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Thagubothu Ramesh

2026-05-08T01:59:32Z

Mohammedsajib: Post!

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thagubothu Ramesh
| image = Thagubothu Ramesh.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Ramesh in 2015
| birthname = Ramilla Ramesh<ref name="interview" />
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Godavarikhani]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[comedian]]
| yearsactive = 2007–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Swathi|2015}}
}}

'''Ramilla Ramesh''', better known as '''Thagubothu Ramesh''', is an Indian actor and comedian known for his work in [[Telugu cinema]]. Known for his signature portrayal of [[Alcohol intoxication|inebriated]] characters, he earned the nickname "Thagubothu" ({{Translation|"drunkard"}}) due to his memorable performances in such roles. He is a recipient of [[Nandi Award]] for [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]]. He has appeared in notable films such as ''[[Mahatma (film)|Mahatma]]'' (2009), ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]'' (2011), ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]'' (2011), and ''[[Ishq (2012 film)|Ishq]]'' (2012).

==Early life==
Ramesh was born in [[Godavarikhani]] located in [[Peddapalli district]], [[Telangana]].<ref name="interview">{{cite web|last=Kumar|first=Hemanth|title=I believe in God's screenplay: Ramesh Interview|url=http://postnoon.com/2012/07/08/i-believe-in-gods-screenplay/57944|publisher=Post Noon|access-date=3 September 2012|archive-date=10 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710230040/http://postnoon.com/2012/07/08/i-believe-in-gods-screenplay/57944|url-status=live}}</ref> His father was an employee at [[Singareni Collieries Company]] and his mother was a housewife. He was able to sink into the drunkard character because, as a child he would watch his father get drunk and hit his mother. He would pacify his mother, and make her laugh by impersonating his drunk father.<ref>{{cite web|title=Applause For Mahatma Ramesh|url=http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/news-archives/january-2011/applause-for-mahatma-ramesh-290111.html|publisher=CineGoer|access-date=3 September 2012|archive-date=29 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629172419/http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/news-archives/january-2011/applause-for-mahatma-ramesh-290111.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Ramesh eventually became good at [[Impressionist (entertainment)|mimicry]] and used to perform shows in his town. He also reveals that he is inspired by Bengali comedian [[Keshto Mukherjee]], who like him was also famous for portraying drunkard characters.<ref name="interview" /> Before venturing into films, Ramesh has worked as a building supervisor for 10 years. After his parents' death and sister's marriage, he decided to pursue acting as a career.<ref name="interview" /> In 2005, he joined the Akkineni Film Institute in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tagubothu Ramesh Interview|url=http://www.telugumuchatlu.com/2012/09/01/tagubothu-ramesh-interview/|publisher=Telugu Muchatlu|access-date=3 September 2012|archive-date=3 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903235642/http://www.telugumuchatlu.com/2012/09/01/tagubothu-ramesh-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Film career===
In 2006, after graduating from Akkineni Film Institute, Ramesh got an opportunity to play a small role in [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]]’s ''[[Jagadam]]''.<ref name="interview" /> This was his first feature film. After ''Jagadam'', Ramesh found several opportunities and acted in around 10 Telugu films. During this time, Ramesh got acquainted with popular Telugu actor [[Uttej]]. Uttej introduced Ramesh to top Telugu film director [[Krishna Vamsi]]. Vamsi cast him for the role of a drunkard in ''Mahatma''.<ref name="interview" /> The film remains as a major turning point in his career. His portrayal of drunkard character in Mahatma led to an opportunity to play a similar drunkard character in ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]'' directed by [[Nandini Reddy]]. His portrayal of Gowtham, a drunkard software engineer in the film became very popular among the moviegoers. Since that film, he was more commonly referred to as "Thagubothu Ramesh" (drunkard Ramesh).<ref name="interview" />

==Personal life==
He married Swathi in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/comedian-thagubothu-ramesh-wedding-dhanraj-venu-telugu-stars-attend-ceremony-photos-633939|title=Comedian Thagubothu Ramesh Wedding: Dhanraj, Venu, Telugu Stars Attend Ceremony [PHOTOS]|first=Shekhar H.|last=Hooli|date=28 May 2015|website=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=28 April 2019|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428023123/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/comedian-thagubothu-ramesh-wedding-dhanraj-venu-telugu-stars-attend-ceremony-photos-633939|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian]] for ''[[Venkatadri Express (film)|Venkatadri Express]]'' - 2013<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-01|title=2013 Nandi Awards Winners List {{!}} 2013 Nandi Awards Complete Winners List|url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2017/03/01/2013-nandi-awards-winners-list/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111064928/https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2017/03/01/2013-nandi-awards-winners-list/|archive-date=11 January 2020|access-date=2020-09-13|website=Telugu Filmnagar|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Jagadam]]'' || Seenu's friend
|rowspan="2"|credited as Ramesh
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Mahatma (film)|Mahatma]]'' || Drunkard
|-
| ''Ee Vayasulo'' || Chhote Kiya
|
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Bheemli Kabadi Jattu]]'' || Suri's friend
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2011 || ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]'' || Gautham (drunkard software engineer)
|
|-
| ''[[Katha Screenplay Darshakatvam Appalaraju]]'' || Fan
|
|-
| ''Kodi Punju'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aha Naa Pellanta (2011 film)|Aha Naa Pellanta]]'' || Fan
|
|-
| ''[[Mugguru]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]''
|Drunkard
|Special appearance
|-
| ''[[It's My Love Story]]''|| Poola Babji
|
|-
| ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]'' || Maqbool
|
|-
| ''[[Madatha Kaja]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Priyudu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2012 || ''[[Shiva Manasulo Shruti|SMS]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Chaduvukovali''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ishq (2012 film)|Ishq]]'' || Friend
|
|-
| ''[[Mem Vayasuku Vacham]]'' || Beggar
|
|-
| ''[[Eega]]'' || Thief
|
|-
| ''[[Vennela 1½]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Routine Love Story]]'' || College Senior
|
|-
| ''[[Yamaho Yama]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ko Antey Koti]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2013 || ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' || Wedding Planner
|
|-
| ''[[Vasool Raja (film)|Vasool Raja]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde]]'' || Thagubothu
|
|-
|''[[Sukumarudu]]''
|Drama troupe member
|
|-
|''[[Adda (2013 film)|Adda]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Dalam]]'' || Yadagiri "Yadav" || Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Balupu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Athadu Aame O Scooter'' || Govind Raju's best friend
|
|-
|''[[Music Magic (2013 film)|Music Magic]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chandi (film)|Chandi]]'' || |Driver
|
|-
| ''[[Venkatadri Express (film)|Venkatadri Express]]'' || Auto driver Aanimuthyam "Ani"
|Nandi Award for Best Comedian
|-
| ''[[Biskett]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2014 || ''[[Emo Gurram Egaravachu]]''
|Ammiraju
|
|-
| ''[[Anaamika]]'' || Taxi driver ||
|-
|''[[Jump Jilani]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Adavi Kaachina Vennela'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Race Gurram]]''
| Lucky's friend
|
|-
|''[[Saheba Subramanyam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chakkiligintha]]''
|Manohar
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2015 || ''[[Surya vs Surya]]'' || | Icecream vendor
|
|-
| ''[[Dohchay]]'' || Drunk Prisoner
|
|-
| ''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]'' || Dasu
|
|-
| ''[[Where Is Vidya Balan]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/where-is-vidya-balan-nothing-to-do-with-vidya/article7357973.ece|title=Where is Vidya Balan: Nothing to do with Vidya|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 June 2015|last1=Chowdhary|first1=Y. Sunita|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203093017/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/where-is-vidya-balan-nothing-to-do-with-vidya/article7357973.ece|archive-date=3 December 2023|access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Superstar Kidnap]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sher (film)|Sher]]'' || Drunkard
|
|-
| ''[[Kumari 21F]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2016 || ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'' || Abhiram's assistant
|
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]'' || Gowtham (Software Engineer)
|
|-
| ''[[Oopiri]]'' || Seenu's friend
| Bilingual film
|-
| ''Bullet Rani'' || || Simultaneously shot in Kannada<ref name="BR">https://www.tvguide.com/movies/bullet-rani/cast/2030044850/</ref>
|-
| ''Parvathipuram''|| Madan's friend
| Dubbed in 2023 as ''Veera Khadgam''
|-
| ''[[Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam]]'' || Rikshawala
|-
| ''[[Thikka]]'' || Ramesh Yadav
|
|-
| ''[[Guntur Talkies]]'' || Police constable
|
|-
| ''[[Selfie Raja]]'' || drunk Kattappa
|
|-
| ''[[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (2016 film)|Jayammu Nischayammu Raa]]'' || Police constable
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2017 || ''[[Nenorakam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Rarandoi Veduka Chudham]]'' || Govind
|
|-
|''[[Anando Brahma]]''
|Thulasi
|
|-
|''[[Ungarala Rambabu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Raja The Great]]''
| Sastry
| Cameo
|-
| ''[[Oye Ninne]]'' || Drunkard ||
|-
| ''[[Juliet Lover of Idiot]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 || ''[[Hyderabad Love Story]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]]''
| Nanda Kishore
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2019 || ''[[Chikati Gadilo Chithakotudu]]'' || Rose ||
|-
| ''[[Mallesham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[90ML (2019 Telugu film)|90ML]]'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagyanagara Veedullo Gamattu]]'' || {{n/a}} || Co-producer
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020 ||''[[Rocky: The Revenge|Namaste Nestama]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]'' || Satish ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''[[Malli Modalaindi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Induvadana]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[10th Class Diaries]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Anukoni Prayanam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Raajahyogam]]'' || Trump ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|''[[Prathyardhi]]''
| Advocate Rajasekhar
|
|-
|''[[Meter (film)|Meter]]''
|Drunkard
|
|-
|''Ramanna Youth''
|
|
|-
|''[[Nene Naa]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2024 || ''[[Chaari 111]]'' || Bunty || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/chaari-111/movie-review/108139722.cms?from=mdr|title=Chaari 111 Movie Review : Vennela Kishore shines in spy comedy with missed potential|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kismat (2024 film)|''Kismat'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Tiragabadara Saami]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Keshava Chandra Ramavath]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Coffee with a Killer]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[23 Iravai Moodu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Santhana Prapthirasthu]]''
|Soumya Kumar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Sahakutumbaanaam]]''
|Sharing guy
|
|-
|''[[Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani]]''
|
|
|}

=== Other language films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3"|2014 || ''[[Yennamo Yedho]]'' || Gautham || rowspan="4"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Credited as Kudikaran Ramesh
|-
|''[[Dalam|Koottam]]'' || Prabhu Deva || rowspan="3"|Bilingual films
|-
|''[[Anaamika|Nee Enge En Anbe]]'' || Taxi driver
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]'' || Seenu's friend
|-
| ''Bullet Rani'' || || [[Kannada]] || Bilingual film<ref name="BR">https://www.tvguide.com/movies/bullet-rani/cast/2030044850/</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2018
|''[[Gangstars]]''
|Rani
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Amrutham Dhvitheeyam]]''
|
| rowspan="2" |[[ZEE5]]
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Gaalivaana|Gaalivana]]''
|Anjaneyulu
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Gaalivaana Season 1 Review: An interesting plot let down by subpar narration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/gaalivaana/gaalivaana-season-1/seasonreview/90817618.cms |access-date=2022-05-11}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5159260}}
{{Nandi Award Best Male Comedian}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramesh, Thagubothu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Thagaraaru

2026-05-05T16:47:36Z

Mohammedsajib:

