Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Bengalis

2026-05-08T19:57:49Z

Mohit Kumar: added page to improve readability and added references after review

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group}}
{{About|the ethnic group|the citizens of Bangladesh|Bangladeshis}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bengalis
| image = Boishakhi_celebrations.png
| image_caption = [[Pohela Boishakh]] celebrations by [[Bengali Americans]] in [[Dallas, Texas, USA]]
| native_name = {{hlist|{{lang|bn|বাঙ্গালী}}|{{lang|bn|বাঙালি}}}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| flag =
| flag_caption =
| population = {{circa|310 million}} (2026 est.)
[[File:Bengali-speaking world.svg|center|frameless|280x280px]]
| region1 = Bangladesh
| pop1 = ~175 million (2026 est.){{NoteTag|2022 census & 2026 IMF Report<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic population in 2022 census |url=https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |access-date=13 October 2024 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708004426/https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/countries/bgd |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=IMF}}</ref>}}
* [[Bangladeshis|Total Bangladeshi Bengalis]]- 190–195 million{{Efn|name=Bangladeshis}}
| region2 = India
| pop2 = ~118 million (2026 est.){{Efn|The estimated population of India in 2026 is about 1.48 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India population 2026 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/263766/total-population-of-india/?srsltid=AfmBOooamdezfszPIjHhIIL1lMP9N5cS5LS6CHHcqlOGjZjOr8MGR2ib |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> of which approximately 8% are Bengalis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA (LANGUAGE) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222053153/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2026 |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Census of India}}</ref>}}
* [[West Bengal#Languages|West Bengal]] - 90 million (2026 est.)
* [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|Other states]] - 28 million (2026 est.)
| region3 = Pakistan
| pop3 = ~[[Bengalis in Pakistan|3 million]]
| ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirza |first=Ayesha |date=27 June 2025 |title=Pakistan's Forgotten Bengalis |url=https://thecontrapuntal.com/pakistans-forgotten-bengalis/ |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=The Contrapuntal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2023 |title=The Bengalis Of Karachi Are Losing Their Distinct Cultural Identity |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2023/07/22/the-bengalis-of-karachi-are-losing-their-distinct-cultural-identity/ |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=The Friday Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/9/29/stateless-ethnic-bengalis-pakistan |title=Stateless and helpless: The plight of ethnic Bengalis in Pakistan |publisher=Al Jazeera |quote=Ethnic Bengalis in Pakistan – an estimated two million – are the most discriminated ethnic community.|access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163339/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/9/29/stateless-ethnic-bengalis-pakistan|url-status=live }}</ref>
| region4 = Saudi Arabia
| pop4 = 2,116,192
| ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Arabia 2022 Census |url=https://portal.saudicensus.sa/static-assets/media/content/AR_20230514_GASTAT_Population_Report%204.06.12%20PM%202.pdf?crafterSite=gastat-portal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428202653/https://portal.saudicensus.sa/static-assets/media/content/AR_20230514_GASTAT_Population_Report%204.06.12%20PM%202.pdf?crafterSite=gastat-portal |archive-date=28 April 2024 |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}}</ref>
| region5 = United Arab Emirates
| pop5 = 1,090,000
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/18?type=TABLE |title=Non-Saudi Population |website=Saudi Census 2022 |access-date=18 March 2024 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730172625/https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/18?type=TABLE |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/MigGMGProfiles/indicators/files/UAE.pdf|title=Migration Profile – UAE|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-date=6 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206233525/https://esa.un.org/MigGMGProfiles/indicators/files/UAE.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region6 = Malaysia
| pop6 = 1,000,000
| ref6 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/abusing-foreign-workers-malaysian-rights-bodies-urgent-probe-1671301 |title=Abuse of Bangladeshi Workers: Malaysian rights bodies for probe |work=The Daily Star |date=10 December 2018 |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605014351/https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/abusing-foreign-workers-malaysian-rights-bodies-urgent-probe-1671301 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region7 = United States
| pop7 = ~[[Bengali Americans|750,000]]
| ref7 = {{Efn|The estimated number of Bangladeshi Bengali Americans exceeds 600,000.<ref name="BangladeshisInNYC">{{Cite web |title=NY Senate Resolution {{!}} NYSenate.gov |url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/J231 |access-date=13 January 2026 |website=www.nysenate.gov |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116181808/https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/J231|archive-date=16 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=REINFORCING TIES {{!}} Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members |url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918070504/https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2025 |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |last2=Akhter |first2=Morsheda |date=1 September 2025 |title=Socioeconomic Adaptation of Bangladeshi Immigrants in the United States |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-025-01256-y |journal=Journal of International Migration and Integration |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=1857–1893 |doi=10.1007/s12134-025-01256-y |issn=1874-6365|doi-access=free }}</ref> If this represents approximately 80%{{Efn|The United States is home to roughly 450,000 Bengalis,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B16001?q=bengali |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> with over 350,000 of them originating from Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=REINFORCING TIES {{!}} Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members |url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918070504/https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2025 |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |last2=Akhter |first2=Morsheda |date=1 September 2025 |title=Socioeconomic Adaptation of Bangladeshi Immigrants in the United States |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-025-01256-y |journal=Journal of International Migration and Integration |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=1857–1893 |doi=10.1007/s12134-025-01256-y |issn=1874-6365|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="USCB Census2">{{cite web|title=PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea, 2023 American Community Survey Estimates|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B05006?q=B05006:%20Place%20of%20Birth%20for%20the%20Foreign-Born%20Population%20in%20the%20United%20States}}</ref><ref>"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012.</ref> (2023 Verified Data)}} of the total Bengali American population, then the overall estimated population would surpass 750,000.(2025 estimates)}}
| region8 = Oman
| pop8 = 680,242
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladeshis top expatriate force in Oman |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/oman/bangladeshis-top-expatriate-force-in-oman-1.2250379 |work=Gulf News |date=12 July 2018 |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605111920/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/oman/bangladeshis-top-expatriate-force-in-oman-1.2250379 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region9 = United Kingdom
| pop9 = 662,145{{NoteTag|Figure includes combined responses of people who selected "Bangladeshi" as their ethnicity in all UK countries, and Indian or other ethnic group (England & Wales only) who selected "Bengali" as their main language<ref>[https://www.beta.ons.gov.uk/datasets/create/filter-outputs/f96e4bc2-a34d-4eeb-888d-8fb74d66846e#get-data Ethnic group and main language (detailed)] Office for National Statistics. 28 March 2023. Retrieved on 4 November 2024.</ref> in the 2021 UK census}}
| ref9 = <ref name=2021census>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021|title=Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="2022census_Scot">{{cite web |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx |title=Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data |author= |date=21 May 2024 |website=Scotland's Census |publisher=[[National Records of Scotland]] |access-date=21 May 2024 }} [https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by Alternative URL] 'Search data by location' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Ethnic Group'</ref><ref name="NICensus2021">{{cite web |title=Census 2021 Ethnic group - full detail MS-B02 |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b02.xlsx |publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |access-date=31 May 2023}}</ref>
| region10 = Qatar
| pop10 = 400,000
| ref10 = <ref>{{cite magazine |date=15 August 2019 |title=Population of Qatar by nationality - 2019 report |url=https://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |website=Priya Dsouza |archive-date=7 September 2019 |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907003929/http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region11 = Italy
| pop11 = 400,000
| ref11 = <ref name="info.undp.org">{{cite web |url=https://info.undp.org/docs/pdc/Documents/BGD/MM%20Final%2002052018%20NRB%20%20report.pdf |title=Engagement of Non-resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) in National Development: Strategies, Challenges and Way Forward |last=Monem |first=Mobasser |date=November 2017 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref>
| region12 = Kuwait
| pop12 = 350,000
| ref12 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladeshi Workers: Around 2 lakh may have to leave Kuwait |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladeshi-workers-around-2-lakh-may-have-leave-kuwait-1930549 |work=The Daily Star |date=15 July 2020 |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611150829/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladeshi-workers-around-2-lakh-may-have-leave-kuwait-1930549 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region13 = South Africa
| pop13 = 300,000
| ref13 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Over 400 Bangladeshis murdered in South Africa in 4yrs |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2019/10/01/more-than-400-bangladeshis-murdered-in-south-africa-in-four-years |work=Dhaka Tribune |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=1 October 2019 |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515075533/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2019/10/01/more-than-400-bangladeshis-murdered-in-south-africa-in-four-years |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region14 = Bahrain
| pop14 = 180,000
| ref14 = <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-03/12/c_136122643.htm |title=More illegal Bangladeshi workers enter Bahraini labor market |date=12 March 2017 |work=Xinhua News Agency |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524161736/http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-03/12/c_136122643.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region15 = Lebanon
| pop15 = 160,000
| ref15 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Economic crisis in Lebanon: job losses, low pay hit expats |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/bangladeshi-migrant-workers-in-lebanon-job-losses-1864975 |work=The Daily Star |date=8 February 2020 |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516232327/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/bangladeshi-migrant-workers-in-lebanon-job-losses-1864975 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region16 = Jordan
| pop16 = 150,000
| ref16 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Help at hand for Bangladeshi workers in Middle East |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1657261/world |work=Arab News |date=11 April 2020 |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922025300/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1657261/world |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region17 = Singapore
| pop17 = 150,000
| ref17 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/coronavirus-singapores-bangladeshi-workers-have-eyes-on-home-as-virus-shakes-community |title=Bangladeshis in Singapore |work=The Straits Times |date=15 February 2020 |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611151812/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/coronavirus-singapores-bangladeshi-workers-have-eyes-on-home-as-virus-shakes-community |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region18 = Maldives
| pop18 = 150,000
| ref18 = <ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343635981 |title=Lifestyle of Bangladeshi Workers in Maldives |last1=Shamsi |first1=Tasdidaa |last2=Al-Din |first2=Zaheed |date=December 2015 |location=Bangladesh |conference=13th Asian Business Research Conference |access-date=1 January 2020 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005162703/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343635981_Lifestyle_of_Bangladeshi_Workers_in_Maldives |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{collapsed infobox section begin|Other countries}}
| region19 = Canada
| pop19 = 121,000<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=22 January 2025 |title=Language diversity in Canada |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2025007-eng.htm |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| ref19 =
| region20 =
| pop20 =
| ref20 =
| region21 = Australia
| pop21 = 70,116<ref>{{Cite web |title=SBS Australian Census Explorer |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/census-explorer-2021/index.html?lang=en&placeType=australia&places=australia&topic=cultural-diversity |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=www.sbs.com.au}}</ref>
| ref21 =
| region22 = Greece
| pop22 = 80,000
| ref22 = <ref name="erd.portal.gov.bd">{{Cite web |url=https://erd.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/erd.portal.gov.bd/page/83abb6f9_b264_45f9_92c0_2596b2421dc9/NRB.pdf |title=Engagement of Nonresident Bangladeshis in National Development: Strategies, Challenges and Way Forward |last=Monem |first=Mobasser |date=July 2018 |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827032218/https://erd.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/erd.portal.gov.bd/page/83abb6f9_b264_45f9_92c0_2596b2421dc9/NRB.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region23 = Portugal
| pop23 = 70,000 (2024)
| ref23 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/nrb/news/bangladeshi-immigrants-now-forefront-portugals-lisbon-neighbourhood-3025651?amp |title=Bangladeshi immigrants now at forefront at Portugal's Lisbon neighbourhood}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/69897 |title=Momen urges Portugal to open mission in Dhaka}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://observador.pt/2024/06/12/imigrantes-da-india-e-bangladesh-contestam-alteracoes-a-lei-de-estrangeiros/ |title=Imigrantes da Índia e Bangladesh contestam alterações à lei de estrangeiros}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://observatoriodomundoislamico.pt/comunidade-do-bangladesh-em-portugal-tres-decadas-de-luta-pela-integracao/ |title=Comunidade do Bangladesh em Portugal: três décadas de luta pela integração}}</ref>
| region24 = Spain
| pop24 = 50,000
| ref24 = <ref name="info.undp.org" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Mahmud |first=Jamil |date=3 April 2020 |title=Bangladeshis in Spain suffering |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/spains-support-sought-expedite-release-5-detained-bangladeshi-nationals-3226316 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516111338/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladeshis-spain-suffering-1889026 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region26 = Brunei
| pop26 = 30,000–40,000
| ref26 = <ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahbub |first1=Mehdi |title=Brunei, a destination for Bangladeshi migrant workers |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/brunei-a-destination-for-bangladeshi-migrant-workers |work=The Financial Express |date=16 May 2016 |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516173033/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/brunei-a-destination-for-bangladeshi-migrant-workers |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region28 = Japan
| pop28 = 40,045 (as of June 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Community in Japan and Employment Opportunities |url=https://tokyo.mofa.gov.bd/pages/static-pages/695266b435ce18e1c05aadfe |url-status=live |website=Embassy of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Tokyo}}</ref>
| ref28 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001415139.pdf |title=令和５年末現在における在留外国人数について |access-date=30 March 2024 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016135802/https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001415139.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region29 = Mauritius
| pop29 = 25,000
| ref29 = <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/bangladeshi-workers-facing-difficulty-sending-money-mauritius-2088181|title=Bangladeshi workers facing difficulty in sending money from Mauritius|work=The Daily Star|date=4 May 2021|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184610/https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/bangladeshi-workers-facing-difficulty-sending-money-mauritius-2088181|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region30 = South Korea
| pop30 = 22,000
| ref30 = <ref>{{cite news |last=Mahmud |first=Ezaz |date=17 April 2021 |title=South Korea bans issuing visas for Bangladeshis |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/nrb/migration/news/visa-embargo-covid-migration-south-korea-limbo-2150506 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019064655/https://www.thedailystar.net/nrb/migration/news/visa-embargo-covid-migration-south-korea-limbo-2150506 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region31 = Libya
| pop31 = 20,000
| ref31 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Fighting in Libya: Condition of thousands of Bangladeshis gets worse, says Bangladesh ambassador |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2019/11/19/fighting-in-libya-condition-of-thousands-of-bangladeshis-gets-worse-says-bangladesh-ambassador |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=19 November 2019 |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516172832/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2019/11/19/fighting-in-libya-condition-of-thousands-of-bangladeshis-gets-worse-says-bangladesh-ambassador |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region32 =
| pop32 =
| ref32 =
| region33 =
| pop33 =
| ref33 =
| region34 = Poland
| pop34 = 18,000
| ref34 = <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/02/22/poland-is-cocking-up-migration-in-a-very-european-way |title=Poland is cocking up migration in a very European way |newspaper=The Economist |date=22 February 2020 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719232250/https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/02/22/poland-is-cocking-up-migration-in-a-very-european-way |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region35 = Germany
| pop35 = 16,410
| ref35 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/auslaend-bevoelkerung-2010200197004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |title=Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204210500/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/auslaend-bevoelkerung-2010200197004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region36 = Egypt
| pop36 = 15,000
| ref36 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/stay-in-safer-places |title=Stay in safer places |work=The Daily Star |date=17 August 2013 |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101024218/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/stay-in-safer-places |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region37 = France
| pop37 = 15,000
| ref37 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4510549?sommaire=4510556 |title=Étrangers – Immigrés : pays de naissance et nationalités détaillés |website=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223201448/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4510549?sommaire=4510556 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region38 = Sweden
| pop38 = 12,279
| ref38 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/525905/sweden-number-of-asian-immigrants-by-country-of-birth/ |date=February 2021 |title=Sweden: Asian immigrants by country of birth 2020|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524101140/https://www.statista.com/statistics/525905/sweden-number-of-asian-immigrants-by-country-of-birth/|url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region39 = Finland
| pop39 = 7,000
| ref39 = <ref>{{cite news |title=Finland – A country of curiosity |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/finland-%E2%80%93-country-curiosity-1298170 |work=The Daily Star |date=14 October 2016 |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516103229/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/finland-%E2%80%93-country-curiosity-1298170 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region40 = Brazil
| pop40 = 6,000
| ref40 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/livelihoods-bangladeshis-stake-covid-19-hit-brazil-2094973 |title=Livelihoods of Bangladeshis at stake in Covid-19 hit Brazil |date=19 May 2021 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725094941/https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/livelihoods-bangladeshis-stake-covid-19-hit-brazil-2094973 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region41 = Netherlands
| pop41 = 6,000
| ref41 = <ref name="erd.portal.gov.bd"/>
| region42 = Belgium
| pop42 = 5,000
| ref42 = <ref name="erd.portal.gov.bd"/>
| region43 = Austria
| pop43 = 3,300
| ref43 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangladesh.iom.int/sites/bangladesh/files/publication/Europe%25202020%2520Migration%2520Update_01Jun2021.pdf |title=Bangladeshi Migrants in Europe 2020 |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704144139/https://bangladesh.iom.int/sites/bangladesh/files/publication/Europe%202020%20Migration%20Update_01Jun2021.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region44 = New Zealand
| pop44 = 2,337
| ref44 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/bangladeshi|title=2018 Census ethnic group summaries | Stats NZ}}</ref>
| region45 = Russia
| pop45 = 2,000
| ref45 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/102519/1/MPRA_paper_102519.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjd_KT_len1AhUXILcAHb0DC9UQFnoECEYQBQ&usg=AOvVaw0logas0lQZdkNG5uQazpZE |title=Socio-economic life style of Bangladeshi man married to Russian girl: An analysis of migration and integration perspective |last1=Mannan |first1=Kazi Abdul |last2=Kozlov |first2=V.V. |year=1995 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3648152 |ssrn=3648152}}</ref>
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
| languages = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and its [[Bengali dialects|dialects]]
| religions = {{ubl | '''Majority''' |[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Bengali Muslims|Islam]] ~70%|'''Significant minority'''|[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Bengali Hindus|Hinduism]]: ~29% |'''Smaller minorities of:''' |[[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Bengali Buddhists|Buddhism]]: <1% |[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Bengali Christians|Christianity]]: <1% |[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Sarak people|Jainism]]: <0.1% }}<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Romita|last=Datta|date=13 November 2020|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13|title=The great Hindu vote trick|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=4 October 2022|quote=Hindus add up to about 70 million in Bengal's 100 million population, of which around 55 million are Bengalis.|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217152015/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Zamser|last=Ali|date=5 December 2019|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land|title=EXCLUSIVE: BJP Govt plans to evict 70 lakh Muslims, 60 lakh Bengali Hindus through its Land Policy (2019) in Assam|website=[[Sabrang Communications]]|access-date=4 October 2022|quote=Hence, about 70 lakh Assamese Muslims and 60 lakh Bengali-speaking Hindus face mass evictions and homelessness if the policy is allowed to be passed in the Assembly.|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003180815/https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thenewsweb.in">{{cite news | url=https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/ | title=Bengali speaking voters may prove crucial in the second phase of Assam poll | newspaper=The News Web | date=April 2021 | access-date=9 March 2023 | archive-date=3 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603194154/https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country |title=Census 2022: Number of Muslims increased in the country |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033444/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="globalreligiousfutures.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=16&affiliations_year=2020|title=Religions in Bangladesh {{pipe}} PEW-GRF|access-date=9 March 2023|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409172932/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=16&affiliations_year=2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Khan 2013 2">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Mojlum |title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal |publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-84774-052-6 |pages=2 |quote=Bengali-speaking Muslims as a group consists of around 200 million people.}}</ref>
| related_groups = [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
| footnotes =
}}
{{Bengalis}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}
'''Bengalis''' ({{langx|bn|বাঙ্গালী, বাঙালি}} {{IPA|bn|baŋgali, baŋali||LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-বাঙালি.wav}}), also rendered as [[endonym and exonym|endonym]] '''Bangalee''',<ref name="Citizenship CoB">{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24554.html |title=Part I: The Republic – The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |access-date=9 September 2017 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101917/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24554.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalees and indigenous people shake hands on peace prospects |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2013/08/25/bangalees-and-indigenous-people-shake-hands-on-peace-prospects |access-date=16 April 2017 |publisher=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031051218/https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2013/08/25/bangalees-and-indigenous-people-shake-hands-on-peace-prospects |url-status=live}}</ref> are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] originating from and culturally affiliated with the [[Bengal]] region of [[South Asia]]. The current population is divided between the sovereign country [[Bangladesh]] and the [[India|Indian]] regions of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Barak Valley]] of [[Assam]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], and parts of [[Meghalaya]], [[Manipur]] and [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=chingiz>{{cite journal |title=Is MLA Ashab Uddin a local Manipuri? |author=Khan, Muhammad Chingiz |date=15 July 2017 |journal=Tehelka |volume=14 |pages=36–38}}</ref> Most speak [[Bengali language|Bengali]], a [[classical languages of India|classical language]] from the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language family.

Bengalis are the [[List of contemporary ethnic groups|third-largest ethnic group]] in the world, after the [[Han Chinese]] and [[Arabs]].<ref>roughly 163 million in Bangladesh and 100 million in India ([[CIA Factbook]] 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 3 million [[Bangladeshis in the Middle East]], 2 million [[Bengalis in Pakistan]], 0.4 million [[British Bangladeshi]].</ref> They are the largest ethnic group within the [[Indo-European languages|Indo–European linguistic family]] and the largest ethnic group in South Asia. Apart from Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Manipur, and Assam's Barak Valley, Bengali-majority populations also reside in India's union territory of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], with significant populations in the Indian states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Uttarakhand]] as well as [[Nepal]]'s [[Province No. 1]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengali - Worldwide distribution |url=https://www.worlddata.info/languages/bengali.php |website=Worlddata.info |access-date=7 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="langminor">{{cite web |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |access-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> The global Bengali [[diaspora]] have well-established communities in the [[Bangladeshis in the Middle East|Middle East]], [[Bengalis in Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Burmese Indians|Myanmar]], the [[British Bangladeshis|United Kingdom]], the [[Bengali Americans|United States]], [[Bangladeshis in Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Bangladeshis in Italy|Italy]], [[Bangladeshis in the Maldives|Maldives]], [[Bangladeshi Canadian|Canada]], [[Bangladeshi Australians|Australia]], [[Bangladeshis in Japan|Japan]], [[South Korea]], and [[Singapore]].

Bengalis are a diverse group in terms of religious affiliations and practices. Approximately 70% are adherents of [[Islam]] with a large [[Hindus|Hindu]] minority and sizeable communities of Christians and Buddhists. [[Bengali Muslims]], who live mainly in Bangladesh, primarily belong to the [[Sunni]] denomination. [[Bengali Hindus]], who live primarily in West Bengal, Tripura, Assam's Barak Valley, Jharkhand and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, generally follow [[Shaktism]] or [[Vaishnavism]], in addition to worshipping regional deities.<ref name="Bengali religions p826">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |surname=McDermott |given=Rachel Fell |title=Bengali religions |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion |editor=Lindsay Jones |edition=2nd |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA |volume=2 |page=826 |isbn=0-02-865735-7}}</ref><ref name="Frawley https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Is_Hinduism.html?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ&PA26 26">{{Cite book |last=Frawley|first=David|title=What Is Hinduism?: A Guide for the Global Mind|date=18 October 2018|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-93-88038-65-2|pages=[https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Is_Hinduism.html?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ&PA26 26]|author-link=David Frawley}}</ref><ref name="Tagore 1916 320">{{Cite book|last=Tagore|first=Rabindranath|title=The Home and the World|script-title=bn:ঘরে বাইরে|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|year=1916|page=320|language=bn|trans-title=[[The Home and the World]]|author-link=Rabindranath Tagore}}</ref>

The total number of native speakers of the Bengali language worldwide is generally estimated at 300-310 million, a figure based on a synthesis of linguistic research and census-derived estimates. According to the consolidated findings of available data, approximately 65 per cent of Bengali speakers originate from present-day Bangladesh, meaning they are either of [[Bangladeshi diaspora|Bangladeshi descent]] or were born within the territory of Bangladesh.{{Efn|The number of [[Bangladeshis]] worldwide exceeds 190-195 million. Nearly 15 million Bangladeshis live outside Bangladesh and are not included during national census counts.<ref name="BangladeshiMigrants">{{Cite web |title=Migrants’ contribution to the 50-year journey of Bangladesh {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/celebrating-50-years-bangladesh/news/migrants-contribution-the-50-year-journey-bangladesh-2067097 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=Bangladeshi migrant workers: Turning the focus to psychosocial issues |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/bangladeshi-migrant-workers-turning-focus-psychosocial-issues-1142981 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How diaspora can support Bangladesh’s development {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/how-diaspora-can-support-bangladeshs-development-2170991 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the actual number of Bangladeshi migrant workers? |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/migration/333923/what-is-the-actual-number-of-bangladeshi-migrant |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Growing Influence of Bangladeshi Diaspora |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/post/709600/budget2025-2026 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Becoming a more effective diaspora |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/360818/becoming-a-more-effective-diaspora |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BangladeshMigrationSnapshot">{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh — Migration Snapshot Report 2024 {{!}} Displacement Tracking Matrix |url=https://dtm.iom.int/reports/bangladesh-migration-snapshot-report-2024 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=dtm.iom.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Streatfield |first=Peter Kim |last2=Karar |first2=Zunaid Ahsan |date=September 2008 |title=Population challenges for Bangladesh in the coming decades |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2740702/ |journal=Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=261–272 |issn=1606-0997 |pmc=2740702 |pmid=18831223}}</ref> Considering the total number of Bengalis to be around 300–310 million, Bangladeshis constitute approximately 65% of the global Bengali population.|name=Bangladeshis}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNData app |url=https://data.un.org/en/iso/bd.html |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=data.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gigauri |first=Giorgi |date=26 March 2021 |title=Migrants’ contribution to the 50-year journey of Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/celebrating-50-years-bangladesh/news/migrants-contribution-the-50-year-journey-bangladesh-2067097 |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> In contrast, about 35 per cent of Bengali speakers are Indian citizens or of [[Indian diaspora|Indian origin]], with the majority residing in the regions of West Bengal, Tripura, and Assam.

Bengalis have influenced and contributed to diverse fields, notably the [[The arts|arts]] and architecture, [[language]], [[folklore]], literature, politics, military, business, science and technology.

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names of Bengal}}

[[File:Ancient Political Divisions.jpg|left|thumb|The ancient political divisions of the Ganges delta.]]
The term Bengali is generally used to refer to someone whose linguistic, cultural or ancestral origins are from [[Bengal]]. The [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] Bengalis are ethnically differentiated from the non-Indo-Aryan tribes inhabiting Bengal. Their [[ethnonym]], ''Bangali'', along with the native name of the [[Bengali language]] and [[Bengal]] region, ''Bangla'', are both derived from ''Bangālah'', the [[Farsi|Persian]] word for the region. Prior to [[Spread of Islam|Muslim expansion]], there was no unitary territory by this name as the region was instead divided into numerous geopolitical divisions. The most prominent of these were [[Vanga kingdom|Vaṅga]] or Vaṅgāla (from which ''Bangālah'' is thought to ultimately derive from) in the south, [[Rarh|Rāṛha]] in the west, [[Pundravardhana|Puṇḍravardhana]] and [[Varendra]] in the north, and [[Samataṭa]] and [[Harikela]] in the east.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The historic land of Vaṅga (''bôngô'' in Bengali), situated in present-day [[Barisal Division|Barisal]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Laghuprabandhasaṅgrahah|editor=Thaker, Jayant Premshankar|page=111|year=1970|publisher=Oriental Institute}}</ref> is considered by early historians of the [[Abrahamic tradition|Abrahamic]] and [[Dharmic religions|Dharmic]] traditions to have originated from a man who had settled in the area though it is often dismissed as [[legend]]. Early Abrahamic genealogists had suggested that this man was Bang, a son of Hind who was the son of [[Ham (son of Noah)]].<ref name="riaj"/><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Firishta]]|pages=7–9|year=1768|title=History of Hindostan|editor=[[Alexander Dow|Dow, Alexander]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Aryans and British India|author=[[Thomas Trautmann|Trautmann, Thomas]]|publisher=[[Yoda Press]]|year=2005|page=53}}</ref> In contrast, the [[Mahabharata]], [[Puranas]] and the [[Harivamsha]] state that Vaṅga was the founder of the [[Vaṅga kingdom]] and one of the adopted sons of King Vali. The land of Vaṅga later came to be known as Vaṅgāla (''Bôngal'') and its earliest reference is in the [[Comilla District|Comilla]] copperplates (720 CE) of earlier Buddhist [[Deva dynasty|Deva]] King Anandadeva where he was mentioned in the title of ''Sri Vaṅgāla Mrigānka'', means the moon of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlnoMdZu40UC&dq=vangalamriganka&pg=PA462|title=Gold coins of the World|isbn=978-0-87184-308-1 |last1=Friedberg |first1=Arthur L. |last2=Friedberg |first2=Ira S. |date=12 April 2025 |publisher=Coin & Currency Institute }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Copperplates|title=Copperplates|publisher=[[Banglapedia]]|access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> Another reference is the Nesari plates (805 CE) of [[Govinda III]] which speak of [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharmapāla]] as its king. The records of [[Rajendra Chola I]] of the [[Chola dynasty]], who invaded Bengal in the 11th century, speak of [[Govindachandra (Chandra dynasty)|Govindachandra]] as the ruler of ''Vaṅgāladeśa'' (a Sanskrit cognate to the word [[Bangladesh]], which was historically a synonymous endonym of Bengal).<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |year=2000 |title=India: A History |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/220 220] |isbn=978-0-87113-800-2 |quote=In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon. |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/220 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1988 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |page=281 |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}</ref> 16th-century historian [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] mentions in his ''[[Ain-i-Akbari|ʿAin-i-Akbarī]]'' that the addition of the suffix ''"al"'' came from the fact that the ancient rajahs of the land raised mounds of earth 10 feet high and 20 in breadth in lowlands at the foot of the hills which were called "al".<ref>Land of Two Rivers, [[Nitish Sengupta]]</ref> This is also mentioned in [[Ghulam Husain Salim]]'s [[Riyaz-us-Salatin|Riyāz us-Salāṭīn]].<ref name="riaj">{{cite book|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=11|title=RIYAZU-S-SALĀTĪN: A History of Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215055926/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=11|author=[[Ghulam Husain Salim]]|publisher=The Asiatic Society|location=[[Calcutta]]|year=1902|archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref>

In 1352, Muslim nobleman [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] united the region into a single political entity known as the [[Bengal Sultanate]]. Proclaiming himself as ''[[Shāh]]-i-Bangālīyān'',<ref name="Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Iliyas Shah|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin}}</ref> it was in this period that the [[Bengali language]] gained state patronage and corroborated literary development.<ref name=banglalang>"What is more significant, a contemporary Chinese traveler reported that although Persian was understood by some in the court, the language in universal use there was Bengali. This points to the waning, although certainly not yet the disappearance, of the sort of foreign mentality that the Muslim ruling class in Bengal had exhibited since its arrival over two centuries earlier. It also points to the survival, and now the triumph, of local Bengali culture at the highest level of official society." {{harvcol|Eaton|1993|p=60}}</ref><ref name=jol>{{cite journal|url=https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344|title=Politics and Literary Activities in the Bengali Language during the Independent Sultanate of Bengal|first=AKM Golam|last=Rabbani|date=7 November 2017|journal=Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics|volume=1|issue=1|pages=151–166|access-date=7 November 2017|via=www.banglajol.info|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123110/https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Ilyas Shah had effectively unified the region into one country.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Bangali Culture|author=Murshid, Ghulam}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Bengal|History of Bangladesh|History of West Bengal}}

=== Ancient history ===
{{Further-text|[[Anga]], [[Gangaridai]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Pundra kingdom|Pundra]], [[Suhma kingdom|Suhma]] and [[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]]}}
[[File:Ptolemy Asia detail.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[Gangaridai]] on a map by 11th-century polymath [[Ptolemy]].]]
Archaeologists have discovered remnants of a 4,700-year-old [[Neolithic]] and [[Chalcolithic]] civilisation such as [[Dihar (archaeological site)|Dihar]]{{sfn|Chattopadhyay et al.|2013|p=97}} and [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Pandu Rajar Dhibi |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Pandu_Rajar_Dhibi |website=Banglapedia |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> in the greater [[Bengal]] region, and believe the finds are one of the earliest signs of settlement in the region.<ref name=xinhua>{{cite news |agency=Xinhua |date=12 March 2006 |title=4000-year old settlement unearthed in Bangladesh |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/12/content_4293312.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510135113/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/12/content_4293312.htm |archive-date=10 May 2007}}</ref> However, evidence of much older [[Palaeolithic]] human habitations were found in the form of a stone implement and a [[hand axe]] in the upper Gandeshwari, Middle Dwarakeswar, Upper Kangsabati, Upper Tarafeni and Middle Subarnarekha valleys of the Indian state [[West Bengal]],<ref name="esijournals1">{{cite journal |author1=Gourav Debnath |title=South Asian History, Culture and Archaeology - "The Evolution of Stone Tool Technology of Pre-Historic West Bengal: A Renewed Archaeological Approach" |journal=ESI Journals |date=2022 |volume=2 |pages=55–67 |url=https://www.esijournals.com/image/catalog/Journal%20Paper/SAHCA/2022/No%201%20%282022%29/5_Gourav%20Debnath.pdf |access-date=9 August 2023 |publisher=ESI Publications}}</ref> and [[Rangamati District|Rangamati]] and [[Feni District|Feni]] districts of Bangladesh.<ref name=bsahistory>{{cite web |url=http://www.orgs.ttu.edu/saofbangladesh/history.htm |title=History of Bangladesh |access-date=26 October 2006 |publisher=Bangladesh Student Association @ TTU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051226045659/http://www.orgs.ttu.edu/saofbangladesh/history.htm |archive-date=26 December 2005}}</ref> Evidence of 42,000 years old human habitation has been found at the foothills of the [[Ajodhya Hills]] in West Bengal.<ref name="eisamay1">{{cite web |author1=Gautam Basumallik |script-title=bn:৪২০০০ বছর আগে অযোধ্যা পাহাড় অঞ্চলে জনবসবাসের নিদর্শন মিলেছে |url=https://eisamay.com/editorial/post-editorial/interview-of-bishnupriya-basak-by-goutam-basu-mallick/articleshow/46744177.cms |website=Ei Samay |type=Editorial |access-date=26 March 2024 |language=bn |trans-title=42,000 years ago, evidence of human habitation has been found in the Ayodhya Hills region |date=30 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Mahadebbera-Kana">{{cite journal |author1=Bishnupriya Basak |author2=Pradeep Srivastava |author3=Sujit Dasgupta |author4=Anil Kumar |author5=S. N. Rajaguru |title=Earliest dates and implications of Microlithic industries of Late Pleistocene from Mahadebbera and Kana, Purulia district, West Bengal |journal=Current Science |date=10 October 2014 |volume=107 |pages=1167–1171 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite news |author1=Sebanti Saarkar |title=Bengal just got older by 22000 yrs |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengal-just-got-older-by-22000-yrs/cid/1288646 |work=The Telegraph |location=India |access-date=26 March 2024 |date=21 October 2014}}</ref> Hatpara on the west bank of [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] has evidence of human settlements dating back to around 15,000-20,000 years.<ref name="telegraphindia2">{{cite news |author1=Sebanti Sarkar |title=History of Bengal just got a lot older |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/history-of-bengal-just-got-a-lot-older/cid/603572 |work=The Telegraph |location=India |access-date=26 March 2024 |date=27 March 2008}}</ref>

Artefacts suggest that the [[Chandraketugarh]], which flourished in present-day [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], date as far back as 600 BC to 300 BC,{{sfn|Sen et al.|September 2015|p=19}} and [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins|Wari-Bateshwar civilisation]], which flourished in present-day [[Narsingdi District|Narsingdi]], date as far back as 400 BC to 100 BC.<ref name="Rahman Castillo Murphy Rahman 2020 p.">{{cite journal | last1=Rahman | first1=Mizanur | last2=Castillo | first2=Cristina Cobo | last3=Murphy | first3=Charlene | last4=Rahman | first4=Sufi Mostafizur | last5=Fuller | first5=Dorian Q. | title=Agricultural systems in Bangladesh: the first archaeobotanical results from Early Historic Wari-Bateshwar and Early Medieval Vikrampura | journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=12 | issue=1 | year=2020 | issn=1866-9557 | doi=10.1007/s12520-019-00991-5 | page=37| doi-access=free | pmid=32010407 | pmc=6962288 | bibcode=2020ArAnS..12...37R }}</ref><ref name=bpedia1>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Wari-Bateshwar|encyclopedia=[[Banglapedia]] |last=Rahman |first=SS Mostafizur |publisher=[[Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|location=[[Dhaka]] |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Wari-Bateshwar|access-date= 26 March 2024 }}</ref> Not far from the rivers, the port city of Wari-Bateshwar, and the riverside port city of the Chandraketugarh,{{sfn|Sen et al.|September 2015|p=59}} are believed to have been engaged in foreign trade with [[Ancient Rome]], Southeast Asia and other regions.{{sfn|Sen et al.|September 2015|p=59}} The people of this civilisation live in bricked homes, walked on wide roads, used [[silver coin]]s{{sfn|Sen et al.|September 2015|p=28}} and iron weaponry among many other things. The two cities are considered to be the oldest cities in [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://belabo.narsingdi.gov.bd/site/page/74694ffe-41fb-429a-a941-ab3426892c3d/উপজেলা%20পটভূমি|language=bn|website=Belabo Upazila|script-title=bn:বেলাব উপজেলার পটভূমি|trans-title=Belabo Upazila's Background|access-date=24 February 2022|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930113403/http://belabo.narsingdi.gov.bd/site/page/74694ffe-41fb-429a-a941-ab3426892c3d/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It is thought that a man named Vanga settled in the area around 1000 BCE founding the [[Vanga kingdom]] in southern Bengal. The ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' and the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]] mentions this kingdom, along with the [[Pundravardhana|Pundra kingdom]] in northern Bengal. The spread of [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan territory]] and promotion of [[Buddhism]] by its emperor [[Ashoka]] cultivated a growing Buddhist society among the people of present-day Bengal from the 2nd century BCE. Mauryan monuments as far as the [[Great Stupa of Sanchi]] in Madhya Pradesh mentioned the people of this region as adherents of Buddhism. The Buddhists of the Bengal region built and used dozens of monasteries, and were recognised for their religious commitments as far as [[Nagarjunakonda]] in [[South India]].<ref>{{harvcol|Eaton|1993}}</ref>

One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is the mention of a land ruled by the king Xandrammes named [[Gangaridai]] by the [[Greeks]] around 100 BCE. The word is speculated to have come from ''Gangahrd'' ('Land with the [[Ganges]] in its heart') in reference to an area in Bengal.<ref name=Gangaridai>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Chowdhury, AM|article=Gangaridai}}</ref> Later from the 3rd to the 6th centuries [[Common Era|CE]], the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the [[Gupta Empire]].

=== Middle Ages ===
{{See also|Pala Empire|Sena dynasty|Bengal Sultanate}}
[[File:Atisha.jpg|thumb|left|[[Atiśa]] is recognised as one of the greatest figures of classical Buddhism, having inspired Buddhist thought from [[Tibet]] to [[Sumatra]].]]
One of the first recorded independent kings of Bengal was [[Shashanka]],<ref name=shashankabanglaped>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Bhattacharyya, PK|article=Shashanka}}</ref> reigning around the early 7th century, who is generally thought to have originated from [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], Bihar, just west of Bengal.<ref name="Sinha-magadha">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Bindeshwari Prasad |title=Dynastic History of Magadha |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=India |pages=131–133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051030/https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC |url-status=live }}</ref> After a period of anarchy, a native ruler called [[Gopala]] came into power in 750 CE. He originated from [[Varendra]] in northern Bengal,<ref>{{cite book|title=South Asia|page=317|author=Insight, Apa Productions|date=November 1988|publisher=APA Publications}}</ref> and founded the Buddhist [[Pala Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1988 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA280 |publisher=New Age International |pages=277– |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}</ref> [[Atiśa]], a renowned Buddhist teacher from eastern Bengal, was instrumental in the revival of Buddhism in [[Tibet]] and also held the position of [[Abbot]] at the [[Vikramashila]] monastery in [[Bihar]].

The Pala Empire enjoyed relations with the [[Srivijaya Empire]], the [[Tibetan Empire]], and the [[Arab]] [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. [[Islam]] first appeared in Bengal during Pala rule, as a result of increased trade between Bengal and the Middle East.<ref name="kumar">{{cite book |author=Raj Kumar |date=2003 |title=Essays on Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvnjXOCjv7EC |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |page=199 |isbn=978-81-7141-682-0}}</ref> The people of [[Samatata]], in southeastern Bengal, during the 10th century were of various religious backgrounds. [[Tilopa]] was a prominent Buddhist from modern-day [[Chittagong]], though Samatata was ruled by the Buddhist [[Chandra dynasty]]. During this time, the [[Arab]] geographer [[Al-Masudi]] and author of [[The Meadows of Gold]], travelled to the region where he noticed a Muslim community of inhabitants residing in the region.<ref>{{cite book|title=Les Prairies d'or [Murūj al-dhahab]|author=[[Al-Masudi]], trans. Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille|language=fr|editor=Pellat, Charles|location=Paris|publisher=Société asiatique|year=1962|chapter=1:155}}</ref> In addition to trade, Islam was also being introduced to the people of Bengal through the migration of Sufi missionaries prior to conquest. The earliest known Sufi missionaries were Syed Shah Surkhul Antia and his students, most notably [[Shah Sultan Rumi]], in the 11th century. Rumi settled in present-day [[Netrokona District|Netrokona, Mymensingh]] where he influenced the local ruler and population to embrace Islam.

[[File:Pir Gazi and his tiger in Sundarbans.jpg|thumb|[[Gazi Pir|Ghazi Pir]] is thought to have lived in the [[Sundarbans]] some time between the 12th to 13th century.]]

The Pala dynasty was followed by a shorter reign of the [[Hindu]] [[Sena Empire]]. Subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region.<ref name=islambanglaped>{{cite Banglapedia |author=Abdul Karim |article=Islam, Bengal}}</ref> [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]], a [[Turkic people|Turkic]] general, defeated [[Lakshman Sen]] of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal. Consequently, the region was ruled by dynasties of [[sultan]]s and feudal lords under the [[Bengal Sultanate]] for the next few hundred years. Many of the people of Bengal began accepting Islam through the influx of missionaries{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} following the initial conquest. [[Sultan Balkhi]] and [[Shah Makhdum Rupos]] settled in the present-day [[Rajshahi Division]] in northern Bengal, preaching to the communities there. A community of 13 Muslim families headed by [[Ghazi Burhanuddin|Burhanuddin]] also existed in the northeastern Hindu city of [[Sylhet|Srihatta (Sylhet)]], claiming their descendants to have arrived from [[Chittagong]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Qurashi, Ishfaq |script-title=bn:শাহজালাল(রঃ) এবং শাহদাউদ কুরায়শী(রঃ) |date=December 2012 |language=bn |trans-title=Shah Jalal and Shah Dawud Qurayshi |chapter=বুরহান উদ্দিন ও নূরউদ্দিন প্রসঙ্গ |trans-chapter=Burhan Uddin and Nooruddin}}</ref> By 1303, hundreds of Sufi preachers led by [[Shah Jalal]], who some biographers claim was a Turkistan-born Bengali,<ref name=neeru>{{cite book |author=Misra, Neeru |year=2004 |title=Sufis and Sufism: Some Reflections |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-564-6 |page=103}}</ref> aided the Muslim rulers in Bengal to [[Conquest of Sylhet|conquer Sylhet]], turning the town into Jalal's headquarters for religious activities. Following the conquest, Jalal disseminated his followers across different parts of Bengal to spread Islam, and became a household name among [[Bengali Muslims]].

[[File:Codice Casanatense Bengalis.jpg|thumb|left|16th-century Portuguese painting of "''Bengalis''".]]

The establishment of a single united [[Bengal Sultanate]] in 1352 by [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] finally gave rise to the name ''Bangala'' for the region, and the development of [[Bengali language]].<ref name="Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin"/> The [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] acknowledged [[Ulama|Muslim scholarship]], and this transcended ethnic background. [[Usman Serajuddin]], also known as ''Akhi Siraj Bengali'', was a native of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] in western Bengal and became the Sultanate's court scholar during Ilyas Shah's reign.<ref>{{cite book|author=[['Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi]]|title=Akhbarul Akhyar}}</ref><ref name=bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Shaikh Akhi Sirajuddin Usman (R)|author=Abdul Karim}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia|year=2000|author=Hanif, N|publisher=Prabhat Kumar Sharma, for Sarup & Sons|page=35}}</ref> Alongside Persian and Arabic, the sovereign Sunni Muslim nation-state also enabled the [[Bengali language|language]] of the Bengali people to gain patronage and support, contrary to previous states which exclusively favoured [[Sanskrit]], [[Pali]] and [[Farsi|Persian]].<ref name=banglalang/><ref name=jol/> The born-Hindu Sultan [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] funded the construction of Islamic institutions as far as [[Mecca]] and [[Madina]] in the Middle East. The people of [[Arabia]] came to know these institutions as [[Banjaliyah Madrasah|al-Madaris al-Bangaliyyah]] (''Bengali madrasas'').

=== Mughal era ===
{{Main|Bengal Subah}}

{{Further|Muslin trade in Bengal|Mughal Empire}}
[[File:The Nawab's artillery at Plassey.jpg|thumb|The Bengali artillery at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757.]]
[[File:A Syce (Groom) Holding Two Carriage Horses MET DT3717.jpg|thumb|A painting by [[Shaikh Muhammad Amir of Karraya]] displaying a [[Groom (profession)|syce]] of Bengal holding two carriage horses.]]
The [[Mughal Empire]] conquered Bengal in the 16th century, ending the independent [[Sultanate of Bengal]] and defeating Bengal's rebellion [[Baro-Bhuiyan]] chieftains. Mughal general [[Man Singh]] conquered parts of Bengal including [[Dhaka]] during the time of Emperor [[Akbar]] and a few [[Rajput]] tribes from his army permanently settled around Dhaka and surrounding lands, integrating into Bengali society.<ref name=taif>{{cite book|title=Glimpses of Old Dhaka|pages=104, 296|author=[[Syed Muhammed Taifoor|Taifoor, Syed Muhammed]]|year=1965|publisher=S.M. Perwez|edition=2|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502508/page/n135/mode/2up}}</ref> Akbar's preaching of the syncretic [[Din-i Ilahi]], was described as a [[blasphemy]] by the [[Qadi]] of Bengal, which caused huge controversies in South Asia. In the 16th century, many ''[[Ulama]]'' of the Bengali Muslim intelligentsia migrated to other parts of the subcontinent as teachers and instructors of [[Ilm (Arabic)|Islamic knowledge]] such as Ali Sher Bengali to [[Ahmedabad]], [[Shah Manjhan]] to [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]], Usman Bengali to [[Sambhal]] and Yusuf Bengali to [[Burhanpur]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Culture of Bengal: Through the Ages: Some Aspects|pages=210–215|year=1988|publisher=[[University of Burdwan]]|author=Chattopadhyay, Bhaskar}}</ref>

By the early 17th century, [[Islam Khan I]] had conquered all of Bengal and was integrated into a province known as the [[Bengal Subah]]. It was the largest [[Administrative subdivision|subdivision]] of the [[Mughal Empire]], as it also encompassed parts of [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]], between the 16th and 18th centuries.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Described by some as the "Paradise of Nations"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/12/19/the-paradise-of-nations |title=The paradise of nations |last=Steel |first=Tim |date=19 December 2014 |work=Dhaka Tribune |department=Op-ed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517063054/https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/12/19/the-paradise-of-nations |archive-date=17 May 2019|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> and the "Golden Age of Bengal",<ref>{{Cite book|last=Islam|first=Sirajul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuJtAAAAMAAJ&q=golden+age+of+bengal+shaista+khan|title=History of Bangladesh, 1704–1971: Economic history|date=1992|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|isbn=978-984-512-337-2|language=en|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051031/https://books.google.com/books?id=WuJtAAAAMAAJ&q=golden+age+of+bengal+shaista+khan|url-status=live}}</ref> Bengalis enjoyed some of the highest [[standards of living|living standards]] and [[real wages]] in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite book |author=M. Shahid Alam |author-link=M. Shahid Alam |year=2016 |title=Poverty From The Wealth of Nations: Integration and Polarization in the Global Economy since 1760 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |page=32 |isbn=978-0-333-98564-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suKKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051031/https://books.google.com/books?id=suKKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}</ref> Singlehandedly accounting for 40% of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch imports]] from Asia,<ref name="Prakash">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Prakash |first=Om |author-link=Om Prakash (historian) |editor-last=McCusker |editor-first=John J. |editor-link=John J. McCusker |encyclopedia=History of World Trade Since 1450 |title=Empire, Mughal |url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320 |access-date=3 August 2017 |year=2006 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |volume=1 |isbn=0-02-866070-6 |pages=237–240 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=seat24826&id=GALE |url-status=live }}</ref> eastern Bengal was globally prominent in industries such as [[textile manufacturing]] and [[shipbuilding]],<ref name="rayA">{{cite book |author=Indrajit Ray |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |publisher=Routledge |pages=57, 90, 174 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1 |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051032/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was a major exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, [[saltpetre]], and agricultural and industrial produce in the world.

Mughal Bengal eventually became a quasi-independent monarchy state ruled by the [[Nawabs of Bengal]] in 1717. Already observing the proto-industrialization, it made direct significant contribution to the first [[Industrial Revolution]]<ref name="tong">{{cite book |author=Junie T. Tong |year=2016 |title=Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |publisher=CRC Press |page=151 |isbn=978-1-317-13522-7}}</ref><ref name="esposito">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John L. Esposito |encyclopedia=The Islamic World: Past and Present |title=Great Britain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190 |access-date=16 May 2021 |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=1 |isbn=978-0-19-516520-3 |page=174 |quote=The sale of exports from these regions helped to support the Industrial Revolution in Britain |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111739/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rayB">{{cite book |author=Indrajit Ray |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |publisher=Routledge |pages=7–10 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1 |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051032/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sengupta"/> (substantially [[textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution]]).

[[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|thumb|A Bengali woman in [[Dhaka]] clad in fine [[Muslin trade in Bengal|Bengali muslin]], 18th century.]]

Bengal became the basis of the [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Conflict and Cooperation in Anglo-Mughal Trade Relations during the Reign of Aurangzeb |first=Farhat |last=Hasan |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=34 |issue=4 |date=1991 |pages=351–360 |doi=10.1163/156852091X00058 |jstor=3632456}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=John Company Armed: The English East India Company, the Anglo-Mughal War and Absolutist Imperialism, c. 1675–1690 |first=James |last=Vaugn |journal=Britain and the World |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=September 2017}}</ref> After the weakening of the Mughal Empire with the death of [[Emperor Aurangzeb]] in 1707, Bengal was ruled independently by three dynasties of Nawabs until 1757, when the region was annexed by the [[East India Company]] after the [[Battle of Plassey]].

=== British colonisation ===
{{Main|Bengal Presidency}}

{{Further|Company rule in India|British Raj}}
In Bengal, effective political and military power was transferred from the [[Afshar dynasty|Afshar regime]] to the [[British East India Company]] around 1757–65.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=251|isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref> [[Company rule in India]] began under the [[Bengal Presidency]]. [[Calcutta]] was named the capital of [[British India]] in 1772. The presidency was run by a military-civil administration, including the [[Bengal Army]], and had the world's sixth earliest railway network. Great [[Famines in India|Bengal famines]] struck several times during colonial rule, notably the [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]] and [[Bengal famine of 1943]], each killing millions of Bengalis.

Under British rule, Bengal experienced deindustrialisation.<ref name="rayB" /> Discontent with the situation, numerous rebellions and revolts were attempted by the Bengali people. The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] was initiated on the outskirts of Calcutta, and spread to Dhaka, Jalpaiguri and Agartala, in solidarity with revolts in [[North India]]. Havildar [[Revolt of Rajab Ali|Rajab Ali]] commanded the rebels in [[Chittagong]] as far as [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] and [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]]. The failure of the rebellion led to the abolishment of the Mughal court completely and direct rule by the [[British Raj]].

Many Bengali labourers were taken as coolies to the British colonies in the Caribbean during the 1830s. Workers from Bengal were chosen because they could easily assimilate to the climate of [[British Guyana]], which was similar to that of Bengal.

[[Swami Vivekananda]] is considered a key figure in the introduction of [[Vedanta]] and [[Yoga]] in Europe and America,<ref name="Feuerstein">{{cite book | last = Georg | first = Feuerstein | author-link = Georg Feuerstein | title = The Yoga Tradition | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | year = 2002 | page = 600 |isbn=978-3-935001-06-9}}</ref> and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, and bringing [[Hinduism]] to the status of a world religion during the 1800s.<ref name="clarke">{{cite book | last = Clarke | first = Peter Bernard | title = New Religions in Global Perspective | url = https://archive.org/details/newreligionsglob00clar | url-access = limited | publisher = Routledge | year = 2006 | page = [https://archive.org/details/newreligionsglob00clar/page/n224 209] |isbn=978-0-7007-1185-7}}</ref> On the other hand, [[Ram Mohan Roy]] led a socio-Hindu reformist movement known as [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmoism]] which called for the abolishment of [[Sati (practice)|sati]] (widow sacrifice), [[child marriage]], [[polytheism]] and [[idol worship]].<ref name="airccse75">{{cite journal |last1=Soman |first1=Priya |title=Raja Ram Mohan and the Abolition of Sati System in India |journal=International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=75–82 |url=https://airccse.com/ijhas/papers/1216ijhas08.pdf |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712163313/http://airccse.com/ijhas/papers/1216ijhas08.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Source: The Gazetteer of India, Volume 1: Country and people. Delhi, Publications Division, Government of India, 1965. CHAPTER VIII – Religion. HINDUISM
by C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar, Nalinaksha Dutt, A.R.Wadia, M.Mujeeb, Dharm Pal and Fr. Jerome D'Souza, S.J.</ref> In 1804, he wrote the Persian book ''Tuḥfat al-Muwaḥḥidīn'' (A Gift to the Monotheists) and spent the next two decades attacking the [[Kulin Brahmin]] bastions of Bengal.<ref name=himalaya>{{cite web|last1=Syed|first1=M. H.|title=Raja Rammohan Roy|url=http://www.himpub.com/documents/Chapter107.pdf|publisher=Himalaya Publishing House|access-date=29 November 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208104241/http://www.himpub.com/documents/Chapter107.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Independence movement ====
{{see also|Freedom fighters of India#Leaders from Bengal and Northeastern India|l1=Independence fighters from Bengal}}
Bengal played a major role in the [[Indian independence movement]], in which [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary groups]] such as [[Anushilan Samiti]] and [[Jugantar]] were dominant. Many of the early proponents of the independence struggle, and subsequent leaders in the movement were Bengalis such as [[Shamsher Gazi]], [[Chowdhury Abu Torab Khan]], [[Muharram Rebellion|Hada Miah and Mada Miah]], the [[Pagal Panthis]] led by [[Karim Shah]] and [[Tipu Shah]], [[Haji Shariatullah]] and [[Dudu Miyan]] of the [[Faraizi movement]], [[Titumir]], Ali Muhammad Shibli, [[Alimuddin Ahmad]], [[Prafulla Chaki]], [[Surendranath Banerjee]], [[Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani]], [[Bagha Jatin]], [[Khudiram Bose]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], [[Rashbehari Bose]], and [[Sachindranath Sanyal]].

Leaders such as [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] did not subscribe to the view that non-violent civil disobedience was the best way to achieve independence, and were instrumental in armed resistance against the British. Bose was the co-founder and leader of the Japanese-aligned [[Indian National Army]] (distinct from the [[British Indian Army]]) which fought against Allied forces in the [[Burma campaign]]. He was also the head of state of a parallel regime, the [[Azad Hind]]. A number of Bengalis died during the independence movement and many were imprisoned in the notorious [[Cellular Jail]] in the [[Andaman Islands]].

==== Partitions of Bengal ====
{{Main|1905 Partition of Bengal|1947 Partition of Bengal}}

The [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|first partition in 1905]] divided the Bengal region in [[British India]] into two provinces for administrative and development purposes. However, the partition stoked [[Hindu nationalism]]. This in turn led to the formation of the [[All India Muslim League]] in Dhaka in 1906 to represent the growing aspirations of the [[Muslim]] population. The partition was annulled in 1912 after protests by the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Hindu Mahasabha]].

The breakdown of Hindu-Muslim unity in India drove the Muslim League to adopt the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1943, calling the creation of "independent states" in eastern and northwestern British India. The resolution paved the way for the [[Partition of British India]] based on the [[Radcliffe Line]] in 1947, despite attempts to form a [[United Bengal]] state that was opposed by many people.

=== Bangladesh Liberation War ===
{{Main|Bangladesh Liberation War}}

The rise of [[self-determination]] and [[Bengali nationalism]] movements in [[East Pakistan|East Bengal]], led by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]. This eventually culminated in the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] against the Pakistani military junta. The war caused millions of East Bengali refugees to take shelter in neighbouring India, especially the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], with Calcutta, the capital of West Bengal, becoming the capital-in-exile of the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]]. The [[Mukti Bahini]] guerrilla forces waged a nine-month war against the Pakistani military. The conflict ended after the Indian Armed Forces intervened on the side of Bangladeshi forces in the final two weeks of the war, which ended with the [[surrender of East Pakistan]] and the liberation of Dhaka on 16 December 1971. Thus, the newly independent [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]] was born from what was previously the East Pakistan province of Pakistan.

