stars with the verdict "Sawaari is a decent movie for the budget in which it was made. Fairly engaging crime thriller!."<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2016 |title=Sawaari (Aka) Savari review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/sawaari/sawaari-review.html}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3570530}}

[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]

Annarth

2026-03-03T01:12:36Z

Mohit Raj: updated

{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Annarth
| image = Annarth_poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ravi Dewan
| producer = Ravi Dewan
| writer = Imtiaz Hussain
| narrator =
| starring = [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Sunil Shetty]] [[Gautam Rode]] [[Preeti Jhangiani]]
| cinematography = Suresh Suvarna
| music = [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| editing = Prashant-Vinod
| studio = Suryoday Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2002|11|1}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''Annarth''' ({{translation|Disaster}}) is a 2002 [[Hindi]]- language [[action-thriller film]]. The film stars [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Ashutosh Rana]] and [[Preeti Jhangiani]], as well as [[Tinnu Anand]] and [[Johnny Lever]] in supporting roles. The film also features the debut of [[Gautam Rode]] and the film also stars former [[cricket]]er of the [[Indian national cricket team|Indian cricket team]], [[Vinod Kambli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/21anarth.htm|title=rediff.com: Movies: On the sets of Anarth|website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
A gangster named Jai "Jimmy" is terrorising people in a bar until a young man comes out and fights him. The two continue to fight until they hug each other. The young man is revealed to be Jimmy's childhood friend, Sameer Deshmukh, who has returned to the city after completing his education from the Navy. At that time, they run into two police officers, whom Sameer shoots down before escaping.

Jimmy shows his allegiance to his elder brother, Raghav, who leads one of the dangerous crime gangs in [[Mumbai]] and is more powerful than Jimmy. Sameer and Jimmy go to their old town, where they meet Jimmy's younger sister, Preeti. Jimmy introduces Sameer and friend Bandya to Raghav, who accepts them into his gang. Sameer and Bandya are against Raghav's work, leading to tensions between them and Jimmy.

Sameer and Preeti fall in love and want to marry each other. Suddenly, Bandya is killed at Raghav's orders. Jimmy is heartbroken by Bandya's murder and is convinced that the boss of a rival mob gang named Afzal is responsible for it. Raghav reveals to Preeti that two police officers are thought to have been killed by Sameer. Having thought Sameer to be a nice man, Preeti is angry at him. Sameer then tells her that the police officers' deaths were actually staged; they're still alive because Sameer himself is an undercover police officer intending to infiltrate Raghav's gang and put an end to his illegal setup. Preeti, despite believing that, remains angry with him. Every day, Sameer follows Preeti until she warns him that she will tell Raghav about his identity if he continues doing it. Sameer confides in Iqbal Danger about Preeti not talking to him. Iqbal invites Preeti to his show, where he sings a song, causing Preeti and Sameer to reconcile.

Jimmy goes to a bar where some people start making fun of Bandya. Jimmy kills their boss, Usman Bhai, who is the brother-in-law of Afzal, a powerful don like Raghav. Dayal Bhai, who is the most powerful don above Afzal and Raghav, has them forget their rivalry and become friends. Jimmy tries to shoot Dayal and Afzal, but Raghav stops him from doing so. Later that night, Raghav calls Jimmy by his real name, Jai, which makes Jimmy happy. Sameer tries to tell Jimmy that Raghav killed Bandya, but Jimmy does not believe it.

Sameer is at Afghan Church, where Sameer is secretly informing the police department of Raghav's plans while Jimmy is outside the church meeting Raghav only to be betrayed by his own brother and killed. On Jimmy's [[cremation]], Sameer convinces Iqbal to tell Raghav about his true identity as a police officer, so Raghav sends his men to find out about Sameer and kill him. They go to Preeti's house, where Preeti refuses to tell them about Sameer, and they beat her up in retaliation.

When Sameer comes back, Preeti tells him that she got beaten up by Raghav's men. Sameer informs her that Raghav killed Jimmy and tells her that he will finish Raghav. She encourages him to do so. The next day, Sameer and Iqbal go together, and they fight Raghav and Dayal. A huge battle with gunfire and explosions erupts, and finally, the losing Raghav and Dayal try to escape in a car, but Iqbal and Sameer catch up, and the film ends with Sameer and Iqbal killing Raghav and Dayal.

==Cast==
*[[Sanjay Dutt]] as Iqbal Danger
*[[Suniel Shetty]] as Jai / Jimmy
*[[Gautam Rode]] as Inspector Sameer Deshmukh
*[[Preeti Jhangiani]] as Preeti, Jimmy's sister.
*[[Ashutosh Rana]] as Raghav Bhai
*[[Tinnu Anand]] as Dayal Bhai (special appearance)
*[[Johnny Lever]] as Ben Bose
*[[Vinod Kambli]] as Bandya
*[[Shweta Menon]] as Khatun (special appearance)
*[[Razak Khan]] as Ulhas Bhai

==Soundtrack==
All songs are written by Dev Kohli.

{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Ankhiyan Na Mila"
| [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Jaspinder Narula]]
|-
| 2
| "Aashiq Tera"
| [[Anand Raj Anand]]
|-
| 3
| "Bewafa Bar Mein"
| [[Adnan Sami]], [[Preeti & Pinky]]
|-
| 4
| "Dil Hai Deewana"
| [[Vinod Rathod]], Pamela Jain
|-
| 5
| "Diwana Dil"
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| 6
| "Whisky Pila De"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], Anand Raj Anand, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|}

==Reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5, writing ″On the whole, ANNARTH relies too heavily on an age-old formula, thus limiting its prospects.″<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/annarth/critic-review/annarth-movie-review/ | title=Annarth Review 1.5/5 | Annarth Movie Review | Annarth 2002 Public Review | Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=November 2002 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0338721/ Annarth]

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Raj Anand]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2002 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]

Hichki

2026-03-02T09:39:48Z

Mohit Raj: brief improve intro after review and updated info

{{short description|2018 comedy drama film directed by Sidharth P. Malhotra}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hichki
| image = Hichki poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]]
| producer = [[Maneesh Sharma]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Ankur Chaudhry
* Siddharth P. Malhotra
* Ganesh Pandit
* Raaj Mehta
* Ambar Hadap
}}
{{Infobox
| decat=yes
| child=yes
| label1=Dialogues by
| data1=Anckur Chaudhry
}}
| screenplay =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Front of the Class (book)|Front of the Class]]''|[[Brad Cohen]]}}
| starring = [[Rani Mukerji]]
| music = {{ubl|'''Songs''':|[[Jasleen Royal]]|'''Score''':|[[Hitesh Sonik]]}}
| cinematography = [[Avinash Arun]]
| editing = Shweta Venkat Matthew
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{Film date|2018|3|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 116 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hichki |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/hichki-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtotezmjyw |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609085123/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/hichki-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtotezmjyw |archive-date=9 June 2021 |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}20 crore<ref name="budget">{{Cite news |date=28 March 2018 |title=Reaction to 'Hichki' truly humbling: Maneesh Sharma |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/reaction-to-hichki-truly-humbling-maneesh-sharma-118032800874_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609085158/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/reaction-to-hichki-truly-humbling-maneesh-sharma-118032800874_1.html |archive-date=9 June 2021}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}209.72 crore<ref>{{cite news |title=Rani Mukerji's Hichki crosses Rs 200 crore mark at global box office, thanks to China dream run |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rani-mukerji-s-hichki-crosses-rs-200-crore-mark-at-global-box-office-thanks-to-china-dream-run/story-Qr3rYAbImKMFyZL29EIvIN.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=31 October 2018 |access-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101021809/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rani-mukerji-s-hichki-crosses-rs-200-crore-mark-at-global-box-office-thanks-to-china-dream-run/story-Qr3rYAbImKMFyZL29EIvIN.html |archive-date=1 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Hichki''''' ({{IPA|hi|ɦɪtʃʰkɪ|pron}}; {{translation|''Hiccup''}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy drama]] film co-written and directed by [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]]. It is produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] and [[Maneesh Sharma]] under the banner of [[Yash Raj Films]]. Based on American motivational speaker [[Brad Cohen]]'s autobiography ''[[Front of the Class (book)|Front of the Class]]'', it stars [[Rani Mukerji]] as Naina Mathur, an aspiring teacher who gets rejected by many schools due to her [[Tourette syndrome]], until she is accepted at the St. Notker's School, her [[alma mater]]. She is assigned to teach students from a nearby slum in the class 9F, which was created by the [[Government of India]] to fill a quota for the underprivileged.

Malhotra began scripting ''Hichki'' in 2013 upon acquiring the rights to ''Front of the Class.'' [[Principal photography]] took place in [[Mumbai]] between April and June 2017. The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Jasleen Royal]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan|Hitesh Sonik]], respectively.

''Hichki'' was released on 23 March 2018 to mixed reviews from critics who praised Mukerji's performance but criticised the plot's predictability. Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|20|c}}, the film was a major commercial success, grossing {{INRConvert|209.72|c}} worldwide, making it Mukerji’s highest-grossing film. Mukerji received nominations for Best Actress at the [[Filmfare Awards]], [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]], [[Screen Awards]], and [[Zee Cine Awards]], and won an award of the same category at the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]], where it was screened. The film was also shown at the [[International Film Festival of India]], the [[Shanghai International Film Festival]], and the [[Giffoni Film Festival]].

== Plot ==
Naina Mathur, a [[Bachelor of Education]] and [[Master of Science]], aims to become a teacher, but is repeatedly rejected as she has [[Tourette's syndrome]], which causes her to make uncontrollable sounds likened to [[hiccup]]s. Despite failing for 5 years, she is supported by her mother, Sudha, and her younger brother, Vinay, while her father, Prabhakar, sees little potential in the idea and expects her to take up a [[banking]] job. Naina eventually receives an offer at St. Notker's School to teach class 9F. Once she is employed as a teacher, however, she realises that the school was desperate to find a new teacher for 9F, as all other teachers had failed to control the class. Naina finds that the students are unruly, misbehaved, and visibly different. Shyamlal, the school's [[peon]], informs her that the 9F students come from a nearby [[slum]] and were admitted only to fill the government-prescribed quota for the [[Social privilege|underprivileged]] after a previous municipality school on the St. Notker's football ground was closed due to mounting maintenance costs.

On her first day, Naina's students imitate and mock her. She decides to teach them interactively, determined to show resilience. The students prank her with [[liquid nitrogen]] which explodes, shattering the [[window]]s. Naina prevents a mass expulsion by stating that the prank required planning, and if that can be guided, the class has potential. Wadia, the teacher of 9A, dislikes the 9F students. He informs Naina that his class comprises academically excellent [[prefect]]s, but she assures him that her students will earn prefect badges as well. The school's annual [[science fair]] project is assigned to 9A. Meanwhile, Naina teaches her students to be brave in pursuing knowledge and to realise their individual strengths. Aatish, the sole student who remains cold towards Naina, sabotages 9A's science project. This is discovered by Wadia, and the principal decides to expel 9F. Again, Naina prevents it by promising that they will pass their [[exam]]s, but is unable to prevent their suspension from attending school until then. Dejected, she informs them that they have shattered her efforts to help them.

Aatish faces ridicule from the rest of 9F and decides to apologise to Naina, and all of the 9F students study diligently. Shyamlal then supplies copies of the question paper to Aatish so that they would be able to cheat. When he presents the papers to his classmates, they refuse and he gives up on the idea as well. After the exam days, they pass but are accused of cheating when Shyamlal confesses to the plan, and the principal decides to expel them during the prefect-pinning ceremony. Akshay, one of the 9A students, reveals to Wadia that it was he who had bribed Shyamlal to supply the copies of the "wrong" question paper to 9F students, and Wadia realises that 9F students did not cheat. At the ceremony, Wadia announces that he wrongfully tried to fail the students and applauds Naina's teaching, requesting her to pin the prefect badges to her students who ranked first. The film ends with Naina's last day at the school after serving for 25 years, retiring as the [[school principal]], as her former 9F students, who are all now successful, reunite with her.

== Cast ==
* [[Rani Mukerji]] as Naina Mathur, class teacher of 9F
** Naisha Khanna as young Naina
* [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]] as Sudha Mathur, Naina's mother
* [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] as Prabhakar Mathur, Naina's father
* [[Hussain Dalal]] as Vinay Mathur, Naina's younger brother
** Vir Bhanushali as young Vinay
* Pankaj Anand as older Kilam
* [[Neeraj Kabi]] as Wadia, class teacher of 9A
* [[Vikram Gokhale]] as Principal Khan, former principal of St. Notker's School
* [[Harsh Mayar]] as Aatish, student of 9F
* [[Asif Basra]] as Shyamlal, peon of St. Notker's School
* [[Riya Shukla]] as Tara, student of 9F
* [[Sparsh Khanchandani]] as Oru, student of 9F
* Poorti Jai Agarwal as Tamanna, student of 9F
* Shagufta Shaikh as Shagufta, student of 9F
* Vikrant Soni as Killam, student of 9F
* Jayesh Kardak as Pankaj, student of 9F
* Benjamin Yangal as Ashwin, student of 9F
* Kalaivanan Kannan as Kalai, student of 9F
* Swaraj Kumar as Ravinder, student of 9F
* Siddhesh Pardhi as Omnish, student of 9F
* [[Rohit Suresh Saraf]] as Akshay Verma, student of 9A; Aatish's rival
* Ridhi Arora as Sunidhi Prabhakaran, student of 9A
* [[Jannat Zubair Rahmani]] as Natasha Khanna, student and topper of 9A; Aatish's crush
* [[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]] as the school principal

== Production ==
[[File:Rani Mukerji promoting Hichki in 2018 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|''Hichki'' was [[Rani Mukerji]]'s first film since the release of ''[[Mardaani]]'' (2014)]]

=== Development ===
In 2013, [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]] acquired the rights to [[Brad Cohen]]'s 2005 autobiography ''[[Front of the Class (book)|Front of the Class]]'' and started writing the screenplay along with Ambar Hadap and Ganesh Pandit.<ref name="Firstpost">{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Seema |date=2 April 2018 |title=Hichki director Siddharth P Malhotra on the struggle to get the film made, and how YRF, Rani Mukerji came on board |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hichki-director-siddharth-p-malhotra-on-the-struggle-to-get-the-film-made-and-how-yrf-rani-mukerji-came-on-board-4414635.html |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903093444/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hichki-director-siddharth-p-malhotra-on-the-struggle-to-get-the-film-made-and-how-yrf-rani-mukerji-came-on-board-4414635.html |archive-date=3 September 2019}}</ref> The film was titled ''Hichki'', which Malhotra felt was a suitable word for describing prejudice and social stigma against Tourette disorder.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2018 |title=Hichki: Here's the secret behind Rani Mukerji's film title |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Asian News International]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hichki-here-s-the-secret-behind-rani-mukerji-s-film-title/story-nJ0JXyKcUciYpvuz06XgeK.html |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222215409/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hichki-here-s-the-secret-behind-rani-mukerji-s-film-title/story-nJ0JXyKcUciYpvuz06XgeK.html |archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> His second directorial venture after ''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]'' (2010), Malhotra had several failed attempts to find a production house over four years. According to him, the production houses believed that the film lacked commercial viability, telling him: "Who would watch the story of a teacher suffering from Tourette syndrome?" Upon of the suggestion of his wife Sapna, he narrated the screenplay to [[Aditya Chopra]], which the latter liked. Chopra, however, was busy with his directorial ''[[Befikre]]'' (2016) and asked [[Maneesh Sharma]], who would co-produce ''Hichki'' with him, to listen to the rest.<ref name="Firstpost" />

=== Casting ===
While Malhotra had conceived of the film as a male-led film when writing the screenplay, Sharma suggested casting an actress as the lead.<ref name="Firstpost" /> [[Rani Mukerji]] was chosen, marking her first acting role since ''[[Mardaani]]'' in 2014. She revealed that she accepted the film because she found the role to be more challenging than those in her previous films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2019 |title=Rani Mukerji: I started howling in the car on first day of Hichki shoot |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rani-mukerji-i-started-howling-in-the-car-on-first-day-of-hichki-shoot-1421747-2019-01-02 |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610080758/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rani-mukerji-i-started-howling-in-the-car-on-first-day-of-hichki-shoot-1421747-2019-01-02 |archive-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> Furthermore, Mukerji revealed that it was her husband Aditya Chopra who conceived her to portray the role as he saw her becoming obsessed with her family life and that her fans were desperately waiting for her comeback.<ref name="I am No. 1">{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=2 March 2018 |title=I am No. 1 in my own game, says Rani Mukerji |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rani-mukerji-i-am-no-1-in-my-own-game-ahead-of-hichki-release/article22907546.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610080322/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rani-mukerji-i-am-no-1-in-my-own-game-ahead-of-hichki-release/article22907546.ece |archive-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> She waited until her daughter Adira was four months old before accepting the role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N. |first=Patcy |date=9 April 2018 |title=Revealed: How Rani got Hichki |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/revealed-how-rani-got-hichki/20180409.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611114719/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/revealed-how-rani-got-hichki/20180409.htm |archive-date=11 June 2021 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> In preparation, she interacted with Cohen (who was happy knowing the film would address Tourette syndrome and the character based on him) on the social media platform [[Skype]], asking him for training to make her character's motor and vocal [[tics]] appear spontaneous and not rehearsed.<ref name="I am No. 1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahani |first=Alaka |date=25 February 2018 |title=Rani Mukerji: Everyone has to put in a little effort to accommodate working mothers |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/rani-mukerji-everyone-has-to-put-in-a-little-effort-to-accommodate-working-mothers-5076464/ |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909204333/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/rani-mukerji-everyone-has-to-put-in-a-little-effort-to-accommodate-working-mothers-5076464/ |archive-date=9 September 2019}}</ref> Shanoo Sharma was the [[Casting (performing arts)|casting director]].<ref name="Cast & Crew">{{Cite web |title=Hichki Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hichki/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926024036/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hichki/cast/ |archive-date=26 September 2019 |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
''Hichki'' was produced on a budget of {{INRConvert|200|m|year=2018}}.<ref name="budget">{{Cite news |date=28 March 2018 |title=Reaction to 'Hichki' truly humbling: Maneesh Sharma |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/reaction-to-hichki-truly-humbling-maneesh-sharma-118032800874_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609085158/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/reaction-to-hichki-truly-humbling-maneesh-sharma-118032800874_1.html |archive-date=9 June 2021}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began in [[Mumbai]] on 4 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2017 |title=Rani Mukerji's comeback film Hichki begins filming. Here's what it's about |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rani-mukerji-s-comeback-film-hichki-begins-filming-here-s-what-it-s-about/story-KqsJMXXWzhFiySnyi7gUaO.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830123935/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rani-mukerji-s-comeback-film-hichki-begins-filming-here-s-what-it-s-about/story-KqsJMXXWzhFiySnyi7gUaO.html |archive-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2017 |title=Production News: Hichki |url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/hichki-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611071426/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/hichki-5 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> Because this was her first on-screen project since her daughter's birth, Mukerji confessed that she was worried about leaving her daughter for the first time. Mukerji added, "... she had not spent even one day without me. Also, I was wondering whether I would be able to act or not as I was facing the camera after two years. I wondered if I still have it in me".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sinha|first=Seema|date=19 March 2018|title=With Hichki, I'd like to tell the world about the kind of brave films India is churning out, says Rani Mukerji|work=[[Firstpost]]|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/with-hichki-id-like-to-tell-the-world-about-the-kind-of-brave-films-india-is-churning-out-says-rani-mukerji-4395355.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524225756/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/with-hichki-id-like-to-tell-the-world-about-the-kind-of-brave-films-india-is-churning-out-says-rani-mukerji-4395355.html|archive-date=24 May 2018}}</ref> Filming concluded on 5 June 2017 at [[Mehboob Studio]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2017 |title=Rani Mukerji wraps up shoot of Hichki |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rani-mukerji-wraps-up-shoot-of-hichki/story-mHpsdHAHjnWO3fisvPf2zJ.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611072341/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rani-mukerji-wraps-up-shoot-of-hichki/story-mHpsdHAHjnWO3fisvPf2zJ.html |archive-date=11 June 2021}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Further|Hichki (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Jasleen Royal]] with lyrics written by [[Raj Shekhar]], [[Jaideep Sahni]], Neeraj Rajawat, Aditya Sharma, and David Klyton.<ref name="iTunes">{{Cite web |last=Royal |first=Jasleen |author-link=Jasleen Royal |date=19 February 2018 |title=Hichki (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/hichki-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1350670597 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611085322/https://music.apple.com/us/album/hichki-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1350670597 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref><ref name="YRF">{{Cite web |date=20 February 2018 |title=Yash Raj Films' Hichki music out now! |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2018/02/20/hichki-music-out-now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722034307/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2018/02/20/hichki-music-out-now |archive-date=22 July 2020 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=[[Yash Raj Films]]}}</ref> Abhishek Kurme, [[Arijit Singh]], [[Benny Dayal]], David Klyton, [[Harshdeep Kaur]], [[Jasleen Royal]], Naina Kundu, Nigel Rajaratnam, Rhiya Jauhari, [[Shilpa Rao]], Siddesh Jammi, and Yogesh Kurme provided the vocals. The album was released by [[YRF Music]] on 19 February 2018.<ref name="iTunes" />

== Marketing ==
''Hichki'' was widely anticipated as it marked the comeback of Mukerji after four years.<ref name="trailer">{{Cite news |date=19 December 2017 |title=Hichki Trailer: Rani Mukherjee makes big comeback, picks perfect film |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/hichki-trailer-rani-mukherjee-makes-big-comeback-picks-perfect-film/981667/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227021536/http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/hichki-trailer-rani-mukherjee-makes-big-comeback-picks-perfect-film/981667/ |archive-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> She promoted it on television in five languages: [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. According to her, the film has inspired her by its moral message and relevancy, saying that she wanted more people in the country to hear it as well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2018 |title=Rani Mukherji to promote Hichki in five languages |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rani-mukherji-promote-hichki-five-languages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211133509/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rani-mukherji-promote-hichki-five-languages/ |archive-date=11 February 2019 |access-date=12 June 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The trailer was released on 19 December 2017.<ref name="trailer" />

The promotions of ''Hichki'' began on 14 January 2018, during the celebration of [[Makar Sankranti]].<ref name="promotion">{{Cite news |last=Rakshit |first=Nayandeep |date=10 January 2018 |title=Revealed! Rani Mukerji's special plans for 'Hichki' on Makar Sankranti |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-revealed-rani-mukerji-s-special-plans-for-hichki-on-makar-sankranti-2574158 |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723204319/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-revealed-rani-mukerji-s-special-plans-for-hichki-on-makar-sankranti-2574158 |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Holiday Calendar: January 2018 |url=https://www.india.gov.in/calendar?date=2018-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208130302/https://www.india.gov.in/calendar?date=2018-01 |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=12 June 2021 |website=[[India.gov.in]]}}</ref> Mukerji went to [[Ahmedabad]] to interact with school students and her fans, and later to eight other cities.<ref name="promotion" /> She also promoted the film on several television shows, including ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2018 |title=Rani Mukerji to promote 'Hichki' on Saurav Ganguly's show |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-rani-mukerji-to-promote-hichki-on-saurav-ganguly-s-show-2576548 |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023235407/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-rani-mukerji-to-promote-hichki-on-saurav-ganguly-s-show-2576548 |archive-date=23 October 2019}}</ref> ''[[Dadagiri Unlimited]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2018 |title=Rani Mukerji Promotes 'Hichki' on Dance Reality Show; See Pictures |website=[[News18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/rani-mukerji-promotes-hichki-on-dance-reality-show-1653007.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209234952/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/rani-mukerji-promotes-hichki-on-dance-reality-show-1653007.html |archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> and ''[[Dance India Dance]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2018 |title=Rani Mukerji will promote 'Hichki' on Sourav Ganguly's reality show |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/rani-mukerji-will-promote-hichki-sourav-gangulys-reality-show-2-1502567852.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723124429/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/rani-mukerji-will-promote-hichki-sourav-gangulys-reality-show-2-1502567852.html |archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> Mukerji continued it by interacting with the spiritual teacher [[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Ravi Shankar]] at the inaugural session of the [[List of women's conferences|International Women's Conference]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vakkalanka |first=Harshini |date=27 February 2018 |title=Lessons on empowerment |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/lessons-on-empowerment/article22868081.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109020630/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/lessons-on-empowerment/article22868081.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> She spoke of her experience, "It will be amazing to be part of this session and hear him speak. ''Hichki'' is all about harnessing your positivity and inner peace to bring out the best in you and I'm going to speak about this in his presence. I look forward to this interactive session."<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2018 |title=Hichki: As part of the film's promotions, Rani Mukerji to visit spiritual guru Ravi Shankar, discuss life's hitches |work=Firstpost |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hichki-as-part-of-the-films-promotions-rani-mukerji-to-visit-spiritual-guru-ravi-shankar-discuss-lifes-hitches-4352131.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216194948/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hichki-as-part-of-the-films-promotions-rani-mukerji-to-visit-spiritual-guru-ravi-shankar-discuss-lifes-hitches-4352131.html |archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref> In October, Mukerji visited five cities in China ([[Beijing]], [[Chengdu]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Shenzhen]]) to promote the film there.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2018 |title=Rani Mukerji to promote 'Hichki' in China |work=Outlook |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/rani-mukerji-to-promote-hichki-in-china/1397594 |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724082257/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/rani-mukerji-to-promote-hichki-in-china/1397594 |archive-date=24 July 2020}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Hichki'' was initially scheduled to release on 23 February 2018, however it was rescheduled to 23 March 2018 owing to post-exam season for students in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2018 |title=Rani Mukerji's Hichki postponed by one month. Blame the boards |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rani-mukerji-s-hichki-postponed-by-one-month-blame-the-boards/story-axqAiym2ZQwLIZiEjIXTWI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210083053/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rani-mukerji-s-hichki-postponed-by-one-month-blame-the-boards/story-axqAiym2ZQwLIZiEjIXTWI.html |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=12 June 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2017 |title=Hichki: Will this be the perfect comeback film for Rani Mukerji? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hichki-will-this-be-the-perfect-comeback-film-for-rani-mukerji/story-Zqff0kW1z9j88QzGlbkzrL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229123845/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hichki-will-this-be-the-perfect-comeback-film-for-rani-mukerji/story-Zqff0kW1z9j88QzGlbkzrL.html |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref>

It was released on [[DVD]] in the [[NTSC]] widescreen format on 8 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2018 |title=Hichki |url=https://www.amazon.com/Hichki-Rani-Mukerji/dp/B07CWS37GV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613113746/https://www.amazon.com/Hichki-Rani-Mukerji/dp/B07CWS37GV |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]}}</ref> The film was screened at the [[Shanghai International Film Festival]] on 15 June,<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2018 |title='Hichki' to be screened at Shanghai Film Festival |work=Outlook |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/hichki-to-be-screened-at-shanghai-film-festival/1323451 |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613113751/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/hichki-to-be-screened-at-shanghai-film-festival/1323451 |archive-date=13 June 2021}}</ref> the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] on 11 August,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2018 |title='Hichki' to be screened at Indian Film Festival of Melbourne |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/hichki-to-be-screened-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2124145.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110111240/http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/hichki-to-be-screened-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2124145.html |archive-date=10 January 2019 |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=[[Zee News]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> the [[International Film Festival of India]] in November,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2018 |title=Special screening of Sholay & Hichki for visually impaired at IFFI 2018 |url=http://www.uniindia.com/special-screening-of-sholay-hichki-for-visually-impaired-at-iffi-2018/west/news/1406377.html |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=[[United News of India]] |location=Panaji, India |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613064802/http://www.uniindia.com/special-screening-of-sholay-hichki-for-visually-impaired-at-iffi-2018/west/news/1406377.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Giffoni Film Festival]] in July 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2019 |title=Rani Mukerji-starrer 'Hichki' to be screened at Giffoni Film Festival in Italy |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Asian News International]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rani-mukerji-starrer-hichki-to-be-screened-at-giffoni-film-festival-in-italy-119062801056_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701182120/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rani-mukerji-starrer-hichki-to-be-screened-at-giffoni-film-festival-in-italy-119062801056_1.html |archive-date=1 July 2019}}</ref> The film was released in theatres in China on 12 October under the title ''Teacher with Hiccup''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2018 |title=Rani Mukerji's 'Hichki' set to release in China |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-rani-mukerji-s-hichki-set-to-release-in-china-2668038 |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513020425/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-rani-mukerji-s-hichki-set-to-release-in-china-2668038 |archive-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> It was released in Taiwan as ''My Teacher with Hiccups'' on 2 November.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2018 |title=Hichki to release in Taiwan as My Teacher With Hiccups |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/hichki-to-release-in-taiwan-as-my-teacher-with-hiccups-663165 |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613113751/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/hichki-to-release-in-taiwan-as-my-teacher-with-hiccups-663165 |archive-date=13 June 2021}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
''Hichki'' was made available for streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[Apple TV+]].<ref name="Rotten Tomatoes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hichki|title=Hichki (2018)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date={{RT data|access date|df=dmy}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722094726/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hichki|archive-date=22 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''Hichki'' received mixed reviews from critics who praised Mukerji's performance, but criticised the plot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Suparno |date=23 March 2018 |title=Hichki movie review: This is what critics, celebs say about Rani Mukerji-starrer |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/hichki-movie-review-this-what-critics-celebs-say-about-rani-mukerji-starrer-764713 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133311/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/hichki-movie-review-this-what-critics-celebs-say-about-rani-mukerji-starrer-764713 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><ref name="opening">{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Divya |date=24 March 2018 |title=Hichki Box Office Collection Day 1: Rani Mukerji's Film Passes Opening Day Test Without Hiccups, Collects ₹3.30 Crore |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hichki-box-office-collection-day-1-rani-mukerjis-film-passes-opening-day-test-without-hiccups-collec-1828118 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128000852/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hichki-box-office-collection-day-1-rani-mukerjis-film-passes-opening-day-test-without-hiccups-collec-1828118 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=NDTV}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|60|5.8|15|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}<ref name="Rotten Tomatoes" />

