Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

JOSH

2023-10-08T08:18:27Z

Mohan0182: Josh is an upcoming short video content platform from the VerSe family. This page describes the basic details about the same.

{{Short description|Indian social media service}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2023}}

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox software
| title = JOSH
| name = JOSH
| logo =
| logo_size =
| screenshot =
| screenshot size =
| collapsible = no
| caption =
| author =
| developer = VerSe Innovation Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2020|9}}
| discontinued = No
| ver layout = stacked
*[[iOS]]
*[[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| operating system = {{plainlist|
*[[iOS]]
*[[Android (operating system)|Android]]}}
| size = {{plainlist|
*124.3 [[Megabyte|MB]] ([[iOS]])
*Varies with device ([[Android (operating system)|Android]])}}
| language = {{hlist|
[[Hindi]]| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]| [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]| [[Kannada]]| [[Malayalam]]| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]| [[Odia language|Odia]]| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]| [[English language|English]]}}
| language count = 12
| genre = {{plainlist|
*[[Social Media]]
*[[Video sharing]]
}}
| licence = [[Freeware]]
| website = {{URL|https://myjosh.in/}}
}}

'''Josh''' (stylized as '''JOSH''') is a video-sharing social networking service, owned by VerSe Innovation – an Indian technology company based in [[Bangalore]], [[India]].<ref name="2022 Funding">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Manish |title=Dailyhunt and Josh apps parent firm raises $805 million at $5 billion valuation |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/05/dailyhunt-and-josh-apps-parent-firm-raises-805-million-at-5-billion-valuation/ |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=6 April 2022}}</ref> Josh is an Indian short video app that was launched in immediately after the [[Censorship of TikTok|Indian Government banned TikTok]] and other Chinese apps in June 2020.<ref name="TikTok Ban">{{cite news |last1=Rai |first1=Saritha |title=Short video app Josh, born after India's TikTok ban, gets over Rs 6,000 crore funding |url=https://theprint.in/economy/short-video-app-josh-born-after-indias-tiktok-ban-gets-over-rs-6000-crore-funding/904839/ |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[The Print]] |date=6 April 2022}}</ref> The founders of the platform have promoted the app as the “Instagram for Bharat” referring to their focus on the Indian audience that speaks its own regional and state languages.<ref name="Founders Interview">{{cite news |last1=MOORTHY |first1= SWATHI| last2=SRIKANTH | first2=CHANDRA R |title=My competition is with users' time spent on mobile phones: DailyHunt founder Virendra Gupta |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/my-competition-is-with-users-time-spent-on-mobile-phones-dailyhunt-founder-virendra-gupta-8321841.html |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=MoneyControl |date=6 April 2022}}</ref> Josh was among the top 10 most downloaded apps social and entertainment apps in India of 2021 and had 150 million monthly active users as per April 2022.<ref name="2022 Funding" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sekhose |first1= Marcia |title=India accounts for the highest number of social app downloads globally: App Annie |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/mx-takatak-instagram-josh-moj-and-snapchat-are-most-downloaded-social-and-entertainment-apps-in-india-as-per-app-annie/articleshow/86003516.cms |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=7 September 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
The word 'Josh' translates to fervour or passion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rai |first1= Saritha |title=India's TikTok Alternative Thrives After Ban on Chinese Apps|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-13/josh-app-surges-in-india-as-tiktok-replacement |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=14 April 2022}}</ref> The app was launched under the aegis of the [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]] campaign and to compete with the duopoly of Google and Facebook in India.<ref name="Founders Interview 2" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kashyap |first1= Simran |title=DailyHunt launches Josh app with push for Aatmanirbhar Bharat |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/dailyhunt-launches-josh-app-with-push-for-aatmanirbhar-bharat-3146379.html |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=[[One India]] |date=9 September 2020}}</ref> Josh's parent company VerSe Innovations Pvt. Ltd. owns another startup [[Dailyhunt]], which a content and news aggregator application. Both Dailyhunt and Josh are a part of the VerSe's focus on the "next billion" regional language users of India.<ref name="TikTok Ban" /> Founders Virendra Gupta and Umang Bedi conceptualised Josh as a short-video platform that made content creation accessible to vernacular language users, essentially the non-English speaking audience in India.<ref name="Founders Interview 2">{{cite news |last1=Sridhar |first1= Vijayalakshmi |title="Kept growing the core business"|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/kept-growing-the-core-business/106024 |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[Fortune India]] |date=21 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="DH Launches Josh">{{cite news |last1=Sehgal |first1= Soumya |title=Dailyhunt Launches 'JOSH' App: Creator-First, Consumer-Focused And Content-Forward|url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Dailyhunt-launches-JOSH-app-Creator-first-consumer-focused-and-content-forward/11-09-2020-318555/ |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=[[Business World]] |date=10 September 2020}}</ref>

== Features ==
Josh is currently available in 12 Indian languages and allows users to upload, share, remix bite-sized videos of up to 120 seconds. There are various categories across the video section including viral, trending, glamour, dance, devotion, yoga and cooking among others. Similar to [[Instagram]] and [[TikTok]], it has a video feed which is curated for individuals on the basis of their app behaviour. The app hosts many daily, weekly and monthly social media challenges.<ref name="DH Launches Josh" />

== Funding ==
In December 2020, within 3 months of its launch, Josh's parent app VerSe Innovation raised more than $100 million from investors including Alphabet Inc's Google and Microsoft.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravikumar |first1= Sachin |last2=Aich |first2=Rashmi |title=Indian TikTok clone gets Google, Microsoft backing in $100 mln fund raise|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/indian-tiktok-clone-gets-google-microsoft-backing-100-mln-fund-raise-2020-12-22/ |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=22 December 2020}}</ref> In February 2021, VerSe Innovation raised $100 million in Series H funding from Qatar Investment Authority, the sovereign wealth fund of the State of Qatar, and Glade Brook Capital Partners.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahaskar |first1= Abhijit |title=Dailyhunt, Josh creators raise $100 million in series H funding |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/dailyhunt-josh-creators-raise-100-million-in-series-h-funding-11612764607918.html |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=8 February 2021}}</ref> In August 2021, VerSe raised over $450 million in its Series I financing round with a valuation of $1 billion. Investors included Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB), Siguler Guff, Baillie Gifford, Carlyle Asia Partners Growth II affiliates, and others.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhalla |first1=Tarush |title=Dailyhunt, Josh parent raises $450 million at nearly $3 billion valuation |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/dailyhunt-josh-parent-raises-450-million-at-nearly-3-billion-valuation-11628747700125.html |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=12 August 2021}}</ref> The startup announced its plan to expand overseas and broaden its ecommerce play for both [[Dailyhunt]] and Josh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Subramaniam |first1=Nikhil |title=VerSe Innovation Raises $450 Mn; Eyes Global Push For DailyHunt, Josh |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/verse-innovation-raises-450-mn-eyes-global-push-for-dailyhunt-josh/ |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[inc42]] |date=12 August 2021}}</ref> In April 2022, VerSe announced that it has raised $805 million in funding from investors at a valuation of nearly $5 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DailyHunt & Josh Parent Co To Raise $805mn – StartUp Central|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/et-now/shows/dailyhunt-josh-parent-co-to-raise-805mn-startup-central-video-90689497|work=[[Times Now]]| date= 7 April 2022}}</ref>
ByteDance Offloads Stake In Josh Parent VerSe, Exits At 56% Discount <ref>|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/bytedance-offloads-stake-in-josh-parent-verse-exits-at-a-discount-of-56/#:~:text=ByteDance%20Offloads%20Stake%20In%20Josh%20Parent%20VerSe%2C%20Exits%20At%2056%25%20Discount,-04%20Jun'22&text=Chinese%20internet%20giant%20ByteDance%20has,at%20a%20discount%20of%2056%25. |</ref>

== Partnerships ==
In February 2021, [[Saregama]] and Josh signed a music licensing deal, wherein Josh expanded its musical library with 1.3 lakh songs from Saregama in 25 different languages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Josh app expands its musical library with 1.3 lakh songs from Saregama in 25 different languages|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/josh-app-expands-its-musical-library-with-1-3-lakh-songs-from-saregama-in-25-different-languages/articleshow/80647880.cms|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

To improve their user experience, Josh partnered with computer vision company D-ID in August 2021. The company helped Josh introduce photo-to-video features, live portrait technology, animate their photos etc.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Josh joins hands with D-ID to bring new feature to the platform |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/josh-joins-hands-with-d-id-to-bring-new-feature-on-the-platform/2305758/ |access-date=9 April 2022| work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]| date=6 August 2021}}</ref>

In order to solidify their efforts in enhancing Josh, VerSe acquired Indian social networking platform GolBol in October 2021. The move came as an effort by the startup to strengthen their discovery initiatives on the platform and classify content at scale and understand the core behaviour of Indian regional audiences.<ref>{{Cite news| last1=Bhalla |first1=Tarush |title=VerSe acquires GolBol in bid to enhance Josh|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/verse-innovation-acquires-social-networking-app-golbol-11634115904260.html|work=[[LiveMint]]| date= 13 October 2021}}</ref>

Josh has also announced its plans to include live commerce as a potential revenue stream through its partnership with multiple large e-commerce players.<ref>{{Cite news| last1=Moorthy |first1=Swathi |title=Exclusive: Dailyhunt's short video app Josh readies live commerce feature, partners with e-commerce players|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/exclusive-dailyhunts-short-video-app-josh-readies-live-commerce-feature-partners-with-e-commerce-players-8214461.html|work=Money Control| date= 10 March 2022}}</ref>

== Notable campaigns ==
*Say No To Dowry – In association with Josh, the [[Kerala]] Police partook in the #SayNo2Dowry online social media campaign that was started to highlight and stop the [[dowry|social evil]] in the state.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Kerala Police team up with Josh app for #SayNo2Dowry |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2021/aug/06/kerala-police-team-up-with-josh-app-for-sayno2dowry-2340757.html |work=[[New Indian Express]]| date= 6 August 2021| access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref>
*Salute India – Josh entered the [[Guinness World Records]] by creating the largest online video album of people saluting (29,529). It organised an online campaign #SaluteIndia on the app during the 75th Independence Day of India during 10–15 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Josh creates new Guinness World Record of 'largest online video of people saluting' National Anthem |url=https://www.sify.com/news/josh-creates-new-guinness-world-record-of-largest-online-video-of-people-saluting-national-anthem-news-national-vjyn4tgccahga.html |work=[[Sify]]| date= 24 September 2021| access-date=9 April 2022}}{{dead link|date=October 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Dailyhunt]]
*[[Roposo]]
*[[Likee]]
*[[Koo (social network)|Koo]]
*[[TikTok]]
*[[Triller]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Social networking services]]
[[Category:Indian entertainment websites]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mobile applications]]

Barauli Assembly constituency

2023-09-28T06:31:17Z

Mohan0182: #REDIRECT Barauli (Assembly constituency)

'''Barauli Assembly constituency''' may refer to:
* [[Barauli, Bihar Assembly constituency]]
* [[Barauli, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency]]

{{geodis}}

Dadri Assembly constituency (disambiguation)

2023-09-24T22:57:36Z

Mohan0182: #REDIRECT Dadri (Assembly constituency)

#REDIRECT [[Dadri Assembly constituency]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to disambiguation page}}
}}

Centenary Memorial Zublee Church, Gumla

2023-09-10T14:19:45Z

Mohan0182:

{{Infobox church
| name = Centenary Memorial Zublee Church Gumla
| other name = N. W. G. E. L. Curch Gumla
| image = N. W. G. E. L. Church Gumla.jpg
| address = Mission Hata Lorahdaga Road Gumla
| founded date = 15 December 1946
| status = Active
| parish = Gumla
| province = Ranchi
| dean = Rev. Belas Lakra
}}
'''Centenary Memorial Zublee Church Gumla''' (N.W.G.E.L<ref>{{Cite web |title=About NWGEL |url=http://www.nwgelcommunity.in/p/about-nwgel.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=NWGEL COMMUNITY}}</ref> Church Gumla) is the one of the oldest [[Lutheran]] Churches<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Lutheranism? {{!}} About {{!}} Hope Lutheran Church |url=https://www.hopelutheran.ca/about/what-is-lutheranism |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.hopelutheran.ca}}</ref> of India, located in [[Gumla]], [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merry Christmas: प्रभु यीशु के आगमन की तैयारी में जुटे इसाई मिशनरी, गुमला के सभी चर्चों की सजावट शुरू |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/gumla/christian-missionaries-preparing-for-the-arrival-of-lord-jesus-decoration-of-all-churches-of-gumla-started-smj |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nwgel Church: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Nwgel Church {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/nwgel%20church |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About NWGEL |url=http://www.nwgelcommunity.in/p/about-nwgel.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=NWGEL COMMUNITY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=N.W.G.E.L Church Gumla - Gumla |url=https://wikimapia.org/10202024/N-W-G-E-L-Church-Gumla |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=wikimapia.org |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The church was founded on 15 December 1946.

== Location ==
The church was located in Mission Hata Lohardaga Road Gumla, Jharkhand.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Lutheran churches in Asia]]
[[Category:Churches in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Gumla district]]

Krishnamachari Srikkanth

2023-08-21T05:10:08Z

Mohan0182: Edit

{{Short description|Former Indian cricketer}}
{{Redirect|Srikkanth|other uses|Srikanth (disambiguation){{!}}Srikanth}}
{{Indian name|Srikkanth|Krishnamachari}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Kris Srikkanth
| caption = Srikkanth at a social-awareness event
| country = India
| fullname = Krishnamachari Srikkanth
| nickname = Cheeka
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|12|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], India
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = {{ubl|Right-arm medium|Right-arm offbreak}}
| role = Batsman
| family = [[Anirudha Srikkanth]] (son)
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1981–1992
| testdebutdate = 27 November
| testdebutyear = 1981
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 154
| lasttestdate = 1 February
| lasttestyear = 1992
| lasttestagainst = Australia
| odidebutdate = 25 November
| odidebutyear = 1981
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 37
| lastodidate = 15 March
| lastodiyear = 1992
| lastodiagainst = South Africa
| odishirt =
| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =
| club3 =
| year3 =
| clubnumber3 =
| club4 =
| year4 =
| clubnumber4 =
| deliveries =
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 43
| runs1 = 2,062
| bat avg1 = 29.88
| 100s/50s1 = 2/12
| top score1 = 123
| deliveries1 = 216
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 40/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 146
| runs2 = 4,091
| bat avg2 = 29.01
| 100s/50s2 = 4/27
| top score2 = 123
| deliveries2 = 712
| wickets2 = 25
| bowl avg2 = 25.64
| fivefor2 = 2
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 5/27
| catches/stumpings2 = 42/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 134
| runs3 = 7,349
| bat avg3 = 34.99
| 100s/50s3 = 12/45
| top score3 = 172
| deliveries3 = 2,533
| wickets3 = 29
| bowl avg3 = 49.72
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 3/14
| catches/stumpings3 = 93/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 184
| runs4 = 5,209
| bat avg4 = 29.26
| 100s/50s4 = 5/32
| top score4 = 123
| deliveries4 = 961
| wickets4 = 31
| bowl avg4 = 29.06
| fivefor4 = 2
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/27
| catches/stumpings4 = 53/–
| date = 10 November
| year = 2014
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/canada/content/player/34103.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Krishnamachari Srikkanth''' {{audio|Krishnamachari_Srikkanth.ogg|pronunciation}} (born 21 December 1959), also known as '''Cheeka''', is a former captain of the [[Indian cricket team]] and former chairman of the selection committee. He played a crucial part in India's team batting line up as opener especially on the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]] winning squad by contributing crucial 38 runs as a top scorer in the finals against West Indies. Known for his aggressive opening style, he has represented the Indian National Cricket team and [[Tamil Nadu]] in Indian domestic cricket. He is also a commentator on Star Sports Tamil. In 2019, he received the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]], the highest honour conferred by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] on a former player.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=BCCI Annual Awards 2018-19 - List of Winners |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2020/news/143699/bcci-annual-awards-2018-19-list-of-winners |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Srikkanth played domestic cricket, for [[Tamil Nadu]] and South Zone. He made his [[One Day International]] debut against England in [[Ahmedabad]] in 1981, followed two days later by his [[Test cricket|Test]] debut against England at [[Mumbai|Bombay]] at the age of 21. He opened the innings partnering [[Sunil Gavaskar]]. Known for his aggressive batting style, he was an early role model for opening batsmen in future years to adopt a similar approach. He was called by his fans as '''Viv Richards of India'''

As he matured, he tempered his aggression somewhat and became a mainstay of the [[Indian cricket team]]. He was an integral member of the Indian squad when they won the [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983 Prudential World Cup]] and 1985 Benson & Hedges [[World Championship of Cricket]]. In the 1983 World Cup final against the West Indies, Srikkanth top-scored in the finals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scorecard, 1983 World Cup Final|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/65090.html|publisher=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=19 May 2014}}</ref>

He was made the [[Indian national cricket captains|captain of the Indian team]] in 1989. In the same year, [[Sachin Tendulkar]] made his debut under Srikkanth's captaincy . He remained the captain of the team for India's tour of Pakistan in 1990 and managed to draw all the Tests of the series. But the selectors were disappointed with his batting failures and dropped him. He returned two years later and played for another year before being dropped again. He retired from international cricket in 1993. He was the first Indian player to score a half-century and pick up 5 wickets in an ODI. He achieved this feat against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] at [[Visakhapatnam]] in 1988. Srikanth Ended his Test Career with 5 Catches in an Innings during his Last Test Match.

Srikkanth holds the unusual distinction of scoring the only run ever scored in international cricket at [[Ray Mitchell Oval]], in [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay, Australia]]. The venue hosted its only international match during the [[1992 Cricket World Cup]], and the match was washed out after two deliveries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/55/55551.html|title=India vs Sri Lanka|access-date=11 December 2011|publisher=Cricket Archive}}</ref>
In June 2013, Srikkanth participated in the 6th season of ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/krishnamachari-srikkanth-contestant-in-jhalak-6-111240.html | title= Krishnamachari Srikkanth contesting in Jhalak Dikhla Jaa 6| date= 4 June 2013}}</ref>

In February 2022, he participated in [[StarPlus]]'s ''Smart Jodi'' as Contestant with his wife, Vidya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=12 February 2022|title=Exclusive! Former cricketer Krishnamachari Srikkanth and wife Vidya to participate in Smart Jodi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-former-cricketer-krishnamachari-srikkanth-and-wife-vidya-to-participate-in-smart-jodi/articleshow/89523223.cms|access-date=24 February 2022|work=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Style==
Srikkanth was an opening [[batsman]] noted for his aggressive attacking strokes in contrast to his first batting partner and senior [[Sunil Gavaskar]]. He is the pioneer in Pinch-hitting in ODIs at least a decade before Mark Greatbatch started in the 1992 World-Cup & Sachin Tendulkar, Sanath Jayasuriya much later. He was known to take risks even in the early part of the innings, often scoring boundaries over the inner ring of fielders. He shares three 100-run ODI partnerships with [[Ravi Shastri]] which included the first for India in ODI.

==Post retirement==
After retirement he had a stint as the coach of the India 'A' team. He has since been a broadcaster and commentator with various sports and news channels. On 18 February 2008, Krish Srikkanth was named the ambassador for the [[Chennai Super Kings]] franchise of [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/19/stories/2008021956851800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302025925/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/19/stories/2008021956851800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2008 |title=Sport / Cricket : It is Kings |date=19 February 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2009-09-23}}</ref>

On 27 September 2008, he was appointed the Chief Selector of the Indian Cricket team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-eap.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/371522.html |title=Mental strength as important as talent - Srikkanth | India Cricket News | Cricinfo.com |publisher=Content-eap.cricinfo.com |access-date=2009-09-23}}</ref> His tenure ended in 2012.