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Ganesh Vinaayac}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thagaraaru
| image = Thagararu.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = First look poster
| director = Ganesh Vinaayac
| producer = [[Dayanidhi Azhagiri]] Vivek Rathnavel
| writer = Ganesh Vinaayac
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Arulnithi]]|[[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]]}}
| music = [[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]] Praveen Sathya (score)
| cinematography = Dillraj
| editing = [[T. S. Suresh]]
| studio = [[Cloud Nine Movies]]
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]] [[Dayanidhi Azhagiri|Meeka Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|12|06}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Thagaraaru''''' ({{translation|Argument}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[action film|action]] [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[drama film]] written and directed by newcomer Ganesh Vinaayac and produced by [[Cloud Nine Movies]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2012 |title=Arulnidhi and Dhayanidhi's Thagararu |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-12-03/arulnidhi-poorna-16-07-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718191134/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-12-03/arulnidhi-poorna-16-07-12.html |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=21 July 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-21 |title=Poorna With Arulnidhi – Poorna – Arulnithi – Ganesh Vinayak – Tamil Movie News |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-12-03/poorna-arulnithi-21-05-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040838/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-12-03/poorna-arulnithi-21-05-12.html |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=2013-12-06 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> The film stars [[Arulnithi]] and [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] in the lead roles while [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]], [[Sulile Kumar]], and [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]] appear in supporting roles. The soundtrack was composed by [[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]], while Praveen Sathya composed the score.<ref name="behindwoods1">{{Cite web |title=Ganesh Vinayak – Interview |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-director/ganesh-vinayak/ganesh-vinayak-interview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206060539/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-director/ganesh-vinayak/ganesh-vinayak-interview.html |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=2013-12-06 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> Dillraj was the cinematographer, and [[T. S. Suresh]] edited the film. The film released on 6 December 2013 and received mixed reviews from critics. Due to the popularity of Madurai Backdrop, The film received generally positive reviews and become an above average hit at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thagararu tamil Movie – Overview |url=http://www.moviecrow.com/movie/1260/thagararu-tamil-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217085750/http://www.moviecrow.com/movie/1260/thagararu-tamil-movie-review |archive-date=17 December 2013 |access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

==Plot==

Thagararu revolves around the lives of four friends – Saravanan, Pazhani, Senthil, and Aarumugam – who live in the city of Madurai. They are orphans who have been together since childhood. Learning to fend for themselves, they fall into bad ways and grow up to be rough, violent, bad-tempered alcoholics who have perfected the art of thievery. They share a special bond, protecting and supporting each other, and have a special affection for Saravanan, the youngest of the lot. Saravanan meets and falls in love with Meenakshi, the daughter of a dangerous moneylender, Kanthuvatti Rajendran. Though Meenakshi reciprocates his love, she is extremely possessive and resents the love he shares with his friends. His friends too feel threatened by her and fear that she will separate them. With each robbery, they become more and more arrogant, making numerous enemies and even antagonising a newly appointed inspector of police, who vows to catch them. Towards the end of the first half, Pazhani gets killed. With a long list of people wanting them dead, they have absolutely no clue who is the killer. How they avenge the death of their friend forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arulnithi]] as Saravanan
* [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] as Meenakshi
* [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Senthil
* [[Sulile Kumar]] as Pazhani
* [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]] as Aarumugam
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Kanthuvatti Rajendran, Meenakshi's father
* [[Aruldoss]]
* [[Mayilsamy]]
* [[Pondy Ravi]] as Police officer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Deepa |date=14 March 2013 |title=Cop in! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cop-in/article4508374.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318065004/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cop-in/article4508374.ece |archive-date=18 March 2013 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]]
* Joy as Boy
* Sujan as Machan
* Rail Ravi
}}

==Production==
Ganesh Vinayaac, associate of Silambarasan, Tharun Gopi and SJ Suryah was supposed to direct ''[[Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal]]'' but was ultimately removed from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-15 |title=Producer Shows The Door To Director – Muppozhudum Un Karpanaiyil – Atharva – Amala Paul – Tamil Movie News |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-11-03/muppozhudum-un-karpanai-atharva-15-03-11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213193851/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-11-03/muppozhudum-un-karpanai-atharva-15-03-11.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=2013-12-06 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> He then announced a project called ''Madayan'' with Simbhu but project never took off<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-03 |title=Silambarasan Wants The Title Changed – Silambarasan – Madaiyan – Ganesh Vinayak – Tamil Movie News |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-12-01/silambarasan-madaiyan-03-02-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040433/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-12-01/silambarasan-madaiyan-03-02-12.html |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=2013-12-06 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> and then he was approached by Dayanidhi to direct a film for his cousin Arulnidhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-24 |title=Arulnidhi And Dayanidhi Team Up – Dayanidhi – Tamil Movie News |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-12-04/dayanidhi-24-05-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103095248/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-12-04/dayanidhi-24-05-12.html |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=2013-12-06 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> Arulnidhi who was fresh after the success of ''[[Mouna Guru]]'' was supposed to do a project called "Ashokamithran" with [[Karu Pazhaniappan]] which was dropped accepted to do the project. The film was initially titled as ''Sambhavam'' and ''Pagal Kollai'' but later changed as ''Thagaraaru''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2012 |title=Arulnidhi – Poorna film rechristened as 'Thagararu'! |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/83752.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718063425/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/83752.html |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=21 July 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> [[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]] was initially approached to play the lead female role but she was busy with other commitments and thus recommended Poorna for the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-18 |title="Durai Dhayanidhi is everything to me"- Arulnithi, Arulnithi, Thagaraaru |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-events/durai-dhayanidhi-is-everything-to-me-arulnithi-arulnithi-thagaraaru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031256/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-events/durai-dhayanidhi-is-everything-to-me-arulnithi-arulnithi-thagaraaru.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=2013-12-06 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>

The first day of shoot was held at location where the opening scene of producer's previous film ''[[Mankatha]]'' was shot, since the producer considered it as "sentimental".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-19 |title=Mankatha's Opening Shot; Dhayanidhi's Sentiment – Mankatha – Ajith – Dhayanidhi Alagiri – Thagararu – Arulnidhi – Poorna – Tamil Movie News |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-12-03/mankatha-ajith-19-07-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040148/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-12-03/mankatha-ajith-19-07-12.html |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=2013-12-06 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> The film was entirely shot at Madurai. The last schedule was commenced at 3 June, in Red Hills, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-02 |title=Arulnithi's Thagaraaru is in its last leg, Arulnithi, Poorna |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/arulnithis-thagaraaru-is-in-its-last-leg-arulnithi-poorna-02-06-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040754/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/arulnithis-thagaraaru-is-in-its-last-leg-arulnithi-poorna-02-06-13.html |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=2013-12-06 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thagaraaru
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18-11-2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = Sony Music
| label = Sony Music Entertainment
| producer = Dharan
| prev_title = [[Endrendrum]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Inga Enna Solluthu]]
| next_year = 2013
}}
The songs were composed by [[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]]. Initially Raghunanthan was credited as music composer but he was replaced by Dharan as he was busy with other work.<ref name="behindwoods1" /> Dharan again was not available to compose the score, which was completed by Praveen Sathya.<ref name="behindwoods1" /> The album have five songs and Ganesh Vinayaac wrote two of them, Super Thirudan and Thiruttu Payapulla.<ref name="behindwoods1" /> The audio was launched on 18 November 2013 at an FM station through Sony Music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-18 |title='Thagararu' audio today! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thagararu-audio-today-news-tamil-nlslhVababb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129165359/http://www.sify.com/movies/thagararu-audio-today-news-tamil-nlslhVababb.html |archive-date=2014-01-29 |access-date=2013-12-06 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Behindwoods wrote:"Dharan continues to show promise with an album that has some impressive highlights".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-18 |title=Thagaraaru (aka) Thagararu songs review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/thagaraaru/thagaraaru-songs-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206011353/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/thagaraaru/thagaraaru-songs-review.html |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=2013-12-06 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> Milliblog wrote:"Standard fare from Dharan".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |date=2013-11-19 |title=Thagararu (Music review), Tamil – Dharan Kumar by Milliblog! |url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2013/11/19/thagararu-music-review-tamil-dharan-kumar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023057/http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2013/11/19/thagararu-music-review-tamil-dharan-kumar/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=2013-12-06 |publisher=Itwofs.com}}</ref>

* "Annanadai" – Velmurugan, Chinnaponnu
* "Nanba Nanba" – Ananthu
* "Super Thirudan" – [[Haricharan]]
* "Thiruttu Payapulla" – [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
* "Thagaraaru" theme music

==Release==
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. Trailer of the film was screened during the intermission of ''[[Udhayam NH4]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-17 |title=Udhayam NH4 comes with three extra additions, Udhayam NH4, Siddharth |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/udhayam-nh4-comes-with-three-extra-additions-udhayam-nh4-17-04-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040108/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/udhayam-nh4-comes-with-three-extra-additions-udhayam-nh4-17-04-13.html |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=2013-12-06 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> The film was given a "U/A" certificate by the [[Indian Censor Board]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=TNN |date=2013-11-28 |title=Arulnidhi's 'Thagararu' gets U/A certificate |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-28/news-interviews/44546316_1_arulnidhi-ganesh-vinayak-thagararu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203063607/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-28/news-interviews/44546316_1_arulnidhi-ganesh-vinayak-thagararu |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-12-06 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
Thagaraaru opened to generally positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |title='Thagararu' Review Roundup: Watch it for Unexpected Twist in Climax |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/528182/20131207/thagararu-review-climax-watchable-arulnithi-thagaraaru-revengedrama.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209025435/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/528182/20131207/thagararu-review-climax-watchable-arulnithi-thagaraaru-revengedrama.htm |archive-date=9 December 2013 |access-date=8 December 2013 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote "''Thagararu'' is a well-made fast moving thriller with a terrific climax twist. It's an unpredictable crime drama that combines violence and friendship set in Tamil cinema’s favourite milieu-Madurai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Thagararu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thagararu-review-tamil-15044739.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206222623/http://www.sify.com/movies/thagararu-review-tamil-15044739.html |archive-date=2013-12-06 |access-date=2013-12-06 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "For quite a while the film meanders through a path of romance and robbery before the director actually decides to steer the course of the story to a bloody end. Writer-director Ganesh Vinaayac gets himself stuck with a story that isn’t convincing and characters that lack stability".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2013-12-07 |title=Thagaraaru: The trouble is… |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thagaraaru-the-trouble-is/article5433516.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211034604/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thagaraaru-the-trouble-is/article5433516.ece |archive-date=11 December 2013 |access-date=8 December 2013 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Thagararu'' may be a Madurai story, but it manages to keep one engrossed for the most part, and is worth a watch".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thagararu: No Quarrels with the Film's Pace and Narration- The New Indian Express |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Thagararu-No-Quarrels-with-the-Films-Pace-and-Narration/2013/12/08/article1934550.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209211456/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Thagararu-No-Quarrels-with-the-Films-Pace-and-Narration/2013/12/08/article1934550.ece |archive-date=9 December 2013 |access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "Thanks to ensemble performances, snazzy camera work, slick editing, deft direction by Vinaayak, while it sizzles, what, however, makes the experience a bit deja vu is, it reminds Subramaniapuram and a slew of Madurai films. Despite the fussy title, the film is worth a watch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |title=Cut above mudane clutter {{!}} Deccan Herald |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/373209/cut-above-mudane-clutter.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212212138/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/373209/cut-above-mudane-clutter.html |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> Behindwoods gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Thagaraaru'' has its share of madurai violence, friendship and cliches, but is a one time watch for its climax".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thagaraaru (Aka) Thagararu review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/thagaraaru/thagaraaru-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208230700/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/thagaraaru/thagaraaru-review.html |archive-date=8 December 2013 |access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3378266}}

[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Governor of the Reserve Bank of India

2026-05-04T20:50:11Z

Mohammedsajib: new new article

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Governor
| body = the Reserve Bank of India
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Seal of the Reserve Bank of India.svg
| insigniacaption = Seal of the Reserve Bank of India
| residence = [[Malabar Hill]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| incumbent = [[Sanjay Malhotra]]
| image = Sanjay Malhotra RBI.jpg
| incumbentsince = 11 December 2024
| termlength = 5 Years (max)
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| member_of = Central Board of Directors [[Monetary Policy Committee (India)|Monetary Policy Committee]] [[Strategic Policy Group]] [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]]
| salary ={{INR convert|250000}} (per month) {{INR convert|3000000}} (per year)
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1935|04|01}}
| inaugural = Sir [[Osborne Smith]]
| website = {{URL|https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/governors.aspx}}
| reports_to = *[[Prime Minister of India]]
*[[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]]
*[[Finance Minister of India|Finance Minister]]
*[[Finance Secretary of India|Secretary (Finance)]]
| seat = 18th Floor, Central Office Building, [[Colaba Causeway|Shahid Bhagat Singh Road]], Mumbai, 400 001
| constituting_instrument = [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934]]
| type = Chief Executive Officer
| status= Head of RBI
| deputy = [[Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India|Deputy Governor]]
| department = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| native_name = भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक के गवर्नर
}}