[[Bollywood Hungama|''Bollywood Hungama'']] wrote that Mukerji had delivered an effervescent performance and made ''Hichki'' a good film despite a predictable story, believing she would make the audience empathise with her character and that the actress portrayed it zestfully.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2018 |title=Hichki Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hichki/critic-review/hichki-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109142648/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hichki/critic-review/hichki-movie-review/ |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars panning the melodramatic screenplay but appreciated Mukerji and described the film as an "out-and-out" show for her.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |date=23 March 2018 |title=Hichki Review: An out-and-out Rani show! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/hichki-review-an-out-and-out-rani-show/20180323.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723080918/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/hichki-review-an-out-and-out-rani-show/20180323.htm |archive-date=23 July 2020 |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> [[Mayank Shekhar]], writing for ''[[Mid-Day]]'', was critical of the film, calling it the [[desi]] version of the American [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] drama ''[[Dead Poets Society]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Mayank |author-link=Mayank Shekhar |date=23 March 2018 |title=Hichki Movie Review |work=[[Mid-Day]] |location=Mumbai, India |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Hichki-Movie-Review-19235181 |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613113749/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Hichki-Movie-Review-19235181 |archive-date=13 June 2021}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' thought Mukerji looked as if she had not taken a sabbatical from full-time acting, lauding her dramatic confrontational scenes with Neeraj Kabi, and [[Bhawana Somaaya]] expressed appreciation of her for playing against [[Typecasting|type]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=13 June 2018 |title=Movie Review: Hichki |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-hichki-27234.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304075008/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-hichki-27234.html |archive-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |author-link=Bhawana Somaaya |date=23 March 2018 |title=Movie Review: Hichki Day 1310 |url=http://bhawanasomaaya.com/movie-review-hichki/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119182416/http://bhawanasomaaya.com/movie-review-hichki/ |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=BhawanaSomaaya.com}}</ref>

Rachit Gupta of ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that she hoped the film focused not only on Naina's classroom struggle but also on her personal life, especially her conflict with her father. She, however, commended the performances of Mukerji and the actors who played her students, particularly that from Harsh Mayar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Rachit |date=29 March 2018 |title=Hichki Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/hichki/movie-review/63428161.cms |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323114107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/hichki/movie-review/63428161.cms |archive-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[News18]] found ''Hichki'' to be inconsistent and unoriginal; however, he praised the film's moral message.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |author-link=Rajeev Masand |date=23 March 2018 |title=Against all odds |url=https://rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/against-all-odds/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118035623/http://rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/against-all-odds/ |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=RajeevMasand.com}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote "Rani Mukerji's energetic, engaging performance apart, ''Hichki'' is a huff-and-puff show marked by too much mush and fuss. But it has just enough to keep tearjerker junkies interested."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |date=4 April 2019 |title=Hichki Movie Review: Rani Mukerji Gets Full Marks But This Film Is Not A Class Act |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerji-gets-full-marks-but-this-film-is-not-a-class-act-1827719 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221192210/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerji-gets-full-marks-but-this-film-is-not-a-class-act-1827719 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Rohit Vats of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half stars, complimenting Mukerji's straightforward, confident performance and those of Kabi and the student actors. However, Vats was disappointed that the film only revolves on the relationship between a teacher and students.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vats |first=Rohit |date=25 March 2018 |title=Hichki movie review: Rani Mukerji's well-intentioned film could have been so much more |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/hichki-movie-review-melodrama-overpowers-rani-mukerji-s-well-intentioned-film/story-Quua3YZYf8TdEnek8nABZM.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028053952/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/hichki-movie-review-melodrama-overpowers-rani-mukerji-s-well-intentioned-film/story-Quua3YZYf8TdEnek8nABZM.html |archive-date=28 October 2019}}</ref>

Richard James Havis of ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' found Mukerji's spirited performance enhancing an otherwise predictable story.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/culture/film-tv/article/2171876/hichki-film-review-rani-mukerji-shines-tourettes-syndrome-sufferer |title=Hichki film review: Rani Mukerji shines as Tourette's Syndrome sufferer in upbeat education drama |date=7 November 2018 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |last=Havis |first=Richard James |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522192853/https://www.scmp.com/culture/film-tv/article/2171876/hichki-film-review-rani-mukerji-shines-tourettes-syndrome-sufferer |url-status=live}}</ref> Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' appreciated Malhotra for putting the narrative focus on Naina only without disruptive [[subplot]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=23 March 2018 |title='Hichki' film review: Rani Mukerji offers earnest lessons in helping the underdog to shine |url=https://scroll.in/article/873000/hichki-film-review-rani-mukerji-offers-earnest-lessons-in-helping-the-underdog-to-shine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808232403/https://scroll.in/article/873000/hichki-film-review-rani-mukerji-offers-earnest-lessons-in-helping-the-underdog-to-shine |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> and Samrudhi Ghosh of ''[[India Today]]'' observed that Malhotra "had a tough task at hand—to stay away from emotional manipulation, even in the dramatic moments. He succeeds, for the most part; although some portions of the film, such as the climax, feel a little contrived."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Samrudhi |date=23 March 2018 |title=Hichki Movie Review: Rani Mukerji's brilliant act is devoid of emotional manipulation |work=India Today |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerji-1196242-2018-03-23 |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221192207/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerji-1196242-2018-03-23 |archive-date=21 December 2019}}</ref> Another review in News18, written by Kriti Tulsiani, commented that the film is a remake of [[Peter Werner]]'s 2008 film ''[[Front of the Class]]'', which was based on the same book as ''Hichki'', and criticised it for the inability to provide an original story and undramatic ending.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tulsiani |first=Kriti |date=23 March 2018 |title=Hichki Movie Review: Rani Mukerji Delivers Her Best In An Otherwise Hiccup-ridden Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerji-delivers-her-best-in-an-otherwise-hiccup-ridden-film-1698139.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142359/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerji-delivers-her-best-in-an-otherwise-hiccup-ridden-film-1698139.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=News18}}</ref> Rohit Bhatnagar of the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, writing that Mukerji drives the film with her effortless performance; although the latter aspect make the film mediocre, he added that ''Hichki'' is as good as Malhotra's ''We Are Family''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatnagar |first=Rohit |date=23 March 2018 |title=Hichki movie review: Tale of an underdog made well |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/230318/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerji-underdog-told-well-yrk-yash-raj.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221192208/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/230318/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerji-underdog-told-well-yrk-yash-raj.html |archive-date=21 December 2019}}</ref> Chaya Unnikrishnan of the [[Daily News and Analysis|''Daily News and Analysis'']] termed ''Hichki'' a [[Slice of life|slice-of-life]] film with inspiring themes and was impressed by Mukerji's acting.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Unnikrishnan |first=Chaya |date=23 March 2018 |title='Hichki' Review: Rani Mukerji's film is a sweet, simple story of overcoming your hiccups |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-hichki-review-rani-mukerji-s-film-is-a-sweet-simple-story-of-overcoming-your-hiccups-2596877 |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003234019/https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-hichki-review-rani-mukerji-s-film-is-a-sweet-simple-story-of-overcoming-your-hiccups-2596877 |archive-date=3 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Namrata Joshi]] praised her tics used in the right measure and time, but noted the actors cast as her parents (Sachin and Supriya Pilgaonkar) did not get enough scope.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=23 March 2018 |title='Hichki' review: a pile of clichés |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hichki-review/article23333912.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323113411/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hichki-review/article23333912.ece |archive-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> [[Raja Sen]] and Aditya Shrikrishna from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' said Mukerji was successful at making her tics look natural,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |author-link=Raja Sen |date=3 August 2018 |title=Hichki Movie Review: Rani Mukerji Does Well In A Predictable And Cliched Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerji-does-well-in-a-predictable-and-cliched-film-1827822 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614125106/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerji-does-well-in-a-predictable-and-cliched-film-1827822 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrikrishna |first=Aditya |date=23 March 2018 |title='Hichki' review: An emotionally inspiring film |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/mar/23/hichki-review-an-emotionally-inspiring-film-1791450.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130023422/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/mar/23/hichki-review-an-emotionally-inspiring-film-1791450.html |archive-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> and [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] described the actress as one of the "biggest strengths" of ''Hichki''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vetticad |first=Anna M. M. |author-link=Anna M. M. Vetticad |date=23 March 2018 |title=Hichki movie review: Rani Mukerji's 'To Ma'am With Love' hits the mark, hiccups and all |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerjis-to-maam-with-love-hits-the-mark-hiccups-and-all-4402515.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230192003/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerjis-to-maam-with-love-hits-the-mark-hiccups-and-all-4402515.html |archive-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> Billing it as a comeback vehicle for Mukerji, ''The Indian Express''{{'}} Shalini Langer acclaimed Malhotra for not adding romantic songs or sequences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Langer |first=Shalini |date=24 March 2018 |title=Hichki movie review: The Rani Mukerji film earns an A |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerji-star-rating-5108782/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323131814/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerji-star-rating-5108782/ |archive-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> The Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' named it as the best example of what teachers should teach to their students,<ref>{{Cite news |last=ஹுசைன் |first=அலாவுதின் |date=25 March 2018 |title="ராணி முகர்ஜியின் ரீ-என்ட்ரியை அர்த்தமுள்ளதாக மாற்றியிருக்கிறதா 'ஹிச்கி'?" – 'ஹிச்கி' படம் எப்படி? |language=Tamil |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/bollywood/120159-bold-and-fabulous-performance-by-rani-mukerji-hitchki-marks-a-stupendous-return-of-the-rani |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815024925/https://cinema.vikatan.com/bollywood/120159-bold-and-fabulous-performance-by-rani-mukerji-hitchki-marks-a-stupendous-return-of-the-rani |archive-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> with [[Anupama Chopra]] summarising, "[It] is a genuinely earnest film made with heart. But it doesn't take enough risks and consequently doesn't touch a raw nerve in the way that ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' did. But it's always nice to see a talented actress with all guns blazing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=23 March 2018 |title=Hichki Movie Review: An Earnest Film That Doesn't Take Enough Risks |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerji-anupama-chopra/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720075902/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/hichki-movie-review-rani-mukerji-anupama-chopra/ |archive-date=20 July 2020 |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Swetha Ramakrishnan of ''[[Firstpost]]'' claimed ''Hichki'' would be not complete if Kabi did not feature in it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Shweta |date=23 March 2018 |title=Hichki is no sob story: Rani Mukerji is sassy, spirited in this inspiring underdog tale |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hichki-is-no-sob-story-rani-mukerji-is-sassy-spirited-in-this-inspiring-underdog-tale-4401253.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204185058/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hichki-is-no-sob-story-rani-mukerji-is-sassy-spirited-in-this-inspiring-underdog-tale-4401253.html |archive-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film was a commercial success in India and abroad, with the trade analyst Girish Johar telling ''The Indian Express'' that its business largely relied on the audience's [[Word-of-mouth marketing|word-of-mouth]]. However, he added that the issue of [[Tourette syndrome]] that is addressed in it may limit the audience.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jalan |first=Shivangi |date=23 March 2018 |title=Hichki box office prediction: Rani Mukerji's film expected to earn Rs 2 crore on Day 1 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/hichki-box-office-prediction-rani-mukerji-5107065/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323033852/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/hichki-box-office-prediction-rani-mukerji-5107065/ |archive-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> Released in more than 900 theatres, the film had a below average opening in India, grossing {{INRConvert|33|m}}.<ref name="opening" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top India First Day (2018) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-day.php?year=2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627144844/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-day.php?year=2018 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> After earning {{INRConvert|200|m}} in only five days, however, it was declared a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2018 |title=Success of Hichki gives us confidence to produce universally appealing subjects: Producer Maneesh Sharma |work=The Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/maneesh-sharma-hichki-success-rani-mukerji-5114959/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801144105/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/maneesh-sharma-hichki-success-rani-mukerji-5114959/ |archive-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> ''Hichki'' collected {{INRConvert|591.3|m}} over its theatrical run in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hichki |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3742 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520162009/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3742 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award/Organization
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Winner(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Rani Mukerji
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2019 |title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2019 |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511105318/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898.html |archive-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Giffoni Film Festival]]
|Best Film
|Aditya Chopra, Maneesh Sharma
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Awards">{{Cite web |title=List of awards won by Hichki film |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/about-us/awards/all-awards/hichki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722102424/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/about-us/awards/all-awards/hichki |archive-date=22 July 2020 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=[[Yash Raj Films]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" |[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|Best Film
|Aditya Chopra, Maneesh Sharma
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref name="Awards" /> <ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2018 |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Awards 2018: Padmaavat and Sanju top nominations list |website=India TV |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2018-padmaavat-and-sanju-top-nominations-list-452351 |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701112423/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2018-padmaavat-and-sanju-top-nominations-list-452351 |archive-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|Siddharth P. Malhotra
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|Rani Mukerji
|{{won}}
|-
|Excellence in Cinema
|Rani Mukerji
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Rani Mukerji
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2019 |title=IIFA 2019 nominations: Andhadhun grabs maximum nods, Raazi and Padmaavat follow |work=The Indian Express |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2019-nominations-andhadhun-tops-the-chart-raazi-and-padmaavat-follow-5944184/ |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913203353/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2019-nominations-andhadhun-tops-the-chart-raazi-and-padmaavat-follow-5944184/ |archive-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Rani Mukerji
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=25th Star Screen Awards |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/star-screen-awards/s-449/a-starstudded-night/1000226800 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124032153/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/star-screen-awards/s-449/a-starstudded-night/1000226800 |archive-date=24 January 2020 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=[[Hotstar]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female (Critics)]]
|Rani Mukerji
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNkU4buUmRE |title=Best Actor – Female: Deepika Padukone (Padmaavat) |date=10 October 2019 |publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200717134935/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNkU4buUmRE |archive-date=17 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films by international revenue]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.yashrajfilms.com/movies/hichki}}
* {{IMDb title|6588966}}

[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about Tourette syndrome]]
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]

Abhaya Hiranmayi

2026-02-19T02:51:01Z

Mohit Raj: made new pg more to come

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Abhaya Hiranmayi
| image = Abhaya Hiranmayi.jpg
| background = person
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India
| genre = 
| occupation = [[Playback Singer]], [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2014–present
}}

'''Abhaya Hiranmayi''' is an Indian playback singer. She has recorded songs and provided backing vocals for film music in [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/Notes-of-a-Bohemian-kind/article14397061.ece |title=Notes of a Bohemian kind |last1=Sathyendran |first1=Nita |date=23 June 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 November 2017 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Born in a creatively inclined family in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala. Hiranmayi did not take up any formal training in music until later. She learnt the basics of music from her mother Lathika, a postgraduate in music and a disciple of Prof. Neyyattinkara M.K. Mohanachandran and gained further knowledge by passively listening to musical lessons conducted by her father's brother, a [[professor]] at [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music|Swati Thirunal College of Music]]. Her father G. Mohan, was a [[Television producer|programme producer]] for [[Doordarshan|Doordarshan Kendra]].<ref name=":0" />

Hiranmayi grew up in Thiruvananthapuram where she attended Carmel School.

Abhaya was in a [[Cohabitation in India|live-in relationship]] with composer [[Gopi Sundar]], and in July 2018, Sundar revealed that they had been together for 9 years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Singer Abhaya Hiranmayi in a live-in relationship with Gopi Sundar |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/singer-abhaya-hiranmayi-in-a-live-in-relationship-with-gopi-sundar-kerala--1.3569240 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=14 February 2019 |accessdate=18 February 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218201928/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/singer-abhaya-hiranmayi-in-a-live-in-relationship-with-gopi-sundar-kerala--1.3569240 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In May 2022, Gopi Sundar declared their break up by confirming his relationship with the singer [[Amrutha Suresh]].

==Career==
Hiranmayi started off her career in 2014 providing [[Backing vocalist|backing vocals]] for [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] songs.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} She made her debut through the song "Naku Penta Naku Taka" from the [[Naku Penta Naku Taka|eponymous film]], providing backup vocals in a [[Swahili language|Swahili]] dialect.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Naku-Penta-Naku-Taka-music-review/articleshow/35824112.cms |title=Naku Penta Naku Taka music review - Times of India |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref> It was followed by "Thanne Thanne" from [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]-[[Mamta Mohandas]] starrer ''[[Two Countries]]'' whose music composer, [[Gopi Sundar]], used her voice as an [[Bridge (music)|interlude]] to the song. The same year, she crooned the song "Choti Zindagi" for the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film [[Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Music-Review-Malli-Malli-Idhi-Rani-Roju/articleshow/45715500.cms |title=Music Review: Malli Malli Idhi Rani Roju - Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref> In 2016, she lent her vocals for the romantic [[ballad]] "Mazhaye Mazhaye" along with [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] for the film ''[[James & Alice]]'' followed by [[Sathya (2017 Malayalam film)|Sathya]] directed by late [[Diphan]] and in the following year, "Koyikode Song", an ode to [[Kozhikode]] and its rustic music, composed by her longtime collaborator, Gopi Sundar for the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Goodalochana]]'' became an instant hit post its release and got her first award at [[Asiavision Awards]] for excellence in singing.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/081117/magic-behind-koikode-song.html |title=Magic behind Koikode song |date=8 November 2017 |work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=26 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class = "sortable wikitable"
|+ List of Abhaya Hiranmayi film song credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Naku Penta Naku Taka]]'' || "Naku Penta, Naku Taka" || [[Gopi Sundar]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Vishwasam Athallae Ellaam]]'' || "No Foolakking" || Gopi Sundar ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju]]'' || "Choti Zinagi" || Gopi Sundar ||<ref name=":2" />
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Two Countries]]'' || "Thanne Thanne" || Gopi Sundar ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[James & Alice|James and Alice]]'' || "Mazhaye Mazhaye" || Gopi Sundar ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Satya (2017 film)|Satya]]'' || "Njan Ninne Thedivarum" || Gopi Sundar ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Goodalochana]]'' || "Koyikode Song" || Gopi Sundar ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Two Countries]]'' || "Cheliya Cheliya Vidipoke Kalala" || Gopi Sundar ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Joshua (2020 film)|Joshua]]'' || "Cheliya Konda Konda Kondattom" || Gopi Sundar ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Malaikottai Vaaliban]]'' || "Punnara Kattile Poovanatthil" || Prashant Pillai ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Countries (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Gopi Sundar on Apple Music |website=[[iTunes]] |date=13 December 2017 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/2-countries-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1325084209 |language=en-gb |access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Kunddala Puranam]]'' || "Pularumbo Thotte" || [[Blesson Thomas]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Song from 'Kundala Purana' sung by Abhaya Hiranmayi; Remarkable...(Malayalam) |date=1 June 2024 |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2024/06/01/pularumbo-thotte-song-from-the-movie-kunddala-puranam.htm}}</ref>
|}

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
*All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Pani (film)|Pani]]'' || Jaya, Davi's Wife || Debut<ref>{{Cite news |title='Pics From Joju George's Directorial Debut Pani Shoot Viral |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pics-from-joju-georges-directorial-debut-pani-shoot-viral-8945307.html |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627013340/https://www.news18.com/movies/pics-from-joju-georges-directorial-debut-pani-shoot-viral-8945307.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8099355}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hiranmayi, Abhaya}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Trilochan Sastry

2026-02-12T03:15:50Z

Mohit Raj: new a details

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Distinguish|Trilochan Shastri}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox academic
| alma_mater = [[IIT Delhi]] [[IIM Ahmedabad]] [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore]]
| image = Trilochan Sastry.png
}}

'''Trilochan Sastry''' is the Chairman, Founder Member and Trustee of the [[Association for Democratic Reforms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who We Are {{!}} Association for Democratic Reforms |url=https://adrindia.org/who-we-are |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=adrindia.org}}</ref> He was formerly the Dean at [[Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore]], (from 2008 to 2011), and now, he is a faculty in faculty member in the Decision Sciences Area there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trilochan Sastry |url=https://www.iimb.ac.in/user/138/trilochan-sastry |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.iimb.ac.in |language=en}}</ref> He is also the Founder & Secretary of the Centre for Collective Development (CCD) and the Founder of Farmveda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://farmveda.in/pages/about-us |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=farmveda |language=en}}</ref>

==Education==
He pursued BTech in Electrical Engineering from IIT, Delhi, an MBA from the Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad, and a Ph.D. in Operations Research from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trilochan Sastry |url=https://www.iimb.ac.in/user/138/trilochan-sastry |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.iimb.ac.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Academic career==
Prior to joining [[IIMB]], he was a professor at [[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]]. Prof. Trilochan Sastry is conferred with Satyendra K Dubey Memorial Award from [[IIT Kanpur]] (2011–12) for his contributions to bringing about transparency in public life.

Other major positions which he held were:<ref>{{Cite web| title=Format of Bio data in respect of persons desirous of inclusion in DPE databank | url=https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/sudhir_trilochan_sastry_0914.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309112456/https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/sudhir_trilochan_sastry_0914.PDF | archive-date=2024-03-09}}</ref>

* Visiting professor, [[International University of Japan]], Niigata, Japan (Spring Term 1996)
* Visiting professor, [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]] (January 2002 to June 2002)
* Faculty and Associate Dean (Research) and Professor, [[Indian School of Business]], Hyderabad, India (2001 July to 2002 January)
* Visiting Fellow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA (Summer 1995 and 1997)

His areas of interest include [[Operations Research]], [[Supply Chain Management]], [[Rural Development]], [[Democracy]] and [[Governance]].

== Civil Society/Social Work ==

* Chairman, Founder Member and Trustee of Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR): ADR is a non-partisan NGO working on electoral and political reforms. It was founded in 1999 by Prof. Sastry and several professors from IIM – Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Mission {{!}} Association for Democratic Reforms |url=https://adrindia.org/about-adr/mission-and-vision |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=adrindia.org}}</ref>
* Founder & Secretary of Centre for Collective Development (CCD): It has been operational since 2004 and as of 2019 had organized over 25000 farmers with a focus on marketing and value addition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ccd-web-admin |title=Board |url=https://ccd.ngo/board/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Centre for Collective Development |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Founder of Farmveda: They source fresh produce from farmers and use it to create packaged foods, including Ready-to-Cook Mixes, Ready-to-Eat Products, Condiments, Chocolates, Edible Oils, and more. Farmveda shares all the profit among the farmers in the process transforming them as entrepreneurs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://farmveda.in/pages/about-us |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=farmveda |language=en}}</ref>

==Other Work Experience==
* Assistant Executive Engineer, ONGC (1983–85)<ref>{{Cite web| title=Format of Bio data in respect of persons desirous of inclusion in DPE databank | url=https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/sudhir_trilochan_sastry_0914.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309112456/https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/sudhir_trilochan_sastry_0914.PDF | archive-date=2024-03-09}}</ref>
* Independent Non-executive Director, [[NABARD]], Mumbai (October 2011-June 2014)<ref>{{Cite web| title=Format of Bio data in respect of persons desirous of inclusion in DPE databank | url=https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/sudhir_trilochan_sastry_0914.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309112456/https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/sudhir_trilochan_sastry_0914.PDF | archive-date=2024-03-09}}</ref>

== Book ==
Trilochan Sastry has written a book called "''The Essentials of Hinduism: An Introduction to All the Sacred Texts".'' The book has been published by [[Penguin Random House]] India Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastry |first=Trilochan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXmUEAAAQBAJ |title=The Essentials of Hinduism: An Introduction to All the Sacred Texts |date=2022-10-17 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-790-4 |language=en}}</ref> He has been interested in Hinduism since early adolescence and has lived in monasteries, studied the sacred texts, attended classes from various teachers and visited various pilgrimage sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trilochan Sastry |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/trilochan-sastry/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Awards==
* "Satyendra K Dubey Memorial Award" from [[IIT Kanpur]] in 2013 for his contributions to bringing about transparency in public life<ref>{{Cite web |title=DORA {{!}} IIT Kanpur {{!}} Past Awardees |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/dora/past-skda-awardees |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.iitk.ac.in}}</ref>
* "Distinguished Alumnus" Award from [[IIT Delhi]] in 2012<ref>{{Cite web | title=Alumni Relations:: IIT Delhi | url=https://alumni.iitd.ac.in/distinguished-alum-award/357 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320130856/https://alumni.iitd.ac.in/distinguished-alum-award/357 | access-date=2025-08-21 | archive-date=2024-03-20}}</ref>
* "Outstanding Contribution to National Development" Award from IIT Delhi Alumni Association in 2005<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Delhi Alumni Association |url=https://www.iitdalumni.com/page/iitdaaawardees-364 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.iitdalumni.com}}</ref>
* "Best Young Teacher" for the year 1999, Association of Indian Management Schools<ref>{{Cite web |last=ccd-web-admin |title=Board |url=https://ccd.ngo/board/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Centre for Collective Development |language=en-US}}</ref>
His work for civil society has been recognized and he has received various awards including the CNN-IBN, NDTV, TOI Indian of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trilochan Sastry |url=https://www.iimb.ac.in/user/138/trilochan-sastry |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.iimb.ac.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastry, Trilochan}}
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]

Indiana's 9th congressional district

2026-02-06T23:18:45Z

Mohit Raj: Created New Location Needs Work...

{{Short description|U.S. House district for Indiana}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2025}}
{{use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox U.S. congressional district
| state = Indiana
| district number = 9
| image name = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|from=Indiana's 9th congressional district (2023–).map|zoom=7|frame-height=300|frame-width=400|overlay-vertical-alignment=bottom|overlay-horizontal-alignment=right|overlay=[[File:Indiana's 9th congressional district (since 2023).png|150px]]}}
| image width =
| image caption = Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
| representative = [[Erin Houchin]]
| party = Republican
| residence = Salem
| english area =
| metric area =
| percent urban =
| percent rural =
| population = 764,291
| population year = 2024
| median income = $70,510<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/mycd/?st=18&cd=09|title = My Congressional District}}</ref>
| percent white = 87.0
| percent hispanic = 4.1
| percent black = 2.8
| percent asian = 1.7
| percent more than one race = 3.9
| percent other race = 0.5
| percent blue collar =
| percent white collar =
| percent gray collar =
| cpvi = R+15<ref name=Cook>{{Cite web|title=2025 Cook PVI℠: District Map and List (119th Congress)|url=https://www.cookpolitical.com/cook-pvi/2025-partisan-voting-index/district-map-and-list|access-date=2025-04-05|website=Cook Political Report|date=April 3, 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| created =
}}

'''Indiana's 9th congressional district''' is a [[congressional district]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Indiana]]. Located in south-central and southeastern Indiana, the district includes the Indiana side of the [[Louisville metropolitan area]]. The district's largest city is [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], home to [[Indiana University]].

The district is currently represented by [[Erin Houchin]], first elected in [[2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana#District 9|2022]].