== Geographic distribution ==
{{See also|Bangladeshi diaspora|Indian diaspora}}{{Pie chart
| caption = Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming a rounded total of 280-290 million) worldwide.{{Efn|name=Bangladeshis}}
| value1 = 68
| label1 = [[Bangladesh]] or [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi origin]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNData app |url=https://data.un.org/en/iso/bd.html |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=data.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gigauri |first=Giorgi |date=26 March 2021 |title=Migrants' contribution to the 50-year journey of Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/celebrating-50-years-bangladesh/news/migrants-contribution-the-50-year-journey-bangladesh-2067097 |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>
| color1 = #006a4e
| value2 = 32
| label2 = [[India]] or [[Indian people|Indian origin]]
| color2 = #ffc000
| other-label =
| other-color =
| other =
}}[[File:I'tisam-ud-Din.png|thumb|[[I'tisam-ud-Din]] was the first educated Bengali and South Asian to have travelled to Europe.]]
Bengalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Bangladesh, at approximately 98% of the nation's inhabitants.<ref name="বাংলাদেশকে জানুন">{{cite web |url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/page/812d94a8-0376-4579-a8f1-a1f66fa5df5d/বাংলাদেশকে-জানুন |script-title=bn:জানুন |title=Bānlādēśakē jānuna |language=bn |trans-title=Discover Bangladesh |publisher=National Web Portal of Bangladesh |access-date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216093108/http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/www.bangladesh.gov.bd/index6517.html?q=bn%2F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8 |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Census of India]] does not recognise [[Racial groups of India|racial]] or ethnic groups within India,<ref>Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. 4 September 2006. [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619194905/http://www.censusindia.net/profiles/sik.html |date=19 June 2006 }}</ref> the [[CIA Factbook]] estimated that there are 100 million Bengalis in India constituting 7% of the country's total population. In addition to [[West Bengal]], Bengalis form the demographic majority in [[Assam]]'s [[Barak Valley]] and [[Lower Assam|Lower region]] as well as parts of [[Manipur]].<ref name=chingiz/> The state of [[Tripura]] as well as the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] [[union territory]], which lies in the [[Bay of Bengal]], are also home to a Bengali-majority population, most of whom are descendants of Hindus from East Bengal (now Bangladesh) that migrated there following the 1947 [[Partition of India]].<ref name="hdrchap1">{{cite book |title=Tripura human development report 2007 |chapter-url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf |access-date=19 March 2012 |publisher=Government of Tripura |chapter=The state of human development |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502120425/http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref>{{rp|3–4}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers/article25348269.ece |date=27 October 2018 |author=Karmakar, Rahul |title=Tripura, where demand for Assam-like NRC widens gap between indigenous people and non-tribal settlers |website=The Hindu |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040851/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers/article25348269.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=Times Now news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462 |date=19 April 2019 |title=When Indira Gandhi said: Refugees of all religions must go back |author=Shekhar, Sidharth |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123092721/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bengali migration to the latter archipelago was also boosted by subsequent state-funded ''Colonisation Schemes'' by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sekhsaria |first=Pankaj |title=How a statist vision of development has brought Andaman's tribals close to extinction |url=https://scroll.in/article/833293/how-a-statist-vision-of-development-has-brought-andamans-tribals-close-to-extinction |access-date=21 November 2020 |work=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129063143/https://scroll.in/article/833293/how-a-statist-vision-of-development-has-brought-andamans-tribals-close-to-extinction |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/bengali-settlers-andaman-islands-performance-homeland |title=Bengali settlers in the Andaman Islands: the performance of homeland |year=2017 |author=Lorea, Carola Erika |website=[[International Institute for Asian Studies]] |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200953/https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/bengali-settlers-andaman-islands-performance-homeland |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Brick Lane street signs.JPG|thumb|Large numbers of Bengalis have settled and established themselves in [[Banglatown]].]]
Bengali ethnic descent and emigrant communities are found primarily in other parts of [[the subcontinent]], the Middle East and the Western World. Substantial populations descended from Bengali immigrants exist in [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Pakistan]] and the United Kingdom where they form established communities of over 1 million people. The majority of the overseas Bengali diaspora are Muslims as the act of seafaring was traditionally prohibited in Hinduism; a taboo known as [[Kala pani (taboo)|kala pani]] (black water).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://aha.confex.com/aha/2013/webprogram/Paper11135.html | title = Crossing the Kala Pani to Britain for Hindu Workers and Elites | publisher = American Historical Association | date = 4 January 2012 | access-date = 2 February 2012 | archive-date = 26 February 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150226222504/https://aha.confex.com/aha/2013/webprogram/Paper11135.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

The introduction of [[Islam]] to the Bengali people has generated a connection to the [[Arabian Peninsula]], as Muslims are required to visit the land once in their lifetime to complete the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage. Several Bengali sultans funded Islamic institutions in the [[Hejaz]], which popularly became known by the [[Arabs]] as [[Banjaliyah Madrasah|Bengali madrasas]]. As a result of the British conquest of Bengal, some Bengalis decided to emigrate to Arabia.<ref>{{cite book |language=bn |script-title=bn:শতাব্দীর সূর্য শিখা |author=Majid, Razia |year=1987 |pages=45–48 |publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]] |trans-title=The solar flame of the century}}</ref> Notable examples include Mawlana Murad, an instructor of [[Islamic sciences]] based in [[Mecca]] in the early 1800s,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Muslim Society and Politics in Bengal, A.D. 1757–1947 |page=76 |quote=Maulana Murad, a Bengali domicile |year=1978 |publisher=[[University of Dacca]]}}</ref> and [[Najib Ali Choudhury]], a participant of the [[Battle of Shamli]].<ref name="Rahman2009">{{cite book |last1=Rahman |first1=Md. Matiur |last2=Bhuiya |first2=Abdul Musabbir |title=Teaching of Arabic language in Barak Valley: a historical study (14th to 20th century) |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/92871/7/07_chapter%203.pdf |year=2009 |publisher=Assam University |location=Silchar |pages=59–60 |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034143/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/92871/7/07_chapter%203.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Notable people of Bengali-origin in the Middle East include the renowned author and journalist [[Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar]] of [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Qur'an]] translator [[Zohurul Hoque]] from [[Oman]]. The family of [[Princess Sarvath al-Hassan]], wife of Jordanian prince [[Prince Hassan bin Talal|Hassan bin Talal]], are descended from the [[Suhrawardy family]] of [[Midnapore]].<ref name="official">{{cite web |url=http://www.elhassan.org/public/English.aspx?Lang=3&Page_Id=975&M=74 |title= Majlis El Hassan :: Sarvath El Hassan :: Biography |access-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719082204/http://www.elhassan.org/public/English.aspx?Lang=3&Page_Id=975&M=74 |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>

Earliest records of Bengalis in the European continent date back to the reign of King [[George III]] of England during the 16th century. One such example is [[I'tisam-ud-Din]], a Bengali Muslim cleric from [[Nadia district|Nadia]] in western Bengal, who arrived to Europe in 1765 with his servant Muhammad Muqim as a diplomat for the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=buckland>C.E. Buckland, Dictionary of Indian Biography, Haskell House Publishers Ltd, 1968, p.217</ref> Another example during this period is of [[James Achilles Kirkpatrick]]'s ''hookah-bardar'' ([[hookah]] servant/preparer) who was said to have robbed and cheated Kirkpatrick, making his way to England and stylising himself as the ''Prince of Sylhet''. The man, presumably from [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] in eastern Bengal, was waited upon by the [[prime minister of Great Britain]] [[William Pitt the Younger]], and then dined with the [[Duke of York]] before presenting himself in front of the King.<ref>{{cite book|title=Life of the Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone|first=Thomas Edward|last=Colebrooke|pages=34–35|orig-date=1884|date=2011|author-link=Sir Edward Colebrooke, 4th Baronet|chapter=First Start in Diplomacy|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-09722-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSoMEJ-_Nx0C&q=hookah&pg=PA34|access-date=16 May 2021|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051032/https://books.google.com/books?id=tSoMEJ-_Nx0C&q=hookah&pg=PA34|url-status=live}}</ref> Today, the [[British Bangladeshis]] are a naturalised community in the United Kingdom, running 90% of all [[South Asian cuisine]] restaurants and having established numerous [[ethnic enclave]]s across the country – most prominent of which is [[Banglatown]] in [[East London]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/jan/08/britains-curry-crisis-chefs-immigration|work=The Guardian|author=Khaleeli, Homa|title=The curry crisis|date=8 January 2012|access-date=16 May 2021|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516184152/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/jan/08/britains-curry-crisis-chefs-immigration|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Bengali_Language_mural_at_Hamtramck,_USA.png|thumb|Bengali Language mural at [[Hamtramck, Michigan]]]]

== Language ==
{{main|Bengali language}}

An important and unifying characteristic of Bengalis is that most of them use Bengali as their native tongue, which belongs to the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language family.<ref>"...Comparing seven Indo-Aryan languages – Hindi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya and Bengali – are also significant contributions to New Indo-Aryan (NIA) studies.{{harvcol|Cardona|2007|pp=627}}</ref> With about 242 million native and about 284 million total speakers worldwide, Bengali is one of the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|most spoken languages]], ranked sixth in the world,<ref name="popstat">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size|title=Statistical Summaries|access-date=23 May 2012|year=2012|publisher=Ethnologue|archive-date=2 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202224556/http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="huq_sarkar">{{cite Banglapedia |last1=Huq |first1=Mohammad Daniul |last2=Sarkar |first2=Pabitra|article=Bangla Language}}</ref> and is also used a [[lingua franca]] among other ethnic groups and tribes living within and around the Bengal region. Bengali is generally written using the [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]] and evolved circa 1000–1200 CE from [[Magadhi Prakrit]], thus bearing similarities to ancient languages such as [[Pali]]. Its closest modern relatives are other [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan]] languages such as [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and the [[Bihari languages]].<ref>"Within the Eastern Indic language family the history of the separation of Bangla from Odia, Assamese, and the languages of Bihar remains to be worked out carefully. Scholars do not yet agree on criteria for deciding if certain tenth century AD texts were in a Bangla already distinguishable from the other languages, or marked a stage at which Eastern Indic had not finished differentiating." {{harvcol|Cardona|2007|pp=352}}</ref> Though Bengali may have a historic legacy of borrowing vocabulary from languages such as [[Farsi|Persian]] and [[Sanskrit]],<ref name=bari>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/longform/news/tale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421#:~:text=As%20Suniti%20Kumar%20Chatterjee%20explains,of%20the%20Indo%2DEuropean%20languages.|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|author=Bari, Sarah Anjum|title=A Tale of Two Languages: How the Persian language seeped into Bengali|date=12 April 2019|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621164456/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/longform/news/tale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421#:~:text=As%20Suniti%20Kumar%20Chatterjee%20explains,of%20the%20Indo%2DEuropean%20languages.|url-status=live}}</ref> modern borrowings primarily come from the English language.
[[File:Bengali dialects.png|thumb|Bengali language and its dialects]]
Various forms of the language are in use today and provide an important force for Bengali cohesion. These distinct forms can be sorted into three categories. The first is ''[[Sadhu bhasha|Classical Bengali]]'' ({{lang|bn|সাধু ভাষা}} ''Śadhu Bhaśa''), which was a historical form restricted to literary usage up until the late British period. The second is ''[[Standard Bengali]]'' ({{lang|bn|চলিত ভাষা}} ''Čôlitô Bhaśa'' or {{lang|bn|শুদ্ধ ভাষা}} ''Śuddho Bhaśa''), which is the modern literary form, and is based upon the dialects of the divided Nadia region (partitioned between [[Nadia district|Nadia]] and [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]). It is used today in writing and in formal speaking, for example, prepared speeches, some radio broadcasts, and non-entertainment content. The third and largest category by speakers would be ''[[Bengali dialects|Colloquial Bengali]]'' ({{lang|bn|আঞ্চলিক ভাষা}} ''Añčôlik Bhaśa'' or {{lang|bn|কথ্য ভাষা}} ''Kôththô Bhaśa''). These refer to informal spoken language that varies by dialect from region to region.

== Social stratification ==
Bengali people may be broadly classified into sub-groups predominantly based on dialect but also other aspects of culture:
* [[Bangals]]: This is a term used predominantly in Indian [[West Bengal]] to refer to East Bengalis – i.e. [[Bangladeshi]]s as well as those whose ancestors originate from Eastern Bengal. The East Bengali dialects are known as [[Bangali dialect|Bangali]]. This group constitutes the majority of ethnic Bengalis. They originate from the mainland Bangladeshi regions of [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]], [[Comilla Division|Comilla]], [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], [[Barisal Division|Barisal]] and [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]].
** Among Bangals, there are four subgroups that maintain distinct identities in addition to having a (Eastern) Bengali identity.<ref>Tanweer Fazal (2012). ''Minority Nationalisms in South Asia: 'We are with culture but without geography': locating Sylheti identity in contemporary India, Nabanipa Bhattacharjee.'' pp.59–67.</ref> The Chittagonians are natives of the Chittagong region ([[Chittagong District]] and [[Cox's Bazar District]]) of Bangladesh and speak [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]]. The Bengali people of Cox's Bazar are closely related to the [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]]s of the [[Rakhine State]] in [[Myanmar]]. [[Sylhetis]] originate from the [[Sylhet Division]] of Bangladesh and they speak [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahman |first=Zia Haider |date=2 May 2007 |title=A community without aspirations |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/may/02/yesterdaysawthepublication |access-date=4 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[Noakhailla]] speakers can be found in greater [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]] region and southern [[Tripura]]. The [[Dhakaiyas|Dhakaiya Kuttis]] are a small urban [[Bengali Muslim]] community residing in [[Old Dhaka]] city that noticeably differ from the rest of the people of [[Dhaka Division]] by culture.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}
* [[Ghoti people|Ghotis]]: This is the term favoured by the natives of [[West Bengal]] to distinguish themselves from other Bengalis.
** The people of [[Purulia district|Purulia]], and greater [[Manbhum]], reside in far-western Bengal and have some regional differences with the mainland Ghotis via dialect and culture. Other Ghoti communities include the [[Ghosi tribe#West Bengal|Ghosis]] and [[Lodha Muslims|Lodhas]].<ref name="ReferenceB">Marginal Muslim Communities in India edited by M.K.A Siddiqui pages 295-305</ref>
* The region of [[North Bengal]], which hosts [[Varendri]] and [[Rajbanshi language|Rangpuri]] speakers, is divided between both West Bengal and Bangladesh, and they are normally categorised into the former two main groups depending on which side of the border they reside in even though they are culturally similar to each other regardless of international borders. The categorisation of North Bengalis into Ghoti or Bangal is contested. Rangpuri speakers can also be found in parts of [[Lower Assam]], while the [[Shershahabadia]] community extend into Bihar. Other northern Bengali communities include the [[Khotta people|Khotta]] and [[Nashya Shaikh]].

Bengalis Hindus are socially stratified into four castes, called ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|chôturbôrṇô]]''. The caste system derived from Hindu system of [[Varna (Hinduism)|bôrṇô]] (type, order, colour or class) and [[jāti]] (clan, tribe, community or sub-community), which divides people into four colours: White, Red, Yellow and Black. White people are [[Brahmin|Brahmôṇ]], who are destined to be priests, teachers and preachers; Red people are [[Kshatriya|Kkhôtriyô]], who are destined to be kings, governors, warriors and soldiers; Yellow people are [[Vaishya|Bôiśśô]], who are born to be cattle herders, ploughmen, artisans and merchants; and Black people are [[Shudra|Shūdrô]], who are born to be labourers and servants to the people of [[twice-born]] caste.<ref>Mahabharata (12.181)</ref><ref>Hiltebeitel, Alf (2011). ''Dharma : its early history in law, religion, and narrative''. Oxford University Press. pp. 529–531.{{ISBN|978-0-19-539423-8}}</ref> People from all caste denominations exist among Bengali Hindus. [[Ram Mohan Roy]], who was born Hindu, founded the [[Brahmo Samaj]] which attempted to abolish the practices of casteism, [[Sati (practice)|sati]] and [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]] among Hindus.<ref name="airccse75"/>

== Religion ==
{{Main|Demographics of Bangladesh|West Bengal#Demographics|Tripura#Demographics|Andaman and Nicobar Islands#Demographics}}

{{See also|Religion in Bangladesh|Hinduism in West Bengal|Islam in Bangladesh|Buddhism in Bangladesh|Christianity in West Bengal}}
[[File:Sholakia Eidgah Maidan 03.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Bengali Muslim men performing [[Eid prayer]] at [[Sholakia]] [[Eidgah]] in [[Bangladesh]]]]
[[File:5456g baghbazar-pratima crp.jpg|thumb|236x236px|[[Durga Puja]] in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India]]
{{bar box
|title=Religions among Bengalis<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Romita |last=Datta |date=13 November 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13 |title=The great Hindu vote trick |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=4 October 2022 |quote=Hindus add up to about 70 million in Bengal's 100 million population, of which around 55 million are Bengalis. |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217152015/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Zamser |last=Ali |date=5 December 2019 |url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land |title=EXCLUSIVE: BJP Govt plans to evict 70 lakh Muslims, 60 lakh Bengali Hindus through its Land Policy (2019) in Assam |website=[[Sabrang Communications]] |access-date=4 October 2022 |quote=Hence, about 70 lakh Assamese Muslims and 60 lakh Bengali-speaking Hindus face mass evictions and homelessness if the policy is allowed to be passed in the Assembly. |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003180815/https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thenewsweb.in" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country |title=Census 2022: Number of Muslims increased in the country |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033444/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="globalreligiousfutures.org" /><ref name="Khan 2013 2">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Mojlum |title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal |publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-84774-052-6 |pages=2 |quote=Bengali-speaking Muslims as a group consists of around 200 million people.}}</ref>
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|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Islam |green |70}}
{{bar percent|Hinduism|Orange |28}}
{{bar percent|others|purple|2}}
}}

The largest religions practised in [[Bengal]] are [[Islam and Hinduism]].<ref name="Bengali religions p824">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |surname=McDermott |given=Rachel Fell |title=Bengali religions |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion |editor=Lindsay Jones |edition=2nd |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA |volume=2 |pages=824 |isbn=0-02-865735-7}}</ref> Among all Bengalis, more than two-thirds are Muslims. The vast majority follow the [[Sunni]] denomination though there are also a small minority of [[Shia]]s. The Bengali Muslims form a 91.1% majority in Bangladesh,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Population and Housing Census 2022|url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf|website=bbs.portal.gov.bd|publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925220139/https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf|archive-date=25 September 2024}}</ref> and a 30% minority among the ethnic Bengalis in the entirety of India.<ref>Comparing State Polities: A Framework for Analyzing 100 Governments By Michael J. III Sullivan, pg. 119</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256513.pdf |title=Bangladesh 2015 International Religious Freedom Report |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114182054/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256513.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Andre |first1=Aletta |last2=Kumar |first2=Abhimanyu |title=Protest poetry: Assam's Bengali Muslims take a stand |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/protest-poetry-assam-bengali-muslims-stand-161219094434005.html |access-date=26 January 2017 |agency=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]] |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]] |date=23 December 2016 |quote=Total Muslim population in Assam is 34.22% of which 90% are Bengali Muslims according to this source which puts the Bengali Muslim percentage in Assam as 29.08% |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060836/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/protest-poetry-assam-bengali-muslims-stand-161219094434005.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ciafactbook">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/ Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730024842/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/ |date=30 July 2021 }}- [[CIA World Factbook]]</ref><ref name=westbengalreligion/> In West Bengal, Bengali Muslims form a 66.88% majority in [[Murshidabad district]], the former seat of the Shia [[Nawabs of Bengal]], a 51.27% majority in [[Malda district|Malda]], which contains the erstwhile capitals of the Sunni [[Bengal Sultanate]], and they also number over 5,487,759 in the [[24 Parganas]].<ref name="censusreligion2011">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS Population by religious community: West Bengal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910024649/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |date=10 September 2016 }}. 2011 Census of India.</ref>

Just less than a third of all Bengalis are Hindus (predominantly, the [[Shaktism|Shaktas]] and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavists]]),<ref name="Bengali religions p826" /> and as per as 2011 census report, they form a 70.54% majority in [[West Bengal]], 50% plurality in Southern Assam's [[Barak Valley]] region,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/assam-assembly-election-2021-in-barak-valley-congress-battles-religious-fault-lines-local-factors-bother-bjp-9483101.html | title=Assam Assembly Election 2021: In Barak Valley, Congress battles religious fault lines; local factors bother BJP-India News |work=Firstpost | date=April 2021 | access-date=14 September 2022 | archive-date=4 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904063844/https://www.firstpost.com/india/assam-assembly-election-2021-in-barak-valley-congress-battles-religious-fault-lines-local-factors-bother-bjp-9483101.html | url-status=live }}</ref> 60% majority in the India's North Eastern state of [[Tripura]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/sunday-edition/bjp-eyes-22-m-bengali-hindus-in-tripura-quest.html | title=BJP eyes 2.2 m Bengali Hindus in Tripura quest |work=Daily Pioneer| access-date=14 September 2022 | archive-date=14 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914144242/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/sunday-edition/bjp-eyes-22-m-bengali-hindus-in-tripura-quest.html | url-status=live }}</ref> 28% plurality in [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], 9% significance population in India's Eastern state of [[Jharkhand]]{{Sfn|Sengupta|2002|p=98}} and 7.95% minority in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf|title=Population Housing Census|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903181037/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ciafactbook"/> In Bangladesh, Hindus are mostly concentrated in [[Sylhet Division]] where they constitute 13.51% of the population, and are mostly populated in [[Dhaka Division]] where they number over 2.7 million. Hindus form a 54.46% majority in [[Dacope Upazila]]. In terms of population, Bangladesh is the third largest Hindu populated country of the world, just after India and [[Nepal]]. The total Hindu population in Bangladesh exceeds the population of many Muslim majority countries like [[Yemen]], [[Jordan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Syria]], [[Tunisia]], [[Oman]], and others.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-analysis-are-there-any-takeaways-for-muslims-from-the-narendra-modi-government-1992395 |title=[Analysis] Are there any takeaways for Muslims from the Narendra Modi government? |work=DNA |date=27 May 2014 |access-date=31 May 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106011956/https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-analysis-are-there-any-takeaways-for-muslims-from-the-narendra-modi-government-1992395 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also the total Hindu population in Bangladesh is roughly equal to the total population of Greece and Belgium.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Haider|first1=M. Moinuddin|last2=Rahman|first2=Mizanur|last3=Kamal|first3=Nahid|date=6 May 2019|title=Hindu Population Growth in Bangladesh: A Demographic Puzzle|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/6/1/article-p123_123.xml|journal=Journal of Religion and Demography|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=123–148|doi=10.1163/2589742X-00601003|s2cid=189978272|issn=2589-7411|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603095536/https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/6/1/article-p123_123.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bengali Hindus also worship regional deities.<ref name="Bengali religions p826"/><ref name="Frawley https://books.google.com/books/about/What_Is_Hinduism.html?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ&PA26 26"/><ref name="Tagore 1916 320"/>

Other religious groups include [[Bengali Buddhists|Buddhists]] (comprising around 1% of the population in Bangladesh) and [[Bengali Christians|Christians]].<ref name="Bengali religions p824" /><ref name=westbengalreligion>{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community – West Bengal |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 August 2015 |website=census.gov.in |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> A large number of the Bengali Christians are descendants of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese voyagers]], they're known as ''Kalo Firingi'' (Black firingis) or ''Matio Firingis'' (Earth-coloured firingis). The bulk of Bengali Buddhists belong to the Bengali-speaking [[Barua (Bangladesh)|Barua]]s who reside in [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] and [[Rakhine State|Rakhine]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzEOKNPsv2EC |title=Peoples of the Buddhist World: A Christian Prayer Diary |isbn=9780878083619 |last1=Hattaway |first1=Paul |year=2004|publisher=William Carey Library }}</ref> There is also a [[Jainism in Bengal|Bengali Jain]] ethnoreligious group named [[Sarak]] residing in [[Rarh region]] of West Bengal and Jharkhand.<ref name="Ghosh">{{cite book |title=Pashchimbanger Samskriti |trans-title=The Culture of West Bengal |language=bn |last=Ghosh|first=Binay |year=2010 |orig-year=1957 |publisher=Prakash Bhawan |location=Kolkata |edition=2nd |volume=1 |pages=447–449}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Further|Culture of Bengal|Culture of Bangladesh|Culture of West Bengal}}

=== Festivals ===
{{main|List of festivals in Bangladesh|List of festivals in West Bengal}}

[[File:New crop.jpg|thumb|225px|right|Harvesting preparation in Bangladesh.]]
Bengalis have a rich cultural diversity in celebrating festivals throughout the year, suggesting the phrase - ''<nowiki>''Baro Mashe Tero Parbon''</nowiki>''. Along with major festivals, every month in the [[Bengali calendars|Bengali calendar]] has rituals for the well-being and prosperity for the family members, often called as ''brotos'' (vow).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maitra Chakraborty |first=Barnini |date=26 April 2024 |title=The 'brotos' of Bengal — stories of festive rituals and traditions around the year |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/learn-the-traditions-and-folktales-behind-bengals-brata-and-brotokotha-and-sashti-puja/cid/2016026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

[[Bengali Muslims]] have Islamic holidays [[Eid al-Adha]] and [[Eid al-Fitr]]. Relatives, friends, and neighbours visit and exchange food and sweets in those occasions.<ref name="imagine170">{{cite book |last1=Eade |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/imaginedlondons00gilb |title=Imagined Londons |last2=Fremeaux |first2=Isabelle |last3=Garbin |first3=David |publisher=State University of New York |year=2002 |isbn=0-7914-5501-7 |editor-last=Gilbert |editor-first=Pamela K. |page=[https://archive.org/details/imaginedlondons00gilb/page/n180 170] |chapter=The Political Construction of Diasporic Communities in the Global City |url-access=limited}}</ref> [[Durga Puja]] is the most significant festival of [[Bengali Hindus]], celebrated annually, worshiping Hindu goddess Durga. In 2021, [[Durga Puja in Kolkata]] has been inscribed on the list of '[[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]]' by [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO - Durga Puja in Kolkata |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/durga-puja-in-kolkata-00703 |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Kali Puja]] is another significant Bengali Hindu festival, celebrated with great fervour in the Hindu month of ''Kartit''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=13 November 2023 |title=Bengali Community Radiates Diwali Brilliance with Maa Kali Worship |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bengali-community-radiates-diwali-brilliance-with-maa-kali-worship-1503240396.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2018 |title=Decoding why Bengal celebrates Kali on Diwali |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/diwali-special-decoding-the-many-forms-of-goddess-kali-in-india-5436248/ |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Worshiping [[Lakshmi Puja|Lakkhmi Puja]] has a unique tradition in every Bengali Hindu households.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Priyanjali |date=31 October 2023 |title=Kojagari Lakshmi Puja and Bengali's religious affair with bhog |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/kojagari-lakshmi-puja-and-bengali%C2%92s-religious-affair-with-bhog-1503236363.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2021 |title=Ghoti and Bangal – Lakshmi Puja bhog traditions across borders |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ghoti-and-bangal-lakshmi-puja-bhog-traditions-across-borders/articleshow/87156432.cms |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Shakta Rash]] is the most celebrated festival and uniquely observed in [[Nabadwip]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Girish Chandra |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265018 |title=Sekaler Darogar Kahini |publisher=Pustak Bipani |year=1958 |editor-last=Roy |editor-first=Alok |edition=2nd |location=Kolkata |pages=34–35 |language=Bengali}}</ref>

[[Pohela Boishakh]] is a celebration of the new year and arrival of summer in the [[Bengali calendar]] and is celebrated in April. Most of households and business establishments worship [[Lakshmi]]-[[Ganesha|Ganesh]] in this particular day for their success and prosperity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2019 |title=Kolkatans ring in Naba Barsha with friends, family and food |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkatans-ring-in-naba-barsha-with-friends-family-and-food/articleshow/68896279.cms |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It features a funfair, music and dance displays on stages, with people dressed in colourful traditional clothes, parading through the streets.<ref name="mela2">{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06may/p3a.jsp?nav=on |url-status=dead |title=Banglatown spices it up for the new year |work=The Londoner |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501231154/http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06may/p3a.jsp?nav=on |archive-date=1 May 2006 |access-date=25 July 2008}}</ref> Festivals like [[Pahela Falgun]] (spring) are also celebrated regardless of their faith. The Bengalis of [[Dhaka]] celebrate [[Shakrain]], an annual kite festival. The [[Nabanna]] is a Bengali celebration akin to the [[harvest festival]]s in the Western world. [[Language Movement Day]] is observed in Bangladesh and India. In 1999, [[UNESCO]] declared 21 February as [[International Mother Language Day]], in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethnolinguistic rights of people around the world.<ref>Glassie, Henry and Mahmud, Feroz.2008.Living Traditions. Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Series-II. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Dhaka. International Mother Language Day</ref> [[Kolkata Book Fair]] is the world's largest non-trade and the most attended book fair, where people from different countries gather together.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2017 |title=To find the world in books, here's a list of book fairs in the world |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/to-find-the-world-in-books-heres-a-list-of-book-fairs-in-the-world/articleshow/60894462.cms |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Fashion and arts ===
====Visual art and architecture====
{{main|Bangladeshi art|Arts of West Bengal}}

The recorded history of art in Bengal can be traced to the 3rd century BCE, when [[terracotta]] sculptures were made in the region. The architecture of the [[Bengal Sultanate]] saw a distinct style of domed mosques with complex niche pillars that had no minarets. [[Ivory]], [[pottery]] and [[brass]] were also widely used in Bengali art.

====Attire and clothing====
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Creative wedding photography.jpg
| caption1 = A Bengali Muslim man sporting a simple black [[sherwani]].
| width1 = 150
| image2 = In a Bengali Village IB1733.jpg
| caption2 = A Bengali man in [[dhoti]], between 1939 and 1945.
| width2 = 210
| image3 = Teenage 2353.JPG
| caption3 = Bengali school students in ''Lal Paeer Saree'' at [[Science City, Kolkata]].
| width3 = 330
}}

Bengali attire shares similarities with North Indian attire. In rural areas, older women wear the ''[[sari|shari]]'' while the younger generation wear the {{lang|bn-Latn|[[salwar kameez|selwar kamiz]]}}, both with simple designs. In urban areas, the ''{{lang|bn-Latn|selwar kamiz}}'' is more popular, and has distinct fashionable designs. Traditionally Bengali men wore the ''[[jama (coat)|jama]]'', though the costumes such as the ''[[kurta|panjabi]]'' with ''{{lang|bn-Latn|[[sirwal|selwar]]}}'' or ''[[pyjama]]'' have become more popular within the past three centuries. The popularity of the ''{{lang|bn-Latn|fotua}}'', a shorter upper garment, is undeniable among Bengalis in casual environments. The {{lang|bn-Latn|[[lungi]]}} and {{lang|bn-Latn|[[gamucha|gamcha]]}} are a common combination for rural Bengali men. [[Islamic clothing]] is also very common in the region. During special occasions, Bengali women commonly wear either ''shari''s, {{lang|bn-Latn|selwar kamizes}} or [[abaya]]s, covering their hair with [[hijab]] or {{lang|bn-Latn|[[dupatta|orna]]}}; and men wear a ''panjabi'', also covering their hair with a [[kufi|tupi]], {{lang|bn-Latn|[[Taqiyah (cap)|toqi]]}}, {{lang|bn-Latn|[[pagri]]}} or {{lang|bn-Latn|[[Hejazi turban|rumal]]}}.

[[Mughal Bengal]]'s most celebrated artistic tradition was the weaving of [[Jamdani]] [[Motif (textile arts)|motifs]] on fine muslin, which is now classified by UNESCO as an [[intangible cultural heritage]]. Jamdani motifs were similar to Iranian textile art (buta motifs) and Western textile art ([[Paisley (design)|paisley]]). The Jamdani weavers in Dhaka received imperial patronage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art|title=In Search of Bangladeshi Islamic Art|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum|date=12 November 2015 |access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812083629/http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art|archive-date=12 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The traditional attire of Bengali Hindus is [[dhoti]] and [[kurta]] for men, and [[saree]] for women.

====Performing arts====
{{See also|Cinema of West Bengal|Music of West Bengal|Music of Bangladesh|Gaudiya Nritya|Theatre in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Chaou.jpg|thumb|left|Artistes from [[Purulia district]] of [[West Bengal]] performs Chhau dance]]
Bengal has an extremely rich heritage of performing arts dating back to antiquity. It includes narrative forms, songs and dances, performance with scroll paintings, puppet theatre and the processional forms like the [[Jatra (theatre)|Jatra]] and [[Cinematography|cinema]]. Performing of plays and [[Jatra (theatre)|Jatras]] were mentioned in [[Charyapada]], written in between the 8th and 12th centuries.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |author=Hasan, Sheikh Mehedi |article=Dance}}</ref> [[Chhau dance]] is a unique martial, tribal and folk art of Bengal. Wearing an earthy and theatrical [[Chhau mask]], the dance is performed to highlight the folklore and episodes from ''[[Shaktism]]'', ''[[Ramayana]]'' – ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and other abstract themes.<ref name="Claus2003">{{Cite book |last1=Claus |first1=Peter J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC |title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka |last2=Diamond |first2=Sarah |last3=Mills |first3=Margaret Ann |date=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-93919-5 |pages=109–110 |language=en |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia |author=Ahmed, Wakil |article=Folk Dances}}</ref> In 2010 the [[Chhau dance]] was inscribed in the [[UNESCO]]'s [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO – Chhau dance |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists |access-date=18 June 2021 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526011220/https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bengali film is a glorious part of the history of world cinema. [[Hiralal Sen]], who is considered a stalwart of [[Victorian era]] cinema, sowed the first seeds of Bengali cinema.<ref name="Claus2003" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Who's Who of Victorian Cinema |url=https://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen |access-date=18 June 2021 |website=www.victorian-cinema.net |archive-date=23 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523154503/http://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1898, Sen founded the first film production company, named [[Royal Bioscope Company]] in Bengal, and possibly the first in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ramachandran |first1=T. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9rthUDKxyEC |title=70 Years of Indian Cinema, 1913–1983 |last2=Rukmini |first2=S. |publisher=CINEMA India-International |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-86132-090-5 |page=51 |language=en |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051039/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9rthUDKxyEC |url-status=live}}</ref> Along with [[Nemai Ghosh (director)|Nemai Ghosh]], [[Tapan Sinha]] and others, the golden age of Bengali cinema begins with the hands of [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Mrinal Sen]] and [[Ritwik Ghatak|Rittwik Ghatak]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Bhaskar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wghFNlpM3PIC |title=Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition |publisher=Duke University Press |date=20 May 2009 |isbn=978-0-8223-9221-7 |location=[[Durham, England|Durham]] & London |page=134 |language=en |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051054/https://books.google.com/books?id=wghFNlpM3PIC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chinnamul]] was recognised as the first [[Neorealism (art)|neo-realist]] film in India that deals with the [[partition of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Anjali Gera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWB0GmmoOSMC |title=Partitioned Lives: Narratives of Home, Displacement, and Resettlement |last2=Bhatia |first2=Nandi |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1416-4 |page=68 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2020 |title='Chinnamul' to 'Pather Panchali': Golden era Experiments that led to Bengali Cinema RENAISSANCE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chinnamul-to-pather-panchali-golden-era-experiments-that-led-to-bengali-cinema-renaissance/photostory/74175284.cms |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626092802/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chinnamul-to-pather-panchali-golden-era-experiments-that-led-to-bengali-cinema-renaissance/photostory/74175284.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Ray's first cinema ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' (1955) achieved the highest-ranking Indian film on any Sight & Sound poll at number 6 in the 1992 Critics' Poll.<ref name="S&S">[[Sight & Sound#The Sight & Sound Poll of the Greatest Films of All Time|The ''Sight & Sound'' Poll of the Greatest Films of All Time]]
* {{cite web |title=1992 Directors' and Critics' poll |url=http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/polls/topten/history/1992.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052127/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/polls/topten/history/1992.html |archive-date=8 October 2014 |access-date=18 June 2021 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}
* {{cite magazine |date=December 1992 |title=Top Ten: 250 Verdicts |magazine=Sight & Sound |publisher=British Film Institute |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=18–30}}</ref> It also topped the [[British Film Institute]]'s user poll of ''Top 10 Indian Films'' of all time in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |date=2002 |title=User Poll: Indian Top 10 |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/userpoll/india.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530205427/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/userpoll/india.html |archive-date=30 May 2008 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref> In the same year, [[Titash Ekti Nadir Naam]], directed by [[Ritwik Ghatak]] with the joint production of India and [[Bangladesh]], got the honour of ''best Bangladeshi films'' in the audience and critics' polls conducted by the [[British Film Institute]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Bangladeshi Films |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/bangladesh/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527232052/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/bangladesh/index.html |archive-date=27 May 2007 |access-date=18 June 2021 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>

=== Gastronomy ===
{{main|Bengali cuisine}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
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| caption_align = center
| align = right
| image1 = Paan60.jpg
| caption1 = [[Paan]] and [[areca nut|supari]] are a typical meal concluder.
| image2 = A_Glass_of_Borhani.jpg
| caption2 = A glass of [[Borhani]]
| image3 = Bangladeshi Biryani.jpg
| caption3 = A plate of [[Dhaka]]iya [[biryani]].
| image4 = Shorshe Pabda (Pabo catfish in Mustard paste)-Home,kolkata-West Bengal-IMG 0001.jpg
| caption4 = Shorshe Pabda (Pabo catfish in Mustard paste)
}}

[[Bengali cuisine]] is the culinary style of the Bengali people. It has the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from South Asia that is analogous in structure to the modern service à la russe style of [[French cuisine]], with food served course-wise rather than all at once. The dishes of Bengal are often centuries old and reflect the rich history of trade in Bengal through spices, herbs, and foods. With an emphasis on fish and vegetables served with rice as a staple diet, Bengali cuisine is known for its subtle flavours, and its huge spread of confectioneries and milk-based desserts. One will find the following items in most dishes; [[mustard oil]], [[Fish as food|fish]], [[panch phoron]], [[Sheep|lamb]], onion, rice, [[cardamom]], [[yogurt]] and [[spices]]. The food is often served in plates which have a distinct flowery pattern often in blue or pink. Common beverages include [[Sharbat (beverage)|shorbot]], [[borhani]], [[Chaas|ghol]], [[Mattha|matha]], [[lassi|lachhi]], [[falooda]], [[Rooh Afza]], natural juices like [[Sugarcane juice|Akher rosh]], [[Date juice|Khejur rosh]], Aamrosh, [[Doodh pati chai|Dudh cha]], [[Palm fruit juice|Taler rosh]], [[Masala chai|Masala cha]], as well as [[Kasa kasa|basil seed]] or [[Hyptis suaveolens|tukma]]-based drinks.

Bangladeshi and West Bengali cuisines have many similarities, but also many unique traditions at the same time. These kitchens have been influenced by the history of the respective regions. The kitchens can be further divided into the urban and rural kitchens. Urban kitchens in Bangladesh consist of native dishes with foreign Mughal influence, for example the [[Haji biryani]] and Chevron Biryani of [[Old Dhaka]].

'''Traditional Bengali Dishes:'''

[[Shorshe ilish]], [[Biryani]], [[Mezban]], [[Khichuri]], Macher [[Paturi (Bengali dish)|Paturi]], [[Chingri malai curry|Chingri Malai Curry]], [[Mishti doi|Mishti Doi]], etc. are some of the traditional dishes of the Bengali's.

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Bengali literature|Bengali Renaissance}}

[[Bengali literature]] denotes the body of writings in the Bengali language, which has developed over the course of roughly 13 centuries. The earliest extant work in Bengali literature can be found within the [[Charyapada]], a collection of Buddhist mystic hymns dating back to the 10th and 11th centuries. They were discovered in the Royal Court Library of [[Nepal]] by [[Hara Prasad Shastri]] in 1907. The timeline of Bengali literature is divided into three periods − ancient (650–1200), medieval (1200–1800) and modern (after 1800). Medieval Bengali literature consists of various poetic genres, including Islamic epics by the likes of [[Abdul Hakim (poet)|Abdul Hakim]] and [[Syed Sultan]], secular texts by Muslim poets like [[Alaol]] and Vaishnava texts by the followers of [[Krishna Chaitanya]]. Bengali writers began exploring different themes through narratives and epics such as religion, culture, cosmology, love and history. Royal courts such as that of the [[Bengal Sultanate]] and the [[kingdom of Mrauk U]] gave patronage to numerous Bengali writers such as [[Shah Muhammad Saghir]], [[Daulat Qazi]] and [[Dawlat Wazir Bahram Khan]].

The [[Bengali Renaissance]] refers to a socio-religious reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, centered around the city of [[Calcutta]] and predominantly led by upper-caste [[Bengali Hindu]]s under the patronage of the [[British Raj]] who had created a reformed religion known as the [[Brahmo Samaj]]. Historian [[Nitish Sengupta]] describes the Bengal renaissance as having begun with [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] (1775–1833) and ended with Asia's first Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1861–1941).<ref name="sengupta">{{cite book |author=Nitish Sengupta |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |year=2001 |title=History of the Bengali-speaking People |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |page=211 |isbn=978-81-7476-355-6 |quote=The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1775-1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941).}}</ref>

Though the Bengal Renaissance was predominantly representative to the Hindu community due to their relationship with British colonisers,<ref name="Sengupta2001p213">{{cite book |author=Nitish Sengupta |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |year=2001 |title=History of the Bengali-speaking People |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |page=213 |isbn=978-81-7476-355-6}}</ref> there were, nevertheless, examples of modern Muslim littérateurs in this period. [[Mir Mosharraf Hossain]] (1847–1911) was the first major writer in the modern era to emerge from the Bengali Muslim society, and one of the finest prose writers in the Bengali language. His [[magnum opus]] [[Bishad Shindhu]] is a popular classic among Bengali readership. [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] (1899–1976), notable for his activism and anti-British literature, was described as the Rebel Poet and is now recognised as the National poet of Bangladesh. [[Begum Rokeya]] (1880–1932) was the leading female Bengali author of this period, best known for writing [[Sultana's Dream]] which was subsequently translated into numerous languages.

=== Marriage ===
[[File:All grown up and married!.jpg|thumb|The application of [[mehndi]] onto one's hand hosts a ceremony of itself during Bengali wedding seasons.]]
[[File:Bengali wedding (05).JPG|thumb|A Bengali groom [[dua|supplicating]] during his wedding.]]
A marriage among Bengalis often consists of multiple events rather than just one wedding. [[Arranged marriage]]s are arguably the most common form of marriage among Bengalis and are considered traditional in society.<ref name="Practiced">{{cite news |url=https://www.elitedaily.com/p/6-places-in-the-world-where-arranged-marriages-is-traditional-historically-practiced-15922788 |title=6 Places In The World Where Arranged Marriages Is Traditional & Historically Practiced |work=[[Elite Daily]] |date=5 February 2019 |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117182605/https://www.elitedaily.com/p/6-places-in-the-world-where-arranged-marriages-is-traditional-historically-practiced-15922788 |url-status=live}}</ref> Marriage is seen as a union between two families rather than just two people,<ref name="A BANGLADESHI WEDDING JOURNAL">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/a-bangladeshi-wedding-journal-49457 |title=A Bangladeshi Wedding Journal |date=11 November 2014 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329085144/https://www.thedailystar.net/a-bangladeshi-wedding-journal-49457 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kottak |first=Conrad Phillip |author-link=Conrad Phillip Kottak |year=2019 |orig-year=First published 1996 |title=Mirror for humanity : a concise introduction to cultural anthropology |edition=12th |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-1-260-56570-6 |oclc=1132235649}}</ref> and they play a large part in developing and maintaining [[Interpersonal ties|social ties]] between families and villages. The two families are facilitated by ''Ghotok''s (mutual matchmakers), and the first event is known as the ''Paka Dekha''/''Dekhadekhi'' where all those involved are familiarised with each other over a meal at the bride's home. The first main event is the ''Paan-Chini''/''Chini-Paan'', hosted by the bride's family. Gifts are received from the groom's family and the marriage date is fixed in this event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Those 'paan-chini' days |author=Faruque, Nafisa |date=13 November 2021 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/special-feature/news/those-paan-chini-days-1659598 |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117182617/https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/special-feature/news/those-paan-chini-days-1659598 |url-status=live}}</ref> An ''[[adda (South Asian)|adda]]'' takes place between the families as they consume a traditional Bengali banquet of food, ''[[paan]]'', tea and ''[[Sweets from the Indian subcontinent|mishti]]''. The next event is the ''[[mehndi]]'' (henna) evening also known as the ''[[gaye holud]]'' (turmeric on the body). In Bengali Muslim weddings, this is normally followed by the main event, the ''[[walima]]'', hosting thousands of guests. An [[nikah|aqd]] (vow) takes place, where a contract of marriage (''Kabin nama'') and is signed. A ''[[qadi|qazi]]'' or ''[[imam]]'' is usually present here and would also recite the ''[[Qur'an]]'' and make ''[[dua]]'' for the couple. The groom is required to pay ''[[mahr|mohor]]'' (dowry) to the bride. For Bengali Hindu weddings, a Hindu priest is present, and the groom and bride follow Hindu customs culminating in the groom putting sindoor (vermillion) on the head of the bride to indicate that she is now a married woman. The ''Phirajatra''/''Phirakhaowa'' consists of the return of the bride with her husband to her home, which then becomes referred to as ''Naiyor'', and [[payesh]] and milk are served. Other post-marriage ceremonies include the ''[[Bou Bhat]]'' which takes place in the groom's home.
[[File:Bengali Aiburo Bhaat Thali, Own Home, Kolkata, West Bengal.jpg|thumb|Bengali ''Aiburo Bhaat Thali'' in Kolkata, West Bengal.]]
[[Arranged marriage]]s are arguably the most common form of marriage among Bengalis and are considered traditional in society.<ref name="Practiced"/> Though polygamy is rarity among Bengalis today, it was historically prevalent among both Muslims and Hindus prior to [[British colonisation]] and was a sign of prosperity.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Marriage|author=Rahman, Bilkis}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{main|Science and technology in Bangladesh}}

{{See also|List of Bangladeshi scientists|List of Indian Bengali scientists}}
The contribution of Bengalis to modern science is pathbreaking in the world's context. [[Qazi Azizul Haque]] was an inventor who is credited for devising the mathematical basis behind a [[Henry Classification System|fingerprint classification system]] that continued to be used up until the 1990s for criminal investigations. [[Abdus Suttar Khan]] invented more than forty different alloys for commercial application in space shuttles, jet engines, train engines and industrial gas turbines. In 2006, [[Abul Hussam]] invented the [[Sono arsenic filter]] and subsequently became the recipient of the 2007 [[Grainger challenge]] Prize for [[Sustainability]].<ref name=nationalacademies>{{cite press release |title=National Academy of Engineering Announces Winners of $1 Million Challenge to Provide Safe Drinking Water |url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02012007 |website=[[National Academies]] |access-date=5 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926153135/https://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02012007 |archive-date=26 September 2021}}</ref> Another biomedical scientist, [[Parvez Haris]], was listed among the top 1% of 100,000 scientists in the world by [[Stanford University]].<ref name="br24">{{cite web |url=https://britbangla24.com/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87/ |script-title=bn:বিশ্বের শীর্ষ বিজ্ঞানীদের তালিকায় প্রফেসর পারভেজ হারিস : আর্সেনিক নিয়ে গবেষণা সাড়া জাগিয়েছে |website=britbangla24 |date=23 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |language=bn |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123232544/https://britbangla24.com/%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b6%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%b6%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b7-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9e%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%87/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rafiqul Islam (scientist)|Rafiqul Islam]] was the first to discover food saline ([[Oral rehydration therapy|Orsaline]]) for the treatment of [[diarrhoea]]. [[The Lancet]] considered this discovery to be "the most important medical discovery of the 20th century".<ref name="ds6Mar2018">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/oral-saline-inventor-no-more-1544038 |title=Oral saline inventor no more |work=The Daily Star |date=6 March 2018 |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>

[[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] was a structural engineer responsible for making many important advancements in high rise designs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lehigh.edu/~infrk/2011.08.article.html |title=Lehigh University: Fazlur Rahman Khan Distinguished Lecture Series |access-date=20 May 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701122344/https://www.lehigh.edu/~infrk/2011.08.article.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He was the designer of [[Willis Tower]], the tallest building in the world until 1998. Khan's seminal work of developing tall building structural systems are still used today as the starting point when considering design options for tall buildings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ialcce2012.boku.ac.at/keynote_details.php?profile=5 |title=IALCCE 2012: Keynote Speakers Details |website=ialcce2012.boku.ac.at |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426000301/https://ialcce2012.boku.ac.at/keynote_details.php?profile=5 |archive-date=26 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2023, the billion-dollar [[Stable Diffusion]] [[deep learning]] [[text-to-image model]] was developed by [[Stability AI]] founded by [[Emad Mostaque]].<ref name="forbes billion">{{Cite web |last=Cai |first=Kenrick |title=Startup Behind AI Image Generator Stable Diffusion Is In Talks To Raise At A Valuation Up To $1 Billion |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrickcai/2022/09/07/stability-ai-funding-round-1-billion-valuation-stable-diffusion-text-to-image/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Lokesh |date=1 September 2022 |title=Stable Diffusion, a milestone? |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/stable-diffusion-a-milestone/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=With Stable Diffusion, you may never believe what you see online again – Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/09/with-stable-diffusion-you-may-never-believe-what-you-see-online-again/?amp=1 |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=arstechnica.com| date=6 September 2022 }}</ref>

[[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] was a [[polymath]]: a [[List of physicists|physicist]], [[biologist]], [[Botany|botanist]], [[Archaeology|archaeologist]], and writer of science fiction<ref>{{cite magazine |date=3 December 2004 |title=A versatile genius |url=http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2124/stories/20041203003009100.htm |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume=21 |issue=24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203202750/http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2124/stories/20041203003009100.htm |archive-date=3 February 2009}}</ref> who pioneered the investigation of radio and [[microwave]] [[optics]], made significant contributions to [[plant science]], and laid the foundations of experimental science in [[the subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Santimay |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Enakshi |title=Satyendra Nath Bose |year=1976 |location=New Delhi |publisher=National Book Trust |oclc=3017431 |page=6}}</ref> He is considered one of the [[People known as the father or mother of something|fathers]] of radio science,<ref>{{cite conference |title=Sir J.C. Bose and radio science |last1=Sen |first1=A. K. |year=1997 |volume=2 |publisher=IEEE |book-title=Microwave Symposium Digest |pages=557–560 |location=Denver, CO |conference=IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium |isbn=0-7803-3814-6 |doi=10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602854}}</ref> and is also considered the father of [[Bengali science fiction]]. He first practicalised the wireless radio transmission but [[Guglielmo Marconi]] got recognition for it due to European proximity. Bose also described for the first time that "''plants can respond''", by demonstrating with his [[crescograph]] and recording the impulse caused by bromination of plant tissue.

[[Satyendra Nath Bose]] was a [[physicist]], specialising in [[mathematical physics]]. He is best known for his work on [[quantum mechanics]] in the early 1920s, providing the foundation for [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] and the theory of the [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]. He is honoured as the namesake of the [[boson]]. He made first calculations to initiate [[Statistical Mechanics]]. He first hypothesised a ''physically tangible'' idea of [[photon]]. Bose's contemporary was [[Meghnad Saha]], an astrophysicist and politician who contributed to the theorisation of [[thermal ionization]]. The [[Saha ionization equation]], which was named after him, is used to describe chemical and physical conditions in stars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=Somaditya |date=1 August 2016 |title=Meghnad Saha: Physicist and nationalist |journal=Physics Today |language=en |volume=69 |issue=8 |pages=38–44 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.3267 |issn=0031-9228 |bibcode=2016PhT....69h..38B |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Meghnad-N-Saha |title=Meghnad N. Saha {{!}} Indian astrophysicist |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226090454/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Meghnad-N-Saha |url-status=live}}</ref> His work allowed astronomers to accurately relate the [[Stellar classification|spectral classes]] of [[star]]s to their actual temperatures.<ref name="Distillations">{{cite journal |last1=Kean |first1=Sam |title=A forgotten star |journal=Distillations |year=2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=4–5 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/a-forgotten-star |access-date=22 March 2018 |archive-date=23 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323154731/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/a-forgotten-star |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Economics and poverty alleviation ===
Several Bengali economists and entrepreneurs have made pioneering contributions in economic theories and practices supporting poverty alleviation. [[Amartya Sen]] is an economist and philosopher, who has made contributions to [[welfare economics]], [[social choice theory]], [[Economic justice|economic]] and [[social justice]], economic theories of [[famine]]s, [[decision theory]], [[development economics]], [[public health]], and measures of [[well-being]] of countries. He was awarded the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]]<ref name="AS NP Honor">{{cite news |title=Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen honoured in US |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17022920 |publisher=[[BBC|The British Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604093314/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17022920 |url-status=live}}</ref> in 1998 and India's [[Bharat Ratna]] in 1999 for his work in welfare economics. [[Muhammad Yunus]] is a social entrepreneur, banker, economist and civil society leader who was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for founding the [[Grameen Bank]] and pioneering the concepts of [[microcredit]] and [[microfinance]]. [[Abhijit Banerjee]] is an economist who shared the [[2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] with [[Esther Duflo]] and [[Michael Kremer]] "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty".<ref name="nobelpressrelease">{{cite press release |author= |date=14 October 2019 |title=The Prize in Economic Sciences 2019 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/press-economicsciences2019.pdf |publisher=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014101804/https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/press-economicsciences2019.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-origin-abhijit-banerjee-among-three-to-receive-economics-nobel/article29680388.ece |title=Abhijit Banerjee among three to receive Economics Nobel |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=14 October 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 October 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014121518/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-origin-abhijit-banerjee-among-three-to-receive-economics-nobel/article29680388.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sport and games ===
{{Main|Sport in Bangladesh|Sports in West Bengal}}

[[File:Lathi khela, Ancient Festival - Shamim Tirmizi.jpg|thumb|A ''[[lathi khela]]'' event taking place in [[Tangail District|Tangail]].]]
[[File:Rowing on Canal.jpg|thumb|A ''[[Nouka Baich]]'' competition taking place in the monsoon season.]]
Traditional Bengali sports consisted of various martial arts and various [[racing]] sports, though the British-introduced sports of [[cricket]] and [[association football|football]] are now most popular among Bengalis.

[[Lathi khela]] (stick-fighting) was historically a method of duelling as a way to protect or take land and others' possessions. The [[Zamindars of Bengal]] would hire ''lathial''s (trained stick-fighters) as a form of security and a means to forcefully collect tax from tenants.<ref name="prothom-alo">''[http://www.prothom-alo.com/art_and_literature/article/33350/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82 ঈদ উৎসবের নানা রং] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103042311/http://www.prothom-alo.com/art_and_literature/article/33350/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82 |date=3 November 2013 }}'',সাইমন জাকারিয়া, দৈনিক প্রথম আলো। ঢাকা থেকে প্রকাশের তারিখ: আগস্ট ০২, ২০১৩</ref> Nationwide ''lathi khela'' competitions used to take place annually in [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] up until 1989, though its practice is now diminishing and being restricted to certain festivals and celebrations.<ref name=dhakamirror.com>{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakamirror.com/nation/lathi-khela-to-celebrate-tangail-free-day/|title=Lathi Khela to celebrate Tangail Free Day|work=Dhaka Mirror|date=13 December 2011|access-date=9 June 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191316/http://www.dhakamirror.com/nation/lathi-khela-to-celebrate-tangail-free-day/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Chamdi'' is a variant of ''lathi khela'' popular in [[North Bengal]]. [[Pehlwani|Kushti]] (wrestling) is also another popular fighting sport and it has developed regional forms such as ''[[boli khela]]'', which was introduced in 1889 by Zamindar Qadir Bakhsh of [[Chittagong District|Chittagong]]. A merchant known as Abdul Jabbar Saodagar adapted the sport in 1907 with the intention of cultivating a sport that would prepare Bengalis in fighting against British colonials.<ref name=independent>{{cite news |last=Zaman |first=Jaki |title=Jabbarer Boli Khela: Better Than WWE |url=http://theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=168299:jabbarer-boli-khela-better-than-wwe&catid=175:weekend-independent&Itemid=213 |newspaper=The Independent |location=Dhaka |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=8 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104225255/http://theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=168299%3Ajabbarer-boli-khela-better-than-wwe&catid=175%3Aweekend-independent&Itemid=213 |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name=thedailystar.net>{{cite news |title=Jabbarer Boli Khela tomorrow |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jabbarer-boli-khela-tomorrow/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=24 April 2013 |access-date=8 June 2013 |archive-date=26 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526151448/http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jabbarer-boli-khela-tomorrow/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1972, a popular [[Contact sport|contact]] [[team sport]] called [[Kabaddi|Kabadi]] was made the [[national sport]] of [[Bangladesh]]. It is a regulated version of the rural [[Hadudu]] sport which had no fixed rules. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of Bangladesh was formed in 1973.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Faroqi, Gofran|article=Kabadi}}</ref> [[Butthan]], a 20th-century Bengali martial arts invented by Grandmaster [[Mak Yuree]], is now practised in different parts of the world under the International Butthan Federation.<ref name=unb>{{cite news |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Sports/seminar-on-butthan-combat-sports-co-competition-system-held/30629 |date=13 October 2019 |title=Seminar on Butthan Combat Sports & Co-competition system held |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=[[United News of Bangladesh]] |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229153506/http://unb.com.bd/category/Sports/seminar-on-butthan-combat-sports-co-competition-system-held/30629 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Nouka Baich]] is a Bengali boat racing competition which takes place during and after the rainy season when much of the land goes under water. The long canoes were referred to as ''khel nao'' (meaning playing boats) and the use of [[cymbal]]s to accompany the singing was common. Different types of boats are used in different parts of Bengal.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |author=S M Mahfuzur Rahman |article=Boat Race}}</ref> [[Horse racing]] was patronised most notably by the [[Dighapatia Raj]]as in [[Natore District|Natore]], and their [[Chalanbeel Horse Race]]s have continued to take place annually for centuries.

Football is the most popular sports among Bengalis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2020 |title=Bengal's tryst with football: The beautiful game as part of art, drama & music |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-list-of-films-songs-bengal-football/rx3mukw71ii41l5yo3hw8uyfu |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Goal.com India |language=en-IN |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008004000/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-list-of-films-songs-bengal-football/rx3mukw71ii41l5yo3hw8uyfu |url-status=live}}</ref> Bengal is the home to Asia's oldest football league, [[Calcutta Football League]] and the fourth oldest cup tournament in the world, [[Durand Cup]]. [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] are the biggest clubs in the region and subsequently India, and among the biggest in Asia. East Bengal and Mohun Bagan participate in [[Kolkata Derby]], which is the biggest sports derby in Asia. Mohun Bagan, founded in 1889, is the oldest native football club of Bengal. The club is primarily supported by the [[Ghoti people|Ghotis]], who are the native inhabitants of [[West Bengal]]. East Bengal, on the contrary, was founded on 1 August 1920 and is a club Primarily supported by the ethnic eastern Bengalis. Mohun Bagan's first major victory was in 1911, when the team defeated an English club known as the Yorkshire Regiment to win the [[IFA Shield]]. In 2003, East Bengal became the first Indian club to win a major international trophy in the form of [[ASEAN Club Championship]]. While Mohun Bagan currently holds the most amount of national titles (6 in total), East Bengal is the stronger side in the Kolkata derby, having won 138 out of a total of 391 matches in which these two teams participited. East Bengal also takes the crown for having won the [[Kolkata Derby#Statistics|most major trophies in India]] (109 compared to the 105 of Mohun Bagan). [[Mohammed Salim (footballer)|Mohammed Salim]] of [[Calcutta]] became the first [[South Asian]] to play for a European football club in 1936.<ref name="Breck">Breck, A. ''Alan Breck's Book of Scottish Football''. Scottish Daily Express, 1937, cited in {{cite web |url=http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/Salim%2C+Mohammed |title=''Salim, Mohammed'' |publisher=thecelticwiki.org |date=29 May 2006 |work=All time A to Z of Celtic players |access-date=15 April 2013 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529055952/http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/Salim%2C+Mohammed |url-status=live}} See also, {{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/barefooted-indian-who-left-calcutta-to-join-celtic-1-1151472 |title=''Barefooted Indian who left Calcutta to join Celtic'' |work=The Scotsman |date=12 December 2008 |access-date=15 April 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235208/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/barefooted-indian-who-left-calcutta-to-join-celtic-1-1151472 |url-status=live}}</ref> In his two appearances for [[Celtic F.C.]], he played the entire matches barefoot and scored several goals.<ref>''Scottish Daily Express'', 29 August 1936, cited in Majumdar, B. and Bandyopadhyay, K. [https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA68 ''A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051543/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA68 |date=18 November 2022 }}. Routledge, 2006, p. 68.</ref> In 2015, [[Hamza Choudhury]] became the first Bengali to play in the [[Premier League]] and is predicted to be the first [[British Asian]] to play for the [[England national football team]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/11796199/hamza-choudhury-can-be-first-british-south-asian-to-play-for-england-says-michael-chopra |last=Trehan |first=Dev |publisher=[[Sky Sports]] |date=2 September 2019 |title=Hamza Choudhury can be first British South Asian to play for England, says Michael Chopra |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523150804/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/11796199/hamza-choudhury-can-be-first-british-south-asian-to-play-for-england-says-michael-chopra |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bengalis are very competitive when it comes to board and home games such as [[Pachisi]] and its modern counterpart [[Ludo (board game)|Ludo]], as well as [[Latim]], [[Carrom Board]], Chor-Pulish, [[Kanamachi]] and [[Chess]]. [[Rani Hamid]] is one of the most successful chess players in the world, winning championships in Asia and Europe multiple times. [[Ramnath Biswas]] was a revolutionary soldier who embarked on three world tours on a bicycle in the 19th century.

== See also ==
{{commons category|Bengali people}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [[Bengali nationalism]]
* [[Bengali Americans]]
* [[List of Bangladeshis]]
* [[List of Bengalis]]
* [[List of people from West Bengal]]
* [[States of India by Bengali speakers]]

{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |year=1993 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato |publisher=University of California |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |access-date=13 July 2017 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |title=History of the Bengali-Speaking People |publisher=UBS Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7476-355-6}}
* Uberoi, Anuradha (6 January 2020), ''Chennai Brew- Some Voices Some Communities'' & [https://www.thehindu.com/books/chennai-brew-tells-stories-of-people-from-other-parts-of-india-who-found-warmth-and-love-in-the-city/article30491202.ece "''These Communities Call Chennai 'home'''"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. {{ISBN|978-93-5351-676-5}}.