The '''governor of the Reserve Bank of India''' is the [[chief executive|chief executive officer]] of India's [[central bank]] and the ''[[ex-officio]]'' chair of its Central Board of Directors. The Governor of RBI by convention to be considered as equivalent to the [[Cabinet Secretary of India]], as per Level 18 in the Pay Scale.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Administrative Service (Pay) Rules, 2016 |url=https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/IAS_PAY_Rules2016.pdf |website=Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT), Government of India |publisher=Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions |date=2016 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref> The [[Indian Rupee]] currency notes, issued by the [[Reserve Bank of India]], bear the governor's signature.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAQs |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonperson/english/Scripts/FAQs.aspx?Id=3158 |website=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref> Since its establishment in 1935, the RBI has been headed by twenty-six{{Nbsp}}governors. The governor is a member of the [[Strategic Policy Group]] headed by [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] [[Ajit Doval]]. It is a crucial wing of the [[National Security Council Secretariat]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sahay |first=C. D. |title=Strategic Policy Group – Evolution of Integrated National Security Structure |url=https://www.vifindia.org/article/2018/october/25/strategic-policy-group-evolution-of-integrated-national-security-structure |website=Vivekananda International Foundation |date=25 October 2018 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

The inaugural officeholder was the Australian banker Sir [[Osborne Smith]], while Sir [[C. D. Deshmukh]] was the first native Indian governor. Sir [[Benegal Rama Rau]] was the longest-serving governor, Holding office for over seven years. while [[Amitav Ghosh (banker)|Amitav Ghosh]]'s 20-day term is the shortest. The bank's fifteenth{{Nbsp}}governor, [[Manmohan Singh]], later became India's thirteenth prime minister. [[Sanjay Malhotra]] is the twenty-sixth governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] from 11 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Govt likely to extend RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das's term for second time |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/govt-likely-to-extend-rbi-governor-shaktikanta-das-s-term-for-second-time-124111800909_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=18 November 2024 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sanjay Malhotra is the new RBI Governor for three-year term |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/sanjay-malhotra-is-the-new-rbi-governor-for-three-year-term/article68965180.ece |website=The Hindu |date=10 December 2024 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

== Appointment process ==
The RBI Governor is appointed by the Government of India under the provisions of the [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934]]. The appointment is made by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC), headed by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the [[Home Minister (India)|Home Minister]]. Typically, the Governor is appointed for a term of up to five years, which may be extended or renewed for a second term.<ref>{{cite web |title=How is the RBI Governor appointed? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/how-is-the-rbi-governor-appointed/articleshow/116142054.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=9 December 2024 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Appointment of RBI Governor |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1573622&reg=3&lang=2 |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Consider the following statements with respect to the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) |url=https://forumias.com/blog/question/consider-the-following-statements-with-respect-to-the-governor-of-the-reserve-bank-of-india-rbi-1-the-governor-is-appointed-by-the-president-of-india-2-the-governor-cannot-be-reappointed-after-t/ |website=ForumIAS |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

== Duties and responsibilities of the governor ==
The RBI Governor is the chief executive authority of the Reserve Bank of India and is responsible for formulating and implementing [[monetary policy of India]]. The Governor chairs the [[Monetary Policy Committee (India)|Monetary Policy Committee]], which determines key [[interest rates]] to maintain price stability while supporting [[economic growth]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Monetary Policy |url=https://rbi.org.in/commonperson/English/scripts/commpol.aspx |website=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RBI MPC meet: What's on the table for the rate-setting panel |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rbi-mpc-meet-whats-on-the-table-for-the-rate-setting-panel/articleshow/127944205.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=5 February 2026 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Monetary Policy Committee decisions / related press release |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2120509&reg=3&lang=2 |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RBI MPC meeting this week: Date, time, where to watch live streaming of RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra's monetary policy statement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/rbi-mpc-meeting-this-week-date-time-where-to-watch-live-streaming-of-rbi-governor-sanjay-malhotras-monetary-policy-statement/articleshow/123113179.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

The Governor oversees regulation and supervision of the [[Banking in India|banking]] and [[Economy of India|financial system]] in India. This includes ensuring [[financial stability]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Central Bank Holds Rates as Mideast War Keeps Outlook in Flux |url=https://www.wsj.com/economy/central-banking/indian-central-bank-holds-rates-as-mideast-war-keeps-outlook-in-flux-9ddabbb5 |website=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>, issuing guidelines for banks and non-banking financial companies, and taking corrective actions when required.<ref>{{cite web |title=RBI to rationalise board norms, focus on strategy, policy for banks |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/rbi-to-rationalise-board-norms-focus-strategy-policy-banks-126040801075_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=8 April 2026 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India's central bank governor urges banks to ensure fair financial market access |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-central-bank-governor-urges-banks-ensure-fair-financial-market-access-2026-05-01/ |website=Reuters |date=1 May 2026 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RBI cancels Paytm Payments Bank licence |url=https://etedge-insights.com/industry/bfsi/rbi-cancels-paytm-payments-bank-licence-2026/ |website=ET Edge Insights |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Banking Overview |url=https://www.financialservices.gov.in/beta/en/banking-overview |website=Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, Government of India |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

The RBI Governor also manages India’s [[foreign exchange reserves]] and formulates policies under the [[Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999]]. This involves maintaining exchange rate stability and ensuring orderly development of the foreign exchange market.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weekly Statistical Supplement (WSS) View Detail |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/WSSViewDetail.aspx?PARAM1=2&TYPE=Section |website=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian economy faces risks on multiple fronts from Middle East conflict |url=https://www.wsj.com/economy/central-banking/indian-economy-faces-risks-on-multiple-fronts-from-middle-east-conflict-4f17a37a |website=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India's forex reserves fall $4.82 billion to $698 billion, shows RBI data |url=https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/india-s-forex-reserves-fall-4-82-billion-to-698-billion-shows-rbi-data-126050100868_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=1 May 2026 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

Additionally, the Governor acts as the principal advisor to the [[National Security Advisor of India|National Security Advisor]] and the [[Government of India]] on [[national security]], economic and financial matters. The office also handles currency issuance, payment and settlement systems, and promotes safe and efficient financial infrastructure in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra unveils National Strategy for Financial Inclusion 2025–30 |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/rbi-governor-sanjay-malhotra-unveils-national-strategy-for-financial-inclusion-2025-30/ |website=NewsOnAir (All India Radio) |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UPSC Key: RBI to compensate digital fraud victims, rat-hole mining, Russian oil imports |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-key-rbi-digital-fraud-rat-hole-mining-russian-oil-10519526/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ajit Doval to head key panel set up to assist National Security Council |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ajit-doval-to-head-key-panel-set-up-to-assist-national-security-council-5394594/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RBI advises states to be more prudent in managing finances |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rbi-advises-states-to-be-more-prudent-in-managing-finances/articleshow/116477190.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=19 December 2024 |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

== Emolument, accommodation and perquisites ==
The rank of the RBI Governor is equivalent to the [[Cabinet Secretary of India|Cabinet Secretary]] as per pay-level.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raghuram Rajan says his salary as RBI Governor was Rs 4 lakh; 'I don't get a pension' |url=http://moneycontrol.com/news/trends/raghuram-rajan-says-his-salary-as-rbi-governor-was-rs-4-lakh-i-dont-get-a-pension-11957041.html |website=Moneycontrol |access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref> The post is accompanied by:

* Official residence at [[Malabar Hill]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], a Type-VIII [[bungalow]].
* Security cover as per central government rules.
* Eligibility for a diplomatic or official passport for foreign travel.
* Salary as per Pay Level 18 of the [[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces|7th Pay Commission]]. Although the Dearness allowance (DA), Travel Allowance (TA) and other allowances are determined by the RBI.<ref name="Army Pay Rules">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mod.nic.in/sites/default/files/ArmyPayRules.pdf|title=Army Pay Rules, 2017|date=May 3, 2017|work=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin: 1ex 0 1ex 1ex; "
|+'''RBI Governor monthly pay and allowances'''
!Base Salary as per [[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces|7th Pay Commission]] (Per month)
!Pay Matrix Level
!Sources
|-
|{{INRConvert|250000}}
|Pay Level 18
|<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report">{{cite web|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|title=Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India|publisher=Seventh Central [[Pay Commission]], [[Government of India]]|url-status=dead|access-date=August 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>
|}

== List of governors ==
[[File:CD Deshmukh crop.jpg|thumb|Sir [[C. D. Deshmukh]] was the first Indian to serve as the governor.|upright=0.75]]
[[File:Sir Benegal Rama Rau, governor of Reserve Bank of India.jpg|thumb|Sir [[Benegal Rama Rau]] was the longest serving governor.|upright=0.75]]
[[File:I. G. Patel.jpg|thumb|[[I. G. Patel]], the fourteenth governor|upright=0.75]]
[[File:Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in WEF ,2009.jpg|thumb|[[Manmohan Singh]], the fifteenth governor, later served as the thirteenth [[prime minister of India]]|upright=0.75]]
[[File:Raghuram Rajan, IMF 69MS040421048l.jpg|thumb|[[Raghuram Rajan]], the twenty-third governor|upright=0.75]]
[[File:Shaktikanta Das, IAS (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Shaktikanta Das]], the twenty-fifth governor|upright=0.75]]
[[File:Sanjay Malhotra RBI.jpg|thumb|[[Sanjay Malhotra]], the twenty-sixth and the incumbent governor|upright=0.75]]