== Recent election results from statewide races ==
{| class=wikitable
! Year
! Office
! Results<ref>{{cite web | url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::c08c9df0-9756-4c5a-a7e7-01ff03bbb170 | title=Dra 2020 }}</ref>
|-
||2008
| [[2008 United States presidential election in Indiana|President]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[John McCain|McCain]] 52% - 46%
|-
||2012
| [[2012 United States presidential election in Indiana|President]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 58% - 42%
|-
|rowspan=4|2016
| [[2016 United States presidential election in Indiana|President]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 61% - 33%
|-
| [[2016 United States Senate election in Indiana|Senate]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Todd Young|Young]] 57% - 39%
|-
| [[2016 Indiana gubernatorial election|Governor]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Eric Holcomb|Holcomb]] 57% - 40%
|-
| [[2016 Indiana elections#Attorney general|Attorney General]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Curtis Hill|Hill]] 66% - 34%
|-
||2018
| [[2018 United States Senate election in Indiana|Senate]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Mike Braun|Braun]] 55% - 41%
|-
|rowspan=3|2020
| [[2020 United States presidential election in Indiana|President]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 63% - 35%
|-
| [[2020 Indiana gubernatorial election|Governor]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Eric Holcomb|Holcomb]] 60% - 29%
|-
| [[2020 Indiana Attorney General election|Attorney General]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Todd Rokita|Rokita]] 64% - 36%
|-
|rowspan=4|2022
| [[2022 United States Senate election in Indiana|Senate]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Todd Young|Young]] 64% - 33%
|-
| [[2022 Indiana State Treasurer election|Treasurer]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Daniel Elliott (Indiana politician)|Elliott]] 65% - 35%
|-
| [[2022 Indiana elections#Auditor|Auditor]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Tera Klutz|Klutz]] 64% - 33%
|-
| [[2022 Indiana Secretary of State election|Secretary of State]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Diego Morales (politician)|Morales]] 60% - 36%
|-
|rowspan=4|2024
| [[2024 United States presidential election in Indiana|President]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Donald Trump|Trump]] 64% - 34%
|-
| [[2024 United States Senate election in Indiana|Senate]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Jim Banks|Banks]] 63% - 34%
|-
| [[2024 Indiana gubernatorial election|Governor]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Mike Braun|Braun]] 59% - 37%
|-
| [[2024 Indiana Attorney General election|Attorney General]]
| align="right" {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Todd Rokita|Rokita]] 64% - 36%
|}

==Composition==
'''[[List of Indiana counties|Indiana counties]]''' within the 9th Congressional District, and the major cities within the county:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"

|-
! #
! County
! Seat
! Population
|-
|5
|[[Bartholomew County, Indiana|Bartholomew]]
|[[Columbus, Indiana|Columbus]]
|83,540
|-
| 13
| [[Brown County, Indiana|Brown]]
| [[Nashville, Indiana|Nashville]]
| 15,570

|-
| 19
| [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark]]
| [[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]]
| 124,237

|-
| 29
| [[Dearborn County, Indiana|Dearborn]]
| [[Lawrenceburg, Indiana|Lawrenceburg]]
| 51,138

|-
| 31
| [[Decatur County, Indiana|Decatur]]
| [[Greensburg, Indiana|Greensburg]]
| 26,416

|-
| 43
| [[Floyd County, Indiana|Floyd]]
| [[New Albany, Indiana|New Albany]]
| 80,714

|-
| 61
| [[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison]]
| [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]]
| 39,851

|-
| 71
| [[Jackson County, Indiana|Jackson]]
| [[Brownstown, Indiana|Brownstown]]
| 46,300

|-
| 77
| [[Jefferson County, Indiana|Jefferson]]
| [[Madison, Indiana|Madison]]
| 32,946

|-
| 79
| [[Jennings County, Indiana|Jennings]]
| [[Vernon, Indiana|Vernon]]
| 27,536

|-
| 93
| [[Lawrence County, Indiana|Lawrence]]
| [[Bedford, Indiana|Bedford]]
| 45,222

|-
| 105
| [[Monroe County, Indiana|Monroe]]
| [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]]
| 139,745

|-
| 65
| [[Ohio County, Indiana|Ohio]]
| [[Rising Sun, Indiana|Rising Sun]]
| 6,114

|-
| 137
| [[Ripley County, Indiana|Ripley]]
| [[Versailles, Indiana|Versailles]]
| 29,087

|-
| 143
| [[Scott County, Indiana|Scott]]
| [[Scottsburg, Indiana|Scottsburg]]
| 24,588

|-
| 155
| [[Switzerland County, Indiana|Switzerland]]
| [[Vevay, Indiana|Vevay]]
| 10,006

|-
| 175
| [[Washington County, Indiana|Washington]]
| [[Salem, Indiana|Salem]]
| 28,224
|}
As of 2023, Indiana's 9th congressional district is located in southeastern Indiana. It encompasses Brown, Clark, Dearborn, Decatur, Floyd, Franklin, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Jennings, Lawrence, Monroe, Ohio, Ripley, Scott, Switzerland, and Washington counties, and most of [[Bartholomew County, Indiana|Bartholomew County]].

Bartholomew County is split between this district and the [[IN-06|6th district]]. They are partitioned by Indiana County Rd West 300 South and Indiana County Rd 400 South. The 9th district takes in part of the city of [[Columbus, Indiana|Columbus]], and the three townships of [[Jackson Township, Bartholomew County, Indiana|Jackson]], [[Ohio Township, Bartholomew County, Indiana|Ohio]], and [[Wayne Township, Bartholomew County, Indiana|Wayne]], as well as most of the township of [[Sand Creek Township, Bartholomew County, Indiana|Sand Creek]].

===Cities of 10,000 people or more===
* [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]] – 79,168
* [[Columbus, Indiana|Columbus]] – 50,474
* [[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]] – 49,447
* [[New Albany, Indiana|New Albany]] – 37,841
* [[Clarksville, Indiana|Clarksville]] – 22,333
* [[Seymour, Indiana|Seymour]] – 21,569
* [[Bedford, Indiana|Bedford]] – 13,792
* [[Madison, Indiana|Madison]] – 12,375
* [[Greensburg, Indiana|Greensburg]] – 12,312

=== 2,500 – 10,000 people ===

* [[Sellersburg, Indiana|Sellersburg]] – 9,310
* [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]] – 7,775
* [[Scottsburg, Indiana|Scottsburg]] – 7,345
* [[Batesville, Indiana|Batesville]] – 7,202
* [[Ellettsville, Indiana|Ellettsville]] – 6,655
* [[North Vernon, Indiana|North Vernon]] – 6,608
* [[Salem, Indiana|Salem]] – 6,371
* [[Bright, Indiana|Bright]] – 5,814
* [[Lawrenceburg, Indiana|Lawrenceburg]] – 5,129
* [[Greendale, Indiana|Greendale]] – 4,602
* [[Austin, Indiana|Austin]] – 4,064
* [[Mitchell, Indiana|Mitchell]] – 3,933
* [[Georgetown, Floyd County, Indiana|Georgetown]] – 3,805
* [[Hanover, Indiana|Hanover]] – 3,743
* [[Aurora, Indiana|Aurora]] – 3,479
* [[Smithville-Sanders, Indiana|Smithville-Sanders]] – 3,323
* [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]] – 3,153
* [[Brownstown, Indiana|Brownstown]] – 3,025
* [[Brookville, Indiana|Brookville]] – 2,622

== List of members representing the district ==
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

|- valign=bottom
! Member
! Party
! Years
! Cong ress
! Electoral history

|- style="height:3em"
| colspan=5 | District created March 4, 1843

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Samuel C. Sample (Indiana Congressman).jpg|100px]] '''[[Samuel C. Sample]]''' {{Small|([[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]])}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845
| {{USCongressOrdinal|28}}
| [[1843 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1843]]. Lost re-election.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Charles W. Cathcart.jpg|100px]] '''[[Charles W. Cathcart]]''' {{Small|([[Laporte, Indiana|Laporte]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1849
| {{USCongressOrdinal|29|30}}
| [[1845 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1845]]. [[1847 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1847]]. Retired.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:GNFitch.jpg|100px]] '''[[Graham N. Fitch]]''' {{Small|([[Logansport, Indiana|Logansport]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1853
| {{USCongressOrdinal|31|32}}
| [[1849 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1849]]. [[1851 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1851]]. Retired.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:NormanEddy.jpg|100px]] '''[[Norman Eddy]]''' {{Small|([[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855
| {{USCongressOrdinal|33}}
| [[1852 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1852]]. Lost re-election.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left rowspan=2| [[File:Schuyler Colfax portrait.jpg|100px]] '''[[Schuyler Colfax]]''' {{Small|([[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]])}}
| {{Party shading/People's (Indiana)}} | [[People's Party (Indiana)|People's]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1857
| rowspan=2 | {{USCongressOrdinal|34|40}}
| rowspan=2 | [[1854 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1854]]. [[1856 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1856]]. [[1858 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1858]]. [[1860 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1860]]. [[1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1862]]. [[1864 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1864]]. [[1866 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1866]]. Retired to [[1868 United States presidential election|run for U.S. Vice President]].

|- style="height:3em"
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1869

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:JPCShanks.jpg|100px]] '''[[John P. C. Shanks]]''' {{Small|([[Portland, Indiana|Portland]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1875
| {{USCongressOrdinal|41|43}}
| Redistricted from the {{ushr|Indiana|11|C}} and [[1868 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|re-elected in 1868]]. [[1870 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1870]]. [[1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1872]] Lost renomination.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:TJCason.jpg|100px]] '''[[Thomas J. Cason]]''' {{Small|([[Lebanon, Indiana|Lebanon]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877
| {{USCongressOrdinal|44}}
| Redistricted from the {{ushr|Indiana|7|C}} and [[1874 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|re-elected in 1874]]. Lost renomination.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:MDWhite.jpg|100px]] '''[[Michael D. White]]''' {{Small|([[Crawfordsville, Indiana|Crawfordsville]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1879
| {{USCongressOrdinal|45}}
| [[1876 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1876]]. Retired.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Godlove Stein Orth - Brady-Handy.jpg|100px]] '''[[Godlove Stein Orth|Godlove S. Orth]]''' {{Small|([[Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1879 – December 16, 1882
| {{USCongressOrdinal|46|47}}
| [[1878 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1878]]. [[1880 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1880]]. Lost re-election and died before next term began.

|- style="height:3em"
| colspan=2 | ''Vacant''
| nowrap | December 16, 1882 – January 17, 1883
| rowspan=2 | {{USCongressOrdinal|47}}
|

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Charles T. Doxey (Indiana Congressman).jpg|100px]] '''[[Charles T. Doxey]]''' {{Small|([[Anderson, Indiana|Anderson]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | January 17, 1883 – March 3, 1883
| [[1883 Indiana's 9th congressional district special election|Elected to finish Orth's term]]. Was not a candidate for the next term.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Thomas B. Ward (Indiana Congressman).jpg|100px]] '''[[Thomas B. Ward]]''' {{Small|([[Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1887
| {{USCongressOrdinal|48|49}}
| [[1882 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1882]]. [[1884 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1884]]. Retired.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Joseph B. Cheadle (Indiana Congressman).jpg|100px]] '''[[Joseph B. Cheadle]]''' {{Small|([[Frankfort, Indiana|Frankfort]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1891
| {{USCongressOrdinal|50|51}}
| [[1886 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1886]]. [[1888 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1888]]. Lost renomination.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:DanielWWaugh.jpg|100px]] '''[[Daniel W. Waugh]]''' {{Small|([[Tipton, Indiana|Tipton]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1895
| {{USCongressOrdinal|52|53}}
| [[1890 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1890]]. [[1892 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1892]]. Retired.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:J. Frank Hanly, 1908.jpg|100px]] '''[[Frank Hanly]]''' {{Small|([[Williamsport, Indiana|Williamsport]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897
| {{USCongressOrdinal|54}}
| [[1894 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1894]]. Lost renomination.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Charles Beary Landis cph.3a03385.jpg|100px]] '''[[Charles B. Landis]]''' {{Small|([[Delphi, Indiana|Delphi]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1909
| {{USCongressOrdinal|55|60}}
| [[1896 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1896]]. [[1898 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1898]]. [[1900 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1900]]. [[1902 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1902]]. [[1904 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1904]]. [[1906 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1906]]. Lost re-election.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:MartinAMorrison.jpg|100px]] '''[[Martin A. Morrison]]''' {{Small|([[Frankfort, Indiana|Frankfort]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1909 – March 3, 1917
| {{USCongressOrdinal|61|64}}
| [[1908 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1908]]. [[1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1910]]. [[1912 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1912]]. [[1914 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1914]]. Retired.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:FredSPurnell.jpg|100px]] '''[[Fred S. Purnell]]''' {{Small|([[Attica, Indiana|Attica]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1917 – March 3, 1933
| {{USCongressOrdinal|65|72}}
| [[1916 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1916]]. [[1918 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1918]]. [[1920 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1920]]. [[1922 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1922]]. [[1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1924]]. [[1926 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1926]]. [[1928 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1928]]. [[1930 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1930]]. Redistricted to the {{ushr|IN|6|C}} and lost re-election.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Eugene B. Crowe crop.jpg|100px]] '''[[Eugene B. Crowe]]''' {{Small|([[Bedford, Indiana|Bedford]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| nowrap | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1941
| {{USCongressOrdinal|73|76}}
| Redistricted from the {{ushr|Indiana|3|C}} and [[1932 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|re-elected in 1932]]. [[1934 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1934]]. [[1936 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1936]]. [[1938 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1938]]. Lost re-election.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Earl Wilson.png|100px]] '''[[Earl Wilson (politician)|Earl Wilson]]''' {{Small|([[Bedford, Indiana|Bedford]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1959
| {{USCongressOrdinal|77|85}}
| [[1940 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1940]]. [[1942 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1942]]. [[1944 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1944]]. [[1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1946]]. [[1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1948]]. [[1950 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1950]]. [[1952 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1952]]. [[1954 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1954]]. [[1956 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1956]]. Lost re-election.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Earl L. Hogan (Indiana Congressman).jpg|100px]] '''[[Earl Hogan]]''' {{Small|([[Hope, Indiana|Hope]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| nowrap | January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1961
| {{USCongressOrdinal|86}}
| [[1958 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1958]]. Lost re-election.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Earl Wilson 2.png|100px]] '''[[Earl Wilson (politician)|Earl Wilson]]''' {{Small|([[Bedford, Indiana|Bedford]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1965
| {{USCongressOrdinal|87|88}}
| [[1960 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1960]]. [[1962 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1962]]. Lost re-election.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Lee H Hamilton.png|100px]] '''[[Lee Hamilton]]''' {{Small|([[Nashville, Indiana|Nashville]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| nowrap | January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1999
| {{USCongressOrdinal|89|105}}
| [[1964 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1964]]. [[1966 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1966]]. [[1968 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1968]]. [[1970 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1970]]. [[1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1972]]. [[1974 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1974]]. [[1976 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1976]]. [[1978 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1978]]. [[1980 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1980]]. [[1982 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1982]]. [[1984 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1984]]. [[1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1986]]. [[1988 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1988]]. [[1990 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1990]]. [[1992 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1992]]. [[1994 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1994]]. [[1996 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 1996]]. Retired.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Baronhill.jpg|100px]] '''[[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]]''' {{Small|([[Seymour, Indiana|Seymour]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| nowrap | January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2005
| {{USCongressOrdinal|106|108}}
| [[1998 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Elected in 1998]]. [[2000 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana|Re-elected in 2000]]. [[2002 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana#District 9|Re-elected in 2002]]. Lost re-election.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Sodrel Mike.jpg|100px]] '''[[Mike Sodrel]]''' {{Small|([[New Albany, Indiana|New Albany]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2007
| {{USCongressOrdinal|109}}
| [[2004 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana#District 9|Elected in 2004]]. Lost re-election.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Baron Hill, official 110th Congress photo.jpg |100px]] '''[[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]]''' {{Small|([[Seymour, Indiana|Seymour]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| nowrap | January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2011
| {{USCongressOrdinal|110|111}}
| [[2006 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana#District 9|Elected in 2006]]. [[2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana#District 9|Re-elected in 2008]]. Lost re-election.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Todd Young, Official Portrait, 112th Congress (cropped).jpg |100px]] '''[[Todd Young]]''' {{Small|([[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2017
| {{USCongressOrdinal|112|114}}
| [[2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana#District 9|Elected in 2010]]. [[2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana#District 9|Re-elected in 2012]]. [[2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana#District 9|Re-elected in 2014]]. Retired to [[2016 United States Senate election in Indiana|run for U.S. Senator]].

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Representative Trey Hollingsworth.jpg|100px]] '''[[Trey Hollingsworth]]''' {{Small|([[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | January 3, 2017 – January 3, 2023
| {{USCongressOrdinal|115|117}}
| [[2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana#District 9|Elected in 2016]]. [[2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana#District 9|Re-elected in 2018]]. [[2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana#District 9|Re-elected in 2020]]. Retired.

|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Rep. Erin Houchin official photo, 118th Congress.jpg|100px]] '''[[Erin Houchin]]''' {{Small|([[Salem, Indiana|Salem]])}}
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| nowrap | January 3, 2023 – present
| {{USCongressOrdinal|118|present}}
| [[2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana#District 9|Elected in 2022]]. [[2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana#District 9|Re-elected in 2024]].

|}

== Recent election results==

===2002===
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2002 election
| country = Indiana
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2000 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana
| previous_year = 2000
| next_election = 2004 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana
| next_year = 2004
| election_date = November 5, 2002
| image_size = x136px
| image1 = Baron Hill, official 110th Congress photo.jpg
| nominee1 = '''[[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]]'''
| party1 = Democratic Party (US)
| popular_vote1 = '''96,654'''
| percentage1 = '''51.15%'''
| image2 = Sodrel_Mike.jpg
| nominee2 = [[Mike Sodrel]]
| party2 = Republican Party (US)
| popular_vote2 = 87,169
| percentage2 = 46.13%
| title = U.S. Representative
| before_election = [[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]]
| before_party = Democratic Party (US)
| after_election = [[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]]
| after_party = Democratic Party (US)
}}

{{Election box begin no change| title=Indiana's 9th Congressional District election (2002)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = Democratic Party (US)
| candidate = [[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]] (incumbent)
| votes = 96,654
| percentage = 51.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Republican Party (US)
| candidate = Mike Sodrel
| votes = 87,169
| percentage = 46.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Green Party (US)
| candidate = Jeff Melton
| votes = 2,745
| percentage = 1.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Libertarian Party (US)
| candidate = Alan G. Cox
| votes = 2,389
| percentage = 1.26
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 188,957
| percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing
| winner = Democratic Party (US)
}}
{{End}}

{{Clear}}

===2004===
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2004 election
| country = Indiana
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2002 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana
| previous_year = 2002
| next_election = 2006 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana
| next_year = 2006
| election_date = November 2, 2004
| image_size = x136px
| image1 = Sodrel_Mike.jpg
| nominee1 = '''[[Mike Sodrel]]'''
| party1 = Republican Party (US)
| popular_vote1 = '''142,247'''
| percentage1 = '''49.43%'''
| image2 = Baron Hill, official 110th Congress photo.jpg
| nominee2 = [[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]]
| party2 = Democratic Party (US)
| popular_vote2 = 140,819
| percentage2 = 48.94%
| title = U.S. Representative
| before_election = [[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]]
| before_party = Democratic Party (US)
| after_election = [[Mike Sodrel]]
| after_party = Republican Party (US)
}}

{{Election box begin no change| title=Indiana's 9th Congressional District election (2004)
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = Republican Party (US)
| candidate = [[Mike Sodrel]]
| votes = 142,247
| percentage = 49.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Democratic Party (US)
| candidate = Baron Hill (incumbent)
| votes = 140,819
| percentage = 48.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Libertarian Party (US)
| candidate = Alan G. Cox
| votes = 4,698
| percentage = 1.63
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 287,764
| percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box gain with party link without swing
| winner = Republican Party (US)
| loser = Democratic Party (US)
}}
{{End}}

{{Clear}}

===2006===
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2006 election
| country = Indiana
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2004 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana
| previous_year = 2004
| next_election = 2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana
| next_year = 2008
| election_date = November 7, 2006
| image_size = 125x136px
| image1 = Baron Hill, official 110th Congress photo.jpg
| nominee1 = '''[[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]]'''
| party1 = Democratic Party (US)
| popular_vote1 = '''110,454'''
| percentage1 = '''50.01%'''
| image2 = Sodrel_Mike.jpg
| nominee2 = [[Mike Sodrel]]
| party2 = Republican Party (US)
| popular_vote2 = 100,469
| percentage2 = 45.49%
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = U.S. Representative
| before_election = [[Mike Sodrel]]
| before_party = Republican Party (US)
| after_election = [[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]]
| after_party = Democratic Party (US)
}}

{{Election box begin no change| title=Indiana's 9th Congressional District election (2006)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = Democratic Party (US)
| candidate = [[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]]
| votes = 110,454
| percentage = 50.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Republican Party (US)
| candidate = Mike Sodrel (incumbent)
| votes = 100,469
| percentage = 45.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Libertarian Party (US)
| candidate = D. Eric Schansberg
| votes = 9,893
| percentage = 4.48
}}
{{Election box candidate no party in partisan race no change
| party = ([[Write-in candidate|Write-ins]])
| candidate = Others
| votes = 34
| percentage = 0.02
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 220,850
| percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box gain with party link without swing
| winner = Democratic Party (US)
| loser = Republican Party (US)
}}
{{End}}

{{Clear}}

===2008===
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2008 election
| country = Indiana
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2006 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana
| previous_year = 2006
| next_election = 2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana
| next_year = 2010
| election_date = November 4, 2008
| image_size = x136px
| image1 = Baron Hill, official 110th Congress photo.jpg
| nominee1 = '''[[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]]'''
| party1 = Democratic Party (US)
| popular_vote1 = '''181,256'''
| percentage1 = '''57.77%'''
| image2 = Sodrel_Mike.jpg
| nominee2 = [[Mike Sodrel]]
| party2 = Republican Party (US)
| popular_vote2 = 120,517
| percentage2 = 38.41%
| title = U.S. Representative
| before_election = [[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]]
| before_party = Democratic Party (US)
| after_election = [[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]]
| after_party = Democratic Party (US)
}}

{{Election box begin no change| title=Indiana's 9th Congressional District election (2008)
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = Democratic Party (US)
| candidate = [[Baron Hill (politician)|Baron Hill]] (incumbent)
| votes = 181,256
| percentage = 57.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Republican Party (US)
| candidate = Mike Sodrel
| votes = 120,517
| percentage = 38.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Libertarian Party (US)
| candidate = D. Eric Schansberg
| votes = 12,000
| percentage = 3.82
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 313,773
| percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing
| winner = Democratic Party (US)
}}
{{End}}

{{Clear}}

===2010===

{{Election box begin no change| title=Indiana's 9th Congressional District election (2010)
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = Republican Party (US)
| candidate = [[Todd Young]]
| votes = 118,040
| percentage = 52.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Democratic Party (US)
| candidate = Baron Hill (incumbent)
| votes = 95,353
| percentage = 42.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Libertarian Party (US)
| candidate = Greg "No Bull" Knott
| votes = 12,070
| percentage = 5.35
}}
{{Election box candidate no party in partisan race no change
| party = ([[Write-in candidate|Write-ins]])
| candidate = Others
| votes = 69
| percentage = 0.03
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 225,532
| percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box gain with party link without swing
| winner = Republican Party (US)
| loser = Democratic Party (US)
}}
{{End}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Indiana's 9th Congressional District election (2012)
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = Republican Party (US)
| candidate = [[Todd Young]] (incumbent)
| votes = 165,332
| percentage = 55.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Democratic Party (US)
| candidate = [[Shelli Yoder]]
| votes = 132,848
| percentage = 44.55
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 298,180
| percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
| percentage = 57
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing
| winner = Republican Party (US)
}}
{{End}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Indiana's 9th Congressional District election, 2014
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = Republican Party (US)
| candidate = [[Todd Young]] (incumbent)
| votes = 101,594
| percentage = 62.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Democratic Party (US)
| candidate = [[Bill Bailey (Indiana politician)|Bill Bailey]]
| votes = 55,016
| percentage = 33.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Libertarian Party (US)
| candidate = Mike Frey
| votes = 6,777
| percentage = 4.15
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 163,387
| percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
| percentage = 31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing
| winner = Republican Party (US)
}}
{{End}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Indiana's 9th Congressional District election, 2016
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = Republican Party (US)
| candidate = [[Trey Hollingsworth]]
| votes = 174,791
| percentage = 54.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Democratic Party (US)
| candidate = [[Shelli Yoder]]
| votes = 130,627
| percentage = 40.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Libertarian Party (US)
| candidate = Russell Brooksbank
| votes = 17,425
| percentage = 5.40
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 322,843
| percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
| percentage = 58
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing
| winner = Republican Party (US)
}}
{{End}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin no change | title= Indiana's 9th Congressional District election, 2018
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = Republican Party (US)
| candidate = [[Trey Hollingsworth]] (incumbent)
| votes = 153,271
| percentage = 56.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Democratic Party (US)
| candidate = [[Liz Watson (politician)|Liz Watson]]
| votes = 118,090
| percentage = 43.5
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 271,361
| percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing
| winner = Republican Party (US)
}}
{{End}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title=Indiana's 9th congressional district election, 2020<ref name="INgenr">{{cite web |title=Indiana Election Results November 3, 2020 |url=https://enr.indianavoters.in.gov/site/index.html |website=Indiana Election Division |access-date=November 26, 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=[[Trey Hollingsworth]] (incumbent)|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=222,057|percentage=61.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Andy Ruff|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=122,566|percentage=34.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Tonya Lynn Millis|party=Libertarian Party (United States)|votes=14,415|percentage=4.0}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=359,038|percentage=100.0}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin no change|title=Indiana's 9th congressional district election, 2022}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|candidate=[[Erin Houchin]]|party=Republican Party (United States)|votes=143,166|percentage=63.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Matthew Fyfe|party=Democratic Party (United States)|votes=75,700|percentage=33.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Tonya Lynn Millis|party=Libertarian Party (United States)|votes=6,374|percentage=2.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|candidate=Jacob Bailey|party=Write-In|votes=36|percentage=0.016}}
{{Election box total no change|votes=225,276|percentage=100.0}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Republican Party (United States)}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024===
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Indiana's 9th Congressional District election, 2024
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| party = Republican Party (US)
| candidate = [[Erin Houchin]] {incumbent}
| votes = 222,884
| percentage = 64.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| party = Democratic Party (US)
| candidate = Timothy Peck
| votes = 113,400
| percentage = 32.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Libertarian Party (US)
| candidate = Russell Brooksbank
| votes = 9,454
| percentage = 2.7
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 345,738
| percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
| percentage = 58
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing
| winner = Republican Party (US)
}}
{{End}}

==Historical district boundaries==
[[File:IN-9th.gif|thumb|left|{{center|'''2003 – 2013'''}}]]
[[File: Indiana US Congressional District 9 (since 2013).tif|thumb|left|{{center| '''2013 – 2023'''}}]]
{{clear}}

==In popular culture==
In a May 2020 special episode of the comedy series ''[[Parks and Recreation]]'', the district is shown as being represented by [[Ben Wyatt (Parks and Recreation)|Ben Wyatt]] (D-Pawnee; portrayed by [[Adam Scott]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Parks and Recreation Special - Full Special|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Vl_oUMyGYU|website=[[NBC]]|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=May 6, 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|United States|Indiana}}
*[[Indiana's congressional districts]]
*[[List of United States congressional districts]]
{{clear}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}
* [http://clerk.house.gov/members/electionInfo/elections.html United States House of Representatives, Office of the Clerk]
*{{cite book|title = The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress|last = Martis|first = Kenneth C.|year = 1989|publisher = Macmillan Publishing Company|location = New York}}
*{{cite book|title = The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts|last = Martis|first = Kenneth C.|year = 1982|publisher = Macmillan Publishing Company|location = New York}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100423082228/http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{succession box
| title=Home district of the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker of the House]]
| before={{ushr|Pennsylvania|14|}}
| after={{ushr|New York|24|}}
| years= December 7, 1863 – March 3, 1869}}
{{s-end}}

{{USCongDistStateIN}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indiana's 9th Congressional District}}
[[Category:Congressional districts of Indiana|09]]
[[Category:1843 establishments in Indiana]]
[[Category:Brown County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Clark County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Crawford County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Floyd County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Harrison County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Jackson County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Johnson County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Lawrence County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Monroe County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Morgan County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Orange County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Scott County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Washington County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1843]]
[[Category:Schuyler Colfax]]

Regiment of Artillery (India)

2026-02-06T06:37:40Z

Mohit Raj: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Artillery arm of the Indian Army}}
{{for|the British Royal Regiment of Artillery|Royal Artillery}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Regiment of the Artillery
| image = File:Regiment of Artillery (India).svg
| image_size = 240px
| caption = Regimental crest
| dates = 1827–present
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance = [[Republic of India]]
| branch = {{army|India}}
| type = [[Artillery]]
| role =
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname = ARTY
| patron =
| motto = ''Sarvatra Izzat-o-Iqbal'' ''(Everywhere with Honour and Glory)''
| colors = Red and Navy Blue {{Color box|#FF0000}} {{Color box|#000080}}
| colors_label = Regimental colors
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries = 28 September (Gunners' Day)
| decorations = [[Victoria Cross]] 1 [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] 1 [[Maha Vir Chakra]] 7 [[Kirti Chakra]] 8 [[Vir Chakra]] 92 [[Yudh Seva Medal]] 3 [[Shaurya Chakra]] 56 [[Sena Medal|Sena Medal (Gallantry)]] 441<ref>[https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=leNduwzOKs7ZBdcMS9b2gA==&ParentID=68YGU9Wc2lnjBz3EueXTyQ==&flag=1Nt0tIw/9Qtfij2tr0Nsbg==] [[Indian Army]] website.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spslandforces.com/story/?id=461&h=Guns-and-Glory---A-Saga-of-Dedication-and-Valour|title=SP's Land Forces : Guns and Glory – A Saga of Dedication and Valour|date=|access-date=2021-05-19}}</ref>
| battle_honours =
| disbanded = 
| commander1 = Lt Gen Adosh Kumar PVSM, AVSM, SM
| commander1_label = Sr. Col Comdt Regt of Arty
| commander2 = Lt Gen NS Sarna PVSM,AVSM,SM,VSM
| commander2_label = Comdt School of Arty
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = General PP Kumaramangalam DSO, OBE General OP Malhotra PVSM General SF Rodrigues PVSM, VSM General S Padmanabhan PVSM, AVSM, VSM General Deepak Kapoor PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM
| identification_symbol = [[File:Flag-of-Indian-Army-Regiment of Artillery.svg|100px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Regimental Colors
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| identification_symbol_4 =
| identification_symbol_4_label =
}}
[[File:Nau Gaj Cnnon Narnala fort.jpg|right|305px|thumb|27 feet Cannon at [[Narnala]] fort]]

The '''Regiment of Artillery''' is a combat support arm of the [[Indian Army]], which provides massive firepower during all ground operations of the [[Indian Army]]. It is a successor to the [[Royal Indian Artillery]] (RIA) of [[British Indian Army]], which itself traces its origins to the formation of Bombay Artillery in 1827.