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Prabhat Ranjan |author-link=Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar |year=1988 |title=[[Bangla O Bangali]] |publisher=Ananda Marga Publications |page=441 |isbn=978-81-7252-297-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |year=2001 |title=History of the Bengali-speaking People |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |page=554 |isbn=978-81-7476-355-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=R. |date=1994 |title=History of the Bengali People |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |page=656 |isbn=978-0-86311-378-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=Niharranjan |date=1994 |title=History of the Bengali people: ancient period |location=[[University of Michigan]] |publisher=Orient Longmans |page=613 |isbn=978-0-86311-378-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=N |date=2013 |title=History of the Bengali People from Earliest Times to the Fall of the Sena Dynasty |publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Limited |page=613 |isbn=978-81-250-5053-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Das |first=S.N. |date=1 December 2005 |title=The Bengalis: The People, Their History and Culture |page=1900 |publisher=Indigo Books |isbn=978-81-292-0066-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |date=2011 |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |publisher=Penguin UK |page=656 |isbn=978-81-8475-530-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nasrin |first1=Mithun B |last2=Van Der Wurff |first2=W.A.M |date=2015 |title=Colloquial Bengali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3blgCgAAQBAJ&q=bengali++people |publisher=Routledge |page=288 |isbn=978-1-317-30613-9 |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051520/https://books.google.com/books?id=3blgCgAAQBAJ&q=bengali++people |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Debjani |year=2016 |title=The Partition of Bengal: Fragile Borders and New Identities |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-06170-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Kunal |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Shubhra |date=1 February 2000 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis (Historical Dictionaries of Peoples and Cultures) |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=604 |isbn=978-0-8108-5334-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Pranab |year=2009 |title=A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal: The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia |publisher=Peter Lang |page=294 |isbn=978-1-4331-0820-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |date=2008 |title=People of India: West Bengal, Volume 43, Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBhWAAAAYAAJ&q=bengali++people |location=[[University of Virginia]] |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |page=1397 |isbn=978-81-7046-300-9 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051512/https://books.google.com/books?id=IBhWAAAAYAAJ&q=bengali++people |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Milne |first=William Stanley |orig-date=1913 |date=2007 |edition=New |title=A Practical Bengali Grammar |publisher=Asian Educational Services |page=561 |isbn=978-81-206-0877-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Claire |last2=Chatterji |first2=Joya |date=10 December 2015 |title=The Bengal Diaspora: Rethinking Muslim migration |publisher=Routledge |page=304 |isbn=978-0-415-53073-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Chakraborty |first=Mridula Nath |date=26 March 2014 |title=Being Bengali: At Home and in the World |publisher=Routledge |page=254 |isbn=978-0-415-62588-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Shukla |date=16 October 2014 |title=Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=219 |isbn=978-1-107-06546-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Subrata |date=2009 |title=The Bengal Renaissance: Identity and Creativity from Rammohun Roy to Rabindranath Tagore |publisher=Permanent Black |page=286 |isbn=978-81-7824-279-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Cardona |first=George |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=26 July 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |page=627 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA627}}
* {{cite book |last=Glynn |first=Sarah |date=30 November 2014 |title=Class, Ethnicity and Religion in the Bengali East End: A Political History |publisher=[[Manchester University]] |page=304 |isbn=978-0-7190-9595-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Salahuddin |date=2004 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |publisher=Aph Publishing Corporations |page=365 |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Deodhari |first=Shanti |date=2007 |title=Banglar Bow (Bengali Bride) |publisher=AuthorHouse |page=80 |isbn=978-1-4670-1188-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Swarupa |date=2009 |title=Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, C. 1867-1905 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGSuVgPH9T4C |publisher=BRILL |page=408 |isbn=978-90-04-17614-0 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051511/https://books.google.com/books?id=AGSuVgPH9T4C |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Manisha |date=2010 |title=Bengali Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOZOS5DlsTcC |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |page=232 |isbn=978-0-226-23044-3 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051511/https://books.google.com/books?id=xOZOS5DlsTcC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Basak |first=Sita |date=2006 |title=Bengali Culture And Society Through Its Riddles |publisher=Neha Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-212-0891-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |date=2013 |title=1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |page=368 |isbn=978-0-674-72864-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Inden |first1=Ronald B |last2=Nicholas |first2=Ralph W. |date=2005 |title=Kinship in Bengali culture |publisher=Orient Blackswan |page=158 |isbn=978-81-8028-018-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Nicholas |first=Ralph W. |date=2003 |title=Fruits of Worship: Practical Religion in Bengal |publisher=Orient Blackswan |page=248 |isbn=978-81-8028-006-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Das |first=S.N. |date=2002 |title=The Bengalis: The People, Their History, and Culture. Religion and Bengali culture. volume 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFrRtwAACAAJ&q=bengali++people |publisher=Cosmo Publications |page=321 |isbn=978-81-7755-392-5 |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051541/https://books.google.com/books?id=KFrRtwAACAAJ&q=bengali++people |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Schendel |first=Willem van |date=2004 |title=The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia |publisher=Anthem Press |page=440 |isbn=978-1-84331-144-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Janam |date=2015 |title=Hungry Bengal : War, Famine, Riots and the End of Empire |publisher=Harper Collins India |page=344 |isbn=978-93-5177-582-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Guhathakurta |first1=Meghna |last2=Schendel |first2=Willem van |date=2013 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |page=568 |isbn=978-0-8223-5318-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |date=19 November 2012 |title=Bengal Divided: The Unmaking of a Nation (1905-1971) |publisher=Penguin India |page=272 |isbn=978-0-14-341955-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Joy |last2=Basu |first2=Arindam |date=September 2015 |title=Chandraketugarh – rediscovering a missing link in Indian history |url=https://iitkgpsandhi.org/Chandraketugarh_Report.pdf |publisher=SandHI |isbn=978-93-80813-37-0 |ref={{harvid|Sen et al.|September 2015}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Rupendra Kumar |last2=Acharya |first2=Dipsikha |last3=Majumder |first3=Shubha |last4=Sain |first4=Malay Kumar |last5=Biswas |first5=Pampa |last6=Mondal |first6=Bijan |date=2013 |title=Excavation at Dihar 2012-2013 : An Interim Report |url=https://www.academia.edu/36290222 |access-date=27 September 2023 |ref={{harvid|Chattopadhyay et al.|2013}} |journal=Pratna Samiksha |volume=1 |pages=9–33}}
{{Refend}}

{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Tribes of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengalis}}
[[Category:Bengali people|*]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
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Roi Roi Binale

2026-05-07T06:19:23Z

Mohit Kumar: adding new data.

{{Short description|2025 Indian Assamese musical romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Roi Roi Binale
| image = Poster_of_Roi_Roi_Binale_(film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rajesh Bhuyan
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Garima Saikia Garg
* [[Zubeen Garg]]{{efn|Garg died on September 19, 2025; he will receive a posthumous producer credit.}}
* Shyamantak Gautam
}}
| writer = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| screenplay = Rahul Gautam Santanu Rowmuria
| story = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Zubeen Garg]]
* Mousumi Alifa
* Yashashree Bhuyan
* Achurjya Borpatra
* Joy Kashyap
* [[Victor Banerjee]]
* [[Gioconda Vessichelli]]
* Ujjal Rajkhowa
* Mitali Roy
* Dhritiman Phukan
* [[Angoorlata Deka]]
* Kaushik Bharadwaj
* Sudarshan Nath
* Anuska Kashyap
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Zubeen Garg]] Dipkesh Borgohain Ishanu '''Score:''' Poran Borkatoky
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* Suman Duwarah
* Gyan Gautam
}}
| editing = Pratim Khaund
| studio = Zeal Creations Eye Creation
| distributor = [[UFO Moviez]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Jaiswal | first=Umanand | title=Zubeen Garg's final film Roi Roi Binale takes Assam box office by storm on release day | website=Telegraph India | date=2025-10-31 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/zubeen-gargs-roi-roi-binale-release-creates-box-office-record-with-massive-fan-response-prnt/cid/2130469 | access-date=2025-10-31}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2025|10|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| budget = {{INR}}5 crore<ref>{{Cite web|title=Box Office: रोई रोई बिनाले फिल्म हुई ब्लॉकबस्टर, Zubeen Garg की मूवी ने कितने रुपए कमा लिए?|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/roi-roi-binale-assamese-film-blockbuster-zubeen-garg-box-office-collection-3561440.html|website=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]]|date=7 November 2025|access-date=1 February 2026|language=hi}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}42 crore{{efn|''[[NDTV]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=असम सरकार ने बदल डाली जुबिन गर्ग की फिल्म की किस्मत, लिया ऐसा फैसला ब्लॉकबस्टर कर डाली फिल्म|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/assam-government-changed-the-fate-of-zubeen-garg-film-roi-roi-binale-taking-a-decision-that-turned-it-into-a-blockbuster-10338117|date=5 January 2026|access-date=7 January 2026|archive-date=12 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112210808/https://ndtv.in/bollywood/assam-government-changed-the-fate-of-zubeen-garg-film-roi-roi-binale-taking-a-decision-that-turned-it-into-a-blockbuster-10338117|url-status=live|author=आनंद कश्यप|language=hi}}</ref> {{pipe}} ''[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zubeen Garg Last Film: जुबीन गर्ग की आखिरी फिल्म ने तोड़ दिए कमाई के सारे रिकॉर्ड, बटोरे 42 करोड़|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/photo-gallery/zubeen-garg-last-film-roi-roi-binale-became-the-biggest-assamese-film-earned-42-crore-3637560.html|date=5 January 2026|access-date=5 February 2026|archive-date=4 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204211135/https://www.tv9hindi.com/photo-gallery/zubeen-garg-last-film-roi-roi-binale-became-the-biggest-assamese-film-earned-42-crore-3637560.html|url-status=live|language=hi}}</ref>}}
}}

'''''Roi Roi Binale''''' ({{translation|'Tears Still Flow'}})<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zubeen Garg’s ‘Roi Roi Binale’ movie: Theatres keep one seat for the icon|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/zubeen-gargs-roi-roi-binale-movie-theatres-keep-one-seat-for-the-icon-1503505642.html|website=[[The Statesman (India)]]|date=31 October 2025|access-date=30 January 2026|archive-date=31 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031122224/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/zubeen-gargs-roi-roi-binale-movie-theatres-keep-one-seat-for-the-icon-1503505642.html|url-status=live}}</ref> is a 2025 Indian [[Assamese language|Assamese]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[Romance film#Romantic drama|romantic drama]] film directed by Rajesh Bhuyan and written by [[Zubeen Garg]]. The film was produced under the banner of Zeal Creations and Eye Creation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/zubeen-gargs-final-film-roi-roi-binale-to-release-on-oct-31-says-filmmaker-rajesh-bhuyan-9399086|title=Zubeen Garg's final film "Roi Roi Binale" to release on October 31, says filmmaker Rajesh Bhuyan|website=NDTV|date=5 October 2025|access-date=20 October 2025|archive-date=8 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008152249/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/zubeen-gargs-final-film-roi-roi-binale-to-release-on-oct-31-says-filmmaker-rajesh-bhuyan-9399086|url-status=live}}</ref> It stars [[Zubeen Garg]] in his final acting role alongside Mousumi Alifa, Joy Kashyap, Achurjya Borpatra and many more. The title of the film was derived from the song of the same name in his album ''Sobdo'' (1998)

The film was [[Zubeen Garg]]’s last film and dream project. The film was presented by the production company as a musical love story set against the backdrop of a region recovering from the scars of terrorism.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 October 2025 |title='Roi Roi Binale': Zubeen Garg's last film to release on October 31, wife recalls his dedication |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/roi-roi-binale-zubeen-gargs-last-film-to-release-on-october-31-wife-recalls-his-dedication/articleshow/124095481.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010185119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/roi-roi-binale-zubeen-gargs-last-film-to-release-on-october-31-wife-recalls-his-dedication/articleshow/124095481.cms |archive-date=10 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> It received a wide theatrical release. It became the highest grossing Assamese film of 2025 as well as currently the highest grossing Assamese film of all time surpassing ''Bidurbhai''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/roi-roi-binale-becomes-highest-grossing-assamese-film-amid-probe-into-zubeen-gargs-death/cid/2132358|title='Roi Roi Binale' becomes highest-grossing Assamese film amid probe into Zubeen Garg's death|website=The Telegraph India|date=2025-11-11|access-date=2025-11-13}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in a small town in Assam, the story follows a struggling musician. His world is filled with sound, imagination, and love. He strives to find meaning and beauty amid life's ongoing struggles. His desire to experience the vastness and calm of the sea becomes a recurring theme.

== Cast ==
* [[Zubeen Garg]] as Rahul, known by his [[stage name]] Raul
** Snehangsha Protim Baruah as young Raul
* Mousumi Alifa as Mousumi "Mou", Raul's love interest
* Joy Kashyap as Neer
* Saurabh Hazarika as Debo
** Kaushik Bharadwaj as young Debo
* Achurjya Borpatra as Jimmy, Neer's friend
* [[Victor Banerjee]] as Victor Sir, Raul's music teacher
* Ujjal Rajkhowa
* Yashashree Bhuyan as Runumi, Debo's late wife
* [[Mitali Roy]]
* Dhritiman Phukan as Mou's father
* [[Angoorlata Deka]] as Meera, Mou's mother
* Sudarshan Nath as Akbar
* Anuska Kashyap as Mou's friend
* Partha Pratim Hazarika as Neer's band member
* Raja Boruah as Neer's band member
* Anudhriti Borthakur
* Garima Saikia Garg (special appearance as one of the singers in opening chrous)
* [[Gioconda Vessichelli]] (special appearance in the song "Roi Roi Binale" recreated version)
* Sunita Kaushik (special appearance in the song "Dusokur Kajolere")
* [[Meghranjani Medhi]] (special appearance in the song "Dusokur Kajolere")
* Kapil Thakur (archived footage)
* Jayanta Kakoti (archived footage)
* Jayanta Patra (archived footage)
* [[Raageshwari Loomba]] (archived footage)

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Roi Roi Binale'' was conceived and written by Zubeen Garg, who also composed the music. Director Rajesh Bhuyan stated that the film had been in development for nearly three years before Zubeen’s passing in September 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/roi-roi-binale-zubeen-gargs-last-film-set-for-nationwide-release-on-october-31-confirms-rajesh-bhuyan/articleshow/124320754.cms|title='Roi Roi Binale': Zubeen Garg's last film set for nationwide release on October 31, confirms Rajesh Bhuyan|website=The Times of India|date=5 October 2025|access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
According to Bhuyan, most of the film was completed before Zubeen Garg’s death, with only minor background music work remaining, in which he was scheduled to compose after returning from Singapore on 21 September 2025. Poran Borkotoky was hired to compose the remaining background music score after Zubeen's death. His original voice recordings will be retained, with minimal AI-assisted restoration where necessary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/zubeens-original-voice-to-be-used-in-roi-roi-binale-announces-rajesh-bhuyan-10528272|title=Zubeen's original voice to be used in Roi Roi Binale, announces Rajesh Bhuyan|website=Pratidin Time|date=4 October 2025|access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

''Roi Roi Binale'' is presented as a tribute to the artistic legacy of multitalented Zubeen Garg, marking his final contribution to Assamese cinema as an actor, writer, director and composer. In that respect, Assam Congress president [[Gaurav Gogoi]] has urged the State government to make ''Roi Roi Binale'', cultural icon Zubeen Garg’s final feature film, [[Tax exemption|tax-free]], reports ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-10-27 |title=Declare Zubeen Garg's final film tax-free: Assam Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/declare-zubeen-gargs-final-film-tax-free-assam-congress/article70208491.ece |access-date=2025-10-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

At the cabinet meeting of the Assam government, the [[Chief Minister of Assam|Chief Minister]] [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] stated that, as no entertainment tax is levied in the state, there is no question of waiving it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assam government to hand over GST share from Zubeen Garg's last film to his foundation|website=Telegraph India|date=2025-10-30|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/assam-government-to-hand-over-gst-share-from-zubeen-gargs-last-film-to-his-foundation/cid/2130258?utm_source=perplexity|access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref> The government also announced that it will donate its entire share of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) collected from Zubeen Garg’s last film "Roi Roi Binale", to the Kalaguru Artiste Foundation. This charitable organization is founded by the late singer. The foundation supports medical treatment for artistes, aids flood victims, and assists needy students. The decision was made after consultation with Garg’s family.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assam's tribute to Zubeen Garg: GST from final film Roi Roi Binale to be donated; funds to support flood victims, needy students|website=The Times of India|date=2025-10-30|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/assams-tribute-to-zubeen-garg-gst-from-final-film-roi-roi-binale-to-be-donated-funds-to-support-flood-victims-needy-students/articleshow/124933093.cms|access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Roi Roi Binale
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Zubeen Garg]], Dipkesh Borgohain, Poran Borkatoky and Ishanu
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 November 2025
| recorded = 2023–2025
| venue =
| language = Assamese
| studio = ZG Studio, Guwahati, Assam, India
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama]] Zeal Creation Audio
| producer = Zubeen Garg
| chronology = Zubeen Garg
| prev_title = Homework
| prev_year = 2025
| next_title = TBA
| next_year = 2026
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Roi Roi Binale
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Mur Mon
| single1date = 7 October 2025
| single2 = Xopun Xopun
| single2date = 15 October 2025
| single3 = Joon Jwoli
| single3date = 29 October 2025
| single4 = Sokulure (Roi Roi Binale)
| single4date = 4 November 2025
| single5 = Roi Roi Binale (Title Track)
| single5date = 14 November 2025
| single6 = Tumar Nilim Kothar Dore
| single6date = 18 November 2025
| single7 = Dusokur Kajolere
| single7date = 4 December 2025
| single8 = Free Bird
| single8date = 26 December 2025
}}
}}
The soundtrack of the film features original compositions and vocals by Zubeen Garg. The songs are blending traditional Assamese melodies with contemporary arrangements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/entertainment/zubeen-gargs-last-film-roi-roi-binale-to-release-on-oct-31-says-filmmaker-rajesh-bhuyan|title=Zubeen Garg's last film Roi Roi Binale to release on October 31, says filmmaker Rajesh Bhuyan|website=The Sentinel Assam|date=5 October 2025|access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

The first single, "Mur Mon" which was sung by Zubeen Garg and Sweety Das was released on 7 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guwahatiplus.com/assam/fans-moved-to-tears-as-zubeen-gargs-song-mur-mon-from-roi-roi-binale-releases-posthumously|title=Fans moved to tears as Zubeen Garg's song Mur Mon from Roi Roi Binale released posthumously|date=2025-10-07|access-date=2025-10-22|website=G Plus}}</ref> The second single, "Xopun Xopun" was released on 15 October 2025, the third single, "Joon Jwoli" was released on 29 October 2025 and the forth single "Sokulure" (Roi Roi Binale) was released on 4 November 2025.

The title song "Roi Roi Binale" was a remake of the song from the 1998 album ''Sobdo''.

Music Arrangement and programming was done by Zubeen Garg, Papu Gogoi (Papz), Sumit Baruah, Dipkesh Borgohain, Poran Borkatoky and Ishanu.

{{track listing
| headline = Track List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Mur Mon
| extra1 = [[Zubeen Garg]], Sweety Das
| lyrics1 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| music1 = Zubeen Garg
| length1 = 03:12
| title2 = Xopun Xopun
| extra2 = [[Zubeen Garg]], Marami Sarma
| lyrics2 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| music2 = Zubeen Garg
| length2 = 03:47
| title3 = Jun Jwoli
| extra3 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| lyrics3 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| music3 = Zubeen Garg
| length3 = 04:42
| title4 = Roi Roi Binale
| note4 = Title Track
| extra4 = [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Gioconda Vessichelli]]
| lyrics4 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| music4 = Zubeen Garg
| length4 = 06:00
| title5 = Mon Gole
| extra5 = [[Zubeen Garg]], Achurjya Borpatra, Fency Rajkumari
| lyrics5 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| music5 = Zubeen Garg
| length5 = 03:49
| title6 = Sokulure Roi Roi Binale
| extra6 = [[Zubeen Garg]], Achurjya Borpatra
| lyrics6 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| music6 = Zubeen Garg
| length6 = 03:59
| title7 = Tumar Nilim Kothar Dore
| extra7 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| lyrics7 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| music7 = Zubeen Garg
| length7 = 04:29
| title8 = Dusokur Kajolere
| length8 = 02:50
| extra8 = Sabita Sharma Goswami, Arundhati Bhanupriya
| lyrics8 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| music8 = Zubeen Garg, Dipkesh Borgohain
| title9 = Free Bird
| extra9 = [[Papon (singer)|Papon]], [[Joi Barua]]
| lyrics9 = Sasanka Samir
| music9 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| length9 = 03:40
| title10 = Kore Pora Aahi
| extra10 = Neel Akash, Rahul Gautam Sharma
| lyrics10 = [[Rahul Gautam Sharma]]
| music10 = Zubeen Garg, Ishanu
| length10 = 04:49
| title11 = Mukuta Mukuta
| extra11 = Students of Abhinaya, Zubeen Garg
| lyrics11 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| music11 = Zubeen Garg
| length11 = 02:58
}}
;Notes
* Track 11 "Mukuta Mukuta" were never appeared and used in the film.

== Release ==
The film was released nationwide on 31 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/zubeen-gargs-final-film-roi-roi-binale-release-date-confirmed-by-singers-wife-garima-saikia/articleshow/124125495.cms|title=Zubeen Garg's final film Roi Roi Binale release date confirmed by singer's wife Garima Saikia|website=The Economic Times|date=25 September 2025|access-date=20 October 2025|archive-date=2 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002212057/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/zubeen-gargs-final-film-roi-roi-binale-release-date-confirmed-by-singers-wife-garima-saikia/articleshow/124125495.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> As a tribute to Garg, every cinema hall across Assam will exclusively screen the film, suspending all holdover releases including ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]'', ''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]'', ''[[Thamma]]'' and ''[[Ek Deewane ki Deewaniyat]]'', while also not playing newer releases including ''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]'' and ''[[The Taj Story]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-thamma-ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-films-discontinue-assam-cinemas-october-31-play-zubeen-gargs-final-film-roi-roi-binale-set-historic-op/|title=BREAKING: Thamma, Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat and ALL other films to discontinue in Assam cinemas from October 31; to ONLY play Zubeen Garg's final film, Roi Roi Binale; all set for a HISTORIC opening|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

With screenings in more than 180 screenings across India,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-10-31 |title=Roi Roi Binale Release: Zubeen Garg's Last On-Screen Appearance Turns Into A Statewide Tribute |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/entertainment/roi-roi-binale-release-zubeen-gargs-last-on-screen-appearance-turns-into-a-statewide-tribute-enn25103100898 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> the film received the "widest-ever release for an Assamese film".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-10-30 |title=Cinematic farewell to Zubeen Garg as his last film hits theatres |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/cinematic-farewell-to-zubeen-garg-as-his-last-film-roi-roi-binale-hits-theatres-in-assam-west-bengal |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NewsDesk |first=T. N. M. |date=2025-11-02 |title='Roi Roi Binale': A historic milestone in Assamese cinema |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2025/11/roi-roi-binale-a-historic-milestone-in-assamese-cinema/,%20https://thenewsmill.com/2025/11/roi-roi-binale-a-historic-milestone-in-assamese-cinema/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=thenewsmill.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-10-31 |title=Zubeen Garg's final film "Roi Roi Binale" releases to packed theatres across Assam, receiving a thunderous response. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/roi-roi-binale-zubeen-garg-final-film-zubeen-garg-death-fans-rush-to-watch-zubeens-final-film-shows-housefull/article70224629.ece |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Some of the screenings took place at a very early hour in Assam,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-01 |title='Roi Roi Binale' leaves audiences misty eyed; First-ever film to release at 4:25 am |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/roi-roi-binale-leaves-audiences-misty-eyed-first-ever-film-to-release-at-425-am |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref> some long-locked theaters reopening specifically for the occasion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hazarika |first=Nikita |date=2025-10-30 |title=How 'Roi Roi Binale' brings Assam's silent cinema halls roaring back to life |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/how-roi-roi-binale-brings-assams-silent-cinema-halls-roaring-back-to-life-1596217 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref> The number of bookings too broke all Assamese records.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-31 |title=Roi Roi Binale Box Office: Zubeen Garg's final film opens to record-breaking bookings and massive fan turnout |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-roi-roi-binale-box-office-zubeen-gargs-final-film-opens-to-record-breaking-bookings-and-massive-fan-turnout-4027870/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
"Garg never seemed like he was burdened with a task either, and the sense of abandonment is arguably what drew the people of his region so close to him. He was, as many suggest, unostentatious yet appealing, and his final film ''Roi Roi Binale'' is fitting to that image.", wrote Swaroop Kodur in ''[[The Federal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kodur |first=Swaroop |date=2025-10-31 |title=Roi Roi Binale review: Zubeen Garg's swansong is a fitting ode to his charismatic persona |url=https://thefederal.com/film-reviews/roi-roi-binale-zubeen-garg-film-rajesh-bhuyan-assam-singer-movie-review-214093 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|29939499}}

[[Category:Indian musical comedy films]]
[[Category:2020s Assamese-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films set in Assam]]
[[Category:Films set in Sri Lanka (1948–present)]]
[[Category:Films about blind people]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]

Dalsinghsarai

2026-04-30T14:37:03Z

Mohit Kumar: starting new biography

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| image_map =
| pushpin_map = India #Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.6667|N|85.8333|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar_Government_Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative divisions of Bihar|Division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Darbhanga division|Darbhanga]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Dalsinghsarai Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 17.65
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 51.81
| population_total = 55562<ref>[[List of towns in India by population]]</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title= second Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=21 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]
<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional Languages
| demographics1_info3 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 848114
| area_code = 06278
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = BR-33
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = Chief Councilor
| leader_name = Abha Sureka
| leader_title1 = Deputy Chief Councilor
| leader_name1 = Sujata Choudhary
| leader_title2 = Executive Officer
| leader_name2 = Sushil Kumar Das
| leader_title3 = MP
| leader_name3 = [[Nityanand Rai]] ([[BJP]])
| leader_title4 = MLA
| leader_name4 = [[Alok Kumar Mehta]] ([[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]])
| blank3_name_sec1 = Parliamentary Constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|22-Ujiarpur]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Assembly Constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Ujiarpur Assembly constituency|134-Ujiarpur]]
}}
'''Dalsinghsarai''' is a city and [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]] in the [[Samastipur District]] of [[Bihar]], India. It is also one of the [[List of subdivisions of Bihar|subdivisions]] and [[Blocks in Bihar|blocks]] of Bihar. It is situated on the bank of the river Balan.

[[Alok Kumar Mehta]] is the Member of the Legislative Assembly of [[Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Ujiyarpur]] constituency and [[Nityanand Rai]] is the Member of Parliament of Ujiyarpur.

== History ==
The city was the center of indigo cultivation during British rule. In 1902, An Indigo Research Institute was opened nearby in Pusa.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Dalsinghsarai : Book |url=https://notionpress.com/read/dalsinghsarai |website=notionpress.com/ |date=6 March 2020 |publisher=Notion Press Media |pages=42 |isbn=9781648503177}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> '''Dalsinghsarai Nagar Parishad''' has population of 55,562 of which 28,402 are males while 27,160 are females as per report released by Census India 2011. Population of children with age of 0–6 is 8640 which is 15.55% of total population of Dalsinghsarai.

==References==
<references />
{{Darbhanga Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Samastipur district]]

Dakshina Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama

2026-04-26T01:11:55Z

Mohit Kumar: starting page

{{Short description|Principal Sunni-Shafi'i scholarly body in central and southern Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Dakshina Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1955|06|26}}
| founder = Raeesul Ulama M Shihabudeen Moulavi
PK Younus Moulavi
Umarkutty Moulavi
Fareed Moulavi
| founding_location = [[Jonakappuram,Kollam]]
| type = Islam Sunni
| status = Running
| headquarters = [[Jonakappuram,Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
| region_served = India
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[KP Aboobackar Hasrath]]
| leader_title2 = General Secretary
| leader_name2 = Thodiyur Muhammed Kunju Moulavi
}}
'''Dakshina Kerala Jami-yyathul Ulama''' is the principal [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-[[Shafi'i]] and Hanafi scholarly body in southern [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Meethal |first=Amiya |date=1 July 2022 |title=Jamaath Fed Urges Youths to Seize Agnipath Opportunity |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jul/01/jamaath-fed-urges-youths-to-seize-agnipath-opportunity-2471623.html}}</ref> The council administers mosques, institutes of higher religious learning and madrasas in southern Kerala districts of [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Idukki district|Idukki]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] and [[Trivandrum]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raj |first=R. Prithvi |date=28 September 2014 |title=Kerala Madrasa Boom Keeps Faith With Studies |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2014/sep/28/kerala-madrasa-boom-keeps-faith-with-studies-665971.html}}</ref>

It was established at Jonakappuram kochu palli, [[Kollam]] on 26 June 1955 as "Travancore-Cochin Jamiyyathul Ulama".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dakshina Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama |url=http://www.dakshina.info/ |website=Dakshina Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1998 |editor-last=Kareem |editor-first=C. K. |title=Dakshina Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama |url=https://www.prabodhanam.net/oldissues/html/NAVOdhanam_special_1998/kurippukal_nurungukal/ulama.pdf |website=Prabodhanam |publisher=Jamaat-e-Islami Hind |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715112945/https://www.prabodhanam.net/oldissues/html/NAVOdhanam_special_1998/kurippukal_nurungukal/ulama.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The body also supervises the Kerala Muslim Jama-ath Federation.<ref name=":0" />

== Wings ==

* Dekshina Kerala Islam Matha Vidhyabhasa Board (DKIMVB)
* DKIMV Examination Board http://exams.dakshinakerala.com/
* Dekshina Kerala Lajnathul Muallimeen (DKLM)
* Kerala Muslim Jamath Federation (KMJF)
* Kerala Muslim Yuvajana Federation (KMYF)
* Dekshina Kerala Islamic Students Federation (DKISF)
* Raeezul Ulama publishing Buero
* Annaseem
* Al Busthan Magazine

== Institutions and establishments==

* Jamia Mannaniya, Varkkala
* Mannaniya Banath Yatheemkhana, Mukkunnam, kadakkal
* Umarul Farooq Yatheemkhana, Kollam
* Thahfeelul Quran College
* Mannaniya College of Arts & Science, Pangode
* Mannaniya Public School
* Mannaniya Islamic Academy
* Mannaniya [[Arabic]] College
* Mannaniya Masjid
* Fathima Masjid, Kollam
* Mannaniya Auditorium

== History==
The elements of the Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama or the Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama did not exist in the southern regions like Travancore. On 22 June 1955, a meeting of some scholars was convened in Kollam as a result of the advice of Qutwabi Musliyar and Pangil Ahmedkutty Musliyar, the leaders of Samastha, that it was better to form another organization of scholars there to overcome this deficiency. A temporary committee was formed with M Shihabuddin Moulavi as the convener. As a result of their efforts, a large convention was held on 2 August at the VJT Hall in Thiruvananthapuram, one-and-a-half months later, bringing together most of the scholars from the southern direction. It was here that the third Ulama organisation in Kerala was formed. P.K. Yunus Moulavi was the president, Umarkutty Moulavi was secretary and M. Shihabuddin Moulavi was the vice-president, and a working committee was formed with OBT Fareed Moulavi as treasurer. The organisation was also renamed as Dakshina Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

The ideal and style of functioning of the Dakshina Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama was the same as that of the Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama. Their attitude towards the Mujahid and Jamaat factions was no different from that of Samastha. Like other Ulama organisations, the Dakshina Kerala Jamiyya Ulama has been making valuable contributions in the field of religious education. The South Kerala Islamic Religious Education Board is one of its parent organizations.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

== DKIMV Board==
'Dakshina' educational activities were started in association with Lajnathul Islamia Association, which was based in Aluva. Lajnath merged with the Dakshina Kerala Islamic Religious Education Board and a new committee headed by Alavikkunji Moulavi started functioning. There are many madrasas in south Kerala affiliated to this education board. There are about 1600 madrasas and more than 4800 teachers under the Dakshina Kerala Islamic Religious Education Board. The board, which unified the curriculum in madrasas and suggested exemplary changes in the curriculum and teaching training, made promising reforms in the madrassa system. Lajnat-ul-Muallimeen is an organisation working under 'Dakshina' for teacher training and their welfare work. A welfare fund is also functioning under it to provide financial assistance to madrassa teachers. DKIMV Board General secretary: Kadakkal Abdul Azeez Moulavi

== Kerala Muslim Yuvajana Federation==
The Dakshina Kerala Muslim Yuvajana Federation is another subsidiary organisation of 'Dakshina'. The main aim of this organization is to channel the talent and energy of young people towards doing good deeds. Apart from religious awareness, social issues are also actively discussed through this organization. The organization conducts libraries, nursery schools, and discussion conferences. It is a remarkable achievement that due to the efforts of the Dakshina Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama, the Jamaats in the south have been brought under a unified organization. Thereby consolidating the leadership of the Jamaat into an organization that was strong enough to address the common issues of the community. This organization was formed by the conference of 'Dakshina' held at Karbala in Kollam.

== Kerala Muslim Jamaath Federation==
In 1981, the Kerala Muslim Jama'ath Federation was established under the leadership of Kadakkal Abdul Aziz Moulavi. The federation's strong leadership has taken the initiative and is looking for solutions to communal issues.
The South Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama has not hesitated to say that they are against family planning and the civil code, even though it can be criticized as conservative. Dakshina has exercised all its ability to systematically get the demands of the community to be recognised by the authorities in an organized manner in an attempt to get benefits based on the [[Mandal Commission]] report and against the attempt to deprive a large section of Muslims of the benefit of reservation by creating a distinction of Muslim mappila.

== Mannaniya Islamic University==
The contribution of South Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama in the field of higher education is also invaluable. Only the Mannania Islamic University, which is famously run in Varkala, is enough to assess their achievements in this field. Mannaniyya is known as the higher educational institution of religious studies. Though established in 1986, today as a result of the efforts of the governing board of the university, an Arabic college, a hifd college, a boarding madrasa and an orphanage that provides training to memorize the Quran are functioning beautifully. The syllabus and curriculum here have been arranged on the pattern of Bakhiyathu Swalihath of Vellore.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Islam in Kerala}}

[[Category:Sunni Islam in India]]
[[Category:Islamic organisations based in Kerala]]
[[Category:Barelvi organizations]]

4130 Ramanujan

2026-04-17T12:40:52Z

Mohit Kumar: redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of minor planets: 4001–5000#130]]

{{NASTRO comment}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanujan}}
[[Category:Eos asteroids|0004130]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Rajgopalan Rajamohan]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Srinivasa Ramanujan|4130 Ramanujan]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1988|19880217]]

Naggar, Himachal Pradesh

2026-04-13T05:16:08Z

Mohit Kumar: Created Some Info W/ Infobox

{{short description|Town in Himachal Pradesh}}
{{other uses|Naggar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Naggar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = NaggarCastleRainyDay.jpg
| image_alt = Naggar Castle
| image_caption = [[Naggar Castle]]
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.12|N|77.17|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kullu district|Kullu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1800
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 32400
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kullui]]<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 175130
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP—Himachal Pradesh|HP]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 9:8 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
Situated on the left bank of river [[Beas River|Beas]] at an altitude of 1,800 meters, '''Naggar''' is an ancient town in [[Kullu district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. It was once capital of the Kullu kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrY-DgAAQBAJ&q=kullu+kingdom&pg=PA285|title=Subaltern Urbanisation in India: An Introduction to the Dynamics of Ordinary Towns|last1=Denis|first1=Eric|last2=Zérah|first2=Marie-Hélène|date=2017-03-01|publisher=Springer|isbn=9788132236160|language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Naggar is located {{convert|22|km}} north of the District headquarters at [[Kullu]] and {{convert|230|km}} north of the state capital at [[Shimla]].

It is bound by Kullu Tehsil towards South, Spiti Tehsil towards East, Drang Tehsil towards South and Lahul Tehsil towards North. Manali, Keylong, Mandi, Sundarnagar and Hamirpur are some of the nearby towns to Naggar.

== Climate ==
The climate in Naggar is mild. In winter, there is much less rainfall than in summer. The average temperature is 16.6 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 1,730 mm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/52116/|title=Climate Naggar: Temperature, Climate graph, Climate table for Naggar - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref>

==History==
Naggar was the capital of the erstwhile Kullu Rajas for about 1400 years. It was founded by the Visudh Pal and remained as the State headquarters until the capital was transformed to Kullu (Sultanpur) by Raja Jagat Singh.

[[Naggar Castle]], the official seat of kings for centuries. was built by Raja Sidh Singh more than 500 years ago. According to a legend, he used stones from the abandoned palace (Gardhak) of Rana Bhonsal to build the castle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060730/spectrum/main2.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref> He ordered the labourers to form a human chain over the [[Beas River]] connecting its left and right banks to transfer the stones manually. The castle survived the [[1905 Kangra earthquake|earthquake of 1905]]. While most houses in the valley and the nearby city of Jawa were completely ruined, the castle's use of earthquake-proof techniques helped it sustain despite the calamity.
[[File:Urusvati base.jpg|thumb|{{center|Himalayan Research Institute named ''Urusvati'' in Naggar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/05/02/nicholas_roerichs_legacy_lives_on_in_himalayan_hamlet_15652 |author=Ajay Kamalakaran|title=Nicholas Roerich's legacy lives on in Himalayan Hamlet|date=2 May 2012|publisher=rbth.com|access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>}}]]
In 1978 it was taken over to Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (HPTDC), to run as a heritage hotel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hptdc.in/index.php/the-naggar-castle/ |title=The Castle, Naggar |publisher=hptdc.in |access-date=2018-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619064818/http://hptdc.in/index.php/the-naggar-castle/ |archive-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tourism-of-india.com/naggar.html |title=Tourism in Naggar |publisher=tourism-of-india.com |access-date=2018-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619063137/https://www.tourism-of-india.com/naggar.html |archive-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Russian painter and explorer [[Nicholas Roerich]] settled in Naggar in the early 20th century. The Roerich Estate, his two-floor house, is now a museum and key attraction of the town featuring a collection of his popular paintings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/05/02/nicholas_roerichs_legacy_lives_on_in_himalayan_hamlet_15652|title=Nicholas Roerich's legacy lives on in Himalayan Hamlet|last=Kamalakaran|first=Ajay|date=2012-05-02|access-date=2017-09-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Transport ==

=== Air ===
The nearest airport is [[Kullu–Manali Airport|Bhuntar Airport]] in Kullu (IATA code KUU) located in Bhuntar town at a distance of 40.2 km (25 mi) from Naggar. The airport is situated on NH21 at a distance of 10 km (6 mi) south of Kullu and about 50 km (31 mi) south of Manali. Also known as Kullu-Manali airport, Bhuntar Airport has more than one kilometre long runway. [[Air India]] has regular flights to the airport from [[New Delhi]].

=== Rail ===
The nearest narrow gauge railhead is at [[Joginder Nagar]]. One can travel to this railway station via Pathankot Junction, and further by a taxi or cab.

=== Road ===
Naggar is easily accessible through the buses run by HPTDC. These buses ply from Manali to Naggar via Khaknal. The road distance from Manali to Naggar via NH3 is 22 km (13.6 mi) while via Khaknal is 21 km (13 mi).

==Access==
* Distance from [[Delhi]]: 589 km
* Distance from [[Shimla]]: 246 km
* Distance from [[Kullu]] (main town): 26 km
* Distance from [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]: 22 km
[[File:NicholasRoerichcar.jpg|thumb|Car of Nicolas Roerich in his museum at Naggar]]
[[File:Naggar_Castle_city_view.jpg|thumb|View of Beas and Kullu from the castle]]

==Attractions==
[[File:Fruitshop.JPG|thumb|Fruit shop in Naggar]]
* [[Nicholas Roerich]] Art Gallery
* Gauri Shanker Temple
* Tripura Sundri Temple<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himachaltourism.gov.in|title=Himachal Tourism|work=Himachal Tourism Department|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324124730/http://himachaltourism.gov.in/|archive-date=24 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Vasuki Nag Temple
* [[Naggar Castle]]
*Krishna [https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g1069703-d10354354-Reviews-Krishna_Temple-Naggar_Manali_Tehsil_Kullu_District_Himachal_Pradesh.html temple]
[[File:View naggar.jpg|thumb|View of town from Naggar Castle]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Naggar}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190315050915/http://www.hptdc.gov.in/ Himachal Tourism Dep. Co.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070115021800/http://himachaltourism.nic.in/ Himachal Tourism Department India]
{{Kullu Manali Circuit}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kullu district]]

2013 anti-Sri Lanka protests

2026-04-11T16:38:06Z

Mohit Kumar: creating a data

{{Short description|Student protests in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2013 anti-Sri Lanka protests
| side3 =
| partof = [[protests against the Sri Lankan Civil War]]
| image = File:Tamil Eelam Champion Seeman Speech Outside UN headquarters Geneva 003.jpg
| caption = Protests led by [[Tamil people|Tamil]] activists outside the [[United Nations]] Headquarters in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
| date = 11 March – October 2013<ref>{{cite web|author =TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-20/chennai/37871093_1_student-protests-iit-madras-students-students-of-presidency-college |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033500/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-20/chennai/37871093_1_student-protests-iit-madras-students-students-of-presidency-college |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Student protests prove acid test |date=20 March 2013 |work =[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref>
| place = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| causes = Retaliation for [[War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war|war crimes]] committed against the [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] people during the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]
| goals = {{Bulleted list
|Pressure the [[Government of India]] to vote in support of a [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC) resolution condemning the [[Government of Sri Lanka]] for [[war crimes]]
|Impose [[economic sanctions]] on [[Sri Lanka]]
|Boycott the [[2013 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] hosted by Sri Lanka
|Prosecution of [[Sri Lankan President]] [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] for war crimes
|Formation of a separate Sri Lankan Tamil state, [[Tamil Eelam]]}}
| methods = [[Hunger strike]]s, [[Picketing (protest)|picketing]]s, [[protest marches]], [[sit-in]]s, [[self-immolation]]
| result = {{Bulleted list
|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] passes the [[2013 Tamil Nadu Assembly Resolution on Sri Lanka]]
|[[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] boycotts the [[2013 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]]}}
| side1 = '''Tamil protesters and organizations:''' {{Bulleted list
|[[Students Federation for Freedom of Tamil Eelam]]
|[[Tamil Eelam Supporters Organisation]]
|[[Naam Tamilar Katchi]]
|[[Tamil film]] actors
|[[Tamil diaspora]] (abroad)
}}
----
'''Supported by:''' {{flagicon image|TamilNadu Logo.svg}} [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]{{Bulleted list
|{{flagicon image|Indian_election_symbol_two_leaves.svg}}[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag DMK.svg}} [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]}}
| side2 = {{flag|Sri Lanka}} {{flagdeco|India}} [[Government of India]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Police]]
| casualties1 = {{unbulleted list
| 2 deaths<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/sri-lanka-issue-protests-in-tamil-nadu-claim-another-life-156812-2013-03-21 |title=Sri Lanka issue: Protests in Tamil Nadu claim another life : South, News - India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=22 March 2013 |access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref>
| 500+ arrested<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/hundreds-of-students-arrested-in-chennai-for-anti-lanka-protests-343783 |title=Hundreds of students arrested in Chennai for anti-Lanka protests |publisher=NDTV.com |date=18 March 2013 |access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref>
}}
| casualties2 = None
| notes =
}}
The '''2013 anti-Sri Lanka protests''' were a series of [[student protest]]s led by [[Tamils|Tamil]] protesters and activists in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] in retaliation for [[War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war|war crimes]] committed against the [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] people by the [[Sri Lankan Army]] during the [[Eelam War IV|final stages]] of the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] in 2009.

Protests were initiated by the [[Students Federation for Freedom of Tamil Eelam]]. Protesters demanded that the [[Government of India]] vote in support of a [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC) resolution censuring the [[Government of Sri Lanka]] for [[war crimes]].<ref name="toi _20130316">{{cite news|title=Students protest continues in Tamil Nadu to press Centre for UN resolution against Sri Lanka|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-16/india/37766450_1_students-protest-school-students-lankan-tamils-issue|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411041532/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-16/india/37766450_1_students-protest-school-students-lankan-tamils-issue|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|date=16 March 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> More radical sects of the protests demanded the prosecution of [[Sri Lankan President]] [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] for his role in the alleged [[genocide]] of Sri Lankan Tamils. Apart from college students, doctors, film personalities and employees of IT companies also participated in the protests.<ref name="thehindu_20130320">{{cite news|title=Techies swayed by anti-Sri Lanka stir|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/techies-swayed-by-antisri-lanka-stir/article4523008.ece?homepage=true|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 March 2013}}</ref>

==Protests==
===Tamil Nadu===
[[File:Tamil Eelam Champion Seeman Speech Outside UN headquarters Geneva 001.jpg|thumb|Tamil actor and politician [[Seeman]] addressing a [[Tamil diaspora]] gathering in March 2013]]
Protests began on 11 March 2013, when eight students of [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]], [[Chennai]] fasted in condemnation of alleged atrocities committed against Tamils in Sri Lanka. All 8 students were promptly arrested by the [[Tamil Nadu Police]].<ref name="thehindu_20130312">{{cite news|title=Amidst drama, students end hunger strike|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/amidst-drama-students-end-hunger-strike/article4498150.ece|date=12 March 2013|first=Vasudha|last=Venugopal}}</ref> The arrests were criticised by student organisations as well as the management of Loyola College and nine colleges across the city went on strike in response.<ref name="thehindu_20130312" />

Following protests saw students from all over Tamil Nadu take to streets in a massive outrage against the predominantly-[[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] [[government of Sri Lanka]]. A large number of students participated in the protest, including students from other states whom were temporarily studying in Tamil Nadu.

A statewide general strike declared on 12 March by the [[Tamil Eelam Supporters Organisation]] (TESO) evoked a mixed response, with most political parties in the state remaining aloof and alleging inaction on the part of the main participant, the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK).<ref name="thehindu_20130313_1">{{cite news|title=General strike evokes mixed response|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/general-strike-evokes-mixed-response/article4503349.ece|date=13 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/all-parties-barring-vck-keep-away/article4503348.ece | title=All parties barring VCK keep away | work=The Hindu | date=13 March 2013}}</ref>

On 16 March, a Sri Lankan [[Buddhist monk]] was attacked at the [[Brihadeeswara Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130317/news-current-affairs/article/lankan-monk-roughed-thanjavur-temple | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320023441/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130317/news-current-affairs/article/lankan-monk-roughed-thanjavur-temple | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 March 2013 | title=Lankan monk roughed up in Thanjavur temple | work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date=17 March 2013}}</ref> Another monk was attacked the following day, at [[Chennai Central]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/319748/sri-lankan-monk-attacked-chennai.html | title=Sri Lankan monk attacked in Chennai | work=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=18 March 2013}}</ref>

Student organisations called for statewide agitations on 18 March. Large-scale agitations were held outside [[Raj Bhavan, Chennai|Raj Bhavan]], Chennai resulting in the arrest of over 500 students.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-18/india/37813323_1_protests-sri-lankan-tamils-students | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034153/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-18/india/37813323_1_protests-sri-lankan-tamils-students | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 April 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Protests continue over Sri Lankan issue, over 500 students arrested | date=18 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="nytimes_20130318">{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu students protest alleged human rights abuses in Sri Lanka|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/18/tamil-nadu-students-protest-alleged-human-rights-abuses-in-sri-lankatamil-nadu-protests/|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=18 March 2013|first=Anupama|last=Chandrasekaran}}</ref> The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] declared the indefinite closure of 525 engineering colleges affiliated to [[Anna University]],<ref name="toi_20130319">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-19/india/37842724_1_college-authorities-students-of-professional-colleges-guindy-college | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033150/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-19/india/37842724_1_college-authorities-students-of-professional-colleges-guindy-college | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 April 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Tamil Nadu shuts engineering colleges as campus stir spreads | date=19 March 2013}}</ref> and several other arts and science colleges in the state were forced to close down for an indefinite period.<ref name="thehindu_20130316">{{cite news|title=Arts colleges closed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/arts-colleges-closed/article4514675.ece|work=The Hindu|date=16 March 2013}}</ref> As colleges remained closed, student groups organised protests using [[social media]].

On 2 April 2013, several [[Tamil film]] actors staged a one-day fast in support of the protests.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2013 |title=Film actors fast for Sri Lankan cause |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-film-industry-stages-fast-over-sri-lankan-tamils-issue/article4572698.ece |access-date=16 May 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

===International===
On 20 June 2013, during the [[2013 ICC Champions Trophy]] semi-final match between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] at the [[SWALEC Stadium]] in [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]], several [[Tamil Eelam]] supporters invaded the pitch with [[Flag of tamil eelam|Tamil Eelam flags]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-champions-trophy-2013/content/story/643955.html | title=Security breaches disrupt semi-final | publisher=espncricinfo.com | date=20 June 2013 | access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref> After the match, at least 400 protesters held up the bus for the Sri Lankan team and shouted anti-Sri Lankan government slogans at the cricketers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sports.ndtv.com/icc-champions-trophy-2013/news/209561-protesters-hold-up-sri-lankan-team-bus-after-supporters-invade-cardiff-pitch | title=Protesters hold up Sri Lankan team bus after supporters invade Cardiff pitch | publisher=NDTV | date=21 June 2013 | access-date=21 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624161805/http://sports.ndtv.com/icc-champions-trophy-2013/news/209561-protesters-hold-up-sri-lankan-team-bus-after-supporters-invade-cardiff-pitch | archive-date=24 June 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
{{See also|2013 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting#Boycott}}
The [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] passed legislation on 27 March 2013 urging the [[Indian Government]] to impose economic sanctions on [[Sri Lanka]] and demand for the formation of a separate [[Tamil Eelam|Tamil state]] for the Sri Lankan Tamils. The resolution also called on the Indian Government to stop considering Sri Lanka as a "friendly country" and called for an international inquiry in "genocide and war crimes" against Sri Lankan Tamils.<ref name="Source 1"/><ref name="Source 2"/>

The resolution called for the formation of a separate Tamil state in Sri Lanka, through the means of a referendum by a resolution at the UN Security Council which should be conducted among Tamils in Sri Lanka and other displaced Tamils across the world.<ref name="Source 2" />

The resolution which was proposed by [[Tamil Nadu Chief Minister]] [[J. Jayalalithaa]] was unanimously passed by the Assembly. The resolution was passed following the debate in the Council regarding the then-ongoing protests.<ref name="Source 1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130406061839/http://onlineuthayan.com/english-news/uthayannews/x27403y2h1h1r2p2 Uthayan Referendum for separate Tamil Eelam. Resolution unanimously passed at Tamil Nadu Assembly]</ref><ref name="Source 2">[http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=7427 Tamil Guardian Tamil Nadu Assembly adopts resolution seeking Eelam referendum ]</ref> Moving the resolution, Jayalalithaa said the ongoing students protest was reflective of her government's initiative on the Sri Lankan issue even as she requested protestors to withdraw the stir and resume classes.<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/tn-assembly-wants-india-to-move-unsc-resolution-against-lanka_838176.html Zee News TN Assembly demands referendum for separate Tamil Eelam ]</ref>

The Assembly passed another resolution in October 2013, demanding that the Indian government boycott the [[2013 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] which was slated to be hosted by Sri Lanka and also sought the temporary suspension of Sri Lanka from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] until Sri Lanka takes steps to grant what they call similar rights to Tamils as those enjoyed by [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]].<ref name="ET">{{cite news |date=24 October 2013 |title=TN Assembly passes resolution demanding CHOGM boycott |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-24/news/43365926_1_sri-lankan-tamils-chogm-resolution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027113617/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-24/news/43365926_1_sri-lankan-tamils-chogm-resolution |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 October 2013 |accessdate=27 October 2013 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2013 |title=Tamil Nadu govt moves resolution demanding Centre to boycott CHOGM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tamil-Nadu-govt-moves-resolution-demanding-Centre-to-boycott-CHOGM/articleshow/24646750.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027102937/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-24/india/43362036_1_chogm-resolution-tamil-nadu |archive-date=27 October 2013 |access-date=27 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2013 |title=Tamil Nadu assembly passes resolution demanding India boycott Commonwealth meeting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tamil-Nadu-assembly-passes-resolution-demanding-India-boycott-Commonwealth-meeting/articleshow/24650700.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027090634/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-24/india/43361776_1_sri-lankan-tamils-resolution-eelam |archive-date=27 October 2013 |access-date=27 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2013 |title=India should stay away from CHOGM: Tamil Nadu assembly |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/tn-govt-urges-india-to-boycott-chogm-moves-resolution-113102400262_1.html |accessdate=27 October 2013 |newspaper=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] announced his decision not to participate in the event due to pressure from regional Tamil parties regarding Sri Lanka's alleged human rights record. External Affairs Minister [[Salman Khurshid]] represented India at the summit in place of the prime minister.<ref name="Washington Post">{{cite news |title=Indian PM to boycott Commonwealth summit in Sri Lanka over human rights issue, says official |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/indian-prime-minister-to-boycott-commonwealth-summit-in-sri-lanka-over-human-rights-issue/2013/11/10/d1e28016-49d1-11e3-b87a-e66bd9ff3537_story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110081715/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/indian-prime-minister-to-boycott-commonwealth-summit-in-sri-lanka-over-human-rights-issue/2013/11/10/d1e28016-49d1-11e3-b87a-e66bd9ff3537_story.html |archive-date=10 November 2013 |accessdate=10 November 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

The protests led to strained relations between the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), the main opposition party of Tamil Nadu, and the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) the then-ruling party of India. On 19 March, DMK president [[M. Karunanidhi]] announced the party's withdrawal from the INC-led [[United Progressive Alliance]], citing the INC's alleged disregard for the suffering of Sri Lankan Tamils as the DMK's reason for pulling out.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/karunanidhi-clarifies-why-dmk-pulled-out-of-upa/article4529227.ece | title=Karunanidhi clarifies why DMK pulled out of UPA | date=20 March 2013 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=8 November 2018 }}</ref> The DMK's withdrawal was well received by DMK supporters. This left the INC isolated in Tamil Nadu in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]], contesting in 40 seats alone and losing in all constituencies. The DMK would eventually rejoin the UPA during the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]s, but the alliance would once again lose to the ruling [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/dmk-congress-alliance-sure-to-form-next-govt-in-tn-chidambaram/ | title=DMK-Congress alliance sure to form next govt in TN: Chidambaram | date=16 May 2016 | author=PTI | newspaper=The Indian Express | access-date=8 November 2018 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Attacks on Sri Lankans in Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130321124554/http://www.tamilrising.com/ Tamilrising.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-Sri Lanka protests, 2013}}
[[Category:2010s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2013 in India]]
[[Category:2013 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:2013 protests]]
[[Category:Foreign intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:India–Sri Lanka relations]]
[[Category:Student protests in India]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu state legislation]]

Vijay Verma

2026-04-09T19:33:40Z

Mohit Kumar: starting new pg.

{{Short description|Indian Dogri poet and Sahitya Akademi Award laureate}}
{{confused|text=the actor [[Vijay Varma]]}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Vijay Verma
| native_name =
| native_name_lang= doi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 13 April 1962
| birth_place = Seri Panditan, Jammu district, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| occupation = Poet, writer, translator, broadcaster
| language = Dogri, Hindi, English
| nationality = Indian
| notable_works = ''Daun Sadiyan Ek Seer''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2023)
}}

'''Vijay Verma''' (born 13 April 1962) is a [[Dogri language|Dogri]] language Indian poet from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kipnews.in/newsdet.aspx?q=37279
|title=Deepika Sharma inaugurates Dogri conference to mark “Dogri Manta Divas” |work=Kashmir Independent Press |date=24 December 2024 |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref> He received [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2023 for his poetry collection ''Daun Sadiyan Ek Seer''. <ref name="tribune">{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi Award for Dogri poet Vijay Verma |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/sahitya-akademi-award-for-dogri-poet-vijay-verma-573978/ |work=The Tribune |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="excelsior">{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi Award: Vijay’s Dogri ghazals bag honour |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/sahitya-akademi-award-vijays-dogri-ghazals-bag-honour/ |work=Daily Excelsior |date=14 January 2024 |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Vijay Verma was born on 13 April 1962 in Seri Panditan village in Jammu district of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. <ref name="tribune"/>

== Awards ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2023 for poetry collection ''Daun Sadiyan Ek Seer''.<ref name="tribune"/><ref name="hindu">{{cite news |title=24 writers honoured with Sahitya Akademi Award for 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/24-writers-honoured-with-sahitya-akademi-award-for-2023/article67944223.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
* [[Dogri literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dogri-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Jammu]]

Haveli Dhond Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:21:01Z

Mohit Kumar: Started Basic Info Basic Info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Haveli Dhond
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 1,01,164
| mla = Magar Martand Dhondiba
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = SC
}}
Haveli Dhond Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was merged with [[Haveli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Haveli]] and [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]] constituencies.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Magar Martand Dhondiba || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Kharat Ganpat Sambhaji
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Haveli Dhond <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Magar Martand Dhondiba |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,193 |percentage = 28.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kharat Ganpat Sambhaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,515 |percentage = 27.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sasane Jaysing Ganpat |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 13,638 |percentage = 14.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khandale Ramchandra Genuji |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 11,645 |percentage = 12.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonone Dinanath Sadashir |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 8,305 |percentage = 8.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tupe Baburao Bhausaheb |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,991 |percentage = 6.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wakhare Raoji Balwant |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,920 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,555 |percentage = 14.24% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,207 |percentage = 47.06% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,207}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,164 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Handball Association of India

2026-04-02T18:57:42Z

Mohit Kumar: Started Some Article Nd Citations

{{Short description|Administrative and controlling body for handball in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Handball Association of India
|abbrev = HAI
|logo = Handball Association of India.svg
|sport = [[Handball]]
|othersports =
|category =
|image =
|caption =
|membership = [[#Affiliated members|43]]
|jurisdiction = {{IND}}
|founded =
|aff = [[International Handball Federation]]
|affdate =
|region = [[Asian Handball Federation]]
|regionyear =
|subregion = South Asian Handball Federation
|headquarters = [[Lucknow]], India
|president = Digvijay Chautala
|vicepresident =
|secretary = Tejraj Singh
|replaced = Handball Federation of India (youth, developmental events)
|prevfounded =
|url = https://haiindia.in/
|countryflag = IND
}}

'''Handball Association of India''' is the governing body for [[handball in India]]. HAI is a member of the [[Asian Handball Federation]] and the [[International Handball Federation]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Republic of India |url=https://www.asianhandball.org/member-ind |publisher= [[Asian Handball Federation]] (AHF)|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> It is also a member of the [[Commonwealth Handball Association]] and the South Asian Handball Federation.