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:center" ;
! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" | #
!Portrait
! scope="col" width="135px" | Name
! data-sort-type="date" scope="col" class="unsortable" width="135px" | Term
! scope="col" width=90px| Length of tenure
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governors |url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/governors.aspx |access-date=June 19, 2022 |publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
|1
|[[File:SirOsborneSmith.jpg|99x99px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[Osborne Smith]]
|1 April 1935 — 30 June 1937
|{{ayd|1935|4|1|1937|6|30}}
|Smith was an Australian banker who served as the managing governor of the [[Imperial Bank of India]] before becoming the governor. He resigned the governorship before the completion of the term.
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dadabhoy |first=Bakhtiar K. |title=Barons of Banking: Glimpses of Indian Banking History |date=2013 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-476-2 |location=Noida |page=20}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[File:Sir James Braid Taylor.jpg|82x82px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[James Braid Taylor]]
|1 July 1937 — 17 February 1943
|{{ayd|1937|7|1|1943|2|17}}
|Taylor was an [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] officer who served as the controller of the currency and the [[List of deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India|deputy governor]] of the RBI. He died while in office.
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saha |first=Siddhartha Sankar |title=Indian Financial Systems and Markets |date=2013 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-1-259-00500-8 |location=New Delhi |page=67}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[File:CD Deshmukh (cropped).jpg|90x90px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[C. D. Deshmukh]]
|11 August 1943 — 30 June 1949
|{{ayd|1943|8|11|1949|6|30}}
|Deshmukh was an ICS officer who served as the [[List of deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India|deputy governor]] of the RBI. He was the first Indian to serve as the governor. His governorship oversaw the [[partition of India]] as the subsequent division of assets and liabilities between India and Pakistan.
|
|-
|4
|[[File:Sir Benegal Rama Rau, governor of Reserve Bank of India.jpg|102x102px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[Benegal Rama Rau]]
|1 July 1949 — 14 January 1957
|{{ayd|1949|7|1|1957|1|14}}
|Rau was an ICS officer who served as the [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|ambassador to the United States]]. He resigned the governorship before the completion of his second extended term.
|
|-
|5
|
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[K. G. Ambegaonkar]]
|14 January 1957 — 28 February 1957
|{{ayd|1957|01|14|1957|02|28|df=y}}
|Ambegaokar was an [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] officer who served as the [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]] before becoming the [[List of deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India|deputy governor]] of RBI. He was appointed as the interim governor upon the resignation of [[Benegal Rama Rau]].
|
|-
|6
|[[File:HVR Iengar.jpg|99x99px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[H. V. R. Iengar]]
|1 March 1957 — 28 February 1962
|{{ayd|1957|3|1|1962|2|28}}
|Iyengar was an [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] officer who served as the [[List of chairmen of the State Bank of India|chairman of the State Bank of India]]. [[Coinage of India|Indian coinage]] was shifted to [[Decimalisation|decimal coinage]] during his governorship.
|
|-
|7
|
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[P. C. Bhattacharya]]
|1 March 1962 — 30 June 1967
|{{ayd|1962|3|1|1967|6|30}}
|Bhattacharya was an [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service]] officer who served as the [[List of chairmen of the State Bank of India|chairman of the State Bank of India]] before becoming the governor.
|
|-
|8
|[[File:Lakshmi Kant Jha (India's ambassador to the United States 1970 - 1973).png|103x103px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[Lakshmi Kant Jha]]
|1 July 1967 — 3 May 1970
|{{ayd|1967|7|1|1970|5|3}}
|Jha was an [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] officer who served as the [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|secretary to the prime minister]] before becoming the governor. He left the office upon his appointment as the [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|ambassador to the United States]].
|
|-
|9
|
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[B. N. Adarkar]]
|4 May 1970 — 15 June 1970
|{{ayd|1970|5|4|1970|6|15}}
|Adarkar was an economist who served as the economic advisor to the government before becoming the [[List of deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India|deputy governor]] of RBI. He was appointed as the interim governor.
|
|-
|10
|
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[Sarukkai Jagannathan|S. Jagannathan]]
|16 June 1970 — 19 May 1975
|{{ayd|1970|6|16|1975|5|19}}
|Jagannathan was an [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] officer who served as India's Executive Director of the [[World Bank]] before becoming the governor. He resigned the office to become the India's Executive Director of the [[International Monetary Fund]].
|
|-
|11
|
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[N. C. Sen Gupta]]
|19 May 1975 — 19 August 1975
|{{ayd|1975|5|19|1975|8|19}}
|Gupta served as the Secretary to the Department of Banking before becoming the interim governor.
|
|-
|12
|
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[K. R. Puri]]
|20 August 1975 — 2 May 1977
|{{ayd|1975|8|20|1977|5|2}}
|Puri served as the chairman of the [[Life Insurance Corporation]] before becoming the governor. His governorship oversaw the formation of various [[Regional rural bank|regional rural banks]].
|
|-
|13
|
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[M. Narasimham]]
|3 May 1977 — 30 November 1977
|{{ayd|1977|5|3|1977|11|30}}
|Narasimham was a RBI research officer who served as an Additional Secretary to the Department of Economic Affairs before becoming the governor.
|
|-
|14
|[[File:I. G. Patel.jpg|85x85px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[I. G. Patel]]
|1 December 1977 — 15 September 1982
|{{ayd|1977|12|1|1982|9|15}}
|Patel was an economist who served as a Secretary in the Ministry of Finance before becoming the governor. His governorship oversaw the [[Demonetization (currency)|demonetization]] of [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]5,000 and ₹10,000 value currency.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 9, 2016 |title=In 1946 and 1978, India had demonetised Rs 5,000, 10,000 notes |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/091116/scrapping-large-currency-not-new-in-1946-india-demonetised-rs-5000-10000-notes.html |access-date=June 19, 2022}}</ref>
|
|-
|15
|[[File:Manmohan Singh in 2009.jpg|101x101px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[Manmohan Singh]]
|16 September 1982 — 14 January 1985
|{{ayd|1982|9|16|1985|1|14}}
|Singh is an economist who served as the [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]] before becoming the governor. His governorship oversaw various legal reforms related to the banking sector.
|
|-
|16
|
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[Amitav Ghosh (banker)|Amitav Ghosh]]
|15 January 1985 — 4 February 1985
|{{ayd|1985|1|15|1985|2|4}}
|Ghosh was the deputy governor of RBI who was appointed as the interim governor until [[R. N. Malhotra]] assumed the office.
|
|-
|17
|
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[R. N. Malhotra]]
|4 February 1985 — 22 December 1990
|{{ayd|1985|2|4|1990|12|22}}
|Malhotra was an [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Services]] officer who served as Executive Director of the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] before becoming the governor. His governorship oversaw the inauguration of [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research]].
|
|-
|18
|
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[S. Venkitaramanan]]
|22 December 1990 — 21 December 1992
|{{ayd|1990|12|22|1992|12|21}}
|Venkitaramanan was an IAS officer who served as the [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]] before becoming the governor. India adopted IMF's stabilization program during his governorship.
|
|-
|19
|[[File:C. Rangrajan at the Conference on "Fiscal Policy in India" (cropped).jpg|93x93px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[C. Rangarajan]]
|22 December 1992 — 21 November 1997
|{{ayd|1992|12|22|1997|11|21}}
|Rangarajan is an economist who served as the [[List of deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India|deputy governor]] of RBI before becoming the governor. His governorship oversaw the establishment of unified exchange rate.
|
|-
|20
|[[File:Bimal Jalan (cropped).jpg|86x86px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[Bimal Jalan]]
|22 November 1997 — 6 September 2003
|{{ayd|1997|11|22|2003|9|6}}
|Jalan is an economist who served at various positions including being the chief economic adviser to the government and serving as the [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]] before becoming the governor. His governorship oversaw less [[inflation]] and interest rates.
|
|-
|21
|[[File:The Governor of Reserve Bank of India, Shri Y.V. Reddy (cropped).jpg|94x94px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[Y. V. Reddy]]
|6 September 2003 — 5 September 2008
|{{ayd|2003|9|6|2008|9|5}}
|Reddy is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer who served as the [[List of deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India|deputy governor]] of RBI before becoming the governor. During his governorship, he contributed in the financial sector reforms and [[External commercial borrowing|external commercial borrowings]].
|
|-
|22
|[[File:Duvuri.jpg|83x83px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[Duvvuri Subbarao|D. Subbarao]]
|5 September 2008 — 4 September 2013
|{{ayd|2008|9|5|2013|9|4}}
|Subbarao is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer who served as the [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]] before becoming the governor. He wrote on various issues including [[decentralization]] and [[public finance]].
|
|-
|23
|[[File:Raghuram Rajan, IMF 69MS040421048l.jpg|113x113px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[Raghuram Rajan]]
|4 September 2013 — 4 September 2016
|{{ayd|2013|9|4|2016|9|4}}
|Rajan is an economist who served as the chief economic advisor to the government and the [[List of IMF Economic Counsellors|chief economist of IMF]] before becoming the governor.
|
|-
|24
|[[File:Urjit Patel.jpg|100x100px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[Urjit Patel]]
|4 September 2016 — 10 December 2018
|{{ayd|2016|9|4|2018|12|11}}
|Patel is an economist who worked with the IMF and the central government. He served as the [[List of deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India|deputy governor]] of RBI before becoming the governor. His governorship oversaw the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetization of ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes]]. He later resigned citing personal reasons.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-11 |title=Urjit Patel Resigns - Here are the reasons |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/heres-what-could-have-led-to-rbi-governor-urjit-patels-exit/articleshow/67026855.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2019-08-12 |website=Economic Times |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Dr. Urjit Patel takes over as RBI Deputy Governor">{{cite web |title=Urjit Patel appointed Deputy Governor |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=27952}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 currency notes stand abolished from midnight: PM Modi |date=9 November 2016 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/narendra-modi-prime-minister-address-to-the-nation4364609 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|25
|[[File:Shaktikanta Das, IAS (cropped).jpg|92x92px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[Shaktikanta Das]]
|12 December 2018 — 11 December 2024
|{{ayd|12 December 2018|11 December 2024}}
|Das was an IAS officer who served as the [[Revenue Secretary]] and later [[Economic Affairs Secretary]]. He served as a Member of the 15th Finance Commission before becoming the governor.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Prasad |first1=Gireesh Chandra |last2=Ghosh |first2=Shayan |last3=Gopakumar |first3=Gopika |date=11 December 2018 |title=Shaktikanta Das, Who Oversaw Demonetization, Is New RBI Governor |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/mqqkVZgURWChvJbxq45E4H/Shaktikanta-Das-appointed-new-RBI-governor.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=[[Livemint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2017 |title=N.K. Singh heads 15th Finance Commission, Shaktikanta Das a member |website=[[Business Standard]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/n-k-singh-heads-15th-finance-commission-shaktikanta-das-a-member-117112701199_1.html |access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2015 |title=Shaktikanta Das appointed Economic Affairs Secretary; Hasmukh Adhia is new Revenue Secretary |website=[[The Economic Times]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/shaktikanta-das-appointed-economic-affairs-secretary-hasmukh-adhia-is-new-revenue-secretary/articleshow/48715974.cms |access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2014 |title=Shaktikanta Das appointed as Revenue Secretary |website=[[Business Standard]] |agency=Press Trust of India |location=[[New Delhi]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/shaktikanta-das-appointed-as-revenue-secretary-114061600671_1.html |access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
|26
|[[File:Sanjay Malhotra RBI.jpg|100x100px]]
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" ; | [[Sanjay Malhotra]]
|11 December 2024 — ''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|11 December 2024}}
|Malhotra is an IAS officer who served as the Financial Services Secretary and later [[Revenue Secretary]] before becoming the governor.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkiteswaran |first=Rajesh Trichur |date=2024-12-26 |title=Sanjay Malhotra Takes Charge As RBI Governor |url=https://gfmag.com/economics-policy-regulation/sanjay-malhotra-reserve-bank-india-governor/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Finance Secretary of India]]
* [[Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons inline|Category:Reserve Bank of India|Reserve Bank of India}}
{{-}}
{{Governors of Reserve Bank of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Governors of the Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Lists of office-holders in India]]
[[Category:Lists of central bankers]]

Vasco Da Gama Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T18:25:40Z

Mohammedsajib: Done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vasco Da Gama
| mla = [[Krishna Salkar]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| established = 1989
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:35613}}<ref name=results2022/>{{update after|2027|5}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =25
| map_image = File:Vasco Da Gama constitution.svg
}}

'''Vasco Da Gama Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Goa]] state in [[South India]]. This constituency came into existence in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/vasco-da-gama.html|title=Vasco Da Gama (Goa) Election Results 2017, Winner, Runner-up and MLA Candidates|website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://goaassembly.gov.in/member-of-assembly.php |title=Vidhan Sabha of Goa |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724183143/http://goaassembly.gov.in/member-of-assembly.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceogoa.nic.in/appln/uil/ElectoralRoll.aspx |title=ceogoa |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405022755/http://ceogoa.nic.in/appln/UIL/ElectoralRoll.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is also the most populated constituency of Goa.{{cn|date=May 2026}}