On 20 December 2012, Krish Srikkanth was named the ambassador for the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] franchise of [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ipl2013.in/kris-srikkanth-appointed-mentor-of-hyderabad-sunrisers/ | title=Kris Srikkanth appointed mentor of Hyderabad Sunrisers | access-date=20 December 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217223300/http://www.ipl2013.in/kris-srikkanth-appointed-mentor-of-hyderabad-sunrisers/ | archive-date=17 February 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Also, he is a commentator for the TV Network Star Sports Tamil. Srikkanth is also included to the panel of All India Council of Sports (AICS) as a member in January 2020.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/sachin-tendulkar-viswanathan-anand-dropped-from-government-panel-on-sports/articleshow/73465736.cms | title= Srikkanth included in government panel of sports| website= [[The Times of India]]| date= 21 January 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Srikkanth is an electrical engineer who graduated from [[College of Engineering, Guindy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/153870/college-engineering-guindy-chennai-news/|title=India's Oldest Engineering College Turns 225: 6 Alumni Who Have Made Guindy Proud!|publisher=The Better India|author=Vidya Raja|date=31 July 2018}}</ref> in [[Chennai]]. Srikkanth is married to Vidya.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19870331-when-srikkanth-bats-there-is-thunder-and-lightning-says-bishen-singh-bedi-798688-1987-03-31|title=When Srikkanth bats, there is thunder and lightning: Bishen Singh Bedi|author=S. H. Venkatramani Raj Chengappa |date=March 31, 1987 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/im-brutally-frank-krishnamachari-srikkanth/article3896851.ece|title='I'm brutally frank': Krishnamachari Srikkanth|first=Soma|last=Basu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 September 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Srikkanth has two sons, one of whom, [[Anirudha Srikkanth|Anirudha]], plays for [[Tamil Nadu cricket team]] and has played for both [[Chennai Super Kings]] and [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]. Their eldest son is Aditya.

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]''
| rowspan="2"|Contestant
| Eliminated 15th place
|-
|2022
|''Smart Jodi''Season 1
|
|}

== In popular culture ==
* [[Jiiva]] played Kris Srikanth in the Hindi, Telugu, Tamil multilingual film ''[[83 (film)|83 (2021)]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jiiva-to-play-kris-srikkanth/article26159408.ece|title=Jiiva to play Krishnamachari Srikkanth in '83'|author=Udhav Naig|date=2 February 2019|work=The Hindu}}</ref> His depicted Cheeka's style and sense of humour very brilliantly and audience praised him for the acting.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=34103}}
*{{Twitter}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Dilip Vengsarkar]] |
title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]] |
years=1989/90 |
after=[[Mohammad Azharuddin]] |
}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Dilip Vengsarkar]] |
title=[[Indian national cricket selectors#Selection committee|Chairman, Selection Committee]] |
years=September 2008 – present |
after= Sandeep Patil
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Krishnamachari Srikkanth in Cricket
| list =
{{Indian Test Cricket Captains}}
{{India ODI Cricket Captains}}
{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
|bg=mediumblue
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|list1=
{{India Squad 1983 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 1987 Cricket World Cup}}
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{{India Squad 1992 Cricket World Cup}}
}}
{{Sun Risers Squad}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srikkanth, Krishnamachari}}
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricket captains]]
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[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup]]
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[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:College of Engineering, Guindy alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League]]
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[[Category:Indian cricket commentators]]
[[Category:Indian sports broadcasters]]
[[Category:Cricketers who have acted in films]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]

Kuldip Kaur

2023-08-19T02:18:40Z

Mohan0182: Kuldip Kaur

{{Short description|Indian actress (1927–1960)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kuldip Kaur
| image = Kuldip_Kaur_(1952).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Kuldip Kaur in ''[[Baiju Bawra (film)|Baiju Bawra]]'' (1952)
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1927}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1960|02|03|1927}}
| death_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1948–1960
| spouse = Mohinder Singh Siddhu
}}

'''Kuldip Kaur,''' (1927–3 February 1960), was an Indian actress who worked in [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] films.<ref name=Bali>{{cite web |last1=Bali |first1=Karan |title=Kuldip Kaur |url=http://upperstall.com/profile/kuldip-kaur/ |website=upperstall.com |publisher=The Rest |accessdate=23 April 2015 |date=20 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Omnilexica>{{cite web |title=Kuldip Kaur Actress |url=http://www.omnilexica.com/?q=kuldip+kaur+(actress) |website=omnilexica.com |publisher=Omnilexica |accessdate=23 April 2015}}</ref> Known for her roles as negative characters, she was cited as one of [[Indian cinema]]'s "most polished vamps" and actor [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]'s "opposite number".<ref name=KK>{{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Sushila Rani Baburao |title=Stars of the Indian Screen |date=1952 |publisher=Parker and Sons |location=India |pages=23 |ref=Kuldip Kaur}}</ref> She started her acting career with the first [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film produced in India following [[Partition of India|Partition]]; ''Chaman'', also called ''The Garden'' in 1948.<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book |author1=K. Moti Gokulsing |author2=Wimal Dissanayake |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC |accessdate=23 April 2015 |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9}}</ref>

Acclaimed as a "vamp" of "exceptional talent" and the "first female villain" in Indian cinema, she has been compared to artists like [[Shashikala]] and [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]].<ref name="Rishi2012">{{cite book |author=Tilak Rishi |title=Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC&pg=PA47 |accessdate=23 April 2015 |year=2012 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-4669-3963-9 |pages=47–}}</ref> Active from 1948 to 1960, she acted in over 100 films, most of them in Hindi and some in Punjabi. She died in 1960 from [[tetanus]].<ref name=Bali />

==Personal life==
Kuldip Kaur was born into a Guron Jat family in 1927 in [[Lahore]], Punjab, [[British India]]. Her family were Ladhran royal family in [[Attari]], [[Amritsar District]], in Punjab.<ref name=KK /> She was married to Attariwala royal member Mohinder Singh Sidhu, a grandson of the military Commander of [[Ranjit Singh]]'s army, General Sham Singh Attariwala.<ref name=YoungBites>{{cite web |title=Kuldip Kaur |url=http://www.sikhchic.com/film_stage/kuldip_kaur_bombays_pioneer_film_actress |work=Young Bites Daily |accessdate=23 April 2015 |ref=Fem Bio}}</ref> Married at the age of fourteen, she became a mother at the age of sixteen.<ref name=KK />

Kaur defied convention to join films while still in Lahore. She left Lahore in 1947 while [[Communal violence in India|communal violence]] was raging. She was described as a brave lady by [[Saadat Hasan Manto]] in his chapter on Kuldip Kaur, titled "Kuldip Kaur: The Punjabi firecracker" in his book ''Stars from Another Sky: The Bombay Film World of the 1940s''. Kaur returned to Lahore in spite of the violence, to pick up Pran's car. His car had been left behind when Pran and she left for Bombay to escape the communal rioting in Lahore following partition of India. She drove the car back alone from Lahore to [[Bombay]], via [[Delhi]].<ref name="Manṭo2000">{{cite book |author=Saʻādat Ḥasan Manṭo |title=A Manto Panorama: A Representative Collection of Saadat Hasan Manto's Fiction and Non-fiction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ns5jAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=23 April 2015 |date=1 January 2000 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1089-8 |page=234 |chapter=Kuldip Kaur: the Punjabi firecracker}}</ref>

==Career==
The German cinematographer, [[Josef Wirsching]] of [[Bombay Talkies]], took her screen test at the request of Savak Vacha, one of Bombay Talkies' then-proprietors, along with [[Ashok Kumar]] and S. Mukherji. On his recommendation she was cast in supporting roles.<ref name=Bali />

One of Kuldip Kaur's first films was the Punjabi language ''Chaman'' in 1948, which turned out to be a big success at the box office, co-starring [[Karan Dewan]] with [[Meena Shorey]].<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013"/> Kuldip Kaur also acted in two Hindi films that year; ''[[Ziddi (1948 film)|Ziddi]]'' directed by [[Shaheed Latif]] and starring [[Dev Anand]], [[Kamini Kaushal]] and Pran, and ''Grahasti'' both of which were "box office hits". In ''Grahasti'' she performed the role of a "modern, sophisticated woman intolerant of her husband".<ref name=KK />

In 1949, Kuldip Kaur acted a musical success, ''[[Ek Thi Ladki]]'', with music by [[Vinod ER|Vinod]]. Her next film was ''Kaneez,'' in 1949, an average film commercially. In 1950, she was in two successful Hindi films; ''[[Samadhi (1950 film)|Samadhi]]'' and ''[[Aadhi Raat]]'' and two Punjabi films; ''Madari'' and ''Chhai''. In ''Samadhi'', the popular song "Gore Gore Banke Chhore" was picturised on her and [[Nalini Jaywant]].<ref name=Bali /> In 1951, she acted in several films such as ''Rajput'', ''Nai Zindagi'', ''Ek Nazar'', ''Afsana'' and ''Mukhda'', where she played the lead role. ''Afsana'' was directed by [[B. R. Chopra]] and starred Ashok Kumar and [[Veena (actress)|Veena]]. Kaur was stated to have played her role of a vamp "to perfection".{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

She also then appeared in films such as ''[[Baiju Bawra (film)|Baiju Bawra]]'' (1952) in which her acting was critically acclaimed as the dacoit queen, Roopmati. Some of the other films she acted in 1952 to 54 were ''Anjaam'' (1952), ''[[Baaz (1953 film)|Baaz]]'' (1953), ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'' (1953) where her acting was praised, ''Aabshar'' (1953), ''Gul Bahar'' and ''Dak Babu'' in (1954). 1955 was a busy year for her, acting in films such as ''Teer Andaz'' (1955) and ''Miss Coca Cola'' (1955). With few releases in 1956, she returned with ''Ek Saal'' (1957), acting opposite [[Madhubala]] and Ashok Kumar. In 1958, Kuldip Kaur had roles in two films; ''[[Sahara (1958 film)|Sahara]]'' and ''Panchayat''. In 1959, she worked in three films ''Pyaar Ka Rishta'', ''Mohar'' and ''Jagir''. ''Mohar'' had music composed by [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]] and became another musical success for her.<ref name=Apnaorg>{{cite web |last1=Augla |first1=Harjap Singh |title=Kuldip Kaur |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/aujla-26/ |website=apnaorg.com |publisher=APNA |accessdate=26 April 2015 |ref=Kuldip Kaur: A Spoiled Rich Punjaban Actress}}</ref> ''Maa Baap'', ''Bade Ghar Ki Bahu'', ''Sunheri Raatein'' and the Punjabi film ''Yamla Jatt'' in 1960 were the last films she acted in. Her last film was Honeymoon (1960), also one in which she played the vamp.<ref name=Cinestaan>{{cite web |last1=Kahlon |first1=Sukhpreet |title=Too hot to handle: Remembering Kuldip Kaur |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/feb/18/11143/too-hot-to-handle-remembering-kuldip-kaur-feisty-actress-from-the-1940s |website=cinestaan.com |publisher=Cinestaan |accessdate=18 February 2018 |ref=Kuldip Kaur}}</ref>

Some of the important films Kuldip Kaur acted in were ''[[Ek Thi Ladki]]'', ''[[Samadhi (1950 film)|Samadhi]]'' (1950), ''[[Aadhi Raat]]'' (1950), ''Chhoti Bhabhi'' (1950), ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'' (1953), ''Afsana'' (1951) and ''[[Baiju Bawra (film)|Baiju Bawra]]''.

==Death==
Kaur died on 3 February 1960, in Bombay, Maharashtra, of tetanus, following thorn pricks from a [[Ber tree]] (jujube) on a visit to [[Shirdi]], [[Ahmednagar District]], which she did not consider serious enough to require treatment.<ref name=Bali />

==Filmography==
Kuldip Kaur was active between 1948-1960.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web |title=Kuldip Kaur |url=http://www.citwf.com/detailPerson.asp?personID=241364&sortOn=YEAR&sortBy=UP |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150425181423/http://www.citwf.com/detailPerson.asp?personID=241364&sortOn=YEAR&sortBy=UP |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 April 2015 |website=citwf.com |publisher=Adam Goble |accessdate=25 April 2015 |ref=Filmography}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Director
|-
|1948||''Chaman'' ||Roop K. Shorey
|-
|1948||''[[Ziddi (1948 film)|Ziddi]]'' ||[[Shaheed Latif]]
|-
|1949||''[[Kaneez (1949 film)|Kaneez]]'' ||Krishna Kumar
|-
|1949||''[[Ek Thi Ladki]]'' ||Roop K. Shorey
|-
|1949|| Tara || R. D. Pareenja
|-
|1950||''[[Aadhi Raat]]'' ||S. K. Ojha
|-
|1950||''Lajawab'' ||Jagatrai Pesumal Advani
|-
|1950||''[[Meena Bazaar (film)|Meena Bazaar]]'' ||Ravindra Dave
|-
|1950||''[[Samadhi (1950 film)|Samadhi]]'' ||Ramesh Saigal
|-
|1951||''[[Afsana (1951 film)|Afsana]]'' ||[[B. R. Chopra]]
|-
|1951||''Do Sitare'' ||D. D. Kashyap
|-
|1951||''Ek Nazar'' ||O. P. Dutta
|-
|1951||''For Ladies Only'' ||Bedi
|-
|1951||''Gumasta'' ||S. M. Yusuf
|-
|1951||''Lachak'' ||M. I. Daramsey
|-
|1951||''Mukhada'' ||Roop K. Shorey
|-
|1951||''[[Nai Zindagi]]'' ||Mohan Sinha
|-
|1951||''Rajput'' ||Lekhraj Bhakri
|-
|1951||''Stage'' ||Vijay Mhatre
|-
|1952||''Anjaam''||Shanti Kumar
|-
|1952||''[[Baiju Bawra (film)|Baiju Bawra]]'' ||[[Vijay Bhatt]]
|-
|1952||''Ghungru'' ||Hiren Bose
|-
|1952||''Hamari Duniya'' ||Sushil Sahu
|-
|1952||''Jaggu'' ||Jagdish Sethi
|-
|1952||''Naubahar'' ||Anand Kumar
|-
|1952||''Neelam Pari'' ||Dhirubhai Desai
|-
|1952||''Sheesham'' ||Kishore Sharma
|-
|1953||''Aabshar'' ||Hasrat Lucknavi
|-
|1953||''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'' ||Nandlal Jaswantlal
|-
|1953||''Baaz'' ||[[Guru Dutt]]
|-
|1953||''Gharbaar'' ||Dinkar Patil
|-
|1953||''Farmaish'' ||B. K. Sagar
|-
|1953||''Mashuqa'' ||Shanti Kumar
|-
|1954||''Dak Babu'' ||Lekhraj Bhakri
|-
|1954||''Gul Bahar'' ||Nanubhai
|-
|1954|| Pilpili Saheb ||H.S. Kavatra
|-
|1954||''Hukumat'' ||Raja Yagnik
|-
|1954||''Lalpari'' ||Kedar Kapoor
|-
|1954||''Mastana'' ||[[H. S. Rawail]]
|-
|1955||''Daku'' ||Aspi
|-
|1955||''Deewar'' ||I.S Bali
|-
|1955||''Duniya Gol Hai'' ||[[Om Prakash]]
|-
|1955||''Jashan'' ||S. Shamsuddin
|-
|1955||''Mast Qalandar'' ||Kedar Kapoor
|-
|1955||''Miss Coca-Cola'' ||Kedar Kapoor
|-
|1956||''Indra Leela'' ||Rajendra Sharma
|-
|1956||''Inquilab'' ||Kedar Kapoor
|-
|1956||''Sultan-E-Alam'' ||Mohan Sinha
|-
|1957||''Ek Saal'' ||[[Devendra Goel]]
|-
|1957||''Jai Ambe'' ||Shanti Kumar
|-
|1957||''Maharani'' ||A. Karim
|-
|1957||''Paisa'' ||[[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
|-
|1958||''Panchayat'' ||Lekhraj Bhakri
|-
|1958||''[[Sahara (1958 film)|Sahara]]'' ||Lekhraj Bhakri
|-
|1958||''Son Of Sindbad'' ||[[Nanabhai Bhatt]]
|-
|1959||''Chand'' ||Lekhraj Bhakri
|-
|1959||''Jagir'' ||Jag Mohan Mattu
|-
|1959||''Mohar'' ||[[P. Jairaj]]
|-
|1959||''Pyar Ki Rahen'' ||Lekhraj Bhakri
|-
|1960||''Bade Ghar Ki Bahu'' ||Kundan Kumar
|-
|1960||''Bhakta Raj'' ||Vishnu Vyas
|-
|1960||''Maa Baap'' ||Vishnu Vyas
|-
|1960||''Rickshawala'' ||Shankar Mehta
|-
|1960||''Sunheri Raatein'' ||Lekhraj Bhakri
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0442444}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuldip Kaur}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Deaths from tetanus]]
[[Category:Actresses from Lahore]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]

R. K. Laxman Museum

2023-07-17T06:03:01Z

Mohan0182: Just finished drafting a new article.