==History==
HAI replaced the Handball Federation of India as the official handball governing body in 2023. HFI was founded by Jagat Singh Chauhan from Rohtak ([[Haryana]]) who was an alumnus of [[YMCA College of Physical Education]] of [[Madras]] [[Chennai]]. He was also the first secretary general of HFI.<ref>{{cite web | title=IHF | Member Federation | url=https://www.ihf.info/member-federations/india/4051 }}</ref>

The 1st Senior National Handball Championship was held at [[Chhotu Ram|Sir Chhotu Ram]] Stadium, Rohtak, in the year 1972. Haryana won the gold medal and Vidharba got the silver medal.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

===Presidents===
{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
! No. !! Name !! State !! Tenure
|-
|1 || Laxmi Chhabra || || 1973 – 1976
|-
|2 ||[[Air Vice Marshal|AVM]] [[H. L. Kapur|Harkrishan Lal Kapur]], [[PVSM]] [[AVSM]] [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 1976 – 1985
|-
|3 || [[Roshan Lal Anand]] || [[Punjab]] || 1985 – 1 February 2010
|-
|4 || Sarwan Singh Channy, IAS || [[Punjab]] || 1 February 2010 – 22 December 2013
|-
|5 || M. Ramasubramani, IPS || [[Tamil Nadu]] || 22 December 2013 – 1 November 2020
|-
|6 || Arishnapallly Jagan Mohan Rao || [[Telangana]] || 1 November 2020 – 14 August 2022
|-
|7 || [[Digvijay Chautala]] || [[Haryana]] || 14 August 2022 – present
|}

===General secretaries===
{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
! No. !! Name !! State !! Tenure
|-
|1. || Jagat Singh Chauhan || [[Haryana]] ||1972 – 1973
|-
|2. || M. I. Khan || [[Andhra Pradesh]] ||1973 – 1985
|-
|3. || Surinder Mohan Bali || [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ||1985 – 22 December 2013
|-
|4. || Anandeshwar Panday || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 22 December 2013 – 1 November 2020
|-
|5. || Tejpratap singh || [[Rajasthan]] || 1 November 2020 – ''present''
|}

===Executive committee===
Following is the HFI Executive committee for the term 2022 – 2025.
{| class= style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="60%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
! Designation !! Name !! State
|-
| '''Life-president'''{{refn|group=note|name=EXECOM|Life-President, Chairman and the Executive Director donot have voting right in the Executive Committee or Annual General Body Meeting(s).}} || [[Roshan Lal Anand]] || [[Punjab]]
|-
| '''President''' || Digvijay Chautala || [[Haryana]]
|-
| '''Sr. vice-president''' || [[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]] || [[Jharkhand]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Vice-president'''|| Braj Kishore Sharma || [[Bihar]]
|-
| Nassarudeen Musali || [[Kerala]]
|-
| Yogesh Mehta || [[Delhi]]
|-
| '''Secretary general'''|| Pritpal Singh Saluja || [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|rowspan=4 |'''Joint secretary'''|| Nand Kishore Sharma || [[Himachal Pradesh Handball Association|Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
| Randhir Singh || [[Handball Association of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
|-
| Shyamla Pavan Kumar || [[Telangana]]
|-
| Varuni Negi || Delhi
|-
| '''Treasurer'''|| Gursharan Singh Gill || Punjab
|-
|rowspan=7 |'''Executive member'''|| Ravinder Singh || [[Chandigarh]]
|-
| Rama Shankar Sharma || [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
| Birendra Kumar Behera || [[Odisha]]
|-
| Jile Singh || [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|-
| Ashutosh Sharma || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|}

===Head coaches===
The following are the head coaches of the Indian national handball teams:
{| class= style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="60%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
!Category !! Head coach !! State
|-
|colspan=3 | {{centre|'''Handball'''}}
|-
|Men || Vinod Kumar || [[Services Sports Control Board]]
|-
|Women || Mohinder Lal || [[Sports Authority of India]]
|-
|Junior men || Hassan Imam || Jharkhand
|-
|Junior women || Sunil Kumar || Chandigarh
|-
|Youth men || Praveen Kumar Singh || Sports Authority of India
|-
|Youth women || Arvind Kumar Yadav || [[Railways Sports Promotion Board]]
|-
|colspan=3 | {{centre|'''Beach handball'''}}
|-
|Men || Inderjeet Singh Randhawa || Punjab
|-
|Women || Priyadeep Singh || Rajasthan
|-
|Youth men || Inderjeet Singh Randhawa || Punjab
|-
|Youth women || Ziarul Rahaman Mondal || West Bengal
|-
|colspan=3 | {{centre|'''Wheelchair handball'''}}
|-
|Wheelchair handball || Anand Bajirao Mane || Maharashtra
|}

===Competitions hosted===
HFI had hosted following international championships:
{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana" width="60%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- bgcolor="efefef" align="center"
! Championship !! Venue
|-
| [[2019 Asian Women's Youth Handball Championship]] || [[Jaipur]]
|-
| [[2017 Asian Men's Club League Handball Championship]] || [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Handball at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016 South Asian Games]] || [[Guwahati]]
|-
| [[2015 Asian Women's Youth Handball Championship]] || [[New Delhi]]
|-
| [[2004 Asian Men's Junior Handball Championship]] || [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Handball at the 1982 Asian Games|1982 Asian Games]] || [[New Delhi]]
|}

==Affiliated members==
;State associations
# [[Andhra Pradesh]] Handball Association
# [[Arunachal Pradesh]] Handball Association
# [[Assam]] Handball Association
# [[Bihar]] Handball Association
# [[Chhattisgarh]] Handball Association
# [[Goa]] Handball Association
# [[Gujarat]] Handball Association
# [[Haryana]] State Handball Association
# [[Himachal Pradesh Handball Association]]
# [[Jharkhand]] State Handball Association
# [[Karnataka]] Handball Association
# [[Kerala]] Handball Association
# [[Madhya Pradesh]] Handball Association
# [[Handball Association of Maharashtra]]
# [[Manipur]] Handball Association
# [[Meghalaya]] Handball Association
# [[Mizoram]] Handball Association
# [[Nagaland]] Handball Association
# [[Odisha]] State Handball Association
# [[Punjab]] Handball Association
# [[Rajasthan]] State Handball Association
# [[Sikkim]] Handball Association
# [[Tamil Nadu]] Handball Association, Chennai
# [[Telangana]] Handball Association
# [[Tripura]] Handball Association
# [[Uttar Pradesh]] Handball Association
# [[Uttarakhand]] Handball Association
# [[West Bengal]] State Handball Association

;Union territories associations
# [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] Handball Association
# [[Chandigarh]] Handball Association
# Handball Association of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
# Handball Association of [[Delhi]]
# Handball Association of [[Union Territory of Ladakh]]
# [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] Handball Association
# [[Lakshadweep]] Handball Association
# [[Pondicherry]] State Handball Association

;Other units
# [[Association of Indian Universities]]
# [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
# [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
# [[Mumbai]] Handball Academy
# National Handball Academy
# [[Railways Sports Promotion Board]]
# [[Services Sports Control Board]]
# [[Sports Authority of India]]

==National teams==
* [[India men's national handball team]]
* [[India women's national handball team]]
* [[India national wheelchair handball team]]

==See also==
* [[Premier Handball League (India)|Premier Handball League]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Handball in India}}
{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{National members of the Asian Handball Federation}}
{{National members of the International Handball Federation}}

[[Category:1972 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Asian Handball Federation]]
[[Category:Handball governing bodies]]
[[Category:Handball in India]]
[[Category:National members of the International Handball Federation]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India|Handball]]
[[Category:Handball governing bodies in India| ]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1972]]

==External links==
[https://handballfederationofindia.com HFI website]

Ilyas Kashmiri

2026-03-29T19:28:44Z

Mohit Kumar: quick cleanup structure per sources and improved wording

{{Short description|Pakistani al-Qaeda militant (1964–2011)}}
{{about||the Pakistani film actor|Ilyas Kashmiri (actor)}}
{{use Pakistani English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Maulana]], [[Mufti]]
| name = Ilyas Kashmiri
| native_name = {{nastaliq|الیاس کشمیری}}
| native_name_lang = ur
| image = Ilyas Kashmiri fair-use.JPG
| alt = Ilyas Kashmiri
| caption = Ilyas Kashmiri
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1964|02|10}}
| birth_place = [[Thathi]], [[Bhimber]], [[Samahni]], [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Pakistan]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|06|03|1964|02|10}}
| death_place = [[North Waziristan]], [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]]
| death_cause = [[American drone strikes in Pakistan|Drone strike]]
| movement = {{Ill|313 Brigade|ur|الیاس کشمیری گروپ}}
| organization = [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]] [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] [[Jaish-e-Mohammad]] {{Ill|313 Brigade|ur|الیاس کشمیری گروپ}}<ref name=TheNews>{{cite news|first=Hamid|last=Mir|author-link=Hamid Mir|title=How an ex-Army commando became a militant|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=24626&Cat=13&dt=9/20/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208121101/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=24626&Cat=13&dt=9%2F20%2F2009|archive-date=8 February 2011|work=[[The News International]]|date=20 September 2009|access-date=12 September 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
| known_for = [[Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar]]
| alma_mater = [[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]] [[Allama Iqbal Open University]]
| occupation = Pakistani [[Special Service Group|SSG]]
}}

'''Ilyas Kashmiri'''{{efn|Also referred to as '''[[Maulana]] Ilyas Kashmiri''',<ref>{{cite web|first=Syed Saleem |last=Shahzad |title=Afghanistan: the neo-Taliban campaign |url= http://mondediplo.com/2008/10/08neotalibans |work=[[Le Monde diplomatique]]|date=October 2008 |access-date=21 September 2009}}</ref> '''[[Mufti]] Ilyas Kashmiri'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=KASHMIRI, Muhammad Ilyas |url=https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=12147 |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov}}</ref> and '''Muhammad Ilyas Kashmiri'''<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news |title=Pak frees terrorist leaders |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040223/asp/foreign/story_2926635.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040417121510/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040223/asp/foreign/story_2926635.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2004 |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota, India |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=22 February 2004 |access-date=21 September 2009}}</ref>}} ({{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|الیاس کشمیری}}|Ilyās Kaśmīrī}}; 10 February 1964<ref name=AsiaTimes2009_10_15>{{cite news |first=Syed Saleem |last=Shahzad |title=Al-Qaeda's guerrilla chief lays out strategy |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KJ15Df03.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016221531/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KJ15Df03.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=16 October 2009|publisher=Asia Times Online |date=15 October 2009 |access-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> – 3 June 2011<ref name=Dawn20110605/>) was a [[Pakistani]] [[Special Service Group|Special Forces Operator]] turned [[Islamist]] [[Jihadism|jihadist]] militant leader.<ref name="meat">{{cite news |date=4 June 2011 |title=Ilyas Kashmiri killed in US drone strike, confirms HuJI |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/26/11-mastermind-Ilyas-Kashmiri-killed-in-US-drone-strike-in-Pak-Report/articleshow/8723456.cms |access-date=5 June 2016 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> He was a major [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|terrorist]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and had fought against Indian troops there during several engagements.<ref name=":2" /> He was killed on 3 June 2011 in US drone attack on a compound in [[South Waziristan District|South Waziristan district]].<ref name="Dawn20110605" />

[[NBC News]] said that United States officials had mentioned him as a possible successor to [[Osama bin Laden]] as head of [[al-Qaeda]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Isikoff |first=Michael |date=10 May 2011 |title=Elusive ex-commando to replace bin Laden? |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42965337 |website=NBC News}}</ref> Prior to his death, a [[CNN]] headline called him the "most dangerous man on Earth",<ref>Tim Lister (10 November 2010), [http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/10/kashmiri.profile/index.html "Ilyas Kashmiri: Most dangerous man on Earth?"], ''CNN News''. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</ref> and the journalist [[Saleem Shahzad|Syed Saleem Shahzad]] said, "He is invariably described by the world intelligence agencies as the most effective, dangerous, and successful [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla leader]] in the world."<ref name="Syed Saleem Shahzad 2011 p. 67">Syed Saleem Shahzad, ''Inside Al-Qaeda and the Taliban: Beyond bin Laden and 9/11'', Pluto Press (2011), p. 67</ref>

==Early life and education==
Physically described by the [[US Department of State]] as "approximately six [[Foot (unit)|feet]] tall" and weighting "about 200 [[Pound (mass)|pounds]]",<ref>Web Desk (7 April 2011), [https://www.thenewstribe.com.au/2011/04/07/us-offers-5-mn-for-ilyas-kashmiri-info/ "US offers $ 5 Mn for Ilyas Kashmiri info"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905212617/https://www.thenewstribe.com.au/2011/04/07/us-offers-5-mn-for-ilyas-kashmiri-info/ |date=5 September 2019 }}, ''The News Tribe''. Retrieved 5 September 2019.</ref> Kashmiri was born on 10 February 1964 in [[Bhimber]], [[Samahni]] of [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]].<ref name="Syed Saleem Shahzad 2011 p. 67"/><ref name=":0" /> Kashmiri served in the [[Pakistan Army]]'s elite [[Special Service Group|Special Services Group]] (SSG).<ref name="TheNewsb">{{cite news|first=Hamid|last=Mir|author-link=Hamid Mir|title=How an ex-Army commando became a terrorist|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=24626&Cat=13&dt=9/20/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208121101/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=24626&Cat=13&dt=9%2F20%2F2009|archive-date=8 February 2011|work=[[The News International]]|date=20 September 2009|access-date=12 September 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lisacurtis">{{cite news|url=http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/111/cur031110.pdf |title=Bad company: Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and the growing ambition of Islamist militancy in Pakistan |author=Lisa Curtis |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |quote=The U.S. Department of Justice indictment that was unsealed on 14 January 2009 names... Ilyas Kashmiri, a former commando with Pakistan’s elite Special Services Group, and now leader of the Harakat-ul-Jihadi-Islami, as the operational commander behind the Mumbai attacks. |date=11 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100321193112/http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/111/cur031110.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2010}}</ref><ref name="billroggio">{{cite news|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/10/ilyas_kashmiri_survi.php|title=Ilyas Kashmiri survived last month's airstrike in Pakistan|date=13 October 2009|publisher=The Long War Journal|author=Bill Roggio|quote=Kashmiri is also a longtime asset of Pakistan's military and intelligence services. He served as a commando in the elite Special Services Group (SSG), the [[Special forces|special operations]] command trained by the [[United States Army|US Army]]'s [[United States Army Special Forces|Special Forces]] (SF). In the early 1990s, Kashmiri was ordered by the military to join the Harkat-ul Jihad Islami, and later he was urged to join the Jaish-e-Mohammed, which he refused to do.}}</ref> However he denied this in an interview with journalist [[Saleem Shahzad|Syed Saleem Shahzad]].<ref name="AsiaTimes2009_10_15" />

His school teacher described the young Kashmiri as "an obedient student, a good athlete and an excellent debater."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=8 June 2011 |title=Ilyas Kashmiri's family seeks proof of his death |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/635124/ilyas-kashmiris-family-seeks-proof-of-his-death |access-date=16 July 2023 |website=[[Dawn News]]}}</ref> Kashmiri later spent a year studying communications at the [[Allama Iqbal Open University]].<ref name="AsiaTimes2009_10_15" /> He also studied for some time in [[Karachi]]'s [[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]], a [[madrasa]] known to produce [[Jihadism|jihadists]] and [[Islamism|Islamists]], where he'd form, with two follow students, the nucleus of what would become the first jihadist outfit of the country, [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]] (HuJI).<ref>Alex Strick van Linschoten, Felix Kuehn, ''An Enemy We Created: The Myth of the Taliban-Al-Qaeda Merger in Afghanistan, 1970-2010'', Hurst Publishers (2012), p. 460</ref> He would later himself build a [[madrasa]] as well a [[mosque]] in his home village [[Thathi]] in the [[Bhimber District]], with his wife and four children living next to these buildings.<ref name=":1" />

== Military career and militant activities ==

=== Afghanistan activities ===
During the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet-Afghan War]] in [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], Ilyas Kashmiri trained [[Afghan mujahideen]] rebels in the handling and usage of explosives in [[Miranshah]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] on behalf of Pakistan.<ref name="TheNews" /> During the fighting, he lost an eye and an index finger.<ref name="TheNews" /><ref>{{Citation |author1=Sami Yousafzai |title=The New Bin Laden |date=23 October 2010 |newspaper=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2010/10/23/is-ilyas-kashmiri-the-new-bin-laden.html |access-date=25 October 2010 |author2=Ron Moreau |author3=Christopher Dickey}}</ref>

=== Kashmir activities ===
Kashmiri continued his militant activities in [[Kashmir]] after the war as a member of [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]] (HuJI), though disagreements with leader [[Qari Saifullah Akhtar]] several years after initially joining in 1991 led Kashmiri to establish his own new unit within HuJI known as the {{Ill|313 Brigade|ur|الیاس کشمیری گروپ}}.<ref name=TheNews/><ref>{{cite web|author=Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism|title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2005|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/65462.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|date=April 2006|access-date=21 September 2009}}</ref> During the mid-1990s, Kashmiri and [[Nasrullah Mansoor Langrial]] were near [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] when they were seized by the [[Indian Army]] and sent to prison, where he would spend the next two years before escaping and returning to Pakistan.<ref name="TheNews" /> Upon his return Kashmiri continued to conduct operations against India. He was reportedly being rewarded personally with [[Pakistani rupee|Rs]] 1,00,000 (about [[United States dollar|US$]]1,164.24) by then Army Chief General [[Pervez Musharraf]] for presenting the [[Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar|severed head of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar]], an [[Indian Army]] soldier to him.<ref name="TheNews" /><ref name="Talekar">According to ''[[The Indian Express]]'', the man beheaded was Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar (aged 24) of the 17 Maratha Light Infantry posted in the Nowshera sector when attacked on 27 February 2000. {{cite news|first=Manu|last=Pubby|title=24-yr-old sepoy was beheaded in 2000 LoC raid|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/24yrold-sepoy-was-beheaded-in-2000-loc-raid/520047|work=The Indian Express |date=22 September 2009|access-date=22 September 2009}} A memorial is to be built in Talekar's memory in Kolgaon, where his parents live. {{cite news|first=Ranjani|last=Raghavan|title=Dead sepoy's village doesn't know his killer is killed in Pakistan|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dead-sepoys-village-doesnt-know-his-killer-is-killed-in-pakistan/520455/0|work=The Indian Express |date=23 September 2009|access-date=23 September 2009}}</ref> Pictures of Kashmiri with the head of the soldier in his hands were published in some [[List of newspapers in Pakistan|Pakistani newspapers]].<ref name="Talekar" />

=== Post-Kashmir activities ===
Kashmiri rejected orders to serve under [[Masood Azhar|Maulana Masood Azhar]] in the newly founded [[jihadist]] organisation [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and was once even targeted by the group.<ref name=TheNews/> Falling out of favour with the Pakistani military, he was taken into custody and tortured in late 2003 in the wake of an attempt to [[Pervez Musharraf#Assassination attempts|assassinate]] President Musharraf.<ref name=TheNews/> From his release in February 2004<ref name=Telegraph/> until the 2007 [[siege of Lal Masjid]] he apparently did little, but later returned to the 313 Brigade in the terrorist organisation [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]] (HuJI), which is closely tied to [[al-Qaeda]]. Kashmiri rebuilt its strength while collaborating with the [[Taliban]]. This was part of a broader movement of Kashmir militants moving to [[Waziristan]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Syed Saleem|last=Shahzad|title=Why Pakistan's military is gun shy|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JL24Df03.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110175416/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JL24Df03.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=10 January 2009|work=[[Asia Times Online]]|date=24 December 2008|access-date=21 September 2009}}</ref> and Kashmiri reportedly moved personnel from his [[Kotli]] training camp (in [[Azad Kashmir]]) to a new one in [[Razmak]] ([[North Waziristan District|North Waziristan district]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]).<ref name=MEMRI>{{cite web|title=Pakistan's Top 10 Militant Commanders|url=http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP253609#_ednref1|publisher=[[Middle East Media Research Institute|MEMRI]]|date=15 September 2009|access-date=21 September 2009}}</ref> A U.S. indictment of Kashmiri stated that he "was in regular contact with ''al Qaeda'' [their italics] and in particular with [[Mustafa Abu al Yazid]]..."<ref name=DoJ>{{cite web|title=United States of America v. Ilyas Kashmiri, et al.|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/iln/pr/chicago/2010/pr0114_01a.pdf|publisher=United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division|page=19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203040808/http://www.justice.gov/usao/iln/pr/chicago/2010/pr0114_01a.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2010}}</ref>

Kashmiri has been associated with a number of attacks, including the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], the [[2010 Pune bombing]], the assassination of [[Benazir Bhutto]] and the killing of [[Ameer Faisal Alavi]].<ref name=TheNews/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012%5C02%5C22%5Cstory_22-2-2012_pg1_1|title=Daily Times - Latest Pakistan News, World, Business, Sports, Lifestyle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-2657-Growing-Pakistanisation-of-al-Qaeda|title=The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News |date=8 February 2020 }}</ref> [[Syed Saleem Shahzad]] wrote that Kashmiri proposed the Mumbai attacks to al-Qaeda leaders as a way to create a war that would bring operations against al-Qaeda to a halt. The plan was approved and given to former LeT commander Major [[Haroon Ashique]]. According to ''[[Asia Times Online]]'', Kashmiri was behind a 2008 plan to assassinate [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] General [[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani]] as he stepped out of his car during daily visits to a gym; however, the al-Qaeda leadership rejected the plan on strategic grounds.<ref>{{cite news|first=Syed Saleem|last=Shahzad|title=Al-Qaeda keeps its eyes on Afghanistan|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KE23Df03.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525105651/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KE23Df03.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=25 May 2009|work=[[Asia Times Online]]|date=23 May 2009|access-date=21 September 2009}}</ref> According to ''[[The News International]]'', Kashmiri is accused of organising the December 2009 [[Camp Chapman attack]] against the [[CIA]] and the United States was seeking his arrest and extradition.<ref>{{cite web|first=Amir |last=Mir |title=US seeks Harkat chief for Khost CIA attack |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=217152 |work=[[The News International]] |date=6 January 2010 |access-date=6 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109212516/http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=217152 |archive-date=9 January 2010 }}</ref>

In early 2010, Kashmiri was reported to be the new leader of al-Qaeda's [[Lashkar al-Zil]], or Shadow Army, following the death of its former leader [[Abdullah Said al Libi]] by an American drone.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Roggio |title=US killed al Qaeda's Lashkar al Zil commander in airstrike |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2010/01/us_killed_al_qaedas.php |publisher=The Long War Journal |date=7 January 2010 |access-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> According to journalist [[Amir Mir]], citing Pakistani security sources, Kashmiri was subsequently assigned the role of organising attacks against Western targets after the regional command was taken by [[Saif Al-Adel]], a former Egyptian army colonel newly released from Iran.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mir|first=Amir|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=2657&Cat=13|title=Growing Pakistanisation of al-Qaeda|work=The News International|date=14 December 2010|access-date=14 December 2010}}</ref> Before his death, bin Laden had asked Kashmiri to plan an attack on Barack Obama, according to a column by [[David Ignatius]] published on [[The Washington Post|the ''Washington Post'']] web site. Ignatius stated that his column was based on documents seized from the raid on bin Laden's compound.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/17/world/asia/details-emerge-of-osama-bin-laden-plot-on-barack-obama.html | title=Bin Laden Plot Against Obama Outlined in Documents | work=The New York Times| date=16 March 2012 | access-date=17 March 2012 | author=Cushman, John H. Jr.}}</ref> In the wake of the [[Death of Osama bin Laden|killing]] of al-Qaeda leader [[Osama bin Laden]] on 2 May 2011 during an American operation in [[Abbottabad]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]], terrorism analysts put forth Kashmiri's name as one of several possible successors to lead the organisation.<ref>{{cite news|first=Yashwant|last=Raj|title=Ilyas Kashmiri ahead in race to lead Qaeda|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ilyas-Kashmiri-ahead-in-race-to-lead-Qaeda/Article1-693964.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|date=5 May 2011|access-date=7 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509040819/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ilyas-Kashmiri-ahead-in-race-to-lead-Qaeda/Article1-693964.aspx|archive-date=9 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Roggio|title=Will Ilyas Kashmiri slip into Osama's shoes?|url=http://www.timescrest.com/coverstory/will-ilyas-kashmiri-slip-into-osamas-shoes-5331|work=The Times of India|date=7 May 2011|access-date=7 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513080441/http://www.timescrest.com/coverstory/will-ilyas-kashmiri-slip-into-osamas-shoes-5331|archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Windrem|title=An American to head al Qaeda?|publisher=MSNBC|url=http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/05/04/6583895-an-american-to-head-al-qaeda|date=4 May 2011|access-date=7 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507084103/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/05/04/6583895-an-american-to-head-al-qaeda|archive-date=7 May 2011}}</ref>

==== U.S. indictment ====
On 27 October 2009, a press release from the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] named Kashmiri as a conspirator to whom an American citizen from [[Chicago]], [[David Headley]], arrested on terrorism related charges, "allegedly reported and attempted to report". The statement also noted that Kashmiri "issued a statement this month that he was alive and working with [[al-Qaeda]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Two Chicago Men Charged in Connection With Alleged Roles in Foreign Terror Plot That Focused on Targets in Denmark|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS184911+27-Oct-2009+PRN20091027|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106170946/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS184911+27-Oct-2009+PRN20091027|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2009|work=[[U.S. Department of Justice]]|publisher=Reuters|date=27 October 2009 }}</ref> A report on details of the investigation stated that Kashmiri "was in regular contact with Headley for some time and their communications suggested that they were in the process of plotting fresh attacks in India."<ref>{{cite news|first=Vijay V.|last=Singh|title=Headley's coded messages hint at HuJI link: Police|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Headleys-coded-messages-hint-at-HuJI-link-Police/articleshow/5231375.cms|work=The Times of India |date=15 November 2009|access-date=15 November 2009}}</ref> Headley was reportedly distraught at news of Kashmiri's death, but after receiving confirmation that he was still alive, set off for Pakistan, at which time he was arrested by the [[FBI]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Omar Sheikh's Pak handler Ilyas Kashmiri also handled Headley|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Omar-Sheikh-s-Pak-handler-Ilyas-Kashmiri-also-handled-Headley/542006|work=Express India|date=16 November 2009|access-date=16 November 2009}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kashmiri was officially indicted on two counts, for "conspiracy to murder and maim in [[Denmark]]" (against the newspaper ''[[Jyllands-Posten]]'') and "conspiracy to [[provide material support to terrorism]] in [[Denmark]]".<ref name="DoJ" /> During court testimony on 31 May 2011, Headley indicated that he had conducted preliminary research for Kashmiri in a plot targeting [[Robert J. Stevens]], the CEO of [[Lockheed-Martin]], the defence contractor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Headley: Militant had targeted Lockheed Martin|date=1 June 2011|agency=AFP|url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/06/01/headley-militant-had-targeted-lockheed-martin.html|work=Dawn.com|access-date=1 June 2011}}</ref>

==== Blacklisted as a terrorist by the US and the UN ====
On 6 August 2010, the United States labelled Kashmiri a "[[Specially Designated Global Terrorist]]" while the United Nations added him and his group HuJI to its [[ISIL (Da'esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee]] blacklist established under [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1267|UN Security Council Resolution 1267]]. The label allows the United States to freeze any of his assets in US jurisdiction and to "prohibit US persons from engaging in any transactions with him." The UN resolution requires [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member states]] to freeze assets, ban travel and [[arms embargo|ban the sale of arms]] to Kashmiri and HuJI.<ref name=AFP20100807>{{cite news|title=US, UN declare Harakat-ul Jihad al-Islami a terrorist group|newspaper=Google News|agency=AFP|date=7 August 2010|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jxMUvbXPQTz6nO4sm5K_Qs7GEAMg|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103042841/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jxMUvbXPQTz6nO4sm5K_Qs7GEAMg|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=USState>{{cite press release|title=Designations of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami (HUJI) and its Leader, Mohammad Ilyas Kashmiri|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/08/145779.htm|publisher=US Department of State|date=6 August 2010|access-date=12 August 2010}}</ref>

==== Assassination attempt and reported death in 2009 ====
Kashmiri was reported killed along with [[Hanifullah Janikhel]] and [[Kaleemullah]] in [[Machikhel]], [[North Waziristan District|North Waziristan district]] on 7 September 2009 when they were hit by a missile fired from a [[Drone attacks in Pakistan|U.S. drone]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Alex|last=Rodriguez|author2=Ali, Zulfiqar|title=Pakistani Al Qaeda leader killed in U.S. strike|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-pakistan-drone18-2009sep18,0,6126079.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=18 September 2009|access-date=21 September 2009}}</ref> At the time he was reportedly one of the top 10 most wanted militant commanders in Pakistan.<ref name=MEMRI/> However, in mid-October Kashmiri was reported to have survived the airstrike and granted an interview to ''[[Asia Times]]'''s [[Saleem Shahzad|Syed Saleem Shahzad]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Roggio|title=Ilyas Kashmiri survived last month's airstrike in Pakistan|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/10/ilyas_kashmiri_survi.php|work=The Long War Journal|date=13 October 2009|access-date=13 October 2009}}</ref><ref name='at20091015'>{{cite news | first = Syed Saleem | last = Shahzad | author-link = Syed Saleem Shahzad | title = Al-Qaeda's guerrilla chief lays out strategy | date = 15 October 2009 | publisher = Asia Times Online (Holdings), Ltd. | url = http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KJ15Df03.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091016221531/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KJ15Df03.html | url-status = unfit | archive-date = 16 October 2009 | work = Asia Times Online | access-date =17 August 2011}}</ref> A senior American official was later quoted by ''[[The Washington Times]]'' as saying, "While there were preliminary indications that Kashmiri may have been dead, there is now reason to believe that he could be alive".<ref>{{cite news|first=Eli|last=Lake|title='Dead' al Qaeda terrorist surfaces for media|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/oct/15/dead-terrorist-surfaces-for-media/?feat=article_top10_read|work=The Washington Times|date=15 October 2009|access-date=16 October 2009}}</ref> One rumour among militants asserted that Kashmiri had been outside urinating when the house he was staying at was hit.<ref>{{cite news|last=Yousafzai|first=Sami|author2=Moreau, Ron |author3=Dickey, Christopher |title=The New Bin Laden|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2010/10/23/is-ilyas-kashmiri-the-new-bin-laden.html|work=Newsweek|date=23 October 2010|access-date=23 October 2010}}</ref>

==Death==
On 3 June 2011, a US drone attack targeted a compound in the [[Ghwakhwa]] area of [[South Waziristan District|South Waziristan district]], a [[Taliban]] stronghold. Nine jihadists, including Ilyas Kashmiri, were reportedly killed in the missile strike.<ref name=Dawn20110605/><ref name="meat"/><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13653324 US strike 'kills' key Pakistan militant Ilyas Kashmiri], ''[[BBC News]]'', 4 June 2016</ref> Three other militants were badly injured in the attack.<ref name="meat"/> Local officials reported that the militants in the compound were all members of the [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]].<ref name="meat"/> Kashmiri had moved to [[Wana, Pakistan|Wana]] from [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] 10 days earlier.<ref name="meat"/>

Lala Wazir, a spokesman for [[Maulvi Nazir|Mullah Nazir]], a Taliban commander associated with the owner of the compound which was attacked, confirmed his death.<ref name=Dawn20110605>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/634299/ilyas-kashmiri-killed-in-us-drone-strike|title=Drone strike kills Ilyas Kashmiri|access-date=5 June 2016|newspaper=Dawn|date=5 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011%5C06%5C07%5Cstory_7-6-2016_pg1_6|title=Ahmedzai Wazir tribes, Taliban decide to keep 'peace deal' intact|access-date=7 June 2011|newspaper=Daily Times|date=7 June 2011}}</ref> [[Qari Muhammad Idress]], a close aide to Kashmiri and a senior HuJI commander, also claimed he was killed in the drone strike.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6495&Cat=13&dt=6/5/2011 |title=Ilyas Kashmiri killed in Wana drone attack |publisher=Thenews.com.pk |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808201150/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6495&Cat=13&dt=6%2F5%2F2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Al-Qaeda also eulogised Kashmiri in the August issue of the ''[[Nawai Afghan Jihad]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/Security/Pakistan-Mystery-still-surrounds-fate-of-Al-Qaeda-military-chief_312342043007.html |title=Pakistan:Mystery still surrounds fate of Al Qaeda military chief |publisher=Adnkronos News |date=11 August 2011 |access-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> On 7 July 2011, [[CNN]] reported that an unnamed US Intelligence official said US officials were 99 percent certain Kashmiri was killed but he added "the folks that make that determination aren't ready to say so definitively."<ref>{{cite news|author=Tim Lister |author2=Elise Labott |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/07/07/us.pakistan.top.terrorist/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722064454/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/07/07/us.pakistan.top.terrorist/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2011 |title=U.S. '99% sure' top terrorist was killed last month |publisher=CNN |date=7 July 2016 |access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> The US State Department's Rewards for Justice Program, which at one at point designated Kashmiri as a wanted terrorist and offered a [[United States dollar|US$]]5,000,000 bounty for information leading to his capture,<ref>{{cite news|author=Office of the Spokesman| url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/04/160071.htm |title=Rewards for Justice – Mohammad Ilyas Kashmiri Reward Offer | publisher=state.gov |date=6 April 2011 |access-date=30 July 2011}}</ref> removed him from the list after he was killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/index.cfm?page=wanted_terrorist&language=english |title=Rewards for Justice-wanted_terrorist - english |website=www.rewardsforjustice.net |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614064302/http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/index.cfm?page=wanted_terrorist&language=english |archive-date=14 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 31 August 2016, ''[[Asia Times]]'' reported that a well known Taliban commander named [[Shah Sahib]] had replaced Kashmiri as commander of the Brigade 313.<ref>{{cite news|author=Hamza Ameer |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/MH31Df01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830173551/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/MH31Df01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=30 August 2011 |title=New leader plans attacks on Pakistan |publisher=Asia Times Online |date=30 August 2016 |access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref>

However, doubts remained of his death. A spokesman for the [[Pakistani Taliban|Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (TTP) stated in June 2011 that Kashmiri was alive and well.<ref name=Dawn20110605/> In mid-July 2016, ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' reported that Kashmiri was still alive and active in the border areas of Pakistan and [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Indo-Asian News Service|date=16 July 2016|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/al-qaeda-commander-ilyas-kashmiri-is-alive-report-119736 |title=Al Qaeda commander Ilyas Kashmiri is alive: Report|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/MG22Df04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721212604/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/MG22Df04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=21 July 2011 |title=Asia Times Online :: Kashmiri's great escape (reprise) |publisher=Atimes.com |access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Kashmiri-still-alive-Report/Article1-721767.aspx |title=Kashmiri still alive: Report |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 July 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722051551/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Kashmiri-still-alive-Report/Article1-721767.aspx |archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> On 30 July 2011, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] listed him as one of the nation's five most wanted fugitives, indicating that Indian authorities think Kashmiri might still be alive.<ref>{{cite news|author=Amir Mir |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/MG30Df02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729224734/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/MG30Df02.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=29 July 2011 |title=India to press Pakistan on fugitives |publisher=Atimes.com |date=30 July 2011 |access-date=30 July 2011}}</ref> In March 2012, the ''Daily Times'' reported that "reliable sources" had recently seen Kashmiri meeting with TTP head [[Hakimullah Mehsud]] in [[North Waziristan District|North Waziristan district]], but that journalists were unable to access the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|tribal regions in northern Pakistan]] to verify the report.<ref name="dt20120307">{{cite news | url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012%5C03%5C07%5Cstory_7-3-2012_pg1_4 | title=Top Qaeda operative Ilyas Kashmiri still alive | work=The Daily Times | date=5 March 2012 | access-date=8 March 2012 | author=Qadir, Manzoor}}</ref><ref name=kashdeade>{{cite news|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/al-qaeda-leader-reported-dead-found-alive-and-well |title=Al-Qaeda leader reported dead found "alive and well" |publisher=Al-Akhbar.com |access-date=8 March 2012 |author=Al-Akhbar.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020114191003/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/al-qaeda-leader-reported-dead-found-alive-and-well |archive-date=14 January 2002}}</ref>

Shortly after his death, the [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Pakistan Ministry of Interior]] alleged that Kashmiri's group had organised the assassination of [[Ministry of Minorities (Pakistan)|Minister of Minority Affairs]] [[Shahbaz Bhatti]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://continentalnews.net/2011/07/04/ilyas-kashmiri-group-%E2%80%98plotted-the-murder%E2%80%99-of-federal-minister-shahbaz-bhatti-8907.html |title=Ilyas Kashmiri Group 'Plotted the Murder' Of Federal Minister Shahbaz Bhatti |quote=A dramatic six-page report by the Pakistan Ministry of Interior based on the findings of the Joint Investigation Team JIT probing the assassination of former Federal Minister for Minorities Shahbaz Bhatti has revealed that the Ilyas Kashmiri group had crafted the plan to assassinate Minister Shahbaz Bhatti, that, Bhatti, report, Investigation, Shahbaz |publisher=Continental News |access-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327130411/http://continentalnews.net/2011/07/04/ilyas-kashmiri-group-%E2%80%98plotted-the-murder%E2%80%99-of-federal-minister-shahbaz-bhatti-8907.html |archive-date=27 March 2013}}</ref> and ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' reported based on unnamed Pakistani officials that Kashmiri was organising a death squad to avenge [[Death of Osama Bin Laden|Osama Bin Laden's death]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Farmer |first=Ben |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/8562623/Al-Qaeda-leader-planned-death-squad-to-avenge-bin-Laden.html |title=Al Qaeda leader planned death squad to avenge bin Laden |work=The Telegraph|date=7 June 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> On 16 March 2012, [[Ahmad Farooq|Ustad Ahmad Farooq]], al-Qaeda's lead spokesman in Pakistan, confirmed Kashmiri's death in an audiotape and eulogised him along with other pro-Al Qaeda militant leaders that were killed by US airstrikes in the tribal region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thememriblog.org/urdupashtu/blog_personal/en/41890.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415224953/http://www.thememriblog.org/urdupashtu/blog_personal/en/41890.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2013 |title=New Statement By Al-Qaeda's Ustad Ahmad Farooq Confirms Ilyas Kashmiri Dead |publisher=Memri Urdu-Pashtu Media Blog |date=16 March 2012 |access-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref> On 10 May 2012, the [[United Nations Security Council]] officially labeled Kashmiri as "reportedly deceased" on the Al Qaeda Sanctions list and made it clear that they would treat him as dead until it could be proven otherwise.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/un-updates-status-on-ilyas-kashmiri-indias-most-wanted-reported-dead/951531/|title=UN updates status on Ilyas Kashmiri, India's most wanted: Reported dead|author=Pranab Dhal Samanta|work=The Indian Express|date=20 May 2012|access-date=22 May 2012}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Character inspired from Ilyas Kashmiri was portrayed as "[[Major Iqbal]]" by actor [[Arjun Rampal]] in the 2025-26 Indian [[Spy film|spy]] [[Action film|action thriller]] [[duology]] ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' and ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=4 December 2025 |title=Not Mohit Sharma, Dhurandhar inspired by one of the biggest covert operations? From Madhavan to Sanjay Dutt, who plays who |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dhurandhar-based-on-biggest-covert-operations-ranveer-singh-madhavan-ajit-doval-sanjay-dutt-aslam-khan-who-plays-who-10401899/ |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=The Indian Express |quote=Arjun Rampal as Major Iqbal, based on Al Qaeda mastermind Ilyas Kashmiri}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Al-Qaeda}}
{{War on Terrorism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmiri, Ilyas}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bhimber District]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Islamists]]
[[Category:Kashmiri militants]]
[[Category:Pakistani al-Qaeda members]]
[[Category:Allama Iqbal Open University alumni]]
[[Category:People of the Soviet–Afghan War]]
[[Category:Assassinated al-Qaeda leaders]]
[[Category:Al-Qaeda leaders]]
[[Category:Deaths by American drone strikes in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List]]
[[Category:Individuals designated as terrorists by the United States government]]
[[Category:Pakistani Islamists]]
[[Category:Leaders of jihadist groups]]
[[Category:Members of jihadist groups]]
[[Category:Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:People associated with the 2008 Mumbai attacks]]
[[Category:Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]]
[[Category:Participants in the 2008 Mumbai attacks]]
[[Category:Special Services Group officers]]
[[Category:People designated by the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee]]

Siddharth Sagar

2026-03-29T00:41:22Z

Mohit Kumar: starting new stub.

{{Short description|Indian television actor (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddharth Sagar
| image =
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| birth_date = {{birth date and age|15 June 1993|df=y}}<ref>https://hamariweb.com/profiles/siddharth-sagar_6840</ref>
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| education =
| occupation = Actor comedian
| years_active = 2009–present
| known_for =
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}}
'''Siddharth Sagar''' (born 15 June 1993) is an Indian comedian and television actor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/comedy-shows-in-tv-kapil-sharma-sunil-grover-manish-paul-bharti-sharma-180250-2014-02-08|title=Comedians are out to tickle the funny bone with fresh twists|website=India Today|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203010007/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/comedy-shows-in-tv-kapil-sharma-sunil-grover-manish-paul-bharti-sharma-180250-2014-02-08|url-status=live}}</ref> He is the winner of [[Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe]] teamed with [[Krishna Abhishek]] and [[Sudesh Lehri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/I-dont-want-to-do-just-comedy-Siddharth-Sagar/articleshow/32616122.cms|title=I don't want to do just comedy: Siddharth Sagar|first=Akash|last=Wadhwa|via=The Economic Times – The Times of India|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203010007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/I-dont-want-to-do-just-comedy-Siddharth-Sagar/articleshow/32616122.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He has played the lead role in horror comedy show [[Pritam Pyare Aur Woh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Jasveer-Kaur-Siddharth-Sagar-Rajesh-Kumar-bag-a-show/articleshow/27779704.cms|title=Jasveer Kaur, Siddharth Sagar & Rajesh Kumar bag a show|first=Tejashree|last=Bhopatkar|via=The Economic Times – The Times of India|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203010008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Jasveer-Kaur-Siddharth-Sagar-Rajesh-Kumar-bag-a-show/articleshow/27779704.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Siddharth started working on stage from the age of 8. When he was 13, he made his television debut with ''[[Comedy Circus - Chinchpokli To China]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<ref name=Ei>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/I-am-working|title=on-stage-from-the-age-of-8-Siddharth-Sagar/articleshow/32602224.cms I am working on stage from the age of 8: Siddharth Sagar|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> He participated in various stand-up comedy shows, Comedy Circus, including, ''[[List of programs broadcast by Colors|Chhote Miyan Bade Miyan]]'', ''[[Laughter Ke Phatke]]'', ''[[Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Siddharth-and-Prasad-unrecognised-in-disguise/articleshow/34688966.cms|title=Siddharth and Prasad unrecognised in disguise|via=The Economic Times – The Times of India|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203010009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Siddharth-and-Prasad-unrecognised-in-disguise/articleshow/34688966.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He also hosted the Sab Ke Anokhe Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/sab-channel-anokhe-awards-comedian-bharti-sunil-grover-9323.html|title=Sunil, Bharti to host SAB Ke Anokhe Awards|first1=India TV News|last1=Desk|date=20 August 2013|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203010014/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/sab-channel-anokhe-awards-comedian-bharti-sunil-grover-9323.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also worked in [[Comedy Classes]] on [[Life Ok]] and later appeared on [[the Kapil Sharma Show]].<ref name=double>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/siddharth-sagars-double-role-in-comedy-classes/|title=Siddharth Sagar's double role in Comedy Classes|date=17 October 2014|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203010007/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/siddharth-sagars-double-role-in-comedy-classes/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ishare.rediff.com/video/entertainment/siddharth-sagar-as-selfie-mausi-in-comedy-classes-comedy-classes-life-ok/9841059|title=Siddharth Sagar As Selfie Mausi In Comedy Classes | Comedy Classes |Life Ok Video – Rediff Videos|website=ishare.rediff.com}}</ref>

In 2018, he mysteriously went missing for a few months until recently{{When|date=March 2023}} when he called a press conference and opened up about his family problems, his experience with substance abuse. He alleged that his case was greatly mishandled at the rehabilitation centre,{{Where|date=March 2023}} claiming he was beaten and treated for the ailments he did not have.<ref>{{cite news |title=Siddharth Sagar: I was physically, mentally and emotionally shattered |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/siddharth-sagar-opens-up-on-being-away-from-television-industry-5120135/ |publisher=The Indian Express|date=2 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125115433/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/siddharth-sagar-opens-up-on-being-away-from-television-industry-5120135/ |archive-date=25 November 2020 |accessdate=3 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tiwari |first1=Vijaya |title=Exclusive – Comedy Circus fame Sidharth Sagar gets into heavy drugs again and sent to rehab, his mom to fly soon to Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-comedy-circus-fame-sidharth-sagar-gets-into-heavy-drugs-again-and-sent-to-rehab-hia-mom-says-his-closest-friends-are-never-there-for-him-in-the-hour-of-need/articleshow/85857855.cms |website=timesofindia |access-date=2 September 2021 |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902053535/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-comedy-circus-fame-sidharth-sagar-gets-into-heavy-drugs-again-and-sent-to-rehab-hia-mom-says-his-closest-friends-are-never-there-for-him-in-the-hour-of-need/articleshow/85857855.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, he made a comeback with ''[[Gangs of Filmistan]]'' on [[Star Bharat]].

'What Nonsense' Comedy Series Season 1 & 2 with Various Artists,

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year(s)
!Name of Show
!Role(s)
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2009–2018
|''[[Comedy Circus]]''
|Various characters
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/comedy-circus-sidharth-sagar-sent-to-rehab-facility-by-police-drugs-case|title='Comedy Circus' Fame Sidharth Sagar Found in 'Bad State' by Cops, Sent to Rehab|first=Quint|last=Entertainment|date=3 September 2021|website=TheQuint|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203005613/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/comedy-circus-sidharth-sagar-sent-to-rehab-facility-by-police-drugs-case|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''Chhote Miyan Bade Miyan''
|Contestant
|
|<ref name=Ei/>
|-
|2010
|''Laughter Ke Phatke''
|Contestant
|
|<ref name=Ei/>
|-
|2014
|''[[Pritam Pyare Aur Woh]]''
|Pritam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/sab-tv-to-spook-you-with-pritam-pyaare-aur-woh-140301|title=Sab TV to spook you with Pritam, Pyaare Aur Woh|date=1 March 2014|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203045722/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/sab-tv-to-spook-you-with-pritam-pyaare-aur-woh-140301|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2014–2016
|''[[Comedy Classes]]''
|Nasser / Selfie Mausi / Various characters
|
|<ref name=double/>
|-
|2016
|''[[Comedy Nights Live]]''
|Mangala / Various characters
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/siddharth-sagar-slapgate-controversy-with-bharti-wasnt-intentional-lifetv-344295-2016-10-01|title=Siddharth Sagar on slapgate controversy with Bharti: It wasn't intentional|website=India Today|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203014721/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/siddharth-sagar-slapgate-controversy-with-bharti-wasnt-intentional-lifetv-344295-2016-10-01|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Gangs of Filmistan]]''
| Various characters
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/article/gangs-of-filmistan-sidharth-sagar-denies-being-exploited-says-i-really-dont-understand-what-is-shilpa-shinde-benefitting-from-this/646388|title=Sidharth Sagar denies being exploited; says, 'I really don't understand what is Shilpa benefitting from this'|website=www.zoomtventertainment.com|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203014721/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/article/gangs-of-filmistan-sidharth-sagar-denies-being-exploited-says-i-really-dont-understand-what-is-shilpa-shinde-benefitting-from-this/646388|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Zee Comedy Show]]''
|Various characters
|
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sidharth-sagar-makes-a-comeback-on-the-kapil-sharma-show/articleshow/94007276.cms|title=Sidharth Sagar makes a comeback on 'The Kapil Sharma Show'|via=The Economic Times – The Times of India|access-date=3 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203014720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sidharth-sagar-makes-a-comeback-on-the-kapil-sharma-show/articleshow/94007276.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
|Ustad Gharchordas/ Various characters
|
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|2022
|''[[Case Toh Banta Hai]]''
|Various characters
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Madness Machayenge - India Ko Hasayenge]]''
|Various characters
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[What Nonsense - Comedy Series]]''
|Various characters
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagar, Siddharth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian impressionists (entertainers)]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

Next Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-26T12:05:52Z

Mohit Kumar: adding details.

{{Short description|Indian state legislative election scheduled for 2027}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Next Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = yes
| vote_type = party
| previous_election = 2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2022
| next_election =
| next_year = 2032
| election_date = By November 2027
| seats_for_election = All 68 elected seats in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 35
| map_image = [[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Himachal Pradesh.svg|300px]]
| map2_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption = Map of the assembly constituencies in Himachal Pradesh
| turnout =
| outgoing_members = 14th Himachal Pradesh Assembly
| elected_members =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh, Shri Jai Ram Thakur calling on the Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Shri Prakash Javadekar, in New Delhi on September 06, 2018.JPG (1).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| leader2 = [[Jai Ram Thakur]]
| leader_since2 = 2017
| leaders_seat2 = [[Seraj Assembly constituency|Seraj]]
| last_election2 = 43%, 25 seats
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance2 =
| seats2 =
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| image1_size = 130px
| leader1 = [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
| leader_since1 = 2022
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 = [[Nadaun Assembly constituency|Nadaun]]
| last_election1 = 43.90%, 40 seats
| seats1 =
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election =
| after_party =
| seats_before1 = 40
| seats_needed1 = {{steady}}
| seats_before2 = 28
| seats_needed2 = {{increase}} 7
}}

Legislative assembly elections are expected to be held in [[Elections in Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]] in [[2027 elections in India|November 2027]] to elect all [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|68 members]] of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |title=Legislative Assemblies : Term of State/House |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref> [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]] is the incumbent [[List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will complete full term in HP, retain power in 2027: HP CM Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-complete-full-term-in-hp-retain-power-in-2027-says-hp-cm-sukhu/articleshow/110088000.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal BJP chief says house left out now will be adjusted in 2027|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/himachal-pradesh-bjp-chief-bindal-rebellion-polls-9238467/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal will become self-reliant state by 2027: CM|url=http://himachalpr.gov.in/OneNews.aspx?Language=1&ID=32639 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=Himachal Pradesh Government}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Sukhu's film is still pending, part two will come in 2027': Himachal CM|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/sukhus-film-is-still-pending-part-two-will-come-in-2027-himachal-cm/articleshow/110092259.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Event
!Date
|-
| Date of notification
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Last date for filing nominations
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Scrutiny of nominations
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Date of Polling
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Date of Counting of votes
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Deadline for the completion of election process
| '''TBD'''
|}

== Parties and Alliances ==
=== {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Hand.svg|50px]]
| [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
| TBD
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| [[Jai Ram Thakur]]
| TBD
|}

=== Others ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|frameless|50px]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|frameless|50px]]
| [[Sanjay Chauhan (politician)|Sanjay Chauhan]]
| TBD
|-
| {{party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| [[File:Aam Aadmi Party logo (English).svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:AAP Symbol.png|50px]]
| Surjeet Singh Thakur
| TBD
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|frameless|50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|frameless|50px]]
| Bhag Singh Chaudhary
| TBD
|-
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
| Narayan Singh Azad
| TBD
|-
|}

==Candidates==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2"|District
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
!colspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!colspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Chamba district|Chamba]]
!1
|[[Churah Assembly constituency|Churah]] (SC)
|-
!2
|[[Bharmour Assembly constituency|Bharmour]] (ST)
|-
!3
|[[Chamba Assembly constituency|Chamba]]
|-
!4
|[[Dalhousie Assembly constituency|Dalhousie]]
|-
!5
|[[Bhattiyat Assembly constituency|Bhattiyat]]
|-
| rowspan="15" |[[Kangra district|Kangra]]
!6
|[[Nurpur Assembly constituency|Nurpur]]
|-
!7
|[[Indora Assembly constituency|Indora]] (SC)
|-
!8
|[[Fatehpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Fatehpur]]
|-
!9
|[[Jawali Assembly constituency|Jawali]]
|-
!10
|[[Dehra Assembly constituency|Dehra]]
|-
!11
|[[Jaswan-Pragpur Assembly constituency|Jaswan-Pragpur]]
|-
!12
|[[Jawalamukhi Assembly constituency|Jawalamukhi]]
|-
!13
|[[Jaisinghpur Assembly constituency|Jaisinghpur]] (SC)
|-
!14
|[[Sullah Assembly constituency|Sullah]]
|-
!15
|[[Nagrota, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Nagrota]]
|-
!16
|[[Kangra Assembly constituency|Kangra]]
|-
!17
|[[Shahpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Shahpur]]
|-
!18
|[[Dharamshala Assembly constituency|Dharamshala]]
|-
!19
|[[Palampur Assembly constituency|Palampur]]
|-
!20
|[[Baijnath Assembly constituency|Baijnath]] (SC)
|-
|[[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]]
!21
|[[Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|Lahaul and Spiti]] (ST)
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Kullu district|Kullu]]
!22
|[[Manali Assembly constituency|Manali]]
|-
!23
|[[Kullu Assembly constituency|Kullu]]
|-
!24
|[[Banjar Assembly constituency|Banjar]]
|-
!25
|[[Anni Assembly constituency|Anni]] (SC)
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Mandi district|Mandi]]
!26
|[[Karsog Assembly constituency|Karsog]] (SC)
|-
!27
|[[Sundernagar Assembly constituency|Sundernagar]]
|-
!28
|[[Nachan Assembly constituency|Nachan]] (SC)
|-
!29
|[[Seraj Assembly constituency|Seraj]]
|-
!30
|[[Darang Assembly constituency|Darang]]
|-
!31
|[[Jogindernagar Assembly constituency|Jogindernagar]]
|-
!32
|[[Dharampur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Dharampur]]
|-
!33
|[[Mandi Assembly constituency|Mandi]]
|-
!34
|[[Balh Assembly constituency|Balh]] (SC)
|-
!35
|[[Sarkaghat Assembly constituency|Sarkaghat]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
!36
|[[Bhoranj Assembly constituency|Bhoranj]] (SC)
|-
!37
|[[Sujanpur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Sujanpur]]
|-
!38
|[[Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Hamirpur]]
|-
!39
|[[Barsar Assembly constituency|Barsar]]
|-
!40
|[[Nadaun Assembly constituency|Nadaun]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Una district|Una]]
!41
|[[Chintpurni Assembly constituency|Chintpurni]] (SC)
|-
!42
|[[Gagret Assembly constituency|Gagret]]
|-
!43
|[[Haroli Assembly constituency|Haroli]]
|-
!44
|[[Una (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Una]]
|-
!45
|[[Kutlehar Assembly constituency|Kutlehar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
!46
|[[Jhanduta Assembly constituency|Jhanduta]] (SC)
|-
!47
|[[Ghumarwin Assembly constituency|Ghumarwin]]
|-
!48
|[[Bilaspur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Bilaspur]]
|-
!49
|[[Sri Naina Deviji Assembly constituency|Sri Naina Deviji]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Solan district|Solan]]
!50
|[[Arki Assembly constituency|Arki]]
|-
!51
|[[Nalagarh Assembly constituency|Nalagarh]]
|-
!52
|[[Doon Assembly constituency|Doon]]
|-
!53
|[[Solan Assembly constituency|Solan]] (SC)
|-
!54
|[[Kasauli Assembly constituency|Kasauli]] (SC)
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]]
!55
|[[Pachhad Assembly constituency|Pachhad]] (SC)
|-
!56
|[[Nahan Assembly constituency|Nahan]]
|-
!57
|[[Sri Renukaji Assembly constituency|Sri Renukaji]] (SC)
|-
!58
|[[Paonta Sahib Assembly constituency|Paonta Sahib]]
|-
!59
|[[Shillai Assembly constituency|Shillai]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Shimla district|Shimla]]
!60
|[[Chopal Assembly constituency|Chopal]]
|-
!61
|[[Theog Assembly constituency|Theog]]
|-
!62
|[[Kasumpti Assembly constituency|Kasumpti]]
|-
!63
|[[Shimla Assembly constituency|Shimla]]
|-
!64
|[[Shimla Rural Assembly constituency|Shimla Rural]]
|-
!65
|[[Jubbal-Kotkhai Assembly constituency|Jubbal-Kotkhai]]
|-
!66
|[[Rampur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Rampur]] (SC)
|-
!67
|[[Rohru Assembly constituency|Rohru]] (SC)
|-
|[[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]]
!68
|[[Kinnaur Assembly constituency|Kinnaur]] (ST)
|}

== Voter turnout ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! District
! Seats
! Turnout (%)
|-
| [[Chamba district|Chamba]]
|5
|
|-
| [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
|15
|
|-
|[[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]]
|1
|
|-
| [[Kullu district|Kullu]]
|4
|
|-
| [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|10
|
|-
| [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|5
|
|-
| [[Una district|Una]]
|5
|
|-
| [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
|4
|
|-
| [[Solan district|Solan]]
|5
|
|-
| [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]]
|5
|
|-
| [[Shimla district|Shimla]]
|8
|
|-
| [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]]
|1
|
|-
! Total
! 68
!
|}

==Results==
===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|Other parties
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="background:Black; color:White"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
!
|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!{{formatnum:}}
!100%
! —
!
!68
! —
|-
|}

=== Results by division ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"|Division
! rowspan="2"|Seats
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Others}}"|
|-
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!Others
|-
!Kangra
!25
|
|
|
|-
!Mandi
!24
|
|
|
|-
!Shimla
!19
|
|
|
|-
!Total
!68
!
!
!
|}

=== Results by district ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"|District
! rowspan="2"|Seats
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National
Congress}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Others}}"|
|-
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!Others
|-
![[Chamba district|Chamba]]
!5
|
|
|
|-
![[Kangra district|Kangra]]
!15
|
|
|
|-
![[Una district|Una]]
!5
|
|
|
|-
![[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]]
!1
|
|
|
|-
![[Kullu district|Kullu]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
![[Mandi district|Mandi]]
!10
|
|
|
|-
![[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
!5
|
|
|
|-
![[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
![[Solan district|Solan]]
!5
|
|
|
|-
![[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]]
!5
|
|
|
|-
![[Shimla district|Shimla]]
!8
|
|
|
|-
![[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]]
!1
|
|
|
|-
!Total
!68
!
!
!
|}

===Results by constituency===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! %
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Chamba district|Chamba]]
!1
|[[Churah Assembly constituency|Churah]] (SC)
|-
!2
|[[Bharmour Assembly constituency|Bharmour]] (ST)
|-
!3
|[[Chamba Assembly constituency|Chamba]]
|-
!4
|[[Dalhousie Assembly constituency|Dalhousie]]
|-
!5
|[[Bhattiyat Assembly constituency|Bhattiyat]]
|-
| rowspan="15" |[[Kangra district|Kangra]]
!6
|[[Nurpur Assembly constituency|Nurpur]]
|-
!7
|[[Indora Assembly constituency|Indora]] (SC)
|-
!8
|[[Fatehpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Fatehpur]]
|-
!9
|[[Jawali Assembly constituency|Jawali]]
|-
!10
|[[Dehra Assembly constituency|Dehra]]
|-
!11
|[[Jaswan-Pragpur Assembly constituency|Jaswan-Pragpur]]
|-
!12
|[[Jawalamukhi Assembly constituency|Jawalamukhi]]
|-
!13
|[[Jaisinghpur Assembly constituency|Jaisinghpur]] (SC)
|-
!14
|[[Sullah Assembly constituency|Sullah]]
|-
!15
|[[Nagrota, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Nagrota]]
|-
!16
|[[Kangra Assembly constituency|Kangra]]
|-
!17
|[[Shahpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Shahpur]]
|-
!18
|[[Dharamshala Assembly constituency|Dharamshala]]
|-
!19
|[[Palampur Assembly constituency|Palampur]]
|-
!20
|[[Baijnath Assembly constituency|Baijnath]] (SC)
|-
|[[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]]
!21
|[[Lahaul and Spiti Assembly constituency|Lahaul and Spiti]] (ST)
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Kullu district|Kullu]]
!22
|[[Manali Assembly constituency|Manali]]
|-
!23
|[[Kullu Assembly constituency|Kullu]]
|-
!24
|[[Banjar Assembly constituency|Banjar]]
|-
!25
|[[Anni Assembly constituency|Anni]] (SC)
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Mandi district|Mandi]]
!26
|[[Karsog Assembly constituency|Karsog]] (SC)
|-
!27
|[[Sundernagar Assembly constituency|Sundernagar]]
|-
!28
|[[Nachan Assembly constituency|Nachan]] (SC)
|-
!29
|[[Seraj Assembly constituency|Seraj]]
|-
!30
|[[Darang Assembly constituency|Darang]]
|-
!31
|[[Jogindernagar Assembly constituency|Jogindernagar]]
|-
!32
|[[Dharampur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Dharampur]]
|-
!33
|[[Mandi Assembly constituency|Mandi]]
|-
!34
|[[Balh Assembly constituency|Balh]] (SC)
|-
!35
|[[Sarkaghat Assembly constituency|Sarkaghat]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
!36
|[[Bhoranj Assembly constituency|Bhoranj]] (SC)
|-
!37
|[[Sujanpur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Sujanpur]]
|-
!38
|[[Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Hamirpur]]
|-
!39
|[[Barsar Assembly constituency|Barsar]]
|-
!40
|[[Nadaun Assembly constituency|Nadaun]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Una district|Una]]
!41
|[[Chintpurni Assembly constituency|Chintpurni]] (SC)
|-
!42
|[[Gagret Assembly constituency|Gagret]]
|-
!43
|[[Haroli Assembly constituency|Haroli]]
|-
!44
|[[Una (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Una]]
|-
!45
|[[Kutlehar Assembly constituency|Kutlehar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
!46
|[[Jhanduta Assembly constituency|Jhanduta]] (SC)
|-
!47
|[[Ghumarwin Assembly constituency|Ghumarwin]]
|-
!48
|[[Bilaspur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Bilaspur]]
|-
!49
|[[Sri Naina Deviji Assembly constituency|Sri Naina Deviji]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Solan district|Solan]]
!50
|[[Arki Assembly constituency|Arki]]
|-
!51
|[[Nalagarh Assembly constituency|Nalagarh]]
|-
!52
|[[Doon Assembly constituency|Doon]]
|-
!53
|[[Solan Assembly constituency|Solan]] (SC)
|-
!54
|[[Kasauli Assembly constituency|Kasauli]] (SC)
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]]
!55
|[[Pachhad Assembly constituency|Pachhad]] (SC)
|-
!56
|[[Nahan Assembly constituency|Nahan]]
|-
!57
|[[Sri Renukaji Assembly constituency|Sri Renukaji]] (SC)
|-
!58
|[[Paonta Sahib Assembly constituency|Paonta Sahib]]
|-
!59
|[[Shillai Assembly constituency|Shillai]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Shimla district|Shimla]]
!60
|[[Chopal Assembly constituency|Chopal]]
|-
!61
|[[Theog Assembly constituency|Theog]]
|-
!62
|[[Kasumpti Assembly constituency|Kasumpti]]
|-
!63
|[[Shimla Assembly constituency|Shimla]]
|-
!64
|[[Shimla Rural Assembly constituency|Shimla Rural]]
|-
!65
|[[Jubbal-Kotkhai Assembly constituency|Jubbal-Kotkhai]]
|-
!66
|[[Rampur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Rampur]] (SC)
|-
!67
|[[Rohru Assembly constituency|Rohru]] (SC)
|-
|[[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]]
!68
|[[Kinnaur Assembly constituency|Kinnaur]] (ST)
|}

==See also==
* [[Elections in Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}

{{Himachal Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Future elections in India]]

Sivannarayana Naripeddi

2026-03-26T07:05:09Z

Mohit Kumar: refined structure also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sivannarayana Naripeddi
| image = Sivannarayana N.JPG
| caption = Sivannarayana in 2013
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Prakasam district|Sivaramapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = Anuradha
| years_active = 1995–present
| alma_mater = [[Hyderabad Central University]]
}}

'''Sivannarayana Naripeddi''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films and television. He is best known for his role as 'Appaji' in the popular Telugu TV [[sitcom]] ''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]'' (2001{{En dash}}2007). He won the [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award for Best Comedian]] for ''[[Ammamma.com]]'' TV show.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh State Nandi TV Film Awards for the Year 2007 |url=https://apsftvtdc.in/pdf/TV-Awards-GOs-and-Results/Nandi%20tv%20Awards%202007.pdf |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=Andhra Pradesh State Film, Television & Theatre Development Corporation}}</ref> He acted in more than 150 films including ''[[Grahanam]]'' (2004), [[Darling (2010 film)|''Darling'']] (2010), ''[[Amrutham Chandamamalo]]'' (2014).<ref name=":0" />