Today, it is the second-largest arm of the Indian Army, and with its guns, mortars, rocket launchers, unmanned aerial vehicles, surveillance systems, missiles and artillery firepower. It constitutes almost one-sixth of its total strength.
[[File:TipuCannon.jpg|right|305px|thumb|Cannon of [[Tipu Sultan]] at [[Government Museum, Chennai]]]]

== History ==

=== Early history ===
The Mughal Emperor [[Babur]] is popularly credited with introducing artillery to India, in the [[Battle of Panipat (1526)|Battle of Panipat]] in 1526, where he decisively used [[gunpowder warfare|gunpowder]] [[firearm]]s and [[field artillery]] to defeat the much larger army of [[Ibrahim Lodhi]], the ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], thus not just laying the foundation of the [[Mughal Empire]] but also setting a precedent for all future battles in the subcontinent. However, evidence of earlier use of guns by [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] kings in the battle of [[Adoni]] in 1368 and King Mohammed Shah of Gujarat in the fifteenth century have been recorded.<ref name="Singh2006">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Jagjit|title=Artillery: The Battle-Winning Arm|date=2006|publisher=Lancer Publishers, New Delhi|isbn= 978-8176021807}}</ref> Then came the [[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese]], who for the first time introduced the man-o-war (ships) armed with cannons and introduced the concept of command of the seas in the Indian Ocean region. However, it was documented by Portuguese travellers that artillery guns were widely in use in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |last2=Wagoner |first2=Philip B. |date=2014-03-01 |title=Warfare on the Deccan Plateau, 1450–1600: a military revolution in early modern India? |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=10456007&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA379980420&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Journal of World History |language=English |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=5–52|doi=10.1353/jwh.2014.0004 |s2cid=162260578 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> By the early 16th century, [[Zamorin]], the ruler of Calicut, had begun to emulate the Portuguese and began to arm his ships with naval gun pieces.<ref name="Mukherjee">{{cite web |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/203255/5/chapter%203.pdf|title=Anjan Mukherjee in Evolution of Indian Artillery and its Impact on India's Comprehensive Military Power, chapter II|access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref>

The [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] further expanded and improved their artillery arm and used it successfully to expand their empire. Though the artillery arm of the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] was weaker than many of their contemporaries, [[Balaji Baji Rao]] organised the arm in professional lines and [[Mahadaji Shinde|Madhavji Sindhia]] established a fairly efficient gun manufacturing foundry under the supervision of European gun makers. During the 18th century, [[Tipu Sultan]] was notable for using guns, mortars, rockets and howitzers to effective use; the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] manufactured his own guns with the help of his French officers and the Sikhs under [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] pioneered the development of horse-artillery on the same lines as that of the East India Company.<ref name="Singh2006"/><ref name="Mukherjee"/>

=== East India Company ===
[[File:Brass Cannon C at Chowmahalla Palace Museum 05.jpg|right|305px|thumb|Nizam era brass cannon at [[Chowmahalla Palace]] Museum]]
The English, who were regular users of cannons in their ships, initially used guns landed from their fleet and manned by naval ratings detached for the purpose.<ref name="Jackson">{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Donovan|title= India's Army|date=1940|publisher= Sampson Low, Marston & Co Ltd|pages=176–187}}</ref> They first placed 12 guns near the village of [[Armagaon|Armegaon]] along the [[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel coast]]. The gunners were called ''Topasses'' from the Portuguese word ''Tope''. In 1668, two companies of [[East India Company]]'s artillery were formed at [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. The other presidencies followed suit. In 1748, the Court of Directors of the East India Company ordered regular companies of artillery to be formed, one at each for the Presidencies of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], and [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]. The power of artillery in defining the military power at that time was so pervasive that initially the British did not permit the natives to join the artillery arm. As the artillery was expanded, sufficient European recruits could not be mustered, the company gradually permitted the natives to join the artillery in a small percentage. These Indian gunners recruited as support staff were called as ''Golandaz, Gun Lashkars, Tindals'' and ''Serangs''. A few Indian mountain artillery batteries, officered by the British, were raised in the 19th century and formed part of the Royal Artillery.<ref name="Mukherjee"/><ref name=hist/>
[[File:-Bengal Horse Artillery,1860- MET DP146172.jpg|right|305px|thumb|Bengal Horse Artillery, 1860]]
The [[Royal Indian Artillery]] (RIA) of the [[British Indian Army]] was raised on 28 September 1827, as a part of the [[Bombay Army]], a [[Presidency armies|presidency army]] of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. It was later renamed as 5 Bombay Mountain Battery. The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] sparked off in [[Meerut]] on 10 May 1857. Many of the Indian personnel of the Bengal Artillery were involved in the mutiny and the three battalions of foot artillery then in existence were all disbanded in 1862.<ref>W.Y. Carmen, page 12 "Indian Army Uniforms under the British. Artillery, Engineers and Infantry", Morgan-Grampian: London 1969</ref> Subsequently, all Indian artillery units were disbanded except for a few.<ref name=glo>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/artillery.htm Regiment of Artillery] ''[[Global Security]]''</ref> The whole of the variously European artillery and the corps of engineers were transferred to the Royal corps under special conditions. The mutiny of all the native Bengal artillery, and other weighty considerations, had decided the Government to have no native field artillery in future. All the native artillery was therefore gradually disbanded. The only exceptions to this rule were the four mountain batteries in the Punjab Irregular Force (later the Punjab Frontier Force), and two native batteries in Bombay. These Nos. 1 and 2 companies Golandaz, originally used to garrison [[Aden]] and man the [[Jacobabad]] mountain train in turn, eventually became Nos. 1 and 2 Bombay Mountain Batteries, and later 5 and 6 (Bombay) Mountain Batteries. Another exception were the four field batteries of the [[Hyderabad Contingent]]. The whole of this contingent had done excellent service in 1857, and was retained intact. In future, with these exceptions, the artillery service in India was to be found by batteries and companies of the Royal Artillery.<ref>{{cite book|last=MacMunn|first=GF|title=The Armies of India|publisher=Adam and Charles Black, London|year=1911|pages=113–114}}</ref> Many of the mountain batteries had soldiers from the disbanded horse artillery regiments of the Sikhs. They saw extensive action in the North West Frontier and the Afghan wars.<ref name="Jackson"/>

=== Crown service ===
[[File:RML2.5inchMountaunGunAssembling1895.jpg|right|305px|thumb|A mountain artillery crew from the [[British Indian Army]] demonstrating assembly of the [[RML 2.5-inch mountain gun|RML 2.5 inch mountain gun]], ca 1895]]

With nearly all of the field artillery being manned by the Royal Artillery, Indian soldiers were restricted to few native drivers of the horse, field and heavy batteries. These men are enlisted from the usual fighting classes of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]. The main Indian representation was in the 'Mountain Artillery'. The guns of the mountain artillery were light in calibre and were designed to be disassembled and transported by pack [[mule]] in up to eight loads for use in terrain that would otherwise be impossible to traverse with larger and more conventional artillery. The earliest guns were the tiny 3 Pounder SBML (Smooth Bore Muzzle Loading) and 4 2/5 Inch SBML howitzer of 1850s.
[[File:No. 1 Kohat Mountain Battery 1896.jpg|thumb|305x305px| A chromolithograph of No. 1 Kohat Mountain Battery by Richard Simkin, c. 1896.]]
These were replaced in 1865 by the [[RML 7-pounder mountain gun|7-pounder RML (rifled muzzle loading) gun]] and this in turn was replaced in 1879 by the significantly improved and significantly heavier [[RML 2.5-inch mountain gun]], also known as ''Kipling's Screw Gun'' – which had barrels that split in two for transport.<ref name="Mukherjee"/>

[[File:10pounderMountainGunEastAfricaWWI.jpg|thumb|305x305px|[[BL 10-pounder mountain gun]] crew in action, East Africa, World War I|alt=|right]]

For the Great War, the [[BL 10-pounder mountain gun|10 Pounder BL (Breech Loading)]] and [[BL 2.75-inch mountain gun|2.75 Inch guns]] equipped the Indian Mountain Artillery. Only in the last year of the war was the next model, the [[QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer]] introduced in East Africa. Upon entering service, it immediately became clear that this piece was vastly superior to all previous models, and it would soldier on as the standard mountain gun during the inter-war years and throughout World War II.<ref name="Mukherjee"/>
[[File:Indian Army QF 3.7 inch gun battery Jerusalem 1917.jpg|thumb|305x305px|Indian Army gunners with [[QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer|QF 3.7 inch mountain howitzers]] in Palestine, 1917]]
Other than the batteries which were not disbanded after the mutiny, throughout the remainder of the 19th Century, and during the years leading up to and including the Great War, a total of twenty-five more Batteries were raised. All the Indian mountain batteries consisted of Punjabis, half Muhammadan and half Hindu, the latter being almost entirely Sikhs. The gunners were specially selected for their height and strength, with a view to the rapid assembling and dismantling of the guns from off and on to the backs of the powerful mules that carry them.<ref>{{cite book|last=MacMunn|first=GF|title=The Armies of India|publisher=Adam and Charles Black, London|year=1911|pages=180–183}}</ref> In addition to service on the 'Frontier', Indian Mountain Batteries served in North-East India, Burma, Afghanistan, Tibet, the Middle East, Africa, and during the [[World War I|Great War]]; [[Mesopotamia Campaign|Mesopotamia]], [[Battle of Gallipoli|Gallipoli]], East Africa, Persia, [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Palestine]] and of course the North-West Frontier again.<ref name=hist/> Throughout their history, the reputation of Indian Mountain Batteries was enhanced by the fact that they were officered by the very best the Royal Artillery had to offer. Such talented men competed to join because a tour in an Indian Mountain Battery, unlike other branches of artillery, virtually guaranteed seeing active service. Indian officers ([[Viceroy's commissioned officer|VCO's]]) and other ranks were also the best available, as the relatively small number of batteries and their role as the only Indian artillery meant that there was always a surplus of volunteers, and this in turn meant that only the highest quality of recruit was accepted.<ref name="Jackson"/> During the Great War, Indian gunners won 12 [[Order of British India]], 22 [[Indian Order of Merit]], 150 [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal]]s, 232 [[Indian Meritorious Service Medal (for Indian Army)|Indian Meritorious Service Medal]]s, 2 [[Médaille militaire]], 3 [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Romania#Wartime military decorations|Crucea Servicul Credincois (Romanian)]], 5 [[Medal for Bravery (Serbia)|Serbian Gold Medals]], 4 [[Cross of St. George]], 4th Class and 1 Cross of St George, 3rd Class.<ref>{{cite book|last=India|first=Adjutant General of|title=List of Honours Awarded to the Indian Army August 1914 to August 1921|date=1930|publisher= Committee Indian War Memorial Delhi}}</ref>

=== Indianisation of Artillery ===
After the decision to Indianise the artillery arm in India, it was decided
to raise three field artillery brigades and one horse artillery battery for the infantry divisions and the cavalry brigade respectively. On 15 January 1935, [[1 Field Regiment (India)|'A' Field Brigade]] was formed to take the place of an outgoing British Field Brigade. It consisted of four batteries – the 1st of [[Madrasi]]s, originally formed from the disbanded Madras Pioneers, the 2nd, [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Mussalmans]], the 3rd, Rajputana [[Rajput]]s and the 4th [[Ranghar]]s.<ref name="Jackson"/> In the following year, an Indian Artillery Training Battery was added to the establishment of the Field Artillery Training Centre at [[Mathura]]. In March 1938, a decision to enhance the number of Indian Artillery units was taken by the Commander-in-Chief, India. Indian officers were inducted in the No. 1 Indian Mountain Artillery Brigade, followed by the replacement of a second British Field Brigade by an Indian Field Brigade. Thereafter, replacement of a British Heavy Battery (Coast Artillery) and one British Anti-aircraft Battery by an Indian Heavy Anti-aircraft Battery were to be undertaken followed by the replacement of a second British Heavy Anti-aircraft Battery by an Indian Heavy Anti-aircraft Battery.<ref name="Mukherjee"/><ref>[http://members.tripod.com/~nigelef/indregt.htm Indian Field Artillery in World War II]</ref>

Branches other than the field artillery were also introduced.
*In August 1924, a [[topography|survey section]] of the Royal Artillery was grouped under Captain EB Culverwell, MC, at the School of Artillery, [[Kakol, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Kakul]].
*Medium artillery, {{refn|group=nb|Medium Guns include those of greater than 105 mm calibre, but less than 155 mm and howitzers of greater than 105 mm calibre up to and including 155 mm}} became a part of the Regiment of Indian Artillery on 15 August 1944, when an Indian independent medium battery was raised at [[Peshawar]] to relieve a British Medium Battery in its frontier defence role. This battery was designated 201 (Independent) Medium Battery on 26 August 1944. The first of the Indian medium regiments was formed by converting the 8 Indian Field Regiment on 1 October 1944. This Regiment is in service and is known as [[40 Field Regiment (India)|40 Field Regiment]].<ref name="Mukherjee"/>
*[[Air observation post]] (Air OP), a special artillery unit under Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF) control was raised during the World War II. The air observation post first came to Indian Artillery in the form of [[No. 656 Squadron RAF|656 Air OP Squadron RAF]], which arrived on 14 November 1943. Artillery officers trained as pilots flew light unarmed [[Taylorcraft Auster]] aircraft to correct artillery gun fire and provide battle related information. 1 Air OP Flight (RIAF), the first in the Indian Army was raised on 15 August 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=/80KwcOY7yuQxgoxCRmnTA==&ParentID=M926jU/Si7No2EGRtjPG0Q==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|title=Pangs of Partition|date=|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref>

=== Second World War ===
During the [[World War II|Second World War]], Indian artillery units saw action in Malaya, Burma, East and North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The following units saw action<ref name="Mukherjee"/> –
*[[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italy]] – [[34 Field Regiment (Cassino-II)|4 Maratha Anti Tank Regiment]]
*[[East African campaign (World War II)|East Africa]] – 22 Mountain Battery, [[23 Field Regiment (India)#76 (Jammu and Kashmir) Battery|1 (Jammu and Kashmir) Mountain Battery]]
[[File:Indian-field-gun-keren.jpg|thumb|305x305px|Indian soldiers in action before the capture of Keren in Eritrea, 1941]]
*[[Syria–Lebanon campaign|Syria]] – [[23 Field Regiment (India)#76 (Jammu and Kashmir) Battery|1 (Jammu and Kashmir) Mountain Battery]]
*[[British Forces Aden|Aden]] – 27 and 18 Indian Mountain Batteries
*[[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Iraq]] – 1 Indian Anti-tank Regiment, [[34 Field Regiment (Cassino-II)|4 Maratha Anti Tank Regiment]]
*[[North African campaign|North Africa]] – [[2 Medium Regiment (India)|2 Indian Field Regiment]]
*[[Malayan campaign|Malaya]] – [[22 Medium Regiment (India)|22 Mountain Regiment]]
*[[Burma campaign|Burma]] –
**[[1 Field Regiment (India)|1 Indian Field Regiment]], [[2 Medium Regiment (India)|2 Indian Field Regiment]], 4 Indian Field Regiment, 5 Indian Field Regiment, 7 Indian Field Regiment
**20 Indian Mountain Regiment, 21 Indian Mountain Regiment, [[23 Field Regiment (India)|23 Mountain Regiment]], 24 Mountain Regiment, 25 Indian Mountain Regiment, 30 Indian Mountain Regiment, 33 Mountain Regiment
**1 Indian Anti-tank Regiment, 5 (Maratha) Anti-tank Regiment, 7 Indian Anti-tank Regiment, [[36 Medium Regiment|8 (Maratha) Anti-tank Regiment]]
**[[20 SATA Regiment (India)|1 Indian Survey Regiment]]
**1 Light Anti-aircraft Regiment, [[26 Air Defence Regiment (India)|2 Light Anti-aircraft Regiment]], 5 Indian Heavy Anti-aircraft Regiment
By the end of Second World War, Indian gunners had won one [[Victoria Cross]], One [[George Medal]], 15 [[Military Cross]]es, two [[Indian Order of Merit|IOMs]], 22 [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|IDSMs]], 18 [[Military Medal]]s, five [[Order of the British Empire|OBEs]], One [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], three [[British Empire Medal|BEMs]], 13 [[Burma Gallantry Medal]]s and 467 ''Jangi Inams''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.spslandforces.com/story/?id=461&h=Guns-and-Glory---A-Saga-of-Dedication-and-Valour|title= Guns and Glory – A Saga of Dedication and Valour|date=|access-date=2021-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=The Tiger Strikes|date=1942|publisher=Director of Public Relations, India Command, Government of India|page=150}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=The Tiger Kills|date=1944|publisher=Director of Public Relations, India Command, Government of India|pages=316–317}}</ref> In acknowledgement of their contribution, Indian Artillery earned the coveted title of `Royal' in 1945. Though originally called the 'Indian Regiment of Artillery', it later became 'The Regiment of Indian Artillery' on 1 November 1940 and '[[Royal Indian Artillery|Royal Regiment of Indian Artillery]]' in October 1945, after its success in [[World War II]].<ref name=glo/> The title 'Royal' was dropped when India became a Republic on 26 January 1950.

=== Post Independence ===
At the time of independence, Indian Artillery consisted of Field, Medium, Air Defence, Counter Bombardment, Coastal, Air Observation Post and Survey branches. After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the Royal Indian Artillery was divided with India being allotted eighteen and a half regiments while remaining nine and half units went to [[Pakistan]].<ref name=hist>[http://www.indianarmy.gov.in/hist_of_arty.PDF History of Artillery], [[Indian Army]].</ref> Artillery units have taken part and showed their prowess in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]], [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] and the [[Kargil War]].

A major restructuring of Indian Artillery took place after the Chinese Aggression of 1962. This included fresh raising and induction of newer equipment. In 1964, Coastal Artillery was handed over to Indian Navy. In its peace time duties, the Regiment undertakes infantry type and counter insurgency tasks in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and in the [[Northeast India|North Eastern States]]. Air Observation Post and Air Defence branches bifurcated in 1986 and 1994 respectively and formed new arms of Indian Army – [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]] and [[Corps of Army Air Defence]].<ref>Sawhney, ''Jane's Defence Weekly'', 9 October 1996, p.35</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Crest ===
[[File:Regiment of Artillery (India).svg|thumb|305x305px|Regimental Crest]]
The crest of the Regiment of Artillery is largely a legacy of the [[Royal Artillery]]. Their heraldic crest depicted a field gun with a crown above it, separated by the word ''Ubique'' (Latin for everywhere). Below the gun was emblazoned the motto; ''Quo Fas Et Gloria Ducunt'' (where right and glory lead). In the [[Royal Indian Artillery]], the crown was replaced by [[Star (heraldry)|star]] – representing the [[Star of India (flag)#Emblem|Star of India]] and instead of ''Ubique'', the crest carried the word ''India'' to distinguish the [[Royal Indian Artillery]] from the [[Royal Artillery]]. The motto below was also changed to ''Izzat-o-Iqbal''. After independence, the word ''India'' was dropped from the regimental crest and replaced with ''Sarvatra''.<ref name="RegimentofArtillery">{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/arms/index_arty.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923041933/http://indianarmy.nic.in/arms/index_arty.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-09-23|title=Regiment of Artillery|date=|access-date=2021-05-20}}</ref>

The gun in the crest, the same used in the crest of the Royal Artillery, is a homage to the gunners of the old kingdoms of India and in the regiments of artillery of the Royal Indian Artillery, whose traditions are carried on by the current Regiment of Artillery.

=== Motto ===
The motto of the Regiment of Artillery is ''Sarvatra Izzat-o-Iqbal'' ''(Everywhere with Honour and Glory)'', the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] equivalent of the Royal Artillery motto ''Ubique Quo Fas Et Gloria Ducunt'' (Everywhere that Right and Glory Lead). The Hindustani motto honours the memory of the [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] gunners of the [[British Indian Army]]. The motto, ''Izzat-o-Iqbal'', was retained but not without controversy. In 1954, as part of the process of Indianisation of the armed forces, the government ordered that regimental mottos be changed to [[Hindi]] or [[Sanskrit]]. The final decision was, however, left with the then [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], General [[Rajendrasinhji Jadeja|Rajendra Sinhji]]. The Regiment of Artillery made a forceful case for retaining its motto, as it was felt the most suitable in content and meaning. It was finally decided to retain the motto, though it was in [[Persian language|Persian]], in time for the 1957 double celebrations of the centennial of the Indian Rebellion and the 150th sequicentennial anniversary of the Indian Artillery.<ref name="RegimentofArtillery"/>

=== Flag and Colours ===
[[File:Flag-of-Indian-Army-Regiment of Artillery.svg|thumb|205x205px|Flag of [[Indian Army]] Regiment of Artillery]]
A distinctive red and navy blue background the official colours of the Artillery flag forms an ideal setting for the golden gun (the Gunner crest) which forms the centrepiece of the flag. Gunner folklore had it, that the red and blue represents the flash and the smoke of the gun, though this is not quite true. Red has been traditionally common to all combat arms – Infantry, Armour and Artillery. The blue in the Artillery flag was taken from the ribbon of the 'Star of India' which had been incorporated into the Artillery crest. The original colour was light blue, but since a similar shade was adopted by the Corps of Signals, it was changed to navy blue to avoid confusion.

While the Artillery Regiments carry navy blue and burgundy red President's Banners, the guns are regarded as the regimental colours and are accorded the same compliments as the Standards, Guidons and Colours of the Cavalry and Infantry and the Banners of the Light Infantry and Services and Corps.

=== Raising day (Gunner's Day) ===
5 (Bombay) Mountain Battery, the first unit of the Indian Regiment of Artillery, was raised on 28 September 1827 as the 8th Company of the Golandaz battalion, Bombay
Foot Artillery. This also marked the raising of the first native artillery unit and is celebrated as the day of raising of the Indian Regiment of Artillery.<ref name="Mukherjee"/> The battery is presently part of the 57 Field Regiment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2010/nov01-10/h14.htm|title=COAS Visits 57 Field Regiment|date=2010-11-01|access-date=2022-01-18}}</ref>

=== Composition ===
As in many pre-independence regiments, many of the units have been allotted on the basis of regional, historical or class/caste backgrounds – e.g. Sikhs, Ahirs, Dogras, Rajputs, Jats, Brahmins, Gurkhas, Marathas and SICs (South Indian Classes).

=== Women in the Regiment of Artillery ===
In the year 2023, it was decided to allow the entry of women officers in the Regiment of Artillery. In April 2023, five women officers who had passed out from [[Officers Training Academy]], [[Chennai]], joined their respective units.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-a-first-5-women-army-officers-commissioned-into-artillery-regiments/article66792443.ece|title=In historic first, five women cadets commissioned into army's artillery regiment|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2023-04-30|access-date=2023-06-18}}</ref>

=== Commemorative Postal Stamps ===
Commemorative stamps have been released were released by [[India Post]] depicting field artillery, a gunner and howitzer from Mountain Battery on the Golden Jubilee of the Regiment of Artillery and on the 50th anniversary of the [[9 (Parachute) Field Regiment]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/142035-Field_artillery_and_helicopter-Defence_Campaign-India|title=Field Artillery and helicopter|date=|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indiapost.gov.in/APS/APS/apsweb/commemoratives_on_artillery.htm 15th Jan 1985 Stamp]''[[India Post]]''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417165241/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/APS/APS/apsweb/commemoratives_on_artillery.htm |date=17 April 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/163844-50th_Anniversary_of_9th_Parachute_Field_Artillery_Regiment-India|title=50th Anniversary of 9th Parachute Field Artillery Regiment|date=|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| image_gap = 75
| header =
| image1 =Stamp of India - 1963 - Colnect 142035 - Field artillery and helicopter.jpeg
| width1 = 290
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Field artillery (1963)
| image2 =Stamp of India - 1985 - Colnect 167182 - Artillery Golden Jubilee.jpeg
| width2 = 230
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Golden Jubilee (1985)
| image3= Stamp of India - 1993 - Colnect 163844 - 9th Parachute Field Artillery Regiment - 50th Anniversary.jpeg
| width3 = 230
| alt3=
| caption3=9th Parachute Field Artillery Regiment – 50th Anniversary (1993)
}}

== School and Centre==
[[File:School of artillery.jpg|thumb|305x305px|School of Artillery, Deolali]]
The School of Artillery is the premier institution for imparting training to the officers of the regiment. In pre-Independent India, the school was established in [[Kakol, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Kakul]] in 1918. In 1941, the present school was established at [[Deolali]] in [[Nashik district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The Anti – Aircraft School at Karachi was also moved to Deolali and merged with the School of Artillery as one of its Wings in 1947. The Coastal Artillery Wing of the School, which was located at Bombay, was handed over to the Indian Navy in 1965. The Air Defence Wing, after bifurcation, has moved to [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]] in Orissa and has been renamed as the [[Army Air Defence College|Air Defence and Guided Missile School]] (now Army Air Defence College). The air observation post wing was renamed as Aviation Wing in Jan 1982. [[Army Aviation Corps (India)#Training|Combat Army Aviation Training School]] (CAATS) was established in April 2004 and the Aviation Wing of the School was completely amalgamated with the CAATS in May 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PLargeTC1C.aspx?MnId=AE5kyV8XU/jQ5P/bLK48Bw==&ParentID=w+bJc39VZsErhum4UtM84g==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|title= School of Arty|date=|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref>

[[File:Arty Centre Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|195th Gunners' Day Celebration at Golconda Artillery Centre, Hyderabad, 28 September 2021]]
The Mountain Artillery Training Centre came into being at Dehradun in August 1920 moving to Lucknow in October 1921 and in 1928 to Ambala.<ref>{{cite book|last=Graham|first=C.A.L.|title=The History of the Indian Mountain Artillery|date=1957|publisher=Gale and Polden Ltd, Aldershot|pages=439–442}}</ref> The Field Artillery Training Centre came up at Mathura. By 1947, there were six separate training centres, which were amalgamated to form the Royal Indian Artillery Centre (North). On 7 April 1948, the 'Royal' prefix was dropped and the Nasik centre was the sole remaining centre. At present there are two Artillery Training Centres – the Centre at [[Nashik Road]], Maharashtra has the capacity to train 3,000-4,000 recruits at any given time. The other centre is at Golconda in [[Hyderabad]], Telangana which came into being on August 15, 1962.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/830-new-recruits-pass-out-from-artillery-centre/articleshow/81728200.cms|title=830 new recruits pass out from Artillery Centre|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 March 2021 }}</ref> The Golconda centre has three training regiments and presently trains 2900 recruits at a time.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=vtW/oKql9jXObOz1gaW/Bg==&ParentID=yJE4wJBdSlVFFGzvOtJPIA==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|title= Arty Centre, Hyderabad|date=|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref> The Regiment of Artillery Museum, Artillery Records and Artillery Depot are located in Nashik Road.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PLargeTC1C.aspx?MnId=zLXAZ04BWDc8Q6juzad4Ng==&ParentID=efX9oojZUvG+RWrCUxd8cQ==&flag=C+fH2lK5BQUjKm7KSafrUQ==|title=Depot Regiment|date=|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/variety/guns-of-nashik/|title=Guns of Nashik|date=2025-03-02|access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref>

==Units==
[[File:Indian Army Aviation Corps and Air Defence Arty Joint Display Ex 2.jpg|thumb|305x305px|[[Dhanush (howitzer)]]|alt=|right]]{{See also|List of regiments and corps of the Indian Army#Artillery}}
Artillery regiments can be Light Regiments, Medium Regiments, Field Regiments, Missile Regiments, Rocket Regiments and SATA (Surveillance & Target Acquisition) Regiments, depending on the nature of guns or equipment. There are two Airborne Artillery Regiments – [[9 (Parachute) Field Regiment]] and [[17 (Parachute) Field Regiment (Zojila & Poongli Bridge)|17 (Parachute) Field Regiment]]. [[Self-propelled artillery]] regiments carry the ''(SP)'' suffix to their names.

An Artillery Regiment is commanded by an officer of the rank of [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]. His second in command (2IC) is a of a [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]] rank. Most regiments have four batteries. In addition to the headquarter battery, the regiment has three [[Artillery battery|batteries]] (a section of guns), each commanded by officers of the rank of Major or Captain (called Battery Commanders).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/know-the-indian-army-regiment-of-artillery-some-interesting-facts-about-lethal-combat-arm-1270011|title=Know The Indian Army, Regiment Of Artillery: Some Interesting Facts About Lethal Combat Arm|date=2020-06-25|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref> The three batteries are numbered and may be also designated as P, Q and R batteries. Each battery has six guns or missile launchers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/column/ajai-shukla-indian-armys-achilles-heel-artillery-power/20220610.htm|title=Indian Army's Achilles Heel: Artillery Power
|date=2022-06-10|access-date=2026-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Jan/02/army-to-get-indigenously-manufactured-rockets-that-can-strike-up-to-300-km-in-rs-292-crore-contract|title=Army seals Rs 292 crore contract for indigenously manufactured rockets that can strike up to 300 km|date=2026-01-02|access-date=2026-01-05}}</ref> Officers and other ranks from service arms, viz [[Army Medical Corps (India)|Army Medical Corps]] and [[Indian Army Corps of EME|Electronics and Mechanical Engineers]] also form part of the unit.