{{Short description|Museum in Pune, India}}

{{Use Indian English}}{{Use dmy dates}}

{{Infobox museum
| name = R. K. Laxman Musuem
| image = Building of R. K. Laxman Museum, Pune.jpg
| caption = Exterior of the museum building
| map_type =
| established = {{Start date|2022|03|06|df=y}}
| location = [[Balewadi]], [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.573367|N|73.770666|E|display=inline, title}}
| type = [[Single-artist museum]]
| owner = [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.rklaxmanmuseum.com/}}
}}

The '''R. K. Laxman Museum''' is a [[single-artist museum]] located in [[Balewadi]] area of [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is dedicated to the life and works of [[R. K. Laxman]], one of India's most popular cartoonist and illustrator. The [[Government of Maharashtra]] and the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] collaborated to create this museum which was inaugurated on 6 March 2022 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates art gallery dedicated to cartoonist R K Laxman; kin say dream come true |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-inaugurates-art-gallery-dedicated-to-cartoonist-r-k-laxman-1921458-2022-03-06 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune Celebrates Museum Day with Enthusiasm at R K Laxman Museum in Baner - PUNE PULSE |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pune-celebrates-museum-day-with-enthusiasm-at-r-k-laxman-museum-in-baner/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=PUNE PULSE - Trusted-Connected-Targeted |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Website of R K Laxman museum in Pune launched |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1830963 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
== Background ==
In career spanning more than 70 years, Laxman created over 35,000 cartoons and illustrations. After he died on 26 January 2015, his daughter Usha undertook the task of compiling the works for the purpose of creating the museum. The idea came to fruition when the state government and the local municipal body joined in. The architecture of the museum was executed by design consultancy firm ''Unitecture''. The work had begun in 2015 and handed over to Laxman family in 2018 to design the art galleries. However, it was delayed by over 8 months due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Eventually, the museum was inaugurated in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Poorva |last2= |first2= |title=PM Modi inaugurates art gallery dedicated to cartoonist R K Laxman; kin say dream comes true |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-art-gallery-dedicated-to-cartoonist-r-k-laxman-kin-say-dream-comes-true-2022-03-06-762980 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Art Gallery {{!}} R K Laxman Museum {{!}} Pune |url=https://www.rklaxmanmuseum.com/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=R.K.Laxman Museum |language=en}}</ref>

== Galleries and exhibits ==
The layout of the museum comprises of several galleries, a cafeteria, two audio-visual rooms, and exhibition halls. A huge life-size portrait of Laxman's [[The Common Man|''The Common Man'']], his most famous creation, greets the visitors and the tourists. The entire life story of Laxman is narrated by the Common Man, who takes the visitors through a mixed-media journey, telling them the story of the man who created him. In the welcome note to the museum, the Common Man, says: “A grand welcome to the R. K. Laxman Museum. I am your host and I will give you a visual experience of this museum and tell you the story of the man you created me.”<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=RK Laxman Museum in Pune — a legacy for the next generation |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/rk-laxman-museum-in-pune-a-legacy-for-the-next-generation/cid/1906377 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

The gallery showing Laxman's life has a portion that depicts his childhood spent with his elder brother, [[R. K. Narayan]], the creator of [[Malgudi Days (short story collection)|Malgudi Days]], and a prominent figure of [[Indian English literature|modern Indian English writing]]. Laxman had in fact begun his career by illustrating Narayan's books.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos |url=https://www.rklaxmanmuseum.com/gallery |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=R.K.Laxman Museum |language=en}}</ref>

In the caricature section of the photo gallery, Laxman's caricature sketches of famous personalities are showcased. A particular section also shows Laxman's depictions of the elephant-headed god, [[Ganesha]] in various forms, while another space of the gallery is dedicated to his cartoons on children. The outdoor galleries show his cartoons about the Mumbai administration, and some of ''The Common Man'' sketches. Textual panels on the walls, and audio-visual frames guide the visitors through the museum.<ref name=":1" />

Two different shows, one a documentary on Laxman's life, and another a light-and-sound show on Malgudi days, take place in the two dedicated audio-visual rooms within the museum. The light-and-sound brings to life the town of Malgudi, that Narayan had fictitiously created.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=At Balewadi, a museum dedicated to R K Laxman |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/at-balewadi-a-museum-dedicated-to-r-k-laxman/articleshow/90039685.cms |access-date=2023-06-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

A dedicated gallery space deals with the crow, Laxman's favourite bird. The gallery houses the various sketches of the bird made by the cartoonist, as well as models of the birds busy in different activities. Laxman was fond of them as he found them energetic, naughty and intelligent. He could even distinguish one from the other, and had different names for them.<ref name=":1" />

His last cartoon made on 20th December 2014 for the occasion of India's Mars Orbiter Mission, [[Mars Orbiter Mission|Mangalayan's]] completion of hundred days on the Martian orbit is housed in the audio-visual gallery. It shows the Common Man travelling towards the red planet with a national flag in his hand. His son Arun, employed at [[ISRO]], is referred to in the note along with the cartoon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kin elated after inauguration of RK Laxman art gallery in Pune |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/kin-elated-after-inauguration-of-rk-laxman-art-gallery-in-pune-101646653282790.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=PM Modi to unveil RK Laxman museum, launch Pune Metro on Sunday |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pm-modi-to-unveil-rk-laxman-museum-launch-pune-metro-on-sunday-122030500551_1.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=rodrigues |first=james |title=Punekar Gather at R K Laxman Museum in Baner for Museum Day Celebrations |url=https://punepost.in/punekar-gather-at-r-k-laxman-museum-in-baner-for-museum-day-celebrations/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Pune Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

Today, Laxman's grand daughter Rimanika carries her grandfather's legacy forward. She has created the ''Common Woman'', presenting a gendered version of the societal caricature that Laxman's immortal cartoon featured.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Common Man To Common Woman, RK Laxman's Granddaughter Takes His Work Forward |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/from-common-man-to-common-woman-rk-laxmans-granddaughter-take-his-cartoons-forward-1690105 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.rklaxmanmuseum.com/}}

[[Category:Museums in Pune]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Museums devoted to one artist]]

Amina Pahad

2023-07-15T14:15:40Z

Mohan0182:

{{Short description|Anti-apartheid activist (1918–1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Amina Pahad
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|OLS}}
| birth_name = Amina Tilley
| birth_date = July 1918
| birth_place = [[Klerksdorp]], [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]] [[Union of South Africa]]
| death_date = {{death date|1973|05|26|df=yes}} (aged 54)
| death_place = [[Bombay, India]]
| party = [[Transvaal Indian Congress]]
| spouse = Goolam Hoosain Pahad
| children = 5, including [[Essop Pahad|Essop]] and [[Aziz Pahad|Aziz]]
}}

'''Amina Pahad''' [[Order of Luthuli|OLS]] ({{Nee|Tilley}}; July 1918 – 26 May 1973) was a South African [[anti-apartheid activist]]. A member of the [[Transvaal Indian Congress]], she rose to prominence for her role in [[Passive Resistance|passive resistance]] against the [[Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act, 1946|Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act]] of 1946. She was also known as the matriarch of the Pahad family's politically active home in [[Johannesburg]].

== Early life and Orient House ==
Pahad was born in July 1918 in [[Klerksdorp]] in the former [[Transvaal (province)|Transvaal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Amina Pahad (1918 – 1973) |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/amina-pahad-1918-1973 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=The Presidency}}</ref> She became politically active as a teenager, attracted to [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s ''[[satyagraha]]'' campaigns,<ref name=":0" /> and she married Goolam Hoosain Pahad, an activist of the [[Transvaal Indian Congress]] (TIC). In 1945, the Pahads and their five young sons – Ismail, [[Essop Pahad|Essop]], [[Aziz Pahad|Aziz]], Nassim, and Zunaid – moved to [[Johannesburg]], where they kept a two-bedroom flat at Orient House on Becker Street in [[Ferreirastown]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pahad |first=Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgZbDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Insurgent Diplomat – Civil Talks or Civil War? |publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa |isbn=978-0-14-353134-0 |language=en |author-link=Aziz Pahad}}</ref>

Orient House was near several political landmarks, including the [[Magistrate's court (South Africa)|magistrate's court]]; [[Chancellor House (building)|Chancellor House]], which housed [[Nelson Mandela]] and [[Oliver Tambo]]'s law offices; and the offices of two prominent [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid organisations]], the TIC and the [[African National Congress]].<ref name=":2" /> The flat thus became a hub for social and political gatherings, with meals prepared by Pahad frequently attended by anti-apartheid activists.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Vahed |first=Goolam H. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858966865 |title=Muslim portraits: the anti-apartheid struggle |others= |isbn=1-874945-25-X |location=Durban, South Africa |pages=292-3 |chapter=Amina Pahad (1918–1973) |oclc=858966865}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Hiralal |first=Kalpana |url=https://books.google.co.za/books?id=-CmgEAAAQBAJ&dq=amina+pahad&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title='Sisters in the Struggle': Women of Indian Origin in South Africa's Liberation Struggle 1900–1994 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-83814-5 |language=en |chapter=Amina Pahad}}</ref> [[Ben Turok]], for example, calling Pahad "the best [[curry]] cook in the [anti-apartheid] movement", later recalled lunching at the flat to evade state-imposed [[List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid|banning orders]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turok |first=Ben |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QVzAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0 |title=Nothing But the Truth: Behind the ANC's Struggle Politics |publisher=Jonathan Ball |isbn=978-1-86842-176-3 |pages=87 |language=en |author-link=Ben Turok}}</ref>

Though fluent in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Hindi]], Pahad initially spoke little English, but she was renowned for her hospitality; according to one of her sons, she insisted on offering refreshments to the [[Security Branch (South Africa)|Security Branch]] officers who frequently arrived at the flat for a raid or interrogation.<ref name=":2" /> [[Ahmed Kathrada]] frequently described Pahad as his "second mother",<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Kathrada |first=Ahmad M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32nPvAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Memoirs |publisher=Zebra Press |isbn=978-1-86872-918-0 |language=en |author-link=Ahmed Kathrada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kathrada |first=Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Oq9DwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=uMama: Recollections of South African Mothers and Grandmothers |publisher=African Sun Media |isbn=978-1-928314-33-2 |pages=63 |language=en |chapter=Unsung heroes and heroines |author-link=Ahmed Kathrada}}</ref> and [[Walter Sisulu]] described Orient House as "a home away from home".<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Sisulu |first=Elinor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2Jxes0JT0MC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Walter & Albertina Sisulu: In Our Lifetime |publisher=New Africa Books |isbn=978-0-86486-639-4 |pages=110 |language=en |author-link=Elinor Sisulu}}</ref>

== Passive resistance ==
Pahad was a member of the organising committee for the [[Passive Resistance|passive resistance]] campaign against the [[Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act, 1946|Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act]], waged by the [[South African Indian Congress]] from 1946 to 1948.<ref name=":3" /> The campaign opened in June 1946 on a [[White South Africans|white]]-reserved plot of land in [[Durban]]; Pahad was among the first tranche of TIC volunteers, primarily women, who [[Occupation (protest)|occupied]] the plot illegally.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52MKAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The African Communist |publisher=South African Communist Party |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref> On 17 June, she was injured when the resistance site was attacked by white youths, and she was later arrested and imprisoned for a month, but upon her release she returned to the site for re-arrest.<ref name=":3" /> According to Kathrada, Pahad explained after her second arrest, "perhaps only partly in jest, that she did not want her husband to know the humiliation and ordeal of going to jail, and would rather volunteer in his place."<ref name=":4" />
{{Quote box
| quote = I often visited the home of Amina Pahad for lunch, and then, suddenly, this charming woman put aside her apron and went to jail for her beliefs. If I had once questioned the willingness of the Indian community to protest against oppression, I no longer could.
| source = – [[Nelson Mandela]] on Pahad's passive resistance activities<ref name=":6" />
| align = right
| width = 23%
}}
Both Walter Sisulu and Nelson Mandela said that Pahad's involvement in passive resistance helped shape their later perceptions of [[Indian South Africans|Indians]],'''<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Mandela |first=Nelson |title=Long Walk To Freedom |title-link=Long Walk to Freedom |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |isbn=978-1-4055-3074-3 |language=en |author-link=Nelson Mandela}}</ref>''' overturning what Sisulu's biographer, [[Elinor Sisulu]], described as the presumption that Indian women were "[[Conservatism|conservative]] and unwilling to involve themselves in public life".<ref name=":5" /> She also volunteered for arrest during the 1952 [[Defiance Campaign]], though she was by then suffering from [[rheumatism]], and she took part in the 1956 [[Women's March (South Africa)|Women's March]] on the [[Union Buildings]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> During the 1950s, she was among a small group of women – also including [[Fatima Meer]] and [[Zainab Asvat]] – who sought to establish a dedicated political association for Indian women; they ultimately joined the non-racial [[Federation of South African Women]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassim |first=Shireen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aTsUA-9qXMC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Women's Organizations and Democracy in South Africa: Contesting Authority |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-21383-1 |pages=24-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Later life and death ==
In the 1960s, Pahad and her husband moved to England to follow two of her sons, activists Aziz and Essop, who had been banned by the apartheid government.<ref name=":3" /> Their flat in [[London]] became host to a new generation of activists, including Essop's friend [[Thabo Mbeki]].<ref name=":3" /> Pahad and her husband later left London for [[Bombay, India]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-apartheid activist dies |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/anti-apartheid-activist-dies-20011115 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> where Pahad died in a car accident on 26 May 1973.<ref name=":0" />

In April 2006,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mbeki salutes South African stars |work=IOL |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/mbeki-salutes-south-african-stars-274883 |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref> Mbeki, who was by then the second post-apartheid [[President of South Africa]], awarded Pahad the [[Order of Luthuli]] in silver for her "Excellent contribution to the struggle for democracy, equality and justice in South Africa."''<ref name=":0" />''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pahad, Amina}}

[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Klerksdorp]]
[[Category:South African people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:South African Indian Congress politicians]]
[[Category:South African women activists]]
[[Category:Anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:Muslim South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:South African expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Luthuli]]

Evacuations by India related to the COVID-19 pandemic

2022-07-14T08:16:13Z

Mohan0182: Published a valuable reference.

#REDIRECT[[COVID-19 pandemic in India#Evacuations by India related to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
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Sects of Sikhism

2022-05-12T18:56:28Z

Mohan0182: Created an insightful write-up.

{{Short description|Sub-traditions within Sikhism}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Sikh sects''', '''denominations''', '''traditions''', '''movements''', '''sub-traditions''', also known as '''''[[Sampradaya|samparda]]''''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਸੰਪਰਦਾ; ''saparadā'') in the [[Punjabi language]], are sub-traditions within [[Sikhism]] that believe in different approaches to practicing the religion. While all ''sampradas'' believe in ''[[Waheguru]]'' (God) and one creator, typically rejecting both [[idol worship]] and the [[Caste system in India|caste system]], different interpretations have emerged over time, some of which have a living teacher as the leader.<ref name="Syan2014p170">{{cite book|author=Hardip Singh Syan|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=170–180}}</ref><ref name="Takhar2014p350"/> The major historic traditions in Sikhism, states [[Harjot Oberoi]], have included [[Udasi]], [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]], [[Nanakpanthi]], [[Khalsa]], [[Sahajdhari]], [[Namdhari]] Kuka, [[Nirankari]] and Sarvaria.<ref name="Oberoi1994p24">{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC&pg=PA78 |year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61592-9|pages=24–25}}</ref><ref>Rohani, M., & AliMardi, M. M. (2012). Sikh Sects. ''Journal of Seven Heavens'', ''14''(54), 27-48. URL: https://haftasman.urd.ac.ir/article_66832.html?lang=en. "Sikhism consists of three major denominations; these sects in the order of importance are: Khālsā, Nāmdhari, Nirankāri. They take different positions on the nature of Guru or spiritual teacher. Khālsā sect - to which the majority of Sikhs adhere - itself consists of three groups, which become distinguished from each other by their certain kind of clothes, life style, and some religious principles. These three groups are called Nihang (Akāli), Nirmalā, and Sewāpanthi. Furthermore, in some scriptures, references have been made to one of the Sikh sects called Udāsi, which was established by Guru Nanak's oldest son, Sri Chand. By considering the beliefs and religious ceremonies, this sect is by no means similar to the mainstream Sikhism, because it neither acknowledges the series of ten Gurus, nor is Monotheistic. Nevertheless, since Udāsi identifies itself as the follower of Guru Nanak and has played an important role in Sikh history, it would be regarded as one of the Sikh sects in this paper."</ref>

During the persecution of Sikhs by Mughals, several splinter groups emerged such as the [[Mina (Sikhism)|Minas]] and [[Ramraiya]]s<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p260"/> during the period between the death of [[Guru Har Krishan]] and the establishment of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] as the ninth Sikh Guru. These sects have had considerable differences. Some of these sects were financially and administratively supported by the [[Mughal Empire]] in the hopes of gaining a more favorable and compliant citizenry.<ref name="Takhar2014p350">{{cite book|author=Opinderjit Kaur Takhar|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=350–359}}</ref><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p260">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA260|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=260–261}}</ref>

In the 19th century, [[Namdhari]]s and [[Nirankari]]s sects were formed in Sikhism, seeking to reform and return to the Sikh faith to the "original ideology" of Sikhism.<ref name="fenech273">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=151, 273}}</ref><ref name="SinghFenech2014p28">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=28–29, 73–76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsburg Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=85–86}}</ref> They also accepted the concept of living gurus. The Nirankari sect, though unorthodox, was influential in shaping the views of Khalsa and the contemporary era Sikh beliefs and practices.<ref name=britsikhsects>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups Sects in Sikhism], Encyclopedia Britannica</ref><ref>Page 141, ''The Culture of India'', Kathleen Kuiper, The Rosen Publishing Group</ref> Another significant Sikh break off sect of the 19th century was the [[Radha Soami]] movement in Agra led by [[Shiv Dayal Singh|Shiv Dayal]], who relocated it to Punjab.<ref name="HaarKalsi2009p9">{{cite book |surname=Kalsi |given=Sewa Singh |title=Sikhism |series=Religions of the World |place=Philadelphia |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |url={{Google books|YOI1nB_zTyAC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2005 |isbn=0-7910-8098-6 |pages=9–14}}</ref> Other contemporary era Sikhs sects include the [[3HO]] Sikhism, also referred to as Sikh Dharma Brotherhood formed in 1971 for establishing the Sikh faith in the western hemisphere. This was led by Yogi Bhajan.<ref name="HaarKalsi2009p9" /><ref name=verne560>{{cite book|author=Verne Dusenbery|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=560–570}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Mooney | first=Nicola | title=Reading Weber Among the Sikhs: Asceticism and Capitalism in the 3Ho/Sikh Dharma | journal=Sikh Formations | publisher=Taylor & Francis | volume=8 | issue=3 | year=2012 | issn=1744-8727 | doi=10.1080/17448727.2012.745305 | pages=417–436| s2cid=145775040 }}</ref> See also [[Dera (organization)]], non-Sikh Deras, for more examples of Sikh sects.

==Early Sikh sects==
{{anchor | Panj | Samparda | Panj Samparda }}

These distinguished ways or paths are termed ‘sampardaya’ or 'samprada'. This term has, in the past, been wrongly mis-interpreted or conveyed to the public as ‘sects’ or a ‘cults’, terms that incorrectly imply deviation, arising from dissent with practiced beliefs. The term samparda does not mean ‘sect’, but rather order, as in an order of monks. In this sense, a sampardaya represents one among several mutually complementary orders. Each one of the major traditional sampardas claims to have began with the Gurus.

'''Panj Samparda''' (Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜ ਸੰਪਰਦਾਵਾਂ; ''pañj sampradāvā̃''; meaning "five sects") is the collective name for the following five early [[sampradaya]]s in Sikhism.

These include: [[Nihang|Nihang Samparda]], [[Udasi|Udasi Samparda]], [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala Samparda]], [[Sewapanthi|Sevapanthi Samparda]], and [[Damdami Taksal|Giani Samparda]] (Damdami Taksal)

===Udasi===
{{main|Udasi}}{{Udasi}}
[[File:Painting of a member of the Udasi sect from a manuscript of the Fuqara'-i Hind, circa early-19th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of a member of the Udasi sect from a manuscript of the Fuqara'-i Hind, circa early-19th century]]
Udasi derived from the Sanskrit word "Udasin",<ref name="Oberoi1994p78">{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC&pg=PA78 |year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61592-9|pages=78–80}}</ref>{{rp|78}} meaning "detached, journey", reflecting an approach to spiritual and temporal life,<ref name="Fenech2014p375"/> is an early sect based on the teachings of [[Guru Nanak]]'s elder son [[Sri Chand]] (1494–1643), who, contrary to his father's emphasis on participation in society, propagated ascetic renunciation and celibacy.<ref name="Fenech2014p375"/> Another Sikh tradition links the Udasis to Baba Gurditta, the eldest son of [[Guru Hargobind]], and there is dispute on whether the Udasis originated with Sri Chand or Gurditta.{{sfn|Oberoi|1994|p=78}} Udasis were some of the first proselytizers of Sikhism.