==Early life==
Sivannarayana was born in Sivaramapuram, Thalluru Mandal, [[Prakasam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He completed his primary education in Sivaramapuram and Thalluru.<ref name=":0" /> He shifted to Hyderabad after 1980 and completed his bachelor's degree in [[Secunderabad]]. He also completed his master's degree in theatre at [[Hyderabad Central University]]. He has theater experience from his childhood. He is married to Anuradha and has two sons who have settled in [[London]] and [[United States|US]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 January 2021 |title=చిన్నతనం నుంచే సినిమాలపై ఆసక్తి |url=https://www.eenadu.net/districts/latestnews/Prakasam/8/121000271 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102094403/https://www.eenadu.net/districts/latestnews/Prakasam/8/121000271 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Sivannarayana |url=http://www.maastars.com/sivannarayana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220235602/http://www.maastars.com:80/sivannarayana |archive-date=2013-12-20 |access-date= |website=MAA Stars}}</ref>

== Career ==
After completing his education he worked as an officer in [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]]. He lived in [[Sangareddy]], Secunderabad as part of his job. During this time, he got in touch with different theater groups who perform stage dramas. Because of this stage shows, he got a chance in [[Amrutham (TV series)|''Amrutham'']] TV serial.<ref name=":0" /> Regarding his performance in ''[[Sound Party (2023 film)|Sound Party]]'' (2023), a critic wrote that he "adds humor and wit, generating genuine laughter".<ref name="D">{{cite news |title=Sound Party entertains in bits and pieces, VJ Sunny Shines|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/241123/sound-party-movie-review-rating.html|work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[Nandi Awards|Nandi TV Award for Best Comedian]] for ''[[Ammamma.com]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nandi TV Awards G.O and Results 2007|url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-tv-awards-2007.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-07-23|website=APSFTVTDC}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{incomplete list|date=May 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes and {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1997 || ‘’[Jai Bajarangabali (1997 film)|Jai Bajarangabali ||Restaurant Manager ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[All Rounder (1998 film)|All Rounder]]'' || Hindi-speaking watchman ||
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Kalusukovalani]]'' || Interviewer
|
|-
| 2003|| [[Simhadri (2003 film)|''Simhadri'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004|| ''[[Grahanam]]''
|
|
|-
| [[Sye (2004 film)|''Sye'']]
| Lecturer
|
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'' || Wedding guest ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Okkadunnadu]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2008 || [[Visakha Express (film)|''Visakha Express'']]
|
|
|-
| ''[[John Apparao 40 Plus]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sangamam (2008 film)|Sangamam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ashta Chamma]]''|| Anand's father
|
|-
| ''[[Yuvatha]]''
|House owner
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2009
|''[[Drona (2009 film)|Drona]]'' || Indu's father ||
|-
|''[[Baanam]]''
|Subbalakshmi's father-in-law
|
|-
|''[[Eenadu (2009 film)|Eenadu]]'' || Interrogation Room Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Kurradu]]'' || ||
|-
| 2010 || [[Darling (2010 film)|''Darling'']]
|Hanumanta Rao's friend
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011 || ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]''|| Nitya's uncle
|
|-
| ''[[Kudirithe Kappu Coffee]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Oosaravelli]]''
|Temple priest
|
|-
| ''[[Golconda High School]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''[[Julayi]]'' || Tea Seller
|
|-
| ''[[Eega]]''
|Temple priest
|
|-
| ''[[Vennela 1½]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 || ''[[Alias Janaki]]'' || Kashi ||
|-
| ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''|| Shekar's relative
|
|-
| [[Venkatadri Express (film)|''Venkatadri Express'']]
|Train conductor
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2014 || ''[[Emo Gurram Egaravachu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Amrutham Chandamamalo]]''
|Appaji
|
|-
| [[Maine Pyar Kiya (2014 film)|''Maine Pyar Kiya'']]
|Software company MD
|
|-
| [[Power (2014 Telugu film)|''Power'']]
|Rajesh's father
|
|-
| ''[[Chakkiligintha]]''
| Avi's father
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015 || [[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|''Gopala Gopala'']]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pataas]]''
|Mahathi's brother-in-law
|
|-
| ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' || Nandi's neighbour ||
|-
| ''[[Columbus (2015 film)|Columbus]]'' || ||
|-
| [[Tripura (film)|''Tripura'']]
|Tripura's father
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2016 || ''[[Krishnashtami]]''
|
|
|-
| [[Run (2016 film)|''Run'']]
|Doctor
|
|-
| [[Supreme (film)|''Supreme'']]
|Sridevi's paternal uncle
|
|-
| ''[[Raja Cheyyi Vesthe]]''
|Church father
|
|-
| [[Hyper (2016 film)|''Hyper'']]
|Rajappa's brother-in-law
|
|-
|''[[A Aa]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
| [[Majnu (2016 film)|''Majnu'']]
|College principal
|
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]''
|Prudhvi's father-in-law
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2018 || ''[[Chalo]]''
|
|
|-
| [[Vijetha (2018 film)|''Vijetha'']]
|Sridhar Rao's friend
|
|-
| [[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|''Srinivasa Kalyanam'']]
|Shekhar's father Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Neevevaro]]''
|Hotel Manager Krishna
|
|-
| ''[[Silly Fellows]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
| [[Devadas (2018 film)|''Devadas'']]
|Pooja's father
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2019 || ''[[F2: Fun and Frustration]]''|| Principal Hari Reddy
|
|-
| [[118 (film)|''118'']]|| Receptionist
|
|-
| [[Maharshi (2019 film)|''Maharshi'']]
|Pooja's uncle
|
|-
|''[[RDX Love]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
|''[[Venky Mama]]''
|Apparao
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]''
|Siva Prasad's Relative
|
|-
| [[Eureka (2020 film)|''Eureka'']]|| Principal Kanaka Raju
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2021
| [[Red (2021 film)|''Red'']]
|Lawyer Appaji
|
|-
| ''[[30 Rojullo Preminchadam Ela]]''
|Arjun's father
|
|-
| ''[[Alludu Adhurs]]''
|Pandu's father
|
|-
| ''[[Ninnila Ninnila]]''
|Maya's Father
|
|-
|[[Vivaha Bhojanambu (2021 film)|''Vivaha Bhojanambu'']]
|Mahesh's father
|
|-
|''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''
|Professor
|
|-
|''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
|Keerthi's father
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
|''[[Swathi Muthyam (2022 film)|Swathi Muthyam]]''
|Daniel
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/swathimuthyam-review-a-sensible-charming-wedding-comedy-bolstered-by-fine-performances/f10f3457ee752|title=Swathimuthyam review: A sensible, charming wedding comedy with fine performances|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Boyfriend for Hire]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Urvasivo Rakshasivo]]''
|Divya's father
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2023
|''[[Amigos (film)|Amigos]]''
|Ishika's father
|
|-
|''[[Rangabali (film)|Rangabali]]''
|College Dean
|
|-
|''[[O Saathiya]]''
|College principal
|
|-
| ''[[Sound Party (2023 film)|Sound Party]]'' || Kuber Kumar || <ref name="D"/>
|-
|''[[Extra Ordinary Man]]'' || Pooja's father || Uncredited role
|-
| rowspan="7" |2024 || ''[[Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana]]'' || Gangadhara Rao ||
|-
|''[[Inti No. 13]]'' || Giribabu || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/inti-number-13/movie-review/109314758.cms|title=Inti Number 13 Movie Review : Eerie and visually engaging|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rakshana (2024 film)|''Rakshana'']]
|Police DCP
|
|-
|''[[Alanaati Ramchandrudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam]]''
|Parthasaradhi
|
|-
|[[Dhoom Dhaam (2024 film)|''Dhoom Dhaam'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Lucky Baskhar]]''
|Naryanan
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
|''[[Uppu Kappurambu]]''
|Shanmukham
|
|-
|''[[Junior (2025 film)|Junior]]''
|Doctor
|Simultaneously shot in Kannada
|-
|''[[Telusu Kada]]''
|Anjali's father
|
|-
|''[[K-Ramp]]''
|College HOD
|
|-
|''[[Paanch Minar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mithra Mandali]]''
|Chaitanya's father
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2026
|''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari (2026 film)|Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]''
|Mohan Krishna
|
|-
|''[[Anaganaga Oka Raju]]''
|Raju's wedding alliance's father
|
|-
|''[[Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi]]''
|Prashanthi's father
|-
|}

=== Television ===
* ''[[Lady Detective (TV series)|Lady Detective]]'' (1995)
* [[Santhi Nivasam (TV series)|''Santhi Nivasam'']] (2001)
* ''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]'' (2001{{En dash}}2007)
* ''[[Ammamma.com]]'' (2007–2008)
* ''[[Nanna (telugu serial)|Nanna]]''
* ''Manga Taayaru''
* ''Radha Madhu''
* ''Bharyamani''
* ''[[Amrutham Dhvitheeyam]]'' (2020–2021)
* ''[[Devika & Danny]]'' (2025) – [[JioHotstar]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Devika And Danny OTT Release: When And Where To Watch Ritu Varma's Much-Awaited Web Series |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/when-and-where-to-watch-devika-and-danny-ritu-varma-webseries-article-151680037 |work=Times Now |date=20 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Katha Sudha'' (2025) (Segment: ''Sundaram Gadi Prema Katha'')-[[ETV Win]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6252874}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/siva.naripeddi Sivannarayana on Facebook]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naripeddi, Sivannarayana}}
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Adimakal

2026-03-24T07:48:20Z

Mohit Kumar:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adimakal
| image = Adimakal 1969.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| producer = M. O. Joseph
| screenplay = [[Thoppil Bhasi]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Adimakal''|[[Pamman]]}}
| starring = [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sheela]] [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = [[Melli Irani]]
| editing = M. S. Mani
| studio = Manjilas
| distributor = Manjilas
| released = {{Film date|1969|04|05|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| runtime = 145 min
}}
'''''Adimakal''''' ({{translation|Slaves}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] and produced by M. O. Joseph. The film stars [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]] and [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]. The film had musical score and songs composed by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=297 |title=Adimakal |publisher=MalayalaChalachithram |access-date=2014-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2774 |title=Adimakal |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316211135/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2774 |archive-date=16 March 2015 |access-date=2014-10-14}}</ref> It won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]. The film is based on the novel of the same name by [[Pamman]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/adimakal-1969/article2076714.ece |title=ADIMAKAL 1969 |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=2011-06-05 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2019-07-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film was remade in Hindi as ''Intezar'' (1973) in Telugu as ''[[Chilakamma Cheppindi]]'' (1977) and in Tamil as ''[[Nizhal Nijamagiradhu]]'' (1978).<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1120586153776705537|user=NFAIOfficial|title=#Adaptation Take a look at posters...|date=23 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/superstar-rajinikanth-and-kamal-haasan-played-same-character-in-telugu-and-tamil-version-of-malayalam-film-adimakal-kannada-news-219001|title=Blast from past! Rajini and Kamal played the same character of a film - Kannada News|date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

==Plot==

Ponnama is a pretty young girl who goes to work as a live-in maid with a family consisting of a brother, Ananthan, and a sister, Saraswathyamma. Saraswathyamma is very religious and spends most of her time in prayers and rituals. Also working in the house is Raghavan, a.k.a. Pottan, so called, because he cannot hear properly. Potten loves Ponnamma, but she treats him like a friend. Ponnamma and Ananthan become close, and Ponnamma becomes pregnant. Ananthan refuses to accept the baby as his and asks her to not reveal that he is the father. Ponnamma doesn't tell anyone who the father of her child is. The only person she trusts is Appukuttan, a bank employee who likes Saraswathyamma. Saraswathyamma likes Appukuttan but religiosity comes in the way of accepting his love and she rebuffs his affections.

Saraswathyamma sends Ponnamma to live with Raghavan as she cannot keep an unmarried pregnant girl in the house due to societal pressures. Ponamma delivers a baby girl. Raghavan treats the baby as his own child, but Ponnamma still has no romantic feelings toward him. Ponnama's mother disowns her when he hears of her pregnancy. Meanwhile, Saraswathyamma realizes the folly of blind devotion when she finds out the swami she was following was a lecherous man.

Appukuttan finally reveals to Saraswathiamma who is the birth father of the baby. Saraswathiamma, Appukuttan, and Ananthan go to Raghu's house to get Ponnamma back home to marry Ananthan. But Ponnamma refuses. She has seen Raghavan's unconditional acceptance, and love and care for the baby. She feels he is her baby's deserved father. Everyone accepts her verdict, and Appukuttan prepares to leave town due to a job transfer. He is surprised to see a changed Saraswathiamma, who requests she goes with him to live as husband and wife.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] as Appukkuttan
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Raghavan
*[[Sheela]] as Saraswathyamma
*[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Ponnamma
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Giridhara Yogi/Naanu Kurup
*Ammini
*[[Sankaradi]] as Shanku Ammavan
*[[Jesey]] as Anandan
*[[Adoor Bhavani]] as Karthiyayini
*Baby Kumudam as Vilasini
*[[Bahadoor]] as Bhargavan
*[[Kumari Padmini]] as Meenakshi
*Kuttan Pillai
*[[N. Govindankutty]] as Pachu Kurup
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Unnithan
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] and Jayadevar. The devotional number ‘Chethi mandaram thulasi...' ([[P. Susheela]]) was elevated to the status of a prayer song. ‘Thaazhampoo manamulla thanuppulla...' ([[A. M. Rajah]]) was another hit and one of the singer's best in the language. The other hits include ‘Manaseswari maappu tharoo...' (Raja), ‘Indumukhi ..... ([[P. Jayachandran]]), and the chorus ‘Narayanam bhaje...' led by [[P. Jayachandran]]. A few verses ‘Lalitha lavanga Latha...' from [[Jayadeva]]'s ‘Geeta Govindam' rendered by [[P. Leela]] was also a hit.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/adimakal-1969/article2076714.ece |title=ADIMAKAL 1969 |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=2011-06-05 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2019-07-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chethi Mandaaram Thulasi" || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || 03:05
|-
| 2 || "Indumukhi" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Vayalar Ramavarma || 02:53
|-
| 3 || "Lalithalavanga" || [[P. Leela]] || Jayadevar || 03:22
|-
| 4 || "Maanaseshwari" || [[A. M. Rajah]] || Vayalar Ramavarma || 03:00
|-
| 5 || "Naarayanam Bhaje" || P. Jayachandran, Chorus, Paramasivan Bhagavathar || [[Bhadrachala Ramadasu]] || 03:02
|-
| 6 || "Thaazhampoo Manamulla" || A. M. Rajah || Vayalar Ramavarma || 03:29
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "With a little more care in scripting and editing, Manjila's ''Adimakal'' (Slaves) would have aptly ended there, but sometimes, even our best film-makers do not know when and where to stop. There are a few other irrelevant scenes which, if chopped off would help this Malayalam film gain in tempo and appeal."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690405&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |title=Absorbing drama |date=5 April 1969 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |page=5}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Malayalam]] won by [[M. O. Joseph]] (1969)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5UqAAAAYAAJ&q=1969+M.O.Joseph|title = Collections|year = 1991}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0213429}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam}}
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Thoppil Bhasi]]
[[Category:Best Malayalam Feature Film National Film Award winners]]

{{1960s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

List of educational institutions in Dharwad

2026-03-23T14:18:59Z

Mohit Kumar: fix references per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|None}}
{{external links |date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

[[Dharwad]] is one of the most important cities in terms of education in the state of Karnataka. A large number of students from different parts of India and a few hundred students from foreign countries live and study here. Dharwad is known as the education hub of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharwad {{!}} Education Hub of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://dharwad.nic.in/en/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:KARNATAK UNIVERSITY (enhanced).jpg|thumb|200px|right|Karnatak University]]

* AGM Rural College Of Engineering & Technology
* Al-Falah College of Pharmacy
* Anjuman - e - Islam's Nehru Arts, Science and Commerce College
* Anjuman - e - Islam's Anjuman Arts College for Women, Koul Peth
* Anjuman Centenary B Ed College
* Ayurved Mahavidyalay
* Babasaheb Ambedkar 1st Grade Arts College, Navanagar
* BVVS Karnatak Christian Arts College
* Chetan Business School
* College of Pharmacy
* Dr K S Sharma College Of Computer Application
* Dr Sarojini BSW (Bachelor of Social Work) College
* Fatima BBA College, Keshwapur
* Fatima College Of Commerce, Keshwapur
* GK Education Society GK BCA College
* Global Business School
* Global College Of Computer Application
* GSB School Of Business Management & IT Campus
* Gyana Sanskar Bharati Educational Trusts BCA College
* Institute Of Excellence In Management Science, Tarihal
* Inter National Institute of Fashion Design (INIFD)
* J K College of Commerce
* Jain College
* JK Education Society BBA College
* JSS Shri Manjunatheshwara Commerce College, Heggeri
* K H Kabbur Institute of Engineering, Dharwad
* K H Patil Commerce College
* [[Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Karnataka State Law University]]
* [[KLE College of Pharmacy]]
* KLE Institute Of Technology
* KLE Society's College of Education
* KLE Society's College of Pharmacy
* KLE Society's Institute of Management Studies & Research
* [[KLE Technological University]]
* KLES JG College of Commerce
* KLES's College of Business Administration
* Kless Sri Kaddasiddeshwar Arts And HSK Science Institute
* KSLU's Law School
* KSS Arts And Commerce College
* KSS's B S W College
* Maharani Art & Commerce College
* MSME Development Institute
* Nitisha Lahari Society's College of Computer Applications
* Oxford College
* Oxford College of Commerce, Keshwapur
* Oxford College of Computer Applications, Keshwapur
* PC Jabin Science College
* R N Shetty College Of Hotel Management
* Rotary College Of Commerce
* S Nijalingappa Medical College
* Sana College Of Education, Shantiniketan
* Sana College Of Information Science And Management, Shantiniketan
* Sana Commerce College
* Shri Sai Physical College, Navanagar
* Sidu Vidya Sansthe Nalanda BCA College, Vidyaranya
* SJMV Women's BBA College
* SJMVS Arts And Commerce College
* SJMVS's Arts, Commerce College for Women
* SSK Arts & Commerce College
* Tippu Shaheed Institute of Technology Polytechnic
* Veman Vidyavardhaka Sangha's College of Business Administration
* Vidya Bharati Foundation IBMR BBA College
* K.B School, Sri Nagar Circle, Dharwad

==Universities==
* [[Karnatak University]], Dharwad
* [[Karnataka State Law University|Karnataka State Law University (KSLU)]], Hubballi
* [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad|University of Agricultural Sciences]], Dharwad
*[[National Forensic Sciences University]], Dharwad Campus<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-22 |title=Amit Shah to lay foundation stone for off-campus forensic university centre in Dharwad on Jan. 28 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/amit-shah-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-off-campus-forensic-university-centre-in-dharwad-on-jan-28/article66420560.ece |access-date=2023-02-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Medical, Health Science & Physical Education Universities==
* [[Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences|Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences(KIMS)]], Hubballi
* [[KLE University's College of Pharmacy]], Hubballi
* SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad
* [[Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Dental Sciences]], Dharwad
* [[Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad]]
* [[KLE JGMM Medical College, Hubballi]]

==Engineering, Polytechnic & Industrial Training colleges==
[[File:IIT DHARWAD.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad]]]]
[[File:SDMCET admin block.jpg|thumb|SDM College of Engineering and Technology]][[File:B.V. Bhoomaraddi College of Engineering and Technology.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[KLE Technological University|BVB College of Engineering & Technology]] ]]
* [[KLE Technological University|BVB College of Engineering & Technology]], Hubballi
* SDM College of Engineering and Technology, Dharwad
* [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Dharwad|Indian Institute of Information Technology, Dharwad (IIIT Dharwad)]], Dharwad
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad|Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad (IIT Dharwad)]], Dharwad
* Nettur Technical Training Foundation (NTTF), Dharwad
* [[Nalanda Polytechnic]], Hubballi
* [[St. John's Polytechnic]], Hubballi

==Arts, Commerce & General Science Colleges==
[[File:Karnatak college.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Karnatak Arts College, established 1917]]
*Smt. Vidya P. Hanchinmani PU Science College, Dharwad
* Empower PU Science College, Dharwad
* [[Karnatak College Dharwar|Karnatak College]], Dharwad
* [[PC Jabin College|P.C. Jabin Science College]], Hubballi
* Presim science PU College
* Kittle college, Jubilee Circle
*St Joseph's Science and commerce college, Jubilee Circle
*Karnataka Science College

==Post Graduate Colleges & Management Schools==
* [[Kousali Institute of Management Studies]]
* Chetan Business School, Institute of Management & Research, Hubballi
* [[Sana College of Information Science & Management]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Education in India}}

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Karnataka|Dharwad]]
[[Category:Education in Hubli-Dharwad| ]]

Sardar Udham

2026-03-21T12:57:19Z

Mohit Kumar:

{{short description|2021 Indian biographical film by Shoojit Sircar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sardar Udham
| image = Sardar Udham poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Shoojit Sircar]]
| producer = {{ubl|Ronnie Lahiri|Sheel Kumar}}
| writer = {{ubl|Shubhendu Bhattacharya|[[Ritesh Shah]]}}
| starring = [[Vicky Kaushal]]
| music = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| cinematography = [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
| editing = Chandrashekhar Prajapati
| studio = {{ubl|[[Rising Sun Films]]|Kino Works}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|10|16}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| country = India
| budget = 
| gross = 
| language = Hindi English Punjabi<ref>{{cite web |title=CBFC Website |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTAyMTAyMDIxMDAwNzE= |website=www.cbfcindia.gov.in |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Sardar Udham''''' is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[biographical film|biographical]] [[historical drama]] film directed by [[Shoojit Sircar]], and produced by [[Rising Sun Films]] in collaboration with Kino Works. The screenplay is written by Shubhendu Bhattacharya and [[Ritesh Shah]], with Bhattacharya also writing the story based on team research, and Shah also writing the dialogues, while playing a supporting role. Based on the life of [[Udham Singh]], who assassinated [[Michael O'Dwyer]] in [[London]] to avenge the 1919 [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] in [[Amritsar]],<ref name="bollywoodhungama">{{Cite news |date=30 April 2019 |title=Vicky Kaushal kicks off Sardar Udham Singh, details of his character and shoot schedule revealed |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-kicks-off-sardar-udham-singh-details-of-his-character-and-shoot-schedule-revealed/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325033220/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-kicks-off-sardar-udham-singh-details-of-his-character-and-shoot-schedule-revealed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the film starred [[Vicky Kaushal]] in the title role, along with [[Shaun Scott (actor)|Shaun Scott]], [[Stephen Hogan]], [[Amol Parashar]], [[Banita Sandhu]] and Kirsty Averton in supporting roles.

The film was officially announced in March 2019, with principal photography began on April. In a marathon schedule of 7 months, the makers completed the shooting of the film in December 2019. Set in India and England, principal photography took place in [[Russia]] and [[India]], with few sequences in [[United Kingdom]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2019 |title=Vicky Kaushal's look from Shoojit Sircar's film Udham Singh revealed |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/vicky-kaushals-look-from-shoojit-sircars-film-udham-singh-revealed/20842188 |access-date=2019-04-30 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302070335/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/vicky-kaushals-look-from-shoojit-sircars-film-udham-singh-revealed-20842188 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Sardar Udham'' features [[Film score|musical score]] composed by [[Shantanu Moitra]], [[cinematography]] handled by [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]] and [[editing]] done by Chandrashekhar Prajapati.

Initially being delayed multiple times due to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 pandemic lockdown]], the makers headed for a [[direct-to-digital]] premiere through the streaming service [[Amazon Prime Video]]. The film released on 16 October 2021, during the [[Dusshera]] weekend and eventually received widespread critical acclaim, with praise directed on Kaushal's performance, direction, screenplay and technical aspects. The film was also noted for its realistic portrayal of the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]], being depicted in an extended and graphic sequence. ''Sardar Udham'' was listed by several publications as one of the best Hindi films of 2021, and subsequently won five [[National Film Awards]] including [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film In Hindi]], as well as nine [[Filmfare Awards]].

== Plot ==
The film follows a non-linear narrative, going back and forth from the present, where [[Udham Singh|Sardar Udham Singh]] is in [[London]], to his past when he was part of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA) and explores his reasons for assassinating an Irish officer in the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) named [[Michael O'Dwyer]]. Udham (known as Sher Singh) is released from prison at [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] in [[British Raj|British India]]. He is constantly being watched by the colonial authorities. He leaves India and goes to the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] during what appears to be winter. From there, he makes his way to London by ship. Even though the [[British Empire|British authorities]] are on the lookout for him, he successfully evades them and lives in London, making a living as a salesman and then a welder. He is shown in front of [[Caxton Hall]], making his way inside where O'Dwyer is giving a speech on his time as Lt. Governor of Punjab and how he had suppressed a major uprising. Udham makes his way to O'Dwyer and shoots him, and is arrested.

Udham is appointed a lawyer who slowly gets Udham to tell his backstory. Udham is brought to court and in spite of a good lawyer, the judges sentence him to death. Upon hearing this, Udham makes an impromptu speech where he denounces British rule in India and reaffirms his support for the [[Indian freedom movement]]. Udham protests the conditions of his detention and goes on a 42-day fast, but is force-fed to break it. He slowly opens up to the investigating inspector and tells him the reasons for the assassination. Udham also got the title of Shaheed-E-Azam.

In 1919, Udham is a young adult working in a textile mill near Amritsar, with a girlfriend who is mute. On 13 April 1919, in favour of O'Dwyer, [[Reginald Dyer|Colonel Dyer]] orders his [[Nepalis|Nepalese]] soldiers ([[Gurkha]]s) and Indian soldiers ([[sepoy]]s) to [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|open fire on a crowd of 20,000 peaceful protestors inside Jallianwala Bagh]]. Udham is sleeping unaware of the massacre, until his friend wakes him up, mortally wounded and bleeding profusely. He hears about the massacre and rushes to the grounds to help. It is shown that along with a few other volunteers, Udham finds survivors and gets them to a makeshift hospital which is overwhelmed itself. He is later executed and shown to have a photo of [[Bhagat Singh]], taken when Bhagat was in [[Central Jail Lahore|prison]] during his final days.

After the independence of India, Udham's ashes are brought to the country upon the request of Punjab Chief Minister Giani [[Zail Singh]], and were immersed in the [[Sutlej]] river. His ashes were immersed in the same place as his idol, Bhagat. In the final scene, Dyer and O'Dwyer give their own accounts to the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre#Hunter Commission|Hunter Commission]].

== Cast ==
{{div col}}
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| width = 100px
| image1 = Vicky Kaushal in 2017.jpg
| caption1 = Vicky Kaushal (left)
| image2 = Sardar Udham Singh.jpg
| caption2 = as [[Sardar Udham Singh]]
}}
* [[Vicky Kaushal]] as [[Udham Singh|Sher "Udham" Singh]] aka Ram Mohammad Singh Azad
* [[Shaun Scott (actor)|Shaun Scott]] as [[Michael O'Dwyer]]
* [[Stephen Hogan]] as [[Inspector#United Kingdom|Detective Inspector]] Swain
* [[Amol Parashar]] as [[Bhagat Singh]]
* [[Banita Sandhu]] as Reshma
* Kirsty Averton as Eileen Palmer
* [[Andrew Havill]] as General [[Reginald Dyer]]
* [[Ritesh Shah]] as Koppikar
* Manas Tiwari as [[Nihal Singh]]
* Tim Berrington as [[St John Hutchinson|John Hutchinson]]
* Tim Hudson as [[Winston Churchill]]
* [[Nicholas Gecks]] as Justice Atkinson
* [[Sam Retford]] as Detective Deighton
* [[Simon Weir]] as King [[George VI]]
* Jogi Mallang as Surat Alley
* Kuljeet Singh as S. S. Johal
* [[Abhishek Malik]] as Bhagat Singh's associate
* Tushar Singhal as Udham's informer
* Sarfaraz Alam Safu as Interpreter At [[Scotland Yard]]
{{div col end}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
A film based on the life of the Indian revolutionary Udham Singh was announced in March 2019, with Shoojit Sircar directing the film and has [[Vicky Kaushal]] playing the lead character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Vicky Kaushal to play freedom fighter Udham Singh in Shoojit Sircar's next |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vicky-kaushal-to-play-freedom-fighter-udham-singh-in-shoojit-sircar-s-next-1469766-2019-03-04 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020120618/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vicky-kaushal-to-play-freedom-fighter-udham-singh-in-shoojit-sircar-s-next-1469766-2019-03-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sircar decided to cast Kaushal in the lead, because he wanted an "actor who is ready to give his heart and soul to the film" and the latter, hailing from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], similar to Udham Singh, also a native of Punjab.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web |first=Roshmila |last=Bhattacharya |date=2019 |title=Shoojit Sircar: Vicky Kaushal's intensity and anger convinced me he was Udham Singh |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shoojit-sircar-vicky-kaushals-intensity-and-anger-convinced-me-he-was-udham-singh/articleshow/69103798.cms |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011103206/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shoojit-sircar-vicky-kaushals-intensity-and-anger-convinced-me-he-was-udham-singh/articleshow/69103798.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Kaushal stated it as his dream project as he admired of Sircar's filmography, further saying "The way he is looking at the character (Udham Singh) and the world is extraordinary as well as beautiful. Plus, it's also a big honour for me that finally, I am going to be directed by him. Honestly, that's something that will take time to sink in".<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2019-03-04 |title=Vicky Kaushal to play Udham Singh in Shoojit Sircar's next |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vicky-kaushal-to-play-udham-singh-in-shoojit-sircar-s-next-119030400352_1.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141249/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vicky-kaushal-to-play-udham-singh-in-shoojit-sircar-s-next-119030400352_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film marked the second Indian project to be based on the life of the Indian revolutionary after the [[Raj Babbar]]-starrer [[Shaheed Udham Singh (film)|''Shaheed Udham Singh'']] (2000).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vicky Kaushal to play freedom fighter Udham Singh in Shootjit Sircar's next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/04/vicky-kaushal-to-play-freedom-fighter-udham-singh-in-shootjit-sircars-next-10365.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=4 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141251/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/04/vicky-kaushal-to-play-freedom-fighter-udham-singh-in-shootjit-sircars-next-10365.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Irrfan Khan May 2015.jpg
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| footer = [[Shoojit Sircar]] initially wanted [[Irrfan Khan]] to play the lead, but due to health issues,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=Vicky Kaushal: Irrfan Khan was Supposed to Play Sardar Udham Singh, Nobody Can Fill His Shoes |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vicky-kaushal-irrfan-khan-was-supposed-to-play-sardar-udham-singh-nobody-can-fill-his-shoes-4285019.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141249/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vicky-kaushal-irrfan-khan-was-supposed-to-play-sardar-udham-singh-nobody-can-fill-his-shoes-4285019.html |url-status=live }}</ref> he stepped out working on the film and had insisted to cast [[Vicky Kaushal]] in the lead.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal dedicates 'Udham Singh' to Sardar Udham Singh and Irrfan Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-dedicates-udham-singh-to-sardar-udham-singh-and-irrfan-khan/articleshow/87081855.cms |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-dedicates-udham-singh-to-sardar-udham-singh-and-irrfan-khan/articleshow/87081855.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
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The film's storyline traces from Singh's age of 20 to 40, showcasing the events of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, to the assassination of [[Michael O'Dwyer]], the [[List of governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]] who was responsible for the incident.<ref name="indiatimes"/> The idea was initially pitched to be presented in the mid-1990s, after Sircar read about the events and life of Udham Singh, when he was a student at the [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh College]] in [[Delhi]], but had waited for two decades due to his extensive research about Udham Singh, with Sircar wanting to showcase Udham's life to the current generation of younger audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudevan |first=Praveen |date=2021-10-13 |title=Why Shoojit Sircar had to wait for two decades to make 'Sardar Udham' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shoojit-sircar-sardar-udham-vicky-kaushal/article36979149.ece |access-date=2021-10-30 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204220137/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shoojit-sircar-sardar-udham-vicky-kaushal/article36979149.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="scroll"/> Initially, the role was offered to [[Irrfan Khan]],<ref name=":2" /> and his son [[Babil Khan]] was reported to play the younger version of Udham Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-10 |title=Babil was supposed to play Irrfan Khan's younger version in 'Sardar Udham', says producer |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/babil-was-supposed-to-play-irrfan-khans-younger-version-in-sardar-udham-says-producer-1039314.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141248/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/babil-was-supposed-to-play-irrfan-khans-younger-version-in-sardar-udham-says-producer-1039314.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, due to the former's health issues, he stepped out doing the role and insisted Kaushal to play the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-07 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Shoojit Sircar and Vicky Kaushal on Irrfan Khan and Sardar Udham: 'Moving on was difficult' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusive-shoojit-sircar-and-vicky-kaushal-irrfan-khan-and-sardar-udham-moving-was-difficult-913115 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030142753/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusive-shoojit-sircar-and-vicky-kaushal-irrfan-khan-and-sardar-udham-moving-was-difficult-913115 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-09 |title=21 year wait to Irrfan Khan being the original choice, 5 revelations about Vicky Kaushal starrer Sardar Udham |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/21-year-wait-irrfan-khan-being-original-choice-5-revelations-about-vicky-kaushal-starrer-sardar-udham-914072 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030142752/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/21-year-wait-irrfan-khan-being-original-choice-5-revelations-about-vicky-kaushal-starrer-sardar-udham-914072 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kaushal had undergone physical transformation to represent the younger version of Singh, losing 15 kilograms within two months.<ref name="dnaindia">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=Vicky Kaushal's extreme transformation for 'Sardar Udham' will make your jaw drop |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-vicky-kaushals-extreme-transformation-for-sardar-udham-singh-will-make-your-jaw-drop-2914723 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141249/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-vicky-kaushals-extreme-transformation-for-sardar-udham-singh-will-make-your-jaw-drop-2914723 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In November 2019, [[Banita Sandhu]] who worked with Sircar in ''[[October (2018 film)|October]]'' (2018), confirmed her presence, saying that she would play an important role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-19 |title="Yes I'm doing Sardar Udham Singh," October actress Banita Sandhu is back in Shoojit Sircar's Udham Singh |website=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/yes-im-sardar-udham-singh-october-actress-banita-sandhu-back-shoojit-sircars-udham-singh/ |access-date=2021-10-30 |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221114104/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/yes-im-sardar-udham-singh-october-actress-banita-sandhu-back-shoojit-sircars-udham-singh/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Television and theatre actor [[Amol Parashar]] was assigned to play the role of Indian freedom fighter Bhagat Singh.<ref name="indianexpress2">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-30 |title=Amol Parashar on playing Bhagat Singh in Sardar Udham: 'I didn't have to copy any other actor's interpretation' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amol-parashar-on-playing-bhagat-singh-in-sardar-udham-vicky-kaushal-shoojit-sircar-amazon-film-7595642/ |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141249/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amol-parashar-on-playing-bhagat-singh-in-sardar-udham-vicky-kaushal-shoojit-sircar-amazon-film-7595642/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Amol Parashar to play Bhagat Singh in Vicky Kaushal's 'Sardar Udham Singh' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amol-parashar-to-play-bhagat-singh-in-vicky-kaushals-sardar-udham-singh/articleshow/80439908.cms |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en |last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amol-parashar-to-play-bhagat-singh-in-vicky-kaushals-sardar-udham-singh/articleshow/80439908.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Parashar told in an interview with ''[[The Indian Express]]'', saying "I didn't have to copy any other actor's interpretation because nobody knows how tall he was, how he walked. It's only through the written accounts, which mostly are about his ideas and thought process. Now we needed to create a person who's believable. It was more about his energy."<ref name="indianexpress2"/> The film also has [[British actor]]s [[Shaun Scott (actor)|Shaun Scott]], Kirsty Averton and [[Stephen Hogan]] playing prominent roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-27 |title=Vicky Kaushal and Sardar Udham actor Shaun Scott's unseen BTS pic gives us a glimpse of their friendship |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/vicky-kaushal-and-sardar-udham-actor-shaun-scotts-unseen-bts-pic-gives-us-glimpse-their-friendship-927158 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030142754/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/vicky-kaushal-and-sardar-udham-actor-shaun-scotts-unseen-bts-pic-gives-us-glimpse-their-friendship-927158 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Originally titled ''Sardar Udham Singh'', the title was later changed to ''Sardar Udham''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

=== Filming ===
On the [[centennial]] year of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, on 13 April 2019, [[principal photography]] began in [[London]] (with a 25–day schedule being filmed); the team then moved to Russia in late-April, filming several sequences in [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref name="indiatimes"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Sardar Udham Singh first look: Vicky Kaushal returns as an intense freedom fighter |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sardar-udham-singh-first-look-vicky-kaushal-returns-as-an-intense-freedom-fighter-1513374-2019-04-30 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020000546/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sardar-udham-singh-first-look-vicky-kaushal-returns-as-an-intense-freedom-fighter-1513374-2019-04-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the film is set in the pre-independence era, Sircar wanted to recreate the settings, characters and other things related to that period.<ref name="bollywoodhungama"/> Being his first period film, he noted the difficulty he had doing in research, saying "there are few records available and those there are were speculative".<ref name="indiatimes"/> He gained ideas on recreating that period by watching [[American films|American]] and [[European cinema]], documentaries, and pictures from online [[archive]]s.<ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |title=How Shoojit Sircar travelled back in time for his Udham Singh biopic |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1007108/how-shoojit-sircar-travelled-back-in-time-for-his-udham-singh-biopic |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Scroll.in |date=8 October 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141248/https://scroll.in/reel/1007108/how-shoojit-sircar-travelled-back-in-time-for-his-udham-singh-biopic |url-status=live }}</ref> Four days before filming started, Kaushal faced injuries while shooting for another film and had 13 stitches on his cheek. But Sircar advised him to come with the shoot saying that Sardar Udham will also have stitches, and shot for his portions with a real scar in his face.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-01 |title=Vicky Kaushal on shooting for Sardar Udham after injury: 'I had 13 stitches on my face' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-sardar-udham-singh-injury-13-stiches-on-face-7544426/ |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141253/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-sardar-udham-singh-injury-13-stiches-on-face-7544426/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The filmmakers shot a month-long schedule in Russia and the team headed to Ireland and [[Germany]] during mid-June 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal goes black and white for his latest Instagram post; shares an intense look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-goes-black-and-white-for-his-latest-instagram-post-shares-an-intense-look/articleshow/70080552.cms |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-goes-black-and-white-for-his-latest-instagram-post-shares-an-intense-look/articleshow/70080552.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2023}} With a three-month shooting in parts of [[Europe]] and other countries, the team returned to India to commence a schedule in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-04 |title='Sardar Udham Singh': Vicky Kaushal seeks blessings at Golden Temple ahead of film's second schedule in Amritsar |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-sardar-udham-singh-vicky-kaushal-seeks-blessings-at-golden-temple-ahead-of-film-s-second-schedule-in-amritsar-2794536 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141250/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-sardar-udham-singh-vicky-kaushal-seeks-blessings-at-golden-temple-ahead-of-film-s-second-schedule-in-amritsar-2794536 |url-status=live }}</ref> The schedule went on for 25 days, where sequences featuring the massacre and its aftermath being shot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-04 |title=Vicky Kaushal visits Amritsar's Golden Temple before start of next schedule of Sardar Udham Singh. See pic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-visits-amritsar-s-golden-temple-before-start-of-next-schedule-of-sardar-udham-singh-see-pic/story-Y6snqjywkF0IogEuOHBu4H.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141249/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-visits-amritsar-s-golden-temple-before-start-of-next-schedule-of-sardar-udham-singh-see-pic/story-Y6snqjywkF0IogEuOHBu4H.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Vicky Kaushal stated in an interview on the recreation of the incident that "it was physically exhausting, heart-wrenching and emotionally numbing as an individual, but as an actor, we have to be prepared at all sorts. To be thrown into that reality, almost a reality, to imagine yourself in that space. I had to react to dead bodies and all that bloodshed and bloodbath."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-15 |title=Vicky Kaushal on shooting Jallianwala Bagh scene in Sardar Udham: 'I had to react to dead bodies and bloodshed' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-on-shooting-jallianwala-bagh-scene-in-sardar-udham-i-had-to-react-to-dead-bodies-and-bloodshed-101634297092514.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141249/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-on-shooting-jallianwala-bagh-scene-in-sardar-udham-i-had-to-react-to-dead-bodies-and-bloodshed-101634297092514.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |author= |title=India Today Conclave 2021: Vicky Kaushal says shooting Sardar Udham's Jallianwala Bagh scene was numbing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/india-today-conclave-2021-vicky-kaushal-says-shooting-sardar-udham-s-jallianwala-bagh-scene-was-numbing-1862423-2021-10-08 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017182758/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/india-today-conclave-2021-vicky-kaushal-says-shooting-sardar-udham-s-jallianwala-bagh-scene-was-numbing-1862423-2021-10-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the crew were not allowed to shoot the incidents at Jallianwala Bagh, the makers recreated few portions in empty sets in Punjab. Some scenes were also shot at [[Hoshiarpur]].<ref name="scroll"/> The team later returned to Europe to shoot a few sequences in November.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal witnesses snowfall for the first time on the sets of 'Sardar Udham Singh'; shares picture on social media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-witnesses-snowfall-for-the-first-time-on-the-sets-of-sardar-udham-singh-shares-picture-on-social-media/articleshow/72262296.cms |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-witnesses-snowfall-for-the-first-time-on-the-sets-of-sardar-udham-singh-shares-picture-on-social-media/articleshow/72262296.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] on 27 December 2019, after consecutively filming for 6–7 months.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Sardar Udham Singh': Makers call it a wrap for the much awaited Vicky Kaushal starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sardar-udham-singh-makers-call-it-a-wrap-for-the-much-awaited-vicky-kaushal-starrer/articleshow/72990735.cms |access-date=2019-12-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011102954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sardar-udham-singh-makers-call-it-a-wrap-for-the-much-awaited-vicky-kaushal-starrer/articleshow/72990735.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The portions set in London were recreated in Russia, excepts for a few sequences which were shot in United Kingdom and Ireland.<ref name="scroll"/><ref name=":p1">{{Cite news |last=Mankad |first=Himesh |date=17 June 2019 |title=Shoojit Sircar's Udham Singh biopic to release on October 2, 2020 |work=Mumbai Mirror |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shoojit-sircars-udham-singh-biopic-to-release-on-october-2-2020/articleshow/69816993.cms |access-date=2019-06-17 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617023709/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shoojit-sircars-udham-singh-biopic-to-release-on-october-2-2020/articleshow/69816993.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
The film's post-production was scheduled to begin during mid-March 2020, but was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal announces post-production of Shoojit Sircar's 'Sardar Udham Singh' to start from tomorrow! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-announces-post-production-of-shoojit-sircars-sardar-udham-singh-to-start-from-tomorrow/articleshow/76244935.cms |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-announces-post-production-of-shoojit-sircars-sardar-udham-singh-to-start-from-tomorrow/articleshow/76244935.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 8 June 2020, the makers decided to begin post-production activities for the film, with Sircar activating a four-phase plan, starting with the [[editing]] process, which would go on for 15–20 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title="There Is A Call Again": Shoojit Sircar To Begin Post-Production Of Sardar Udham Singh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/there-is-a-call-again-shoojit-sircar-to-begin-post-production-of-sardar-udham-singh-2242224 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141249/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/there-is-a-call-again-shoojit-sircar-to-begin-post-production-of-sardar-udham-singh-2242224 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indiatimes2">{{Cite news |title=After wrapping up 'Sardar Udham Singh' in December, Shoojit Sircar resumes post-production with a four-phase plan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/after-wrapping-up-sardar-udham-singh-in-december-shoojit-sircar-resumes-post-production-with-a-four-phase-plan/articleshow/76278543.cms |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/after-wrapping-up-sardar-udham-singh-in-december-shoojit-sircar-resumes-post-production-with-a-four-phase-plan/articleshow/76278543.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Chandrashkehar Prajapati was the editor of the film, and during the editing process, only the director, editor, and his assistants were allowed inside the editing room, working while strictly adhering to [[social distancing]] protocols, and had to complete all editing works before the [[Curfew|night curfew]] at 7:00 p.m.<ref>{{Cite magazine|first=Jyoti|last=Kanyal|date=June 8, 2020|title=Sardar Udham Singh: Post-production of Vicky Kaushal film begins today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sardar-udham-singh-post-production-of-vicky-kaushal-film-begins-today-1686633-2020-06-08|access-date=2022-02-25|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164301/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sardar-udham-singh-post-production-of-vicky-kaushal-film-begins-today-1686633-2020-06-08|url-status=live}}</ref> He also felt grateful that the film industry has developed an app that allowed them to share edited content, frame by frame, with explanatory comments, back and forth through the internet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-07 |title=Sardar Udham Singh: Vicky Kaushal shares a BTS picture and reveals the post production resumes from tomorrow |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/sardar-udham-singh-vicky-kaushal-shares-bts-picture-and-reveals-post-production-resumes-tomorrow-539519 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030142752/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/sardar-udham-singh-vicky-kaushal-shares-bts-picture-and-reveals-post-production-resumes-tomorrow-539519 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sircar wanted to resume [[visual effects]] in the second phase of post-production, but this was pushed back, as this required a larger crew of about 150–200 people.<ref name="indiatimes3">{{Cite web |first=Roshmila |last=Bhattacharya |date=2020 |title=After wrapping up Sardar Udham Singh in December, Shoojit Sircar resumes post-production with a four-phase plan |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/coronavirus/news/after-wrapping-up-sardar-udham-singh-in-december-shoojit-sircar-resumes-post-production-with-a-four-phase-plan/articleshow/76270446.cms |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141250/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/coronavirus/news/after-wrapping-up-sardar-udham-singh-in-december-shoojit-sircar-resumes-post-production-with-a-four-phase-plan/articleshow/76270446.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal-starrer 'Sardar Udham Singh' not hugely affected by pandemic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-starrer-sardar-udham-singh-not-hugely-affected-by-pandemic/articleshow/76425819.cms |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-starrer-sardar-udham-singh-not-hugely-affected-by-pandemic/articleshow/76425819.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Composer [[Shantanu Moitra]] worked on the film's score during June 2020.<ref name="indiatimes2"/> During mid-September 2020, the filmmakers resumed work on visual effects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-09 |title=Vicky Kaushal's Sardar Udham Singh team to work in 4 phase plan, Shoojit Sircar says Jan 2021 looks difficult |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/vicky-kaushals-sardar-udham-singh-team-work-4-phase-plan-shoojit-sircar-says-jan-2021-looks-difficult-539915 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030142755/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/vicky-kaushals-sardar-udham-singh-team-work-4-phase-plan-shoojit-sircar-says-jan-2021-looks-difficult-539915 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Work on the [[sound design]] resumed in October, as the last phase in the post-production process. A part of the sound design was done in Europe, and another part took place in-house in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="indiatimes3"/> Other activities such as [[digital intermediate]], [[color grading]] and [[Previsualization|pre-visualization]] eventually began during early-2021.<ref name="indiatimes2"/> As per the suggestion of cinematographer [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]] and other crew members — executive producer Kumar Thakur, art directors Mansi Mehta and Dmitriy Malich — the filmmakers focused on the use of [[color scheme|colour palette]]s with a [[Grey|gray]]-colored theme during the foreign sequences, and a [[sepia (color)|sepia]]-colored theme for the sequences in Amritsar.<ref name="scroll"/> Vicky Kaushal completed dubbing for his portions in September 2021.<ref>{{Cite magazine |first=Samriddhi |last=Srivastava |date=September 10, 2021 |title=Vicky Kaushal completes dubbing for Sardar Udham Singh, says it with a pic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vicky-kaushal-completes-dubbing-for-sardar-udham-singh-says-it-with-a-pic-1851271-2021-09-10 |access-date=2021-10-30 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141249/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vicky-kaushal-completes-dubbing-for-sardar-udham-singh-says-it-with-a-pic-1851271-2021-09-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Sardar Udham (score)}}
''Sardar Udham'' is a song-less film; its soundtrack featured six [[instrumental]] compositions used in the [[film score]] curated and composed by [[Shantanu Moitra]],<ref name="indiatimes3" /> which was recorded during the COVID-19 lockdown period in June 2020, and were produced by George Joseph.<ref name="indiatimes2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-03 |title=Vicky Kaushal reveals how he found the state of mind of Udham Singh as he unveils BG score of Sardar Udham |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/vicky-kaushal-reveals-how-he-found-state-mind-udham-singh-he-unveils-bg-score-sardar-udham-915706 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030165803/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/vicky-kaushal-reveals-how-he-found-state-mind-udham-singh-he-unveils-bg-score-sardar-udham-915706 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The soundtrack was released by [[Zee Music Company]] on 2 October 2021.<ref name="jiosaavn">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2021 |title=Sardar Udham – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sardar-udham/o7Suf0RhE18_ |publisher=Jiosaavn |access-date=11 October 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029170930/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sardar-udham/o7Suf0RhE18_ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
In June 2019, [[Shoojit Sircar]] announced that the film would be released theatrically on the occasion of [[Gandhi Jayanti]] (2 October 2020),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-17 |title=Sardar Udham Singh: Vicky Kaushal, Shoojit Sircar's period drama to release on 2 October, 2020 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sardar-udham-singh-vicky-kaushal-shoojit-sircars-period-drama-to-release-on-2-october-2020-6823211.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164305/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sardar-udham-singh-vicky-kaushal-shoojit-sircars-period-drama-to-release-on-2-october-2020-6823211.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while also rumoured to be clashing with ''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]'' and ''[[Jayeshbhai Jordaar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-17 |title=Shoojit Sircar's Udham Singh biopic to release on October 2, 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shoojit-sircar-udham-singh-biopic-to-release-october-2-2020-5783818/ |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164301/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shoojit-sircar-udham-singh-biopic-to-release-october-2-2020-5783818/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Sardar Udham Singh' to be released in October 2020 |url=https://scroll.in/reel/927304/sardar-udham-singh-to-be-released-in-october-2020 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Scroll.in |date=17 June 2019 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164306/https://scroll.in/reel/927304/sardar-udham-singh-to-be-released-in-october-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the film was later rescheduled for release on 30 December 2020,<ref>{{Cite magazine |agency=Asian News International |date=March 13, 2020 |title=Sardar Udham Singh: Vicky Kaushal film to release on January 15, 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sardar-udham-singh-vicky-kaushal-film-to-release-on-january-15-2021-1655251-2020-03-13 |access-date=2021-10-30 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912131251/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sardar-udham-singh-vicky-kaushal-film-to-release-on-january-15-2021-1655251-2020-03-13 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-13 |title=Vicky Kaushal's Sardar Udham gets postponed, will release in January 2021: 'His story deserves justice onscreen' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-s-sardar-udham-gets-postponed-will-release-in-january-2021-his-story-deserves-justice-onscreen/story-ZLXfzW25An7hP1u6NRvqoM.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164302/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-s-sardar-udham-gets-postponed-will-release-in-january-2021-his-story-deserves-justice-onscreen/story-ZLXfzW25An7hP1u6NRvqoM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which was also postponed, since [[post-production]] was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-07|title=Vicky Kaushal says post-production of Sardar Udham Singh to resume on Monday, shares throwback pic from set|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-says-post-production-of-sardar-udham-singh-to-resume-on-monday-shares-throwback-pic-from-set/story-AJCT4gQPlvr1PBDqDht01N.html|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225093250/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-says-post-production-of-sardar-udham-singh-to-resume-on-monday-shares-throwback-pic-from-set/story-AJCT4gQPlvr1PBDqDht01N.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the delays, Sircar decided to release the film in theatres, unlike other major Hindi films, which debuted on digital streaming platforms ever since the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema|closure of theatres]] across the country due to the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicky Kaushal starrer Sardar Udham Singh biopic to release in theatres |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-starrer-sardar-udham-singh-biopic-to-release-in-theatres-45784.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164302/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-starrer-sardar-udham-singh-biopic-to-release-in-theatres-45784.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2021, the producers headed for a direct-to-digital release, considering that theatres were reopened but only in limited states,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-24 |title=Vicky Kaushal's Sardar Udham to Have OTT Release in October, Actor Announces With New Poster |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vicky-kaushals-sardar-udham-to-have-ott-release-in-october-actor-announces-with-new-poster-4239713.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164304/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vicky-kaushals-sardar-udham-to-have-ott-release-in-october-actor-announces-with-new-poster-4239713.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and also the government did not allow permission to resume operations of theatres in [[Maharashtra]] until 22 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-12 |title=Vicky Kaushal's Sardar Udham Singh aiming for OTT release? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/vicky-kaushal-sardar-udham-singh-aiming-for-ott-release-amazon-prime-video-october-7503906/ |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164301/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/vicky-kaushal-sardar-udham-singh-aiming-for-ott-release-amazon-prime-video-october-7503906/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The producers later sold the distribution rights of the film to Amazon Prime Video,<ref>{{Cite magazine |first=Shweta |last=Keshri |date=September 24, 2021 |title=Vicky Kaushal's Sardar Udham to release on Amazon Prime Video in October |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vicky-kaushal-s-sardar-udham-to-release-on-amazon-prime-video-in-october-1856425-2021-09-23 |access-date=2021-10-30 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030224525/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vicky-kaushal-s-sardar-udham-to-release-on-amazon-prime-video-in-october-1856425-2021-09-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> which scheduled for a release date of 16 October 2021, coinciding with [[Dusshera]] weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2021-09-24 |title=Vicky Kaushal-starrer 'Sardar Udham' to premiere directly on Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/vicky-kaushal-starrer-sardar-udham-to-premiere-directly-on-amazon-prime-video-11632458921787.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104050843/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/vicky-kaushal-starrer-sardar-udham-to-premiere-directly-on-amazon-prime-video-11632458921787.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 27 September 2021, the filmmakers released the teaser of the film, which introduced its theme and premise in a unique way.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sardar Udham Singh Teaser: Vicky Kaushal Has "One Mission" And "Many Faces" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sardar-udham-singh-teaser-vicky-kaushal-has-one-mission-and-many-faces-2555382 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164304/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sardar-udham-singh-teaser-vicky-kaushal-has-one-mission-and-many-faces-2555382 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-27 |title=Sardar Udham Teaser: Vicky Kaushal Has 'One Mission, Many Aliases' |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/sardar-udham-teaser-vicky-kaushal-film-shoojit-sircar-jalianwala-bagh |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164302/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/sardar-udham-teaser-vicky-kaushal-film-shoojit-sircar-jalianwala-bagh |url-status=live }}</ref> Three days later, on 30 September, the official trailer of the film was launched at an event in [[Mumbai]], with the presence of Vicky Kaushal and Shoojit Sircar, along with the film's crew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=Sardar Udham trailer launch: Vicky Kaushal greets audience with folded hands |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/sardar-udham-trailer-launch-vicky-kaushal-greets-audience-with-folded-hands-101633015058154.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164300/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/sardar-udham-trailer-launch-vicky-kaushal-greets-audience-with-folded-hands-101633015058154.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Sardar Udham' trailer launch: Vicky Kaushal, Shoojit Sircar open up about tracing Udham Singh's story as they spill secrets from the sets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sardar-udham-trailer-launch-vicky-kaushal-shoojit-sircar-open-up-about-tracing-udham-singhs-story-as-they-spill-secrets-from-the-sets/articleshow/86640578.cms |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sardar-udham-trailer-launch-vicky-kaushal-shoojit-sircar-open-up-about-tracing-udham-singhs-story-as-they-spill-secrets-from-the-sets/articleshow/86640578.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer received positive response from fans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=Sardar Udham trailer: Vicky Kaushal is a patriotic avenger in Shoojit Sircar's new Amazon film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sardar-udham-trailer-vicky-kaushal-is-a-patriotic-avenger-in-shoojit-sircar-s-new-amazon-film-101632987060484.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164302/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sardar-udham-trailer-vicky-kaushal-is-a-patriotic-avenger-in-shoojit-sircar-s-new-amazon-film-101632987060484.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sardar Udham Trailer: Vicky Kaushal Brings The Story Of A "Man Unforgotten" To Life |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sardar-udham-trailer-vicky-kaushal-brings-the-story-of-a-man-unforgotten-to-life-2558838 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164300/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sardar-udham-trailer-vicky-kaushal-brings-the-story-of-a-man-unforgotten-to-life-2558838 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kaushal shared his working stills of the film prior to the release, and also shared facts about Udham Singh, in his [[Instagram]] account.<ref name="dnaindia"/><ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=Vicky Kaushal looks intense in Sardar Udham's new photo, shares story of the revolutionary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-looks-intense-in-sardar-udhams-new-still-shares-story-of-the-revolutionary-7557977/ |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030141251/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-looks-intense-in-sardar-udhams-new-still-shares-story-of-the-revolutionary-7557977/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 15 October 2021, a day prior to the release, a special screening of Sardar Udham was conducted to the press, critics and celebrities at a theatre in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-15 |title=Sardar Udham: Vicky Kaushal's Film Screening Attended by Babil Khan, Sara Ali Khan, Malavika Mohanan |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sardar-udham-vicky-kaushals-film-screening-attended-by-babil-khan-sara-ali-khan-malvika-mohanan-4325171.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164301/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sardar-udham-vicky-kaushals-film-screening-attended-by-babil-khan-sara-ali-khan-malvika-mohanan-4325171.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-16 |title=Katrina Kaif joins Vicky Kaushal for Sardar Udham screening, Kiara Advani, Sidharth Malhotra also attend |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-joins-vicky-kaushal-for-sardar-udham-screening-kiara-advani-sidharth-malhotra-also-attend-101634348892087.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030164301/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-joins-vicky-kaushal-for-sardar-udham-screening-kiara-advani-sidharth-malhotra-also-attend-101634348892087.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On the night of the same day, Amazon Prime Video released the film earlier ahead of the scheduled release of 16 October, in more than 240 countries and also in [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[English language|English]] languages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2021 |title=Vicky Kaushal starrer Sardar Udham to premiere On Amazon Prime Video on October 16; teaser unveiled |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-starrer-sardar-udham-premiere-amazon-prime-video-october-16-teaser-unveiled/ |access-date=2021-09-27 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927104611/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-starrer-sardar-udham-premiere-amazon-prime-video-october-16-teaser-unveiled/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Vicky Kaushal at HT Style Awards.jpg
| footer = [[Vicky Kaushal]] received high critical acclaim for his portrayal of [[Udham Singh]]
}}

The film received widespread critical acclaim, praising the performances of Kaushal and the supporting cast, realistic portrayal of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the setting of pre-independent India, technical aspects, script and direction. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=95|count=19|average=7.4|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=July 16, 2022}}