Three to four regiments are grouped to form a [[Brigade]] – which is part of Infantry or Armoured and recently Artillery [[Division (military)|Divisions]]. Independent Brigades are under Corps or Commands. Since the 1990s, three Artillery Divisions have been raised –
*40 Artillery Division (Deep Strikers Division) – [[Ambala]], Haryana, under [[II Corps (India)|II Corps]] of [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/kharga-corps-receives-victory-flame-188908|title=Kharga Corps receives victory flame|date=2020-12-25|access-date=2022-09-10}}</ref>
*41 Artillery Division (Agnibaaz Division) – [[Pune]], Maharashtra, under [[XXI Corps (India)|XXI Corps]] of [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-10-01 |title=Lt General Dhiraj Seth, GOC, Sudarshan Chakra Corps visited Agnibaaz Division |url=https://twitter.com/IaSouthern/status/1443746814155321344 |access-date=2021-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-and-maharashtra-police-conduct-joint-anti-terror-exercise-in-pune/articleshow/78638864.cms?from=mdr|title=Indian Army and Maharashtra police conduct joint anti-terror exercise in Pune|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=2020-10-13|access-date=2022-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1812814|title=Raising Day : Agnibaaz Division|date=2022-04-02|access-date=2022-09-10}}</ref>
*42 Artillery Division (Strategic Strikers Division) – [[Bassi, India|Bassi]], Rajasthan, under [[I Corps (India)|I Corps]] of [[South Western Command (India)|South Western Command]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/adgpi/status/1316368194085380096?lang=en|title=Army Commander Sapta Shakti Command visited "Strategic Strikers Division" and reviewed operational preparedness|date=2020-10-14|access-date=2022-09-10}}</ref>
[[File:M 777 A2 Ultra Light Howitzer passes through the Rajpath, at the 70th Republic Day Celebrations, in New Delhi on January 26, 2019.jpg|thumb|305x305px|[[M777 howitzer]]]]

==Equipment==
; {{See also|List of equipment of the Indian Army#Howitzers and field guns|List of equipment of the Indian Army#Close-range}}
; Light Artillery (Mortars)
* 120 mm E1 Light Mortar
[[File:Self propelled artillery.jpg|thumb|305x305px|FV433 Abbot SPG (self-propelled artillery)]]
; Field Artillery
* 105 mm [[Indian Field Gun]] and Light Field Gun
; Medium Artillery
* 130 mm [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46 Field Gun]]; including 155 mm upgraded versions – by [[Soltam Systems]] and by [[Ordnance Factory Board]] (Sharang)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/ailing-artillery-gun-programme-back-on-track-36387|title=Ailing artillery gun programme back on track|date=2020-02-06|access-date=2022-01-18}}</ref>
* 155 mm [[Haubits FH77/A|Haubits FH77/B Howitzer]]
* 155 mm [[Dhanush (howitzer)]]
* 155 mm [[M777 howitzer]]
By 2040, all medium artillery regiments will be converted to 155  mm standard.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-09-27 |title=LAC standoff {{!}} Army deploys entire range of medium-range artillery and long-range rockets as part of reorientation |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lac-standoff-army-deploys-entire-range-of-medium-range-artillery-and-long-range-rockets-as-part-of-reorientation/article65941417.ece |access-date=2022-09-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This is part of [[Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan]] (FARP), cleared in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2022-09-27 |title=Indian Army eyes major firepower upgrade to counter China |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-eyes-major-firepower-upgrade-to-counter-china-101664280649581.html |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:K-9 VAJRA-T passes through the Rajpath, at the 71st Republic Day Celebrations, at Rajpath, in New Delhi on January 26, 2020.jpg|thumb|305x305px|[[K9 Thunder#India|K9 Vajra]]]]
; Self-propelled Artillery
* 155 mm [[K9 Thunder#India|K9 Vajra]]
; Rocket Artillery
* 122 mm [[BM-21 Grad|BM-21 Grad Multiple Barrel Rocket Launcher (Agnibaan)]]
* 214 mm [[Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher]]
* 300 mm [[BM-30|BM-30 Smerch Multiple Barrel Rocket Launcher]]

; Missile Artillery
* [[BrahMos|Brahmos Missile System]]
[[File:The ‘PINAKA” multi barrel rocket launching system, passes through the Rajpath during the 58th Republic Day Parade - 2007, in New Delhi on January 26, 2007.jpg|thumb|305x305px|[[Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher]]]]
; Surveillance & Target Acquisition
* [[Weapon Locating Radar|WLR (Weapons Locating Radar) System]]
* [[LORROS|LORROS (Long Range Reconnaissance and Observation Systems)]]
* [[Swathi Weapon Locating Radar|MBFSR (Medium Range Battlefield Surveillance Radar) System]]
[[File:Smerch Multiple Rocket Launcher System passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 67th Republic Day Parade 2016, in New Delhi on January 26, 2016.jpg|thumb|305x305px|[[BM-30 Smerch|Smerch Multiple Rocket Launcher System]]|alt=|right]]
; Command and control
*[[Artillery Combat Command and Control System]]

==Notable personnel==
[[File:Brahmos WPN System passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2015, in New Delhi on January 23, 2015.jpg|thumb|305x305px|[[BrahMos]] missiles|alt=|right]]
;[[Governor (India)|Governor of States of India]]
*General [[Om Prakash Malhotra|O.P. Malhotra]], {{small|PVSM}} – Punjab (1990–1991)
*Lieutenant General [[J.F.R. Jacob]], {{small|PVSM}} – Goa (1998 to 1999) and Punjab (1999 to 2003)
* Lieutenant General [[Krishna Mohan Seth|K.M. Seth]], {{small|PVSM, AVSM}} – Tripura (2002–2003), Chhattisgarh (2003–2007) and Madhya Pradesh (2004)
*General [[Sunith Francis Rodrigues|S.F. Rodrigues]], {{small|PVSM, VSM}} – Punjab (2004–2009)
*Lieutenant General [[Madan Mohan Lakhera|M.M. Lakhera]], {{small|PVSM, AVSM, VSM}} – Governor of Mizoram (2006–2011) & Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry (2004–2006) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (2006).
*Captain [[Shekhar Dutt]], {{small|SM, IAS}} – Chhattisgarh (2010–2014)
;[[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commanders-in-Chief of India]]
* Field Marshal [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts]], {{small|VC, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, KStJ, VD, PC, FRSGS}} (November 1885 – April 1893)
;[[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army]]
* [[General]] [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam]] {{small|DSO, OBE}} (7 June 1966 – 7 June 1969)
* [[General]] [[Om Prakash Malhotra]] {{small|PVSM}} (31 May 1978 – 31 May 1981)
* [[General]] [[Sunith Francis Rodrigues]] {{small|PVSM, VSM}} (30 June 1990 – 30 June 1993)
* [[General]] [[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]] {{small|PVSM, AVSM, VSM}} (30 September 2000 – 31 December 2002)
* [[General]] [[Deepak Kapoor]] {{small|PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM}} (30 September 2007 – 31 March 2010)
[[File:Agni-II missile (Republic Day Parade 2004).jpeg|thumb|305x305px|[[Agni-II]] missile|alt=|right]]
;[[Victoria Cross]] winners
* [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] -
**[[Bernard Diamond (VC)|Sergeant Bernard Diamond]], [[Richard Fitzgerald (VC)|Gunner Richard Fitzgerald]], [[Hastings Edward Harrington|Lieutenant Hastings Edward Harrington]], [[James Hills-Johnes|Lieutenant James Hills-Johnes]], [[Edward Jennings (VC)|Rough Rider Edward Jennings]], [[Thomas Laughnan|Gunner Thomas Laughnan]], [[Hugh McInnes|Gunner Hugh McInnes]], [[William Olpherts|Captain William Olpherts]], [[James Park (VC)|Gunner James Park]], [[George Renny (VC)|Captain George Alexander Renny]], [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lieutenant Frederick Roberts]], [[Jacob Thomas (VC)|Bombardier Jacob Thomas]], [[Henry Tombs|Lieutenant Colonel Henry Tombs]], [[Richard Harte Keatinge|Major Richard Keatinge]].
* World War II -
**[[Captain]] [[Umrao Singh|Umrao Singh Yadav]]

; Post-Independence -

*[[Ashok Chakra]] winners -
**Major [[D. Sreeram Kumar]]
*[[Maha Vir Chakra]] winners –
**Major General Mohindar Singh
**Major Sushil Kumar Mathur
**Captain Dara Dineshaw Mistry
**Brigadier [[Kailash Prasad Pande]]
**Captain Pradip Kumar Gour
**Second Lieutenant Shyamal Dev Goswamy
**Captain Pratap Singh
*[[Kirti Chakra]] winners -
**Major Braj Kishore Sharma
**Major Kumandur Prabhakar Vinay<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3540|title=Major Kumandur Prabhakar Vinay|access-date=2023-08-29}}</ref>
**Major Sukhwinder Jeet Singh Randhawa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3326|title=Major Sukhwinder Jeet Singh Randhawa|access-date=2023-08-29}}</ref>
**Major Krishna Murthy Balasubramaniam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3322|title=Major Krishna Murthy Balasubramaniam|access-date=2023-08-29}}</ref>
**Major Gurcharan Singh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1952/E-2286-1952-0017-106013.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 17, page 126|date=1952-01-26|access-date=2024-07-12}}</ref>
**Captain (Later Colonel) Arjun Singh Guleria<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3310|title=AS Guleria|date=|access-date=2024-07-12}}</ref>
**Havildar Indra Bahadur Gurung<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3250|title=Havildar Indra Bahadur Gurung|access-date=2023-08-29}}</ref>
**Lance Naik Attar Singh
**Naik Dilwar Khan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2025/jan/doc2025127491501.pdf|title=List of personnel being Conferred Gallantry And Distinguished Service Awards on the occasion of Republic Day-2025|date=2025-01-25|access-date=2025-08-25}}</ref>
**Lance Naik Meenatchi Sundaram A<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2025/aug/doc2025814609001.pdf|title=List of personnel is being conferred with awards and defence decorations on the occasion of Independence Day 2025|date=2025-08-14|access-date=2025-08-22}}</ref>

[[File:Weapon Locating Radar (Swathi) passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 69th Republic Day Parade 2018, in New Delhi on January 26, 2018.jpg|thumb|305x305px| Weapon Locating Radar (Swathi)|alt=|right]]

;Others
* Lieutenant General Prem Singh Gyani – First Indian officer to be commissioned out of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, in 1932. He became the first Indian officer to command an Indian field regiment, the [[2 Medium Regiment (India)|2 Indian Field Regiment]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=ZOLP7y58yrOYh4+Ec28PJw==&ParentID=4Ox6WcvsSOPVioRxvV0wuw==&flag=dGdDWEcez8KgL+qj0AZpiA==|title= Evolution of Regiment of Artillery|date=|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref>
*Brigadier Furdoon Siavax Byramji Mehta – first Indian Artillery officer to wear the wings of the Air Observation Post (Air OP) in 1944, now known as [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]], believed to be the only Indian officer to have flown with a British Air Observation Post Squadron in the Second World War.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pioneer-of-indian-army-aviation-corps-not-averse-to-risk-7226094/|title= Brigadier Furdoon Siavax Byramji Mehta: Pioneer of Indian Army Aviation Corps, not averse to risk|date=2021-03-13|access-date=2021-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2021/04/27/furdoon-duck-mehta-flew-artillery-observation-missions-support/|title=Furdoon 'Duck' Mehta, flew artillery observation missions in support of the 14th Army – obituary|newspaper=The Telegraph |date=2021-04-27|access-date=2021-05-09|last1=Obituaries |first1=Telegraph }}</ref>

==Further reading==
* ''History of the Regiment of Artillery, Indian Army'', by Y. B. Gulati, D. K. Palit. Published by Leo Cooper, 1972. {{ISBN|0-85052-118-1}}.
* ''Themes of Glory: Indian Artillery in War'' by Darshan Khullar. Published by VIJ Books (India) Pty Ltd, 2017. {{ISBN|978-9385563973}}.
* ''Kargil '99: Blood, Guts and Firepower'', by Gurmeet Kanwal, India Army. Regiment of Artillery. Published by Regiment of Artillery in association with Lancer Publishers, 2000. {{ISBN|1-897829-64-7}}.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons category|Artillery of India}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080923041933/http://indianarmy.nic.in/arms/index_arty.htm Regiment of Artillery at Official website of the Indian Army (archived)]
* [https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=nH9mRZdOzkJIMdIm6tUfZw==&ParentID=Pli4wLA/+zAUc71ZU089rQ==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ== Regiment of Artillery at Official website of the Indian Army (current)]
* [http://wegunners.webs.com WeGunners]
* [https://4hazara.blogspot.com/ 4 Hazara Mountain Battery (FF)]

{{Indian_Army_Arms_and_Services}}


[[Category:Administrative corps of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Nashik]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1827]]
[[Category:Artillery units and formations of British India]]
[[Category:Artillery units and formations]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in British Malaya in World War II|R]]
[[Category:1827 establishments in British India]]

Astad Deboo

2026-01-28T20:09:38Z

Mohit Raj: made first article first draft

{{Short description|Indian dancer and choreographer (1947–2020)}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox dancer
| name = Astad Deboo
| image = Astad Deboo (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Deboo in 2009
| full_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1947|07|13}}
| birth_place = [[Navsari]], [[Gujarat]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|12|10|1947|07|13}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| dances = [[Contemporary dance]]{{spnd}}fusion of [[Kathak]] and [[Kathakali]]
| website = 
}}

'''Astad Deboo''' (13 July 1947{{Spaced en dash}}10 December 2020) was an Indian [[contemporary dancer]] and choreographer. He was considered a pioneer of modern dance in India.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20030313191645/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/31/stories/2002123100160200.htm Pioneer of modern dance]}}, ''[[The Hindu]]'', 31 December 2002.</ref> Through his career he collaborated with artists including [[Pina Bausch]], [[Alison Becker Chase]] and [[Pink Floyd]], and performed across the world.<ref name=span>[http://span.state.gov/wwwhspmarapr0859.html Blending the Modern with the Traditional ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418173506/http://span.state.gov/wwwhspmarapr0859.html |date=18 April 2009 }} [[SPAN magazine]].</ref><ref name=toi/><ref>[http://www.norwayemb.org.in/culture/cooperation/danser+til+oslo08.htm Astad Deboo to Oslo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005193749/http://www.norwayemb.org.in/culture/cooperation/danser%2Btil%2Boslo08.htm |date=5 October 2008 }} [[Embassy of Norway]], India.</ref>

He was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1995 and [[Padma Shri]] in 2007, awarded by the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":1">[http://specials.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/13sld1.htm Astad Deboo, 60] [[Rediff.com]], 13 July 2007.</ref>

==Early life==

Deboo was born on 13 July 1947 into a [[Parsis|Parsi]] family in [[Navsari]], in the Indian state of Gujarat.<ref name=":0"/> He grew up in [[Kolkata]] till the age of six after which his family shifted to [[Jamshedpur]], where his father was employed with [[Tata Steel]]. His mother was a homemaker, and he had two sisters, Kamal and Gulshan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Astad deboo|url=https://www.sruti.com/index.php?route=archives/artist_details&artId=48|access-date=10 December 2020|website=www.sruti.com}}</ref>

At the age of six, he started learning the [[Kathak]] dance form, from the late Indra Kumar Mohanty and the late Prahlad Das. He studied at [[Loyola School, Jamshedpur]], from where he passed out in 1964,<ref name=lo/> after which he moved to Mumbai and joined a [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's course in commerce]] at [[Podar College]], [[University of Mumbai]].<ref name=":0" />

== Dance career ==
While pursuing his degree in Mumbai (then [[Bombay]]), he happened to see the contemporary dance of the American Murray Louis Dance Company, which left him inspired. Shortly afterwards, artist Uttara Asha Coorlawala who was studying dance in New York, visited Bombay, and helped him join [[Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance]] in New York.<ref name="toi"/> Deboo left Bombay in 1969, on board a cargo boat that set sail from Bombay port, and later hitchhiked his way through Europe to eventually reach New York in 1974.<ref name="toi">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/astad-deboo-in-step-with-life/articleshow/8183694.cms Astad Deboo: In step with life] [[The Times of India]], 28 April 2002.</ref>

Over the next decade, he went on to attend the [[London School of Contemporary Dance]] where he learnt [[Martha Graham]]'s [[modern dance]] technique and thereafter went on to learn [[José Limón]]'s technique in New York.<ref name=quint>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/dance-pioneer-astad-deboo-dies-in-mumbai-at-73|title=Modern Indian Dance Pioneer Astad Deboo Passes Away at 73|date=10 December 2020 |publisher=The Quint|access-date=10 December 2020}}</ref> He also trained with [[Pina Bausch]] in the Wuppertal Dance Company, Germany and with [[Alison Becker Chase]] of the Pilobolus Dance Company, and travelled through Europe, Americas, Japan and Indonesia.<ref name=quint/> On his return in 1977, he studied [[Kathakali]], under Guru E. Krishna Panikar, in [[Thiruvalla]], Kerala, where he eventually performed at the famous [[Guruvayur Temple]].<ref name=quint/> All these explorations led to the creation of a dance style unique to him, an amalgamation of [[Indian classical dance]] and western group dance techniques.<ref name=lo>[http://loyola.edu.in/content/view/120/59/ Alumni arrow Padma Shri for Astad Deboo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020070007/http://loyola.edu.in/content/view/120/59/ |date=20 October 2008 }} [[Loyola School, Jamshedpur]]</ref><ref>[http://www.livemint.com/2007/08/11000939/Astad-Deboo.html?d=1 Astad Deboo: is the most recognizable figure of modern dance here] [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]], 11 August 2007.</ref><ref name=teh/><ref>{{cite news |title=नवनृत्यनायक |url=https://www.loksatta.com/agralekh-news/editorial-on-famous-dancer-padma-shri-astad-debu-passed-away-abn-97-2352422/ |access-date=28 December 2020 |work=[[Loksatta]] |date=12 December 2020 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

A turning point in his career came in 1986, when [[Pierre Cardin]] commissioned him to choreograph for [[Maya Plisetskaya]], the prima ballerina of the [[Bolshoi Theater]] ballet company.<ref name=toi/> Over the years he collaborated with [[Pink Floyd]] at the Chelsea Town Hall in London, the [[Gundecha Brothers]], Pina Bausch of the Wuppertal Dance Company, Germany, and the [[Thang-Ta]] – the martial art and [[Pung cholom]] dancers of [[Manipur]].<ref name=quint/> He worked for several years with Tim McCarthy at [[Gallaudet University]] in Washington for the deaf performing arts program, and the production "Road Signs" toured India in 1995, with a troupe drawn from Gallaudet and Deboo's Indian students.<ref name=span/><ref>[http://www.narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrvw33.html Astad Deboo Profile and Interview] narthaki.com.</ref><ref>[http://parsikhabar.net/astad-deboo-awarded-padma-shri/ Astad Deboo Awarded Padma Shri] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107150338/http://parsikhabar.net/astad-deboo-awarded-padma-shri/ |date=7 January 2010 }} By arzan sam wadia, 29 January 2007.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080719164743/http://www.lingalayam.com/node/64 Astad Deboo Profile] Lingalayam Dance Company.</ref>

In January 2005, he along with a troupe of 12 young women with hearing impairment, from the [[Clarke School for the Deaf]], [[Chennai]], and part of the Deboos Astad Deboo Dance Foundation, performed at the 20th Annual [[Deaf Olympics]], at Melbourne, Australia.<ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/news/2004/dec/99244.htm Deaf Olympics: Astad Deboo to perform] [[MiD DAY]], 24 December 2004.</ref> He choreographed the 2004 Hindi film by painter [[M. F. Husain]], ''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contemporary – Ananya Dance Festival 2009|url=http://www.sehernow.in/ananya2009htmls/Contemporary.htm|access-date=10 December 2020|website=www.sehernow.in}}</ref> In 2009, he performed his production, 'Breaking Boundaries' with fourteen street children from the NGO [[Salaam Baalak Trust]]. These children had trained with his troupe for six months.<ref name=teh>[http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=hub090509dancing_to.asp Dancing To A Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308075607/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=hub090509dancing_to.asp |date=8 March 2012 }} [[Tehelka]], 9 May 2009.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120111045702/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/05/01/stories/2009050150350200.htm Wah! Astad] ''[[The Hindu]]'', 1 May 2009.</ref> In 2019, he collaborated with [[Hema Rajagopalan]], [[Sikkil Gurucharan]] and [[George Brooks (musician)|George Brooks]] to perform "INAI" with the Natya Dance Theatre in Chicago.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Warnecke |title=Natya Dance's world premiere 'Inai' asks, what if there were no differences, racial or otherwise?|work=Chicago Tribune |date=9 November 2019 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/reviews/ct-ent-natya-dance-review-1111-20191109-csje2h3iynchtcvoz4nffw27dy-story.html}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died in Mumbai aged 73 on 10th Dec 2020, a month after being diagnosed with [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|non-Hodgkins lymphoma]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-12|title=Astad Deboo passes away: He talked with every muscle in body — and with his stillness|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/astad-deboo-passes-away-he-talked-with-every-muscle-in-body-and-with-his-stillness-7100145/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance Pioneer Astad Deboo|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dance-pioneer-astad-deboo-dies-at-73-2336599|access-date=10 December 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Awards==

* 1995: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<ref>[http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition&honours_dance_cdc.html Dance-Creative Dance/Choreography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005121314/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition%26honours_dance_cdc.html |date=5 October 2008 }} [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] Official listings.</ref>
* 2007: [[Padma Shri]]<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
* [[List of dancers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deboo, Astab}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary dancers]]
[[Category:Modern dancers]]
[[Category:People from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]
[[Category:Gallaudet University faculty]]

Kaharpur

2026-01-20T21:11:45Z

Mohit Raj: added initial data w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaharpur
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position =
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| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|25|25|58.6|N|86|57|50.8|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bihpur]]
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1404
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 853201
| area_code_type = PIN Code
| area_code = 853201
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Kaharpur''' is a village located in the [[Bihpur|Bihpur block]] of [[Bhagalpur district]] in [[Bihar]], India. It is situated 5 km away from sub-district headquarter Bihpur and 37 km away from district headquarter Bhagalpur. It comes under Hario Panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=हाय रे बिहार शिक्षा विभाग ! झोपड़ी में स्कूल, घर के आंगन से बच्चे दे रहे परीक्षा; दसवीं तक क्लास पर शिक्षक एक - school in hut in Bihar Bhagalpur Kaharpur Upgraded high school operates in hut |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-school-in-hut-in-bihar-bhagalpur-kaharpur-upgraded-high-school-operates-in-hut-23345122.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Geography and population==

The total geographical area of village is 878 hectares. Kaharpur has a total population of 1,404 people, out of which male population is 768 while female population is 636. Literacy rate of Kaharpur village is 38.46% out of which 41.67% males and 34.59% females are literate. There are about 259 houses in Kaharpur.

== Language ==
The primary language spoken in the village is [[Angika]]. Most of the people understand and can speak [[Hindi]] as well.

== Threat to the village's existence ==
Dozens of houses have been submerged in [[Kosi River|Kosi]] due continuous [[soil erosion]] by waves of Kosi river. The primary school and civil hospital have also been submerged in Kosi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कहारपुर में हो रहा कोसी का धीमा कटाव |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-slow-erosion-of-kosi-happening-in-kaharpur-6714874.html |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhagalpur district]]

{{Bhagalpur-geo-stub}}

B. V. Nandini Reddy

2026-01-13T20:09:27Z

Mohit Raj: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nandini Reddy
| image = B. V. Nandini Reddy.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Reddy at the success meet of ''[[Mahanati]]'' in 2018
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (present day [[Telangana]]), [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter
| yearsactive = 2011–present
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''B. V. Nandini Reddy''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu cinema]] and television.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad-times/Tollywood-gives-kiss-a-miss/articleshow/182110.cms |title=Tollywood gives kiss a miss – The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=15 September 2003 |accessdate=29 October 2012}}</ref> She debuted with 2011 Telugu film, ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=M. L. Narasimham |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article528184.ece |title=Arts / Cinema : Charm of romantic comedies |work=The Hindu|date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=29 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-02 |title=Nandini Reddy reveals Nithya Menen said 'no' to a drinking scene in 'Ala Modalaindi': 'She opened my mind' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandini-reddy-reveals-nithya-menen-said-no-to-a-drinking-scene-in-ala-modalaindi-she-opened-my-mind/articleshow/107336029.cms |access-date=2024-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nandini Reddy was born in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. Her father Bharath. V. Reddy was a [[Chartered accountant]] who is originally from [[Chittoor district]], and is settled in [[Bangalore]]. Her mother Roopa Reddy is from the "Pingle" family hailing from [[Warangal district]]. Nandini has a younger brother named Uttam Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All you want to know about #NandiniReddy|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/nandini-reddy.html|access-date=2020-09-12|website=FilmiBeat|language=en}}</ref>

Reddy was educated at [[St. Ann's High School, Secunderabad]], and earned a degree at [[Women's College, Koti]].{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} She also holds a master's degree in politic science from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name="idlebrain"/> She was active in dramatics, elocution and cricket throughout her school and college years. She is also one of the judges in a Telugu reality TV show ''Adhurs''.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

[[File:Nandini Reddy.jpg|thumb|Nandini Reddy in Cinivaram, Ravindra Bharathi, Hyderabad]]

==Career==
Reddy was introduced to [[Gangaraju Gunnam]] through a mutual friend and in 1995 she worked on his children's movie ''[[Little Soldiers]]'' as an Assistant Director.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/defiant-men-and-hurt-egos-being-woman-filmmaker-south-indian-film-industries-47987|title=Defiant men and hurt egos: Being a woman filmmaker in the south Indian film industries|date=10 August 2016|work=The News Minute|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref> After that film was released, cinematographer [[Rasool Ellore]] introduced her to [[Krishna Vamsi]], who refused at the time to take her into his team. She was idle for a year before being offered work on the Kannada film ''Santhi Santhi Santhi''. Actress [[Ramya Krishnan]] then persuaded Vamsi to take her for his next project, ''Chandralekha''.<ref name=":0" /> She became an integral part of Vamsi's team up to and including the filming of ''Shakti'', a Hindi remake of ''Anthahpuram''.<ref name="idlebrain">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/nandinireddy.html|title=Nandini Reddy interview – Telugu Cinema interview – Telugu film director|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref>

Vamsi sent Reddy to [[Daggubati Suresh Babu]], with whom she has worked for [[Suresh Productions]].

In 2019, she directed her fourth film ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'', starring [[Samantha Akkineni]]. Produced by People's Media Productions and Guru Films along with Suresh Productions, this is the second time Samantha and Reddy worked together.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/oh-baby-trailer-review-critics-audience-say-samantha-make-us-cry-laugh-think-799962|title=Oh Baby trailer review: Critics and audience say Samantha make us cry, laugh and think|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=20 June 2019|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=english|access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/oh-baby-gets-release-date-534251|title='Oh Baby' gets release date|last=siva|date=1 June 2019|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
and {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-nithya-menen-film-ala-modalaindi-classic-millennial-telugu-rom-com-132347|access-date=2020-09-12|website=www.thenewsminute.com|title=Nani-Nithya Menen film 'Ala Modalaindi' is a classic millennial Telugu rom-com |date=4 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ala Modalaindi is entertaining|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-ala-modalaindi/20110121.htm|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Jabardasth (film)|Jabardasth]]'' ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Director-Nandini-Reddy-on-Kalyana-Vaibhogame-marriages-then-and-now/article13994092.ece|title=Director Nandini Reddy on Kalyana Vaibhogame, marriages, then and now|work=The Hindu|access-date=28 August 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=INDIA|first=THE HANS|date=2016-03-04|title=I'm the queen of rejections|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-03-04/Im-the-queen-of-rejections/211252|access-date=2020-09-12|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'' ||<ref>{{Citation|title=Oh! Baby Review {3.5/5}: An enjoyable ride|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/oh-baby/movie-review/70087779.cms|publisher=[[Times Of India]]|access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-05|title=Oh! Baby movie review : Samantha delivers a career-best performance in Nandini Reddy's heart-warming drama |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/oh-baby-movie-review-samantha-delivers-a-career-best-performance-in-nandini-reddys-heart-warming-drama-6940521.html|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Pitta Kathalu]]'' || Segment: ''Meera''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-15|title=Filmmaker Nandini Reddy clarifies her next film is not a remake|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/filmmaker-nandini-reddy-clarifies-her-next-film-is-not-a-remake/story-axMEhPpZD1R8NXkhpfs30K.html|access-date=2021-01-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Anni Manchi Sakunamule]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-05|title=Nandini Reddy's next Telugu film is 'Anni Manchi Sakunamule'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santosh-sobhan-and-malvika-nair-in-nandini-reddys-film/article35146256.ece|access-date=2021-08-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Television credits
!Year
!Title
!Network
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2013
|''Adhurs''
|[[ETV (India)|ETV]]
|Judge
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adhurs ( అదుర్స్ )|url=https://www.etv.co.in/showsentitys/home/60|access-date=2020-09-12|website=www.etv.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Mana Mugguri Love Story''
|[[YuppTV]]
|Creator
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-20|title=Mana Mugguri Love Story: The characters in Nandini Reddy's Telugu web series are the real winners |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mana-mugguri-love-story-the-characters-in-nandini-reddys-telugu-web-series-are-the-real-winners-4219073.html|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pulluru|first=Author Saraswathi|date=2017-12-27|title=Web Series Review : Mana Mugguri Love Story|url=https://awesomesaras.wordpress.com/2017/12/28/web-series-review-mana-mugguri-love-story/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Awesome saraswathi|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Gangstars]]''
|[[Amazon Video|Amazon Prime Video]]
|Creator
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nathan|first=Archana|title='GangStars' web series has plenty of awkward moments and only a few laughs|url=https://scroll.in/reel/881505/gangstars-web-series-has-plenty-of-awkward-moments-and-only-a-few-laughs|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-05|title=Gangstars review: Amazon Prime's maiden Telugu web series can be best described as a wasted opportunity |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gangstars-review-amazon-primes-maiden-telugu-web-series-can-be-best-described-as-a-wasted-opportunity-4496417.html|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
|2020-2021
|''[[Sam Jam]]''
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|Creative Producer
|
|}

==Awards==
* [[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director]] (2010) for ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2010.html |title=Nandi awards 2010 announced – Telugu cinema news |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=5 August 2011 |accessdate=29 October 2012}}</ref>
* Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu]] for ''Ala Modalaindi''
* Hyderabad Times Film Awards 2011 – Best Screenplay for ''Ala Modalaindi''.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-24/news-interviews/32382769_1_mahesh-babu-tamannaah-video | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718191108/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-24/news-interviews/32382769_1_mahesh-babu-tamannaah-video | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 July 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=The Hyderabad Times Film Awards 2011|accessdate=24 June 2012}}</ref>
*[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director (Telugu)]] [2011] for ''Ala Modalaindi.''
* Nominated - [[SIIMA Award for Best Director - Telugu]] for ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4295186}}

{{authority control}}

{{B. V. Nandini Reddy}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandini Reddy}}
[[Category:Film directors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Women artists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Telugu women film directors]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Ash King

2026-01-08T00:44:19Z

Mohit Raj: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian musician}}
{{Distinguish|Ash King (River City)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ash King
| image = AshKing.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Ashutosh Ganguly
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = London, England
| origin =
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|composer|songwriter}}
| years_active = 2009–present
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = Pop/[[Soul music|Soul]]
}}
'''Ashutosh Ganguly''', better known by his stage name '''Ash King''', is a [[British-Indian|British]] singer, songwriter and composer. He made his playback singing debut in [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]'s [[Delhi-6]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dum Maaro Dum|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/14263/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027095247/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/14263/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2010|date=17 March 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bodyguard|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/14340/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018094814/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/14340/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2010|date=29 July 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref> He is a relative of prominent Indian singer [[Kishore Kumar]]. He has also sung the song "Carbon Copy" in the film ''[[Drishyam]]''.