They maintain their own parallel line of gurus from Guru Nanak, starting from Sri Chand followed by Gurditta.<ref name="Fenech2014p375"/> They first came to prominence in the 17th-century,<ref name="Oberoi1994p78"/> and gradually began to manage Sikh shrines and establishments in the 18th century,<ref name="JSH_1993"/> from where they espoused a model of Sikhism that diverged considerably from that of the Khalsa.<ref name="Oberoi1994p78"/> They would set up establishments across North India through to [[Varanasi|Benares]], where they would come to be ideologically joined with monastic asceticism.<ref name="Oberoi1994p78"/> The combination of Hindu ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]]'' and the Sikh religious text indicated that the sect evolved over time under many historical influences and conditions,<ref name="Fenech2014p375"/> interpreting the message of [[Guru Granth Sahib]] in monistic [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] terms.{{sfn|Singh|Fenech|2014|p=376}} They were initially largely based in urban centers where they set up their establishments, or ''akharas'', only beginning to spread into rural areas during Sikh rule.<ref name="Fenech2014p375"/>

According to 18th-century descriptions, they either cut or matted hair under a turban, rather than a knot under a turban like Khalsas, and instead of the Khalsa emphasis on the ''[[panj kakkar]]'' garb and sporting arms, their dress code would include items such as a cap (seli topi), a cotton bag, a flower rosary, a vessel made of dried pumpkin, a chain around the waist, ash ([[vibhuti]]) to smear on their body, and a deerskin upon which to perform [[Hatha yoga]], resulting in an extremely divergent appearance from Khalsa Sikhs in the eighteenth century.<ref name="Oberoi1994p78"/> The Udasis considered secular pursuits to be incompatible with personal salvation, which was to be achieved only through renouncing the world,<ref name="Oberoi1994p78"/> espousing asceticism and a monastic traveler lifestyle. Udasis are known for their ''Akharas'' along with the Nirmala sect of Sikhism. It is important to note that many Udasis actually took [[Khalsa|Amrit]], and have become members of the [[Khalsa]].

[[File:Temple inside Udasi Akhada -KTM -11-Tripureswar by ST (6).JPG|thumb|right|Udasis protected many Sikh Gurdwaras in the 18th century, managed them in the 19th century. They built simple shrines far from Punjab. Above: an Udasi shrine in [[Nepal]].]]

During the era between the martyrdom of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] in 1716 and the rise of [[Ranjit Singh]] and the Sikh Empire, they were among the few sects able to build and manage Gurdwaras and train apprentices; they were scholars in both Sanskrit and Persian. They were respected and patronized through land grants during Sikh rule.<ref name="Fenech2014p375">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=375–377}}</ref> With a wide reach due to their syncretic nature between Sikhism and Hinduism, they were able to derive significant acceptance during the era of armed struggle in Punjab, bringing a large number of people into the Sikh fold during the 18th and the early 19th centuries.<ref name="PSLEF_2014">{{cite book |author1=Pashaura Singh |author2=Louis E. Fenech |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376 |year=2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-100412-4 |pages=375–378 }}</ref> They greet each other with "Om namo [[Brahman]]e,"<ref name="Fenech2014p375"/> and attribute their origin to the mythic Sanandan Kumar, the son of [[Brahma]].{{sfn|Singh|Fenech|2014|p=376}} When the [[Singh Sabha movement]], dominated by Reformist [[Khalsa]] Sikhs, codified the Sikh identity in the early 20th century, the increasingly corrupt <ref>{{cite book |last1=Deol |first1=Harnik |title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia) |publisher=Routledge |location=New York City, U.S.A. |isbn=978-0415201087 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_AMX5RI_YUC |pages=76–78 }}</ref><ref name=agnihotri>{{cite book |last1=Agnihotri |first1=Dr. V.K. |title=Indian History with Objective Questions and Historical Maps |publisher=Allied Publishers |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=9788184245684 |page=C-171 |edition=26th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&q=namdhari+idol+worship&pg=SL3-PA171}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|Fenech|2014|p=31}} and hereditary<ref name=pashaura542>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100412-4|pages=542–543}}</ref> Udasi [[mahant]]s were expelled from the Sikh shrines.<ref name="Fazal2014">{{cite book |author=Tanweer Fazal |title="Nation-state" and Minority Rights in India: Comparative Perspectives on Muslim and Sikh Identities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WwtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-75179-3 |pages=113 }}</ref> After the standardization of Sikh identity after the Singh Sabha movement, the Udasis increasingly regarded themselves as Hindus rather than Sikhs.<ref name="JSH_1993">{{cite book |author1=John Stratton Hawley |author2=Gurinder Singh Mann |title=Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWJGAECpClsC&pg=PA182 |year=1993 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1426-2 |page=182 }}</ref>

=== Jagiasi ===
[[File:Detail of Baba Lakhmi Das (also spelt as Baba Lakhmi Chand; younger son of Guru Nanak) from a painting titled 'Kings and other devotees paying homage to Guru Nanak' from the Wellcome collection, circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|Detail of [[Lakhmi Das]], younger son of Guru Nanak and purported founder of the Jagiasi sect, from a 19th century painting]]
Jagiasi, also known as Jagiasu or Jijnasu (from the Sanskrit word ''jijñāsā'' meaning "desire to know"'')'', was a sister-sect to the Udasis, with the differences being that whilst the Udasi trace their origin to Sri Chand, Guru Nanak's eldest son, the Jagiasu claim to have been founded by [[Lakhmi Das]], the younger son of Guru Nanak.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2011 |edition=3rd |volume=2: E-L |pages=318}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Bhupinder |title=Nanakpanthis |url=https://www.sikhinstitute.org/oct_2020/8_bhupinder.html |journal=Abstracts of Sikh Studies |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies |volume=XXII |issue=4}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhupender |title=Baba Nanak Shah Fakir |year=2022 |isbn=9789357046602 |pages=14–15}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2014 |isbn=9781442236011 |edition=3rd |series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series |pages=161}}</ref> Another difference is while the Udasis follow a lifestyle of celibacy and aseticism, following in the footsteps of their founder, who was a recluse, the Jagiasu on the otherhand promote and live the life of a householder, known as ''grist marg''.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /> The sect was prevalent during the period of Baba Gurupat (also known as Bawa Gurpat Saheb), who was a 12th generation descendent of Guru Nanak.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Malkani |first=Dada Kewalram Ratanmal |title=The Sindh Story: A Great Account on Sindh |others=Sani Hussain Panhwar |pages=123 |quote=Guru Nanak’s two sons Baba Lakhmichand and Baba Srichand, gave rise to the Jagiasu and Udasi schools of preachers. They also established many temples. Chief of them was Bawa Gurpat Saheb, the twelfth-generation descendant of Guru Nanak. He played a notable role in Sindhi society. No wonder the Sindhis are very familiar with Sikh scriptures. Today even important Sindhi Muslim leaders such as G.M. Syed feel that the teachings of Guru Nanak would be good for all Sindhis and Punjabis.}}</ref><ref name="Jotwani 1979 65–66">{{Cite book |last=Jotwani |first=Motilal Wadhumal |title=Sindhi Literature and Society |publisher=Rajesh Publications |year=1979 |pages=65–66}}</ref> Baba Gurupat conducted missionary works in Sindh and founded many Jagiasu ''tikanas'' (seats; a term for a place of worship in many Sikh sects) in the region, specifically in [[Khairpur District|Khairpur]], [[Hyderabad District, Sindh|Hyderabad]], Halani, and [[Kandiaro Tehsil|Kandyaro]].<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name="Jotwani 1979 65–66"/> Whilst they venerate the Guru Granth Sahib, they tend to forgo the [[Amrit Sanskar]] baptism ceremony to become initiated Khalsa but a few of them are Khalsas.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":18" /> Furthermore, their beliefs and practices show tinges of religious syncretism with Hinduism.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /> They maintain a close relationship with and similarities to their sibling sect, the Udasis.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":18" />

===Nirmala===
[[File:Painting of a Nirmala Sikh by Kapur Singh, Amritsar, ca.1860–65.jpg|thumb|Painting of a Nirmala Sikh by Kapur Singh, Amritsar, ca.1860–65]]
{{Main|Nirmala (sect)}}

[[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmalas]] are a Sikh tradition of [[Asceticism|ascetics]].<ref name="britnirmala">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nirmala Nirmala: Sikhism], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> According to their traditional beliefs, the Nirmala Sikh tradition was founded by Guru Gobind Singh in late 17th century when he sent five Sikhs to Varanasi (Kansi) to learn Sanskrit and Hindu religious texts.<ref name="Sulakhan_2000">{{cite book |author=Sulakhan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhRDAAAAYAAJ |title=Punjab History Conference, Thirty-second Session, March 17-19, 2000: Proceedings |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-7380-722-0 |editor=Parm Bakhshish Singh |pages=77–78 |chapter=Heterodoxy in Sikhism: An Exposition of Some Sectarian Developments}}</ref><ref name="Dhavan2011221">{{cite book |author=Purnima Dhavan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&pg=PA221 |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |pages=221 note 3}}</ref> Another tradition states that they originated during the time of Guru Nanak.<ref name="eosnirmala">[[iarchive:TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/n252|Nirmala]], The Encyclopedia of Sikhism Volume III, Punjabi University, Patiala, pages 236–237</ref> These beliefs, according to [[W. H. McLeod]], are of doubtful historicity because they are "scarcely mentioned" in Sikh literature before the 19th century.<ref name="McLeod2005p1482">{{cite book |author=W. H. McLeod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8108-5088-0 |pages=148–149}}</ref> Jathedar ''Gurbachan Singh'' of the ''Giani Samparda'' (Sampardai Bhindra(n) also disagreed with this claim. Nirmalas are split into ''Bhai Daya Singh Samparda'' and ''Bhai Dharam Singh Samparda.'' Daya Singh and [[Dharam Singh (Sikhism)|Dharam Singh]] were two of the ''[[Panj Pyare|panj pyare]]'' initiated by Guru Gobind Singh. Nanaksar is an offshoot of the Nirmala tradition.

The Nirmala Sikhs often wear [[Saffron in Hinduism|ochre-colored]] robes (or at least one item), observe celibacy,<ref name="McLeod2005p1482"/> and keep ''kesh'' (unshorn hair).<ref name="ColeSambhi2005p62">{{cite book |author1=W. Owen Cole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSRAgAAQBAJ |title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy |author2=Piara Singh Sambhi |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-135-79760-7 |page=62}}</ref> They observe the same birth and death rituals as the Hindu ascetics and have an ''akhara'' (martial organization) in Haridwar,<ref name="ColeSambhi2005p62" /> and a number of ''deras'' in Punjab (India).<ref name="SinghFenech2014p87">{{cite book |author1=Pashaura Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |author2=Louis E. Fenech |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |pages=87–88}}</ref> They have been one of the major procession participants in [[Kumbh Mela]]s.<ref name="Misra2019p79">{{cite book |author=Nityananda Misra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcSGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79 |title=Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-88414-12-8 |pages=79–80}}</ref><ref name="eosnirmala" /> They were itinerant missionaries who traveled and spread Sikhism among the masses beyond Punjab, and were particularly active in [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] within Punjab through [[Maharaja of Patiala|Patiala]] and [[Phulkian sardars|Phulkian]] state patronage during the 19th century,<ref name="McLeod2005p1482"/><ref name="eosnirmala" /> thus making an important contribution to the growth of Sikhism.<ref name="PSLEF_2014b">{{cite book |author1=Pashaura Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |author2=Louis E. Fenech |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-100412-4 |pages=377–378}}</ref> They created many books & writings which explained the some of the Sikh Scriptures, such as the famous Faridkot Teeka, which provides a complete [[exegesis]] of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], very similar to the Islamic [[tafsir]]. They often served as ''[[mahant]]s'' in Sikh temples (gurdwaras) during the 18th century.<ref name="ColeSambhi2005p62" /> Nirmalas interpret [[Sikhism|Sikh]] literature in [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] terms.<ref name="Dhavan2011221" /><ref name="PSLEF_2014b" /> During the [[Singh Sabha Movement]] of the late 19th century and early 20th century, some of their doctrines met with disapproval by the Tat Khalsa faction of Sikhs, though they continued to be accepted as Sikhs,<ref name="McLeod2005p1482"/> and were cordially regarded by the Sanatan faction.<ref name="McLeod2005p1482"/>

=== Sewapanthi ===
{{main|Sewapanthi}}
[[File:Mahant Bhai Gulab Singh Ji.jpg|thumb|Sewapanthi saint, Mahant Gulab Singh, who was an Amritdhari]]
The Sewapanthi (also known as Sevapanthi or Addanshahi) is a traditional [[Sampradaya|samprada]] of the Sikhs.<ref name=":7">Horstmann, Monika. ''Patronage and popularisation, pilgrimage and procession: channels of transcultural translation and transmission in early modern South Asia; papers in honour of Monika Horstmann''. Vol. 58. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2009.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zurlo |first=Gina A. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1303558842 |title=Global Christianity : a guide to the world's largest religion from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-310-11361-4 |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |pages=325 |chapter=Glossary |oclc=1303558842 |quote=Sikhs: Followers of the Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. Traditions include Akali, Khalsa, Nanapanthi, Nirmali, Sewapanthi, and Udasi.}}</ref> Sewapanthi is a compound word made up of the terms ''sewa'', which means unselfish service, and ''panthi'', [[Khalsa|panth]], which in this case refers to the way, literally means "widened road." As a result, this phrase can be used to describe people who choose the route of [[Seva (Indian religions)|unselfish service]].<ref name=":0">Singh, Jay. ''Teach Me about Sikhism''. Trafford Publishing, 2002.</ref> Sewapanthis wrote many commentaries on Sikh texts, known as steeks or teekas, and wrote many books & gave many lectures explores Hindu schools of thought, as well as [[Sufism|Sufi Mysticism]],<ref name=":7" /> and famous Islamic writers such as [[Al-Ghazali|Imam Al-Ghazali]].

The sewapanthis emerged with [[Bhai Kanhaiya|Kanhaya Lal]], a Dhamman (Dhiman) [[Khatri]], and personal disciple of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]].<ref name=":8">Mahal, Ramandeep. "Bhai Kanhaiya ji: A Humanitarian Soul."</ref> He was born in 1648 in the now-Pakistani town of Sohadara. Formerly a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] officer, he worked as a menial at the Guru's table day and night, bringing water to the horses and everyone else with him. He learned numerous Sikh spiritual principles from the Guru. In the rugged [[Attock District|Attock district]] of Punjab's Northwest boundary, Bhai Kanhaiya built a [[Dharmasala|Dharmsala]] (Rest house and shrine).<ref name=":0" /> The 10th Guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], exempted Khanaiya and his followers from military duty and told him to carry on performing the duty allotted him by his reverend Guru Tegh Bahadur of serving all living beings.<ref name=":0" /> In a later battle in [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]], Bhai Khanaiya served water indiscriminately to friend and foe alike. For this act, some angry Sikh warriors accused him of treason and brought him before Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":8" /> When the Guru asked him why he was helping the wounded enemy, he replied that he could not distinguish between friend or foe as he could only see guru in all.<ref name=":8" /> The Guru was pleased, and he then blessed him, saying after him shall be a Sikh order who will serve all mankind indiscriminately. Noor Shah was amongst the Mughal soldiers to whom Bhai Khanaiya had served water. He went onto become a great disciple of Bhai Khanaiya, setting up a [[Dharmasala|Dharmsala]] of his own. Two of the most prominent followers were Seva Ram and Baba Adan Shah. As such, Sevapanthis are often referred to as Adan Shahi.<ref>Shriniwas, Geeta. "sevapanthi sampradaya itihash aur vikas."</ref>

The Seva Panthis are [[Pacifism|pacifists]] & themselves desist from all forms of violence.<ref name=":0" /> Traditionally, the Sevapanthis were associated with the [[Sahajdhari|Sehajdharis]], as evidenced by their names (Adan Shah, Seva Ram). They are strict pacifists, which is the reason they would forego [[Amrit Sanskar|Khande Ki Pahul]]. Some believe they were exempt from [[Amrit Sanskar|Pahul]] by Guru Gobind Singh. They are celibate and eat and share property together. They avoid meat, liquor, and cannabis and their dress is white. [[Max Arthur Macauliffe|M.A Macauliffe]] described them as an orthodox and honourable sect who live by honest labour.

There are strong historical links between the Udasi and Sewapanthi orders. Very few sewapanthis exist today.

=== Akali/Nihang ===
''Main Article: [[Nihang]]''[[File:The ‘textbook’ Akali Nihang fully armed and ‘tyar bar tyar’.jpg|thumb|An Akali Nihang wearing his traditional dress (known as ''Bana'' or ''[[Sikh chola|Chola]])'' and covered in weapons.]]
The armed Sikh warrior organization called the [[Nihang]]s or Akalis, which means "the immortals,"<ref>'''''ਅਕਾਲੀ - akālī - अकाली''''' ਵਿ- ਅਕਾਲ ਨਾਲ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਦਾ ਸੰਬੰਧ। ੨. ਸੰਗ੍ਯਾ- ਅਕਾਲ ਉਪਾਸਕ. ਵਾਹਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕਾ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ.#ਕਮਲ ਜ੍ਯੋਂ ਮਾਯਾ ਜਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੈ ਅਲੇਪ ਸਦਾ#ਸਭ ਦਾ ਸਨੇਹੀ ਚਾਲ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਨਿਰਾਲੀ ਹੈ,#ਕਰਕੇ ਕਮਾਈ ਖਾਵੇ ਮੰਗਣਾ ਹਰਾਮ ਜਾਣੇ#ਭਾਣੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਿਪਦਾ ਨੂੰ ਮੰਨੋ ਖ਼ੁਸ਼ਹਾਲੀ ਹੈ,#ਸ੍ਵਾਰਥ ਤੋਂ ਬਿਨਾ ਗੁਰੁਦ੍ਵਾਰਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਚੌਕੀਦਾਰ#ਧਰਮ ਦੇ ਜੰਗ ਲਈ ਚੜ੍ਹੇ ਮੁਖ ਲਾਲੀ ਹੈ,#ਪੂਜੇ ਨੇ ਅਕਾਲ ਬਿਨਾ ਹੋਰ ਕੋਈ ਦੇਵੀ ਦੇਵ#ਸਿੱਖ ਦਸ਼ਮੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਸੋ ਕਹੀਏ 'ਅਕਾਲੀ' ਹੈ.#੩. ਖ਼ਾਸ ਕਰਕੇ ਇਹ ਸ਼ਬਦ '''ਨਿਹੰਗ ਸਿੰਘਾਂ''' ਲਈ ਭੀ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ. ਦੇਖੋ, ਨਿਹੰਗ.</ref> was founded in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=":1">Singh, Satnam. "Worshipping the sword: The practice of śāstar pūjā in the Sikh warrior tradition." ''Objects of Worship in South Asian Religions''. Routledge, 2014. 182-199.</ref> Nihangs are thought to have come from [[Guru Hargobind|Guru Hargobind's]] "[[Akal Sena]]" (lit. "Army of the Immortal") or [[Fateh Singh (Sikhism)|Baba Fateh Singh]] from the dress he wore.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&dq=bidhi+chand+dal&pg=PA372 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |language=en}}</ref> The Nihangs dominated early [[Misl|Sikh military history]] and were renowned for their triumphs despite being vastly outnumbered. The Nihangs, who were originally the irregular [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla squads]] of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]], formed some parts of the armed forces of the [[Sikh Empire]], and were historically renowned for their valor and cruelty on the battlefield.<ref name=":1" /> There are four main factions amongst the ''Nihangs'' of the modern-era, them namely being: The Budha Dal, Tarna Dal, Bhidi Chand Dal, and Ranghreta Dal.<ref name=":1" /> Nihang Samprada is also sometimes collectively called, ''Dal Khalsa''.