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave a positive review stating it as "a long, unhurried re-creation of a turbulent slice of India's colonial past, going back and forth from Punjab to London, with a few detours here and there".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shubhra |last=Gupta |date=October 17, 2021 |title=Sardar Udham review: A turbulent slice of India's colonial past |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sardar-udham-movie-review-a-turbulent-slice-of-indias-colonial-past-7573877/ |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027082057/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sardar-udham-movie-review-a-turbulent-slice-of-indias-colonial-past-7573877/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' also gave a positive review stating "Shoojit Sircar has chosen to recount a remarkable (and painful) true story with a reliance on facts and facts alone", and further stated "The atrocities committed by the British colonisers in India are epitomised by the cruelty of Jallianwala Bagh. It is nothing short of a feat that Sircar has managed to chronicle that tragedy and its aftermath without turning his film into a call for vendetta. Both in terms of artistic merit and the political statements it makes, ''Sardar Udham'' is a landmark for Indian cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Anna MM |last=Vetticad |date=October 18, 2021 |title=With Sardar Udham, Shoojit Sircar shows how a patriotic film can be made sans lies, loudness or hate |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/with-sardar-udham-shoojit-sircar-shows-how-a-patriotic-film-can-be-made-sans-lies-loudness-or-hate-10063841.html |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023160122/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/with-sardar-udham-shoojit-sircar-shows-how-a-patriotic-film-can-be-made-sans-lies-loudness-or-hate-10063841.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[National Herald (India)|National Herald India]]'' wrote "Shoojit Sircar's biopic of the patriot is a stunning slice of history mirroring our fractious present and cautioning us about the pitfalls of the future".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Namrata |last=Joshi |date=October 16, 2021 |title='Sardar Udham': A dedication to dissent |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/sardar-udham-a-dedication-to-dissent |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=National Herald India |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023160542/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/sardar-udham-a-dedication-to-dissent |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' stated "The brilliantly lensed biopic also draws power from lead actor Vicky Kaushal's intense and intuitive performance. Sircar combines a portrait of shocking brutality with a depiction of one man's determination not to back off from his risky stratagem. There is a phenomenal degree of craft in ''Sardar Udham'' but none of it is employed for mere effect. There is great deal of soul, too, in this magnificently crafted film."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Saibal |last=Chatterjee |date=October 16, 2021 |title=Sardar Udham Review:Vicky Kaushal Delivers His Best Performance To Date |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sardar-udham-review-vicky-kaushal-delivers-his-best-performance-to-date-4-stars-2577218 |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=NDTV |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023161702/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sardar-udham-review-vicky-kaushal-delivers-his-best-performance-to-date-4-stars-2577218 |url-status=live }}</ref> Renuka Vyahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated "This film is a ticking time bomb waiting to explode but beware; the wait tries your patience. The intention is to give a lull before the storm treatment to storytelling. The non-linear, non-verbose narrative struggles to hold your attention even an hour into the movie. The re-enactment of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre is unsettling to watch and that is the very reason why this story needed to be told."<ref>{{Citation |title=Sardar Udham Review: Sardar Udham is a ticking time bomb waiting to explode |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/sadar-udham/ottmoviereview/87019485.cms |access-date=2021-10-30 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030171118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/sadar-udham/ottmoviereview/87019485.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' magazine, Aishwarya Venugopal stated "For the biopic of a revolutionary, the film does not throw punch dialogoues or the over-used trope of jingoism. Instead, Sircar takes the viewer smoothly, yet painfully, through his turbulent life".<ref name="theweek">{{Cite web |title='Sardar Udham' review: Vicky Kaushal delivers his best performance to date |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2021/10/16/sardar-udham-vicky-kaushal-best-performance.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028112943/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2021/10/16/sardar-udham-vicky-kaushal-best-performance.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "Shoojit Sircar explores contentious definitions and concerns, as India continues to grapple with the idea of dissent, and Section 144 remains a repressive tool in the hands of the government of the day".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2021-10-16 |title='Sardar Udham' movie review: Nuanced portrait of the pride and pain of a revolutionary |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sardar-udham-movie-review-nuanced-portrait-of-the-pride-and-pain-of-a-revolutionary/article37021105.ece |access-date=2021-10-30 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030171118/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sardar-udham-movie-review-nuanced-portrait-of-the-pride-and-pain-of-a-revolutionary/article37021105.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Soumya Srivatsava of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Sardar Udham, if there was ever any doubt, also proves once again that Shoojit Sircar is in top form and among the most dependable filmmakers in Hindi cinema right now. From slices of lives to biographies on historical heroes, he has been able to give his distinct stamp to any idea he has picked up. Hope the streak continues another 20 years."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-16 |title=Sardar Udham movie review: Vicky Kaushal is bewitching in one of the boldest, most traumatising Hindi films ever made |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sardar-udham-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-is-bewitching-in-one-of-the-boldest-most-traumatising-hindi-films-ever-made-101634317768344.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030171118/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sardar-udham-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-is-bewitching-in-one-of-the-boldest-most-traumatising-hindi-films-ever-made-101634317768344.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nandini Ramanath of Scroll.in stated "''Sardar Udham'' follows a handful of biopics about a historical figure whose colourful life readily lends itself to fictionalisation. The creators, bravely but also puzzlingly resist the temptation to include what might have been a shoo-in. The non-linear screenplay by Shubendu Bhattacharya (who also has a story credit) and Ritesh Shah is based on facts but takes creative licence with them."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Sardar Udham' review: A portrait of a man of history and mystery |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1007747/sardar-udham-review-a-portrait-of-a-man-of-history-and-mystery |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Scroll.in |date=16 October 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307011626/https://scroll.in/reel/1007747/sardar-udham-review-a-portrait-of-a-man-of-history-and-mystery |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, Syed Firdaus Ashraf of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave a mixed review saying "You neither get goosebumps nor the adrenaline rush of desh bhakti (patriotism), which a film like Sardar Udham should give every Indian. But a story of an unsung hero is needed to be told and hats off to Shoojit Sircar for doing that."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Syed Firdaus |last=Ashraf |date=October 18, 2021 |title=Sardar Udham Review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sardar-udham-review/20211018.htm |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019050318/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/sardar-udham-review/20211018.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several publications listed ''Sardar Udham'' as one of the best Bollywood films of 2021, which includes: ''[[The Indian Express]]'' ([[Shubhra Gupta]] and Minnasa Shekhar),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-07|title=Shubhra Gupta's list of the best movies of 2021, and why no Bollywood biggie made the cut|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/best-and-worst-films-of-2021-no-bollywood-movie-made-the-cut-7681240/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227171643/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/best-and-worst-films-of-2021-no-bollywood-movie-made-the-cut-7681240/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-29|title=Best and worst Bollywood films of 2021: Sardar Udham, 83, Radhe on the list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/best-and-worst-bollywood-films-of-2021-sardar-udham-83-radhe-sooryavanshi-on-the-list-7692184/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111044325/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/best-and-worst-bollywood-films-of-2021-sardar-udham-83-radhe-sooryavanshi-on-the-list-7692184/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Film Companion]]'' (Anupama Chopra),<ref>{{Citation|title=Best Hindi Films of 2021 {{!}} Anupama Chopra {{!}} Film Companion| date=28 December 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5ZfRgMlIeY|language=en|access-date=2022-01-09|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109114142/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5ZfRgMlIeY|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' (Devarsi Ghosh),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-31|title=Best Indian films of 2021: Karnan and Sherni to The Disciple and The Great Indian Kitchen|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/best-indian-films-of-2021-karnan-and-sherni-to-the-disciple-and-the-great-indian-kitchen-101640884238543.html|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108193352/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/best-indian-films-of-2021-karnan-and-sherni-to-the-disciple-and-the-great-indian-kitchen-101640884238543.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' (Anuj Kumar),<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Anuj|date=2021-12-25|title=Hindi cinema in 2021: From '83' to 'Sardar Udham' and more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hindi-cinema-in-2021-from-83-to-sardar-udham-and-more/article38035835.ece|access-date=2022-01-09|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109114142/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hindi-cinema-in-2021-from-83-to-sardar-udham-and-more/article38035835.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' (Anandita Mukherjee)<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 29, 2021|first=Anindita|last=Mukherjee|title=Year-ender 2021: 83 to Shershaah, best Bollywood films of the year|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/year-ender-2021-83-to-shershaah-best-bollywood-films-of-the-year-1893411-2021-12-29|access-date=2022-01-09|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230151527/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/year-ender-2021-83-to-shershaah-best-bollywood-films-of-the-year-1893411-2021-12-29|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Firstpost]]'' (Subhash K. Jha).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-09|title=First Take {{!}} Movies that made the year 2021 worth it|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/first-take-movies-that-made-the-year-2021-worth-it-10269681.html|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Firstpost|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109054031/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/first-take-movies-that-made-the-year-2021-worth-it-10269681.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' named it 2021's Best Hindi film with a social message.<ref>{{Cite news |title=''Sardar Udham'' 2021's Best Hindi Film With A Social Message |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2021/12/26/sardar-udham-is-2021s-best-hindi-film-with-a-social-message/?sh=3b9cc78948fd |access-date=2022-04-13 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013091328/https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2021/12/26/sardar-udham-is-2021s-best-hindi-film-with-a-social-message/?sh=3b9cc78948fd |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of the ceremony
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipients
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
| rowspan="6" |[[22nd IIFA Awards|3–4 June 2022]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|[[Rising Sun Films]], Kino Works, [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-05 |title=IIFA 2022 Awards full winners list: Vicky Kaushal-Kriti Sanon win big, Shershaah awarded Best Picture |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2022-awards-full-winners-list-vicky-kaushal-kriti-sanon-win-big-shershaah-photos-videos-7953384/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606195607/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2022-awards-full-winners-list-vicky-kaushal-kriti-sanon-win-big-shershaah-photos-videos-7953384/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Shoojit Sircar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Vicky Kaushal]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|[[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|Chandrashekhar Prajapati
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|[[Ajay Devgn FFilms#NY VFXWALA|NY VFXWALA]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="14" scope="row" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="14" | [[67th Filmfare Awards|30 August 2022]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| [[Rising Sun Films]], Kino Works, [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan="14" align="center" | <ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2022 |title=Nominations for the 67th Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022 |work=[[Filmfare]] |agency=[[The Times Group]] |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819074731/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.html |archive-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=31 August 2022 |title=Winners of the Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022 |work=Filmfare |agency=The Times Group |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55337.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901070051/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55337.html |archive-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Shoojit Sircar]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vicky Kaushal]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| Shubendu Bhattacharya, [[Ritesh Shah]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Dialogue
| [[Ritesh Shah]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Production Design
| Mansi Dhruv Mehta, Dmitrii Malich
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Costume Design
| Veera Kapoor Ee
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Editing
| Chandrashekhar Prajapati
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| Dipankar Chaki, Nihar Ranjan Samal
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| {{Won}}
|-
|Best Special Effects
|[[Ajay Devgn FFilms#NY VFXWALA|NY VFXWALA]]
| {{Won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" |[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |[[69th National Film Awards|24 August 2023]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|''Sardar Udham''
|{{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="5" |<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-24 |title=69th National Film Awards 2023 complete winners list: Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825112501/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|[[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|[[Sinoy Joseph]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Production Design|Best Production Design]]
|Dmitri Malich-Konkov, Mansi Dhruv Mehta
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|Veera Kapur Ee
|{{won}}
|}

== Controversies ==

=== Copyright issues ===
A biopic was made on the revolutionary Udham Singh, as [[Shaheed Udham Singh (film)|''Shaheed Udham Singh'']] (2000) before ''Sardar Udham'' was conceptualised.<ref name=":0" /> The film's producer Iqbal Dhillon sent a public notice to Kaushal and Sircar claiming over the copyright of the film's biopic. The notice had stated "We, Surjit Movies and Iqbal Singh Dhillon are the producers and the sole, exclusive and absolute owners of copyrights and all other rights and to all the works of the Punjabi and Hindustani film ''[[Shaheed Udham Singh (film)|Shaheed Udham Singh: Alias Ram Mohammed Singh Azad]]''."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-06-25|title=Udham Singh in controversy|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/250619/udham-singh-in-controversy.html|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225093255/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/250619/udham-singh-in-controversy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In defence, few sources had stated that team did not borrow anything from that film and further added that by 2000, all his life's work is copyright free and the team will not have any trouble for the film, unless the family of Udham Singh have any issue with the content.<ref name=":1" />

=== Academy Award submission ===
The film was shortlisted among [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|14 other Indian films to be submitted]] at the [[94th Academy Awards]] under the nomination of [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Film]] category.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Rishita Roy Chowdhury |date=October 21, 2021 |title=Sherni and Sardar Udham shortlisted for India's official entry to Oscars 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sherni-and-sardar-udham-shortlisted-for-india-s-official-entry-to-oscars-2022-1867382-2021-10-21 |access-date=2021-10-31 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021154909/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sherni-and-sardar-udham-shortlisted-for-india-s-official-entry-to-oscars-2022-1867382-2021-10-21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Sherni', 'Sardar Udham' among 14 films shortlisted for India's official entry to the Oscars |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sherni-sardar-udham-among-14-films-shortlisted-for-indias-official-entry-to-the-oscars/articleshow/87207511.cms |access-date=2021-10-31 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031042203/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sherni-sardar-udham-among-14-films-shortlisted-for-indias-official-entry-to-the-oscars/articleshow/87207511.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it was not selected. The jury members — [[Bengali language|Bengali]] music composer-director [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] and production designer Sumit Basu — criticised the length of the film and its delayed climax, which was the reason for not being selected to the nominations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=Sardar Udham 'projects hatred towards British': Jury member on not sending film to Oscars, fans say 'truth is bitter' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sardar-udham-projects-our-hatred-towards-british-jury-member-on-why-film-wasn-t-sent-to-oscars-fans-say-truth-is-bitter-101635219066968.html |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027071645/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sardar-udham-projects-our-hatred-towards-british-jury-member-on-why-film-wasn-t-sent-to-oscars-fans-say-truth-is-bitter-101635219066968.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The latter, however, stated that the film projects "hatred towards the British".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=Indian jury rejected film as Oscar entry for projecting 'hatred towards British' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/sardar-udham-india-oscars-2022-entry-rejected-b1945410.html |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027073419/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/sardar-udham-india-oscars-2022-entry-rejected-b1945410.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Vibha |last=Maru |title=Sardar Udham shows hatred towards British, jury on not sending film to Oscars. Fans are furious |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sardar-udham-projects-hatred-towards-british-jury-explains-for-not-sending-film-to-oscars-fans-are-furious-1869484-2021-10-26 |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=India Today |date=26 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031061939/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sardar-udham-projects-hatred-towards-british-jury-explains-for-not-sending-film-to-oscars-fans-are-furious-1869484-2021-10-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> The decision from the jury members received some backlash, calling their reasons "baseless".<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal reacts after 'Sardar Udham' was not sent for India's official entry for the Oscars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-reacts-after-sardar-udham-was-not-sent-for-indias-official-entry-for-the-oscars/articleshow/87360121.cms |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031042203/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-reacts-after-sardar-udham-was-not-sent-for-indias-official-entry-for-the-oscars/articleshow/87360121.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the director Shoojit Sircar and Vicky Kaushal respected the jury's decision as "a personal and subjective opinion".<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-27 |title=Shoojit Sircar terms decision to not send Sardar Udham for Oscars 'very subjective', jury member had said film 'projects' hatred for British |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shoojit-sircar-decision-to-not-send-sardar-udham-to-oscars-jury-member-says-film-projects-our-hatred-for-british-7592754/ |access-date=2021-10-28 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028034537/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shoojit-sircar-decision-to-not-send-sardar-udham-to-oscars-jury-member-says-film-projects-our-hatred-for-british-7592754/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They however supported the Tamil film ''[[Pebbles (film)|Koozhangal]]'', which was selected as the official entry to the award ceremony, but that was also not nominated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-29 |title=Vicky Kaushal reacts to Sardar Udham-Oscars row: 'We should now root for Koozhangal' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-reacts-to-sardar-udham-oscars-row-we-should-now-root-for-koozhangal-101635484925185.html |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031042203/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-reacts-to-sardar-udham-oscars-row-we-should-now-root-for-koozhangal-101635484925185.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-30 |title='Koozhangal is the perfect choice': Shoojit Sircar responds to Sardar Udham-Oscars row |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/koozhangal-perfect-choice-shoojit-sircar-responds-sardar-udham-oscars-row-157103 |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031042205/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/koozhangal-perfect-choice-shoojit-sircar-responds-sardar-udham-oscars-row-157103 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Controversy Surrounds Rejection of 'Sardar Udham' |url=https://www.rwmedia.tech/2023/01/Controversy-Surrounds-Rejection-of-Sardar-Udham.html |website=Rwmedia |access-date=20 January 2023 |language=en |date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122171020/https://www.rwmedia.tech/2023/01/Controversy-Surrounds-Rejection-of-Sardar-Udham.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
'''Other films based on Indian Independence Movement''':

* [[Shaheed (1965 film)|''Shaheed'']] - 1965 Indian film directed by S. Ram Sharma
* ''[[23rd March 1931: Shaheed]]'' - 2002 Indian film directed by Guddu Dhanoa
* ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]'' - 2002 Indian film directed by Rajkumar Santoshi
* ''[[Shaheed-E-Azam]]'' - 2002 Indian film directed by Sukumar Nair

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10280296}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|sardar_udham}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|sardar-udham}}

{{Shoojit Sircar}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}
{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film}}

[[Category:2020s historical drama films]]
[[Category:2021 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2021 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2020s historical action films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Bhagat Singh]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of George VI]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Biographical films about revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shoojit Sircar]]
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shantanu Moitra]]
[[Category:Films set in 1919]]
[[Category:Films set in 1933]]
[[Category:Films set in 1934]]
[[Category:Films set in 1939]]
[[Category:Films set in 1940]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ireland]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Russia]]
[[Category:2021 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Films about the Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
[[Category:Films about assassinations]]

Taya (2022 film)

2026-03-19T00:11:24Z

Mohit Kumar: starting new info.

{{Short description|2022 Indian Sanskrit-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Taya
| image = Taya Sanskrit Film Poster.jpg
| director = Dr. G. Prabha
| writer = Dr. G. Prabha
| producer = Gokulam Gopalan
| starring = Nedumudi Venu Anumol Babu Namboodiri
| cinematography = Sunny Joseph ISC
| editing = B Lenin
| music = Biju Paulose
| released = {{Film date|2022}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = India
| language = Sanskrit
}}

'''''Taya''''' (English: ''By Her'') is a 2022 Indian [[Sanskrit cinema|Sanskrit-language period drama film]] written and directed by [[G. Prabha|Dr. G. Prabha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-09 |title=Sanskrit film on woman wins hearts at Biffes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/sanskrit-film-on-woman-wins-hearts-at-biffes/articleshow/90087712.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Produced by Gokulam Gopalan under the banner of Sree Gokulam Movies, the film stars [[Anumol]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], and [[Babu Namboothiri|Babu Namboodiri]].

The film is based on the historic "[[Smarthavicharam]]" (ritual trial for adultery) of [[Kuriyedathu Thatri|Kuriyedathu Tatri]] in 1905, a landmark event in the social history of Kerala that challenged the patriarchal norms of the Namboothiri Brahmin community

== Plot ==
The film is set in the early 20th century within the orthodox Namboothiri community of Kerala. It centers on Savithri (based on the historical figure [[Kuriyedathu Thatri|Kuriyedathu Tatri]])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2021-06-14 |title=G Prabha’s second film in Sanskrit, ‘Taya’, focusses on the landmark trial of Thatri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sanskrit-film-taya-by-prabha-trial-of-thatri/article34811703.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>, a woman who is subjected to the rigid and often oppressive patriarchal customs of her time. In this era, only the eldest son of a Namboothiri family was permitted to marry within the community, leading to a surplus of unmarried women and the practice of polygamy by older men.

After being victimized by the sexual anarchy and hypocrisy prevalent in the community, Savithri is subjected to a ''[[Smarthavicharam]]''—a trial for adultery conducted by an all-male panel of elders. While such trials were designed to shame and expel women, Savithri uses the proceedings to expose the men involved. During the 40-day trial, she identifies 64 men who had exploited her, including high-ranking members of her own social circle. The film culminates in her ultimate act of defiance against the King and the patriarchal structure, securing her own freedom through expulsion while dismantling the moral facade of the community leaders<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2021-03-08 |title=G Prabha directs his second Sanskrit film, Taya |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/Mar/08/g-prabha-directs-his-second-sanskrit-film-taya-23194.html |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haridas |first=Aathira |date=2021-07-29 |title=Revisiting past worlds |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/Jul/29/revisiting-past-worlds-2336817.html |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2021-06-14 |title=G Prabha’s second film in Sanskrit, ‘Taya’, focusses on the landmark trial of Thatri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sanskrit-film-taya-by-prabha-trial-of-thatri/article34811703.ece |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Anumol]] as Savithri (Tatri)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-12 |title=Filmmaker G Prabha ropes in Anumol for a Sanskrit film ‘Taya’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmmaker-g-prabha-ropes-in-anumol-for-a-sanskrit-film-taya/articleshow/81467668.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Eswaran Namboodiri<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-04-27 |title=Kolkata International Film Festival entry: Sanskrit film on Nambudiri woman who questioned patriarchy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kiff-entry-sanskrit-film-on-nambudiri-woman-who-questioned-patriarchy/articleshow/91111052.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Babu Namboothiri|Babu Namboodiri]] as Maheswaran Namboodiri
* Nelliyodu Vasudevan Namboothiri as a 78-year-old Namboodiri
* Rangasri Revathi Subramanian as Arya
* Pallippuram Sunil as Viswaraman

== Production ==
''Taya'' is the second Sanskrit feature film directed by Dr. G. Prabha, following his debut film ''[[Ishti (film)|Ishti]]'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2021-06-14 |title=G Prabha’s second film in Sanskrit, ‘Taya’, focusses on the landmark trial of Thatri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sanskrit-film-taya-by-prabha-trial-of-thatri/article34811703.ece |access-date=2026-01-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>. The film was shot with an emphasis on historical authenticity, featuring cinematography by [[Sunny Joseph]] and editing by the veteran [[B. Lenin]]. The music was composed by Biju Paulose, with sound design by [[T. Krishnanunni]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-03-09 |title=Zooming in |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/Mar/09/zooming-in-2427852.html |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film was showcased at several prestigious national and international film festivals throughout 2022 and 2023.<ref name=":0" /> It received critical acclaim for its handling of a sensitive historical subject and its contribution to Sanskrit cinema.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-03-09 |title=Taya, a Sanskrit film to be screened at the Bangalore International Film Festival, explores the story of a woman smashing patriarchy |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/Mar/09/taya-a-sanskrit-film-tobe-screened-at-the-bangalore-international-film-festivalexplores-the-stor-39493.html |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=Special screening of Sanskrit film 'Taya' at Prasad Lab on April 6 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/special-screening-of-sanskrit-film-taya-at-prasad-lab-on-april-6-101712308266405.html |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-11 |title=Spotlight on Sanskrit: The language is finding its way back to people’s tongues |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-spotlight-on-sanskrit-the-language-is-finding-its-way-back-to-peoples-tongues-2662208/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Film Festivals ==
The film participated in numerous festivals, including:

* [[Kolkata International Film Festival]] (KIFF)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanskrit film runs housefull at KIFF |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/kiff-full-house-at-festival-for-sanskrit-film-taya-g-prabha/cid/1863488 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221130044734/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/kiff-full-house-at-festival-for-sanskrit-film-taya-g-prabha/cid/1863488 |archive-date=2022-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
* [[Pune International Film Festival]]
* [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]]<ref name=":1" />
* Habitat International Film Festival, New Delhi
* International Film Festival The Hague, Netherlands
* [[Palm Beach International Film Festival]], US

== Awards ==

* '''Diorama International Film Festival:''' Best Actress (Anumol Manoharan)<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഡയോരമ ഫെസ്റ്റിവലിൽ മികച്ച നടിയായി അനുമോൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/12/06/diorama-film-festival-anumol-wins-best-actress-for-thaya.html |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=ഡയോരമ ഫെസ്റ്റിവലിൽ മികച്ച നടിയായി അനുമോൾ |language=ml}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|id=26222402}}
[[Category:Sanskrit-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]

Badrinath Temple

2026-03-11T08:36:27Z

Mohit Kumar: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Hindu temple in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Badrinath Temple
| image = Badrinath Temple , Uttarakhand.jpg
| alt = image of the temple with steps leading to the entrance
| caption = The temple with steps leading to the entrance
| map_type = India Uttarakhand
| map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|30.744695|79.491175|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Chamoli district]]
| location = [[Badrinath]]
| elevation_m = 3100
| deity = Badrinath ([[Vishnu]]) and Badridevi ([[Lakshmi]])
| governing_body = Shri Badarinath Kedarnath Temple Committee
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals =
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| website = {{URL|badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in}}
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Badarinath Temple,''' also known as '''Badarinarayana Temple,''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Vishnu]]. It is located in the town of [[Badrinath]] in [[Chamoli district]] of [[Uttarakhand]], India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=What to know about Badrinath |url=https://www.uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/destination/badrinath?utm_source=chatgpt.com |url-status=live |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} The temple is one of the 108 [[Divya Desams]], sacred to [[Vaishnavism]], where Vishnu is worshipped as Badrinath.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shri Badrinath Dham |url=https://badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/AboutUs/shri-badrinath.aspx |url-status=live |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref> Due to extreme weather conditions in the Himalayas, the temple is open for six months each year, from late April to early November.<ref name=":0" /> It is one of the most visited pilgrimage centers of India, having recorded 2.8 million (28 [[lakh]]) visits in just 2 months in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uttarakhand: 28 lakh pilgrims visit Char Dham in 60 days, choppers flying like auto-rickshaws, experts warn of consequences |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/toi-original/uttarakhand-28-lakh-pilgrims-visit-char-dham-in-60-days-choppers-flying-like-auto-rickshaws-experts-warn-of-consequences/videoshow/93475084.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> It is one of the [[Char Dham]] pilgrimage sites.<ref name=":1" />

The image of the presiding deity worshipped in the temple is a {{convert|1|ft|abbr=on}}, the black granite deity of Vishnu in the form of Badrinarayan. The deity is considered by many Hindus to be one of eight ''svayam vyakta kshetras'', or self-manifested deities of Vishnu.<ref name=dhaams>{{harvnb|Sen Gupta|2002|p=32}}</ref>

The temple was included in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] state government Act No. 30/1948 as Act no. 16,1939, which later came to be known as "Shri Badarinath and Shri [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnath]] Mandir Act". The committee nominated by the state government administers both the temples and has seventeen members on its board.

[[File:Devotees at the Badrinath Temple in Uttarakhand, India.jpg|thumb|Devotees at the Badrinath Temple in October 2022]]
The temple is mentioned in ancient religious texts like ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and ''[[Skanda Purana]]''. It is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', an early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE.

==Location, architecture, and shrines==
[[File:Badrinath-taptkund.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Tapt Kund hot springs next to Badrinath Temple, enclosed inside bath house|alt=a rectangular tank with a house on the bank and with people taking bath in the hot springs]]
The temple is situated in the [[Garhwal Himalaya|Garhwal Himalayas]], along the banks of the [[Alaknanda River]]{{sfn| Baynes|1878}} in [[Chamoli district]] in [[Uttarakhand]]. It lies at an elevation of 3133 m(10,279 ft) above mean sea level.<ref name="about">{{cite web|title=About the temple|url=http://www.badarikedar.org/badrinath.aspx|publisher=Shri Badrinath - Shri Kedarnath Temples Committee|year=2006|access-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214005611/http://badarikedar.org/badrinath.aspx|archive-date=14 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/174 174]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> [[Nar Parvat|Nar Parbat]] stands opposite to the temple, while Narayana Parbat is located behind the Neelkanth peak.<ref name="Nair67">{{harvnb|Nair|2007|pp=67–68}}</ref>

[[Adi Shankara]] established Badrinath as a pilgrimage site in the ninth century. The temple comprises three structures: the [[garbha grha|Garbhagriha]] (sanctum), the [[Darśana|Darshan]] Mandapa (worship hall), and [[Sabhā|Sabha]] Mandapa (assembly hall).<ref name="about"/><ref name="Nair67"/><ref name="Tyagi">{{harvnb|Tyagi|1991|p=70}}</ref> The sanctum's conical roof is approximately 15 m (49 ft) tall and features a small cupola topped with a gilt gold covering.<ref name="Nair67"/><ref name=call>{{harvnb|Nautiyal|1962|p= 110}}</ref> The stone façade features arched windows, and a broad stairway ascends to the main entrance, a tall arched gateway. Just inside lies a [[mandap|mandapa]], a spacious pillared hall that leads to the sanctum, or main shrine. The walls and pillars of the hall are adorned with intricate carvings.<ref name=dhaams/>

The main shrine contains the {{convert|1|ft|abbr=on}} [[Shaligram]] (black stone) deity of Badrinarayana, placed beneath a gold canopy under a Badri tree. The deity of Badrinarayana is depicted holding [[Panchajanya|Panchajanya ''Shankha'']] (conch) and [[Sudarshana]] ''[[Sudarshan Chakra|Chakra]]'' (discus) in two raised arms while the other two arms rest on his lap in a ''[[Lotus position|Yogamudra]]'' (p''admasana'') posture.<ref name="about"/><ref name="Tyagi"/> The sanctum also houses images of the god of wealth{{mdash}}[[Kubera]], sage [[Narada]], [[Uddhava]], [[Nara-Narayana|Nara and Narayana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Devraj |date=1 April 2019 |title=Char Dham: The Holy Himalayan Pilgrimage to Four Temples is Both Grueling and Grace-Giving |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/april-may-june-2019/char-dham-the-holy-himalayan-pilgrimage-to-four-temples-is-both-grueling-and-grace-giving/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref> The temple contains fifteen additional images that are worshipped within its premise. These include [[Lakshmi]] (the consort of Vishnu), [[Garuda]] (the [[vahana]] of Narayan), and [[Navadurga]], the manifestation of [[Durga]] in nine forms. The temple also has shrines dedicated to Lakshmi Narasimhar and to saints such as [[Adi Shankara]], Nar and Narayan, Ghantakarna, [[Vedanta Desika]] and [[Ramanujacharya]]. All of temple's deities are carved out of black stone.<ref name=dhaams/><ref name="about"/><ref name="Nair67"/>

The Tapt Kund, a group of hot sulphur springs just below the temple, are considered to be medicinal; many pilgrims consider it a requirement to bathe in the springs before visiting the temple. The springs have a year-round temperature of {{convert|55|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, while outside temperature is typically below {{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} all year round.<ref name="about"/> The two water ponds in the temple are called Narad Kund and Surya Kund.<ref name=Bhalla190/>

==History==
{{Chota Char Dham}}
There is no historical record about the temple, but there is a mention of the presiding deity Badrinath in [[Vedic scriptures]] ({{circa|lk=no|1750}}–500 BCE).<ref name="Nair67"/> According to some accounts, the shrine was worshipped in some form in the [[Vedic period]]. Later, during [[Ashoka|Ashoka's]] reign, because of the spread of [[Buddhism]], this shrine might have been converted into a Buddhist shrine. The temple was a Buddhist shrine till the 8th century and [[Adi Shankara]] revived the shrine and converted it to a Hindu temple.<ref name="Tyagi"/><ref>{{harvnb|Sadasivan|2000|p=211}}</ref> The architecture of the temple resembling that of a [[Buddhist]] [[vihara]] (temple) and the brightly painted facade which is typical of Buddhist temples leads to the argument.<ref name=dhaams/> Other accounts relate that it was originally established as a pilgrimage site by Adi Shankara in the ninth century. It is believed that Shankara resided in the place for six years from 814 to 820 CE. He resided six months in Badrinath and the rest of the year in Kedarnath. Hindu followers assert that he discovered the deity of Badrinath in the Alaknanda River and enshrined it in a cave near the Tapt Kund hot springs.<ref name="call"/><ref name="Swami101">{{harvnb|Swami|2004|pp=100–101}}</ref> A traditional story asserts that Adi Shankara expelled all the Buddhists in the region with the help of the [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] ruler king Kanak Pal. The hereditary successors of the king governed the temple and endowed villages to meet its expenses. The income from a set of villages on the route to the temple was used to feed and accommodate pilgrims. The Parmar rulers held the title "Bolanda Badrinath", meaning speaking Badrinath. They had other titles, including Shri 108 Basdrishcharyaparayan Garharaj Mahimahendra, Dharmabibhab, and Dharamarakshak Sigamani.<ref name="Guha"/>

The throne of Badrinath was named after the presiding deity; the king enjoyed ritual obeisance by the devotees before proceeding to the shrine. The practice was continued until the late 19th century.<ref name="Guha">{{harvnb|Guha|2000|p=64}}</ref> During the 16th century, the King of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] moved the [[murti]] to the present temple.<ref name=call/> When the state of Garhwal was divided, the Badrinath temple came under British rule but the king of Garhwal continued as the chairman of the management committee. The selection of priest is done after consultation between Garhwal and Travancore royal families.<ref name="Guha"/>

The temple has undergone several major renovations due to its age and damage by an avalanche. In the 17th century, the temple was expanded by the Kings of Garhwal. After significant damage during the great [[1803 Garhwal earthquake]], it was largely rebuilt by the King of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]].<ref name=dhaams/> It was still under renovation as late as the 1870s{{sfn| Baynes|1878}} but these were completed by the time of the [[First World War]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} At that time, [[Badrinath|the town]] was still small, consisting of only the 20-odd huts housing the temple's staff, but the number of pilgrims was usually between seven and ten thousand.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The [[Kumbh Mela]] festival held every twelve years raised the number of visitors to 50,000.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The temple also enjoyed revenue from the rents owed to it by various villages bequeathed by various rajas.{{sfn| Baynes|1878}}

During 2006, the state government announced the area around Badrinath as a no construction zone to curb illegal encroachment.<ref>{{cite news|title=Uttaranchal declares Badrinath as no construction zone|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1034737141.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611123342/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1034737141.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=Badrinath|date=9 May 2006|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

==Legend==
[[File:Nara narayana.jpg|thumb|[[Nara-Narayana|Nara and Narayana]]]]

According to Hindu legend, [[Vishnu]] sat in meditation at this place. During his meditation, Vishnu was unaware of cold weather. [[Lakshmi]], his consort, protected him in the form of the Badri tree ([[jujube]] or Indian date, called 'ber' in [[Hindi]]). Pleased by the devotion of Lakshmi, Vishnu named the place ''Badrika Ashrama''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Badarinath Kedarnath Temple Committee |url=https://badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/AboutUs/shri-badrinath.aspx |website=badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in |access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref> According to Atkinson (1979), the place used to be a jujube forest, which is not found there today.<ref name="Swami101"/> Vishnu in the form of Badrinath is depicted in the temple sitting in the ''[[Lotus position|padmasana]]'' posture. According to [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana|Brahma Vaivarta purana]], Vishnu was chastised by sage [[Narada]], who saw Vishnu's consort, Lakshmi, massaging his feet. Vishnu went to Badrinath to perform austerity, meditating for a long time in padmasana.<ref name=dhaams/><ref name="Swami101"/>{{page needed|date=October 2025}}

The ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' narrates another version of the origins of Badrinath. According to the tradition, Yama had two sons, [[Nara-Narayana|Nara, and Narayana]]{{mdash}}both of which are modern names of Himalayan mountains. They chose the place to spread their religion and each of them wed the spacious valleys in the Himalayas. Searching for an ideal place to set up a hermitage, they came across the other four Badris of the Pancha Badri, namely Adibadri, Bridha Badri, Yoga-Dhyana Badri and Bhavisha Badri. They finally found the hot and cold spring behind the Alaknanda River and named it '''"'''Badri Vishala."<ref name="Swami101"/>

==Literature==
[[File:Lord Badrinath in Badrinath Temple.jpg|thumb|Badrinath deity inside the sanctum sanctorum of temple]]
The temple finds mention in several ancient books like ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name=Bhalla190>{{harvnb|Bhalla|2006|p=190}}</ref> According to the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', "[t]here in Badrikashram the Personality of Godhead (Vishnu), in his incarnation as the sages Nar and Narayana, had been undergoing great penance since time immemorial for the welfare of all living entities".<ref name=bhagavatam>[[#Bhagavata|Bhagavata Purana]] 3.4.22</ref> The ''Skanda Purana'' states that "[t]here are several sacred shrines in heaven, on earth, and in hell; but there is no shrine like Badrinath". The area around Badrinath is also celebrated in ''[[Padma Purana]]'' as abounding in spiritual treasures.<ref name=call/> The ''Mahabharata'' revered the holy place as the one which can give salvation to devotees arriving close to if, while in other holy places they must perform religious ceremonies.<ref name=Bhalla190/> The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', in 11 hymns in the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon by [[Periazhwar|Perialvar]] and in 13 hymns by [[Thirumangai Alvar]]. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divya Desam]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Badrinath.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Badrinath Perumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=1783|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> The temple is referred as ''Tiruvatariyaacciraamam'' in [[Tamil literature]].<ref name=R>{{cite book |title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam |last=R. |first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |location=Chennai |year=2001 |edition=1st |ref=R. |pages=544–5}}</ref>

==Pilgrimage==
{{Char Dham}}{{Historical populations
|title=Number of tourists
|state=collapsed
|align = left
|percentages=off
|1990|362757
|1995|275900
|2000|735200
|2005|566524
|2010|921950
|2012|1060000
|footnote=Sources:
* <ref>{{cite web|title=Number of pilgrims the temple |url=http://www.badarikedar.org/content-badari.aspx?id=9 |publisher=Shri Badrinath - Shri Kedarnath Temples Committee |year=2006 |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195018/http://www.badarikedar.org/content-badari.aspx?id=9 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref>
}}Devotees of all faiths and all schools of thought of Hinduism visit the Badrinath Temple.<ref>[[#Rao|Rao 2008]], p. 474</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Eck|2012|pp=343–344}}</ref> All the major monastic institutions like [[Kashi Math]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Kashi Math at Badrinath|url=http://www.kashimath.org/branches/|publisher=Shree Kashi Math Samasthanam|access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref> Jeeyar Mutt (Andhra mutt),<ref>{{cite web|title=Badari Ashtakshari Kshethriya Annadana Sakha Sangham, (BAKASS)|url=http://www.chinnajeeyar.org/main/content/badari-ashtakshari-kshethriya-annadana-sakha-sangham-bakass/|publisher=Chinna Jeeyar Mutt|access-date=10 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910201610/http://www.chinnajeeyar.org/main/content/badari-ashtakshari-kshethriya-annadana-sakha-sangham-bakass/|archive-date=10 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Udipi krishna math|Udupi Pejavar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Udupi Mutt at Badrinath|url=http://www.vishveshavani.com/contact/|publisher=Pejavara Adhokshaja Matha, Udupi|access-date=10 September 2014|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808171742/http://www.vishveshavani.com/contact/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Manthralayam Sri Raghavendra Swamy Mutts<ref>{{cite web|title=Raghavendra Mutt Branches|url=http://www.raghavendramutt.org/node/38|publisher=Raghavendra Mutt|access-date=10 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922161955/http://www.raghavendramutt.org/node/38|archive-date=22 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> have their branches and guest houses there.

The Badrinath temple is one of five related shrines called [[Sapta Badri|Panch Badri]], which are dedicated to the worship of Vishnu.<ref name=bansal>{{harvnb|Bansal|2005|p=35}}</ref> The five temples are Vishal Badri - Badrinath Temple in Badrinath, [[Sapta Badri#Yogadhyan Badri|Yogadhyan Badri]] located at Pandukeshwar, Bhavishya Badri located {{convert|17|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from Jyotirmath at Subain, Vridh Badri located {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from Jyotirmath in Animath and Adi Badri located {{convert|17|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from [[Karnaprayag]]. The temple is considered one of the holiest Hindu ''[[Char Dham]]'' (four divine) sites, comprising Rameswaram, Badrinath, [[Puri]] and [[Dwarka]].<ref name="Chakra">{{harvnb|Chakravarti|1994|p=140}}</ref> Although the temple's origins are not clearly known, the [[Advaita]] school of Hinduism established by Adi Shankara attributes the origin of Char Dham to the seer.<ref name="Mittal"/> The four monasteries are located across the four corners of India and their attendant temples are Badrinath Temple at Badrinath in the North, [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] at Puri in the East, [[Dwarkadheesh temple, Gujrat|Dwarakadheesh Temple]] at Dwarka in the West and [[Rameshwaram]] at Rameshwaram, [[Tamil Nadu]] in the South.<ref name="Chakra"/><ref name="Mittal"/>

Though ideologically the temples are divided between the sects of Hinduism, namely [[Saivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]], the Char Dham pilgrimage is an all-Hindu affair.<ref name="Brockman">{{harvnb|Brockman|2011|pp=94–96}}</ref> There are four abodes in the Himalayas called [[Chota Char Dham]] (''Chota'' meaning small): Badrinath, [[Kedarnath]], [[Gangotri]] and [[Yamunotri]]{{mdash}}all of which lie in the foothills of the Himalayas.<ref name="Mittal">{{harvnb|Mittal |2004|pp=482–483}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Badrinath temple reopens for Hindu pilgrims|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2340841281.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611121813/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2340841281.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=Chamoli|date=9 May 2011|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> The name ''Chota'' was added during the mid of 20th century to differentiate the original Char Dhams. As the number of pilgrims to these places has increased in modern times, it is called Himalayan Char Dham.<ref>{{harvnb|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=540}}</ref>

The journey across the four cardinal points in India is considered sacred by Hindus, who aspire to visit these temples once in their lifetimes.<ref name="Gwynne">{{harvnb|Gwynne|2009|loc=Section on Char Dham}}</ref> Traditionally, the pilgrimage starts at the eastern end from Puri, proceeding clockwise in a manner typically followed for circumambulation in Hindu temples.<ref name="Gwynne"/>

==Festivals and religious practices==
[[File:Badri Night.JPG|thumb|Badrinath Temple at night|alt=image of the temple at night illuminated with green light]]
The most prominent festival held at Badrinath Temple is Mata Murti Ka Mela, which commemorates the descent of the river [[Ganges]] on mother earth. The mother of Badrinath, who is believed to have divided the river into twelve channels for the welfare of earthly beings, is worshiped during the festival. The place where the river flowed became the holy land of Badrinath.<ref name="festivals"/>

The [[Badri Kedar]] festival is celebrated during the month of June in both the temple and the Kedarnath temple. The festival lasts for eight days; artists from all over the country perform during the function.<ref name="festivals">{{cite web|title=Festivals celebrated in the temple |url=http://www.badarikedar.org/content-badari.aspx?id=11 |publisher=Shri Badrinath - Shri Kedarnath Temples Committee |year=2006 |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217172228/http://www.badarikedar.org/content-badari.aspx?id=11 |archive-date=17 February 2012 }}</ref>

The major religious activities (or ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pujas]]'') performed every morning are ''mahabhishek'' (ablution), ''[[Abhisheka|abhishek]]'', ''gitapath'' and ''bhagavat puja'', while in the evening the ''pujas'' include ''geet govinda'' and ''[[aarti]]''. Recital in vedic scripts like ''Ashtotram'' and ''[[Sahasranama]]'' is practised during all the rituals. After ''aarti'', the decorations are removed from the image of Badrinath and sandalwood paste is applied to it. The paste from the image is given to the devotees the next day as [[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]] during the ''nirmalaya [[Darśana|darshan]]''. All the rituals are performed in front of the devotees, unlike those in some Hindu temples, where some practices are hidden from them.<ref name="Nair67"/> Sugar balls and dry leaves are the common [[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]] provided to the devotees. From May 2006, the practise of offering Panchamrit Prasad, prepared locally and packed in local bamboo baskets, was started.<ref>{{cite news|title=Uttaranchal declares Badrinath as no construction zone|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1034191151.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611123652/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1034191151.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi|date=8 May 2006|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

The temple is closed for winter on the auspicious day of [[bhatridwityia or later]] during October–November.<ref name="close"/> On the day of closure, ''Akhanda Jyothi'', a lamp is lit filled with [[ghee]] to last for six months.<ref name=Bhalla258/> Special ''pujas'' are performed on the day by the chief priest in the presence of pilgrims and officials of the temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=Badrinath shrine closes marking end of Chardham Yatra|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttarakhand/badrinath-shrine-closes-marking-end-of-chardham-yatra_742346.html|location=Dehradun|publisher=Zeenews|date=17 November 2011|access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> The image of Badrinath is notionally transferred during the period to the Narasimha temple at [[Jyotirmath]], located {{convert|40|mi|km|abbr=on}} away from the temple.<ref name="Lochtefeld"/> The temple is reopened around April–May on [[Akshaya tritiya]], another auspicious day on the [[Hindu calendar]].<ref name="close">{{cite news|title=Badrinath shrine closed for winter|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Badrinath-shrine-closed-for-winter/articleshow/3724410.cms|work=TNN|publisher=The Times of India|location=Dehradun|date=18 November 2008|access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> Pilgrims gather on the first day of opening of the temple after the winter to witness the ''Akhanda Jyothi''.<ref name=Bhalla258>{{harvnb|Bhalla|2006|p=258}}</ref>

The temple is one of the holy places where the Hindus offer oblations to ancestors with the help of the priests.<ref name="Swmami102"/> Devotees visit the temple to worship in front of the image of Badrinath in the sanctum and have a holy dip in Alaknanda River. The general belief is that a dip in the tank purifies the soul.<ref>{{harvnb|Davidson|Gitlitz|2002|p=48}}</ref>

==Administration and visit==
[[File:alaknanda.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Alaknanda River]] in Badrinath|alt=image of Alaknanda river with a hanging bridge across it]]
The Badrinath Temple was included in the Uttar Pradesh State Government Act No. 30/1948 as Act no. 16,1939, which was later known as Shri Badarinath and Shri Kedarnath Mandir Act. A committee nominated by the State Government of Uttarakhand administers both the temples. The act was modified in 2002 to appoint additional committee members, including government officials and a vice-chairman.<ref>{{cite web|title=Administration of the temple |url=http://www.badarikedar.org/content-badari.aspx?id=2 |publisher=Shri Badrinath - Shri Kedarnath Temples Committee |year=2006 |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193204/http://www.badarikedar.org/content-badari.aspx?id=2 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> There are seventeen members in the board; three selected by the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]], one member each selected by the [[District Councils of India|District Councils]] of [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]] [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]], [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]] and [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]] districts, and ten members nominated by the [[Government of Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Committee members of the temple |url=http://www.badarikedar.org/content-badari.aspx?id=3 |publisher=Shri Badrinath - Shri Kedarnath Temples Committee |year=2006 |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184513/http://www.badarikedar.org/content-badari.aspx?id=3 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref>

As indicated in the temple records, the priests of the temple were Shiva ascetics called Dandi Sanyasis, who belonged to [[Nambudiri]] community, a religious group common in modern [[Kerala]]. When the last of the ascetics died without an heir in 1776 CE, the [[Garhwal Kingdom|King of Garhwal]] invited non-ascetic Nambudiris from Kerala for the priesthood, a practice that continues in modern times.<ref name="Lochtefeld">{{harvnb|Lochtefeld|2002|p=78}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Religious setup of the temple |url=http://www.badarikedar.org/content-badari.aspx?id=4 |publisher=Shri Badrinath - Shri Kedarnath Temples Committee |year=2006 |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192556/http://www.badarikedar.org/content-badari.aspx?id=4 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Till 1939, all the offerings made by the devotees to the temple went to the Rawal (Chief Priest), but after 1939, his jurisdiction was restricted to religious affairs.<ref name="Lochtefeld"/> The administrative structure of the temple consists of a chief executive officer who executes the orders from the state government, a deputy chief executive officer, two OSDs, an executive officer, an account officer, a temple officer, and a public officer to assist the chief executive officer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Power structure of the temple |url=http://www.badarikedar.org/content-badari.aspx?id=6 |publisher=Shri Badrinath - Shri Kedarnath Temples Committee |year=2006 |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184226/http://www.badarikedar.org/content-badari.aspx?id=6 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Badrinath Temple - OCT 2014.jpg|thumb|200px|View of the temple during Summer|alt=image showing Badrinath temple with the mountain in the background]]
Although Badrinath is located in North India, the head priest, or Rawal, is traditionally a [[Nambudiri]] [[Brahmin]] chosen from the South Indian state of [[Kerala]]. This tradition is believed to have been initiated by Adi Shankara, who was a South Indian philosopher. The Rawal is requested by the [[Government of Uttarakhand]] to the [[Government of Kerala]]. The candidate should possess a degree of [[Acharya]] (Post Graduate) in [[Sanskrit]], be a bachelor, well-versed in reciting ''[[mantras]]'' (sacred texts) and be from the Vaishnava sect of Hinduism. The erstwhile ruler of Garhwal, who is the tutelary head of Badrinath, approves the candidate sent by the Government of Kerala. A Tilak Ceremony is held to instate the Rawal and he is deputed from April to November when the temple remains open. The Rawal is accorded his holiness status by the [[The Garhwal Rifles|Garhwal Rifles]] and the state government of Uttarakhand. He is also held in high esteem by the [[Kingdom of Nepal|Royals of Nepal]]. From April to November, he performs his duties as a temple priest. Thereafter, he either stays in [[Jyotirmath]] or returns to his native village in Kerala. The duties of the Rawal starts at 4 a.m. every day with the ''[[Abhisheka]]''. He should not cross the river until Vamana Dwadashi and must adhere to ''[[Brahmacharya]]''. The Rawal is assisted by the [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] [[Sarola Brahmin|Dimri]] [[Brahmin]]s belonging to the village Dimmar of Chamoli district, Naib Rawal, Dharmadikari, Vedpathi, a group of priests, Pandas Samadhi, Bhandari, Rasoiyas (cook), devotional singer, clerk of devashram,{{Which lang|date=January 2023}} Jal Bhariya (water keeper) and temple guards. Badrinath is one of the few temples in North India that follow the ancient Tantra Vidhi of [[Shrauta]] tradition more common in the south.<ref name="Swmami102">{{harvnb|Swami|2004|p=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Outlook Traveller |url=http://traveller.outlookindia.com/fulltravelogue.aspx?id=216 |title=Badrinath |publisher=Traveller.outlookindia.com |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201558/http://traveller.outlookindia.com/fulltravelogue.aspx?id=216 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2008/07/18/stories/2008071851520400.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121111030256/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2008/07/18/stories/2008071851520400.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Badrinath Temple|date=18 July 2005|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

In 2012, the temple administration introduced a token system for visitors to the temple. Tokens indicating the time of visit were provided from three stalls in the taxi stands. Each devotee to visit the presiding deity is allocated 10–20 seconds. Proof of identity is mandatory to enter the temple.<ref>{{cite web|title=News about the temple |url=http://www.badarikedar.org/content-badari.aspx?id=29 |publisher=Shri Badrinath - Shri Kedarnath Temples Committee |year=2006 |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195444/http://www.badarikedar.org/content-badari.aspx?id=29 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> The temple is reached from [[Rishikesh]], located {{convert|298|km|mi|abbr=on}} away via [[Devprayag]], [[Rudraprayag]], [[Karnaprayag]], [[Nandaprayag]], [[Jyotirmath]], [[Vishnuprayag]] and Devadarshini. From [[Kedarnath Temple]], visitors can follow the {{convert|243|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}-long Rudraprayag route or the {{convert|230|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}-long [[Ukhimath]] and [[Gopeshwar]] route.<ref name="Nair67"/>

== See also ==
* [[Ramanathaswamy Temple|Rameshwaram]]
* [[Religious tourism in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Bansal|first=Sunita Pant|date=June 2005|title=Hindu Gods and Goddesses|publisher=SPB Enterprises Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-87967-72-9}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle=Badrinath |volume=3 |page=229 }}
* {{cite book|last=Bhalla|first=Prem P.|year=2006|title=Hindu Rites, Rituals, Customs and Traditions: A to Z on the Hindu Way of Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H31CPCsH-egC&q=badrinath+temple&pg=PA190|page=190|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-0902-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Brockman|first=Norbert C.|year=2011|title=Encyclopedia of Sacred Places|publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC|location=California|isbn=978-1-59884-655-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNZ15Oow8XcC&q=char+dham&pg=PA94}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chakravarti|first=Mahadev|year=1994|title=The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages|place=Delhi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|edition=Second Revised|isbn=81-208-0053-2}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Badrinath |volume=3 |page=190 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Davidson|first1=Linda Kay|last2=Gitlitz|first2=David Martin|year=2002|title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC&q=badrinath+pilgrims&pg=PA48|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-004-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Eck|first=Diana L|year=2012|title=India: A Sacred Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNlJOSf__xYC&q=badrinath+%2B+pilgrims&pg=PA343|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=9780385531917}}
* {{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|year=2000|title=The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHfJLK6g_a8C&q=badrinath+temple&pg=PA64|pages=64–66|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22235-9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gwynne|first=Paul|year=2009|title=World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction|publisher=Blackwell Publication|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-4051-6702-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdsRKc_knZoC&q=char+dham&pg=PT271}}
* {{cite book|last=Lochtefeld|first=James G.|year=2002|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n386 78]|quote=badrinath + buddhist shrine.|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Melton|first1=J. Gordon|last2=Baumann|first2=Martin|year=2010|title=Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&q=chota+char+dham|isbn=978-1-59884-204-3|publisher=ABC-CLIO}}
* {{cite book|last=Mittal|first=Sushil|year=2004|title=The Hindu World|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-203-64470-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Nair|first=Shantha N.|year=2007|title=The Holy Himalayas: An Abode of Hindu Gods : a Journey Through the Mighty Himalayas|publisher=Pustak Mahal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gx7Q9HULxUwC&q=badrinath+temple|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-223-0967-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Nautiyal|first=Govind Prasad|year=1962|title=Call of Badrinath|publisher=Shri Badrinath-Kedarnath Temples Committee}}
* {{cite book|last=Sadasivan|first=S.N.|year=2000|title=A Social History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&q=badrinath+%2B+buddhist+shrine&pg=PA211|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-170-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Sen Gupta|first=Subhadra|year=2002|title=Badrinath and Kedarnath - The Dhaams in the Himalayas|isbn=81-7167-617-0|publisher=Rupa & Company}}
* {{cite book|last=Swami|first=Parmeshwaranand|year=2004|title=Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism|publisher=Sarup & Sons|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMC|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMC/page/n108 102]|quote=badrinath temple.|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7625-427-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Tyagi|first=Nutan|year=1991|title=Hill Resorts of U.P. Himalaya,: A Geographical Study|url=https://archive.org/details/hillresortsofuph0000tyag|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/hillresortsofuph0000tyag/page/70 70]|quote=badrinath + buddhist shrine.|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-85182-62-9}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Darian |first=Steven G. |title=The Ganges in Myth and History - History and Culture Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0obUy_W9NREC&q=badrinath+history |isbn=81-208-1757-5 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year=2001}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Badrinath Temple}}
* [https://badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/ Official website]
* {{Facebook|bktcuk}}

{{Vishnu temples}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Divya Desams]]
[[Category:Char Dham temples]]
[[Category:Chamoli district]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Chota Char Dham temples]]

Bombay Flower

2026-03-10T13:42:39Z

Mohit Kumar: starting page

{{short description|2023 Gujarati play}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox play
| name = Bombay Flower
| image = Bombay-flower cover.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| writer = Geeta Manek
| characters = [[Rattanbai Jinnah]]
| setting = [[Bombay]] during [[British India]]
| premiere = {{Start date|df=y|2023|3|26}}
| place = [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]], [[Mumbai]]
| orig_lang = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| subject = [[Rattanbai Jinnah]]
| genre = Biographical drama
| web =
}}

'''''Bombay Flower''''' is a 2023 play about [[Ruttie Petit Jinnah]], wife of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], written by Geeta Manek and directed by [[Manoj Shah]].

==Background==
''Bombay Flower'' was premiered at [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] (NCPA) on 26 March 2023.<ref name="Khandelwal 2023">{{cite news |last=Khandelwal|first=Heena|title=Around Town: A play on Jinnah's wife and South Bombay's pride Ruttie|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=25 March 2023|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-around-town-play-jinnah-wife-south-bombay-pride-ruttie-8518167/|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref> The stage duration of the play is 120 minutes. The script of the play is based on books ''Mr. and Mrs. Jinnah: The Marriage that Shook India'' by Sheela Reddy and ''Ruttie Jinnah: Ek Alag Drashtikon'' Rajendra Mohan Bhatnagar.<ref name="Jijina 2023">{{cite magazine |last=Jijina|first=Farrokh|title=A colorful, wilting bloom|magazine=[[Parsiana]]|url=https://www.parsiana.com/current-issue/articles.aspx?id=%2BLhJDbaChn4%3D|date=21 June 2023|access-date=22 October 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Cast==
The original cast included:<ref name="Jijina 2023"/><ref name="MTG">{{cite web |title=BOMBAY FLOWER Gujarati Play|website=MumbaiTheatreGuide|url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/gujarati/bombay-flower-gujarati-play-preview.asp|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* Bhamini Oza Gandhi as [[Ruttie Petit Jinnah]]
* Vishal Shah as [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
* Dhruv Dave as Kanji Dwarkadas
* Risabh Kamdar as [[Dinshaw Maneckji Petit]] and [[Muhammad Iqbal]]
* Purvi Desai as Mrs. Petit and [[Fatima Jinnah|Fatima]], sister of Jinnah
{{div col end}}

==Plot==
''Bombay Flower'' is dedicated to [[Parsi theatre]], which gave rise to the modern theatre of India and laid the foundation of [[Gujarati theatre]]. The play is focused on Ratanbai "Ruttie" Petit-Jinnah, who was referred to as 'The Flower of Bombay' by the high society of [[Bombay]]. Ruttie revolts against her family and society. The play tries to dwell deeply into the matter regarding the elements that inspire the educated and capable youth to make such decisions. The political circumstances of that time, a thought regarding the origin of Pakistan, the mentality of poet Iqbal implanted in the mind of Jinnah, etc.; historical matters are woven in the plot of the play.

==Reception==
[[Deepa Gahlot]] writes that the "play portrays Ruttie not as a giddy teen flattered by the attentions of a stylish, sophisticated man and rising political star, but a well-read young woman, who wanted to be a part of the freedom struggle and stand by her husband in his fight for Independence".<ref name="Free Press Journal">{{cite news |last=Gahlot|first=Deepa|author-link=Deepa Gahlot|title=The Brief Incandescence Of Ruttie Jinnah|newspaper=Free Press Journal|date=12 August 2023|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/fpj-editorial-the-brief-incandescence-of-ruttie-jinnah|access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 plays]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language plays]]
[[Category:Plays set in India]]

Dhanachuli

2026-03-09T22:25:27Z

Mohit Kumar: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Nainital district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Roy (film)

2026-03-08T16:25:19Z

Mohit Kumar: further add structure per standard format also and added references

#REDIRECT [[Roy_(disambiguation)#Arts_and_entertainment]]{{R from incomplete disambiguation}}

Religion in Varanasi

2026-03-06T23:08:10Z

Mohit Kumar: adding a data.