== Overview ==

Vasco Da Gama (constituency number 25) is one of the 20 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[South Goa district]]. This constituency covers the Mormugao (MCL) - Ward Nos. 9 to 17 of Mormugao Saza in [[Morumugao taluka|Mormugao Taluka]]. Vasco Da Gama is part of [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)]] along with eight other Vidhan Sabha segments covers the entire South Goa district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/Goa_Delimitation.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/goa/vasco-da-gama-constituency.html|title=Vasco Da Gama Assembly constituency Map, Vasco Da Gama Election 2017 Results|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Simon Peter D'Souza
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|Menezes Wilfred Mesquita
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|[[Jose Philip D'Souza]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Goans Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Rajendra Arlekar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Jose Philip D'Souza
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2|[[Carlos Almeida (Politician)|Carlos Almeida]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Krishna Salkar]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasco Da Gama<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Krishna Salkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,118 |percentage=51.43% |change={{increase}}17.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Carlos Almeida (politician)|Carlos Almeida]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,461 |percentage=37.09% |change={{increase}}22.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saifula Khan |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=860 |percentage=3.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Andre Sebastiao Viegas |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=851 |percentage=3.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Loran |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=784 |percentage=3.07% |change={{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=244 |percentage=0.96% |change={{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,657 |percentage=14.34% |change= {{increase}}9.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,506 |percentage=71.74% |change= {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,552 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}17.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasco Da Gama<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Carlos Almeida (politician)|Carlos Almeida]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,765 |percentage=33.58% |change={{decrease}}19.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna (Daji) V Salkar |party=Independent politician |votes=7,414 |percentage=28.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jose Filipe De Sousa |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,202 |percentage=16.10% |change={{decrease}}15.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saifula Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,737 |percentage=14.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Loretta D'Souza]] |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=928 |percentage=3.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manesh Chandrakant Arolkar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=654 |percentage=2.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=263 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,351 |percentage=5.18% |change= {{decrease}}15.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,099 |percentage=72.62% |change= {{decrease}}3.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,938 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}19.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasco Da Gama<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Carlos Almeida (politician)|Carlos Almeida]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,468 |percentage=52.69% |change={{increase}}16.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jose Philip D'Souza]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,978 |percentage=32.06% |change={{decrease}}7.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Karl Vaz |party=Independent politician |votes=1,394 |percentage=6.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Iqbal Shaikh |party=Goa Vikas Party |votes=600 |percentage=2.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adam Abdulla Jumma |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=489 |percentage=2.25% |change={{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amindin Mulla |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=328 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stanley C. Almeida |party=Independent politician |votes=143 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,490 |percentage=20.63% |change= {{increase}}17.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,765 |percentage=76.56% |change= {{increase}}17.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,411 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}12.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}13.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasco Da Gama<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jose Philip D'Souza]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,476 |percentage=39.10% |change={{increase}}10.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Arlekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,864 |percentage=35.90% |change={{increase}}0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Carlos J. L. Almeida |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=3,054 |percentage=15.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rego Basilio Arnaldo |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=626 |percentage=3.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Servulo Barros |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=279 |percentage=1.46% |change={{decrease}}7.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhargawe Manisha |party=Independent politician |votes=253 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milton Barreto |party=Save Goa Front |votes=239 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=612 |percentage=3.20% |change= {{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,121 |percentage=58.63% |change= {{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,541 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasco Da Gama<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Arlekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,605 |percentage=35.59% |change={{increase}}11.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jose Philip D'Souza]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,509 |percentage=28.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Carol Taher Daud |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,845 |percentage=24.41% |change={{increase}}4.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Verenkar Shricant Dattaram |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=1,363 |percentage=8.65% |change={{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kerkar Tara |party=Independent politician |votes=294 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pereira Thalmann Pradeep |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=130 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,096 |percentage=6.96% |change= {{decrease}}1.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,750 |percentage=56.22% |change= {{increase}}4.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,007 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}15.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=United Goans Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasco Da Gama<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jose Philip D'Souza]] |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=5,691 |percentage=33.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajendra Arlekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,183 |percentage=24.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mesquita Wilfred M. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,391 |percentage=19.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Verenkar Shrikant Dattaram |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,213 |percentage=12.87% |change={{decrease}}24.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Simon D Souza |party=Independent politician |votes=1,431 |percentage=8.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashinath Ramdular Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=279 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,508 |percentage=8.77% |change= {{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,191 |percentage=51.89% |change= {{decrease}}9.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,127 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Goans Democratic Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasco Da Gama<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mesouita Menezes Wilfred M. |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,460 |percentage=37.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Simon Peter D'Souza |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,867 |percentage=28.24% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jose Philip D'Souza]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,558 |percentage=26.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Henriques Gandhi E. |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=350 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil G. Chopdekar |party=Independent politician |votes=161 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barreto Geraldo Francis |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suryawanshi Bhanudas Y. |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=159 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,593 |percentage=9.24% |change= {{increase}}6.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,237 |percentage=60.50% |change= {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,921 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasco Da Gama<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Simon Peter D'Souza |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,045 |percentage=36.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Menezas Mesquita Wilfred |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,720 |percentage=33.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jose Philip D'Souza]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,705 |percentage=19.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tiwari Dayaprasad Shiram |party=Independent politician |votes=705 |percentage=5.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lotlikar Shivram Raghuvir |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=165 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Henlikar Gandhi |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parulikar Prakash Dattaram |party=Janata Dal |votes=109 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=325 |percentage=2.32% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,996 |percentage=60.75% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,498 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Vasco Da Gama]]
* [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}
{{coord|15.4|73.82|display=title}}

[[Category:Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:South Goa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Goa]]

Habji Gabji

2026-05-04T14:27:04Z

Mohammedsajib: added

{{Short description|2022 Indian Bengali-language film by Raj Chakraborty}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Habji Gabji
| image = Habji Gabji poster.jpeg

| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Raj Chakraborty]]
| screenplay = Padmanabha Dasgupta
| story = [[Raj Chakraborty]]
| producer = [[Raj Chakraborty]] Shyam Agarwal
| starring = [[Subhashree Ganguly]] [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] Samontak Dyuti Maitra
| cinematography = Manas Ganguly
| editing = Md. Kalam
| music = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| studio = Raj Chakraborty Entertainment Srijan Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|06|03}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Habji Gabji''''' is a 2022 Indian Bengali-language [[techno-thriller]] film written and directed by [[Raj Chakraborty]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Habji Gabji Review: মোবাইলের নেশায় ধ্বংস শৈশব, রোমহর্ষক বাস্তব দেখাল 'হাবজি গাবজি' |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/raj-chakraborty-helmed-habji-gabji-film-review-451829/ |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=Indian Express Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Habji Gabji Movie Review: A no-frills, socially relevant drama |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/habji-gabji/movie-review/92037870.cms |access-date=2022-09-21}}</ref> The film is jointly produced by [[Raj Chakraborty]] and Shyam Agarwal under the banners of Raj Chakraborty Entertainment and Srijan Arts, respectively.<ref name=":1" /> The film is based on the effects of online gaming on children and youth. The film features [[Subhashree Ganguly]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] and Samontak Dyuti Maitra as lead characters.

== Synopsis ==
{{more plot|date=August 2024}}
Ahana and Aditya are a workaholic couple who don't get much time to spend with their son Anish, nicknamed Tipu, because of their work schedule. So Aditya introduces him to mobile gaming, but as time passes and he enters his teenage years, he gets more addicted, and even aggressive, following the arrival of online gaming (like [[PUBG Mobile|Pubg]] or [[Free Fire (video game)|FreeFire]]). After being sent to the hospital due to a severe anxiety attack, his parents start blaming each other, eventually realizing the consequences of their negligence. However, it is too late, as they cannot help him even with the help of psychiatrists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=Habji Gabji Film Review |url=https://bengalifilmreviews.com/post/habjigabjifilmreview |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Bengali Film Reviews |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Subhashree Ganguly]] as Ahana Basu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tollywood star Subhashree Ganguly tells us why she became a part of Habji Gabji |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/jun/03/tollywood-star-subhashree-ganguly-tells-us-why-she-became-a-part-of-habji-gabji-41165.html |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=2 June 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] as Aditya Basu <ref>{{Cite web |last=আনন্দ |first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি |date=2022-05-30 |title=লকডাউনে মুক্তি আটকালেও, যেন আরও প্রাসঙ্গিক হয়ে উঠল 'হাবজি-গাবজি', বলছেন রাজ |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/habji-gabji-actress-subhasree-ganguly-director-raj-chakraborty-and-actor-parambrata-chatterjee-shares-their-experience-about-habji-gabji-893047 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref>
* Samontak Dyuti Maitra as teen Anish Basu/Tipu <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=সেনগুপ্ত |first=সোহিনী |title=Habji Gabji: বুকে কাঁপন ধরাবে রাজের 'হাবজি গাবজি', পরম পাওয়া ওশ, স্যমন্তকদ্যুতি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/habji-gabji-review-by-actor-sohini-sengupta-dgtl/cid/1348366 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref>
** Osh Mallick as infant Anish Basu/Tipu <ref name=":0" />
* Suprovat Das as a Police Investigator
* Padmanabha Dasgupta as Arjun Da
* Anirban Bhattacharya as Dr. Arunangshu Roy
==Voiceover==
* Anil Kumar Kami as Police Investigator

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Habji Gabji
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 6:30
| language = Bengali
| label = Raj Chakraborty Entertainment
| producer =
}}

All the songs are composed by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]. The lyrics are penned by [[Srijato]] and Ritam Sen.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dure
| length1 = 3:07
| lyrics1 = [[Srijato]]
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[Papon (singer)|Papon]] & [[Iman Chakraborty]]
| title2 = Eka Eka Aami
| length2 = 3:23
| lyrics2 = Ritam Sen
| music2 =
| extra2 = Mohan Kannan
| total_length = {{Duration|m=6|s=30}}
}}

== Release ==
The trailer released on 14 November 2020. The film released theatrically on 3 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Release alert: 'Habji Gabji' to release in June, 'Dharmajuddho' coming out in August - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/release-alert-habji-gabji-to-release-in-june-dharmajuddho-coming-out-in-august/articleshow/89318557.cms |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=The Times of India |date=3 February 2022 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Raj Chakraborty Films}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Chakraborty]]
[[Category:2022 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]

Dharmakanya

2026-05-04T11:51:19Z

Mohammedsajib:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Madhav Shinde]]
| screenplay = Madhav Bhoite
| story = Pandit Mahadevshastri Joshi
| producer = Damayanti Shinde, Prakash Shinde, Dhanpal Gargate
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Anupama
*[[Chandrakant Gokhale]]
*[[Jayshree T.]]
*[[Hansa Wadkar]]
}}
| cinematography = Vasant Shinde
| editing = Baburao Bhosale
| music = [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]
| studio = Rajlaxmi Chitra
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1968|12|20}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}
'''''Dharmakanya''''' is a 1968 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]- language [[family drama]] directed by [[Madhav Shinde]] and produced by Rajlaxmi Chitra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=धर्मकन्या |url=https://www.marathifilmdata.com/chitrapat/dharmakanya/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=मराठी चित्रपट सूची |language=en-US}}</ref> The film stars Anupama, [[Chandrakant Gokhale]], [[Jayshree T.]], [[Hansa Wadkar]], [[Ratnamala (actress)|Ratnamala]], Dada Salvi in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=वारंग |first=रश्मी |date=2021-01-06 |title=चंद्रकांत गोखले यांच्या जन्मशताब्दीची सांगता... |url=https://kalakrutimedia.com/actor-chandrakant-gokhale-birth-centenary/ |access-date= |website=Kalakruti Media |language=en-US}}</ref> At the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards|8th Maharashtra State Film Awards]] film won [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Third Film]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=सुधीर वासुदेव नांदगावकर |first=चैतन्य कुंटे |url=https://archive.org/details/20190823_20190823_0935 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ७ – चित्रपट, संगीत |date=2014}}</ref>
==Plot==
Shivaram Bhatikar, along with his wife Parvati, their 17-18-year-old daughter Tungabhadra, and her five younger siblings, struggled to make ends meet. His meager salary barely provided enough for one meal a day.

One day, while Shivaram was eating khichdi, the children watched him hungrily. Tungabhadra managed to control her emotions at that moment but later worked hard to earn some money and cooked khichdi for her siblings. When Shivaram saw this, he became furious. Upset by his reaction, Tungabhadra decided to leave home.

Balajipant, a family friend or relative, convinced her to return. However, Shivaram arranged for her marriage to an older man. At the last moment, Tungabhadra’s uncle intervened, rescued her from the situation, and eventually found her a suitable match, ensuring her happiness.