The Budha Dal is the largest and most influential of all these 4 subsections. Some Nihang groups consume small amounts of crushed [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] in a drink called ''shaheedi degh'' (ਭੰਗ), purportedly to help in [[meditation]].<ref name="Takhar2014p350" /> Shaheedi Degh without cannabis is called Shardai. Its consists of nuts, herbs some flowers, and a slight amount of cannabis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedom |first=We Need |title=Frontline Punjabi Youth: What is Shaheedi Degh? |url=http://frontlinepunjabiyouth.blogspot.com/2007/11/what-is-shaheedi-degh.html |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Frontline Punjabi Youth}}</ref> Nihang Sikhs are also known for their practice of [[Jhatka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhatka |url=https://gb.budhadal.org/traditions/jhatka/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Shiromani Panth Akali Budha Dal |language=en-US}}</ref>

Nihangs often consider themselves as [[Kshatriya]]s, and that the whole [[Khalsa]] is Kshatriya. The Nihangs were particularly known for their high turbans (''[[dastar bunga]]'') and their extensive use of the [[chakram]] or war-quoit.<ref name=":1" /> Their turbans were often pointed at the top and outfitted with a ''chand torra'' or trident called a ''gajga'' which could be used for stabbing in close-quarters. They also accept the [[Dasam Granth|Dasam]] and [[Sarbloh Granth]] scriptures as extensions of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Granths-Controversy? |url=https://gb.budhadal.org/historical-granths-controversy/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Shiromani Panth Akali Budha Dal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Currently, ''Dal Khalsa'' is the largest it has ever been in its entire history.

=== Taksali ===
{{Main|Damdami Taksal}}
[[File:Fresco of a Taksali Sikh holding a gutka manuscript.jpg|thumb|Fresco of a Taksali Sikh holding a [[musket]] and [[Gurbani|gutka]] manuscript]]
The Gyaaniyan (Giani) Samparda used to act as a bit of university for [[Sikhism|Sikhi]].<ref name=":2">Singh, Nirbhai. ''Philosophy of Sikhism: Reality and its manifestations''. Atlantic Publishers & Distri, 1990.</ref> Whilst technically not an order, it essentially serves as one. It was often made up from individuals belonging to all of the above [[Sampradaya|orders]]. People allege that Giani Samparda is just Sikhs from the institution known as [[Damdami Taksal]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>Judge, Paramjit Singh. "Taksals, Akharas, and Nihang Deras." ''The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies'' (2014): 372-82.</ref> however this is a topic of slight controversy. Others refer to it as "Samparda Bhindra(n)"

[[Damdami Taksal|Damdami Taksaal]] is a school which claims a direct lineage of ''[[Vidya (philosophy)|vidya]]'' to [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. It still exists to this day and teaches thousands of people ''vidya'' and ''santhiya'' across the globe. In 1706, after the [[Battle of Muktsar]], the army of Guru Gobind Singh camped at [[Sabo Ki Talwandi]].<ref name=":3">Dhillon, Dalbir (1988). ''Sikhism Origin and Development''. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 152.</ref> This acted as a damdamā, or halting place (lit. "breathing place"), and is now the site of [[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib|Takht Sri Damdamā Sahib]]. That year, Guru Gobind Singh is said to have founded a distinguished school of exegesis (Taksal), later headed up by [[Baba Deep Singh]].<ref name=":3" /> Guru Gobind Singh reestablished the famous ''Anandpur Darbar'' of learning in [[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib|Damdamā Sahib]], as now this new location was considered to be the highest seat of learning for the Sikhs during the 18th century. Modern Damdami Taksal (Jatha Bhindran-Mehta) claims direct historical ties to Guru Gobind Singh,<ref name=":6" /> who entrusted them with the responsibility of teaching the analysis ([[Vichara|vichār]]/[[Vidya (philosophy)|vidya]]) and recitation of the Sikh scriptures (santhya).<ref name=":3" /> The word ṭaksāl (lit. 'mint') refers to an education institute; which is a community of students who associate themselves with a particular [[Saint|sant]] (lit. spiritual leader or saint).<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/833766094 |title=Re-imagining South Asian religions : essays in honour of professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt |publisher=Brill |others=Pashaura Singh, Michael Hawley, Harold G. Coward, Ronald W. Neufeldt |isbn=978-90-04-24237-1 |location=Leiden |oclc=833766094}}</ref>

The center of the present-day Damdami Taksal (Jatha Bhindran-Mehta) is Gurdwārā Gurdarshan Parkāsh in Mehta, [[Amritsar]]. People debate whether or not the current Taksal can trace its lineage back to the first jathedar (president), [[Baba Deep Singh]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Sanatan Sikhi - Sikh Sampardas |url=https://www.sarbloh.info/htmls/article_samparda_kartar.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=www.sarbloh.info}}</ref> During the time of the [[British Raj]] over India, Damdami Taksal went into hiding and as such, official records & lineages are difficult to pinpoint.<ref name=":4" />

Damdami Taksal (Jatha Bhindran-Mehta) achieved prominence in the 20th century again through its second incumbent, Gurbachan Singh Khalsa (1902-1969) of Bhindran Kalan, hence its name.<ref name=":5">Singh, Pashaura (2003). The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority. Oxford University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780199087730</nowiki>.</ref> He devoted his entire life to teaching the meaning ([[Vidya (philosophy)|vidya]]) and pronunciation (santhya) of the Sikh scriptures.<ref name=":5" /> He trained a large number of [[Gyani|gianīs]] (traditional Sikh scholars) through his mobile seminary.<ref name=":5" /> When he died in 1969, he was succeeded by two contenders, Giani Mohan Singh (1919-2020), leading the original in [[Ludhiana]], and Sant Kartar Singh (1932-1977), leading from Mehtā in Amritsar district.<ref name=":6" /> Gurbachan Singh chose Kartar Singh, but his family chose the older Giani Mohan Singh. The Taksal also has a history of dispute with the [[Indian government]], as Kartar Singh had been a severe critic of the excesses of [[The Emergency (India)|Indira Gandhi's Emergency rule]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44966032 |title=Fighting for faith and nation : dialogues with Sikh militants |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=0-585-12702-6 |location=Philadelphia |oclc=44966032}}</ref> [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] was the last jathedar (president) of Damdami Taksal (Jatha Bhindran-Mehta). Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was a famous r[[Gyani|eligious scholar]] who led this order of Sikhs, and also became a famous militant who got into [[Operation Blue Star|conflict with the Indian Government]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tambiah |first=Stanley Jeyaraja |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44961174 |title=Leveling crowds : ethnonationalist conflicts and collective violence in South Asia |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91819-1 |location=Berkeley |oclc=44961174}}</ref>

=== Minas ===
{{main|Mina (Sikhism)}}
[[File:Fresco_artwork_from_Pothi-Mala,_Gur_Harsahai,_Punjab_10.jpg|thumb|Fresco of a Mina Sikh from Pothi-Mala, [[Guru Har Sahai|Guru Harsahai]], Punjab]]
The Mina sect followed Baba [[Prithi Chand]] (1558–1618), the eldest son of [[Guru Ram Das]] after the younger brother [[Guru Arjan]] was officially made the next Guru.<ref name="Singha2000p1652">{{cite book |author=H. S. Singha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=165}}</ref><ref name="CallewaertSnell1994p232">{{cite book |author1=Winand M. Callewaert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrMwdEqHLzEC&pg=PA23 |title=According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India |author2=Rupert Snell |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=1994 |isbn=978-3-447-03524-8 |pages=23–24}}</ref> Called Minas by the orthodox Sikhs, a derogatory term meaning "scoundrels",<ref name="CallewaertSnell1994p232" /><ref name="Taylor & Francis2">{{cite book |author1=Arvind-Pal S. Mandair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ |title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity |author2=Christopher Shackle |author3=Gurharpal Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-84634-2 |pages=36–37}}</ref> An alternate non-derogatory term for them has been the ''Miharvan'' Sikhs, after the son of Prithi Chand. This sect was shunned by orthodox Sikhs, declared by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] as one of the five ''Panj Mel'' that a Sikh must avoid.<ref name="CallewaertSnell1994p232" />

They emerged in a period of religious persecution and inner dispute within the Sikh tradition during the 17th-century on the appropriateness of violence and non-violence in the pursuit of religious freedoms and spiritual matters. According to Hardip Syan and Pritam Singh, Miharvans emphasized more of the non-militant approach of Guru Nanak and earlier Gurus in theological pursuits, while the Guru Hargobind followers pursued the "miri-piri" approach and began militarizing the Sikh tradition to resist the Mughal persecution.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=Pritam |title=Review: Sikh militancy in the seventeenth century: religious violence in the Moghul and early modern India, by Hardip Singh Syan |journal=South Asian History and Culture |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=307–310 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2014.999446 |s2cid=143447914}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Syan |first=Hardip Singh |year=2011 |title=Early Sikh Historiography |journal=Sikh Formations |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=145–160 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2011.593297 |s2cid=142930089}}</ref> The Minas controlled Amritsar and Harmandir Sahib built under Guru Arjan for much of the 17th-century.<ref name="mcleod1302">{{cite book |author=W. H. McLeod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |publisher=Scarecrow |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8108-5088-0 |pages=130–131}}</ref> After the death of Prithi Chand, his son, Meharban, became the next Mina Guru. After Meharban, his son Harji became the successor. After Hariji, the sect would splinter into different groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dalip |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28583123 |title=Guru Gobind Singh and Khalsa Discipline |publisher=Singh Bros |isbn=81-7205-071-2 |edition=1st |location=Amritsar |pages=70 |oclc=28583123}}</ref>

The Minas faded in the eighteenth century and are now largely extinct.<ref name="mcleod1302" /><ref name="Singha2000p1652" /><ref name=":152">{{Cite web |title=Minas, Masands, Dhir Malias, Ram Raiyas. |url=http://philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/minas.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Division of Religion and Philosophy - University of Cumbria (www.philtar.ac.uk) |quote=Adherents: Minas and Masands are now largely extinct. Dhir Malias have descendants to this day (the Sodhis of Kartarpur), and there are Ram Raiyas in Dehra Dun. In the 1891 census 52,317 Hindus and 30,396 Sikhs returned themselves as 'Ram Raia' . (Census of India, 1891, Vol.XX and Vol.XXI, The Punjab and its Feudatories, by E.D. Maclagan, Part II and III, Calcutta, 1892, pp.826-9 and pp.572-3.) However there are no contemporary official numbers, (see also the note at the end of the Explanatory Introduction). Headquarters/ Main Centre: The descendants of Dhir Mal claim to have a copy of the original Adi Granth held in Kartarpur, and there is a shrine there called Baba Dhir Mal. Ram Raiyas have their centre in Dehra Dun.}}</ref>

===Hindalis===
[[File:Detail of Baba Hindal from a relief work on a repoussé plaque (brass panel) depicting the Gurgadi (guruship anointment) ceremony of Guru Ram Das with an audience of regional Manji heads, from Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.jpg|thumb|185x185px|Detail of Baba Hindal from a relief work on a repoussé plaque]]
A lesser Sikh sect contemporary to the Minas was the obscure Hindalis (Gurmukhi: ਹਿੰਦਾਲੀਏ; ''hidālī'ē''), or ''Niranjanis'' (Gurmukhi: ਨਿਰੰਜਨੀਏ; ''nirajanī'ē''),<ref name="McLeod2005p1482"/> who followed Bidhi Chand of Jandiala (Gurmukhi: ਜੰਡਿਆਲਾ ਦੇ ਬਿਧੀ ਚੰਦ; distinct from [[Bidhi Chand|Bidhi Chand Chhina]]), son of Hindal (Gurmukhi: ਹਿੰਦਾਲ or ਹੰਦਾਲ),<ref>{{Cite web |title=ਹਿੰਦਾਲ (ਹੰਦਾਲ), ਭਾਈ - Encyclopedia of Sikhism |url=https://punjabipedia.org/topic.aspx?txt=%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%20(%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2),%20%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Punjabipedia.org |publisher=Publication Bureau of the Punjabi University Patiala |language=Punjabi}}</ref> a resident of Amritsar who became a Sikh during Guru Amar Das' reign, who would follow his father's path, becoming a chief official at a Sikh temple in the town of Jandiala Guru in Amritsar. He would lose his congregation after marrying a Muslim woman however, and so would establish a new ''panth'' in an effort to undermine Guru Hargobind, propagating his father Hindal to be superior to Guru Nanak, who was relegated to being simply a follower of [[Kabir]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Syan |first1=Hardip S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Pashaura |pages=170–179 |chapter=Sectarian Works |editor2-last=Fenech |editor2-first=Louis E.}}</ref>{{rp|178}} They would not impact Sikh society the way as the Minas did, leaving little behind besides a ''janamsakhi'' tradition and attempts to link their tradition to [[Bhai Bala]], a Sandhu Jatt, as they were a Jatt-led sect.{{sfn|Syan|2014|p=178}} Despite the majority of the Sikh ''panth'' being Jatt, the Hindalis did not draw a large following. The Hindalis, compared to the Minas, produced a modest volume of literary contribution. The competing works of the Minas and Hindalis provide insight into early Sikh society and thought.{{sfn|Syan|2014|p=170}}

===Ramraiyas===
{{main|Ramraiya}}
[[File:Mural of Guru Ram Rai in-conversation with Aurangzeb on a terrace.jpg|thumb|Mural of Guru Ram Rai (seated, right) in-conversation with Aurangzeb (seated, left) on a terrace. The mural is located at the Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib complex at Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.]]
Ram Raiyas were a sect of Sikhism who followed [[Baba Ram Rai|Ram Rai]], the eldest son of [[Guru Har Rai]]. He was sent by his father as an emissary to the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in Delhi. Aurangzeb objected to a verse in the Sikh scripture (''Asa ki Var'') that stated, "the clay from a Musalman's grave is kneaded into potter's lump", considering it an insult to Islam. Ram Rai explained that the text was miscopied and modified it, substituting "Musalman" with "Beiman" (faithless, evil) which Aurangzeb approved.<ref name="eosramrai2">[http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx Ram Rai], Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor in Chief: Harbans Singh, Punjab University</ref><ref name="McLeod2014p2602">{{cite book |author1=Louis E. Fenech |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |author2=W. H. McLeod |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=260–261}}</ref> The willingness to change a word led Guru Har Rai to bar his son from his presence. Aurangzeb responded by granting Ram Rai a [[jagir]] (land grant) in Garhwal region ([[Uttarakhand]]). The town later came to be known as Dehradun, after ''Dehra'' referring to Ram Rai's shrine.<ref name="McLeod2014p2602" /> Many Sikhs settled with Ram Rai, they followed Guru Nanak, but orthodox Sikhs have shunned them.<ref name="eosramrai2" /><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490354/Ram-Raiyas Rām Rāiyā], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> They were one of the Panj Mel, the five reprobate groups that orthodox Sikhs are expected to shun with contempt. The other four are the [[Mina (Sikhism)|Minas]], the [[Masand]]s, the Dhirmalias, the Sir-gums (those Sikhs who accept Amrit baptism but subsequently cut their hair).<ref name="Taylor & Francis2" /><ref>{{cite book |author=SS Kohli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ED0syBKqafMC&pg=PA2 |title=The Sikh and Sikhism |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |year=1993 |pages=2–3}}</ref> According to census figures, over 82,000 Sikhs and Hindus returned their census forms claiming to be Ramraiyas in the 1891 British Raj census.<ref name=":152" /> The sect today is based out of [[Dehradun]].<ref name=":152" />

=== Dhirmalias ===
[[File:Painting of Baba Sadhu Singh Sodhi hunting a lion, he was a descendent of Dhir Mal, circa late 19th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of Sadhu Singh Sodhi hunting a lion with his entourage. He was a descendent of Dhir Mal, circa late 19th century]]
The Dhirmalias were a heretical sect founded by Dhir Mal, the eldest son of [[Baba Gurditta|Gurditta]] and grandson of Guru Hargobind.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhir Mal {{!}} Sikh rebel leader {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dhir-Mal |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=The older son of Gurditta, Dhir Mal, was rejected because, from his seat in Jalandhar district, he had formed an alliance with Emperor Shāh Jahān. This meant that the younger son of Gurditta, Har Rai, would become the seventh Guru. But Dhir Mal continued to make trouble for the orthodox…}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |title=The Sikhs Today: Their Religion, History, Culture, Customs, and Way of Life |publisher=Orient Longmans |year=1959 |pages=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Suda |first=Jyoti Prasad |title=Religions in India: A Study of Their Essential Unity |publisher=Sterling |year=1978 |pages=265}}</ref> Dhir Mal is considered a traitor by mainstream Sikhs due to his greed for the [[Guru Gaddi|guruship]], wealth, and power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macauliffe |first=Max Arthur |title=The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors, Volumes 3-4 |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1909 |volume=3-4 |pages=213 |quote=Dhir Mal and his mother Natti were the only members of the Guru's family who did not accompany him on his journey to Kiratpur. In the first place, Dhir Mal had turned traitor, and was ashamed to show his face to the Guru and his Sikhs. In the second place, he thought that, if he remained behind, he could take possession of all the Guru's-property, including the Granth Sahib. It will be remembered that Bidhi Chand had begun to make a copy of the sacred book. He told Dhir Mal that he had copied it as far as the Bilawal Rag, or more than one half of the whole, and, if he might take the Granth Sahib with him, he would soon finish copying the remainder. Dhir Mal replied, 'Go to Kiratpur; I will search the Guru's house for the Granth Sahib, and if I find it, I will send it to thee.' When Bidi Chand overtook the Guru, he told him of Dhir Mal's continued contumacy. The Guru laughingly said, 'Kartarpur was founded by his ancestors. That is why he will not leave it. He desires to improve it, and hence his remaining there. It was improper for him to break with his father and grandfather and to ally himself with the Muhammadans, but he is an incarnation of Prithia and means to establish a sect of his own. Let the Granth Sahib remain with him. When the Sikhs feel devotion, they will deprive him of it.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Greenlees |first=Duncan |title=The Gospel of the Guru-Granth Sahib |publisher=Theosophical Publishing House |year=1960 |series=World gospel series |volume=8 |pages=lxxxvi (86) |quote=Dhirmal, the Guru's grandson, son of Gurditta, had turned traitor before the last battle and now refused to go humbly to receive the Guruship from Har Gobind's hand ...}}</ref> Guru Gobind Singh forbade his Sikhs from having any relation with Dhirmalias.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Geaves |first=Ron |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67840214 |title=Saivism in the diaspora : contemporary forms of Skanda worship |publisher=Equinox Pub |isbn=978-1-84553-234-5 |location=London |pages=158 |oclc=67840214}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kamala Elizabeth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1140790571 |title=The Sikh View on Happiness: Guru Arjan's Sukhmani |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc |others=Jaswinder Singh Sandhu |isbn=978-1-350-13988-6 |location=London |pages=213 |chapter=Notes |oclc=1140790571 |quote=93 - According to tradition, when Guru Gobind Singh initiated the Khalsa, he forbade members of the Sikh Panth to interact with the Minas, as also with the followers of the Dhirmalia sect founded by Dhir Mal (grandson of Guru Hargobind) and the ...}}</ref> The sect was awarded the original manuscript of the ''Adi Granth'', which was prepared by Guru Arjan and his scribe [[Bhai Gurdas]], in 1643.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780199087808 |quote=This granth was given to Dhir Mal to create a parallel seat of authority at Kartarpur against Guru Hargobind in 1643.}}</ref> This particular manuscript is known as the ''Kartarpur Bir.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakhshi |first=Surinder |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1311132507 |title=Sikhs in the Diaspora: A Modern Guide to Practice of the Sikh Faith: A Knowledge Compendium for the Global Age |isbn=9780956072801 |edition=Special Gurtagaddi |location=Birmingham, UK |pages=85–86 |oclc=1311132507 |quote=The original Granth, still extant today, had a chequered history. Dhir Mal, the eldest grandson of the sixth Guru, Hargobind Sahib, angered at not being offered Gurtagaddi, Guruship, of which he thought he was the rightful heir as the first-born son, took possession of it in 1634. It remained with his family for about a hundred years when Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler of Punjab, forcibly acquired it and installed it in Lahore, his capital. On the collapse of the Sikh empire, the British rulers returned the Bir to the 'owners' who lived in Kartarpur, a town founded by the sixth Guru in Punjab. The Granth is known as the Kartarpur Bir. The Sodhi clan, descendants of Guru Hargobind, have preserved the Kartarpur Bir with its original gold stand and display it once a month for worship.}}</ref> The [[Sodhi]]s of [[Kartarpur, India|Kartarpur]] claim to be their descendents and have in their possession the manuscript.<ref name=":152" /> Also, a shrine dedicated to Dhir Mal is located in Kartarpur as well.<ref name=":152" /> [[Vadbhag Singh Sodhi|Vadhbag Singh Sodhi]], an 18th-century descendent of the Sikh Gurus, was a prominent figure of the sect.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/739388185 |title=Health and religious rituals in South Asia : disease, possession, and healing |publisher=Routledge |others=Fabrizio M. Ferrari |isbn=9781136846298 |pages=56–57 |oclc=739388185}}</ref> Dhir Mal's great-grandson, Bikram Singh, would later give up connections to the sect and be baptized into the Khalsa order and become a mainstream Sikh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Trilochan |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51086435 |title=The Turban and the Sword of the Sikhs: Essence of Sikhism: History and Exposition of Sikh Baptism, Sikh Symbols, and Moral Code of the Sikhs, Rehitnāmās |publisher=B. Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh |isbn=81-7601-491-5 |edition=2nd rev. and enl. |location=Amritsar |pages=193, 426 |oclc=51086435}}</ref>