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
[[Varanasi]], also known as Kashi, is considered as the religious capital of Hinduism. In the [[Hindu]] faith, it is the holiest of all of its cities; the four [[dham]]s (abode of gods) in the four cardinal directions of the country – [[Badrinath]] in the north, [[Puri]] in the east, [[Dwarka]] in the west and [[Rameshwaram]] in the south – are all represented in the city in "archetypal forms" as the presiding deities at Badrinath Ghat, Assi's Jagannath Temple area, Shankudhara ''Pokhra'', and Mir Ghat respectively. Other Hindu holy places, such as the [[Kedarnath]] at Kedar Ghat, [[Mathura]] at Bakaruia Kund or Nakhi Ghat, [[Prayagraj]] (Allahadbad) at Dashahvamedha Ghat, [[Kamakhya]] ([[Assam]]) at Kamachha, [[Kurukshetra]] at Kurkukshetra Kund<ref name="RajnishMishra1">{{cite web |url=http://www.bhagwanfacts.com/2019/06/blog-post.html?m=1|title=The Ghats of Varanasi|last=Mishra|first=Rajnish|date= 2013|publisher= |access-date=28 January 2017}}</ref> near Asi, and [[Lake Manasarovar]] at Mansarovar near Shyameshvara are a part of the city's religious and cultural heritage.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=32}}

In the sacred geography of India Varanasi is known as the "microcosm of India".{{Sfn|Jacobsen|2013|p=136}} In addition to its 3,300 Hindu religious places, Varanasi has 12 churches, three Jain mandirs, nine Buddhist shrines, three [[Gurdwara]]s ([[Sikh]] shrines), and 1,388 Muslim holy places.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=32}}

==Hinduism==
{{main|Hindu temples in Varanasi}}
[[File:Kedar Ghat Benares, August 2005.jpg|thumb|left|upright|People performing Hindu ceremony at Kedar ghats of Varanasi]]
Kashi (a name popular with Hindu pilgrims for the city of Varanasi)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101225054817/http://up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/intro.htm Uttar Pradesh Tourism – Varanasi], Department of Tourism – Government of UP. (Archived at [http://www/archive.org/archive.org].) Accessed 2015-08-20.</ref> is one of the holiest cities and centres of pilgrimage for Hindus of all denominations.{{Sfn|Vera|2010|p=179}} It is one of the seven holiest cities (''[[Sapta Puri]]'') in Hinduism, and is considered by the faith as the giver of salvation (''[[moksha]]'').{{Sfn|Shackley|2001|p=121}}{{Sfn|Kramrisch|1946|p=3}} Over 50,0[[Brahmins]] live in Kashi, providing religious services to the masses.{{Sfn|Shackley|2001|p=121}}
Hindus believe that bathing in the [[Ganges]] remits sins and that dying in Kashi ensures release of a person's soul from the cycle of its [[Reincarnation|transmigration]]. Thus, many Hindus come here to die.{{Sfn|Wilder-Smith|Shaw|Schwartz|2012|p=273}} In 2001, Hindus made up approximately 84% of the population of [[Varanasi district]].<ref name=censusreligion/>

As the home to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple ''[[Jyotirlinga]]'', the city is especially sacred for followers of [[Shaivism]]. Kashi is also a [[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]], where the temple to goddess [[Vishalakshi]] stands, believed to be the location where the goddess [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]]'s earrings fell.<ref name=leaflet2>{{cite press release | title =Varanasi – Explore India Millennium Year |publisher=Ministry of Tourism, Government of India |date=March 2007 }}</ref> Hindus of the [[Shakti]] sect make a pilgrimage to the city because they regard the Ganges itself to be the goddess Shakti.<ref>[http://www.ghumakkar.com/2012/02/11/ganga-and-ghats-in-varanasi-place-of-purification-of-sins-and-salvation/ Vishal Rathod, "Ganga and Ghats in Varanasi: Place of Purification of Sins and Salvation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922191913/http://www.ghumakkar.com/2012/02/11/ganga-and-ghats-in-varanasi-place-of-purification-of-sins-and-salvation/ |date=22 September 2013 }}, Ghumakkar.com. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref> [[Adi Shankara]] wrote his commentaries on Hinduism here,<ref>[http://www.greenmesg.org/saints_devotees/adi_shankaracharya.php "Adi Shankaracharya (788 CE – 820 CE)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006104427/http://greenmesg.org/saints_devotees/adi_shankaracharya.php |date=6 October 2013 }}, Green Message. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref> and his efforts lead to the great Hindu revival as at that time [[Buddhism]] was widely practiced.<ref>{{cite book|title=Students' Britannica India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&pg=PA202|year=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|pages=202–}}</ref>

==Jainism==
[[File:Jain Ghat, Varanasi, UP, India.jpg|thumb|Jain Ghat.]]
Varanasi is a pilgrimage site or [[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]] (holy place) for [[Jainism|Jains]], as four of their [[Tirthankara]]s were born here during the 8th century BC. In the 8th century BC, [[Parsvanatha]], the 23rd Tirthankara, was born near [[Bhelupur, Varanasi|Bhelupur]] in Varanasi, now identified with the [[Parshvanath Jain temple, Varanasi|Parshvanatha Jain temple]]; he propounded the triad-principle of the [[Mahavrata]]s (great vows) – [[ahimsa]] ("non-violence"), [[asteya]] ("non-stealing") and [[aparigraha]] ("non-accumulation"). During archaeological excavations at this site, many Jain images were excavated which dated to the 9th–11th centuries BC, while a few images date to the 5th century BC. After Parsvanatha, [[Mahavira]] came here in the 6th century BC. It is also said to be the birthplace of [[Suparshvanatha]] though the exact location of his birth is not known. It is believed that the present Jain temple in [[Sarnath]], near the Dhamekh Stupa, commemorates the birthplace of Shreyansnatha, the 11th Thirthankara who was born in the village of Simhapur. At Simhapur, there are two Jain temples, one of [[Śvētāmbara|Svetamabara]] and the other of [[Digambara]].{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=33, 35}}

==Islam==
[[File:Smaller mosque of Aurangzeb, with the north minaret covered with scaffolding (Varanasi) by James Prinsep.jpg|thumb|upright|Construction of the ''Mosque of Aurangzeb'' near the bank of the Ganges at Varanasi.]]
Approximately 250,000 [[Muslims]] reside in Varanasi. In 2001, they made up approximately 18% of the population of Varanasi district,<ref name=censusreligion/> and 29.7% of the city's population. Muslim settlement and influence began here following the invasion by [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mohammad Ghaznavi]] (1021–1030 AD).{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} The Muslim sacred places in the city are of seven categories which comprise 415 mosques ([[masjid]]), 299 religious cultural sites called [[mazar (mausoleum)|mazars]], 197 crossings where the [[Tazia|taziya]] procession crosses (known as ''imamchauks''), 88 burial places called ''talaya'', 11 special locations for prayer known as [[idgah (place)|idgah]], three sites for burying the taziyas, and 375 other religious sites.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=54}}

==Christianity==
[[File:Saint Mary's Cathedral in Varanasi-1.jpg|upright|thumb|left| St. Mary's Cathedral, Varanasi]]
In the 18th century under [[Warren Hastings]]'s [[British Raj|British administration]], the city was under the [[East India Company]]. During this time, the company purposely promoted learning of [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] and [[Hindu theology]] by instituting the Sanskrit School in 1791 to create a conducive climate to establish [[Christianity]] in the city, propagating Christian dogmas. In 1830, the first English Seminary, named Anglo-Indian Seminary, was instituted and Christian missionaries came to preach but it had no impact on the upper caste Hindus. It was only the lower class of the society, that too the [[untouchable (social system)|untouchable]]s, who embraced Christianity.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=36}} However, with the end of British rule, Christianity did not expand any further in Varanasi. The city has 22 churches.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=36}} The [[Latin Catholic Diocese of Varanasi]] (Latin: Varanasien(sis)) is located in the city under the [[List of Catholic dioceses in India#Province of Agra|ecclesiastical province of Agra]]. [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Varanasi|St. Mary's Cathedral]] is notable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/vara0.htm|title= Diocese of Varanasi|publisher= gcatholic.org}}</ref>

Under the [[Church of North India]], which is the dominant [[United Protestant]] denomination in northern India, the [[Diocese of Lucknow of the Church of North India|Diocese of Lucknow]], with its headquarters at [[Allahabad]], has territorial jurisdiction also over Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnisynod.org/tehdisc.aspx#|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619064902/http://www.cnisynod.org/tehdisc.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-06-19|title=The Dioceses|publisher=cnisynod.org}}</ref> Under this diocese, the St Thomas Church in Godowlia, in the heart of the Hindu dominated area of the city, is an ancient Protestant church, the location of which is said to be the place where [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] had visited to preach in 52 AD. Father Stevens of the church believes that the church's brick structure is dated to a period earlier than 1700 AD. The church rises to a height of {{Convert|60| ft}}. The church has been repainted recently with the traditional colours of light yellow and white, typical of Protestant churches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/This-church-of-unknown-years-stands-tall-in-Godowlia/articleshow/11223317.cms|title= This church of unknown years stands tall in Godowlia|access-date=3 August 2015|date=23 December 2011|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Others==
At the 2001 census, persons of other religions or no religion made up 0.4% of the population of Varanasi district.<ref name=censusreligion>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Social_and_cultural/Religion.aspx |title=Census of India – Socio-cultural aspects |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520054852/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Social_and_cultural/Religion.aspx |archive-date=20 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Buddhism===
[[Sarnath]], a suburb of Varanasi, is a place of [[Buddhist pilgrimage]]. It is the site of the deer park where [[Gautama Buddha]] is said to have given his first sermon about the basic principles of [[Buddhism]].{{Sfn|Mellor|Podany|2005|p=73}} The [[Dhamek Stupa]] is one of the few [[Ashoka the Great|pre-Ashokan]] [[stupa]]s still in existence, though only its foundation remains.{{Sfn|Gupta|2003|p=11}} Also remaining is the [[Chaukhandi Stupa]] commemorating the spot where Buddha met his first disciples in the 5th century.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=453}}

===Sikhism===

[[Guru Nanak]] came to Varanasi on two occasions. He came in 1502 as a young man on a pilgrimage. In 1506, he came for religious interaction with the sages of Banaras when he preached his dogma of [[Sikhism]] on the [[Maha Shivaratri]] festival day. The 9th Guru [[Tegh Bahadur]] (1664–1675) came to Varanasi in 1666 and the place where he resided is called Asu Bhairava Sangar (Nichibagh), which was also the place where [[Guru Gobind Singh]] the 10th and the last Guru also stayed. Gobind Singh had deputed five of his disciples to a school in Varanasi to learn Sanskrit and this school is still continuing; this is named as Guru Nanak Sanskrit Vidyalaya in Bisheshvarganj. Other notable religious places of the community are three sacred sites known as Sangats, and a monastery at Ramnagar which is stated to possess an original copy of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. There is also a grand Gurudwara near Augharnath-ka-Takia. A majority of Sikhs here are migrants from [[West Punjab]] in [[Pakistan]] who settled here after India's partition in 1947. The population of Sikhs was reported to be around 5,000.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=35}}

==Groups==

[[Dalit]]s encompass 13% of Varanasi's population.<ref>{{cite news|title=city's demographics consists of 14% Muslims, 25% OBCs, 13% Dalits, and 46% upper castes|url=http://www.india.com/election-2014/this-is-how-narendra-modi-will-win-varanasi-27780/}}</ref> Most dalits are followers of [[Guru Ravidass]]. [[Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan]] is an important place of pilgrimage for [[Ravidassia religion|Ravidasis]] from all around India.<ref>{{cite web|title=With the growing popularity of this Mandir and also keeping in view the increasing number of pilgrims, the U.P. Government also thought of raising suitable memorials for Guru Ravidass Ji in the city of Banaras.|url=http://sachkhandballan.net/main.php?page=Ultimate_Place_of_Pilgrimage_Shri_Guru_Ravidass_Janam_Asthan_Mandir_Varanasi|publisher=Sachkhandballan.net|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>

==Festivals==

===Hindu festivals===
On [[Mahashivaratri]] (February), a Hindu festival, a procession of [[Shiva]] proceeds from the Mahamrityunjaya Temple to the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]].<ref name=Varun>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074835/Varanasi|title=Varanasi|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=11 August 2009}}</ref> [[Dhrupad Mela]] is a five-day musical festival devoted to [[dhrupad]] style held at Tulsi Ghat in February–March.<ref name="festival1">{{cite web|last=Uttar Pradesh Tourism|title=Fair and Festivals of Varanasi|url=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm|publisher=Uttar Pradesh Tourism|access-date=22 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629052417/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm|archive-date=29 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple celebrates [[Hanuman Jayanti]] (March–April), the birthday of Hanuman. A special [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]], [[aarti]], and a public procession is organized.<ref name=sm>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Sankat-Mochan-Sangeet-Samaroh-from-April-13/articleshow/4375831.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104051021/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-08/varanasi/28040380_1_music-concert-birju-maharaj-mishra-brothers |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh from April 13|date=8 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Jasraj-Birju-Maharaj-enthral-on-first-night/articleshow/4401273.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104051028/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-14/varanasi/28001802_1_music-festival-first-night-pandit-jasraj |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Jasraj, Birju Maharaj enthral on first night|date=14 April 2009}}</ref> Starting in 1923, the temple organizes a five-day classical music and dance concert festival titled ''Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh'' in this period, when iconic artists from all parts of India are invited to perform.<ref name=Varun/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/07/stories/2006040701270300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430131308/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/07/stories/2006040701270300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2008|title=Glimpses of eternity| location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Sankat-Mochan-music-concert-begins/articleshow/5760763.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104051034/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-04/varanasi/28132549_1_music-concert-music-festival-musicians|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Sankat Mochan music concert begins|date=4 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Sankat-Mochan-Sangeet-Samaroh-begins/articleshow/12631894.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510125240/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-12/varanasi/31330678_1_padma-awardees-music-festival-flute|url-status=live|archive-date=10 May 2013|title=Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh begins|access-date=2 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 April 2012}}</ref>

The [[Ramlila]] of [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]] is a dramatic enactment of [[Rama]]'s legend, as told in ''Ramacharitamanasa''.{{Sfn|Mitra|2002|p=216}} The plays, sponsored by Kashi Naresh, are performed in Ramnagar every evening for 31 days.{{Sfn|Mitra|2002|p=216}} On the last day, the festivities reach a crescendo as Rama vanquishes the demon king [[Ravana]].{{Sfn|Mitra|2002|p=216}} Kashi Naresh [[Udit Narayan Singh]] started this tradition around 1830.{{Sfn|Mitra|2002|p=216}}<ref name="festival"/>

[[Chhath|Chhath Puja]] is celebrated on the sixth day of the lunar month of [[Kārtika (month)|Kartika]] (October–November). The rituals are observed over four days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-11-06 |title=Four-day festival of Dala Chhath begins |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/four-day-festival-of-dala-chhath-begins/articleshow/25335422.cms |access-date=2023-11-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|2009}}{{pn|date=November 2023}} They include holy bathing, fasting and abstaining from drinking water (vrata), standing in water, and offering prasad (prayer offerings) and arghya to the setting and rising sun.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krienitz |first=Lothar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_CBDwAAQBAJ&dq=Chhath+Puja+Varanasi&pg=PA224 |title=Lesser Flamingos: Descendants of Phoenix |date=2018-12-31 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-662-58163-6 |language=en}}</ref> Some devotees also perform a prostration march as they head for the river banks. Chhath puja is dedicated to the sun god "[[Surya]]" and his sister "[[Chhath|Chhathi Maiya]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=In Photos: On Chhath Puja, devotees offer Sandhya Arghya in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://en.gaonconnection.com/chhath-puja-sandhya-arghya-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-ganga-river-festival-chhath-bihar-48416/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Gaonconnection {{!}} Your Connection with Rural India |language=en-US |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818080257/https://en.gaonconnection.com/chhath-puja-sandhya-arghya-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-ganga-river-festival-chhath-bihar-48416/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chhath is considered as Mahaparva by the [[Bhojpuri people]]. It is said that the Chhath Mahaparva was started in Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-08 |title=गहड़वाल वंश ने की थी महापर्व छठ की शुरुआत, स्वास्थ्य के लिहाज से भी है खास, रिसर्च में कई चौंकाने वाले खुलासे |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/up/varanasi/chhath-puja-2021-mahaparv-chhath-started-by-the-gahadwal-dynasty-sht |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

[[File:Nag Nathaiya festival in Varanasi.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Krishna]] standing on serpent [[Kaliya]] during [[Nag Nathaiya (Festival)|Nag Nathaiya]] festival in Varanasi]]
[[Nag Nathaiya (Festival)|Nag Nathaiya]], celebrated on the fourth lunar day of the dark fortnight of the Hindu month of [[Kartika (month)|Kartik]] (October–November), that commemorates the victory of [[Krishna]] over the serpent [[Kaliya]]. On this occasion, a large [[Kadamba tree]] (''Neolamarckia cadamba'') branch is planted on the banks of the Ganges so that a boy acting the role of [[Krishna]] can jump into the river on to the effigy representing Kaliya. He stands over the effigy in a dancing pose playing the [[flute]]; the effigy and the boy standing on it are given a swirl in front of the audience. People watch the display standing on the banks of the river or from boats.{{Sfn| Pintchman|2005|pp=69–70}} ''[[Bharat Milap]]'' celebrates the meeting of Rama and his younger brother [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] after the return of the former after 14 years of exile.<ref name=Varun/> It is celebrated during October–November, a day after the festival of [[Vijayadashami]]. Kashi Naresh attends this festival in his regal attire. The festival attracts a large number of devotees.<ref name=festival>{{cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/culture/fair.html|title=Fairs and festivals |access-date=2 November 2012|publisher= National Informatics Centre}}</ref>

''Ganga Mahotsav'' is a five-day music festival organized by the Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department, held in November–December culminating a day before [[Kartik Poornima]] (Dev Deepawali). On Kartik Poornima, also called [[Dev Deepawali (Varanasi)|the Ganges festival]], the Ganges is venerated by [[Arti (Hinduism)|arti]] offered by thousands of pilgrims who release lighted lamps to float in the river from the [[Ghats of Varanasi|ghats]].<ref name=Varun/><ref name="festival1"/>

===Muslim festivals===
Every year, the primary Muslim festivals celebrated in the city are the ld-ul-fitr' ([[Ramadan|Ramzan]]), [[Bakrid]], [[Shab-e-Barat]], Bara Wafat and [[Muharram]]. Additional festivals include Alvida and [[Arba'een|Chehlum]]. A non-religious festival observed by Muslims is Ghazi-miyan-ka-byaha ("the marriage of Ghazi Miyan").{{Sfn|(India)|1965|p=98}}{{Sfn|Sukul1974|p=262}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Shobhna|title=Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4r5iLMVGkAC&pg=PA11|year=2003|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0926-7|page=11}}
*{{cite book|last=(India)|first=Uttar Pradesh |title=Uttar Pradesh district gazetteers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg9uAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Govt. of Uttar Pradesh}}
*{{cite book|last= Jacobsen |first=Knut A. |title=Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6_3oBFAqIC&pg=PA136|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-59038-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Kramrisch|first=Stella|title=The Hindu Temple|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C&pg=PA3|year=1946|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0223-0}}
*{{cite book|last1=Mellor|first1=Ronald|last2=Podany|first2=Amanda H.|title=The World in Ancient Times: Primary Sources and Reference Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8MqX3QAmIkC&pg=PA73|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-522220-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Swati|title=Good Earth Varanasi City Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NviJaunGDJMC|year=2002|publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited|isbn=978-81-87780-04-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Pintchman|first=Tracy|title=Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-9Hq-DOXnEC|year=2005|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8256-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Shackley|first=Myra|title=Managing Sacred Sites: Service Provision and Visitor Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F18-QxgyHIEC&pg=PA121|year=2001|publisher=Cengage Learning EMEA|isbn=978-1-84480-107-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Singh |first=Rana |title=Banaras: Making of India's Heritage City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwMaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|date=2 October 2009|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-1579-6}}
*{{cite book|last= Sukul |first=Kuber Nath |title=Varanasi Down The Ages|url=http://BOOKS.GROOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=Y2LUAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Kameshwar Nath Sukul}}
*{{cite book|last=Vera|first=Zak|title=Invisible River: Sir Richard's Last Mission|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HhVcspIBU4C&pg=PA179|year=2010|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4389-0020-9}}
*{{cite book|last1=Wilder-Smith|first1=Annelies|last2=Shaw|first2=Marc|last3=Schwartz|first3=Eli|title=Travel Medicine: Tales Behind the Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itegkZspCgUC&pg=PA273|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-08-045359-0}}

[[Category:Religion in Varanasi| ]]

Ujjal Chatterjee

2026-03-04T13:45:12Z

Mohit Kumar: starting a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''Ujjal Chatterjee''' (born 1959)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ujjal Chatterjee (All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)): Constituency- Kulti (Paschim Bardhaman) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1871 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kulti Assembly constituency]] in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]]. He won the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete List of West Bengal Assembly Elections 2016 Winners |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/complete-list-of-west-bengal-assembly-elections-2016-winners-1245300.html |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2016 |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chatterjee is from [[Kulti]], Paschim Bardhaman district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Umapada Chatterjee. He completed his BCom at a college affiliated with the University of Burdwan in 1980. His wife used to run her own business.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Chatterjee was first elected as an MLA when he won the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Kulti Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kulti Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kulti-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He retained the seat for the Trinamool Congress winning the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and was elected for a third time in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election.<ref name=":1" /> In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly election]], he lost to [[Ajay Kumar Poddar]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. In 2011, he polled 77,610 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Maniklal Acharya of the [[All India Forward Bloc]], by a margin of 28,566 votes.<ref name=":1" /> In 2016, he polled 68,952 votes and defeated his closest opponent, [[Ajay Kumar Poddar]] of the Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 19,488 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Kulti Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Kulti assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/kulti-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-kulti-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9131371.htm |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-03 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Kulti profile: TMC's Ujjal Chatterjee won seat in past two polls |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-kulti-profile-tmcs-ujjal-chatterjee-won-seat-in-past-two-polls-9406181.html |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> He lost the 2021 poll to Poddar of the BJP by a margin of 679 votes.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Ujjal}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Asansol]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]

Krantikaal

2026-03-04T03:45:05Z

Mohit Kumar: brief enhance structure further and fixed typos

{{Short description|2005 Bengali-language film by Sekhar Das}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Krantikaal
| image = dvd_krantikaal.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Sekhar Das]]
| writer = [[Prafulla Roy]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Silajit Majumder]]|[[Roopa Ganguly]]|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]|[[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]}}
| producer = Shampa Bhattacharjee
| distributor =
| cinematography = [[Premendu Bikash Chaki]]
| editing = Debkanta Chakraborty
| released = {{Film date|2005|12|23|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| music = Chirodip Dasgupta
}}

'''''Krantikaal''''' ({{langx|bn|ক্রান্তিকাল}}, {{Translation|Critical Encounter}}) is an Indian [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] feature film directed by [[Sekhar Das]] of [[Mahulbanir Sereng]] fame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/krantikaal-34820|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529024556/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/krantikaal-34820|url-status=live|archive-date=29 May 2019|title=Krantikaal (2005) – Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> It stars [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Silajit Majumder]] and [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]. The film won Best Direction award at the 9th [[Dhaka International Film Festival]].

==Plot==
The story is of terrorism that is plaguing different parts of the Northeast as the backdrop. Rajib, a militant on the run, takes refuge in a dilapidated mansion. Roopa Ganguly stays there with her father-in-law [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and his father [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]] who is confined to bed and is unable to speak. This film focuses on the friction and undercurrent of tension between the lady of the house and the terrorist. It leads to a brief mutual self-discovery that gives rise to compassion.

==Cast==
* [[Roopa Ganguly]] as Subarna Sinha
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Pratap Chandra Sinha
* [[Silajit Majumder]] as Rajib Ray
* [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]
* [[Arjun Chakraborty]]
* [[Rita Dutta Chakraborty]]
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
* Arkapriya Ganguly

==Awards==
*2005 - [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]
*2005 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
* [[BFJA Awards]] (2006)<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.gomolo.in/Movie/MovieAwards.aspx?mid=15382
|title=Krantikal (2005) Movie Awards
|publisher=gomolo.in
|accessdate=26 November 2008
}}
</ref>

** Best Actor [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
** Best Actor in a Supporting Role [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]
** Best Cinematography : [[Premendu Bikash Chaki]]
** Best Director Sekhar Das
** Best Music Chiradip Dasgupta
** Best actress Roopa Ganguly at the Dhaka International Film Festival
** Best Director Sekhar Das at the Dhaka International Film Festival
** Best film Signis award, Belgium

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gomolo.in/Movie/Movie.aspx?mid=15382 ''Krantikaal'' in www.gomolo.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004164104/http://www.gomolo.in/Movie/Movie.aspx?mid=15382 |date=4 October 2011 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060623043701/http://telegraphindia.com/1060512/asp/etc/story_6187814.asp DVD/VCD Reviews], Movie Reviews, ''The Telegraph'', 12 May 2006.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090526051805/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/822266 BFI | Film & TV Database].

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Bengali}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Best Bengali Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Prafulla Roy]]

{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Krishna Rama

2026-03-03T09:18:44Z

Mohit Kumar: Started New Data First Draft

{{Short description|2023 Indian Telugu-language film by Raj Madiraju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Krishna Rama poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Raj Madiraju]]
| writer = Raj Madiraju
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* Venkata Kiran Kumar Kallakuri
* Hema Madhuri Kallakuri
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
* [[Gautami]]
* Ananya Sharma Ongram
}}
| cinematography = Ranganath Gogineni
| editing = Junaid Siddique
| music = [[Sunil Kashyap]]
| studio = Adwitiya Movies
| distributor = [[ETV Win]]
| released = {{Film date|2023|10|22|df=y}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Krishna Rama''''' (stylized as '''#''Krishna Rama''''') is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by [[Raj Madiraju]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desam |first=A. B. P. |date=9 March 2023 |title=రొటీన్‌కు భిన్నంగా 'కృష్ణా రామా' మూవీ - షూటింగ్ పూర్తి |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/krishna-rama-moive-director-raj-madiraju-wraps-up-new-film-krishna-rama-shoot-81699 |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328193209/https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/krishna-rama-moive-director-raj-madiraju-wraps-up-new-film-krishna-rama-shoot-81699 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film features [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Gautami]] and Ananya Sharma Ongram in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Nelki Naresh |title=Krishnarama Movie OTT Streaming: డైరెక్ట్‌గా ఓటీటీలోకి కృష్ణారామా మూవీ - రాజేంద్ర‌ప్ర‌సాద్‌, గౌత‌మి కాంబో రిపీట్‌! |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rajendra-prasad-gouthami-krishnarama-movie-ott-releaese-date-locked-121697780228376.html |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023133853/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rajendra-prasad-gouthami-krishnarama-movie-ott-releaese-date-locked-121697780228376.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film was released on 22 October 2023 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Rama on OTT: Rajendra Prasad, Gautami Tadimalla discuss Raj Madiraju's family drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/krishna-rama-on-ott-rajendra-prasad-gautami-tadimalla-discuss-raj-madirajus-family-drama/d45773e479442 |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207045634/https://www.ottplay.com/news/krishna-rama-on-ott-rajendra-prasad-gautami-tadimalla-discuss-raj-madirajus-family-drama/d45773e479442 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}

==Cast==
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Ramathirtham
* [[Gautami]] as Krishnaveni
* Ananya Sharma Ongram as Preethi
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]]
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]
* Gemini Suresh
* Racha Ravi
* Sri Sudha Bhimireddy
* Charan Lakkaraju

== Release and reception ==
''Krishna Rama'' was released on 22 October 2023 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=21 October 2023 |title=Krishnarama OTT: డైరెక్టుగా ఓటీటీలోకి రాజేంద్ర‌ ప్ర‌సాద్‌, గౌత‌మి సినిమా.. 'కృష్ణారామ' స్ట్రీమింగ్‌ ఎప్పుడంటే? |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/ott/rajendra-prasad-gouthami-krishnarama-movie-to-stream-on-etv-win-ott-from-october-22nd-1094246.html |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and wrote that "Rajendra Prasad and Gautami steer the ship with their experience in the hands of a clear-headed filmmaker".<ref>{{Cite web |title=KrishnaRama review: Raj Madiraju's drama lends a trendy spin to a familar tale |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/krishnarama-review-raj-madirajus-family-drama-lends-a-trendy-spin-to-a-tale-of-generational-disconnect/e4b5ae47c3277 |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202094811/https://www.ottplay.com/review/krishnarama-review-raj-madirajus-family-drama-lends-a-trendy-spin-to-a-tale-of-generational-disconnect/e4b5ae47c3277 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=33241333|title=Krishna Rama}}
* [https://www.etvwin.com/original-movies/number-krishna-rama ''Krishna Rama''] on [[ETV Win]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna Rama}}
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:ETV Win original films]]

Shubhvivah

2026-03-01T09:18:18Z

Mohit Kumar:

{{Short description|2023 Indian Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shubhavivah.jpg
| image_size =
| company = Tell-a-Tale Media
| last_aired = {{end date|2026|03|01|df=yes}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|01|16|df=yes}}
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| num_episodes = 1005
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor = Narpat Chaudhari
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer = Shirish Latkar Mithila Subhash
| producer = Mahesh Tagde Jitendra Gupta
| country = India
| director = Aniruddh Shinde
| cinematography = Vinayak Jadhav
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related = ''Chelleli Kapuram''
}}

'''''Shubhvivah''''' ({{translation|''Auspicious Marriage''}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] drama television series.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Yashoman Apte, Madhura Deshpande, and Kunjika Kalwint starrer new show 'Shubh Vivah' to premiere soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/yashoman-apte-madhura-deshpande-and-kunjika-kalwint-starrer-new-show-shubh-vivah-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/96219861.cms|access-date=2023-02-03|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 December 2022 }}</ref> It stars Yashoman Apte<ref>{{Cite web|title='शुभविवाह' नवी मालिका लवकरच भेटीला|url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/404575/star-pravah-new-tv-serial-shubh-vivah-coming-soon/ar|access-date=2023-02-03|website=[[Pudhari]]|date=14 December 2022 |language=mr}}</ref> and Madhura Deshpande in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title='शुभविवाह' मालिकेत काळजाचा ठोका चुकवणारा सीन; भूमी आणि आकाशने ४० फूट उंच मंदिराच्या कळसावर चढून पूर्ण केलं शूटिंग!|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/a-touching-scene-in-shubh-vivah-marathi-serial-bhumi-and-aakash-completed-the-shoot-by-climbing-to-the-top-of-a-40-feet-tall-temple-1144797/amp|access-date=2023-02-03|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref> It is produced under the banner of Tell-a-Tale Media.<ref>{{Cite web|title=यशोमान आपटेचं छोट्या पडद्यावर कमबॅक; 'शुभविवाह' मालिकेत साकारणार मानसिक स्थैर्य गमावलेल्या आकाशची भूमिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/shubhvivah-yashoman-apte-comeback-on-small-screen-he-will-play-the-role-of-akash-who-has-lost-his-mental-stability-in-the-serial-shubhvivah-1132020/amp|access-date=2023-02-03|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref> It premiered from 16 January 2023 on [[Star Pravah]] by replacing ''[[Mulgi Zali Ho]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=मधुरा देशपांडेचे तीन वर्षांनंतर टीव्हीवर कमबॅक: 'शुभविवाह'मध्ये साकारणार मानसिक स्थैर्य गमावलेल्या तरुणाच्या पत्नीची भूमिका|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/madhura-deshpande-comeback-to-serial-shubhavivah-130729392.html|access-date=2023-02-03|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref> It is an official remake of Telugu TV series ''Chelleli Kapuram''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=विशाखा सुभेदारसोबत 'शुभविवाह'मध्ये दिसणार यशोमान आपटे|url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/yashoman-apte-upcoming-serial-shubh-vivah-141671387196464.html|access-date=2023-02-03|website=Hindustan Times Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Circumstances force Bhumi, a simple girl to marry Akash, who suffers from age regression.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Yashoman Apte as Aakash Jagannath Mahajan
* Madhura Deshpande as Bhumi Aakash Mahajan / Bhumi Madhav Desai

=== Recurring ===
* Abhijeet Shwetachandra / Siddhesh Prabhakar as Abhijit Rajaram Patwardhan / Baldev Naik
* Kunjika Kalvint/ Varrsha Rani Patel as Pournima Abhijit Patwardhan / Pournima Madhav Desai
* Akshay Jadhav as Atharva Rajaram Patwardhan
* Kajal Patil as Manasi Madhav Desai / Manasi Atharva Patwardhan
* [[Vishakha Subhedar]] as Ragini Rajaram Patwardhan
* [[Apurva Nemlekar]] as Apurva Purohit
* Sheetal Shukla as Surekha "Aaji" Mahajan
* Mrunal Deshpande as Nilambari Madhav Desai
* Ruchir Gurav as Prashant Madhav Desai
* Vijay Patwardhan as Rajaram Patwardhan
* Manoj Kolhatkar as Madhav Desai
* Shreyas Raje as Paritosh Avasthi
* Pooja Purandare as Avani Avasthi
* Pratiksha Mungekar as Soniya
* Rajesh Salvi as Raghu
* Gargi Phule as Akka
* Madhuri Bharati as Geetanjali Vedpathak
* [[Chinmay Udgirkar]] as Sankarshan Adhikari

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27121219}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/shubh-vivah/1260128791/ ''Shubhvivah''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Star Pravah programmes}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]
[[Category:2026 Indian television series endings]]

Saraighat Express

2026-02-25T18:32:37Z

Mohit Kumar: update intro per sources

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = ''Saraighat SF Express''
| image = File:Saraighat_Express.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Howrah bound 12346 ''Saraighat Superfast Express'' with HWH [[WAP-7]] in [[Amrit Bharat Express]] livery standing beside a SGUJ [[WDP-4]] at [[New Bongaigaon Junction railway station|New Bongaigaon Junction]].
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1995|07|06}}
| status =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah}} (HWH) 16.05(D)/05.30(A)
| stops = 14
| end = {{stnlnk|Guwahati}} (GHY) 09.50(A)/12.15(D)
| distance = {{convert|1002|km|0|abbr=on}}
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] & [[Assam]]
| journeytime = 16 hours 40 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, AC 3 tier economy, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = Pantry car, On-board catering, E-catering
| baggage = Available|
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| trainnumber = 12345 / 12346
| speed = {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
}}

The '''''12345 / 12346 Saraighat Superfast Express'''''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guwahati Howrah Saraighat Superfast Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-saraighat-express-12345/1459/1/546|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> is a daily [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train which runs between [[Howrah Junction]] ([[West Bengal]]) and {{stnlnk|Guwahati}} ([[Assam]]), via [[Barddhaman]], [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]] , {{stnlnk|Malda Town}} , {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri Junction}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://etrain.info/train/Saraighat-Exp-12346/schedule|website=etrain.info|title=12346 Saraighat Express}}</ref> Saraighat SF Express is one of the fastest trains that connects Kolkata to the North East, and gets high priority end to end. The train is named after [[Battle of Saraighat]] between [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] & [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] & after the [[Saraighat Bridge]].

==History==

The service was started in {{Start date and age|df=yes|1995|07|06}} as '''3045/3046 Saraighat Express''' with stops at [[Barddhaman]], [[Bolpur]]([[Shantiniketan]]), [[Sainthia]], [[Rampurhat]], [[Pakur]], {{stnlnk|New Farakka Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Malda Town}}, {{stnlnk|Kishanganj}}, {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri Junction}},[[New Cooch Behar Junction railway station|New Cooch Behar]], [[New Alipurduar railway station|New Alipurduar]], {{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon Junction}} & {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}} until 1998. From 2001, it was permanently diverted to run via [[Naranarayan Setu]] using {{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon Junction}} - [[Goalpara Town]] - {{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}}(now Shri Mata Kamakhya Dham Junction) line. Saraighat Express doesn't run via Saraighat Bridge, on which is it named. It was covering {{convert|975.4|km|0|abbr=on}} in 18 hrs running at {{convert|54.16|km/h|0|abbr=on}} speed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irfca.org/timetables/index.html|website=IRFCA|title=Historical Timetable Archive}}</ref> In 2001 after permanent diversion via [[Naranarayan Setu]] using {{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon Junction}} - [[Goalpara Town]] - {{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}}(now Shri Mata Kamakhya Dham Junction) line, number was changed to 2345/2346. Timings were preponed by 5 hrs 30 mins making it 15.40 pm to 09.40 am train in both ways, covering {{convert|1000.3|km|0|abbr=on}} in 18 hrs running at {{convert|55.57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} speed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irfca.org/timetables/index.html|website=IRFCA|title=Historical Timetable Archive}}</ref> Before electrification in 2001-2011 period, the [[WDM-3]] diesel locomotive from {{rws|Howrah}} shed used to haul the train till {{stnlnk|Malda Town}} & then [[WDM-3]] diesel locomotive from {{stnlnk|Malda Town}} shed used to haul the train till {{stnlnk|Guwahati}}. From 2011-2018, the train was hauled fully end to end by [[WDP-4]] diesel locomotive of [[Siliguri Junction railway station]] shed. Full electrification reached {{stnlnk|Guwahati}} on 2018 & from then on [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from {{rws|Howrah}} shed & recently [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from [[Siliguri Junction railway station]] shed hauls this train end to end. It is the 2nd train to get Electric Locomotive end to end from {{stnlnk|Guwahati}} after the [[North East Express]].

== Coach composition ==
This train has 22 LHB coaches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1459|website=India Rail Info|title=Coach Composition Legend}}</ref>

'''Howrah to Guwahati'''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:red;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:green;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:white," |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:purple;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |22
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|SLR
|GEN
|GEN
|GEN
|S1
|S2
|S3
|S4
|S5
|S6
|S7
|S8
|PC
|HA1
|A1
|M1
|B1
|B2
|B3
|B4
|B5
|EOG
|}
'''Guwahati to Howrah '''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:purple;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:white;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:green;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:red;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |22
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|EOG
|B5
|B4
|B3
|B2
|B1
|M1
|A1
|HA1
|PC
|S8
|S7
|S6
|S5
|S4
|S3
|S2
|S1
|GEN
|GEN
|GEN
|SLR
|}

Please note that one of the rakes of this train has the exact opposite coach composition of what is mentioned.

== Halts ==
[[Barddhaman]], [[Bolpur]]([[Shantiniketan]]), [[Sainthia]], [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat Junction]], {{stnlnk|New Farakka}}, {{stnlnk|Malda Town}}, {{stnlnk|Kishanganj}}, {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri Junction}}, [[Dhupguri]], [[Falakata]], [[New Cooch Behar Junction railway station|New Cooch Behar]], [[New Alipurduar railway station|New Alipurduar]], {{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon Junction}} & {{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}}

==Traction==

The train is hauled by a [[WAP-7]] locomotive from [[Howrah Junction]] shed & recently is also hauled by [[WAP-7]] locomotive from [[Siliguri Junction railway station]] shed

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/1459 Saraighat Express] India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/127308 Saraighat SF Special] India Rail Info

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saraighat Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1995]]

Addanki mandal

2026-02-11T12:38:09Z

Mohit Kumar:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Addanki mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.812|N|79.971|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Addanki]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 259.78
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 89769
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Addanki''' is a [[mandal]] in the [[Prakasam district]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bapatla.ap.gov.in/tehsil/ |title=Bapatla district - Mandals |access-date= 2 June 2023}}</ref> in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is the headquarters of [[Addanki revenue division]].

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Addanki mandal (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|94.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|4.96}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.57}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

As of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 89,769 in 23,389 households. The total population constitute,
44,874 males and 44,895 females — a sex ratio of 1000 females per 1000 males. 9,982 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 5,186 are boys and 4,796 are girls — a sex ratio of 925 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 63.61% with 50,753 literates. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 22,312 (24.85%) and 4,127 (4.60%) of the population respectively.<ref name="demographics">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Prakasam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/126/download/154/DH_2011_2818_PART_A_DCHB_PRAKASAM.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Addanki mandal (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|thumb = left
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 94.85 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 4.12 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.03 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 94.85% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 4.12% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Prakasam district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Prakasam district]]

Sultanpur tehsil

2026-02-06T13:58:08Z

Mohit Kumar: starting a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sultanpur tehsil
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
| image =

|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|23.150000|N|77.930000|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raisen district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

|area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
|area_rural_footnotes =
| area_rural_km2 =
|area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
|area_note =
|width_mi =
|elevation_min_rank =

|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_total =

| population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi=
|population_urban_footnotes =
|population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_rural_footnotes =
|population_rural =
| population_density_rural_km2 =
|population_density_rural_sq_mi =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

|postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
|postal_code = 464886
|area_code_type = 
|area_code =
| geocode =
|registration_plate =

| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =

| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =

| website = 
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sultanpur tehsil''' is a [[tehsil]] in [[Raisen district]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of [[Bhopal district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Raisen district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Sala Budha

2026-01-16T14:31:01Z

Mohit Kumar: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sala Budha
| native_name = Sala Budha
| image = Sala Budha Movie Poster.jpg
| alt = Sala Budha
| director = [[Sabyasachi Mohapatra]]
| producer = Chintu B. Mohapatra
| screenplay = Sabyasachi Mohapatra
| story = Kapileswar Prasad Mohapatra
| starring = Atal Bihari Panda Prithviraj Nayak
| music = Pankaj Jaal
| cinematography = Aum Prakash Mohapatra
| editing = Rajendra Mohapatra
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|2012}}
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Kosli language|Kosli odia]]
| budget = ₹40,00,000
}}

'''''Sala Budha''''' ({{Translation|The Stupid old man}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Sambalpuri language|Kosli language]] feature film directed by [[Sabyasachi Mohapatra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/sala-budha-tells-you-how-to-treat-the-elderly.html|title='Sala Budha' tells you how to treat the elderly|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref> The film had won awards in seven categories at [[Odisha State Film Awards]] including best film and best director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/adim-vichar-sweeps-state-film-honours/cid/1459384|title=Adim Vichar sweeps state film honours|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orissadiary.com/salabudha-is-a-tribute-to-senior-citizens-sabyasachi-mohapatra/|title=Salabudha is a tribute to senior citizens: Sabyasachi Mohapatra|last=bureau|first=Odisha Diary|date=2017-03-22|website=OdishaDiary|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is based on a small village during British rule. In the mid-1930s, under British rule, the small villages of India were still ruled by the kings and the kings paid tax to the British government.

The story revolved around a poor and small village of [[Odisha]], India. Bhagatram Gauntia, the sarapancha (village leader) of the village, fondly called ''Sala Budha'' (The Stupid Old Man) by the villagers, is an honest and kind person and takes good care of his subjects. Due to drought, people of the village were unable to pay the tax for five years and being the village head Bhagatram Gauntia couldn't force anyone to pay it due to his kindness. And so is the village head too couldn't pay the tax to the king and was living in a threat to lose his land and leadership. He believes in God and he tries his best to help them to survive from the drought and stay together. He says god is never wrong and everything's going to be fine. Meanwhile some villagers who didn't want him to remain as village head meet the king and provoke against him. As a result, the king decides to visit the village and snatch Bhagatram Gauntia's land and leadership (as the village head). The king visits the place, learns the truth and praises him.

==Cast==
*[[Atal Bihari Panda]]
*Prithviraj Nayak
*Ratan Meher and crew
[[File:Artistes performing folk dance at the screening of the Odiya film "Sala Budha” (The stupid Old Man), at the 44th India International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2013), in Panaji, Goa on November 23, 2013.jpg|right|thumb|Artistes performing folk dance at the screening of the film, in [[44th International Film Festival of India|IFFI 2013]]]]

==Release==
===Festival screening===
The movie was selected for the [[International Film Festival of India|International Film Festival]] of India's Indian Panorama Section in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/sabyasachi-mohapatras-sala-budha-in-indian-panorama/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044036/https://odishasuntimes.com/sabyasachi-mohapatras-sala-budha-in-indian-panorama/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 March 2019|title=Sabya Mohapatra's 'Sala Budha' in Indian Panorama {{!}} OdishaSunTimes.com|last=Bureau|first=Odisha Sun Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pandolin.com/sala-budha-selected-international-film-festival-indias-2013-indian-panorama-section/|title=Sala budha selected for International Film Festival of India's (2013) Indian Panorama section|last=Pandolin|date=2013-10-16|website=Pandolin|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref>

This film was selected for the 44th [[International Film Festival of India]] in 2013. This was also officially selected for the Indian Panorama section. It has also won the best feature film award at the [[Jakarta International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/odiya-cinema-making-remakes-of-south-indian-films-sabyasachi-mohapatra-ians-interview-115050800201_1.html|title=Odiya cinema making remakes of South Indian films: Sabyasachi Mohapatra (IANS Interview)|last=IANS|date=2015-05-08|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
The movie has rewarded with several award by government and acclaimed internationally.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohapatra's 'Sala Budha' bags awards in 7 categories|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Mohapatras-Sala-Budha-bags-awards-in-7-categories/articleshow/45141405.cms|accessdate=14 November 2014|agency=Times of India|publisher=Times of India|date=14 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sala Budha|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/oriyafilms/sala-budha-international-film-festival/|agency=Incredible Orissa|publisher=Incredible Orissa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://54.254.97.154/locality/bhubaneswar/odia-feature-film-aadim-vichar-makes-it-iffi-44681|title=Odia feature film 'Aadim Vichar' makes it to IFFI|date=2014-10-20|website=dna|language=en|access-date=2019-03-02}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="7"|[[Odisha State Film Awards|25th Odisha State Film Awards]]
|rowspan="7"|21 November 2013
|Best Film
|{{sort|Sabyasachi Mohapatra}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Mohapatras-Sala-Budha-bags-awards-in-7-categories/articleshow/45141405.cms|title=Mohapatra's 'Sala Budha' bags awards in 7 categories - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/sala-budha-bags-best-film-award/cid/1593693|title=Sala Budha bags best film award|date=14 November 2014|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India|first=Anwesha|last=Ambaly|language=en|access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|{{Sort|Sabyasachi Mohapatra}}
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor
|{{sort|Atal Bihari Panda}}
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|Pankaj Jal, Ghasiram Mishra
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Photography
|Aum Prakash Mohapatra
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Art Director
|Kunu Bej
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Costumes
|Bhagawan & Suresh
|{{won}}
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2831172}}
*http://incredibleorissa.com/oriyafilms/sala-budha-oriya-sambalpuri-movie-sabyasachi-mohapatra/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223011335/http://incredibleorissa.com/oriyafilms/sala-budha-oriya-sambalpuri-movie-sabyasachi-mohapatra/ |date=23 December 2014 }}
*http://www.orissapost.com/no-oriya-film-makes-cut-at-goa-film-festival/
*http://www.orissapost.com/self-proclaimed-godman-flees-gold-ornaments-weapons-liquor-and-objectionable-material-seized/
*http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEntertainmentNews.asp?id=62620
*http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=48468
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131112005437/http://odishasuntimes.com/2013/10/23/sabyasachi-mohapatras-sala-budha-in-indian-panorama/ Article title]}}

{{Kosli Cinema|horiz}}
{{Sabyasachi Mohapatra}}

[[Category:2010s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sabyasachi Mohapatra]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]

Clarence Fernandes

2026-01-14T19:19:43Z

Mohit Kumar: starting a info

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Clarence Fernandes
| image =
| caption =
| full_name = Clarence Savio Fernandes
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|07|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], India
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder]] / [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| currentclub = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 = 2019–2020
| youthclubs1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers Youth]]
| youthyears2 = 2020–2023
| youthclubs2 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo Youth]]
| youthyears3 = 2023–2024
| youthclubs3 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru Youth]]
| years1 = 2023–2024
| clubs1 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
| caps1 = 1
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2024–
| clubs2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| caps2 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2025
| clubs3 = → [[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]] (loan)
| caps3 = 11
| goals3 = 3

| nationalyears1 = 2025–
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 14:00, 26 May 2025 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 14:00, 26 May 2025 (UTC)
}}
'''Clarence Savio Fernandes''' (born 25 July 2004) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder#Defensive midfielder|defensive midfielder]] for the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) club [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]].<ref name="aiff">{{cite web |title=Clarence Fernandes profile |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/80072?type=club |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>

==Club career==
Fernandes started his youth career with [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]' under 16 team in 2019. In 2020, he transferred to [[Dempo]], played almost three year with their age group teams. In 2023, he joined [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]. From 2023 to 2024, he represented the [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|youth team]] of Bengaluru in the [[Reliance Foundation Development League|Development League]]. He won the [[2023 Reliance Foundation Development League|2023]] Development League with Bengaluru.<ref name="aiff"/><ref name="hyd1">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad FC Sign Defender Clarence Fernandes |url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2025/announcement/hyderabad-fc-sign-defender-clarence-fernandes/ |publisher=[[Hyderabad FC]] |access-date=26 May 2025 |date=24 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="isl">{{cite web |title=Clarence Fernandes profile |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/defender-184686-clarence-savio-fernandes-profile |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="RFDL2">{{cite web |title=Bengalurur FC crowned RFDL champion after a thrilling title defence against Sudeva Delhi FC |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bengaluru-fc-crowned-rfdl-champion-after-a-thrilling-title-defence-against-sudeva-delhi-fc |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |access-date=22 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213061700/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bengaluru-fc-crowned-rfdl-champion-after-a-thrilling-title-defence-against-sudeva-delhi-fc |archive-date=13 December 2024 |date=14 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

For [[2022–23 Bengaluru FC season|2022–23]] season he played one match for [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]] in the [[2022–23 I-League 2nd Division]].This was the first match of his senior career. He played another match during [[2024 Durand Cup]] for the main team of [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]. In 2024, he left Bengaluru and joined [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]], but during [[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25 season]], he was transferred on loan to [[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]. He played eleven matches for the club in the [[2024–25 I-League]] until his loan expired. He rejoined Hyderabad and yet to make a debut in the ISL.<ref name="aiff"/><ref name="hyd1"/><ref name="isl"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Clarence Fernandes Hyderabad fc bio |url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/players-and-staff/clarence-fernandes/ |publisher=[[Hyderabad FC]] |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Soccerway"/>

==International career==
Fernandes was part of the [[India national under-17 football team|India under-15]] squad during 2017 exposure tour in UAE and Saudi Arabia but never played any matches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Football does not always go how you want, have to keep working hard: Clarence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/football-does-not-always-go-how-you-want-have-to-keep-working-hard-clarence/articleshow/117866475.cms |access-date=26 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |date=3 February 2025}}</ref> In May 2025, [[India national under-23 football team|India under-23]] head coach [[Naushad Moosa]] listed Fernandes in the 29-members probable squad for two friendlies that will be held in Tajikistan in June 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naushad Moosa names 29-member probable squad for India U23s |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/naushad-moosa-names-29-member-probable-squad-for-india-u23s |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=22 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522171716/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/naushad-moosa-names-29-member-probable-squad-for-india-u23s |archive-date=22 May 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|26 May 2025}}<ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|clarence-savio/657549}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
!colspan="2"|[[Durand Cup]]
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goal
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
|[[2022–23 Bengaluru FC season|2022–23]]
|[[I-League 2]]
|1||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||1||0
|-
! colspan="2"| Total
!1!!0!!colspan="2"|–!!colspan="2"|–!!colspan="2"|–!!1!!0
|-
|[[2024–25 Bengaluru FC season|2024–25]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|0||0||0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
! colspan="2"| Total
!colspan="2"|–!!colspan="2"|–!!1!!0!!colspan="2"|–!!1!!0
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]] (loan)
|[[2024–25 SC Bengaluru season|2024–25]]
|[[I League]]
|11||3||0||0||0||0||0||0||11||3
|-
! colspan="2"| Total
!11!!3!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!11!!3
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!12!!3!!0!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!13!!3
|}


==Honours==
'''[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC B]]'''
* [[Reliance Foundation Development League|Development League]]: [[2023 Reliance Foundation Development League|2023]]<ref name="RFDL2"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football|Biography}}
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/80072?type=club Clarence Fernandes profile] at AIFF
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/defender-184686-clarence-savio-fernandes-profile Clarence Fernandes profile] at ISL
* {{Soccerway|657549}}

{{Hyderabad FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Clarence}}
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]
[[Category:Dempo SC players]]
[[Category:SC Bengaluru players]]
[[Category:Hyderabad FC players]]
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC players]]

Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor

2025-12-22T09:53:46Z

Mohit Kumar: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The '''Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor''' is given by the state government as part of its annual [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] for [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ([[Kollywood]]) films.

==The list==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! colspan="3" | List of award winners
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0"| Recipient
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0"| Film
|-
| align="center" | '''1980'''
! scope="row" | R. Vittal
| ''[[Murattu Kaalai (1980 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''1981'''
! scope="row" | Bhaskar
| ''[[Andha 7 Naatkal]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''1982'''
! scope="row" | N.R. Kittu
| ''[[Agni Sakshi (1982 film)|Agni Sakshi]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''1983'''
| bgcolor="#ADD8E6" align="center" colspan="2"| No Award
|-
| align="center" | '''1984'''
| bgcolor="#ADD8E6" align="center" colspan="2"| No Award
|-
| align="center" | '''1985'''
| bgcolor="#ADD8E6" align="center" colspan="2"| No Award
|-
| align="center" | '''1986'''
| bgcolor="#ADD8E6" align="center" colspan="2"| No Award
|-
| align="center" | '''1987'''
| bgcolor="#ADD8E6" align="center" colspan="2"| No Award
|-
| align="center" | '''1988'''
! scope="row" | [[B. Lenin]]
| {{dash}}
|-
| align="center" | '''1989'''
! scope="row" | T.R. Sekar
| ''[[Varusham Padhinaaru]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''1990'''
! scope="row" | Ganesh Kumar
| ''[[Oru Veedu Iru Vasal]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''1991'''
! scope="row" | Jayachandran
| ''[[Maanagara Kaaval]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''1992'''
! scope="row" | R. Vittal
| ''[[Pandiyan (film)|Pandiyan]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''1993'''
! scope="row" | [[Suresh Urs]]
| ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''1994'''
! scope="row" | [[B. Lenin]], [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| ''[[Kaadhalan]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''1995'''
! scope="row" | Udhayakumar
| ' ''[[Makkal Aatchi]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''1996'''
! scope="row" | Lanci–Mohan
| ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''1997'''
! scope="row" | Thanikachalam
| ''[[Bharathi Kannamma]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''1998'''
! scope="row" | M.N. Raja
| ''[[House Full (1999 film)|House Full]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''1999'''
! scope="row" | Sai Suresh<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamilnadu Government Announces Cinema State Awards -1999 (press release)|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm|work=[[Dinakaran]]|accessdate=15 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210034542/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm|archivedate=10 February 2001|year=2001}}</ref>
| ''[[Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''2000'''
! scope="row" | Mohan
| ''[[Seenu (2000 film)|Seenu]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''2001'''
! scope="row" | [[Kasi Viswanathan]]
| ''[[Aalavandhan]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''2002'''
! scope="row" | [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''2003'''
! scope="row" | Jaishankar
| ''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''2004'''
! scope="row" | [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]]
| ''[[Madhurey]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''2005'''
! scope="row" | [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]]
| ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''2006'''
! scope="row" | [[Suresh Urs]]
| {{dash}}
|-
| align="center" | '''2007'''
! scope="row" | Sathissh Kurosowaa
| ''[[Satham Podathey]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''2009'''
! scope="row" | [[Kishore Te]]
| ''[[Eeram]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''2010'''
! scope="row" | [[B. Lenin]]
| ''[[Namma Gramam]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''2011'''
! scope="row" | [[Raja Mohammad]]
| ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''2012'''
! scope="row" | L.V.K. DASS
| ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''2013'''
! scope="row" | [[Leo John Paul]]
| ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]''
|-
| align="center" | '''2014'''
! scope="row" | [[A. L. Ramesh]]
| ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]''
|-
| align="center"| '''2015'''
! scope="row"| [[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2024 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards announced for 2015 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Mar/05/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-announced-for-2015 |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
| ''[[Thani Oruvan]]''
|-
|}

==References==
===General===
* {{cite book|last=Anandan|first=''Film News''|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru (Tamil film history and its achievements)|year=2004|language=Tamil|publisher=Sivagami Publications|pages=7–21}}

===Specific===
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Actor]]
[[Category:Film editing awards]]

Sugauli, Bihar

2025-12-16T03:21:10Z

Mohit Kumar: starting a pg

{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sugauli
| other_name =
| nickname = City of sugauli treaty
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Sugauli treaty.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|47|N|84|44|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Champaran district|Purvi Champaran]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Guru [[Gajraj Mishra]]
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar panchayat]]
| governing_body = [[Nagar panchayat]] Sugauli
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 75
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 845456
| registration_plate = BR05
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Paschim Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Paschim Champaran]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sugauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sugauli]]
| website = {{URL|eastchamparan.bih.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
| official_name = Sagauli
| area_urban_km2 = 19.25
| area_rural_km2 = 149.46
| population_urban = 38815
| population_rural = 191992
}}
'''Sugauli''' is a city and a [[notified area]] in [[East Champaran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. Best known for [[Treaty of Sugauli|Treaty of Sagauli]], 1816 between the [[British Raj|British]] and [[Gurkha]]s and role played in the [[Satyagraha]] Movement of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], it is also the setting for [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s story "[[Rikki-Tikki-Tavi]]" (spelled as "'''Segowlee'''" in said story), and the place where The [[Treaty of Sugauli|Treaty of Sagauli]] was signed with Nepal in 1816.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801283-sugauli-bihar.html | title=Sugauli Population Census 2011 | publisher=Census 2011 | access-date=6 May 2018 }}</ref> Sugauli town had a population of 38,815. Sugauli is a Nagar Panchayat city in district of Purbi Champaran, Bihar. The Sugauli city is divided into 20 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Sugauli Nagar Panchayat has population of 38,815 of which 20,584 are males while 18,231 are females as per report released by Census India 2011. The population of children aged 0–6 is 7810 which is 20.12% of total population of Sugauli (NP). In Sugauli Nagar Panchayat, the female sex ratio is 886 against state average of 918. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Sugauli is around 937 compared to Bihar state average of 935. literacy rate of Sugauli city is 64.90% higher than the state average of 61.80%. In Sugauli, male literacy is around 73.45% while the female literacy rate is 55.10%. Sugauli Nagar Panchayat has total administration over 7,480 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Nagar Panchayat limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

== History ==
Sugauli has great role in India's independence war. Sugauli is the part of SATYAGRAHA movement what GANDHI JI has started from the Champaran, and that movement inspired a lot of youth at that time to contribute for the nation and few of them were Janardan Pandey and Babulal Mishra from Sugauli, Late Pt. Tuni jha, Laxmi Narayan Jha, Upendra Jha, Ramesh Chandra Jha, Sukham Mishra from Phulwaria, Yamuna kant Jha from Sugaon bhup narayan singh karamwa. Sugauli is also known for [[Treaty of Sugauli|Sugauli Treaty]], which was signed between British India and Nepal in March 1816.

==Panchayats ==
There are 16 Gram Panchayats in '''sugauli''' block.
{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* Phulwaria
* North Sugaon
* South Sugaon
* North Sripur
* South Sripur
* Bhataha
* Bhargawan
* North Chhapra Bahas
* South Chhapra Bahas
* Sukul Pakar
* North Mansingha
* South Mansingha
* Mali
* Pajiarwa
* Baghi
* Karmawa Raghunathpur
{{div col end}}

==Villages==
There are many villages around 100 in '''Sugauli''' block. Some of important villages are as follows:

Chhapwa: It connects Motihari with Bettiah via NH 28, Sugaon : Earlier it was a capital of Tirhut region (as per Gazetteer), Bhathan, Phulwaria, Panjiyarwa, Karmwa and many small villages.

List of Villages in Sugauli
1. Baghi
2. Bahuari
3. Baksa
4. Baluwa Tikulia
5. Baudha
6. Bhargawan
7. Bhataha
8. Bhawanipur
9. Biguia
10. Chainpur
11. Chhagraha
12. Chhapra Bahas
13. Chiljhapti Urf Juajat
14. Dewdatwa
15. Dumdumwa
16. Gorgawan
17. Gurhaurf Koraia
18. Hathiahiya
19. Kaithwalia
20. Khonra
21. Khutiharwa
22. Lal Parsa
23. Ledihar
24. Madhopur Bahuarwa Urf Danditol
25. Madhopurkaramwa
26. Madhopurnankar
27. Madhopurnizamat
28. Mali
29. Mansingha
30. Muda Chhapra
31. Muswa
32. Pachbhirwa
33. Pajiarwa
34. Parsauna
35. Parsurampur
36. Phulwaria
37. Phulwaria Ojha
38. Raghunathpur
39. Roypatti
40. Sapaha
41. Shampur
42. Siripur
43. Sirkhandi
44. Suganw
45. Sukul Pakar Urf Belwalia
46. Tola Dharampur
47. Unwa Birit

==Transport==
'''Railway'''

Sugauli is connected to different cities of India through railways. [[Sagauli Junction railway station]] is the main railway station serving the city. Direct trains are available to all the major destinations across India like Patna, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Guwahati, Ahemdabad, Lucknow, Jaipur, Jammu & Katra, etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=D. L. |last2=Gleisner |first2=J. M. |last3=Blakley |first3=R. L. |date=1975-12-02 |title=Bovine liver dihydrofolate reductase: purification and properties of the enzyme |journal=Biochemistry |volume=14 |issue=24 |pages=5261–5267 |doi=10.1021/bi00695a005 |issn=0006-2960 |pmid=45}}</ref>

'''Roadway'''

National Highway 727, 139W, 28B, AH42 and State Highway 54 passes through the city.

The [[National Highways Authority of India|National Highway Authority of India]] (NHAI) has notified a new Patna-Bettiah road as National Highway 139W, setting the state for construction of a high-quality four-lane road between the two towns that would reduce the distance between them to 167 kilometres from the current 200-odd km and travel time to around two hours.

Tola San Saraiyan new town aided village. The new Gopalganj-Bettiah Road passed through this new town aided village. Through this new road a distance of 60 km (37 mi) become shorten for Gopalganj-Bettiah.

=== Airway ===
The nearest airport is [[Kushinagar International Airport]] which is about 117 km (71 mi) from Sugauli. The nearest airport in bihar is [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport|Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport]] located in [[Patna]] which is about 200 km (120 mi) via Muzaffarpur and 177 km (110 mi) via areraj.

==Also==
* [[Sugauli Treaty]]
* [[Ramesh Chandra Jha]]
* [[Anuranjan Jha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tirhut Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in East Champaran district]]

Unified District Information System for Education

2025-12-15T00:15:20Z

Mohit Kumar: starting new place

{{Short description|Indian school information database}}
The '''Unified District Information System for Education''' or '''UDISE''' is a database about schools in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://udisepluslogin.com/|title=[https://udisepluslogin.com/ UDISE] Unified District Information System for Education|publisher=U-DISE|accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> The database was developed at the [[Department of School Education]], [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]] and Maintained by [[National Informatics Centre]], Government of India.

It records information such as the level of dropouts <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/state-forms-7-member-team-for-school-drop-outs/article1-1261382.aspx
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913173509/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/state-forms-7-member-team-for-school-drop-outs/article1-1261382.aspx
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=September 13, 2014
|newspaper=Hindustan Times | title=Mumbai: state forms 7-member team for school drop-outs |first=Puja |last=Pednekar |location=Mumbai |date=8 September 2014 |quote=Currently, there are 3-4% children in the state who do not attend school, says the Unified District Information System of Education (U-DISE)|accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> and the condition of school toilets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Loo-se ends in govt’s clean toilets scheme|url=http://www.punemirror.in/pune/civic/Loo-se-ends-in-govts-clean-toilets-scheme/articleshow/44347082.cms |first=Pallavi |last=Smart|newspaper= Pune Mirror | date=5 October 2014
|quote=U-DISE report shows over 3,000 toilets in schools are unusable.... A Unified District Information System of Education (U-DISE) report of 2013-14 has revealed there are 3,278 toilets in schools which are not usable.|accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web |url=http://rmsatn.com/u-dise.html |title=Unified District Information System for Education |publisher=Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, Government of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=5 October 2014 |archive-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220105835/http://rmsatn.com/u-dise.html |url-status=dead }}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://udiseplus.gov.in/#/home}}

[[Category:Databases in India]]
[[Category:Education in India]]

A'la-Hazrat

2025-12-03T16:06:32Z

Mohit Kumar:

{{other}}
{{redirect|'Ulya-Hazrat|the queen consort of Afghanistan|Sarwar Sultana Begum}}
'''A'la-Hazrat''' ([[Classical Persian]]: {{lang|fa|اعلیٰ‌حضرت}} {{transliteration|fa|Aʿlā-Ḥażrat}}){{efn|[[Iranian Persian]] transliteration: {{transliteration|fa|Aʿlâ-Ḥażrat}}; {{langx|tg|Аълоҳазрат}}.}} for a man, or '''{{'}}Ulya-Hazrat''' ([[Classical Persian]]: {{lang|fa|علیاحضرت}} {{transliteration|fa|ʿUlyā-Ḥażrat}}){{efn|[[Iranian Persian]] transliteration: {{transliteration|fa|ʿOlyâ-Ḥażrat}}; {{langx|tg|Улёҳазрат}}.}} for a woman, is a [[form of address]] used in the [[Persian language]] as well as in languages of the [[Persianate world]] including [[Turkic languages]]{{efn|{{langx|az|Əlahəzrət}}/{{lang|az|Ülyahəzrət}}; {{langx|tr|Alahazret}}/{{lang|tr|Ulyahazret}}; {{langx|uz|Aʼlohazrat}}/{{lang|uz|Ulyohazrat}}.}} and [[Urdu]].{{efn|{{langx|ur|اعلیٰ حضرت}} {{transliteration|ur|Aʿlā Ḥażrat}} / {{lang|ur|علیا حضرت}} {{transliteration|ur|ʿUlyā Ḥażrat}}.}} It is a [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] of the words {{lang|fa|اعلیٰ}} ''aʿlā'', from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{lang|ar|أعلى}} ''ʾaʿlā'' (feminine: {{lang|ar|عليا}} ''ʿulyā''), and Persian {{lang|fa|حضرت}} ''ḥażrat'', from Arabic {{lang|ar|حضرة}} ''[[Hadra (word)|ḥaḍra]]''. Its literal meaning is 'the presence of the most high', and it is equivalent to ''[[Majesty]]'' in English.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lambton|first=Ann K. S.|authorlink=Ann Lambton|year=1954|title=Persian Vocabulary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zwEvdQYT10C|page=299}}</ref>

The form of address has also been used in reference to some Islamic scholars such as [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] (1817–1899), [[Shah Abdul Wahhab (born 1831)|Shah Abdul Wahhab]] (1831–1921) and [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] (1856–1921).