==Personal life==
Ash King is from a family of musicians who has shaped his relationship with music. His grandfather Brajendra Lal Ganguly was the first Indian classical music teacher at [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s home and school [[Visva-Bharati University|Shantiniketan]], and also a prominent freedom fighter for India and close ally of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and first cousin of [[Kishore Kumar]]'s father.<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120612/jsp/entertainment/story_15597443.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615182406/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120612/jsp/entertainment/story_15597443.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2012|title=Ashutosh tells us about Ash|first=Mohua|last=Das|date=12 June 2012|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> King spent his childhood surrounded by celebrated musical artists with whom his father worked closely with. His father used to perform with [[Ravi Shankar]] in India back in the sixties. According to him, when he was very young, [[George Harrison]] visited their house at Wembley as he was into Indian classical music. His mother hails from [[Karamsad]], Gujarat.<ref name="Queen of Dandiya">{{cite news| title= Ash King wishes to make Gujarati music a global phenomenon|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Ash-King-wishes-to-make-Gujarati-music-a-global-phenomenon/articleshow/15044349.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref>

He was influenced early on by joining a Gospel choir.

==Career==
His first Bollywood break was with [[A. R. Rahman]] on the film [[Delhi-6]] which he recorded at Rahman's personal studio. Rahman invited King, to his London home after friends sang his praises. He was impressed with the 25-year-old's voice, he flew him to Chennai to record in his private studio. Since then he has gone on to sing ''Te Amo'' for the film [[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|Dum Maaro Dum]], ''I Love You'' for the film [[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]] and featured on ''Suno Aisha'' from the film [[Aisha (2010 film)|Aisha]].

Ash Featured on [[Lady Gaga]]'s official single for ''[[Bad Romance]]'' on a remix of ''[[Just Dance (song)|Just Dance]]'', this was also used in the remix album and the Asian release of the album.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lady Gaga's 'Just Dance' Deewaan Remix Featuring Ash King|url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/lady-gaga-just-dance-deewaan-remix-featuring-ash-king-20091124|date=11 October 2011|publisher=[[Desi Hits]]|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417094605/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/lady-gaga-just-dance-deewaan-remix-featuring-ash-king-20091124|archive-date=17 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ash is also a prominent singer in the UK, having sung and co-written the song ''Love Is Blind'' which he sang with singer Ramzi and featured on the song ''Look For Me'' with [[Hard Kaur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ash King in the Spotlight|url=http://www.naachradio.com/#awp::2011/04/ash-king-is-in-the-spotlight/|date=11 October 2011|publisher=Naach|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029235149/http://www.naachradio.com/#awp::2011/04/ash-king-is-in-the-spotlight/|archive-date=29 October 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref> In 2011, Ash performed at some of the biggest events in the UK including performances at [[Glastonbury Festival]] for the [[BBC]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ash King + Shammi Pithia – Until I Hit The Ground Glastonbury 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M32pzRtYIzU|date=11 October 2011|via=YouTube|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref> and also performed on the main stage at the BBC London Mela.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jay Sean, Jazzy B, Lehmber Hussainpuri, Mumzy Stranger and Ash King joined the London Mela line up.|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/events/melas/2011/londonmela/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709071438/http://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/events/melas/2011/londonmela/|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2011|date=11 October 2011|publisher=[[BBC Asian Network]]|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref>

After 2011, in 2012 Ash was appointed for a Bengali song "Kothin" of [[Bojhena Shey Bojhena]] film. He also took part in MTV India's 'MTV Unplugged' – Series 2, with a whole episode dedicated to his hits. Other performers included [[A R Rahman]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] and [[Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan]]. In April 2013 he headlined a concert at the Southbank Centre in London, alongside Sufi/Bollywood singer [[Harshdeep Kaur]].
[[File:Ashking 1.jpg|Ash King|center|frameless|514x514px]]

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song Name
! Co-Singer
! Composer
! Notes
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Delhi-6]]'' || Dil Gira Dafatan || [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] ||[[A. R. Rahman]] ||
|-
| 2010 ||''[[Aisha (2010 film)|Aisha]]''|| Suno Aisha || [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Amit Trivedi]] ||[[Amit Trivedi]] ||
|-
| rowspan=5| 2011 || rowspan="2"|''[[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|Dum Maaro Dum]]'' || Te Amo (Duet) ||rowspan="2"| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] ||rowspan="3"|[[Pritam]] ||
|-
|Te Amo (Remix)||
|-
| ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' || I Love You || [[Clinton Cerejo]] || Nominated – [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]] for [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Mujhse Fraaandship Karoge]]'' || Uh-Oh Uh-Oh!
|rowspan=2|[[Shilpa Rao]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Raghu Dixit]] ||
|-
|Uh-Oh-Uh-Oh 2.0||
|-
| rowspan=6| 2012 || ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]'' || Aunty Ji || [[Bianca Gomes]], Neuman Pinto, Fionas Pinto||Amit Trivedi ||
|-
| ''[[Paanch Adhyay]]'' || Phire Paoar Gaan
|rowspan=2|Solo ||[[Shantanu Moitra]] || Bengali Film
|-
| ''[[OMG – Oh My God!|Oh My God!]]'' || Tu Hi Tu (Unplugged) ||[[Himesh Reshammiya]] ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Rush (2012 film)|Rush]]'' || Chup Chup Ke || [[Muazzam]], Rizwan Ali Khan|| rowspan="2" |Pritam ||
|-
|Hote Hote || [[Hard Kaur]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bojhena Shey Bojhena]]'' || Kothin || [[Sayani Ghosh]] ||[[Arindom Chatterjee]] || Bengali Film
|-
| rowspan=4| 2013 || ''[[Shortcut Romeo]]'' || Shortcut Romeo
|rowspan=2|Solo ||Himesh Reshammiya ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Baat Bann Gayi]]'' || Naseeba ||rowspan="2"|Harpreet Singh ||
|-
|Dance Karna || Sardar Ali ||
|-
| ''[[Sooper Se Ooper]]'' || Behka Behka || [[Teesha Nigam]] ||[[Sonu Nigam]] & [[Bickram Ghosh]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 2014 || ''[[Heartless (2014 film)|Heartless]]'' || Mashooqana || [[Arunima Bhattacharya]]||[[Gaurav Dagaonkar]] ||
|-
| ''[[Savaari 2]]'' || Yello Mareyaagi || Solo ||[[Manikanth Kadri]] || Kannada Film
|-
| ''[[Humshakals]]''|| Look into My Eyes || [[Neeti Mohan]] ||Himesh Reshammiya ||
|-
| ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' || [[Meherbaan (song)|Meherbaan]] || [[Shilpa Rao]], [[Shekhar Ravjiani]] || [[Vishal–Shekhar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2015 || rowspan="2"|''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' || Tum Todo Naa (Male version) || [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] || rowspan="2"|A. R. Rahman ||
|-
|Tum Todo Naa (Female version) || [[Bela Shende]] ||
|-
| ''[[Parbona Ami Chartey Tokey]]'' || Ure Geche|| [[Monali Thakur]] ||[[Indradeep Dasgupta]] ||rowspan="3"|Bengali Film
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Shudhu Tomari Jonyo]]'' || Jeno Tomari Kache || [[Somlata Acharyya Chowdhury]] ||rowspan="2"|Arindom Chatterjee
|-
|Dekhte Bou Bou || [[Prashmita Paul]]
|-
|[[Drishyam (2015 film)|''Drishyam'']]
|Carbon Copy
|rowspan=2|Solo
|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
|
|-
|rowspan=7|2016||''[[Hero 420]]'' || Chaichi Toke ||rowspan="2"|[[Savvy Gupta]] || rowspan="2"|Indo-Bangladesh Film
|-
|| ''[[Prem Ki Bujhini]]'' || Ami Raji || Madhubanti Bagchi
|-
|| ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' || Alizeh || [[Arijit Singh]] ||Pritam ||
|-
|| ''[[Saansein]]'' || Mera Pyar || [[Arijit Singh]], Swati Sharma, [[Dev Negi]], [[Joi Barua]] ||[[Vivek Kar]] ||
|-
|| ''Ami Tomar Hote Chai'' || Ei Tukro Premer Golpo
|rowspan=3|Solo ||[[Shafiq Tuhin]] || Bangladeshi Film
|-
|| ''[[Fever (2016 film)|Fever]]'' || Look Look (Fever)| ||
|-
|| ''[[Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh]]''||Aur Main Khush Hoon|| [[Clinton Cerejo]] ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2017|| ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]'' || Baarish || [[Shashaa Tirupati]] ||[[Tanishk Bagchi]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Ami Je Ke Tomar]]'' || Bhalobeshe Felech || [[Jonita Gandhi]] || Indradeep Dasgupta || Bengali film
|-
|| ''[[Flat 211]]'' || Chocolatey Cake || Solo ||[[Prakash Prabhakar]]||
|-
|| ''[[A Gentleman]]''|| Bandook Meri Laila || [[Jigar Saraiya]], Rap: [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]], [[Sidharth Malhotra]] ||[[Sachin–Jigar]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Guest iin London]]''|| Dil Mera || [[Shahid Mallya]], [[Prakriti Kakar]] ||[[Raghav Sachar]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Tu Hai Mera Sunday]]'' ||Yeh Mera Mann
|rowspan=2|Solo || [[Amartya Bobo Rahut]] ||
|-
||2018 || ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' || Nazar Na Lag Jaaye ||Sachin–Jigar ||
|-
||2019 || ''[[Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas]]'' ||Ho Ja Awara || [[Monali Thakur]]
|rowspan=2|[[Tanishk Bagchi]] ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2020|| ''[[Coolie No. 1 (2020 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' || Tere Siva ||Renessa Das
|[[Amazon Prime Video]] film
|-
||''[[Kaamyaab]]''|| Paaon Bhari || Solo || [[Rachita Arora]] ||
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]'' || Meri Tum Ho
|rowspan=2|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|rowspan=2|[[Pritam]]
|rowspan=2|[[Netflix]] film
|-
||Meri Tum Ho (Unplugged)
|-
||2021|| ''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]'' || Zoom Zoom ||Iulia Vantur ||[[Sajid–Wajid]] ||[[Zee5]] film
|-
|rowspan=3|2022||''[[Ravaan (2022 film)|Raavan]]'' || You Are My Love ||Solo ||Savvy Gupta|| Bengali film
|-
|''[[Bhediya (film)|Bhediya]]'' || Thumkeshwari || Rashmeet Kaur, [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], Sachin-Jigar || Sachin-Jigar ||
|-
| ''[[Maja Ma]]''|| Ae pagli || [[Prakriti Kakkar]]||Gourov Dasgupta||[[Amazon Prime Video]] film
|-
||2023 || ''[[Chatrapathi (2023 film)|Chatrapathi]]'' || Sukhriya|| [[Palak Muchhal]] || Tanishk Bagchi||
|-
||2024 || ''[[Merry Christmas (2024 film)|Merry Christmas]]'' || Merry Christmas Title Track ||Solo || Pritam ||
|-
||2025 || ''[[Surprise (2025 film)|Surprise]]'' || Surprise Title Track ||Solo || [[Abhijit Vaghani]] || Gujarati Film, Lyrics - Maulin Parmar
|}

==Non-film==
* Look For Me
* Take It Easy
* Love Is Blind
* Bad Romance Remix from [[Lady Gaga]] Just Dance Album with Lady Gaga, Lush, Wedis and Young Thoro
*''[[Deewaren: Unity Song for Holi]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Seven-Singers-Come-Together-this-Holi-to-Celebrate-Unity-with-Deewaren/articleshow/51513516.cms|title=Seven Singers Come Together this Holi to Celebrate Unity with Deewaren |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref> ("Deewaren" along with [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Javed Ali]], [[Suraj Jagan]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Jonita Gandhi]]) (Single Holy song by The Moody Nation)
* Revels, 2017 at [[Manipal Institute of Technology]].
* Kishmish, with QARAN & [[Momina Mustehsan]]
* Haaye Oye – QARAN ft. Ash King
* ''[[Oriplast Originals]]'' (Ami Shudhu Tomar along with [[Ajay Singha]]) (Bengali Album)
*Slowly Slowly - Tannerwell & Ash King

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award Ceremony
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
! Ref.(s)
|-
| [[10th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| "[[Baarish (song)|Baarish]]" from ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2017|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ashking.com Official Web Site for Ash King]
* {{IMDb name|3939840}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:King, Ash}}
[[Category:British playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from London]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:English people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century English singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sufi Paranja Katha

2025-12-11T10:45:05Z

Mohit Raj: small expanded section per sources and updated info

{{short description|Malayalam Novel}}
{{For|the film adaptation|Sufi Paranja Katha (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Sufi Paranja Katha
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = [[K. P. Ramanunni]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator = N. Gopalakrishnan
| illustrator = [[Artist Namboothiri]]
| cover_artist = N. Ajayan
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre =
| set_in =
| published =
| publisher = [[DC Books]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = November 1993
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 126
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] [[Edasseri Award]]
| isbn = 978-8-171-30604-6
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}
'''''Sufi Paranja Katha''''' (Sūphi parañña katha; സൂഫി പറഞ്ഞ കഥ) (meaning, The Story as Told by the Sufi) is the [[debut novel]] of [[Malayalam]] novelist [[K. P. Ramanunni]]. It was originally serialised in ''[[Kalakaumudi]]'' in 1989 and published as a book in 1993. The novel has been translated into eight languages, including English (titled ''What the Sufi Said'') and French.<ref name=Bengali>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/bengali-version-of-sufi-paranja-katha-enters-eighth-edition/article6493185.ece "Bengali version of Sufi paranja Katha enters eighth edition"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 12 October 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</ref> [[Priyanandanan]] adapted the novel into a [[Sufi Paranja Katha (film)|film of the same name]] in 2010. K. P. Ramanunni himself wrote the dialogue and script of the film.<ref>R. Ramabhadran Pillai (27 September 2008). [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/sufi-paranja-katha-on-celluloid/article1346512.ece "‘Sufi Paranja Katha’ on celluloid"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</ref>

==Background==
Ramanunni deals with a complex theme in this novel. A theme that was influenced by his childhood in [[Ponnani]]. "I lost my father when I was three and was attached to my mother. We were close to our neighbours who were Muslims. My friend Abdul Khayoom's father was fond of me. Eventually, I realised that the inner core of religion is spirituality," says Ramanunni.<ref name="Lekshmy Rajeev">Lekshmy Rajeev (25 February 2010). [http://www.thehindu.com/arts/voice-for-religious-unity/article113271.ece "Voice for Religious Unity"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</ref>

The background of the novel is that of northern Kerala a few decades after the British established their authority. The Nair society that existed there was matrilineal. A child belonged to its mother's family. In the story, a character called Muthassi is the oldest living member of the family. The family consists of her children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. In this set-up, known as a Tharavad, the oldest man is the administrator or the Karanavar. Sanku Menon is the Karanavar of the Melepullarath Tharavad. He is the grandson of Muthassi. Muthassi's daughter is Sanku Menon's mother. Sanku Menon's sister Ammalu is the mother of Karthy, the principal character. The children did not inherit the property of their father. The inheritance was through the women of the family. In certain parts of Kerala, Muslims also give special importance to the wife's house. ''Sufi Paranja Katha'' develops the theme from this complex background.

==Plot summary==
The story revolves around the love and marriage between Mamootty, a Muslim and Karthy, a Nair Hindu. Though converted to Islam, Karthy is unable to resist the primeval tug of her original religion. We see pantheistic pagan traditions asserting themselves over members of all communities-as Mother Goddess for Hindus, as the Beevi and Jarum for the Muslims. The novel speaks about religious feelings and relationships and the mystic reach of these aspects.

==Publication history==
''Sufi Paranja Katha'' was serialised in ''[[Kalakaumudi]]'' weekly in 1989 with the accompaniment of illustrations by the [[Artist Namboothiri]]. It was published as a book in November 1993. First [[DC Books]] edition came in December 1995.

==Awards==
* 1995: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]]
* 1989: [[Edasseri Award]]

==Translations==
''Sufi Paranja Katha'' has been translated into English, French, Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Konkani, Telugu and Bengali. The English translation by N. Gopalakrishnan titled ''What the Sufi Said'', was published by [[Rupa & Co.]] in February 2002.<ref>Aabha Anoop (14 November 2014). [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/writer-n-gopalakrishnan-is-no-more/article6620996.ece "Writer N. Gopalakrishnan is no more"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</ref> The French translation, made on Gopalakrishnan's English version and titled ''Tharavad : Ce que disait le soufi'', was published by [[Puducherry (city)|Pondichery]]-based publishing house Kailash Éditions in 2008. L. R. Swamy translated the novel into Telugu under the title ''Sufi Cheppina Katha'' (సూఫీ చెప్పిన కథ) which was published by Saranga Books in August 2012.<ref>[http://rajkaramchedu.com/about-author/ "Raj Karamchedu"]. Official website of Raj Karamchedu of Saranga Books. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</ref> The Bengali translation was brought out with the support of Bengali writer Krishnendu and a Kerala-based writer Sunil Njaliyathu. The book was released in October 2014 in connection with a book fair in [[Frankfurt]] by Christian Weiss, director of the publication house- Draupadi Verlag, which brings out Indian books in German language.<ref name=Bengali/><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/sufi-paranja-katha-gets-bengali-edition/article6498765.ece "Sufi Paranja Katha gets Bengali edition"]. ''The Hindu''. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</ref>

==Film adaptation==
{{Main|Sufi Paranja Katha (film)}}
The 2010 film adaptation of the novel was released with [[Sharbani Mukherjee]] as Karthy, [[Thampi Antony]] as Sanku Menon and [[Prakash Bare]] as Mammootty, directed by [[Priyanandanan]]. K. P. Ramanunni himself wrote the screenplay and dialogues for the film. The film won various awards, including four [[Kerala State Film Awards]].

Ramanunni says he had no intention of making the novel into a film. But producer, Kalam Karasseri, had wanted to do a film based on it for years and Ramanunni complied. Ramanunni says he has not deviated much from the novel and wrote the script with a lot of care as it dealt with a sensitive theme. "In order to enhance cinematic effects, only one small portion of the story has been done away with and the anti-colonial sentiments have been highlighted. The dialogues of the film celebrate the co-existence of different religions," says Ramanunni.<ref name="Lekshmy Rajeev"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
[[Category:1993 debut novels]]
[[Category:1993 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian romance novels]]
[[Category:Malayalam novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Novels about marriage]]
[[Category:Interfaith romance in fiction]]
[[Category:Works originally published in Indian magazines]]
[[Category:Works originally published in news magazines]]
[[Category:Works originally published in literary magazines]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award–winning works]]
[[Category:DC Books books]]

Nasir Moinuddin Dagar

2025-11-28T14:16:16Z

Mohit Raj: started pg

{{Short description|Indian classical singer (1919–1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix = Ustad
| background = person
| birth_date = {{circa|1919}}
| birth_place = [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1966|05|24|1921|05|12}}
| genre = [[Hindustani classical]], [[Dhrupad]]
| occupation = vocalist
| instrument = singing
| current_member_of = Senior Dagar Brothers
}}
'''Nasir Moinuddin Dagar''' ({{circa|1921}}–1966) was a [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] [[dhrupad]] singer from [[India]], part of the [[Dagar gharana]]. He and his younger brother [[Nasir Aminuddin Dagar]] performed together, and are best known as the Senior Dagar Brothers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Sadakat Aman |author-link=Sadakat Aman Khan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOVZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Gharanas of Indian Music |year=2022|publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-88569-411-7 |language=en |chapter=Dagar Gharana}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Moinuddin Khan |url=http://www.dhrupad.info/moinuddin.htm |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=dhrupad.info}}</ref>

== Early life and training ==
Moinuddin Dagar was born in [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]], the eldest son of musician Nasiruddin Khan of the Dagar lineage. Contemporary sources listed his birth date as 1919, while the ''Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India'' listed it as 12 May 1921.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=25 May 1966 |title=Elder Dagar Brother Dead |pages=1 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/750785750 |id={{ProQuest|750785750}} }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopae0002unse/page/733 |title=The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India: h–o |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0195650983 |location=New Delhi |pages=733 |oclc=768121066}}</ref>

He was initiated into dhrupad singing by his father, who provided strict and rigorous training.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Owens |first=Naomi |date=Spring–Summer 1987 |title=The Dagar Gharānā |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/833942 |journal=Asian Music |volume=18 |pages=158–195 |jstor=833942 }}</ref> He was seventeen when his father died. He supported his mother and five younger siblings by working as a teacher, while receiving training in [[Jaipur]] from his uncle Riazuddin Khan.<ref name=":5" /> He would go on to train younger brothers Nasir Aminuddin, [[Junior Dagar Brothers|Nasir Zahiruddin]], and [[Junior Dagar Brothers|Nasir Faiyazuddin]], as well as disciples [[Ritwik Sanyal]] and Lakshman Bhatta Tailanga.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=26 May 1966 |title=Current Topics: Moinuddin Dagar |pages=8 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

He left Udaipur after his training, and moved to [[Bombay]] in 1947, where he and Nasir Aminuddin started performing.<ref name=":4" /> The two brothers had an exceptionally close relationship, with Aminuddin formally accepting him as his musical [[guru]].<ref name=":5" /> They first performed for the radio in 1942, and were well regarded as live performers.<ref name=":5" />

== Career and later life ==
Moinuddin Dagar performed primarily with his brother Aminuddin Dagar as the "Dagar Brother" duo, known for [[jugalbandi]]. Together, they helped popularise dhrupad for new audiences.<ref name=":6" />

They toured Europe in the 1960s with Nasir Aminuddin Dagar, participating in music events in countries like France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Russia, and Japan.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Hyder |first=Qurratulain |date=5 March 1972 |title=The Dagars: At Home and Abroad |url=http://hindiurduflagship.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/dagar.pdf |journal=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |pages=50–51}}</ref> Their November 1964 tour included a stop in Paris, which was recorded and released by [[UNESCO]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Lavezzoli |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC&pg=PA26 |title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West |date=2006 |publisher=Continuum Books |isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9 |pages=26–27 |language=en}}</ref> Moinuddin Dagar suffered a heart attack while on tour in Europe, and complications would eventually lead to his death.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" />

In 1955, Moinuddin and Aminuddin founded the Bharatiya Sangeet Vidyalay in [[Benares]], and subsequently moved to Delhi to take up jobs at the [[Bharatiya Kala Kendra]] in [[New Delhi]]. He was, for many years, head of the Bharatiya Kala Kendra's music department.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

In 1966, the two moved from Delhi to [[Bombay]], where they founded and taught at the Bharat Sangeet Vidya Bhavan.<ref name=":5" />

Moinuddin died in Bombay on 24 May 1966.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> The ''Times of India'' described his death in middle age as a "severe blow to the 'dhrupad' tradition."<ref name=":4" /> He left behind his wife Suraiya, a son, and two daughters.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />

In 1975, after his death, Aminuddin Dagar founded the Ustad Nasir Moinuddin Dagar Dhrupad Sangeet Ashram in Calcutta in his elder brother's name.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=23 July 2021 |title=Aminuddin Dagar |url=https://raagparichay.in/en/aminuddin-dagar |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=RaagParichay.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Ustad Nasir Moinuddin Dagar Dhrupad Sangeet Ashram |url=https://www.facebook.com/dhrupadsangeetashram/about_details |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2011 |title=Dhrupad Sangeet Ashram: History |url=http://www.dhrupadsangeetashram.com/dagarsangeetashram.html |access-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421030811/http://www.dhrupadsangeetashram.com/dagarsangeetashram.html |archive-date=21 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Samarpita |last2=Sarkhel |first2=Sabyasachi |date=2020 |title=An Introduction to Dhrupad Performance Platforms of India |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/etnomuzikoloji/issue/57697/817841 |journal=Etnomüzikoloji Dergisi |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=268}}</ref>

== Style and impact ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' described him as "one of the finest exponents of his style."<ref name=":4" />

Vivek Datta described how Moinuddin "not only preserved the values and tradition of the family by sustaining the purity of Dhrupad singing, but also gave it a dynamic impetus which necessarily needs the power of an inspired genius."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=Vivek |date=1967 |title=Record Reviews |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24318764 |journal=The World of Music |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=50 |jstor=24318764 }}</ref>

Dhrupad.info described him as a "charismatic performer," who "had amazing mastery over the use of the three different kinds of head resonance…which he used with much flair and artistry on the higher notes like ''[[Nishad (svara)|ni]]'' and ''[[Shadja|sa]]''."<ref name=":0" />

M.R. Gautam described how Moinuddin and Aminuddin Dagar always performed together, how Moinuddin had a "higher pitched voice," and "was endowed with a fertile, artistic imagination and feeling."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gautam |first=M.R. |url=https://archive.org/details/musicalheritageo0000mrga/page/115 |title=The Musical Heritage of India |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1980 |location=New Delhi |pages=115 |language=en |oclc=8335366 |archive-url=}}</ref>