===Nanakpanthi===
{{main|Nanakpanthi}}
[[File:Painting of a Nanakpanthi Udasi, by Kapur Singh, Amritsar, ca.1860–65.jpg|thumb|Painting of a Nanakpanthi, by Kapur Singh, Amritsar, ca.1860–65]]
A Nanakpanthi is a follower of the teachings of [[Guru Nanak]], the first guru of [[Sikhism]]. The community transcends the boundaries of [[Sikhism]] and [[Hinduism]], and was also a reference to the early Sikh community.<ref name="globalsikhstudies">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsikhstudies.net/pdf/2013riv/balwant1.pdf |title= The Doctrine of Guru-Panth, Origin and its Characteristic Features|author=Dr. Balwant Singh Dhillon, Guru Nanak Dev University |publisher=globalsikhstudies.net|access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> Most [[Sindhi Hindu]] people are Nanakpanthi, and during the 1881 and 1891 censuses, the community could not decide whether to self-identify as Hindu or Sikh.<ref>Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River - ''Alice Albinia'' {{ISBN|978-1-84854-786-5}}</ref> In 1911, [[Shahpur District]] ([[Punjab]]) reported 12,539 Hindus (20% of the total Hindu population) identifying themselves as Nanakpanthi, in addition to 9,016 Sikhs (22% of the total Sikh population).<ref>[[A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province]], Vol. 1</ref> The institutional focus of Nanakpanthi social life was around a ''dharamsala'', playing the same role before the 20th century as the Gurdwara has played thereafter under Khalsa dominated period.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Hawley|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA317|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=317–320}}</ref> The beliefs and practices of the Nanakpanthis overlapped with those of Sahajdhari and Udasi Sikhs in pre-20th century period, as evidenced by documents dated to that period.<ref name="Oberoi1994p77">{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC |year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61592-9|pages=71–80}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=Sikhs and Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXTXAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564745-7|pages=7–11}}</ref> In 1891 Census of British India, which was the first to categorize Sikhs into sects, 579,000 people identified themselves as "Hindu Nanakpanthi" and another 297,000 as "Sikh Nanakpanthi". The other major Sikh categories were ''Sikh Kesdhari'' and ''Gobind Singhi Sikhs'' in this census.<ref>{{cite book|author=Giorgio Shani|title=Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckd8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT206 |year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-10188-7|page=206}}</ref> Many Muslims also consider themselves as Nanakpanthis.

==Later Sikh sects (post-1708)==

=== Tat Khalsa ===
{{Main|Tat Khalsa}}
[[File:Painting of a Govindsakhi ascetic from a folio of a manuscript of the Silsilah-i-Jogiyan, ca.1800.jpg|thumb|Painting of a "Govindsakhi" from a folio of a manuscript of the Silsilah-i-Jogiyan, ca.1800]]
The Tat Khalsa<ref name="tatt2">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Sudarshan |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/n343/mode/2up |title=Tatt Ḵẖālsā |publisher=Punjab University, Patiala, 2011 |isbn=9788173803499 |editor1-last=Siṅgh |editor1-first=Harbans |edition=3rd |location=Patiala, Punjab, India |pages=326–327 |language=English}}</ref> ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਤੱਤ ਖਾਲਸਾ, translit. ''Tata khālasā''), also romanised as Tatt Khalsa, known as the ''Akal Purkhias'' during the 18th century,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1121651952 |title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708) : master of the white hawk |isbn=978-0-19-949494-1 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |oclc=1121651952}}</ref> was a Sikh faction that arose from the schism following the passing of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] in 1708, led by his widow [[Mata Sundari]], opposed to the religious innovations of Banda Singh Bahadur and his followers.<ref name="tatt2"/> It is regarded as the orthodox and orthoprax sect of Sikhism.<ref>Robinson, Catherine Anne. "Raj Karega Khalsa (the Khalsa shall reign): the legacy of Tat Khalsa in portrayals of the Khalsa, the impact on Sikh studies and implications for Sikhism in education." ''Religions of South Asia'' 1.1 (2007): 65-80.</ref> "Proper Sikhs" are those who have been initiated into the [[Khalsa]] order (''amritdharis''), those who do not cut their hair (''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|keshdhari]]''), those who are slow-adopters (''[[Sahajdhari|sehajdharis]]''), and even lapsed or apostate Sikhs (''[[patit]]s'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nesbitt |first=Eleanor M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919186894 |title=Sikhism : a very short introduction |isbn=978-0-19-874557-0 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |pages=82 |oclc=919186894 |quote=Many Sikhs are unaware of the dedication of the Tat Khalsa and the Akalis to establishing a strong, purified Sikhism, and know little of the competing reform movements. But they are acutely aware of different degrees of commitment to Sikhi. In conversation 'proper Sikhs' emerge as a sub-group of Sikhs. 'Proper Sikhs' are amritdhari (initiated members of the Khalsa) or at the very least kesdhari (a term for those whose hair, including of course moustache and beard, has not been cut or shaved). Sikhs, more generally, include people referred to more technically as sahijdhari and patit. Sahijdhari is explained as 'slow adopter', a term applied to anyone who identifies as Sikh but who is not kesdhari and does not observe the Khalsa discipline. Patit (literally, lapsed'), denotes a Khalsa Sikh who has failed to observe some or all of the codes of discipline.}}</ref>

=== Bandai Khalsa ===
[[File:Banda Singh Bahadur mural fresco.jpg|thumb|Mural fresco of Banda Singh Bahadur (seated right) with his son, Ranjit Singh [Sodhi] (seated left). An attendant to the right is waving a fly-whisk]]
The Bandais were those who believed [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] was the spiritual successor of Guru Gobind Singh and therefore the 11th human Guru.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47024480 |title=Sikh history from Persian sources : translations of major texts |publisher=Tulika |others=J. S. Grewal, Irfan Habib, Indian History Congress. Session |isbn=81-85229-17-1 |location=New Delhi |pages=26 |oclc=47024480 |quote=Bhangu clearly states that Banda started a new panth, which alienated him from the staunch followers of Guru Gobind Singh. Chhibber states that many people regarded Banda Bahadur as the eleventh Patshahi (Guru). Both Bhangu and Chhibber state that Banda established an independent rule, with government and administration of his own. Bhangu states that Banda's aspiration to become a sovereign ruler was one more reason for the alienation of the Tat Khalsa who believed that Guru Gobind Singh had bestowed rulership upon them.}}</ref> This belief created distance between them and the orthodox Sikhs which were led by [[Mata Sundari]] (widow of Guru Gobind Singh), who regarded their belief as heretical.<ref name=":14" /> They were excommunicated from mainstream Sikhism by the [[Tat Khalsa]] faction in 1721. Only a few exist now in the present-day.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=8170103010 |edition=2nd |location=New Delhi |pages=29 |quote=BANDAI: This is the name given to the followers of Banda Singh Bahadur. Bandais regard him to be the spiritual successor to Guru Gobind Singh because of which they were expelled in 1721 AD from the mainstream by the Tatt Khalsa. Only a few Bandais survive now.}}</ref> The Bandais were noted for changing the [[Khalsa]] dress code colours from blue to red, using the greeting and ''jaikara'' ([[Battle cry|war-cry]]): ''Fateh Darshan'' (meaning 'bear witness to the victory'), and were staunch vegetarians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandai Sikhs |url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/bandai.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Division of Religion and Philosophy - University of Cumbria (www.philtar.ac.uk) |quote=Some Bandai Sikhs believed Banda to be the eleventh Guru. ... His followers were known as Bandai Sikhs. Some sources indicate that an argument arose within the Panth between Bandai Sikhs and Mata Sundari (Gobind's widow who represented the Tat Khalsa), implying that Banda wanted to introduce a new slogan 'Fateh Darshan' (victory to the Presence), change the Khalsa's blue clothing for red and an insistence on vegetarianism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh Madra |first=Amandeep |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1083462581 |title=Sicques, Tigers or Thieves : Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1810). |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |others=P. Singh |isbn=978-1-137-11998-8 |location=New York |pages=11 |oclc=1083462581 |quote=Banda Bahadur clearly riled the Mughal authorities with his peasant revolution but he also antagonized large numbers of the Khalsa. He was accused, in his own lifetime, of creating a schism within the united Khalsa by his innovations of the accepted doctrine. To some, this was too much and they vigorously fought against him. One of these innovations was the adoption of the war cry "Fateh Darshan." This literally translates as "bear witness to the victory," an enormously haughty statement especially given that Guru Gobind Singh claimed "Vahiguru ji ki Fateh" (lit. "Victory belongs to the creator"). Not unsurprisingly, this change caused great agitation amongst the Khalsa. Wendel in his writings incorrectly, but consistently, refers to Banda Bahadur as Fateh Darshan or "Fate-dersan."}}</ref> The Fateh Darshan battle-cry and greeting was later withdrawn from use by Banda himself due to opposition from orthodox Khalsa and he had not meant to replace the traditional Sikh greetings and ''jaikaras'' bestowed upon the Sikhs by the Gurus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/243621542 |title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |isbn=81-7010-301-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=71 |oclc=243621542 |quote=FATEH DARSHAN : Fateh Darshan was the war cry introduced by Banda Singh Bahadur after setting up his headquarters at Lohgarh. He had not intended it to replace the accepted salutation : Waheguru ji ka Khalsa; Waheguru ji ki Fateh. Nevertheless in practice Fate Darshan started replacing it. This was condemned by the Khalsa and Banda Singh Bahadur took no time to withdraw it.}}</ref>

=== Gulab Raiyas ===
The Gulab Raiyas, also known as Gulab Rahis, were followers of Gulab Rai, who was the son of Dip Chand, grandson of Suraj Mal, and great-grandson of Guru Hargobind.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":20">{{Cite book |title=The Sikh Review |publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre (Calcutta, India) |year=1979 |volume=27 |pages=51}}</ref> Gulab Rai was baptized into the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh himself when the latter was alive.<ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780810863446 |pages=76}}</ref> In 1705, during the aftermath of the [[Second Siege of Anandpur|siege of Anandpur]], Guru Gobind Singh sent him and his brother, Shyam Singh, to the state of [[Sirmur State|Nahan]], to present an introductory letter to the ruler (who was an ally of the Guru).<ref name=":23" /> The Raja of Nahan bestowed Gulab Rai and his brother a village.<ref name=":23" /> After, they returned to Anandpur where they set up base after they purchased the locality from the Raja of [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Bilaspur]] state.<ref name=":23" /> Initially, he rejuvenated the city as a site of Sikhism but eventually Gulab Rai tried to usurp the Sikh guruship for himself.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":23" /> He attempted to emulate the Sikh gurus by sitting at the same spot that Guru Gobind Singh used to sit at in Anandpur and accepted gifts from the Sikh congregation while doing so.<ref name=":23" /> An Udasi who was instructed to stay behind at Anandpur to look after the Sikh sites, named Gurbakhsh Udasi, severely reprimanded Gulab Rai for these actions and is said to have cursed him to have no progeny.<ref name=":23" /> Gulab Rai set-up himself as a Guru in his own rite.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |publisher=Singh Bros. |year=1999 |isbn=9788172052171 |pages=83}}</ref> Gulab Rai kept baptizing new initiates into his sect with the ''Charan-Pahul'' ceremony, which had already been replaced in mainstream Sikhism by Guru Gobind Singh's ''[[Amrit Sanskar|Khande di Pahul]]'' innovation.<ref name=":22" /> Gulab Rai conspired with his brother, Shyam Singh.<ref name=":23" /> Gulab Rai had four sons but none survived him.<ref name=":23" /> Gulab Rai is said to have died of grief.<ref name=":23" /> After Gulab Rai's passing, his widowed wife assumed the leadership of the sect.<ref name=":23" /> She was succeeded by Surjan Singh, the son of Shyam Singh (brother of Gulab Rai).<ref name=":23" /> The sect did not survive long and went extinct in the 18th century.<ref name=":21" /> Surjan Singh died in 1815.<ref name=":23" />

===Namdharis===
{{main|Namdhari}}
[[File:Painting of a Namdhari Sikh or Kuka Sikh, by Kapur Singh, Amritsar, ca.1860–65.jpg|thumb|Painting of a Namdhari Sikh or Kuka Sikh, by Kapur Singh, Amritsar, ca.1860–65]]
Namdharis, also known as ''Kuka Sikhs'', believe that the line of [[Sikh Gurus]] did not end with [[Guru Gobind Singh]], as they claim that he did not die in Nanded but escaped and lived in secret,<ref name=britsikhssects>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups Sects and other groups: Sikhism], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> and that he nominated Balak Singh to be the 11th Guru, a tradition that was continued through the Namdhari leaders.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism|author=McLeod, W.H.|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn= 9780719010637| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj28AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA126|page=126|access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India|author=Jones, K.W.|volume=3|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521249867|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoBJJej_IiwC&pg=PA90|page=90|access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> They did not believe in any religious ritual other than the repetition of God's name (or nam, for which reason members of the sect are called Namdharis),<ref name=britannicanamdhari>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year= 2019}}</ref> including the worship of idols, graves, tombs, gods, or goddesses.<ref name=agnihotra>{{cite book|author=V.K. Agnihotra|title=Indian History with Objective Questions and Historical Maps, Twenty-Sixth Edition 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL3-PA171 |year=2010|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788184245684|page=C-171}}</ref> The Namdharis had more of a social impact due to the fact that they emphasized Khalsa identity and the authority of the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=mandair79>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |publisher=A&C Black |location=London, England |isbn=9781441102317 |page=79 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> They call their houses of worship ''dharamsalas''.<ref name="Parsons2012p221">{{cite book|author=Gerald Parsons|title=The Growth of Religious Diversity - Vol 1: Britain from 1945 Volume 1: Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwqT8T70ofAC&pg=PA221 |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-08895-8|pages=221–222}}</ref>

Their 12th guru was Ram Singh, who moved the sect's center to Bhaini Sahib (Ludhiana). A [[Tarkhan (Punjab)|Tarkhan]] or [[Ramgharia]], his rural sect would be composed largely of Ramgharias and poorer [[Jat Sikhs]].<ref name=mcleod171>{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC |year=2005|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-5088-0|pages=171}}</ref> They have been strictly vegetarian and a strong opponent of cattle slaughter, and retaliated against Muslims for killing cows in 1872.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p219"/><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10"/> Their leader Ram Singh was arrested by the British and he was exiled to Rangoon, Myanmar. Dozens of Namdharis were arrested by the British and executed without trial in Ludhiana and Ambala.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p219"/> They consider ''Guru Granth Sahib'' and ''[[Dasam Granth]]'' as equally important, and compositions from the ''[[Chandi di Var]]'' are a part of their daily [[Nitnem]]. Like Hindus, they circumambulate the fire (havan) during their weddings, but they differ in that the hymns are those from the ''Adi Granth''.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p219"/><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10">{{cite book|author1= Kristen Haar|author2= Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC | year=2009|publisher =Infobase Publishing| isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages= 10–11}}</ref>

The Namdharis wear homespun white turbans, which they wrap around their heads (''sidhi pagri'').<ref name=britsikhssects/><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10"/> They are called ''Kuka'', which means "crier, shouter", for their ecstatic religious practices during devotional singing. They also meditate, using ''mala'' (rosary).<ref name="HaarKalsi2009p10"/> Some texts refer to them as ''Jagiasi'' or ''Abhiasi''.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p219">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=219–220}}</ref>

===Nirankari===
{{main|Nirankari}}{{Distinguish|Sant Nirankari Mission|text=the [[Sant Nirankari Mission]], a much later splinter group of the original Nirankaris}}
[[File:Miniature painting thought to depict Baba Dyal Singh, founder of the Nirankari sect of Sikhism in 1851, circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|Miniature painting thought to depict Baba Dyal Singh, founder of the Nirankari sect of Sikhism in 1851, circa 19th century]]
The [[Nirankari]] movement was founded by [[Baba Dyal Singh|Baba Dyal Das]] (1783–1855),<ref name="SinghFenech2014p353">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA353 |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7|pages=353–354}}</ref> as a Sikh reform movement in northwestern Punjab around the middle of 19th century, in the later part of [[Ranjit Singh]]'s reign. Nirankari means "without form", and reflects their belief that God cannot be represented in any form and that true Sikh faith is based on ''nam simaran''.<ref name="HaarKalsi2009p11">{{cite book|author1= Kristen Haar|author2= Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC | year=2009|publisher =Infobase Publishing| isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages= 11–12}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Olson |first=Carl |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919202302 |title=Religious ways of experiencing life : a global and narrative approach |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-70660-5 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=919202302 |quote=There are two Niramkari groups: Asali Nirankaris (true N's) and Nakali Niramkaris. The former group traces its origin to Baba Dayal (1783-1855) and was centered in Rawalpindi until the partition of India in 1947. The sect stresses mental worship, using a silent method of nam simaran and supporting the teachings of Guru Nanak.}}</ref> Among the earliest Sikh reform movements,<ref name="Dalal2010p268">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA268|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6|pages=268–269}}</ref><ref name="SinghFenech2014p353"/> the Nirankaris condemned the growing idol worship, obeisance to living gurus and influence of Brahmanic ritual that had crept into the Sikh ''panth''.<ref name=mandair78>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |publisher=A&C Black |location=London, England |isbn=9781441102317 |page=78 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> Though not an initiated Khalsa, he urged Sikhs to return to their focus to a formless divine (''nirankar'') and described himself as a ''nirankari''.<ref name=mandair78/> [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] of the [[Sikh Empire]] was said to have appreciated his teachings.<ref name="Dalal2010p268"/>