== Cast ==

* Anupama as Tungabhadra (Tunga) Bhatikar
* [[Chandrakant Gokhale]] as Shivram Bhatikar
* [[Jayshree T.|Jayshree T]]. as Revati
* [[Hansa Wadkar]] as Parvati Bhatikar
* [[Ratnamala (actress)|Ratnamala]] as Mavshi
* Shanta Tambe as Kaku
* [[Dada Salvi]] as Balajipant
* Rajshekhar as Lakoba
* Vasant Latkar
* [[Vasant Shinde (actor)|Vasant Shinde]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dharmakanya
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = [[1968 in music|1968]]
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=20|s=34}}
| language = Marathi
| label = [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Marathi]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
The movie soundtrack has 6 songs composed by [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmakanya - 31 December 1969 Download {{!}} Dharmakanya - 31 December 1969 Movie Songs Download |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/dharmakanya_11958 |access-date= |website=www.saregama.com}}</ref>

=== Track listing ===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s)!! Length
|-
| 1
| "God Gojiri Laj Lajari"
| [[Krishna Kalle]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| 3:34
|-
| 2
| "Nandalala Natuni Sajuni Aale"
| rowspan="5" | [[Asha Bhosle]]
|3:32
|-
| 3
|"Paithani Bilagun Mhanate Mala"
| 3:33
|-
| 4
|"Purva Dishela"
| 3:03
|-
| 5
|"Dev Nahi Jevlela"
| 3:31
|-
| 6
|"Sakhi Ga Murali Mohan"
| 3:34
|}

== Awards ==

* [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Third Film]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Rekha |title=Marathi Chitrapatsrushticha Samagra Itihas |publisher=Ministry of Cultural Affairs Maharashtra |year=2014 |edition=1st |language=Marathi}}</ref>
* [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Director]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Imdb name|0290565}}

[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:1960s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]

Surendra Chaurasia

2026-04-29T19:56:29Z

Mohammedsajib: Stub

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Surendra Chaurasia
| caption =
| image = Surendra Charasia.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|07|22}}
| birth_place = [[Deoria district|Kushahari]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Rampur Karkhana Assembly constituency|Rampur Karkhana]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Agriculture & Business
| education = Graduate<ref>{{cite news |title=Live: निर्वाचन क्षेत्र के परिणाम 2022 - सुरेंद्र चौरसिया |url=https://ndtv.in/elections/uttar-pradesh/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2022/surendra-chaurasia-24339-7 |access-date=29 August 2022 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=hi}}</ref>
| website =
}}

'''Surendra Chaurasia''' (born 22 July 1989) is a farmer, turned politician of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] who is an elected<ref>{{cite news |title=Rampur Karkhana Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Surendra Chaurasia of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/rampur-karkhana-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4852286.html |access-date=29 August 2022 |work=[[Network18 Group]] |language=en}}</ref> member from [[Rampur Karkhana Assembly constituency]] in 2022 in [[Deoria district|Deoria]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24339.htm?ac=339 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==

'''Surendra Chaurasia''' was born in an ordinary family in village Kushahari of [[Deoria district|Deoria]] district. Started student politics by joining [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] and then joined [[Hindu Yuva Vahini]] by adopting the ideology of [[Hindutva]] under the guidance of Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His profession according to the election affidavit filed with the [[Election Commission of India]] is: Agriculture & Business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Candidate Details |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6Ik5QYUNka1RMZWwxblwvTmF1TmJ6bGtRPT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6InN3MGxlT2o3MnA4SkdsOVprd2NIYmc9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjAyOGNkNzM4ZmUwYWMyM2IwZDUwZDg4MDFkN2VhYjZiOGQ4MGFjYmE4YmFjZTM5MWE2ZjI1OTM3NGI3YTQxNzgifQ==/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

==Political career==

Surendra Chaurasia is an elected MLA of the 18th [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and represents the Rampur Karkhana constituency of [[Deoria district|Deoria]]. Presently a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], before that he contested student union election in 2006 and then was elected as member of District Panchayat in 2010. He became one of the youngest MLAs in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] by defeating veteran candidate Ghazala Laari.<ref>{{cite web |title=पहली बार चुनाव लड़े सुरेंद्र चौरसिया ने दिग्गज गजाला को हराया |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/deoria/story-surendra-chaurasia-who-contested-for-the-first-time-defeated-veteran-ghazala-6002236.html |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |access-date=29 August 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaurasia, Surendra}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Deoria, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]

Shilpa Saklani

2026-04-29T12:33:22Z

Mohammedsajib: Post!

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shilpa Saklani Agnihotri
| image = Shilpa Saklani at the Charcoal-Houseproud.in launch 04.jpg
| image_upright =
| caption = Saklani in 2013
| image_size =
| birth_date = 5 June
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| education =
| years_active = 2001–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''|''[[Kkusum]]''|''[[Vish Ya Amrit: Sitara]]''|''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''|''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Apurva Agnihotri]]|2004}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Shilpa Saklani Agnihotri''' (born 5 June<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/apurva-agnihotri-pens-down-a-sweet-note-as-wife-shilpa-celebrates-her-birthday-says-my-life-my-soulmate/articleshow/110727796.cms|title=Apurva Agnihotri pens down a sweet note as wife Shilpa celebrates her birthday; says, "My life, my soulmate"|website=The Times of India|accessdate=5 June 2024}}</ref>) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi]] television. Saklani is recognised for her portrayal of Ganga Joshi Virani in ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', Kkusum Deshmukh Kapoor in ''[[Kkusum]]'', Vrinda in ''[[Vish Ya Amrit: Sitara]]'', [[Kaikeyi]] in ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]'' and Ambika Singhania in ''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''.

== Career ==
Saklani started her acting career in 2001 with the Hindi film ''[[Tere Liye (film)|Tere Liye]]'', where she played Ritu Malhotra opposite [[Arjun Punj]]. The film failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=763 | title=Tere Liye - Movie - Box Office India }}</ref> From 2001 to 2022, she played Yamini in ''Ek Tukdaa Chaand Ka''. In 2002, Saklani played Tina in the film ''[[Na Tum Jaano Na Hum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=9 May 2002 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/na-tum-jaano-na-hum/critic-review/na-tum-jaano-na-hum-movie-review/ |title=Na Tum Jaano Na Hum Movie Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716093419/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/na-tum-jaano-na-hum/critic-review/na-tum-jaano-na-hum-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Saklani's career marked a turning point with ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', where she portrayed Ganga Joshi Virani opposite [[Sandeep Baswana]] and [[Amit Sarin]] from 2002 to 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian soap operas: Family affairs|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20140502-family-affair-indian-soap-operas|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210213095711/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20130520-fancy-footwork-in-rios-favelas|archive-date=13 February 2021|website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> The series was her breakthrough and her performance earned her the [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rise of early primetime|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rise-of-early-primetime/421647/1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210213100159/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rise-of-early-primetime/421647/0|archive-date=13 February 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2003, she appeared in ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]'' and later in 2004, Saklani played the titular role of Lavanya in ''[[Lavanya (TV series)|Lavanya]]''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041112121216/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/04/05/stories/2004040500800300.htm ''Lavanya''] ''The Hindu''</ref> In 2005, she played dual roles of Kkusum Deshmukh Kapoor and Swati Gautam in ''[[Kkusum]]'' opposite [[Anuj Saxena]]. In the same year, she participated in ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 1|Nach Baliye 1]]''.<ref>[https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/web-stories/entertainment/television/nausheen-ali-sardar-anuj-saxena-aashka-garodia-shilpa-saklani-ekta-kapoor-tv-show-kkusum-characters/2206289&ved=2ahUKEwiz9oX8zIqLAxUHRWcHHX3AE_E4ChAWegQIEBAB&usg=AOvVaw22JcNYZwsL72LAIVFanr99 ''A look at the cast of Kkusum years later''] ''Zee News''</ref> Post this, she played supporting parts of Shalu in ''[[Shanno Ki Shaadi]]'', Vidhi in ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'', Ritu in ''[[Jyoti (TV series)|Jyoti]]'' and Radha Kelkar in ''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Shanno's Big Fat Punjabi Wedding|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shanno-s-big-fat-punjabi-wedding-11632|access-date=|website=Daily News and Analysis|archive-date=2 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802094833/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shanno-s-big-fat-punjabi-wedding-11632|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 2006 to 2007, Saklani hosted ''Mera Star Superstar'' and ''[[Fame X]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sify.com/famex/contestants/ |title=Fame X |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2010-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062524/http://www.sify.com/famex/contestants/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Saklani then went onto participate in several reality series: ''[[Mr. & Ms. TV]]'' and ''[[Saas v/s Bahu]]'' both in 2008, ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (TV series)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]'' in 2009, ''[[Meethi Choori No 1]]'' in 2010, ''[[Survivor India – The Ultimate Battle (Hindi TV series)|Survivor India – The Ultimate Battle]]'' in 2012 and ''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki]]'' in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ndtv-stands-by-pati-patni-aur-woh/20091002.htm|title=NDTV Imagine stands by Pati, Patni Aur Woh|first=Rajul|last=Hegde|website=Rediff|accessdate=24 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/survival-of-the-fittest-3/|title=Survival of the fittest|website=The Indian Express|accessdate=30 December 2011}}</ref>

Later in 2013, Saklani participated in the reality series ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 7|Bigg Boss 7]]'', where she finished at 16th place.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/throwback-when-salman-khan-compared-shilpa-agnihotri-to-aishwarya-rai-on-bigg-boss-7-1347348?amp |title=THROWBACK: When Salman Khan compared Shilpa Agnihotri to Aishwarya Rai on Bigg Boss 7 |newspaper=Pinkvilla |date=11 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref> From 2015 to 2016, she participated in ''[[Power Couple (Indian TV series)|Power Couple]]''. Additionally, she appeared in episodes of ''[[Haunted Nights]]'', ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'', ''[[Savdhaan India]]'', ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'', ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]'' and ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/is-india-ready-for-power-couple-260848-2015-09-02 |title=Is India ready for Power Couple? |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date=2 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> In 2015, she played Nandini Pandey in ''[[Dosti... Yaariyan... Manmarziyan]]''.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 July 2015|work=The Times of India|title=Blink & miss shows on television|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/47893852.cms|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

After a three year hiatus, Saklani returned to television in 2018, with ''[[Mahakali – Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]]'', where she played [[Diti]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahakali: 5 reasons why the show is winning the hearts of telly viewers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahakali-5-reasons-why-the-show-is-winning-the-hearts-of-telly-viewers/articleshow/60062106.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=14 August 2018}}</ref> In the same year, she played Roma Kapoor in ''[[Kaleerein]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Achint Kaur to Shilpa Saklani: 8 hot saasu maas of television|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/achint-kaur-to-shilpa-saklani-8-hot-saasu-maas-of-television-1224091-2018-05-01|website=India Today|accessdate=29 November 2018}}</ref> From 2018 to 2019, she played a vishkanya Vrinda opposite Sandeep Baswana in ''[[Vish Ya Amrit: Sitara]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=On the sets of Vish Ya Amrit: Sitaara: Vrinda reveals Sitaara's real identity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/on-the-sets-of-vish-ya-amrit-sitaara-vrinda-reveals-sitaaras-real-identity/amp_videoshow/67866739.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=24 January 2020}}</ref> Following a small hiatus, she appeared in ''[[Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal]]'', in 2023 as Sudha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shilpa Saklani Makes a Comeback After 4 Yrs With Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shilpa-saklani-makes-a-comeback-after-4-yrs-with-karan-kundrras-tere-ishq-mein-ghayal-7270279.html|website=News18 India|accessdate=11 February 2024}}</ref>