== Discography ==

* ''Dagar Brothers'' (1965)<ref>{{Citation |title=Dagar Brothers - Dagar Brothers |url=https://www.discogs.com/master/1001467-Dagar-Brothers-Dagar-Brothers |language=en |access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dagar Brothers {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/21072797 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref>
* ''A Musical Anthology of the Orient: India III'' (1960s?)<ref>{{Citation |title=Dagar Brothers – India III |url=https://www.discogs.com/master/1346979-Dagar-Brothers-India-III |language=en |access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=walter |date=18 February 2017 |title=Musical Anthology of the Orient – India |url=https://www.alaindanielou.org/discs/india-discs/musical-anthology-of-the-orient-india/ |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=Alain Daniélou official site |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tawfiq |date=8 January 2018 |title=Moinuddin & Aminuddin Dagar – Dhrupads – The Music of India III |url=https://oriental-traditional-music.blogspot.com/2018/01/moinuddin-aminuddin-dagar-dhrupads.html |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=Oriental Traditional Music from LPs & Cassettes}}</ref>
* ''Raga Darbari Kanada: Alapa; Dhamar — Raga Adana'' (1982)
* ''Raga Todi in Concert • Calcutta 1957'' (1999)<ref>{{Citation |title=The Senior Dagar Brothers = Mohinuddin And Aminuddin Dagar – Rag Todi in Concert • Calcutta 1957 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/6415807-The-Senior-Dagar-Brothers-Mohinuddin-And-Aminuddin-Dagar-Rag-Todi-in-Concert-Calcutta-1957 |language=en |access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rag todi : Calcutta 1957 {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/44801205 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Bihag Kamboji Malkosh • Calcutta 1955'' (2000)<ref>{{Citation |title=Dagar Brothers – Bihag Kamboji Malkosh – Calcutta 1955 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/11250208-Dagar-Brothers-Bihag-Kamboji-Malkosh-Calcutta-1955 |language=en |access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Senior Dagar Brothers : CD] : Bihag Kamboji Malkosh, Calcutta 1955 {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/225138816 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Dhrupad : Puriya, Pilu Thumri'' (2002)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhrupad : Puriya, Pilu Thumri {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/54844358 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Dhrupad: Bageshree'' (2002)
* ''Ragas Bhupali, Shankara: Dhrupad'' (2004)<ref>{{Citation |title=Dagar Brothers = Late Khan Sahib Ustad Nasir Moinuddin Dagar & Late Khan Sahib Ustad Nasir Aminuddin Dagar – Ragas Bhupali, Shankara: Dhrupad |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/10722913-Dagar-Brothers-2-Late-Khan-Sahib-Ustad-Nasir-Moinuddin-Dagar-Late-Khan-Sahib-Ustad-Nasir-Aminuddin-D |language=en |access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref>
* ''Dhrupad (Megh, Kafi Ki Hori)'' (2002, 2009)<ref>{{Citation |title=Dagar Brothers = Late Khan Sahib Ustad Nasir Moinuddin Dagar, Late Khan Sahib Ustad Nasir Aminuddin Dagar – Dhrupad (Megh, Kafi Ki Hori) |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/11250388-Dagar-Brothers-2-Late-Khan-Sahib-Ustad-Nasir-Moinuddin-Dagar-Late-Khan-Sahib-Ustad-Nasir-Aminuddin-D |language=en |access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhrupad : Megh, Kafi Ki Hori {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/54844490 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Raga Kambhoji: Dhrupad'' (2004)<ref>{{Citation |title=Dagar Brothers = Late Khan Sahib Ustad Nasir Moinuddin Dagar, Late Khan Sahib Ustad Nasir Aminuddin Dagar – Raga Kambhoji: Dhrupad |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/10722862-Dagar-Brothers-2-Late-Khan-Sahib-Ustad-Nasir-Moinuddin-Dagar-Late-Khan-Sahib-Ustad-Nasir-Aminuddin-D |language=en |access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhrupad : raga Kambhoji {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/62999666 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Bageshree Dhrupad'' (2008)<ref>{{Citation |title=Dagar Brothers = Late Khan Sahib Ustad Nasir Moinuddin Dagar & Late Khan Sahib Ustad Nasir Aminuddin Dagar – Bageshree Dhrupad |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/11250255-Dagar-Brothers-2-Late-Khan-Sahib-Ustad-Nasir-Moinuddin-Dagar-Late-Khan-Sahib-Ustad-Nasir-Aminuddin-D |language=en |access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref>
* ''Miya Ki Malhar Dhrupad'' (2009)<ref>{{Citation |title=Dagar Brothers = Late Khan Sahib Ustad Nasir Moinuddin Dagar, Late Khan Sahib Ustad Nasir Moinuddin Dagar – Miya Ki Malhar Dhrupad |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/11250315-Dagar-Brothers-2-Late-Khan-Sahib-Ustad-Nasir-Moinuddin-Dagar-Late-Khan-Sahib-Ustad-Nasir-Moinuddin-D |language=en |access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref>
* ''Raga: Puriya, Pilu Thumri'' (2009)<ref>{{Citation |title=Dagar Brothers = Late Khan Sahib Ustad Nasir Moinuddin Dagar, Late Khan Sahib Ustad Nasir Aminuddin Dagar – Raga: Puriya, Pilu Thumri |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/11250419-Dagar-Brothers-2-Late-Khan-Sahib-Ustad-Nasir-Moinuddin-Dagar-Late-Khan-Sahib-Ustad-Nasir-Aminuddin-D |language=en |access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Dagarvani]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Singers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Udaipur]]

Vazhikadavu Weir

2025-11-06T00:19:33Z

Mohit Raj: new article

{{Short description|Diversion dam in Kerala, India}}

'''Vazhikadavu Weir''' is a diversion dam of concrete gravity type constructed across [[Meenachil River]] at [[Teekoy]] Village in [[Kottayam district|Kottayam District]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The Vazhikkadavu weir is constructed as an augmentation scheme to Idukki HEP. The dam has a height of {{Convert|10.20|m }} from the deepest foundation and a length of {{Convert|58|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact file on dams owned by Kerala State Electricity Board|url=https://www.expert-eyes.org/dams.html|access-date=2021-07-29|website=www.expert-eyes.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=dams_in_kerala | title=Dams_in_Kerala – India WRIS Wiki }}</ref>

[[Narakakkanam Weir|Narakakkanam]], [[Azhutha Dam|Azhutha]], Vazhikkadavu, [[Vadakkepuzha Weir|Vadakkepuzha]] and [[Kuttiar Weir|Kuttiar]] diversion schemes were later added to augment the Idukki reservoir. The Vazhikadavu diversion scheme envisages diversion of the water from 6 km2 catchment of Vazhikkadavu Ar (tributary of Meenachil Ar.) to Idukki reservoir by constructing an unlined tunnel of {{Convert|2579.25|m}} and a weir which is 58 m long for regulation and additional power generation of 18.2 Million units at [[Idukki Dam|Idukki]] Power station. The weir site and tunnel inlet are located in [[Meenachil]] taluk of Kottayam District and tunnel exit site is located in [[Peermade]] taluk of [[Idukki district]]. The diversion weir site is near [[Vagamon]] – 2 km from Vagamon town on Vagomon [[Erattupetta]] road.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diversion Structures in Idukki district – KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation|url=https://dams.kseb.in/?p=168|access-date=2021-07-29|language=en-US}}</ref> The construction started in 1989 but was completed in 2002.<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=N. Vijayamohanan|last1=Pillai|first2=K. P.|last2=Kannan|title=Time and Cost Overruns of the Power Projects in Kerala1|url=http://www.isec.ac.in/JSED/JSED_V4_I2_148-169.pdf|journal=Journal of Social and Economic Development|date=July–December 2002|archive-date=2019-03-03|access-date=2021-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303072541/http://www.isec.ac.in/JSED/JSED_V4_I2_148-169.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Specifications ==

* Latitude : 9⁰ 41′ N
* Longitude: 76⁰ 54′ E
* Panchayath : Teekoy
* Village : Teekoy
* District : Kottayam
* River Basin : Periyar
* River : Meenachil river
* Release from Dam to river : Meenachil river
* Taluk through which release flows : Meenachil
* Year of completion : 2002
* Name of Project:Idukki HEP
* Type of Project : Hydro Power
* Type of Dam : Concrete- Gravity
* Classification : Weir
* Maximum Water Level (MWL) : EL 939.00
* Full Reservoir Level ( FRL) : EL 936.70 m
* Storage at FRL : 0.18 Mm3
* Height from deepest foundation : 10.20 m
* Length : 58.00 m
* Spillway : Ungated – Overflow section
* Crest Level : EL 936.70 m
* River Outlet : 1 No. Circular type, 0.75 m dia

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dams in Kerala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Dams completed in 2002]]
[[Category:Dams in Kottayam district]]

Khemakhungiu

2025-09-20T08:06:41Z

Mohit Raj: added a article more to come - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khemakhungiu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates = {{coord|34.245123|N|77.914352|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nubra Valley|Nubra]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 142
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 937
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khemakhungiu''' is a village in the [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |title=Blockwise Village Amenity Directory |publisher=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council |access-date=2015-07-23 }}</ref> It is located in the [[Nubra Valley|Nubra]] [[tehsil]].

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Khemakhungiu has 38 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 52.38%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-07-23 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 142 || 63 || 79
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 16 || 6 || 10
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 142 || 63 || 79
|-
| Literates || 66 || 42 || 24
|-
| Workers (all) || 108 || 50 || 58
|-
| Main workers (total) || 63 || 33 || 30
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 46 || 20 || 26
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 17 || 13 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 45 || 17 || 28
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 42 || 16 || 26
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 3 || 1 || 2
|-
| Non-workers || 34 || 13 || 21
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nubra tehsil]]

Arabinda Sarani

2025-08-22T02:58:21Z

Mohit Raj:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Arabinda Sarani
|official_name = Aurobindo Sarani
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = {{Bulleted list|[[Jessore Road metro station|Jessore Road]]|[[Dum Dum Cantonment metro station|Dum Dum Cantonment]]}}
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Dum Dum Cantonment railway station|Dum Dum Cantonment]]
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
|governing_body = [[Dum Dum Municipality]]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22.6418|N|88.4247|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700028
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
|registration_plate = WB
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Arabinda Sarani''' or '''Aurobindo Sarani''' is a locality in [[Dum Dum]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. Localities within Aurobindo Sarani are Kalidham and [[West Kamalapur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sylhetiyouthwelfareassociation.wordpress.com/2013/10/11/dum-dum-cantonment/|title=History of Dum Dum Cantonment|publisher=|access-date=27 Feb 2025}}</ref> It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Post Office===

Dum Dum has a delivery Head post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700028 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Kumarpara, Ordnance Factory, Kamalapur and Rajabagan.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://pincode.net.in/WEST_BENGAL/KOLKATA/D/DUMDUM | title = Dum Dum Head Post Office | publisher = pincode.net.in |access-date = 22 Feb 2025}}</ref>

===Police station===

Dum Dum police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Aurobindo Sarani areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barrackporecitypolice.in/|title=Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|website=barrackporecitypolice.in|access-date=22 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Markets==
Markets near Arabinda Sarani area are:
* Near the former [[Saregama|His Master's Voice/Saregama]] factory
* Kumarpara Market
* Kalidham Bazar

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}
*[https://dumdummunicipality.wordpress.com/ Dum Dum Municipality website]
{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:North 24 Parganas district]]

Neshat Quaiser

2025-07-15T14:06:53Z

Mohit Raj: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Doctory]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Mangalesha

2025-06-09T12:09:13Z

Mohit Raj:

{{Short description|Chalukya Emperor from 592 to 610}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mangalesha
| title = Shri-prithvi-vallabha, Maharaja
| succession = Chalukya king
| reign = {{circa|592|610}}
| predecessor = [[Kirttivarman I]]
| successor = [[Pulakeshin II]]
| house = [[Chalukyas of Vatapi]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Pulakeshin I]]
}}
{{Chalukyas|Vatapi}}

'''Mangalesha''' ([[IAST]]: Maṅgaleśa, r. {{Circa|592|610 CE}}) was a king of the [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Chalukya dynasty]] of [[Vatapi]] in [[Karnataka]], India. He succeeded his older brother [[Kirttivarman I]] on the throne, and ruled a kingdom that stretched from southern [[Gujarat]] in north to [[Bellary]]-[[Kurnool]] region in the south, in the western part of the [[Deccan]] region. It included parts of present-day Gujarat, [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], Karnataka, and [[Andhra Pradesh]].

Mangalesha expanded the Chalukya power in present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra after defeating the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri]] king Buddharaja. He also consolidated his rule in the [[Konkan]] coastal region of Maharashtra and Goa after conquering [[Revatidvipa|Revati-dvipa]] from the rebel Chalukya governor Svamiraja. His reign ended when he lost a war of succession to his nephew [[Pulakeshin II]], a son of Kirttivarman I.

Mangalesha was a [[Vaishnavite]], and constructed a [[Vishnu]] temple during the reign of his brother Kirttivarman I. He was tolerant of other sects, as evident by the [[Mahakuta Pillar]] inscription, which records his gift to a [[Shaivite]] shrine.

== Names and titles ==

The name "Mangalesha" literally means "prosperous lord".{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1960|p=209}} Several variants of this name appear in the dynastic records, including Mangaleshvara, Mangalisha, Mangalaraja, and Mangalarnava ("ocean of auspiciousness").{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=46}} The 578 CE Badami inscription calls him Mangalishvara.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=38}}

His regal titles included ''[[Prithvi-vallabha (title)|Shri-prithvi-vallabha]]'', ''[[Maharaja]]'', ''Rana-vikranata'' ("puissant in war"), and ''Uru-rana-vikranta'' ("puissant like Uru in war").{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=46}}

== Early life ==

Mangalesha was a son of the Chalukya king [[Pulakeshin I]]. His Mahakuta Pillar inscription refers to Pulakeshin's wife Durlabha-devi as his "father's wife", which suggests that Durlabha-devi was his step-mother.{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|1984|p=45}}

Mangalesha succeeded his elder brother [[Kirttivarman I]], who was probably his half-brother,{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1960|p=209}} and who was survived by at least three underage sons.{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|1984|p=57}} The inscriptions of the later [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]] claim that Mangalesha "took upon himself the burden of administration" because Kirttivarman's son [[Pulakeshin II]] was a minor. However, these inscriptions also wrongly claim that Mangalesha returned the kingdom to Pulakeshin II when Pulakeshin II grew up, praising the Chalukya lineage for such exemplary behaviour. This claim is contradicted by Pulakeshin II's own [[Aihole inscription]], and appears to be a late attempt to gloss over Pulakeshin II's overthrow of Mangalesha.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1960|p=209}} It is possible that Mangalesha initially ruled as a regent, but later decided to usurp the throne.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=59}}

Historian [[K. V. Ramesh (archaeologist)|K. V. Ramesh]] theorizes that Mangalesha administered the kingdom during the lifetime of Kirttivarman, who remained pre-occupied with military campaigns. According to Ramesh, Kirttivarman and Mangalesha may have taken turns in alternately administering the kingdom and leading military campaigns.{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|1984|p=53}}

== Period ==

Mangalesha's own inscriptions are not dated in any specific [[calendar era]], which makes the determination of his exact regnal period uncertain.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=47}} Kirttivarman's last extant inscription is dated 578 CE (year 500 of the [[Shaka era]]), so Mangalesha's reign must have started sometime after this year.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=48}} [[J. F. Fleet]] assigned the beginning of Mangalesha's reign to 597-598 CE based on his reading of the Mahakuta Pillar inscription, but this view is no longer considered correct.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=53-54}}

The 610-611 CE Goa inscription, issued by the Chalukya vassal Satyashraya Dhruvaraja Indravarman, was probably issued during the reign of Mangalesha, and can be used to determine his regnal period.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=48-49}} The vassal chief, who was stationed at Revatidvipa, served as the governor of four [[vishaya]]-mandalas (districts),{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=49}} and is described as the crest-jewel of the Adi-Bappura family.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=48}} The inscription does not mention the name of the overlord, simply referring to him by his title ''Shri-prithvi-vallabha''. This title was used by the Chalukya rulers of Vatapi, and the seal of the inscription features the Chalukya boar emblem.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=48}} The record is dated to the 20th regnal year; this regnal year is most probably that of the overlord, as petty vassals and governors did not issue records dated in their own regnal years.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=49}} Some scholars, such as [[D. C. Sircar]], have theorized that the inscription was dated to the vassal's regnal year, but this is unlikely considering the fact that the vassal sought the sanction of his overlord to make the gift recorded in the inscription.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=50}} The overlord could not have been Mangalesha's predecessor Kirttivarman I, as he is known to have been ruling in 567 CE, and therefore, 611 CE could not have been his 20th regnal year.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=50}} The overlord could not have been Mangalesha's successor Pulakeshin either, as Pulakeshin's reign is known to have commenced in 610-611 CE (Shaka year 532).{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=48, 51}} According to the Aihole ''prashasti'' inscription of Pulakeshin, Revatidvipa was annexed to the Chalukya kingdom by Mangalesha; therefore, Mangalesha is likely to be the overlord mentioned in the Goa inscription.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=50-52}} Thus, if the Goa inscription is dated to the 20th regnal year of Mangalesha, he must have ascended the throne in 591-592 (Shaka year 513).{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=53}}

An inscription of Pulakeshin is dated 613 CE (Shaka year 534), and was issued during the third year of his reign. So, the end of Mangalesha's reign can be assigned to {{Circa|610-611 CE}}.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=48, 51}}

== Military campaigns ==
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Mangalesha launched extensive military campaigns aimed at expanding the Chalukya power.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=46}} The [[Mahakuta Pillar]] inscription suggests that he wanted to expand the Chalukya kingdom northwards, and planned to set up a pillar of victory on the banks of the Bhagirathi river ([[Ganges]]).{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=56}} He set up the Mahakuta Pillar in Vatapi as a preparatory step towards this objective.{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|1984|p=61}} He could not achieve this particular objective in the coming years, but nevertheless, oversaw substantial expansion of the Chalukya kingdom.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=55-56}} Even the Aihole inscription of his rival Pulakeshin extols his gallant qualities.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=56}}

In the north, Mangalesha's kingdom extended to present-day southern [[Gujarat]] and [[Nashik district|Nashik region]] of [[Maharashtra]]. In the south, he retained the territory inherited from his predecessor, maintaining control over northern [[Karnataka]], up to [[Bellary]] (Karnataka) and [[Kurnool]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]]) in the south.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=60}}

=== Victory over the Kalachuris ===

According to the Chalukya inscriptions, Mangalesha defeated the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuris]], who were the northern neighbours of the Chalukyas.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=56}} The Mahakuta Pillar inscription suggests that Mangalesha defeated the Kalachuri ruler Buddharaja sometime before the 5th or the 7th regnal year of Mangalesha, that is, before 597 CE or 599 CE.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=56}} However, the victory referred to in this particular inscription was probably just a successful raid or a conquest of the southernmost Kalachuri territories, as Buddha-raja is known to have ruled until at least 609 CE. Buddharaja's rule over the Nashik region is attested by his 608-609 CE Vadner grant inscription, and his rule over the Gujarat area is attested by his 609-610 CE Sarsavani inscription. No records of the Kalachuri dynasty are available after 609-610 CE, and Mangalesha's successor Pulakeshin is known to have been in control of the former Kalachuri territory.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=57}}

The Nerur inscription states that the Kalachuris possessed elephants, horses, infantry, and treasure. The Mahakuta Pillar inscription states that Mangalesha deprived Buddha of all his possessions, and that the wealth of the "Kalatsuris" (Kalachuris) was spent on the idol procession of a temple (probably the Mahakuta temple).{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=56}} The Aihole prashasti inscription states that Mangalesha "raised canopies of dust on the shores of the eastern and the western ocean", and "enjoyed the Kalachuris' ladies along with their prosperity".{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=56-57}}

Since the Chalukya records do not mention that Pulakeshin defeated the Kalachuris, scholars such as D. P. Dikshit and [[D. C. Sircar]] believe that Mangalesha defeated the Kalachuris decisively towards the end of his reign.{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1961|p=56}}{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=57}} Others, such as [[V. V. Mirashi]] and Ronald M. Davidson, believe that Pulakeshin, whose reign started around 610 CE, was responsible for the end of the Kalachuri dynasty.{{sfn|Ronald M. Davidson|2004|p=40}}{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1961|p=56}}

=== Conquest of the Revati island ===
{{Main|Revatidvipa}}
Mangalesha conquered the [[Revatidvipa|Revati island]] ("Revati-dvipa"), which is identified with present-day [[Redi, Maharashtra]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=57}} The Aihole prashasti inscription states that Mangalesha's navy, which was like the army of the deity [[Varuna]], conquered the island. The later Chalukya inscriptions mention that Mangalesha's troops crossed the sea by a bridge made of boats.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=58}}

The ruler of Revatidvipa was probably [[Revatidvipa|Svamiraja]], who according to the Nerur inscription, was defeated by Mangalesha. The Nerur inscription does not refer to the Revatidvipa, but suggests that Svamiraja was the governor of the [[Konkan]] coastal region, in which Revatidvipa was located. Svamiraja was prince of the Chalukya ancestry, and had won 18 battles. He may have been appointed as the governor of Konkan by Mangalesha's predecessor Kirttivarman after the Chalukya conquest of the region. Svamiraja may have rebelled against Mangalesha, and probably sided with Pulakeshin in the subsequent Chalukya war of succession. For this reason, Mangalesha may have defeated and killed him.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=58}}

Subsequently, Mangalesha may have appointed Satyashraya Dhruvaraja Indravarman as the new governor of the Konkan region. The Goa inscription of this governor refers to a Chalukya monarch by the title ''Shri-prithvi-vallabha Maharaja'': this monarch was most probably Mangalesha.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=58}} The inscription records the grant of the Karellika village located in the situated in the Khetahara ''desha'' (country) to Brahmanas;{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=48-49}} Khetahara is identified with modern [[Khed, Ratnagiri|Khed]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=58}}

== Conflict with Pulakeshin ==

Mangalesha was overthrown by his nephew [[Pulakeshin II]], who was a son of his elder brother and predecessor [[Kirttivarman I]]. This is attested by Pulakeshin's Aihole inscription.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=59}} How exactly this happened is not clear, as the Aihole inscription gives an enigmatic description of the episode: it states that Mangalesha was envious of Pulakeshin, because Pulakeshin was a favourite of Lakshmi (the goddess of fortune). Therefore, Pulakeshin, decided to go into exile. Subsequently, Mangalesha's became weak "on all sides" as Pulakeshin applied his "gifts of good counsel and energy".{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1960|p=211}} Ultimately, Mangalesha had to abandon three things simultaneously: his attempt to secure the throne for his own son (or his ability to perpetuate his own descent{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=59}}), his kingdom, and his own life.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1960|p=211}}

The above description suggests that Mangalesha rejected Pulakeshin's claim to the throne, forcing Pulakeshin to go into exile, and possibly appointed his own son as the heir apparent. During his exile, Pulakeshin planned an attack on Mangalesha, and ultimately defeated and killed him.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1960|p=211}}

The undated [[Peddavadugur|Peddavaduguru]] inscription records Pulakeshin's grant of the Elpattu Simbhige village after his subjugation of Ranavikrama. According to one theory, this Ranavikrama was Mangalesha (who bore the title "Ranavikrama"), who was defeated by Mangalesha in a battle fought at Elpattu Simbhige.{{sfn|K. V. Ramesh|1984|pp=76-77}} However, another theory identifies Ranavikrama as a [[Bana kingdom|Bana]] king.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=70}}

Because Pulakeshin's descendants subsequently ruled the kingdom, Mangalesha's achievements were sidelined in the subsequent records of the dynasty.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=46}}

== Personal life ==

The ruler referred to by his title ''Prithvi-vallabha Maharaja'' in the Mudhol inscription may have been Mangalesha. This inscription states that Pugavarman was the son of this ruler. It is possible that Mangalesha initially ruled as a regent for Pulakeshin, but later usurped the throne, and appointed his own son as the crown prince, leading to a rebellion by Pulakeshin.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=59}}

The Mahakuta Pillar inscription states that Mangalesha was "endowed with virtues of polity, refinement, knowledge, liberality, kindness, and civility".{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=60}} It describes him as the crest jewel of the Chalukya dynasty, and states that he possessed [[Lakshmi|Shri]], the goddess of wealth. It him to legendary and mythological heroes, stating that he was as unassailable as Mahendra, as unconquered as [[Rama]], as liberal as [[Shibi (king)|Shibi]], as faithful to his words as [[Yudhishthira]], as fortunate as [[Vasudeva]], as famous as [[Mandhatri|Mandhatr]], and as intelligent as [[Brihaspati]]. The inscription also extols his braveness, stating that the warriors liked him, and that he had exterminated other lion-like kings.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=60}}

== Religion ==

Mangalesha appears to have been a [[Vaishnavite]], as attested by the Nerur inscription which calls him a ''Parama-bhagavata'' ("Devotee of [[Vishnu]]").{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=46}} The 578 CE Badami inscription, issued during the reign of Kirttivarman I, records the construction of Lanjishvara or Maha-Vishnu-Griha cave temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]] by Mangalesha. The inscription describes the temple as "well-proportioned and of wonderful workmanship".{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=60}} It is dated the ''[[Kartik Purnima|Karttika Paurnamasi]]'' of [[Shaka era|Shaka year]] 500, that is, 31 October 578 CE.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=38}} The inscription also records his gift of land to the garland-makers of the temple.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=47}}

Mangalesha also seems to have patronized other Hindu sects, including [[Shaivism]]. The [[Mahakuta Pillar]] inscription records his gift of ten villages to the shrine of Maukteshvara-natha, a form of [[Shiva]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=46-47}}

== Inscriptions ==

The following inscriptions from Mangalesha's reign have been discovered:

* Mahakuta Pillar ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription, issued during Mangalesha's fifth regnal year, on the [[Purnima|full moon day]] of the Vaisakha month, of the Siddhartha calendar era (''samvatsara'').{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=47, 53}} The date corresponds to 12 April 601 CE.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1960|p=209}}
* Nerur copper plate inscription, which records the gift of a village to a [[Brahmin|Brahmana]], and lists Mangalesha's military achievements{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=47}}
* The 610-611 CE Goa grant inscription of Satyashraya Dhruvaraja Indravarman was probably issued during Mangalesha's reign.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=47}} This inscription records the issuer's gift of the Karellika village with the sanction of an overlord titled ''Shri-prithvi-vallabha Maharaja'', who was probably Mangalesha.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=48-49}} It was issued on the full moon day of the Magha month of the Shaka year 532. Assuming that the inscription was issued after 532 years of the Shaka era had expired, it can be dated to 4 January 611 CE.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=51}} However, if we assume that it was issued when the 532rd year of the Shaka era was current, it can be dated to 5 July 610 CE.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=71}}

The 578 CE [[Badami]] cave inscription was issued by Mangalesha during the reign of his brother Kirttivarman I.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=38, 47}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA152 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}
* {{cite book |author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |chapter=The Chaḷukyās of Bādāmi |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan |volume=I-VI |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1ZDAAAAYAAJ |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=174404606 }}
* {{cite book |author=K. V. Ramesh |title=Chalukyas of Vātāpi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwhAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |oclc=567370037 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ronald M. Davidson |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_VquVQvnBwC&pg=PA40 |year=2004 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1991-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=V. V. Mirashi |author-link=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |title=Studies in Indology |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtItAQAAIAAJ |year=1961 |publisher=Vidarbha Samshodhana Mandal }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:6th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:7th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Early Chalukyas]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:Chalukya kings]]

A. C. Solomon Raj

2025-05-30T22:55:17Z

Mohit Raj: made some article basic info

{{About|the present [[Diocese of Medak|Bishop in Medak]]|the [[Christian artists|Christian artist]] specializing in [[Batik]]|P. Solomon Raj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{short description|Indian Bishop of Medak}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = [[Bishop]]
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Reverend]]
| name = A. C. Solomon Raj, [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| honorific-suffix = ''[[Iyengar|Ayyagaru]]''
| title = [[Diocese of Medak|Bishop in Medak]]
| image = Solomon_Raj_5.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Bishop Solomon Raj celebrating Good Friday Mass in 2021
| church = [[Church of South India]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Medak]]
| see = [[Medak]]
| appointed = 12.10.2016<ref name="Namasthe">[[Namasthe Telangana]], ''మెదక్ చర్చి నూతన బిషప్‌గా సోలమాన్ రాజ్'', 13 October 2016. [http://www.namasthetelangaana.com/telangana-news/solomon-raj-appoints-as-medak-church-new-bishop-1-1-509501.html]</ref>
| quashed =
| predecessor = [[T. S. Kanaka Prasad]]
| successor = ''[[Incumbent]]''
| opposed =
| other_post = 
| ordination = As [[Deacon]] on 10 October 1992, As [[Presbyter]] on 5.4.1994<ref name="Synod">[[Church of South India Synod]] - ''Medak Ministerial Details''. [http://www.csisynod.com/Admin/ministerial/53_Ministerial%20Roll%20-%20Medak%20Diocese.pdf]</ref>
| ordained_by = [[Victor Premasagar]] and [[B. P. Sugandhar]]
| consecration = 13 October 2016<ref name="Hans">[[The Hans India]], ''Rev Solomon Raj is new Bishop of Medak church'', Friday, 14.10.2016.[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-10-14/Rev-Solomon-Raj-is-new-Bishop-of-Medak-church/258621]</ref>
| consecrated_by = [[G. Dyvasirvadam]], Moderator (Principal Consecrator) [[Thomas K Oommen]], Deputy Moderator (Co-consecrator)
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = [[Bishop]]
| birth_name = Avulamanda Christopher Solomon Raj<ref name="Namasthe"/>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|03|18}}<ref name="Synod"/>
| birth_place = [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| spouse = Vajra Solomon{{Citation needed|reason=No visible citation; besides said personality is an ecclesiastical functionary, is there a need for personal family details, apart from parents.|date=September 2021}}
| children = Daughter (Shilpa){{Citation needed|reason=No visible citation; besides said personality is an ecclesiastical functionary, is there a need for personal family details, apart from parents.|date=September 2021}}; two sons (Finny, Benjamin){{Citation needed|reason=No visible citation; besides said personality is an ecclesiastical functionary, is there a need for personal family details, apart from parents.|date=September 2021}}
| religion = [[Christianity]]
| residence = [[Medak]]
| parents =
| occupation = [[Priesthood]]
| previous_post = [[Pastor]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com.]] ([[Osmania University|Osmania]]), [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]), [[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])<ref name="Synod"/>
| alma_mater = Giriraj Government College, [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]] ([[Telangana]])<ref name="Hindu">[[The Hindu]], [[Hyderabad]], ''Rev. Solomon Raj first Bishop of Telangana'', Thursday, 14.10.2016. [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/rev-solomon-raj-first-bishop-of-telangana/article9217766.ece?ref=tpnews]</ref> [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] ([[Karnataka]])<ref name="Hindu"/>
| motto =
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}}

'''A. C. Solomon Raj''' (born 18 March 1961)<ref name="Synod"/> is the seventh successor of [[Frank Whittaker]] and eighth<ref>[[Deccan Chronicle]], Hyderabad, ''Rev. A. C. Solomon Raj is 8th Bishop in Medak, Church of South India'', 14.10.2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131226001700/http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/epaper_main.aspx#page1257208]</ref> [[Bishop in Medak]] of the [[Protestant]] [[Church of South India]] Society and shepherds the Diocese from the ''[[Cathedra]]'' of the Bishop housed in the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Medak Cathedral]] in [[Medak]] Town, [[Telangana]], [[India]]. On 12 October 2016,<ref name="Hans"/> the [[Church of South India Synod]] headquartered in [[Chennai]], appointed Solomon Raj to assume the [[ecclesiastical]] Office of the Bishopric of [[Diocese of Medak|Medak]] and was consecrated the next day on 13 October 2016<ref>General Secretary's Report, [[Church of South India Synod]], 2017, pp.5-6.[http://www.csisynod.com/Admin/news/467_Synod_GS%20report_color%20pages_web.pdf]</ref> at the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[St. George's Cathedral, Chennai]],<ref name="Hindu"/> ending four years<ref name="Anglican">George Conger, ''Four year wait for bishop ends for Central Indian diocese'', Anglican Ink, 20.10.2016.[http://www.anglican.ink/article/four-year-wait-bishop-ends-central-indian-diocese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031025213/http://www.anglican.ink/article/four-year-wait-bishop-ends-central-indian-diocese|date=31 October 2016}}</ref> of ''[[sede vacante]]'' in the [[Diocese of Medak]] which was without a [[bishop]] during the intervening period of 2012–2016.<ref name="Asian"/>

Solomon Raj is an [[wikt:eloquent|eloquent]] speaker<ref>Indian Christian Secular Party''Rev. A.C Solomon Raj speech during party launch''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TK9IZkp-2Nk]</ref> with near native fluency in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], and [[English language|English]]. His [[sermons]] centre around the [[Eschatology|eschatologies]] of the [[Eschatology|end times]] focusing on [[Jesus Christ|Christ]]. He spent nearly a decade<ref name="Hiwale"/> undergoing spiritual studies under [[Old Testament]] Scholars<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[E. C. John]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and [[Gnana Robinson]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]], an affiliated seminary of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], India's first<ref name="Ray">Sankar Ray in [[Business Line]], 11 April 2008 ''Almost a century later, the charter was endorsed officially under the Bengal Govt Act IV of 1918. '' Internet, accessed 30 November 2008. [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150100400.htm]</ref> University {a university under Section 2 (f)<ref>Under section 2 (f) of the UGC Act, 1956 a University means ''a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act, and includes any such institution as may, in consultation with the University concerned, be recognized by the Commission in accordance with the regulations made in this behalf under this Act.'' The UGC took the opinion that the Senate fell under the purview of Section 2 (f) of the said Act since ''The Serampore College Act, 1918'' was passed by the Government of West Bengal.[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/history/u-g-c-and-serampore-college/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612143603/http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/history/u-g-c-and-serampore-college/|date=12 June 2017}}</ref> of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Act, 1956}<ref>{{cite web|title=UGC Act-1956|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/ugc_act.pdf|website=mhrd.gov.in/|publisher=Secretary, University Grants Commission|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> founded by the [[Baptist Missions]] led by [[Joshua Marshman]], [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]], and [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]].