Nirankari have opposed any form of ritualism in Sikhism, emphasizing the need to return to the teachings of their founder Guru Nanak. They were the first sect to demand major changes in how Sikh temples are operated, the Sikh ceremonies. They also disagreed with the orthodox Sikhs on only 10 Gurus and the scripture as the living Guru. Nirankaris believe that human guru to interpret the scripture and guide Sikhs is a necessity.<ref name=britsikhssects/><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p11"/> Nirankaris are indistinguishable from other Sikhs in outward appearance, with both ''kesdhari'' ("hair-keeping") and ''[[sahajdhari]]'' ("slow-adopter") followers; their acceptance of the mainstream Sikh marriage settled the main issue dividing them from the orthodox Sikhs, leaving only their recognition of a continuing line of Gurus from Baba Dyal as the main differentiation.<ref name="McLeod2005p1482"/>

There are two Nirankari groups, the ''[[Nirankari|Asli Nirankaris]]'' (meaning "true Nirankaris"), founded by Baba Dyal Singh, and the ''[[Sant Nirankari Mission|Nakali Nirankaris]]'' (meaning "fake Nirankaris"), a latter heretical splinter group of the original Nirankari movement.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881607325 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |others=W. H. McLeod |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |edition=3rd |location=Lanham |pages=234 |oclc=881607325 |quote=ORTHODOXY. In the Panth there is, as one would expect, a continuum from orthodoxy through semi-orthodoxy to sect to heresy. Orthodox Sikhs constitute the Khalsa. They believe in the 10 Gurus, revere the Guru Granth Sahib, and accept the Rahit as set out in Sikh Rahit Marayada. Examples of those who differ in detail from the orthodox (the semi-orthodox) are the Nanaksar movement or the Akhand Kirtani Jatha. Arguably the Nirankaris would also be included in this group, because although they agree that the line of personal Gurus has ended, they nevertheless accept as leader a person who is called a Guru. They could, however, be regarded as a sect. This term can be applied to those who differ in some fundamental respect from the orthodox. The Namdharis are a sect, as they believe in the continuing line of personal Gurus yet explicitly maintain the Rahit. Many Sikhs would also regard Sahaj-dharis as a sect, accepting as they do the Gurus and the scripture but rejecting the Rahit. Heresy means that a group with Sikh origins has departed in a radical sense from orthodoxy. The Sant Nirankaris, with their belief in a scripture larger than the Guru Granth Sahib, are regarded as committing heresy.}}</ref>

The ''Sant Nirankaris'' are a small group which splintered from the Nirankaris in the 1940s, and is opposed by orthodox Sikhs and Nirankaris alike.<ref name="McLeod2005p1482"/> They believe that scripture is open and therefore added works of their leaders into the Guru Granth Sahib. This led to increasingly conflicts with the orthodox Sikhs, with whom the [[Sant Nirankari Mission|Sant Nirankaris]] had clashed since the 1950s, with tensions increasing due to some of Gurbachan Singh's religious actions, culminating in the [[1978 Sikh-Nirankari clashes]] and further incidents.<ref name="Gier2014p203">{{cite book|author=Nicholas F. Gier|title=The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 |year=2014|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8|pages=203–204}}</ref><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism">{{cite book|author1= Louis E. Fenech|author2= W. H. McLeod|title= Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014| publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|isbn= 978-1-4422-3601-1|page=275}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J. S. Grewal|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA215 |year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63764-0|pages=215–216}}</ref><ref>[https://theprint.in/politics/rivalry-between-sikhs-nirankaris-is-almost-a-century-old/151853/ Rivalry between Sikhs & Sant Nirankaris is almost a century old], Chitleen Sethi (2018)</ref> In late 1970s, Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale repeatedly denounced their practices. In 1980, the leader of Sant Nirankari tradition, Gurbachan Singh, was assassinated.<ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism"/><ref>{{cite book|author=J. S. Grewal|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63764-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/215 215]–216}}</ref>

=== Sanatani ===
[[Sanatan Sikh]], a term and formulation coined by [[Harjot Oberoi]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |title=W.H. McLeod and Sikh Studies |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume17/JPS_17_nos_1-2_Grewal.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=17 |issue=1–2 |pages=125, 142 |accessdate=19 August 2020}}</ref> referred to Sikhs who formed a traditionalist faction during the [[Singh Sabha Movement]] in 1873.<ref name="fenech2732">{{cite book |author1=Louis E. Fenech |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&q=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism+sanatan+sikh&pg=PA273 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |author2=W. H. McLeod |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |page=273}}</ref> They campaigned for a [[Indian religions|Dharmic]] interpretation that accepted a wide range of beliefs drawn from [[Hinduism]].<ref name="fenech2732" /> The [[Amritsar Singh Sabha]] was led by [[Khem Singh Bedi]], Avtar Singh Vahiria and others. Sanatan Sikhs accept beliefs and practices such as the belief in the teachings of the [[Veda]]s, [[Purana]]s, and Hindu epics.<ref name="fenech2732" /><ref name="SinghFenech2014p282">{{cite book |author1=Pashaura Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |author2=Louis E. Fenech |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=28–29, 73–76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |publisher=Bloomsburg Academic |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7 |pages=85–86}}</ref> They also were tolerant to the use of idols and images of Sikh Gurus as well as other icons within Gurdwaras. Instead of treating scripture as the only guru, Sanatan Sikhs campaigned for acceptability of living gurus to guide those Sikhs who seek one.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p282" /><ref name="tambiah">{{cite book |author1=Stanley J. Tambiah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEKZHVKZ-cC&q=leveling+crowds+sanatan+sikhs&pg=PA154 |title=Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia (Comparative Studies in Religion and Society) |isbn=978-0520206427 |page=154}}</ref> Amid factional rivalry, the influence of the dominant [[Tat Khalsa]] ("true Khalsa"),<ref>{{cite book |author=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BbqbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |title=Britannica Guide to India |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-59339-847-7 |page=187}}</ref> due to the support of the Sikh masses, resulted in the decline of Sanatan Sikhs.<ref name="fenech2732" /><ref name="SinghFenech2014p282" /><ref name="Oberoi1994">{{cite book |author=Harjot Oberoi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC&pg=PA382 |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61593-6 |pages=382–}}</ref> Today, it is a marginalized interpretation of Sikhism.

=== Nanaksari ===
[[File:Photograph of Nand Singh, founder of the Nanaksari sect of Sikhism, with a group of his followers 2.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Nand Singh (rightmost, foreground), founder of the Nanaksari sect of Sikhism, meditating with a group of his followers]]
The Nanaksari (or Nanaksar) sect and movement was founded by [[Nand Singh (saint)|Nand Singh]] in [[Rawalpindi]] during the latter years of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Khera: Journal of Religious Understanding |journal=Khera: Journal of Religious Understanding |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=Bhai Vir Singh Sahitya Sadan |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=50}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Ballantyne |first=Tony |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/171617752 |title=Textures of the Sikh past : new historical perspectives |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-568663-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=122–123 |oclc=171617752}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38452341 |title=Sikhism |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0-14-025260-6 |location=London |pages=197–199 |oclc=38452341}}</ref> Most followers of the sect draw from the [[Ramgarhia|Ramgarhia Sikh]] community.<ref name=":12" /> The founder claims to have had a vision of [[Guru Nanak]] appearing from out of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] while deep in meditation.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Nesbitt |first=Eleanor M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919186894 |title=Sikhism : a very short introduction |isbn=978-0-19-874557-0 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |pages=81–82 |oclc=919186894 |quote=What could be called 'Nanaksar Sikhs' also incorporate into their practice the emphases of their leaders. Although followers, worshipping in gurdwaras as scattered as Smethwick, UK, and Richmond, Ontario, are now divided over who the true living Nanaksar Babaji is, all respect the holiness of Baba Nand Singh (c.1870-1943), a near contemporary of Bhai Randhir Singh and of Baba Nand Singh's successor, Baba Ishar (or Isher) Singh. Baba Nand Singh showed his devotion and humility to the Gurus by his ascetic lifestyle. In Kaleran, a place in Punjab that is now marked by a magnificent white marble gurdwara, he meditated below ground level, and he described how Guru Nanak appeared before him, from out of the Guru Granth Sahib. Nanaksar gurdwaras are remarkable for the scale of their devotion to the Guru Granth Sahib.}}</ref> They are described as a conservative group who approach the [[Sikh scriptures]] with a [[literalist]] interpretation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olson |first=Carl |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919202302 |title=Religious ways of experiencing life : a global and narrative approach |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-70660-5 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=919202302 |quote=Another conservative sect is the Nanaksar Sikhs, who accept the sacred text as literally true.}}</ref> The movement has been categorized as semi-orthodox but not outright heretical.<ref name=":11" /> The sect is headed by a spiritual lingeage of ''[[Sant (religion)|sants]]'' (saints) and is prominent in rural Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/811729464 |title=Handbook of research on development and religion |others=Matthew Clarke |isbn=978-0-85793-356-0 |location=Cheltenham, Glos, UK |pages=98 |oclc=811729464 |quote=There are also Sant traditions in rural Punjab – the Nanaksar, Rarewala, Bhindaranwala, Akhand Kirtani Jatha and others. Each is headed by a lineage of saints, usually lasting three or four generations, who developed a distinct pattern of worship or some other distinguishing characteristics, and often had considerable local influence and spiritual authority.}}</ref> Followers of the sect are strict vegetarians who reject and reinterpret [[Sakhi|historical anecdotes]] of the [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Gurus]] hunting animals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coakley |first=Sarah |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34245162 |title=Religion and the body |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-36669-0 |location=Cambridge |pages=299 |oclc=34245162 |quote=Devotees who have been influenced by spiritual teachers such as Baba Nand Singh of Nanaksar abstain from all non-vegetarian food and accordingly reinterpret accounts of the later Gurus' hunting (Doabia 1981, 100).}}</ref> After Nand Singh, the sect was headed by his disciple, Ishar Singh.<ref name=":13" />

=== Akhand Kirtani Jatha ===
{{Main|Akhand Kirtani Jatha}}
[[File:Photograph of Bhai Randhir Singh performing kirtan with followers 4.jpg|thumb|Image of Bhai Randhir Singh, the founder of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, performing [[kirtan]] with followers]]
The [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha|Akhand Kirtani]] sect, officially known as the Akhand Kirtani [[Jatha]] (AKJ), is a sect founded by [[Randhir Singh (Sikh)|Randhir Singh]] and originated in the late 19th century as an anti-colonial movement.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Treading on Hallowed Ground: Counterinsurgency Operations in Sacred Spaces |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=C. Christine Fair, Sumit Ganguly |year=2008 |isbn=9780190451004 |pages=41 |quote=For example, the Akhand Kirtani Jatha came into being in the late nineteenth century as an anticolonial revivalist movement. The organization came under the leadership of Bibi Amairit Kaur when her husband was killed in 1978 in clashes between the Nirankaris, a Sikh sect considered by some Sikhs to be heretical, and Akalis. After his death, she directed the organization to focus upon isolating and even killing the Nirankaris.}}</ref> The leadership of the sect primarily draws from the [[Khatri]] caste even though the founder, Randhir Singh, was a [[Jat Sikh|Jat]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/171617752 |title=Textures of the Sikh past : new historical perspectives |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Tony Ballantyne |isbn=978-0-19-568663-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=123 |oclc=171617752 |quote=In the case of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, the leadership is primarily Khatri. Randhir Singh, from whom the sect originated, was a Jat , but after his ...}}</ref> They are regarded as a semi-orthodox sect of Sikhism, as they maintain their own ''[[rehat]]'' (code of conduct).<ref name=":11" /> Their interpretation of the [[The Five Ks|Five Ks]] differ from mainstream Sikhs, they believe that what most Sikhs call ''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|Kesh]]'' refers to ''Keski'' (headpiece) rather than actual, unshorn hair as they believe the Five Ks cannot refer to parts of the physical body.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nesbitt |first=Eleanor M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919186894 |title=Sikhism : a very short introduction |isbn=978-0-19-874557-0 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |pages=80–81 |oclc=919186894 |quote=In parallel with the Akalis' and others' political struggle, the 20th century saw the emergence of several other Sikh groups with distinctive emphases regarding what it means to be a Sikh. One group, the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, draws inspiration from Bhai Randhir Singh (1878-1961), an ardent campaigner for India's freedom from British rule, who spent the years 1916 to 1930 in prison. He is one of the small, but growing number of Sikhs to have published an autobiography. This describes his unshakable adherence to his understanding of Khalsa discipline, including his insistence on eating only what had been cooked in an iron utensil, in keeping with Guru Gobind Sing's emphasis on iron/steel. (Guru Gobind Singh had described God as sarb loh, all iron.) Women members of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha are especially conspicuous as they wear a small under-turban beneath their chunni (scarf). The reason for this is that, as noted in Chapter 4, the Jatha lists among the Five Ks not kes (hair) but keski (the headcovering in question). Their argument is that the Ks are all required of women as well as men, and that a part of the body itself cannot be one of the Five Ks. The Akhand Kirtani Jatha encourages complete equality for women in all aspects of Sikh life.}}</ref> They place heavy importance on the recital of ''[[gurbani]]'' (Sikh hymns), performing ''[[Akhand Path]]s'' and ''[[Sadharan Paath|Sahaj Paths]]'' (non-stop recitation of the Sikh scriptures), and are renowned for their unique way of performing ''[[kirtan]]'' (devotional [[Sikh music]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/520493946 |title=Game of love |publisher=Akaal |others=Harjinder Singh |isbn=978-0-9554587-1-2 |edition=1st |location= |pages=56 |oclc=520493946 |quote=The Akhand Kirtan Jatha is a Sikh organisation/movement that promotes Sikhi through the singing of Gurbani/Kirtan. It promotes Sikhi through Kirtan programmes, initiation ceremonies and prayer recitals (Akhand & Sehaj Paths). It has a world-wide coverage and is popularly seen as an organisation with highly disciplined and principled Sikhs.}}</ref> Their method of kirtan differs from other Sikh groups as they place strong emphasis on repetition, breathing techniques, and fervour whilst using comparatively recent instruments like the [[tabla]] and vaaja ([[Pump organ|harmonium]]) rather than traditional Sikh instruments during their ''rainsbai'' all-night long kirtan sessions.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857971285 |title=Sikh diaspora : theory, agency, and experience |others=Michael Hawley |isbn=978-90-04-25723-8 |location=Leiden |pages=399 |oclc=857971285 |quote=The Akhand Kirtani Jatha (AKJ) has its roots with its founder Bhai Randhir Singh in the nineteenth century during British colonial rule. They promote a rigorous interpretation of the rahit (code of conduct) of Guru Gobind Singh as set out in 1699 when the Khalsa was institutionalised. Thus, the AKJ in the post-1984 era was in a strong position to mobilise sentiments and, in this respect, their emphasis on the importance of kirtan had a tremendous influence upon the Sikh diaspora's exposure to their style of kirtan, namely in samagam (kirtan programmes or gatherings lasting several days) ending with rainsbai (all night kirtan). The kirtan performed at an AKJ rainsbai has a distinctive style and form which emphasises gurmantra (God's true name), naam simran (meditation on God's name), the Dasam Granth of Guru Gobind Singh in addition to the Guru Granth Sahib, and of the amrit (baptism) ceremony. Unlike other more 'purest' endeavours to recite kirtan within the denoted raag and taal and with traditional instrumentation, the AKJ style is repetitive and 'transical' so that initiates and the sangat can follow and sing along with fervour along to simple, accessible tunes accompanied by tabla and harmonium. The use of breath and repetition are key markers of the AKJ style of kirtan in this respect and the collective singing of gurmantra through repetition contributes to the atmosphere of the rainsbai. Beginning with a slow, simple tune, the intensity of the atmosphere builds into ...}}</ref> The group played an important role in [[1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash]], with the [[Babbar Khalsa]] being a breakaway group from the Akhand Kirtanis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaur |first=Amarjit |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1241446154 |title=The Punjab Story |publisher=Roli Books |others=Lt Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora, Khushwant Singh, MV Kamanth, Shekhar Gupta, Subhash Kirpekar, Sunil Sethi, Tavleen Singh |isbn=978-81-7436-912-3 |location=Delhi |oclc=1241446154 |quote=The following day the Babbar Khalsa was formed as a breakaway faction of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, created with the specific aim of taking revenge on the Nirankaris. It was also from this point that the Akhand Kirtani Jatha and Bhindranwale parted company because Bibi Amarjit Kaur felt that Bhindranwale had shown cowardice by not turning up for the anti-Nirankari demonstration despite having vowed to lead it.}}</ref>

===Radha Soami===
{{Main|Radha Soami}}
[[File:Mural of Salig Ram, also known as Huzur Maharaj, the second leader of the Radha Soami movement.jpg|thumb|Mural of [[Salig Ram]], also known as ''Huzur Maharaj'', the second leader of the Radha Soami movement (''Hazoor Saheb Rai Bahadur Saleg Ram .. Agre wale''). The mural is located at the Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib complex at Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.]]
The meaning of [[Radha Soami]] is 'lord of the soul'. This movement was started by [[Shiv Dayal Singh]] (also known as Soamiji) in 1861, follower of [[Guru Nanak]] and Tulsi sahib of Hathras. The Radhasoamis are like sect of Sikhism, as it does have connections with Sikhism, and the teachings of their founder were based, in part, on those of the founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak and those who followed. They consider themselves a separate religion. Many recite verses from the ''[[Adi Granth]]'' during their worship, though few would call themselves a Sikh sect, as there are no ties between it and orthodox Sikh organizations, and most Sikhs would also regard the idea of Radhasoami as separate from their own.<ref name="Juergensmeyer1995p7"/> However, they are also different from the [[Sikhs]] because they have present-day Gurus, and do not follow the Khalsa dress code.

The Radhasoamis are a religious fellowship that accepts saints and living gurus from anywhere.<ref name="Juergensmeyer1995p7">{{cite book|author=Mark Juergensmeyer|title= Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=slX3eRycszMC|year= 1995|publisher =Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01092-7|pages=7–8, 14–17 with footnote 6, 23, 55–57, 85–86}}</ref><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p12" /> According to its founder, "image worship, pilgrimages or idol worship" is a "waste of time," "ceremonies and religious rituals are a conceit," and all traditional religious technicians, "the Rishis, Yogis, Brahmans, and Sannyasins," have "failed," while its leaders, while believing in [[karma]], have been emphatic in rejecting other often cardinal Hindu beliefs and in their suspicion of institutions, leading a 19th-century leader to assert its independent basis from Hinduism "or any other religion," often choosing to avoid the word "religion" altogether, with a leader describing it as "no religion at all," but an amalgamation of "the teachings of ... all saints of the world." It has attracted a large number of [[Dalits]], and in the diaspora have attracted may members of other ethnic groups for which the ''satsang'' is conducted in English.<ref name="Juergensmeyer1995p7" />

Like the writings of Sikh gurus, Shiv Dayal used the epithet ''satnam'' for the divine.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Juergensmeyer|title= Radhasoami Reality: The Logic of a Modern Faith|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=slX3eRycszMC|year= 1995|publisher =Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01092-7|pages=41–42}}</ref> The Radhasoamis do not install the any other scriptures in their sanctum. Instead, the guru sits in the sanctum while conducting the ''satsang'' and they listen to explanation of sayings of various saints, from the ''[[Adi Granth]]'' or the living guru, as well as sing hymns together.<ref name="HaarKalsi2009p12">{{cite book|author1= Kristen Haar|author2= Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC | year=2009|publisher =Infobase Publishing| isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages= 12–13}}</ref> The Radha Soamis are strict vegetarians like some Sikhs. They are active in charitable work such as providing free medical services and help to the needy.<ref name="HaarKalsi2009p12"/>

=== Ridváni ===
{{See also|Baháʼí Faith}}
[[File:Photograph of Pritam Singh, founder of the Ridváni sect of both Sikhism and the Baháʼí Faith.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Pritam Singh, founder of the Ridváni sect]]
The Ridváni Sikh Fellowship was founded in [[Mumbai]] in the year 1908 by Prof. Pritam Singh,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prof |first=Anil Sarwal |title=Sardar Pritam Singh, First Baha'i of Sikh background |url=https://medium.com/@sarwalanil/sardar-pritam-singh-first-bahai-of-sikh-background-5da990399fc2 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahá'í Reference Library - Dawn of a New Day, Pages 31-32 |url=https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/DND/dnd-34.html.utf8 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> who was the first Sikh to profess faith in [[Baháʼu'lláh]], founder of the [[Baháʼí Faith]]. The name Ridváni is derived from the Baha'i festival of [[Ridván]]. The Ridvanis view the [[Báb]] and Baháʼu'lláh as the [[Mahdi]] and the [[Kalki]] avatar respectively, as the [[Dasam Granth]] notes they had yet to arrive by the time of Guru Gobind Singh. Ridvánis keep the panj kakkars, adhere to the Rehat Maryada, and read the Guru Granth Sahib, while also following the commands of the [[Kitáb-i-Aqdas]] including Baha'i prayer and meditation, giving 19% of one's disposable income in kind, and social ordinances like burial customs. Ridvani Sikhs celebrate all traditional Sikh and Baha'i holidays, as well as astrological holidays such as [[Sankranti]], Muslim holidays such as [[Qadr Night]] and [[Eid al-Adha]], and the Christian holidays of [[Fasika]], [[Pentecost]] and [[Halloween]]. While most Ridvánis live in India, a significant diaspora exists in North America and historically in Baghdad.