In January 2024, Saklani is portraying [[Kaikeyi]] in ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shilpa Saklani loves playing Kaikeyi on screen|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/shilpa-saklani-loves-playing-kaikeyi-on-screen-587308/amp|website=The Tribune India|accessdate=30 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aarav Chowdhury, Shilpa Saklani, and others open up about Shrimad Ramayan |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/aarav-chowdhury-shilpa-saklani-others-open-shrimad-ramayan/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> From June 2024 to May 2025, she played Ambika Singhania in ''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shilpa Saklani joins TV show Parineetii; to play the role of fierce Ambika Devi Singhania|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shilpa-saklani-joins-tv-show-parineetii-play-role-fierce-ambika-devi-singhania/|website=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=21 August 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Saklani married actor [[Apurva Agnihotri]] on 29 June 2004 in [[Dehradun]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/we-bet-you-have-not-seen-these-wedding-pictures-of-tv-celebs/apurva-agnihotri-wishes-wife-shilpa-saklani-on-their-anniversary-shares-a-beautiful-pic-of-their-wedding/photostory/64779887.cms|title=Apurva Agnihotri wishes wife Shilpa Saklani on their anniversary, shares a beautiful picture of their wedding!|website=The Times of India|accessdate=29 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/these-photos-of-apurva-and-shilpa-agnihotri-will-make-you-go-awww/liveblog/51325881.cms|title=These photos of Apurva and Shilpa Agnihotri will make you go awww!|website=The Times of India|language=en|accessdate=23 November 2022}}</ref> Saklani gave birth to their daughter on 13 October 2022, 18 years after their marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/apurva-agnihotri-shilpa-saklani-embrace-parenthood-after-18-years-introduce-daughter-8304092/|title=Apurva Agnihotri and Shilpa Saklani embrace parenthood after 18 years, introduce daughter Ishaani Kanu Agnihotri|website=The Indian Express |accessdate=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/apurva-agnihotri-and-wife-shilpa-elated-as-their-daughter-turns-6-months-old-call-her-a-miracle-2359978-2023-04-14|title=Apurva Agnihotri and wife Shilpa elated as their daughter turns 6 months old, call her a 'miracle'|website=India Today|accessdate=12 September 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Tere Liye (film)|Tere Liye]]''
| Ritu Malhotra
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Wanted to do films beyond 'Dhoom': Sanjay Gadhvi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/287908/wanted-do-films-beyond-dhoom.html |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=26 October 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Na Tum Jaano Na Hum]]''
| Tina
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Ab Rab Hawale - An Untold Story Of A Known Irony''
| Daljeet
| Short film
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''Ek Tukdaa Chaand Ka''
| Yamini
|
|
|-
| 2002–2008
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Ganga Joshi Virani
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=22 Years of 'Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi': Here's how the show's actors looked like then and now |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/photo/19-years-of-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-heres-how-the-shows-actors-looked-like-then-and-now-86105/1|access-date=29 January 2023|website=Mid Day}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]''
| Pooja
| Episodes 74-98
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| Tanu / Rachel D'Mello
| Episodes 226-252
|
|-
| ''[[Lavanya (TV series)|Lavanya]]''
| Lavanya
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''[[Kkusum]]''
| Kkusum Deshmukh Kapoor / Swati Gautam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/changing-faces-on-popular-television-shows/15072007|title=Changing faces on popular television shows|website=Mid Day|date=5 February 2014 |access-date=2016-07-13}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 1|Nach Baliye 1]]''
| Contestant
| 6th place
|
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Shanno Ki Shaadi]]''
| Shalu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.in/media-hub/press-coverage/2005/12/shilpa-enters-shanno-ki-shadi-shalu|title=Shilpa enters Shanno Ki Shadi as Shalu|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Disney India]]|access-date=|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202094042/http://corporate.disney.in/media-hub/press-coverage/2005/12/shilpa-enters-shanno-ki-shadi-shalu|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006–2007
| ''Mera Star Superstar''
| Host
|
|
|-
| ''[[Fame X]]''
| Host
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''[[Mr. & Ms. TV]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| ''[[Saas v/s Bahu]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (TV series)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]''
| Contestant
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Pati-Patni-Aur-Woh-wont-go-off-air/articleshow/5086256.cms |title= Pati Patni Aur Woh won't go off air |author= |date= 4 October 2009 |work= Times of India |publisher= |accessdate= 24 April 2010 |archive-date= 21 November 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091121083542/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Pati-Patni-Aur-Woh-wont-go-off-air/articleshow/5086256.cms |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Meethi Choori No 1]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Survivor India – The Ultimate Battle (Hindi TV series)|Survivor India – The Ultimate Battle]]''
| Contestant
| 18th place
|
|-
| ''[[Haunted Nights]]''
| Shilpa
| Episodes 6-10
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki]]''
| Contestant
| Episodes 43-48
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 7|Bigg Boss 7]]''
| Contestant
| 16th place
|<ref>{{cite web |title='Bigg Boss 7' complete list of contestants |work=The Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bigg-boss-7-final-list-of-celebs/1169462/ |date=15 September 2013 |access-date=24 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
| Aditi
| Episode 30
|
|-
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Sonali Rane
| Episode 925
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Aparna
| Season 3, Episode 12
|
|-
| ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''
| Ganga
| Episode 78
|
|-
| ''[[Dosti... Yaariyan... Manmarziyan]]''
| Nandini Pandey
|
|<ref>{{cite news|last=Kapoor|first=Jaskiran|date=27 June 2017|title=Tv show Dosti… Yariyaan… Manmarziyan: So far there are little complaints|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/out-of-the-box-of-friends-and-big-dreams/|access-date=29 July 2024|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''
| Dr. Shehnaz Mistry
| Episode 5
|
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Power Couple (Indian TV series)|Power Couple]]''
| Contestant
| 7th place
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/photos/power-couple-here-is-the-confirmed-list-of-contestants-236240/amp|title=Power Couple: List of Contestants|website=ABP Live|date=27 October 2015|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[Mahakali – Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]]''
| [[Diti]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-actress-shilpa-saklani-to-make-her-comeback-with-this-tv-show-1198763-2018-03-27|title=Shilpa Saklani to make her comeback with Mahakali|date=2018-03-27|website= India Today Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaleerein]]''
| Roma Kapoor
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/kaleerein-shilpa-saklani-enters-the-show-as-meera-s-mother-in-law-1213403-2018-04-16|title=Kaleerein: Shilpa Saklani enters the show as Meera's mother-in-law|date=2018-04-16|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Vish Ya Amrit: Sitara]]''
| Vrinda
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal]]''
| Sudha
|
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''
| [[Kaikeyi]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shilpa-saklani-is-televisions-new-kaikeyi-the-actress-will-essay-the-role-in-shrimad-ramayan/articleshow/104652209.cms|title=Shilpa Saklani is television's new Kaikeyi; the actress will essay the role in Shrimad Ramayan|access-date=28 November 2023|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''
| Ambika Singhania
|
|<ref>{{cite news|title='Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi' fame Shilpa Saklani joins 'Parineetii' show|url=https://theprint.in/feature/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-fame-shilpa-saklani-joins-parineetii-show/2126823/|access-date=12 June 2024|work=The Print|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Special appearances ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''
| Vidhi
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Jyoti (TV series)|Jyoti]]''
| Ritu
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]''
| Radha Kelkar
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]]''
| Herself
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta — Ek Mayavi Prem Gaatha]]''
| Ratnaprabha Jai Singh
|<ref>{{cite web|author=Priyanka Sharma |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/chandrakanta-comeback-channels-colors-life-ok-watch-videos-4415528/ |title=Chandrakanta is making a comeback on two channels together, watch videos |work=The Indian Express |date=2016-12-07 |access-date=2017-06-27}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss 14]]''
| Herself
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2005
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=324|title=GR8! TV Magazine - The Indian Television Academy Awards Winners List, 2005|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| [[LA Film Festival|Los Angeles Independent Film Festival]]
| Best Ensemble Cast
| ''Ab Rab Hawale''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/awards/la-film-festival-2015-award-winners-1201522404/|title=LA Film Festival 2015 Announces Winners, Check The Complete List|date=17 June 2015|website=Variety|access-date=2021-11-29}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Telly Awards 2025 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/winners.html |date=23 July 2025 |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=Indian Telly Awards}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*{{IMDb name|id=1146185}}
*{{Instagram|shilpa_saklani}}

{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Supporting Actress}}
{{Bigg Boss}}
{{Nach Baliye}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saklani, Shilpa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Sindhi actresses]]

Jammu and Kashmir Apni Youth Federation

2026-04-26T19:51:00Z

Mohammedsajib: post

{{Short description|Indian youth political party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = JKAYF
| formation = March 2020
| full_name = Jammu and Kashmir Apni Youth Federation
| nickname = Youth Apni Party
| named_after = [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]]
| founder = [[Altaf Bukhari]]
| type = [[Youth wing]]
| region_served = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| leader_title = National President
| leader_name = post vaccant
| num_students = Apni Students Federation
}}
The '''Jammu and Kashmir Apni Youth Federation''' ('''JKAYF''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Over 30 migrant KP youth join Apni Party - The Northern Herald|url=https://www.thenorthernherald.com/newsdetail/27313/jammu/over-30-migrant-kp-youth-join-apni-party|access-date=2021-12-22|website=www.thenorthernherald.com|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222135012/https://www.thenorthernherald.com/newsdetail/27313/jammu/over-30-migrant-kp-youth-join-apni-party|url-status=dead}}</ref> also known as '''Youth Apni Party'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=KNS|title=Apni Party constitutes Youth Wing|url=http://www.knskashmir.com/apni-party-constitutes-youth-wing-62802|access-date=2021-12-22|website=www.knskashmir.com|date=16 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=अपनी पार्टी के युवा सम्मेलन में बोले पार्टी नेता- जम्मू-कश्मीर में युवाओं को बेरोजगारी की मार|url=https://www.jagran.com/jammu-and-kashmir/jammu-apni-party-leaders-said-youth-in-jammu-and-kashmir-are-facing-unemployment-problem-22228902.html|access-date=2021-12-22|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> is youth wing of [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Excelsior|first=Daily|date=2021-07-01|title=Apni Party's Youth Wing stages protest against unemployment|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/apni-partys-youth-wing-stages-protest-against-unemployment/|access-date=2021-12-22|website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K}}</ref> in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-18|title=Jammu municipal corporation failed to provide basic amenities: Apni Party leader|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/jammu-municipal-corporation-failed-to-provide-basic-amenities-apni-party-leader-101639772282600.html|access-date=2021-12-22|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=GKNN|title=Apni Party Youth Wing organises youth convention at Anantnag|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/apni-party-youth-wing-organises-youth-convention-at-anantnag|access-date=2021-12-22|website=Greater Kashmir|date=8 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Excelsior|first=Daily|date=2021-07-01|title=Apni Party's Youth Wing stages protest against unemployment|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/apni-partys-youth-wing-stages-protest-against-unemployment/|access-date=2021-12-22|website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K}}</ref> It is founded in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 March 2020|title=Former PDP leader Altaf Bukhari launches 'Apni party'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/altaf-bukhari-launches-jammu-and-kashmir-apni-party-31-leaders-from-pdp-nc-congress-to-join-in/articleshow/74536418.cms|access-date=2020-03-08|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ex-J&K minister Altaf Bukhari floats new political outfit JK Apni Party - The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ex-jk-minister-altaf-bukhari-floats-new-political-outfit-jk-apni-party/articleshow/74538002.cms|access-date=2021-12-22|website=The Economic Times|date=9 March 2020 |last1=Rashid |first1=Hakeem Irfan }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Apni Party launched in Jammu and Kashmir with PDP, NC leaders|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/08/apni-party-launched-in-jammu-and-kashmir-with-pdp-nc-leaders.html|access-date=2021-12-22|website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=J&K: Former PDP leader Syed Altaf Bukhari launches party, says it will preserve region's identity|url=https://scroll.in/latest/955528/j-k-former-pdp-leader-syed-altaf-bukhari-launches-party-says-it-will-preserve-regions-identity|access-date=2021-12-22|website=Scroll.in|date=8 March 2020 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Youth wings of political parties in India]]
[[Category:Youth politics]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{JammuKashmir-stub}}
{{India-party-stub}}

Burla Ramanjaneyulu

2026-04-24T23:22:13Z

Mohammedsajib: new new entry.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Burla Ramanjaneyulu
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Mekathoti Sucharitha]]
| constituency = [[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|Prathipadu, Guntur]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Burla Ramanjaneyulu''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burla Ramanjaneyulu, TDP Candidate from Prathipadu Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/burla-ramanjaneyulu-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a093e2024c003/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Ramanjaneyulu has been elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Prathipadu Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/prathipadu-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-2-8916812.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prathipadu Constituency Election Results 2024: Prathipadu Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/prathipadu |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He won the elections by a margin of 42015 votes defeating Balasani Kiran Kumar of the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0193.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212104155/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0193.htm |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=results.eci.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

He was born in Alur Village of [[Kurnool district]], Andhra Pradesh.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

== Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source= Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency}}
{{#section-h:Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanjaneyulu, Burla}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Sukur Ali Ahmed