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Imperial, royal, and noble styles}}

[[Category:Persian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Islamic Persian honorifics]]
[[Category:Islamic Urdu honorifics]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Islam-stub}}

Little Flower Church, Kaprassery

2025-11-29T05:13:06Z

Mohit Kumar: Created A Entry Needs Work

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{multiple issues|
{{notability|Companies|date=August 2012}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2017}}
{{essay-like|date=August 2012}}
{{COI|date=August 2012}}
}}
{{Infobox religious building
|name=Little Flower Church, Kaprassery
|image=Little Flower Church, Kaprassery.jpg
|caption=Exterior View
|location={{Flagicon|IND}} [[Kaprassery]], [[India]]
|geo=
|religious_affiliation=[[Syro Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
|state=[[Kerala]]
|district=[[Ernakulam]]
|consecration_year=1976
|status=Filial Church
|leadership=
|website= http://www.lfck.in/
|architect=
|architecture_type= Present Day
|architecture_style=
|facade_direction=
|year_completed=1976
|construction_cost=
|specifications=no
|capacity=990 Persons
|Area=
|length=
|width=
|width_nave=
|height_max=
|dome_quantity=
|dome_height_outer=
|dome_height_inner=
|dome_dia_outer=
|dome_dia_inner=
|minaret_quantity=
|minaret_height=
|spire_quantity=
|spire_height=
|materials=
}}

'''Little Flower Church, Kaprassery''' is a [[Syro Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in|title=Syro Malabar Church::Syro-Malabar Catholic Church India::Second largest Eastern Catholic Church::Apostolic Church India|website=www.syromalabarchurch.in|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> in the village of [[Kaprassery]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/parish.php?id=277|title=Little Flower Church Neumbassery::Ernakulam - Angamaly Archeparchy:: Syro Malabar Church Parish|website=www.syromalabarchurch.in|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> It is dedicated to Saint [[Thérèse of Lisieux]]. It is located close to the Cochin International Airport.

==Parish==

=== About the Parish ===
The Little Flower Church, Kaprassery<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/home/parish/277|title=Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese|website=www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> is under the Ernakulam Angamaly Arch Diocese<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/|title=Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese|website=www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> and Rev. Fr. Paul Kottackal (Sr.) is the present vicar of the parish. He belongs to OSH congregation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kottayamad.org/osh-congregation/|title=OSH Congregation|website=kottayamad.org|date=December 2012 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> and previously worked as assistant vicar at Angamaly Basilica. There are about 230 families under the parish.

==History==

Before this church, [[Kaprasserian]]s depended on Akaparambu Catholic Church<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agprcchurch.com/index.php|title=St. Gervasis & Prothasis Church, Akaparambu, Akaparambu Church, angamaly church, angamaly Akaparambu church|website=www.agprcchurch.com|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> for their religious practices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agprcchurch.com/history.html|title=St. Gervasis & Prothasis Church, Akaparambu, Akaparambu Church, angamaly church, angamaly Akaparambu church|website=www.agprcchurch.com|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> Later as directed by the vicar of Agaparambu Church, a tutor started visiting [[Kaprassery]] for teaching catechism. Then a chapel was built for Sunday school teaching. Gradually it became a Christian religious center with a small group of people from the areas of [[Kaprassery]], and many surrounding areas. With the arrival of Fr. James Chaveli, a new church has been constructed at the center of [[Kaprassery]] village. With the donations and effort of many people, they constructed a new church.

== Syro-Malabar Religious Houses In the Parish ==

===CMC Udhayabhavan===
This is the only religious house that comes in the Little Flower Church boundary. It is run by CMC sisters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmcsisters.org|title=Congregation of the Mother of Carmel|website=www.cmcsisters.org|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> The house is known as CMC Udhayabhavan convent. There are about ten regular sisters and many often visits the house. This house is under the Andhra Province of CMC sisters and it is considered as a transit house due to the closeness to the International airport, railway stations and bus terminals.

== Organisations/Activities==

=== Catechism ===
Since Catechism is considered as the primary and integral part of the parish, it is given a prominent role in the church. The Catechism classes are conducted for all students from first standard and 12th standard and it is affiliated to Department of Catechises and Moral Education of Ernakulam Angamaly Archdiocese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://catechismernakulam.com/?page_id=2531|title=Angamaly {{!}} Catechism Ernakulam {{!}} Department of Catechesis and Moral Education|website=catechismernakulam.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> These students are divided into six sections. They are: Pre communion, Communion, Post communion, Pre confirmation, Confirmation and Youth. Further they are divided into different classes. Presently there are more than 250 students in the church who undergo their faith formation through Catechism. Under the guidance of parish priests, head master and animator around ten teachers act as faith formers during these Sunday classes.

===K.C.Y.M===
This is a chapter of state level youth organization which focuses on empowerment of catholic youth from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kcym.in/|title=KCYM {{!}} Kerala Catholic Youth Movement|website=kcym.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411220456/https://kcym.in/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Being a youth led movement it aims at creating a synergy between youth culture and spiritual values. It is important during this time as the society seeks to empower the youth to be able to integrate spiritual values such as love, service and compassion into the modern lifestyle of today's youth. The organization takes an active part in all parish activities and cultural programs conducted by the Church.

===L.F. Conference (Vincent De Paul)===
This is the Kaprassery Chapter of international Roman Catholic voluntary organization dedicated to tackling poverty and disadvantage by providing direct practical assistance to anyone in need; addressing social and material needs in all its many forms.

==Major Festivals==

=== ''Little Flower Parish fiesta'' ===
Parish fiesta days in [[Kaprassery]] brings a hundred and one memories; some happy and some sad. It reminds of the well decorated and illuminated face of parish church, old and familiar faces of parishioners and people in the distant beyond, some lost and half forgotten.
Parish was established in the year 1976. It is named Little Flower Church after the [[Saint Therese of Lisieux]] (LittleFlower).
Kaprassery celebrates its parish fiesta every first weekend of February in honour of her patroness [[Saint Therese of Lisieux]] (Little Flower) and of [[Saint Sebastian]]. This most awaited weekend is preceded by nine days evening [[novena]] and holy mass. These days, you will find the pious and devoted Kaprasserians offering their prayers, thanks giving for the blessings granted upon their family and nation by the loving God with the intercession of our Lady.
The celebration is doubly blessed and become more significant in the parish church which has been the center of the life of a [[Kaprasserian]]. By the end of ninth day, folks decorate their frontage of house and village roads with tender coconut leaves and with the plantain trunk. Soon the much awaited weekend arrives and celebration begins by hosting papal flag in front of the church and holy mass follows. Later in the evening parishioners comes up with a bunch of beautiful cultural programs and the real celebration begins as each and every devotee and guest is welcomed in the heart and homes of village folks in the unique charm and Kaprassery hospitality. Saturday procession, after celebrating the holy mass, is something everyone participates with lot of devotion and pride.
The sharing of laughters, all the eating and the drinking! What a weekend! But by Sunday evening, the host smiles with pride and joy for another merry making that had soon come to pass. Once again memories are made in the hearts of each Kaprasserians. The activities are set through the leadership of parish priest and parish fest committee.

=== ''Onanilavu'' ===
It is an annual cultural show organised by Kerala Catholic Youth Movement Kaprassery Chapter (K.C.Y.M.), as a part of Onam celebrations. It is a platform for all the [[Kaprasserian]]s to showcase their talents and also to be a part of delicious cultural fiesta. It is organised at Little Flower Church Parish Hall.

=== ''The Holy Rosary Month'' ===
Kaprasserians are popular for their devotion towards Mother Mary. Just like all the Catholics around the world, they spent October as the month of the Holy Rosary. They start the month with daily family unit level Rosary meetings at various homes in the evening. Towards the end of the month, exactly, for the last ten days, they all come together at the parish in the evening for the Holy Mass and the Holy Rosary thereafter. On the last day youth of the parish, under the leadership of K.C.Y.M., leads the holy rosary and everyone part after a love treat arranged by youth at parish hall. During these ten days K.C.Y.M. organizes a Marian Quiz competition for the parish families, with the objective to enable the devotees to know more and stay close to Mother Mary.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Little Flower Church, Kaprassery.jpg|Little Flower Church, Kaprassery
File:Kaprassery Old Chapel.JPG|Old Cemetery Chapel
File:LFCK cemetery.jpg|Parish Cemetery
File:LFCK cemetery chapel.jpg|Reconstructed Cemetery Chapel
File:Onanilavu 10.jpg|Dance Performance, Onanilavu 2010
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Little Flower Church, Kaprassery}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130717023526/http://kaprassery.com/ "Incredible Kaprassery"]
* [http://www.lfck.in "Little Flower Church"]
* [http://www.lovletter.com/2012/01/parish-fiesta-2012.html "Festival of Kaprassery"]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.smcim.org/house/cmckaprassery/ataglance "CMC Udaya Bhavan Convent"]
* [https://archive.today/20130414183409/http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/churchbrowser.php?id=35 "Parish at a Glance on Ernakulam Angamaly Archdiocese"]

{{coord missing|Kerala}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Little Flower Church, Kaprassery}}
[[Category:Churches in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic church buildings in Kerala]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1976]]

Khajipeta Sunkesula

2025-11-24T18:00:14Z

Mohit Kumar: Started A Pg W/ Refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2009}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khajipeta
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.6333|N|78.7667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Khajipeta
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11658
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(lvytjb45woo32k45ik1gss45))/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=622005|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516203
| area_code = 08562
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate =AP-04
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

'''Khajipeta Sunkesula''' is a village in [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Khajipet [[mandal]] of [[Badvel revenue division|Badvel]] revenue division.<ref>{{cite web|title = Revenue Divisions and Mandals|url = http://kadapa.nic.in/govtlands.htm|website = Official website of YSR Kadapa District|publisher = National Informatics Centre- Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh|accessdate = 23 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150706135607/http://kadapa.nic.in/govtlands.htm|archive-date = 6 July 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khajipet Sunkesula Village {{!}} Map of Khajipet Sunkesula Village in Khajipet Tehsil, Cuddapah of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/andhra-pradesh/cuddapah/khajipet/khajipet-sunkesula.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref> Its population was 11615 as of the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khajipet Sunkesula Village (Pincode: 516203), Khajipeta, Y.S.R. {{!}} Andhra Pradesh {{!}} – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/593091 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref> Individuals of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] account for about 16% of the population of Khajipeta Sunkesula. Khajipet is located at {{coord|14.6333|N|78.7667|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khajipeta, India Page |url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Khajipeta.html |access-date=2009-06-05 |publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 123 meters (404 feet).{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} Khajipeta is supported by the [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]], a bus transport company.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} A National Highway, [[National Highway 40 (India)|NH40]], passes through this mandal, but no railway.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100211145859/http://goidirectory.nic.in/andhra.htm GOI Directory]

{{Kadapa district}}
{{Kadapa-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Villages in Kadapa district]]

Bali (Lunar dynasty)

2025-11-18T08:08:41Z

Mohit Kumar: creating a bio

{{Short description|Ancient ruler of Lunar Anu dynasty}}{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Bali
| dynasty = [[Chandravamsha]]
| children = Aṅga, Vaṅga, Kaliṅga, Pauṇḍra, and Suhma (de jure)
| spouse = Sudeshna
| parents = Satapas (father), Prishni (mother)
| region = Anava
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Bali''' ({{Langx|sa|बलि|translit=Bali}}) is a king featured in [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]]. He is described to be the son of Sutapas and his wife Prishni. He rules a region named Anava, an eastern country as a member of the [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamsha]] (Lunar dynasty).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garg |first=Gaṅgā Rām |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&dq=Bali+Anavas&pg=PA24 |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World |date=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-374-0 |pages=24 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legend ==

Bali marries Sudeshna. The [[Harivamsa|Harivamsha]] states that he performs a penance to appease [[Brahma]], who promises him that he would become a great sage and will live till the end of the [[Kalpa (time)|age]]. The deity also blesses him with great knowledge, the love of his subjects, invincibility in battle, and tells him that he would reestablish the varna system in his land.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2011-02-12 |title=Bali, Balī, Bāli: 44 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/bali |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

One day, Bali saw the blind sage [[Dirghatamas]] clinging to a raft, and floating on the river [[Ganges]]. After his rescue, the sage told him that his own wife and sons had performed the deed due to the fact that he had been unable to support them. The king summoned his wife Sudeshna, and asked her to produce sons from him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8J2RDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bali+D%C4%ABrghatamas&pg=PT583 |title=Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. In Two Volumes. Volume II M-Z |date=2019-04-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-62419-3 |pages=583 |language=en}}</ref> Sudeshna, detesting the idea, decided to send her maid Dhatreyi, a [[Shudra]] woman, to lay with the sage. Eleven babies were born, and the sage soon learnt that the mother of his children was not the queen, but her servant maid. Bali pacified the sage's anger, and this time [[Dirghatamas]] and Sudeshna lay together to produce five sons. In other accounts, the mere touch of the sage caused Sudeshna's pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhalla |first=Prem P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DN4xDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bali+Sudeshna&pg=PA70 |title=ABC of Hinduism |publisher=Educreation Publishing |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref> After renouncing all worldly affairs, he divided his country into five kingdoms, one for each of his sons:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sutapas+Bali&pg=PA37 |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSLtDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bali+east+indian+king&pg=PA936 |title=The Brahmanda Purana Part 3: Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 24 |last2=Tagare |first2=Dr G. V. |date=2000-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3891-8 |pages=936 |language=en}}</ref>
*Anga (founder of the [[Anga kingdom]])
*Vanga (founder of the [[Vanga kingdom]])
*Kalinga (founder of the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga kingdom]])
*Pundra (founder of the [[Pundra kingdom]])
*Suhma (founder of the [[Suhma kingdom]])

== See also ==
* [[Pratardana]]
* [[Yayati]]
* [[Pratipa]]
* [[Lunar dynasty]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', Bharata Press, Calcutta (1883–1896)

{{Mahābhārata}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bali}}
[[Category:Lunar dynasty]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]

Sri Lankan Vellalar

2025-11-15T13:56:51Z

Mohit Kumar: added a pg

{{Short description|Agrarian Sri Lankan Tamil caste}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox caste|caste_name=Sri Lankan Vellalar|classification=|subdivisions=Historically; currently non-existent :
{{unbulleted list
| Periya Vellalar
| Chinna Vellalar
}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzPXAAAAMAAJ|title=The karmic theater: self, society, and astrology in Jaffna|last=Perinbanayagam|first=R. S.|date=1982|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|isbn=9780870233746|pages=26|language=en}}</ref>|languages=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|religions=[[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]]|related=[[Sri Lankan Tamils]], [[Sinhalese people|Sinhaleses]], [[Tamil people|Tamils]], [[Vellalar]]}}'''Sri Lankan Vellalar''' ({{Langx|ta|இலங்கை வெள்ளாளர்|lit=Ilaṅkai veḷḷāḷar}}) is a [[Caste system in Sri Lanka|caste]] in [[Sri Lanka]], predominantly found in the Jaffna peninsula and adjacent Vanni region, who comprise about half of the [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] population. They were traditionally involved in [[agriculture]], but also included [[merchant]]s, [[landowner]]s and temple patrons.<ref name="Bush 52">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBqHDAAAQBAJ|title=The Intra-Group Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka: Learning to Read Between the Lines|last=Bush|first=Kenneth|date=2003-12-09|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230597822|pages=52|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMWGiJLptNoC|title=Ritual and Recovery in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka|last=Derges|first=Jane|date=2013-05-20|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136214882|language=en}}</ref> They also form part of the [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora]].<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Pfaffenberger
| first = Bryan
| title = Vellalar domination
| journal = Man
| volume = 20
| issue = 1
| pages = 158
| year = 1985
| jstor=2802228}}</ref>

{{Tamils}}

They are reputed as a ritually and numerically dominant caste in the Northern Sri Lankan society, who have contributed among the political elites of the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]].<ref name="Routledge">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aob8AgAAQBAJ|title=The Rise of Tamil Separatism in Sri Lanka: From Communalism to Secession|last1=Welhengama|first1=Gnanapala|last2=Pillay|first2=Nirmala|date=2014-03-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135119713|pages=168|language=en}}</ref> Many of the Tamil [[Ceylonese Mudaliyars|Mudaliyars]], a high colonial rank, were drawn from the Vellalar caste.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qExuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Sri Lankan Tamils: ethnicity and identity|last1=Manogaran|first1=Chelvadurai|last2=Pfaffenberger|first2=Bryan|date=1994|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=9780813388458|pages=35, 43, 147, 149|language=en}}</ref> In [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Sri Lanka]], the Vellalars as other prominent castes there, are further divided into ''kudis'' or [[Matrilineality|matrilineal]] clans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thurnheer |first=Katharina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AO_WBQAAQBAJ |title=Life Beyond Survival: Social Forms of Coping After the Tsunami in War-affected Eastern Sri Lanka |date=2014-06-30 |publisher=Transcript Verlag |isbn=9783839426012 |pages=142–143 |language=en |quote=McGilvray (19822, 1982b, 1989; 2008, 103) elaborated on a specific feature in marriage practices of eastern Sri Lanka by demonstrating the relevance of matrilineal, exogamous sub-caste categories for marriage relationships: marriages are arranged between members of matriclans or descent units called kudis (kudi). [...] The kudi system and the entailed marriage practice more characteristically describe the paddy-field cultivating Vellalar or Mukkuvar and other castes rather than the Karaiyar.}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''Vellalar'' is derived from their art of irrigation and cultivation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RctWAAAAMAAJ|title=The surnames of the Caṅkam age: literary & tribal|last1=Rangaswamy|first1=M. A. Dorai|last2=Araṅkacāmi|first2=Mor̲appākkam Appācāmi Turai|date=1968|publisher=University of Madras|pages=152|language=en}}</ref> The word comes from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words ''veḷḷam'' ("flood", "water" or "abundance") and ''āṇmai'' ("lordship" or "management"); thus the word literally means "those who manage water" or "lords of the floods".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HzlkWtM9IJYC|title=Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India|last=Kent|first=Eliza F.|date=2004-04-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198036951|pages=62|language=en}}</ref><ref>Journal of the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic Society By Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Ceylon Branch, Colombo: "'Vellalar' is also said to be a contract form of 'Vella-Alar', meaning 'the lords of the Vellam', flood..."[https://books.google.com/books?id=jN0lAAAAMAAJ&q=vellalar <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>]</ref> Dutch archives registered the Vellalar and the [[Govigama]] under the term ''Bellalas''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjqwCQAAQBAJ|title=The Adaptable Peasant: Agrarian Society in Western Sri Lanka under Dutch Rule, 1740-1800|last=Dewasiri|first=Nirmal Ranjith|date=2007-12-12|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789047432821|pages=189|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Vellalar}}

=== Mythological origin ===
A branch of Vellalas, the old ruling caste of Tamil land claimed to have received grain and instruction on its cultivation from the Earth Goddess [[Parvati|Parvathi]] hence Vellalas were called pillais (children of Parvathi). Kings also drove the plow. Vellalars would elaborate by saying that they were both the creators of life (in that they created food) and the rulers of the land.<ref name="o961">{{cite book | last=David | first=K. | title=The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia | publisher=De Gruyter | series=World Anthropology | year=2011 | isbn=978-3-11-080775-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp_la9QMGIQC&pg=PA185 | access-date=2024-12-29 | page=185}}</ref>

=== Early history ===
The Sri Lankan Vellalars share partially common origins with the [[Vellalar]]s of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The Vellalar traditionally inhabited the [[Sangam landscape]] of ''Marutham''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jMg8K5dPZUC|title=Essays on Indian History and Culture: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali|last=Murthy|first=H. V. Sreenivasa|date=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992110|language=en}}</ref> The Vellalar are spoken of as a group of people right from the [[Sangam period]] and are mentioned in many of the classical works of [[Sangam literature]]. The [[Tolkappiyam]] does not contain the term ''Vellalar'' but refers to a group of people called ''Velaan Maanthar'' who apart from practising agriculture had the right to carry weapons and wear garlands when they were involved in affairs of the state.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chieftains of the Sangam Age|author=Ka. Ta Tirunāvukkaracu|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|year=1994|page=33}}</ref> The term ''Vellalar'' itself occurs in the sense of a landowner in [[Paripatal|Paripadal]].<ref name=nathan>{{cite book|title=From Tribe to Caste|author=Dev Nathan|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|year=1997|page=233}}</ref> The poem [[Pattinappalai|Pattinappaalai]] lists the six virtues of Vellalar as abstention from killing, abstention from stealing, propagation of religion, hospitality, justice and honesty.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Outline of the Cultural History and Principles of Hinduism|author=C. Sivaratnam|publisher=Stangard Printers|year=1964|page=269}}</ref>

=== Medieval era ===
The ''Kailayamalai'', an account on [[Kalinga Magha]], the founder of [[Jaffna Kingdom]], narrates the migration of Vellalar Nattar chiefs from the [[Coromandel Coast]] of [[South India]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kj_aWm4DeFEC|title=The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics|last=Holt|first=John|date=2011-04-13|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822349822|pages=84, 85, 518|language=en}}</ref> Vellalar chiefs from the ''Malavar'' and ''Gangeyar'' clans were appointed to administrative office by the first Jaffna king ''Cinkaiariyan'' (ca. 1280 AD).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Arasaratnam|first=S.|date=1981-07-01|title=Social History of a Dominant Caste Society: The Vellalar of North Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the 18th Century|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=18|issue=3–4|pages=377–391|doi=10.1177/001946468101800306|s2cid=143603755|issn=0019-4646}}</ref> The Vellalars who were village headmen and landlords bore the title ''Udaiyar''.<ref name="g62">Gunasingam, M. ''Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism'', p. 62</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=K|first=Arunthavarajah|date=March 2014|title=The Administration of Jaffna Kingdom – A Historical View|url=http://ijbarr.com/downloads/2014/vol2-issue3/5.pdf|journal=International Journal of Business and Administration Research Review|publisher=University of Jaffna|volume=2|issue=3|page=32}}</ref>

=== Colonial era ===
[[File:Arumuka Navalar.jpg|thumb|[[Arumuka Navalar]], a 19th-century [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] scholar and reputed patron of [[Shaiva Siddhanta]].]]
In the time of [[Portuguese Ceylon]], the Vellalars were described as [[husbandman|husbandmen]], who were involved in [[tillage]] and [[Livestock|cattle cultivation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fernando|first=A. Denis N.|date=1987|title=PENINSULAR JAFFNA FROM ANCIENT TO MEDIEVAL TIMES: Its Significant Historical and Settlement Aspects|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka|volume=32|page=84|jstor=23731055}}</ref> According to [[S. Arasaratnam]], Vellalar dominance was strengthened by [[Dutch Ceylon|Dutch colonizers]] after the fall of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xj9FAwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka: Transnational Commitments to Social Change|last=Gerharz|first=Eva|date=2014-04-03|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317692799|language=en}}</ref> The Portuguese had appointed the affluent [[Karaiyar]]s and Madapallis to administrative offices. Karaiyars and Madapallis revolted against the new Dutch rule in September 1658, consequently leading to the Dutch favoring the Vellalars to administrative positions.<ref name=":5" /> The Dutch interpreted the local laws, later codified as [[Thesavalamai]], as allowing landlords to own slaves. Thus the Vellalar chiefs and other landlord castes had the [[Koviar|''Koviars'']] and also the ''Panchamar'' ("the fives") consisting of the [[Nalavar|''Nalavars'']], ''[[Sri Lankan Pallar|Pallars]]'', [[Sri Lankan Paraiyar|''Paraiyars'']], [[Vannar|''Vannars'']], and [[Ambattan|''Ambattars'']] working under them as domestic servants altogether known as ''Kudimakkal''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=A.|first=Geetha, K.|date=2010-07-01|title=In Need of Translation: An Analysis of Sri Lankan Tamil Dalit Literature|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-266467177/in-need-of-translation-an-analysis-of-sri-lankan|journal=ARIEL|language=en|volume=41|issue=3–4|issn=0004-1327}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb4LAAAAIAAJ|title=Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction|last=Raghavan|first=M. D.|date=1971|publisher=Kalai Nilayam|pages=167|language=en}}</ref> These castes were originally bonded to the service of the state, however, they were often illegally turned to be bonded to individual Vellalars as their dominance started growing. The growing power of the Vellalars was counterbalanced by removing the Madapallis from earlier suspicion and equally appoint them to the administrative office by the Dutch in the 1690s.<ref name=":5" />

The Thesavalamai mentions the [[Koviar]]s as descendant of the Vellalars, and intermarriage between them was not uncommon.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8x5bAAAAIAAJ|title=The laws and customs of the Tamils of Ceylon|last=Tambiah|first=Henry Wijayakone|date=1954|publisher=Tamil Cultural Society of Ceylon|pages=59|language=en}}</ref> According to historians, the Vellalar population increased between the 17th and 19th-century due to other castes and communities ''assimilating'' in Vellalar society after the fall of [[Jaffna Kingdom]], which included castes such as the ''Agampadiyar'' (palace servants), [[Sri Lankan Chetties|''Chettiar'']] (merchants), [[Maravar]] (soldiers), ''Thanakkarar'' (temple managers), [[Madapalli|''Madapallis'']] (palace [[Cook (domestic worker)|cooks]] and [[Steward (office)|stewards]]), [[Malayali|''Malayalis'']], and ''Paradesis'' (foreigners, [[skilled worker]]s).<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5AQcVvbHzdcC|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|date=2000|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|isbn=9781850655190|pages=17, 18, 20|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKtuAAAAMAAJ|title=Sojourners to citizens: Sri Lankan Tamils in Malaysia, 1885-1965|last=Ramasamy|first=Rajakrishnan|date=1988|publisher=R. Rajakrishnan|isbn=9789839953503 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJlRAQAAIAAJ|title=The Journal of Asian Studies, Volume 49|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1990|pages=81|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sCHCwAAQBAJ|title=Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Nira|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190225797|pages=274|language=en}}</ref> There used to be a concept of ''Periya Vellalan'' and ''Chinna Vellalan'', where the Chinna Vellalan was a subdivision compromising the castes who had assimilated in the Vellalar identity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp_la9QMGIQC|title=The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia|last=David|first=Kenneth|date=1977-01-01|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110807752|pages=189, 190, 204|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JERuAAAAMAAJ|title=Sri Lankan Tamil society and politics|last=Civattampi|first=Kārttikēcu|author-link=K. Sivathamby|date=1995|publisher=New Century Book House|isbn=9788123403953|pages=20|language=en}}</ref>

During colonial rule, some Vellalars converted to [[Christianity]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0sEJ_0vV1QC&pg=PA1044|title=Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife [3 volumes]|last1=Lee|first1=Jonathan H. X.|last2=Nadeau|first2=Kathleen M.|date=2010-12-21|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313350672|pages=1044|language=en}}</ref> These conversions allowed them to hold land, properties and government offices.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Dutch people|Dutch]] minister [[Philippus Baldaeus]] of the 17th century, described the Christian Vellalars, [[Karaiyar]]s and Madapallis as the most influential classes of Christians on the [[Jaffna Peninsula|peninsula]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmgMAQAAMAAJ|journal=[[International Quarterly for Asian Studies]] |title=Volume 24|last=Seeland|first=Klaus|date=1993|publisher=Weltform Verlag.|pages=266|language=en}}</ref> Under Dutch rule in the 18th century, some Vellalars earned fortunes through [[Cultivation of tobacco|tobacco cultivation]].<ref name=":2" /> The Vellalars started to become a dominant caste in the [[Jaffna Peninsula]] and also the most numerous in the Dutch census.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-_lAAAAMAAJ|title=Indian Antiquary, A Journal of Oriental Research|date=1873|publisher=Popular Prakashan|pages=229|language=en}}</ref>

Due to the effort of the religious reformer, [[Arumuka Navalar]], the conversion to Christianity of many Hindu Vellalars was prevented.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEaYBm4knn4C|title=The Bible and Empire: Postcolonial Explorations|last=Sugirtharajah|first=R. S.|date=2005-06-16|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521824934|pages=165|language=en}}</ref> They became under his patronage, strict followers of [[Shaiva Siddhanta]], and achieved dominance through ritual design.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC|title=Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India|last1=Bergunder|first1=Michael|last2=Frese|first2=Heiko|date=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=9789380607214|language=en}}</ref> Well-to-do Vellalars from [[Jaffna]] and [[Colombo]] formed one of the political [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] elites, one of such being the [[Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy family]].<ref name="Routledge"/><ref name="Bush 52"/>

=== Modern era ===
Vellalar political and ritual dominance was severely restricted due to the post-1983 [[Sri Lankan civil war]] domination of Tamil politics by the main rebel group [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE).<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNKGAwAAQBAJ|title=Pathways of Dissent: Tamil Nationalism in Sri Lanka|last=Cheran|first=R.|date=2009-04-11|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132104322|pages=50|language=en}}</ref> The LTTE did not have caste distinctions and one of their ideologies were anti-casteism, seeking a united Tamil identity through recruiting of other castes and achieving a mixed-caste leadership.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AO_WBQAAQBAJ|title=Life Beyond Survival: Social Forms of Coping After the Tsunami in War-affected Eastern Sri Lanka|last=Thurnheer|first=Katharina|date=2014|publisher=transcript Verlag|isbn=9783839426012|pages=32|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2jvhndxPzQC|title=S.J.V. Chelvanayakam and the Crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism, 1947-1977: A Political Biography|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|date=1994|publisher=Hurst|isbn=9781850651307|pages=140|language=en}}</ref> Following the old order, where the Vellalars formed partners with the Karaiyars, the LTTE gained support and recruitment from the Vellalars who also contributed as leaders and cadres.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3aAB9IFVdkC|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|date=2000|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=9780774807593|pages=18–24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NI7ZAAAAMAAJ|title=Sociological Bulletin|date=1989|publisher=Indian Sociological Society.|location=University of Bombay|pages=133|language=en}}</ref>

The [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] (PLOTE), [[Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization]] (TELO) and [[Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students]] (EROS) were Vellalar dominated organizations, with several Vellalar cadres of these organization later joining the LTTE.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Xq4GnaraYUC|title=Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood|last=Krishna|first=Sankaran|date=1999|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=9781452903873|pages=109|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5AQcVvbHzdcC&dq=plote&pg=PA127|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|date=2000|publisher=Hurst|isbn=9781850655190|pages=126|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy family]]
*[[Arumuga Navalar]]
*[[List of Vellalar sub castes]]
*[[List of Vellalars]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tamilcanadian.com/page.php?cat=75&id=447 Sri Lankan Tamil society and politics-series]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027121014/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5180/slhist.html Chronology ofevents in Sri Lankan Tamil society]

{{Sri Lankan Tamil people}}

[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil castes]]
[[Category:Vellalar clans]]
[[Category:Social groups of Sri Lanka]]

Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti

2025-10-10T13:58:56Z

Mohit Kumar: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Former Indian organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{one source|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Samyukta Maharashtra Movement
| side3 =
| partof = [[Chronology of statehood of Maharashtra]] [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = {{start date|df=yes|1956|8|8}} - {{end date|df=yes|1960|5|1}}
| place = [[Bombay state]], India
| coordinates =
| causes =
| goals = The creation of the separate state of [[Maharashtra]] for [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking people from the bilingual Bombay state
| methods = [[Protest marches]], [[street protest|street protests]], [[riots]], [[hunger strikes]], [[General strike|strikes]]
| status = Complete
| result = Formation of Maharashtra and Gujarat states on 1 May 1960
| side1 = Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti
| side2 = [[Mahagujarat movement|Maha Gujarat Parishad]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| leadfigures3 = [[S.M. Joshi]] {{small|(General Secretary)}}
| leadfigures1 = [[Shripad Amrit Dange]] {{small|(President)}}
| leadfigures2 = T.R. Naravane {{small|(Vice President)}}
| leadfigures4 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| injuries =
| fatalities = 106
| arrests =
| detentions =
| casualties_label =
| notes = The movement succeeded in creating a separate Marathi-speaking state of [[Maharashtra]] including [[Mumbai]] and [[Nagpur]] as its capitals.
}}

'''Samyukta Maharashtra Movement''', ({{Translation|United Maharashtra movement}}) commonly known as the '''Saṇyukta Maharashtra Samiti''', was an organisation in [[India]] that advocated for a separate [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking [[State of India|state]] in [[Western India]] and [[Central India]] from 1956 to 1960.

The Samiti demanded the creation of a new state from Marathi-speaking areas of the [[Bombay State|State of Bombay]], a Marathi state, with the city of [[Bombay]] as its capital.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmoiCCN2AK0C&pg=PA37|title=Dialogue with Life|first=Madha|last=Dandavate|date=19 November 2017|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788177648560|access-date=19 November 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref> The Samiti achieved its goal when the state of [[Maharashtra]] was created as a Marathi linguistic state on 1 May 1960. Members continued to advocate for the inclusion of Marathi-speaking areas in northern [[Karnataka]] such as [[Belgaum]], [[Karwar]], and [[Bidar]] into Maharashtra, and the newly annexed state of [[Goa and Damaon]] until the 1967 [[Goa Opinion Poll]] rejected merger with Maharashtra.

==History==
The Samyukta Maharashtra Movement organisation was founded on 6 February 1956, at Tilak Smarak Mandir in [[Pune]]. The Samiti declared its Executive Council. [[Shripad Amrit Dange]] as the President. T. R.Naravane as Vice President and [[S. M. Joshi]] as General Secretary were selected. Many of the Prominent activists of Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti were leftists such as S. M. Joshi, Shripad Amrit Dange, [[Narayan Ganesh Gore]], [[Nana Patil]] and Uddhavrao Patil. Other leaders included [[Annabhau Sathe]], Maina Gawankar, Walchand Kothari, [[Pralhad Keshav Atre]], [[Keshav Sitaram Thackeray]], [[Pandurang Mahadev Bapat]], Bhausaheb Raut, and Amar Shaikh, [[G. T. Madkholkar]], [[Madhu Dandavate]], Y. K. Souni. As a part of the campaign, Pralhad Keshav Atre used his Maratha newspaper to criticise Prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Morarji Desai]] (then chief minister of [[Bombay state]]) and [[S.K. Patil]], the Mumbai Congress party politician who favored separation of Mumbai city from a linguistically reconstituted Maharashtra or Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web| last=Guha | first= Ramachandra|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |title=The battle for Bombay|date=2003-04-13|access-date=2008-11-12|archive-date=2003-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030706034116/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm|url-status=usurped|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The Indian National Congress had pledged to introduce linguistic states prior to Independence.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|last1=Windmiller|first1=Marshall|title=The Politics of States Reorganization in India: The Case of Bombay|journal=Far Eastern Survey|date=1956|volume=25|issue=9 (Sep)|pages=129–143|jstor=3024387|doi=10.2307/3024387}}</ref> However, after Independence, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] were adamantly opposed to linguistic states. They perceived linguistic states as a threat to the integrity of India. For the first time and perhaps the only time, [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and its chief [[Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar]] supported Nehru and Patel against redrawing of the map along linguistic lines. The catalyst to the creation of a States Re-organization Commission was the fasting death of Telugu nationalist [[Potti Sriramulu]]. In 1956, the SRC (States Re-organisation Committee) recommended creation of linguistic states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]] but recommended a bi-lingual state for Maharashtra-Gujarat, with Bombay as its capital but Vidarbha outside Maharashtra. Further, they recommended{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} the creation of [[Vidharba]] state to unite the Marathi-speaking people of former [[Hyderabad state]] with Marathi-speaking areas of [[Central Provinces and Berar]] state. On 21 November 1955, demonstrators were fired upon by the police at [[Flora Fountain]] in the capital city of [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. Flora Fountain was subsequently renamed [[Hutatma Chowk]] or "Martyr's Crossroad" in their memory. It is estimated that in a total of 106 people were shot by security forces during the period of agitation and at different places. Morarji Desai, who was the then chief minister of Bombay State was later removed and replaced by [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] as a result of criticism related to the 21 November incident.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816124148/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2011|title=BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs|website=epaper.TimesOfIndia.com|access-date=19 November 2017}}</ref> Nehru's speech dissenting with the SRC led [[C. D. Deshmukh]], the then Finance Minister of the Nehru Cabinet to resign his post in January 1956.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gopal|first1=Sarvepalli|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Volume 2: 1947-1956|date=1980|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA, US|isbn=9781473521889|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZh-BAAAQBAJ&q=deshmukh&pg=PT145|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> This led to the creation of the predecessor movement Sanyukta Maharashtra Parishad, inaugurated on 1 November 1956, causing a great political stir and, under the leadership of [[Keshavrao Jedhe]], a whole party meeting was held in Pune and Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti was founded on 6 February 1956.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} In the second general election of 1957, the Samiti defeated the stalwarts of Congress by securing 101 seats out of 133, including 12 from Bombay. The Congress party could form a government only with the support of [[Gujarat]], [[Marathwada]] and [[Vidharba]].

The Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti achieved its goal on 1 May 1960, when the State of Bombay was partitioned into the Marathi-speaking State of [[Maharashtra]] and the Gujarati-speaking [[Gujarat|State of Gujarat]]. However [[Goa]] (then a Portuguese colony), [[Belgaum]], [[Karwar]] and adjoining areas, which were also part of the Maharashtra envisaged by the Samiti, were not included in Maharashtra state. Prominent leaders of the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti decided to quit the organization after 1 May 1960, but the then chairman of the Samiti, [[Udhavrao Patil]], continued his fight for the 862 Marathi-speaking villages of Karnataka that were excluded in 1960.

==Participants==
Notable individuals who participated in the movement include -
* [[Shripad Amrit Dange]]
* [[Shreedhar Mahadev Joshi]]
* [[Prahlad Keshav Atre]]
* [[Keshav Sitaram Thackeray]]
* [[Pandurang Mahadev Bapat]]
* [[Keshavrao Jedhe]]
* [[Madhu Dandavate]]
* [[Udhavrao Patil]]
* [[Shankarrao Deo]]
* [[Ahilya Rangnekar]]
* [[Annabhau Sathe]]
* [[Gajanan Tryambak Madkholkar]]
* [[Chintaman Dwarkanath Deshmukh]]
* [[Narayan Ganesh Gore]]
* [[Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar]]

==Result==
[[File:IN-MH.svg|thumb|220px|Location of [[Maharashtra]]]]
* As a result of the SMS movement's advocacy, the states of Maharashtra (with [[Mumbai]] and [[Nagpur]] as its capitals) and Gujarat (with [[Ahmedabad]] as its capital) were formed according to the Bombay Reorganisation Act 1960, enacted by the [[Parliament of India]] on 25 April 1960.
* The inaugural government was formed under [[Yashwantrao Chavan]], who became the first [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]].
[[File:Hutatma Chowk Mumbai.jpg|Eternal Flame at Hutatma Chowk Smarak dedicated to the martyrs|thumb]]

==Memorials==

[[File:Hutatma Chowk,Mumbai - panoramio.jpg|Panoramic view of Hutatma Chowk|thumb]]

* [[Hutatma Chowk|Hutatma Chowk Smarak]] was created besides the Flora Fountain in the [[Fort, Mumbai]]. It was created in the memory of 106 Martyrs who were killed in an open firing of the police during a peaceful protest.

[[File:Sanyukta Maharashtra Smruti Dalan.jpg| Façade of ''Smruti Dalan''|thumb]]

* ''Samyukta Maharashtra Smruti Dalan'' was constructed in 2010 at [[Dadar]]. It displays the history of the formation of Maharashtra and origins of the movement. Spread over an area of 2,800 sq ft, the 3 storey gallery is a confluence of museum and art.

==Popular culture==
''Hutatma'' a Marathi webseries on [[Zee5]] starring [[Anjali Patil]], [[Vaibhav Tatwawadi]], [[Mohan Agashe]], and [[Sachin Khedekar]] is based on the challenges faced by the people who participated in the movement.

[[Midnight's Children]], a classic by [[Salman Rushdie]], which won the [[Booker Prize]] has a backdrop of both the Samyukta Maharashtra movement as well as the Mahagujarat movement.

==Books==
* महाराष्ट्र : एका संकल्पनेचा मागोवा (लेखक - माधव दातार)
* मुंबईसह संयुक्त महाराष्ट्राचा लढा (ऐतिहासिक, लेखिका - शिरीष पै)
* संयुक्त महाराष्ट्र काल आणि आज (संपादक - प्रा. भगवान काळे)
* संयुक्त महाराष्ट्राच्या चळवळीत शाहिरांचे योगदान, (लेखिका - सुहासिनी देशपांडे)

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Mahagujarat Movement]]
* [[Hutatma Chowk]]
* [[Maharashtra Day]]
* [[States Reorganisation Act]]
* [[Chronology of statehood of Maharashtra]]
* [[Nagpur Pact]]
* [[1967 Goa status referendum|Goa Opinion Poll]]
* [[Belagavi border dispute]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/langMove/samyukta.html Samyukta Maharashtra movement]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081006221033/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/community/community_samyuktaShow.php Founding of the Samiti]
* 'Zalach Pahije!' by P.K. Atre {{ISBN|81-86837-00-0}}

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Marathi language topics}}

[[Category:History of Maharashtra (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Reorganisation of Indian states]]
[[Category:1956 in India]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]

Sachin Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2025-09-20T17:26:10Z

Mohit Kumar: starting new pg.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Sachin Yadav''' (born 1984)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sachin Yadav(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- JASRANA(FIROZABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=1670 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jasrana Assembly constituency]] in [[Firozabad district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sachin Yadav from SP Won Jasrana Assembly Election Result 2022: Candidates List and Winner in Jasrana Constituency |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/know-your-candidates/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022/jasrana-constituency-candidates-list/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-03-10 |title=Jasrana Uttar Pradesh Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: SP Candidate SACHIN YADAV wins from Jasrana , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/jasrana-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-win-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022-latest-news-1518236 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Yadav is from [[Jasrana]], Firozabad district, Uttar Pradesh. He is the son of Virpal Singh Yadav. He completed his MA education in 2009 at [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]], [[Agra]]. His wife is a businesswoman.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Yadav won from Jasrana Assembly constituency representing Samajwadi Party in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 108,289 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Manvendra Lodhi of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 836 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jasrana Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Sachin Yadav of SP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/jasrana-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4850537.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Jasrana, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 Live Updates: Jasrana में SP ने BJP को हराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/jasrana-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-loser-news-in-hindi-1425707-2022-03-10 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

He has declared assets worth Rs.29 crore and is the wealthiest among the candidates who contested from Jasrana seat.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Sachin}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Firozabad district]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]

M. P. George

2025-08-22T14:31:43Z

Mohit Kumar:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2019}}

'''M.P. George''' was the [[Kerala]] state President of [[Indian Federal Democratic Party]] (IFDP).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200903191861.htm|title=IFDP to support UDF candidates in Kerala|accessdate=7 February 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 March 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108195831/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200903191861.htm|archivedate=8 November 2012}}</ref> He is leading a splinter faction of IFDP. When P. C. Thomas merged IFDP with [[Kerala Congress (Joseph)]], M. P. George retained IFDP. In 2014, with an aim for Nationalism, Federalism and Socialism, IFDP (M. P. George) merged with [[All India Forward Bloc]].

Later he split from AIFB and formed [[Forward Bloc Secular]], which later merged in [[All India Federal Bloc]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George, M. P.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala local politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Kerala-politician-stub}}

ETMA Turmeric Market Complex

2025-07-30T21:38:18Z

Mohit Kumar:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = ETMA Turmeric Market Complex
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| coordinates =
| address = Nasiyanur Road, Semmampalayam
| location = [[Erode, Tamil Nadu]], India
| opening_date =
| closing_date =
| developer =
| manager = Erode Marketing Committee - Regulated Market
| owner = Erode Turmeric Merchants Association
| architect =
| number_of_stores =
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area =
| parking =
| floors =
| website =
| belowstyle =
| footnotes =
}}

'''ETMA Turmeric Complex''' or '''Erode Turmeric Merchants Association Turmeric Market''' is one of the four dedicated market places for [[turmeric]] in [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Also called as Semmampalayam Turmeric Complex by the name of its location in [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Erode is the second largest turmeric market in India, only behind [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/24/stories/2004092405330100.htm|title=Erode turmeric complex may soon become reality|date=24 September 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=9 August 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Erode Turmeric]] is a type of turmeric in spices category which has been given Geographical indication.

==History==
The market originally operated in the core city area near the Clock Tower in an unorganized manner. Considering the space shortage and traffic congestion, it has been shifted to the new sprawling area spreading over 52 acres along the [[State Highway 173 (Tamil Nadu)|Nasiyanur Road]] in [[Erode]]. The original plan of shifting was to integrate all the four turmeric markets in the city and make it as an Integrated Turmeric Complex.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/turmeric-market-in-erode-soon/article18441090.ece|title=Turmeric market in Erode soon|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 June 2006|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref> However, due to some controversies, the other three markets continue to operate separately.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Operation==
The Market Complex is owned and maintained by the '''Erode Turmeric Merchants and Godown Owners Association''', while the marketing and sale auctions were monitored and controlled by Erode Market Committee's Regulated Market.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/E-auction-soon-at-turmeric-complex-in-Karumandisellipalayam/article14510100.ece|title=E-auction soon at turmeric complex in Karumandisellipalayam|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 July 2016|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref> Erode Regulated Market has their Auction yard and branch office functioning inside the complex. It also has an extension counter of a Nationalized Bank. The market functions daily with Auction sales. This regulated market is being operated by President of ETMA Mr. Ravishankar, Secretary of ETMA Mr. Sakthivel, Treasurer of ETMA Mr. Mavivanan and Joint Secretary of ETMA Mr. Karthikeyan and other office bearers including executive members

Apart from this, the other three Turmeric Markets functioning in Erode are<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/markets-in-erode-report-poor-arrival-of-turmeric/article3846964.ece
|title=Markets in Erode report poor arrival of turmeric|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 September 2012|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref>
* Erode Market Committee's Perundurai Regulated Market - '''EMC Perundurai Turmeric Market Complex at [[Karumandisellipalayam]]'''
* Erode Agricultural Producers Cooperative Marketing Society's '''EAPCMS Turmeric Market Complex at [[Karungalpalayam]] and [[Thindal]]'''
* Gobichettipalayam Agricultural Producers Cooperative Marketing Society's '''Erode GAPCMS Turmeric Market near [[Clock Tower, Erode]]'''

==See also==
* [[Erode Turmeric]]
* [[Abdul Gani Textile Market]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Erode]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Wholesale markets in India]]
[[Category:Agricultural marketing in India]]

Chitta Kurta

2025-04-02T00:33:19Z

Mohit Kumar: starting page

{{short description|2019 single by Karan Aujla ft. Gurlez Akhtar}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Chitta Kurta
| cover = Chitta Kurta.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Karan Aujla]]
| album =Chitta Kurta
| released = {{Start date|2019|12|3}}
| recorded = November 2019
| studio =
| venue =
| genre =[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=37}}
| label = Rehaan
| composer = [[Deep Jandu]]
| lyricist =[[Karan Aujla]]
| producer = [[Sandeep Rehaan]]
| prev_title = Hint
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Jhanjar]]
| next_year = 2020
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|o9PY6NsB3_E|"Chitta Kurta"}}}}
}}

"'''Chitta Kurta'''" ({{translation|"White [[Kurta]]"}}) is a song by Indian singer and lyricist [[Karan Aujla]] featuring Gurlez Akhtar. The song was written by Aujla and music was composed by [[Deep Jandu]] . The music video was directed by [[Sukh Sanghera]] and starred [[Tanu Grewal]] as the female lead in it. The song was released on 3 December 2019 by Rehaan Records. The lyrics<ref>{{Citation|title=Chitta Kurta lyrics written by Karan aujla|url=https://thelyrically.com/chitta-kurta-karan-aujla-gurlez|language=en|access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref> and Video describe how Aujla's new white clothes got dirty while dealing with his enemies.

The song hit various charts upon its release. It appeared on Global, Australia, Canada, India, and New Zealand [[YouTube]] weekly charts. Also, the song appeared in the UK Asian music chart ([[BBC]]) and [[Apple Music]] India daily chart. In December 2019, the song and Aujla were the most-listened song and artist respectively on YouTube in [[Punjab, India]] and [[Chandigarh]]. However, the song was criticized for promoting violence. It was also said that he replied to his rival Sidhu Moose Wala's song 'Dhakka' which was released on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/when-violence-is-the-object-not-subject-42368|title=When violence is the object, not subject|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200216093759/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/when-violence-is-the-object-not-subject-42368 | archive-date=2020-02-16|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|language=en|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>

== Music video ==

[[File:Karan Aujla Chandigarh.png|thumb|left|Aujla performed "Chitta Kurta" in his live performance at [[Chandigarh]] on 29 November 2019]]

The music video of the song was directed by [[Sukh Sanghera]], who also served as cinematographer. The filming of the video lasted for two days in November 2019 in [[Canada]]. Sanghera in his vlog disclosed Gurlez Akhtar was selected as a female singer after the filming of music video.<ref>{{Citation|title=Chitta Kurta Vlog {{!}} Karan Aujla {{!}} Sukh Sanghera Deep Jandu Rehaan Records|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJbH-bYVQSU|language=en|access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref> [[Karan Aujla]] and Tanu Grewal acted as lead artists in the music video. The music video was released on [[YouTube]] on 3 December 2019 by Rehaan Records and it trended for over nine days in [[Punjab, India]]. As of January 2025, it has been viewed over 300 million times.<ref>{{Citation|title=Chitta Kurta (Full video) Karan Aujla feat. Gurlez Akhtar {{!}} Deep jandu {{!}} Punjabi Songs 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9PY6NsB3_E|language=en|access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
[[Karan Aujla]] and Gurlez Akhtar were nominated for Best Duet Vocalists at [[PTC Punjabi Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=PTC Punjabi Music Awards 2020: Nominations|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/voting/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006024223/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/voting/|archive-date=6 October 2020|website=[[PTC Punjabi]]|access-date=6 October 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:2019 songs]]
[[Category:Punjabi music]]

National Highway 348A (India)

2025-03-06T21:36:47Z

Mohit Kumar: correct content for clarity

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 348A
|map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=9|frame-lat=18.96|frame-long=73|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q55497244|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 348A}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=Map of the National Highway in red
| length_km = 17
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|JNPT]]
| terminus_b = [[Palm Beach Road]]
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 348
| next_route = 348
| states = [[Maharashtra]]
| destinations =
}}
'''National Highway 348A''', commonly called '''NH 348A''' is a small [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/159934.pdf|title=New highways notification June, 2014|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=17 Jun 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 348 (India)|National Highway 348]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=17 June 2018}}</ref> NH-348A traverses the state of [[Maharashtra]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=17 June 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==
[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|JNPT]], Gavanphata, [[Palm Beach Road]].<ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
Terminal with [[National Highway 348 (India)|National Highway 348]] near JNPT.<ref name=":1" />

Terminal with Palm Beach Road.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/5722596 NH 348A on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH48 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Anantarampur

2024-11-21T11:13:10Z

Mohit Kumar:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Anantarampur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.688584|N|88.151765|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,582
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chanditala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chanditala]]
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Anantarampur ''' is a village in [[Chanditala I]] community development block of [[Srirampore subdivision]] in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(34prhyngb4rxzrx25wan0tst))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |title= banglarbhumi.gov.in |work = WEST BENGAL ->HUGLI(হুগলী) ->CHANDITALA-I (চণ্ডীতলা-১) Mouza Information|publisher= Government of West Bengal |access-date= 6 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161222011900/http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(o5nvju0slgdmw3352gvdrcuo))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |archive-date= 22 December 2016 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

==Geography==
Anantarampur is located at {{coord|22.688584|N|88.151765|E| source:itwiki_region:IN}}.

===Gram panchayat===
Villages in Haripur [[gram panchayat]] are: Anantarampur, [[Bade Sola]], [[Baghati, Chanditala-I|Baghati]], [[Ban Panchbere]], [[Chak Bangla]], [[Chota Choughara]], [[Dudhkomra]], [[Haripur, Chanditala-I|Haripur]], [[Ichhapasar]], [[Jagmohanpur]], [[Mamudpur]] and [[Radhaballabhpur, Chanditala-I|Radhaballabhpur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/hugli/chanditala-i/haripur.html| title = Haripur| publisher = Indian Village Directory |access-date = 12 October 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Map of Haripur GP.png|thumb|Map of Haripur GP]]

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Anantarampur had a population of 1,582, of which 845 (53%) were males and 737 (47%) females. Population below 6 years was 175. The total number of literates in Anantarampur was 1,163 (82.66% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 October 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Srirampore subdivision}}
{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Villages in Chanditala I CD Block]]

{{Hooghly-geo-stub}}

Pandit Motiram

2024-10-16T17:17:47Z

Mohit Kumar: adding new stub

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pandit Motiram
| image =
| image_size = 225px
| caption =
| birth_date = 1889
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1934|04|24|1889|12|12}}
| origin = [[Pili Mandori]], [[Fatehabad District]], Haryana, India
| genre = [[Khayal]], [[Dhrupad]], [[Dhamar (music)|Dhamar]], [[Haveli Sangeet]], [[Bhajan]], [[Thumri]], [[Tappa]]
| occupation = Vocalist
| years_active = 1900s–1934
| label =
| associated_acts = [[Pandit Jyotiram]], [[Pandit Maniram]], [[Pratap Narayan|Pt. Pratap Narayan Pandit]]
| website =
}}

[[Shri]] '''Pandit Motiram''' (1899 – 24 April 1934), sometimes referred to as '''Motiram Pandit''' and '''Moti Prasad''', was an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] vocalist from the [[Mewati gharana]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dāśaśarmā |first1=Amala |title=Musicians of India: Past and Present Gharanas of Hindustani Music and Genealogies |date=1993 |publisher=Naya Prokash |isbn=9788185421186 |page=240}}</ref> Pandit is known for being the father and [[guru]] of popular musicians [[Pandit Jasraj]], [[Pandit Maniram]], and [[Pandit Pratap Narayan]].<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=Publications Division (India) |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXVIII. No. 30 ( 28 JULY, 1963 ) |journal=Akashvani |date=1963 |volume=XXVIII |issue=30 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uU7yDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> His legacy has been commemorated since 1972 annually at [[Hyderabad]], where he was appointed a [[court musician]], in the [[Pandit Motiram Pandit Maniram Sangeet Samaroh]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarma |first1=Debottam |title=Kankana Banerjee: The Journey of a Khayal Queen |date=December 28, 2022 |publisher=Clever Fox Publishing |page=56}}</ref>

A disciple of the [[Mewati Gharana|Mewati tradition]], Pandit's popularity grew through [[jugalbandi]] performances with his younger brother and disciple, [[Pandit Jyotiram]], who were known together as '''Moti-Jyoti'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Misra |first1=Susheela |title=Vasantrao Deshpande: A Tribute |journal=Sangeet Natak |date=1986 |volume=81–82 |pages=42–48}}</ref>

==Background==
Pandit lost his father at an early age. He and his brother, [[Pandit Jyotiram|Jyotiram]], were adopted by their maternal uncle, [[Pandit Natthulal]], a disciple of [[Ghagge Nazir Khan|Ustad Ghagge Nazir Khan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bagchee |first1=Sandeep |title=Nād: Understanding Rāga Music |date=1998 |publisher=Eeshwar |isbn=9788186982075 |page=188}}</ref> Pandit and his brother were trained in music by him.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Ashok |title=Music Makers: Living Legends of Indian Classical Music |date=2004 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=9788129103192 |page=95}}</ref>

===Career===
He served as a court musician to [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Pratap Singh]] in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir Darbar]]. He left after some friction with the [[Dewan]] and invited by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[Osman Ali Khan]] to be his court musician.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chapalgaonkar |first1=Narendra |title=The Last Nizam and His People: Profiles and Sketches from Hyderabad |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000571325}}</ref>

===Death===
On 24 April 1944, Pandit died unexpectedly for unknown reasons on the day he was supposed to become the court musician of Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam of Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paul |first1=Papri |title=Pandit Jasraj takes a trip down the memory lane to relive his idyllic childhood spent in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/pandit-jasraj-takes-a-trip-down-the-memory-lane-to-relive-his-idyllic-childhood-spent-in-hyderabad/articleshow/55910486.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=11 December 2016}}</ref>

==Legacy==
===Music Contributions===
Pandit is not known to have created any [[Raga (music)|ragas]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Budhiraja |first1=Sunita |title=Rasraj: Pandit Jasraj |date=2018 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=9789387889583}}</ref> His [[khayal]] and [[bhajan]] compositions remain popular today.<ref>{{cite book |first=Sangit |last=Mahabarati |editor-last=Ghosh |editor-first=Nikhil |title=The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565098-3 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983}}</ref> He was known for composing in [[aprachalit]] ragas. These include:
* "Brija [[Krishna|Banavāri]], chailā mohe nisadina kunja meṃ roke;" khayal in [[Abiri Todi (raga)|Raga Abiri Todi]].
* "Laī jā re badarā sandesavā;" khayal in [[Hamsadhvani|Raga Hansadhwani]].
* "Pavana pūta [[Hanuman|Hanumāna]] lalā tuma;" khayal in [[Hamsadhvani|Raga Hansadhwani]].
* "Gale bhujaṃga bhasma aṃga," bhajan in [[Desh (raga)|Raga Desh]].
* "Tuma bina mila mohe chain parata nāhīṃ;" khayal in [[Bageshri Kanada (raga)|Raga Bageshri Kanada]].
* "Hamko bisāra kahān cale salone saiyāṃ;" khayal in [[Nagadhwani Kanada (raga)|Raga Nagadhwani Kanada]].
* "Eri mā sakala bana gagana pavana calata puravāī re;" khayal in [[Khamaj Bahar (raga)|Raga Khamaj Bahar]].
* "Jaya jaya jaya [[Ganesha|Suta Maheśa]];" khayal in [[Kedar (raga)|Raga Kedar]].
* "Suno [[Krishna|Bansiwale]] binatī hamārī;" [[bandish ki thumri]] based on [[Bageshri (raga)|Raga Bageshri]].
* "Kāhe śora macāve;" khayal in [[Ahir Bhairav (raga)|Raga Ahir Bhairav]].

===Disciples===
Pandit's foremost disciplines were his three sons, [[Pandit Maniram|Maniram]], [[Pandit Pratap Narayan|Pratap Narayan]], and [[Pandit Jasraj|Jasraj]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brahaspati |first1=S. V. |title=Great Masters Of Hindustani Music |date=2023 |publisher=Abhishek Publications |isbn=9788182478985 |page=126}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pandit married Krishna Meghe.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Budhiraja |first1=Sunita |title=Rasraj: Pandit Jasraj |date=2018 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=9789387889583 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSBmDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> They had nine children together, two of whom died prematurely. This included Maniram (son), Padma (daughter), Pratap Narayan (son), Rama (daughter), Rajaram (son), Pushpa (daughter), and Jasraj (son).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maniram, Pandit}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Mewati gharana]]
[[Category:Singers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]

Sivamani

2024-09-19T02:58:22Z

Mohit Kumar:

'''Sivamani''' may refer to:

*[[Sivamani (percussionist)]] (born 1959), Indian percussionist also known as Drums Sivamani
*[[Sivamani (film)|''Sivamani'' (film)]], 2003 Indian Telugu-language romantic action film

==See also==
*''[[Shivamani]]'', 2009 Indian Kannada-language film

{{hndis|Sivamani}}

Akbar the Great

2024-06-02T05:19:08Z

Mohit Kumar: Content refined and expanded

#REDIRECT [[Akbar]]

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