=== 3HO ===
{{Main|3HO}}
[[File:3HO Summer Solstice 1970.jpg|thumb|[[Yogi Bhajan]] and some early students chanting together at the 3HO Summer Solstice gathering of 1970]]
The [[3HO]] sect (abbreviation for 'Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization') is a western group that emerged in 1971, founded by Harbhajan Singh, popularly known as [[Harbhajan Singh Khalsa|Yogi Bhajan]]. It requires both men and women to wear turbans, adopt the surname Khalsa, and wear all-white attire. They also call themselves the "Sikh Dharma movement" and "Khalsa Dharma movement" and are often called ''Gora'' (meaning "white person", though not all White Sikhs follow 3HO) ''Sikhs'' and ''Bhajanists''<ref>{{Cite web |last=McAdams |first=Dean |title=Bhajanists Yoga West LA {{!}} Self-Constructed Belief Systems |url=https://legalnoodle.com/sikhs-denounce-kundalini-yoga-bhajanists/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=LegalNoodle |language=en-US |quote="Sikhs condescendingly refer to Kundalini Yogis as Taught by Yogi Bhajan as 'Bhajanists'."}}</ref> by the mainstream adherents of Sikhism. Their name 3HO, stands for Healthy Happy Holy Organization. This Sikh sect emphasizes meditation and Yoga. The sect started and grew a number of international business brands such as Yogi Tea. 3HO's relations with the orthodox Khalsa are quite mixed. The 3HO sect has a strict [[Rehat|rahit]], the code of conduct expectation.<ref name=britsikhsects/><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p9"/> Another characteristic of the sect is that they allow baptized [[Women in Sikhism|Sikh women]] to form the ''[[Panj Pyare]]''.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Jhutti-Johal |first=Jagbir |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/721194810 |title=Sikhism Today |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4411-8140-4 |location=London |pages=49 |chapter=Sikhism and Women: Khalsa Women – Panj Pyare |oclc=721194810}}</ref> The sect numbered around 5,000 in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beversluis |first1=Joel |title=Sourcebook of the world's religions : an interfaith guide to religion and spirituality |publisher=New World Library |isbn=9781577313328 |location=Novato, Calif. |page=94 |quote=There are no denominations in Sikhism, but in the United States, in particular, there is grouping along language and cultural lines. The majority of Sikhs in the U.S. are immigrants of Indian origin, speak Punjabi, and have distinct customs and dress that originate in Punjab, India. Since the 1960s, however, there has existed a group, generally called American Sikhs, whose leader is Yogi Harbhajan Singh. American Sikhs are easily distinguished from others by their all-white attire and by the fact that turbans are worn by both men and women. This group now numbers about five thousand. The majority of American Sikhs, who refer to their group as 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization), know only limited Puniabi.}}</ref>

==Split traditions==

This section deals with split traditions or former Sikh sects which no-longer self-identify as such. Two contemporary Indian religions, Ravidassia and Bhaniara Dera, began as sects of the Sikh religion, but no longer identify as part of Sikhism. In both cases, their separation from Sikhism was marked by the adoption of a new religious scripture to replace the ''Guru Granth Sahib''.

=== Gulabdasia ===
[[File:Depiction of Gulabdas, founder of the Gulabdasia sect, from the title page of his book 'Gulab Chaman', published by Abdul Haq, Lahore, 1881.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a nimbate Gulabdas, founder of the Gulabdasia sect, flanked on both sides by attendants and/or devotees, from the title page of his book 'Gulab Chaman', published by Abdul Haq, Lahore, 1881]]
The Gulabdasia sect (or ''[[Dera (organization)|dera]]'') was founded in the 19th century by Gulab Das (born as Gulab Singh<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Multifarious Faces of Sikhism throughout Sikh History - Gulab Dasia |url=https://www.sarbloh.info/htmls/article_samparda_gulabdasia.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Sanatan Sikhi - Sikh Sampardas (www.sarbloh.info)}}</ref>), whom was born in 1809 into a [[Jat Sikh]] family to a father named Hamira in the village of Rataul in [[Tarn Taran district]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=Anshu |url=https://www.academia.edu/43457618 |title=Biblio: review of books - Deras, disciples and doubleness - Piro and the Gulabdasis: Gender, Sect and Society in Punjab |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-046818-8 |volume=XXIII |location=New Delhi |pages=8}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2011 |edition=3rd |volume=2: E-L |pages=118–119}}</ref> He served in the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] as a trooper during the time of Maharaja [[Sher Singh]].<ref name=":23" /> Gulab Das learnt [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] knowledge from Nirmalas.<ref name=":21" /> When the Sikh Empire was deposed, he became a disciple of an Udasi saint named Pritam Das.<ref name=":23" /> His published works include ''Updes Bilas'' and ''Pothi Gulab Chaman Di'', these works lay out their unique ideology and practices of the sect.<ref name=":23" /> The sect promoted an [[Epicureanism|epicurean]] lifestyle and rejected [[Ritualization|ritualism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jaspal |title=A Social Reformer and a Scholar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/book-reviews/a-social-reformer-and-a-scholar-413602 |website=The Tribune, India |quote=Giani Ditt Singh, a doyen of Punjabi letters in the second half of the 19th century, was born at Kalaurh, a village near Fatehgarh Sahib, in a weaver’s family around 1850. He died at Lahore on September 6, 1901. At the age of nine he was sent to Tiwar village near Kharar to study at a Gulabdasia dera where he learnt Punjabi, Hindi, Urdu and Sanskrit. Later on he learnt English as well. The followers of Gulabdasia sect believe in epicurean way of life and they do not believe in any ritualism.}}</ref> They did not believe in pilgramages, religious ceremonies, or reverence of proclaimed holy men.<ref name=":21" /> They believed that mankind and the divine were of the same essence, and that mankind would eventually be absorbed into the divine.<ref name=":23" /> They believed only that pleasure and sensual gratification was worth aspiring towards.<ref name=":23" /> The followers of the sect wore expensive clothing and lived a life of unrestrained indulgence in all different kinds of ways.<ref name=":23" /> They detested [[Lie|lies]].<ref name=":23" /> Many wore white garbs, others dressed as Udasis, yet more dressed up like Nirmalas, and some liked to be clean-shaven.<ref name=":23" /> [[Piro Preman]], an [[Ex-Muslims|ex-Muslim]] and first female poet of the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi-language]], was associated with the sect.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768071511 |title=Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice |publisher=Oxford Academic |others=Anshu Malhotra, Farina Mir |isbn=978-0-19-807801-2 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=189–220 |chapter=Chapter 7: Panths and Piety in the Nineteenth Century: The Gulabdasis of Punjab |oclc=768071511}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutt |first=Nirupama |title=Waiting for spring - The emergence of a Dalit identity in Punjab is a recent development, spurred in part by the failure of Sikhism to abandon caste discrimination. |url=https://www.himalmag.com/dalit-sikhism-waiting-spring/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Himal Southasian |language=en-GB |quote=The second known Dalit writer of Punjab was Peero Preman (1830-1872). Peero had earlier been a Muslim courtesan named Ayesha, and later joined the Gulabdasia sect and inherited sainthood from her mentor, Gulab Das.}}</ref> The sect was unorthodox, influenced by the [[Bhakti movement]] and [[Sufism in India|Sufism]] in regards to devotion, and criticized caste divisions and discrimination occurring at the time in society.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kazmi |first=Sara |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/341407/SKThesis-WithCorrections.pdf?sequence=2 |title=Writing Resistance in the Three Punjabs - Critical Engagements with Literary Tradition |publisher=Faculty of English, Queens’ College, University of Cambridge |pages=96 |format=PDF |quote=Peero was a Muslim woman in eighteenth century Punjab who disavowed her religion and joined the Gulabdasis, an unorthodox sect that drew on the ideas of Bhakti and Sufi devotion to criticise organised religion and caste inequalities.}}</ref> Most of its followers drew from the [[Dalit]] community. The sect was headquartered in [[Chathian Wala|Chathianwala]], near [[Lahore]], and was established sometime during the reign of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] during the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Malhotra |first1=Anshu |title=Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice |last2=Mir |first2=Farina |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780199088775 |quote=This essay will look at the Gulabdasi/Gulabdasia sect set up by Guru Gulabdas (d. 1873), with its main establishment (dera) in Chathianwala, near Lahore, in the Kasur district of colonial Punjab. The dera was set up sometime during the reign of Ranjit Singh (1799-1839). A brief survey of the different sources available on the Gulabdasis, including the significant 'Nirmala' Sikh ones, will show the various accretive traditions that contributed to the efflorescence of this sect. They will reveal the manner in which the sant tradition was assimilated and appropriated by different groups in the nineteenth century, and also depict its resonance in our times. Daniel Gold has studied the multiple sects that developed around the persona of the guru in the late bhakti period in north India with their variable manner of tracing guru lineages. The guru in this imaginary was the exponent of sant mat, the teachings of the sants, he was the human guide on the spiritual path, and was also the accessible and immanent manifestation of the divine. The Gulabdasi sect can be placed within this wider north Indian phenomenon of varied panths that grew around the charismatic and benevolent personality of the holy man.}}</ref> Another source lists its pre-partition headquarters as the village Chatthe, near Kasur.<ref name=":23" /> It was part of the North Indian ''[[panth]]'' and ''[[Sant Mat|sant mat]]'' movements at the time.<ref name=":9" /> ''[[Guru]]'' Gulab Das died in 1873 and Piro Preman inherited the sainthood.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Paramjeet |title=Legacies of the Homeland: 100 Must Read Books by Punjabi Authors |publisher=Notion Press |year=2018 |isbn=9781642494242 |quote=Thereafter, the second-known Dalit writer of Punjab was Peero Preman (1830-72). Peero had earlier been a Muslim courtesan named Ayesha and later joined the Gulabdasia sect and inherited sainthood from her mentor, Gulab Das.}}</ref> [[Giani Ditt Singh]] was associated with the sect in his early life as a preacher, where he was known as Sant Ditta Ram, before he was adopted into [[Tat Khalsa|mainstream Sikhism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malhotra |first=Anshu |title=Piro and the Gulabdasis: Gender, Sect and Society in Punjab |url=https://journals.akademicka.pl/cis/article/download/390/394 |format=PDF |journal=Cracow Indological Studies |volume=XX |issue=2 |pages=288 |quote=This analysis opens Part III of the monograph (Chapter 6. “Caste in the Colonial Sphere. The Conundrum of Sant Ditta Ram/Giani Ditt Singh”, ibid.: 201–236) and follows the transition of the Gulabdasi preacher, Sant Ditta Ram (d. 1901), into an active member of the Arya Samaj and of the Lahore Sikh Sabha, renamed Giani Ditt Singh. His life story is at present being reworked by the dalit discourse into a narrative of a dalit hero, though Malhotra in the analysis of his writing points out his complex position on the question of caste and argues (ibid.: 236): “Thus, in the corpus of Singh’s writings we find ambiguity, vacillation, and fickleness in maintaining a single, coherent line of reform.”}}</ref><ref name=":21" /> Jawahir Singh Kapur also was associated with this sect in his early years.<ref name=":21" /> The sect never had a large amount of followers and its numbers dwindled when Patiala State banned their entry due to their sexually expressive and liberal acts, which went against the mainstream social norm.<ref name=":23" /> The Gulabdasias numbered 763 in the 1891 census.<ref name=":23" /> The sect was most prevalent in the late 19th century but is likely extinct at present.<ref name=":21" />

===Ravidassia===
{{main|Ravidas Panth}}[[File:Bhagat Ravidas at work as a shoemaker. Folio from a series featuring Bhakti saints. Master of the first generation after Manaku and Nainsukh of Guler, Pahari region, ca.1800–1810.jpg|thumb|Bhagat [[Ravidas]] at work as a shoemaker. Folio from a series featuring Bhakti saints. Master of the first generation after Manaku and Nainsukh of Guler, Pahari region, ca.1800–1810]]The Ravidasi Panth used to be a part of Sikhism. In 2009, the sect left [[Sikhism]] and gained recognition as a separate [[Indian religion|tradition]].<ref name=paramjitjudge181/> It is based on the teachings of the 14th century Indian guru [[Ravidas]], revered as a ''[[satguru]]''.<ref name=paramjitjudge181/> The movement had attracted [[dalit]]s (formerly marginalised), and they felt that they were a victim of social discrimination and violence from government Sikhs.<ref name=fl2009/><ref name=cnn1/><ref name="ravidassiareligion1"/>

Historically, Ravidassia represented a range of beliefs in the [[Indian subcontinent]], with some devotees of Ravidass counting themselves as Ravidassia [[Sikh]]s, but first formed in the early 20th-century in colonial [[British India]].<ref name=paramjitjudge181>Paramjit Judge (2014), Mapping Social Exclusion in India: Caste, Religion and Borderlands, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-1107056091}}, pages 179-182</ref> The Ravidassia community began to take on more cohesion following 1947, and the establishment of successful Ravidassia communities in the diaspora.<ref name="Parsons1993">{{cite book|author=Gerald Parsons|title=The Growth of Religious Diversity: Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlKkZoNPi0oC&pg=PA227|access-date=10 April 2012|year=1993|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-08326-3|pages=227–}}</ref>

Ravidassias, states Ronki Ram, accept contemporary living ''[[Sant (religion)|sants]]'' of Ravidass Deras as ''Guru'' whereas the Sikhs do not.<ref name="ravidassiareligion1">{{cite journal|url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v16_1/articles/RonkiRam16_1.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies|year=2009 |volume=16 | issue=1 |title=Ravidass, Dera Sachkhand Ballan and the Question of Dalit Identity in Punjab |publisher=Panjab University, Chandigarh |author=Ronki Ram |access-date=2013-12-05}}</ref> In 2009, Many of the government people went to attack by pretending to be Sikhs violently attacked the living guru, his deputy and followers at a Ravidassia gurdwara (temple) in Vienna.<ref name=fl2009>[https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2612/stories/20090619261203300.htm Inflamed passions], Ajoy A Mahaprashasta (2009), Frontline (The Hindu), Volume 26, Issue 12, Quote: "The riots were sparked off by an attack on Sant Niranjan Dass, the head of the Jalandhar-based Dera Sachkhand, and his deputy Rama Nand on May 24 at the Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara in Vienna where they had gone to attend a religious function. A group of Sikhs armed with firearms and swords attacked them at the gurdwara, injuring both; Rama Nand later died. The Austrian police said the attack that left some 15 others injured “had clearly been planned”."</ref> This assassination attempt injured many and killed the deputy [[Ramanand Dass]]. This triggered the Ravidasi Sikhs to leave Sikhism and become an independent religion fully separated from Sikhism.<ref name="ravidassiareligion1"/><ref name="JacobsenMyrvold2011">{{cite book|author1=Knut A. Jacobsen|author2=Kristina Myrvold|title=Sikhs in Europe: Migration, Identities and Representations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3v3t9bjPAcC&pg=PA290|access-date=10 April 2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-2434-5|pages=290–}}</ref>

Prior to their break from Sikhism, the Dera Bhallan revered and recited the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] of Sikhism in Dera Bhallan.<ref name=toinewreligion2010/> However, following their split from mainstream Sikhism, the Dera Bhallan compiled their own holy book based exclusively on Ravidas's teachings, the [[Amritbani Guru Ravidass Ji]], and these Dera Bhallan Ravidassia temples now use this book in place of the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=toinewreligion2010>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-01/india/28118439_1_dera-head-dera-sachkhand-ballan-sant-ramanand | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033035/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-01/india/28118439_1_dera-head-dera-sachkhand-ballan-sant-ramanand | url-status=dead | archive-date=2011-08-11 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Punjab sect declares new religion | date=2010-02-01}}</ref><ref name=cnn1>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/03/india.new.religion/index.html | work=CNN | title=India's 'untouchables' declare own religion | date=2010-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.taaza.com/source/218739-new-punjab-sect-lays-down-code.html |title=New Punjab sect lays down code | Original Story | Taaza News |access-date=2011-12-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425133316/http://news.taaza.com/source/218739-new-punjab-sect-lays-down-code.html |archive-date=2012-04-25 }}</ref>

=== Bhaniara Dera ===
A breakaway sect founded by [[Piara Singh Bhaniara]], who claimed to be an incarnation of [[Guru Gobind Singh]], in the 1980s based in Dhamiana village in [[Rupnagar district|Ropar]]. Most of its followers drew from the [[Dalit]] community, known as [[Mazhabi Sikh]]s. In 2001, a scripture was published by the group named ''[[Bhavsagar Granth|Bhavsagar Samunder Amrit Vani Granth]]'' (commonly shortened to simply ''Bhavsagar Granth''), which was later banned by the Government of Punjab for hurting the religious feelings of Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Self-styled godman Baba Bhaniara, who was excommunicated by Akal Takht, dies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/controversial-baba-bhaniara-who-was-excommunicated-by-akal-takht-dies/story-4fDCZKaUnXJb0c6P3w4FOJ.html |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Controversial Dera head Piara Singh Bhaniara Wala dies at 61 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/govt-will-have-zero-tolerance-to-graft-khattar-19135 |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=TribuneIndia News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Controversial religious leader Baba Bhaniara passes away |url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=95409&headline=Controversial-religious-Baba-Bhaniara-passes-away |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=www.babushahi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Sikh Siyasat |title=Self-styled godman Piara Singh Bhaniara acquitted by Ambala Court |url=https://sikhsiyasat.net/self-styled-godman-piara-singh-bhaniara-acquitted-by-ambala-court/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Sikh Siyasat News |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dera (organization)]]
* [[Guru-shishya parampara]]
* [[Sampradaya]]
* [[Sant Mat]]
* [[Contemporary Sant Mat movements]]
* [[Bhakti movement]]
* [[Panth]]
* [[Gaddi Nashin]]
* [[Sanatan Sikh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sant Mat}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh groups and sects| ]]

Finance Commission of India

2022-04-20T20:44:03Z

Mohan0182: Added a new entry to the collection.

#REDIRECT [[Finance Commission]]
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