==Studies and ministerial formation==

===Telangana===
For early schooling and pre-university studies, Solomon Raj enrolled at the educational institutions established by the [[Christian missions]], the [[English Wesleyan Mission|Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society]] and studied at [[Bellampalli]], [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]] and [[Secunderabad]] and took a basic degree from a State-run institution in [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]. Solomon Raj first schooled at the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Wesley Boys School on [[Colonel]] Prenderghast Road in [[Secunderabad]]<ref name="Hindu"/> and later pursued collegiate studies at the Giriraj Government College in [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]<ref name="Hindu"/> leading to [[B.Com.]]

===Karnataka===

====Spiritual studies====
During the Bishopric of the [[Old Testament]] Scholar, the [[Cantabrigian]] [[Victor Premasagar]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], Solomon Raj was admitted as a ministerial candidate of the [[Diocese of Medak]] to discern his avocation towards priesthood and spent a year assisting [[Presbyters]] during 1987–1988 in the [[Diocese of Medak]] that was predominantly [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]]<ref name="Village">P. Y. Luke, J. B. Carman, ''Village Christians and Hindu Culture'', Lutterworth Press, Cambridge, 1968, pp.15, 17, 24.[https://books.google.com/books?id=YTqM8gCpXI0C&dq=village+christians+and+hindu+culture&pg=PP1]</ref> with a couple of [[Anglican Church|Anglican churches]]<ref name="Village"/> in the urban pastorate.

In the ensuing year, the Diocese of Medak sent Solomon Raj to the fully-[[ecumenical]]<ref name="Shared">fully-ecumenical that is [[Protestant]], [[Catholics]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] included. ''Shared Search - Souvenir of the inauguration of the academic collaboration between the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] and the [[Dharmaram College]], [[Bangalore]]'', 1975, Bangalore, available at the Archives in the library of [[Karnataka Theological College]], [[Mangalore]].[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/702131970]</ref> [[United Theological College, Bangalore|United Theological College]], a Protestant Regional Theologiate, in [[Bangalore]] where he pursued propadeutic studies during 1988–1992<ref name="Hiwale">K. M. Hiwale (Compiled), ''Directory of the United Theological College 1910–1997'', Bangalore, 1997. Past students of the graduate course, p.77.</ref> during the Principalship<ref name="Hiwale"/> of the leading [[Old Testament]] Scholar [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[E. C. John]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], a direct student of [[Old Testament]]'s Master Specialists, [[Gerhard von Rad]] and [[Claus Westermann]] at the [[University of Heidelberg]], [[Germany]]. During the subsequent convocation of the university held in 1993, Solomon Raj was awarded a [[Bachelor of Divinity]] degree by India's first<ref name="Ray"/> University, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], [[Serampore]], [[West Bengal]] during the Registrarship of the [[New Testament]] Scholar, [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[D. S. Satyaranjan]], [[Indian Pentecostal Church|IPC]].

Between 1988 and 1992,<ref name="Hiwale"/> in addition to the faculty at the [[seminary]] in [[Bangalore]] which comprised the [[Religious scholar]], [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[G. D. Melanchthon]],<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]], the [[New Testament]] scholar [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] K. James Carl,<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[South Andhra Lutheran Church|SALC]] and other notable faculty, Solomon Raj was also benefited by the scholarship of the visiting faculty from the [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]]-[[Dharmaram College]]<ref name="Shared"/> and the [[St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary]], also in Bangalore. Incidentally, the [[Homiletics]] Scholar [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[P. Surya Prakash]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], also hailing from the [[Diocese of Medak]] joined the college faculty in 1991, exactly a year before the final year of studies of Solomon Raj. [[Seminarians]] studying during that period included [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Annie Watson]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref name="Hiwale"/> while [[The Right Reverend|The Rt. Rev.]] [[B. D. Prasada Rao]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[H. R. Cabral]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Jonadob Nathaniel]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref name="Hiwale"/> and [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Daniel Sadananda]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref name="Hiwale"/> were pursuing postgraduate courses.
[[File:Solomon Raj 2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Bishop Solomon at CSI-Church of St. John the Baptist, Secunderabad in 2017.]]

====Advanced spiritual studies====
After a period of pastoral ministry, the [[Diocese of Medak]] once again re-sent Solomon Raj to the Protestant Regional Theologiate in [[Bangalore]] to upgrade his academics where Solomon Raj pursued a postgraduate course in spirituality specializing in [[Ethics]] during 1999<ref name="UK CSI">''70 years of God's Faithfulness: CSI (Medak Diocese) UK Telugu Christians Souvenir commemorating the 70th year of the formation of the [[Church of South India]]'', 2016.[http://www.revcvr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CSI-UK-Souvenir-1.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000405/http://www.revcvr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CSI-UK-Souvenir-1.pdf|date=27 August 2017}}</ref> –2001<ref name="Synod"/> leading to [[Master of Theology]] during the Principalship<ref name="Hiwale"/> of the [[Old Testament]] Scholar [[Gnana Robinson]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] a direct student of [[Old Testament]]'s Master Specialist, [[Klaus Koch]] at the [[University of Hamburg]], [[Germany]]. Solomon Raj's postgraduate thesis was entitled ''Can violence be a means of achieving social justice? An ethical evaluation of the Naxalite Movement in Telangana'' and was subsequently published in the ''Bangalore Theological Journal''.<ref>A. C. Solomon Raj, ''Can violence be a means of achieving social justice? An ethical evaluation of the Naxalite Movement in Telangana'', ''Bangalore Theological Forum'', Volume 33, 2001.[https://books.google.com/books?id=DHjYAAAAMAAJ&q=a.c.solomon+raj]</ref> During the ensuing annual convocation of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] held in 2002, Solomon Raj was awarded the postgraduate degree, again during the Registrarship of the [[New Testament]] Scholar, [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[D. S. Satyaranjan]], [[Indian Pentecostal Church|IPC]].

==Ecclesiastical ministry==
[[File:Medakcathedralsideview.png|thumb|right|200px|The [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Medak Cathedral where the [[Cathedra]] of the Bishop is located.]]
On completing spiritual studies in [[Karnataka]], Solomon Raj was ordained as a [[Deacon]] on 6.10.1992<ref name="Synod"/> in the [[Church of South India]] Society (comprising [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]], [[Congregational]] and [[Anglican]] missionary societies – [[United Society|SPG]], [[English Wesleyan Mission|WMMS]], [[London Missionary Society|LMS]], [[Church Missionary Society|CMS]], and the [[Church of England]]) by then [[Bishop]] [[Victor Premasagar]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] and began his [[ecclesiastical]] ministry in the pastorates within the [[ecclesiastical]] jurisdiction of the [[Diocese of Medak]]. Subsequently, after a two-year ministry, he was ordained as a [[Presbyter]] on 5.4.1994<ref name="Synod"/> by the successive [[Bishop]] [[B. P. Sugandhar]], [[Church of South India|CSI]].

===Pastoral===
Solomon Raj as Presbyter served in all the three [[ecclesiastical]] District Church Councils of the [[Diocese of Medak]] and has been vice-chairperson of the [[Diocese of Medak]] for three terms, 2003–2007, 2007-2011 and 2013–2017.<ref name="UK CSI"/>

Before assuming the ''[[Cathedra]]'' in 2016, Solomon Raj was [[Presbyter|Presbyter – in – charge]]<ref>''[[Peoples Reporter]]'', Volume 28, Issue 24, 25 December 2015 – 10 January 2016, p.13.[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vibhuti_Patel2/publication/291514957_Gender_Implications_of_Ascent_of_Money/links/56a3739008aef91c8c12b86f.pdf?inViewer=0&pdfJsDownload=0&origin=publication_detail]</ref> at the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Holy Trinity Church, Bolarum|Holy Trinity Church]],<ref name="Anglican"/> [[Bolarum]], [[Secunderabad]] and had also led the [[Diocese of Medak]] as its Vice-chairperson<ref name="Carman">John B. Carman, Chilkuri Vasantha Rao, ''Christians in South Indian Villages, 1959-2009: Decline and Revival in Telangana'', William B. Eerdmans Publishing, Grand Rapids, 2014. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bH9yCgAAQBAJ&dq=rev.a.c.solomon+raj&pg=PT208]</ref> under the guidance and mentorship of the [[Systematic theologian]], [[The Most Reverend]] [[G. Dyvasirvadam]].<ref name="Carman"/>
[[File:George'sCathedral.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[St. George's Cathedral, Chennai]] where Solomon Raj was consecrated on 13.10.2016.]]

===Bishopric===
In 2012,<ref name="Asian">[http://archive.asianage.com/hyderabad/two-csi-groups-fight-control-473 ''The Asian Age'', ''Two CSI groups fight for control'', 10.6.2012]</ref> Bishop [[T. S. Kanaka Prasad]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] had to relinquish<ref name="Anglican"/> the ''[[Cathedra]]'' as per an [[ecclesiastical]] [[communique]] from the [[Church of South India Synod]] in [[Chennai]] resulting in ''[[sede vacante]]'' during which time the [[Medak Diocese]] was overseen from [[Chennai]] by the [[Church of South India Synod]] led by then [[Moderator (town official)|Moderator]] and [[Systematic theologian]], [[The Most Reverend]] [[G. Dyvasirvadam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]].

After nearly five years of [[ecclesiastical]] [[Regulation|oversight]] of the [[Medak Diocese]], the [[Church of South India Synod]] appointed A. C. Solomon Raj to shepherd the Diocese, consecrating him on Thursday, 13.10.2016<ref name="Hindu"/> at the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[St. George's Cathedral, Chennai]]<ref name="Hindu"/> where he was principally consecrated<ref name="Anglican"/> by the [[Systematic theologian]], [[G. Dyvasirvadam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], then Moderator and co-consecrated<ref name="Anglican"/> by [[Thomas K. Oommen]], then Deputy Moderator in the presence of other [[Bishops]] including [[The Right Reverend|The Right Reverend Sister]] [[Eggoni Pushpalalitha]], [[CSI Order of Sisters]], [[Diocese of Nandyal|Bishop – in – Nandyal]] and [[The Right Reverend]] [[Daniel Thiagarajah]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] [[Jaffna Diocese of the Church of South India|Bishop – in – Jaffna]].

The consecration of Solomon Raj in [[Chennai]] makes him the second [[bishop]] from the [[Diocese of Medak]] after [[Frank Whittaker]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref>[[Life (magazine)]], ''Church Union in South India'', 1 Dec 1947.[https://books.google.com/books?id=kEgEAAAAMBAJ&dq=frank+whittaker+madras&pg=PA63]</ref> to have been consecrated as [[Bishop]] at the [[St. George's Cathedral, Chennai]] and the third [[bishop]] – in [[Diocese of Medak|Medak]] after [[H. D. L. Abraham]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref>Rajaiah David Paul, ''Ecumenism in action: a historical survey of the Church of South India'', Christian Literature Society, Chennai, 1972, p.159. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5cpWAAAAMAAJ&q=luther+abraham]</ref> to have been consecrated as [[Bishop]] at a [[Cathedral]] other than the [[Cathedral]] in [[Medak]]. After the bifurcation of [[Andhra Pradesh]] State in 2014 into [[Telangana]] and the residuary [[Andhra Pradesh]], Solomon Raj is the second [[bishop]] to have been consecrated in the new [[Telangana]] State with the first [[bishop]] being [[The Right Reverend]] [[K. Reuben Mark]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] of the adjoining [[Diocese of Karimnagar]] also in the new [[Telangana]] State who was consecrated on 4 May 2015<ref name="Synod News">CSI Synod News, ''New Bishop consecrated and installed in CSI Karimnagar Diocese,'' Monday, 18 May 2015. [http://www.csisynod.com/news_view.php?Id=207]</ref> well after the formation of [[Telangana]] State.

==Ex-officio endeavours==

===Near-Ecumenical===
[[File:SolomonACTC1.jpg|left|thumb|Bishop Solomon Raj in [[Andhra Christian Theological College]]]]
Solomon Raj has been a member of the Board of Governors representing the [[Diocese of Medak]] in the near-[[ecumenical]]<ref>near-[[ecumenical]] comprises a few [[Protestant]] Church societies.</ref> [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]] comprising a few [[Protestant]] Societies that include the [[Methodists]], the [[Lutherans]], the [[Baptists]] and the [[Church of South India]] ([[Anglicans]], [[Congregationalists]], [[Wesleyans]]), since the present period of the [[Old Testament]] Scholars [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] T. Matthews Emmanuel, [[CBCNC]] and [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] Ch. Vasantha Rao, [[Church of South India|CSI]]. In early 2016<ref name="Senate"/> when the annual convocation of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] took place in [[Secunderabad]]<ref name="Senate">[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], ''Address of the President of the Senate''.[http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/address-of-the-president-of-the-senate/]</ref> in the presence of the [[Old Testament]] Scholar [[John Sadananda]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref name="Senate"/> the Master<ref name="Senate"/> of the [[University]], after a gap of nearly three and half decades with the earlier convocation having been held in [[Secunderabad]] in 1979<ref name="Rayan">[https://books.google.com/books?id=VO0nAAAAYAAJ&q=samuel+rayan ''Religion and Society'', Volume 26, Issue 2, 1979, p.77]</ref> during the period of the [[Old Testament]] Scholars,<ref name="Wilson">[[H. S. Wilson]] (Edited), ''The Church on the Move: Essays in honour of [[Victor Premasagar]]'', Christian Literature Society, [[Madras]], 1988, p.vi. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S-wrAAAAMAAJ&q=babu+rao]</ref> [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Victor Premasagar]],<ref name="Wilson"/> [[Church of South India|CSI]] and [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] G. Babu Rao,<ref name="Wilson"/> [[CBCNC]], the [[Diocese of Medak]] through Solomon Raj as vice-chairperson of the [[diocese]] and as member of the Board of Governors of the college had substantially contributed to the logistics ensuring the successful holding of the convocation.

===Fully-Ecumenical===
====Church unity====
[[File:Solomon Raj 1.jpg|thumb|Bishop Solomon leading the faithful in Secunderabad in 2017.]]
The [[Diocese of Medak]] of the [[Protestant]] [[Church of South India]] Society is represented on the fully-[[ecumenical]] ''[[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] Federation of Churches''<ref>''[[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] Federation of Churches''. [http://www.apbc.in/frederation.html]</ref> where Solomon Raj as vice-chairperson and now Bishop continues to represent the [[Diocese of Medak]] in the federation consisting of the [[Catholic Church]] ''([[Catholic Church in India|Latin]] and [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar]] rites)'', [[Indian Orthodox Church]], [[Protestant Church]], the [[Charismatic Church]] and, the small and indigenous Churches.
At every periodical meeting of the federation held at the [[St. John's Regional Seminary|St. John's Regional Seminary (Theologiate)]],<ref name="Thumma">Anthoni Raj Thumma, ''Telugu Church leaders call for “visible signs” of Christian unity ''. Matters India, 22 February 2016.[http://mattersindia.com/2016/02/telugu-church-leaders-call-for-visible-signs-of-christian-unity/]</ref> Solomon Raj has been active participant working towards Church unity<ref name="Thumma"/> along with fellow [[Clergy]] from the [[Catholic Church]], [[The Most Reverend]] [[Doraboina Moses Prakasam]], [[Roman Catholic missionaries|RCM]], [[The Most Reverend]] [[Gallela Prasad]], [[Roman Catholic missionaries|RCM]], [[The Most Reverend]] [[Innayya Chinna Addagatla]], [[Roman Catholic missionaries|RCM]] and from the [[Assemblies of God]]<ref name="Thumma"/> and other Churches. Incidentally, Solomon Raj's mentor and guide, the [[Systematic theologian]], [[The Most Reverend]] [[G. Dyvasirvadam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] has been the President of the fully-[[ecumenical]] ''[[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] Federation of Churches''.<ref>''Andhra Christians oppose state board for Church properties'', 12 September 2015.[http://www.ucanindia.in/news/andhra-christians-oppose-state-board-for-church-properties/30113/daily]</ref>

====Scriptural====
The [[Bible Society of India Telangana Auxiliary]] was bifurcated from the [[Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxiliary]] and inaugurated on 2 February 2016<ref name="BSI">[[Bible Society of India]], ''Telangana Auxiliary''. [http://www.bsind.org/Telangana-Auxiliary.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902232556/http://www.bsind.org/Telangana-Auxiliary.html|date=2 September 2017}}</ref> and takes forward the work of the [[Bible Society of India]] in translating and distributing the scriptures. The [[Bible Society of India]] has also published the complete [[Bible]] with the [[Deuterocanonical]] books<ref>[[Good News Bible]] with [[Deuterocanonical]] books, United Bible Societies, 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bGEpQQAACAAJ&q=new+english+bible+with+deuterocanonical]</ref> making the scriptures available even to the [[Catholics]]. On 5 June 2016,<ref name="BSI"/> Solomon Raj, as vice-chairperson of the [[Diocese of Medak]] participated in the installation mass of the new Auxiliary Secretary, [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] P. K. Praveen Prabhu Sudheer, [[Church of South India|CSI]] held at the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Wesley Centenary Church in [[Secunderabad]] in the presence of the [[Old Testament]] Scholar and [[Bible Society of India]] General Secretary, [[M. Mani Chacko]], [[Church of South India|CSI]].
==Honours==
On 8 April 2017, Solomon Raj was conferred with an [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] ([[D.Min.]]) by the Protestant Regional Theologiate, the near-[[Ecumenical]] [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] (ACTC), [[Secunderabad]] led by [[The Right Reverend|The Right Rev.]] [[G. Dyvasirvadam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], the chairperson of the Board of Governors of ACTC and [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] T. Matthews Emmanuel, [[CBCNC]], then Principal of ACTC in the presence of [[Bishop Emeritus]] [[John S. Sadananda]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], the Master of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]].<ref name="53grad">''53rd Graduation Service Booklet of the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]] held on 8 April 2017'', p.11.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal
|author = CSI (Medak Diocese) UK Telugu Christians Souvenir commemorating the 70th year of the formation of the [[Church of South India]]
|title = 70 years of God's Faithfulness
|year = 2016
|url = http://www.revcvr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CSI-UK-Souvenir-1.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170827000405/http://www.revcvr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CSI-UK-Souvenir-1.pdf
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 27 August 2017
|access-date = 13 May 2017
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Church of South India Synod
| author-link=Church of South India Synod
| title=Lenten retreat for Medak Diocese Pastors
| year=2015
| url=http://www.csisynod.com/news_view.php?Id=196
}}
* {{cite book
| author=John Braisted Carman
| author2=Chilkuri Vasantha Rao
| title=Christians in South Indian Villages, 1959–2009: Decline and Revival in Telangana
| year=2014
| isbn=978-0-8028-7163-3| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bH9yCgAAQBAJ&q=rev.a.c.solomon+raj&pg=PT208
}}
* {{cite book
| editor=Jerald D. Gort
| editor2=Henry Jansen
| editor3=H. M. Vroom
| title=Religions View Religions: Explorations in Pursuit of Understanding
| year=2006
| volume=25
| isbn=90-420-1858-5| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7m8xjpXTutEC&q=medak+christopher+dayanand&pg=PP5
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Anantha Sudhaker Babbili
| title=The Road from Poodur in Biographical Passages: Essays in Victorian and Modernist Biography : Honouring Mary M. Lago, University of Missouri, North America
| year=2000
| isbn=978-0-8262-1256-6| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qfXSKIo4fDoC&q=diocese+of+karimnagar&pg=PA133
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=K. M. Hiwale (Compiled)
| title=Directory of the United Theological College 1910–1997
| year=1997
}}
* {{cite book
| author=P. Y. Luke
| author2=J. B. Carman
| title=Village Christians and Hindu Culture
| year=1968
| issue=Second
| isbn=978-8-1845-8089-1|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=YTqM8gCpXI0C&q=village+christians+and+hindu+culture+lutterworth&pg=PR4
}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-other}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Archbishop]] [[Thumma Bala]], [[Roman Catholic church|RCM]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Chairperson, Federation of Telugu Churches | years = 2021–''present''}}
{{s-aft | after = ''[[Incumbent]]''}}
{{s-bef | before = ''Position created''}}
{{s-ttl | title = President, Telangana State Federation of Churches | years = 2021–''present''}}
{{s-aft | after = ''[[Incumbent]]''}}
{{S-hon}}
{{Succession box| before=[[Bishop]] [[T. S. Kanaka Prasad]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]| title=Member, Board of Governors, [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]] | after=''Incumbent'' | years=2012–''present''}}
{{S-edu}}
{{Succession box| before=[[Bishop]] [[K. Frederick Paradesi Babu|K. F. Paradesi Babu]], [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]]| title=Chairperson, Board of Governors, [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]] | after=[[George Cornelious]], CSI| years=24.6.2022–29.11.2022}}
{{S-rel|[[Church of South India]] [[Diocese of Medak]] [[Ecclesiastical]] Titles}}
{{Succession box| before=Bishop T. S. Kanaka Prasad, [[Church of South India|CSI]] | title=[[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Diocese of Medak|Bishop – in – Medak]], [[Medak]]| after=''Incumbent''| years=13.10.2016–}}
{{Succession box| before=[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] K. Zaccheus, CSI | title=[[Presbyter|Presbyter – in – Charge]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Holy Trinity Church, Bolarum|Holy Trinity Church]], [[Bolarum]], [[Secunderabad]]| after=The Rev. E. J. David, CSI
| years=2012–2016<ref>[[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Holy Trinity Church, Bolarum]]</ref>}}
{{Succession box| before=The Rev. B. D. Premsagar, CSI | title=Presbyter – in – Charge, [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Garrison Wesley Church]], [[Trimulgherry]], [[Secunderabad]]| after=The Rev. S. P. Vidyasagar, CSI| years=2009–2012}}
{{S-end}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|religion}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solomon Raj, Avulamanda Christopher}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Medak]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:People from Nizamabad, Telangana]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

Narayanacharya Vaishvanathi

2025-05-30T12:03:41Z

Mohit Raj: started data

{{short description|Indian scholar}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name =Narayanacharya
| honorific_prefix =
|honorific_suffix =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_name = Narayanacharya Vaishvanathi
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Present day [[North Karnataka]]
| death_date =
| death_place = Present day [[North Karnataka]]
| resting_place =
| honors =
| order =
| guru = [[Vedavyasa Tirtha]]
| successor =
| disciples =
| philosophy = [[Dvaita]], [[Vaishnavism]]
| literary_works= ''[[Advaita Kalanala]]''
|father =
|mother =
}}
{{DvaitaInfobox}}

'''Narayanacharya Vaishvanathi''' ([[IAST]]:Nārāyaṇācārya Vaisvānati; was a 16th century [[Indian people|Indian]] [[scholar]] and [[philosopher]] of [[Dvaita Vedanta|Dvaita Vedānta]] tradition. He was the disciple of [[Vedavyasa Tirtha]] of [[Uttaradi Math]] and is the most celebrated name in the annals of the great [[dvaita]]-[[advaita]] debate.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=432}} Narayanacharya is notable for his work ''[[Advaita Kalanala]]'', which is a refutation work to ''Madhvamatamukhamardana'' of [[Appayya Dikshita]]. [[Indologist]] [[B. N. K. Sharma]] writes, "The ''[[Advaita Kalanala]]'' is a scathing criticism of the ''Madhvamatamukhamardana'' of [[Appayya Dikshita|Appayya]]. The carping criticisms and bitter personal attacks of the [[Appayya Dikshita|Dikshita]] are vigorously returned by Narayana. He loses no opportunity to pay the critic in his coin and with compound interest. The tone of the work is thus retaliatory and bitingly sarcastic".{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=432}} Sharma also writes, "Narayanacharya was one of the fiery champions of the [[Dvaita]] school, that rose to defend it against the slashing attacks of [[Appayya Dikshita]] and others".{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=432}} American [[historian]] [[Anthony Grafton]] and [[classicist]] [[Glenn W. Most]] considered the work ''[[Advaita Kalanala]]'' along with the [[Abhinava Gada|Abhinava-Gada]] of [[Satyanatha Tirtha]] as a new mace which broke the heads of non-dualists like [[Appayya Dikshita]].{{Sfn|Grafton|Most|2016|p=108}}

==Life==
Almost nothing is known about Narayanacharya's early life but according to some [[hagiographies]] he was born in [[North Karnataka]] and his father name was Vishvanatha. Tradition asserts that Narayanacharya was the elder brother of Vyasa Ramacharya, who was the author of the famous Nyayamrta Tarangini. [[Indologist]] [[B. N. K. Sharma]] says, Narayanacharya gives about himself is that he is "Vaishvānathih", son of Vishvanatha and his guru was [[Vedavyasa Tirtha]] of [[Uttaradi Math]] in the sixth introductory verse of his ''Madhvamantrarthamanjari''.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=432}} Scholar Gaudagiri Gopalakrishnacharya said the same and scholar [[Vyasanakere Prabhanjanacharya]] supported this in the December and January issues of ''Tattvavada'' (1979–1980).{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=432}} Tarangini Ramacharya has given us ample information about himself about his father name Vishvanatha, his gotra Upamanyu, and his family surname "Vyasa", besides mentioning that he had an elder brother Nārāyaṇācārya who was a veteran scholar in Vyakarana and other Shastras and that he had his scholastic training under him. {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=432}}

==Works and legacy==
Narayanacharya authored three works consisting of polemical tracts, commentary and Independent treatise. Except ''Advaitakalanala'' his two other works, ''Madhvamantrarthamanjari'' and ''Vishnutattvaviveka'' remaines unprinted.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=432}}{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|1970|p=310}}{{Sfn|Fisher|2017|p=117}}

===Advaita Kalanala===
{{Main|Advaita Kalanala}}
''Advaitakālānala'' is a polemical and expositional work in five chapters and runs to about 8,000 stanzas.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=433}} It is a refutation work for the theological controversies provoked by [[Appayya Dikshita]] by his work ''Madhvamatamukhamardana''. [[Indologist]] [[B. N. Krishnamurti Sharma]] says, "In this work carping, criticisms, and bitter personal attacks of the Dikshita are vigorously returned by Narayanacharya".{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=434}} Sharma writes, "He writes a vigorous and animated style, full of repartees, spicy anecdotes, and colorful analogies. [[Indologist]] [[B. N. K. Sharma]] writes, "The work is could be pronounced to be a thoroughgoing and final refutation of [[Appayya Dikshita|Dikshita]]'s work".{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=433}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000 }}
*{{Citation|title=Canonical Texts and Scholarly Practices: A Global Comparative Approach|first1=Anthony|last1=Grafton|first2=Glenn W.|last2=Most|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1107105980}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_DrAAAAIAAJ|first=Sibajiba|last=Bhattacharya|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1970}}
*{{Cite book|title=A Prehistory of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZJdDwAAQBAJ|first=Manu V.|last=Devadevan|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|year=2016|isbn=978-3110517378}}
*{{Citation|title=Hindu Pluralism: Religion and the Public Sphere in Early Modern South India|first=Elaine M.|last=Fisher|publisher=University of California Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0520293014}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Dvaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Uttaradi Math]]
[[Category:Scholars from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dvaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:1660 deaths]]
[[Category:1600s births]]