2026-04-21T22:43:30Z

Mohammedsajib: Bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sukur Ali Ahmed
| image =
| birth_date = 1958 or 1959
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2025|6|4|66|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India
| office = [[Government of Assam|Cabinet Minister, Assam]]
| term_start = 26 January 2015
| term_end = 24 May 2016
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 2blankname = Departments
| 2namedata = {{bulleted list|Public Health Engineering|Welfare of Minorities and Haj}}
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Gautam Roy]] {{small|(PHE)}}|[[Nazrul Islam (Indian politician)|Nazrul Islam]] {{small|(Minorities)}}}}
| successor = {{ubl|[[Rihon Daimary]] {{small|(PHE)}}|[[Sarbananda Sonowal]] {{small|(Minorities)}}}}
| office1 = [[Government of Assam|Minister of State, Assam]]
| term_start1 = 7 June 2002
| term_end1 = 6 July 2004
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 2blankname1 = Departments
| 2namedata1 = {{bulleted list|Public Health Engineering|Urban Development}}
| office2 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member, Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Chenga Assembly constituency|Chenga]]
| term_start3 = 1996
| term_end3 = 2006
| predecessor3 = Liakat Ali Khan
| successor3 = Liakat Ali Khan
| term_start2 = 2011
| term_end2 = 2021
| predecessor2 = [[Liakat Ali Khan]]
| successor2 = [[Ashraful Hussain]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Sukur Ali Ahmed''' (1958 or 1959 – 4 June 2025) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chenga Assembly constituency|Chenga]] in the [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]], [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]], [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]] and [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]] elections as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4007-assam-2001/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=assamassembly>{{cite web |title=Members 2001–2006 |website=Assam Legislative Assembly |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-2001-06.html |accessdate=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-2016.html|title=Assam Assembly 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamassembly.gov.in/who's-who-2016.html|title=Members of 14th Assam Legislative Assembly|website=Assam Legislative Assembly|accessdate=6 August 2019}}</ref> He also served as a minister in [[Third Tarun Gogoi ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam: 18 ministers sworn in |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-18-ministers-sworn-in-456962 |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Ahmed died on 4 June 2025, at the age of 66.<ref>[https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/former-chenga-mla-minister-sukur-ali-ahmed-passes-away-at-66-9336025 Former Chenga MLA & Minister Sukur Ali Ahmed Passes Away at 66]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Sukur Ali}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:People from Barpeta district]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)

2026-04-20T01:59:34Z

Mohammedsajib: new biography

{{Short description|Indian politician from Hazaribagh, Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manoj Kumar Yadav
| birth_name =
| native_name =
| caption =
| image = MLA Manoj Kumar Yadav.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|12|22}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2018-Present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1995-2018)
| website =
| alma_mater = [[Ranchi University]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| date =
| year =
| country = India
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] (MLA) of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| citizenship =
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| predecessor = [[Umashankar Akela]]
| constituency = [[Barhi Assembly constituency|Barhi]]
| father = Ram Narayan Yadav
| mother =
}}

'''Manoj Kumar Yadav''' (born 22 December 1956) is an Indian politician from [[Hazaribagh district]], Jharkhand. He is presently the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Barhi Assembly constituency|Barhi]] assembly constituency as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) member.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/Jharkhand2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=255 |title=Manoj Kumar Yadav - Winner - Barhi, Hazaribagh 2024 |work=My Neta |access-date=9 July 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/barhi-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130259.html |title=Barhi Election Result 2024 LIVE: Manoj Kumar Yadav of BJP Wins |work=News18 |date=23 November 2024 }}</ref> He is the ''Chairman'' of Jharkhand's [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]] (PAC) since January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/hazaribagh/story-manoj-kumar-yadav-becomes-chairman-of-jharkhand-assembly-public-accounts-committee-201737202054227.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |title=बरही विधायक मनोज यादव विधानसभा लोक लेखा समिति के सभापति बने |work=Hindustan (Hindi) |date=18 January 2025 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Manoj Kumar Yadav was born on 22 December 1956 in Jharkhand. He did [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] from [[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav College]] affiliated with the [[Ranchi University]] in 1975.

==About==
Between 1995 and 2014, Manoj Yadav has been elected four times from [[Barhi Assembly constituency|Barhi]] seat as MLA on [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) symbol. He was the senior-most politician in party but left the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in 2018.

Manoj Yadav unsuccessfully contested from Barhi in [[5th Jharkhand Assembly]] election on BJP symbol.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/barhi-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-2430685.html|title=Barhi Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Umashankar Akela of Congress Wins|website=www.news18.com|date=23 December 2019 |accessdate=23 December 2019}}</ref> In 2024, he once again became MLA from Barhi Vidhan Sabha and became member of the [[6th Jharkhand Assembly]].

==Positions held==
Manoj Kumar Yadav has served 5 times as MLA. He also unsuccessfully contested the Lok Sabha elections from [[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]] constituency in 2019.

{| class= wikitable width=60%
|-
! From
! To
! Position
! Constituency
|-
| 1995
| 2000
| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|11th Bihar Assembly]]
| [[Barhi Assembly constituency|Barhi]]
|-
| 2000
| 2005
| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[1st Jharkhand Assembly]]
| [[Barhi Assembly constituency|Barhi]]
|-
| 2005
| 2009
| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[2nd Jharkhand Assembly]]
| [[Barhi Assembly constituency|Barhi]]
|-
| 2014
| 2019
| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[4th Jharkhand Assembly]]
| [[Barhi Assembly constituency|Barhi]]
|-
| 2024
| Incumbent
| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[6th Jharkhand Assembly]]
| [[Barhi Assembly constituency|Barhi]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Barhi, Hazaribagh]]
* [[Manish Jaiswal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Manoj}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hazaribagh district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2005–2009]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

Yaksha kingdom

2026-04-19T16:07:37Z

Mohammedsajib: Created!

{{Short description|Legendary kingdom in Hinduism}}
{{About|the kingdom of the Yakshas|the Yaksha race|Yaksha}}
{{Multiple issues|{{In-universe|date=November 2010}}
{{Disputed|date=September 2021}}
{{Notability|date=September 2021}}
{{Primary sources|article|date=September 2021}}}}[[File:MathuraYaksa.jpg|thumb|170px|right|[[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] [[Yaksha]], 1st-2nd century CE]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}

The '''Yaksha kingdom''' is the mythological kingdom of the [[yaksha]]s, a race featured in [[Hinduism]]. [[Kubera]] is referred to as the king of the Yakshas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&dq=yaksha+kingdom+kubera&pg=PA201 |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 |pages=201 |language=en}}</ref>

==References in the Mahabharata==

===Yaksha territory===
The territory of the [[Yaksha|Yakshas]] under the kingship of [[Kubera]] is described in the [[Mahabharata]] as being the region surrounding the [[Mount Kailash|Kailasa]] mountains and [[Lake Manasarovar|Manasa]] lake in the Tibetan [[Himalayas]]. [[Hataka]] is a part of [[Yaksha]].

====Pandavas expeditions====
Regarding the expeditions of the [[Pandava|Pandavas]] guided by sage Lomasa, we are told (in the Mahabharata 3:139):

: "Lomasa said, now hast thou left behind the mountains Usiravija, Mainaka and Sweta, as well as the Kala hills, O son of Kunti, O bull among the descendants of Bharata, here flow before thee the seven Gangas. This spot is pure and holy. Here Agni blazeth forth without intermission. Now wilt thou see the play-ground of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]], marked with their footprints, as we have passed the mountain, Kala. We shall now ascend that white rock—the mountain Mandara, inhabited by the Yakshas, [[Manibhadra]] and Kuvera, king of the Yakshas.

: O king, at this place eighty thousand fleet Gandharvas, and four times as many Kimpurushas and Yakshas of various shapes and forms, holding various weapons, attend upon Manibhadra, king of the Yakshas. In these regions, their power is very great. And in speed, they are even as the wind. They can, without doubt, displace even the lord of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] from his seat. Protected by them, and also watched over by the Rakshasas, these mountains have been rendered inaccessible. Here are fierce ministers of Kuvera and his Rakshasa kindred."

Section 3:152 describes [[Pandava]] [[Bhima]]'s expedition to the Yaksha territory:

Bhima saw in the vicinity of the Kailasa cliff, that beautiful lotus lake surrounded by lovely woods, and guarded by the Rakshasas. And it sprang from the contiguous cascades to the abode of Kuvera. And situated on the rocky elevation this expanse of excellent water was exceedingly fair. That unearthly receptacle of waters was covered with celestial Saugandhika lotuses. And this lake was the sporting region of the high-souled Kuvera, the king of the Yakshas. And it was held in high regard by the Gandharvas the Apsaras and the celestials. And it was frequented by the celestial sages and the Yakshas and the Kimpurushas and the Rakshasas and the Kinnaras; Hundreds and thousands of Rakshasas, named Krodhavasas, were guarding that lake, wearing uniforms and armed with various weapons.

====Ashtavakra's expeditions====
Section 13:19 describes sage Ashtavakra's expedition to this territory:

The illustrious Ashtavakra set out on his journey. He proceeded more and more towards the north and at last reached the [[Himalaya|Himavat]] mountains peopled by Siddhas and Charanas arrived at the Himavat mountains, that foremost of Brahamanas then came upon the sacred river '''Vahuda''' whose waters produce great merit. He rested for some more time by the side of that lake in the course of the Vahuda whose shores he had reached. Refreshed by such rest, he set out from that region and then proceeded towards Kailasa. He then beheld a gate of gold. He saw also the Mandakini and the Nalini of the high-souled Kubera, the Lord of Treasures. Beholding the Rishi arrived there, all the Rakshasas having Manibhadra for their head, who were engaged in protecting that lake abounding with beautiful lotuses, came out in a body for welcoming and honouring the illustrious traveller.

====More information on the region====
Section 5:111:

Because all the treasures of the north stretch in a line towards the east and the west, therefor the north is sometimes called the central region. Hither, is the asylum, known by the name of Vadari [[Badrinath]]. It was here, on the breast of Kailasa, that [[Kubera]], was installed on the sovereignty of the Rakshasas, the Yakshas, and the Gandharvas. It is in this region that (Kuvera's gardens called) Chitraratha lie, and it is here that the asylum of (the Munis called the) Vaikhanasas is situate. It is here that the celestial stream called Mandakini, and the mountain Mandara are to be seen. It is here that the gardens called Saugandhi-kanaka are always guarded by the Rakshasas. Here are many plains covered with grassy verdure, as also the plantain forest, and those celestial trees called the Sautanakas. It is in this region that the mountains of Kailasa lie, the abode of Ailavila (Kuvera). It is here that the ten Apsaras known by the name of Vidyutprabha had their origin. Here, in this quarter, at a place called Usiravija, by the side of the golden lake, king Marutta performed,a sacrifice. It is here that the brilliant and shining gold mines of Himavat exhibit themselves to the illustrious and regenerate Rishi Jimuta and hence known by the name of the Jaimuta gold. At (14:16) [[Pandavas]] were mentioned as mining this gold.

The region, called Mandakini, of king Vaisravana is attained by those highly blessed persons for whom are every joy and comfort. There Gandharvas and Yakshas and Apsaras live (13:102).

The spot where [[Ganges|Ganga]] rusheth past, cleaving the foremost of mountains which is frequented by Gandharvas and Yakshas and Rakshasas and Apsaras, and inhabited by hunters, and Kinnaras, is called Gangadwara (3:90).

Delicious and cooling breezes murmuring through forests of tall Mandaras, and bearing fragrance of extensive plantations of jasmine, as also of the lotuses on the bosom of the river Alaka and of the Nandana-gardens, always minister to the pleasure of the King of the Yakshas. (2,10).

On the south of Nishadha is the Varsha called Hiranmaya where is the river called Hiranwati. There, liveth that foremost of birds named [[Garuda]]. And the people there, are all followers of the Yakshas, wealthy, and of handsome features (6:8).

*Brahma-vodhya, and Vrihadvati were mentioned as rivers of Yaksha regions (6:9).
*Arjuna had encountered Yakshas in Khandava forests.
*Karna had encountered Yakshas in Mahendra mountains.
*Yakshas were mentioned to be dwelling on the northern banks of river Saraswati (9:37).

===King Vaisravana (Kubera)===
{{main|Kubera|Vaiśravaṇa}}

The banks of river [[Narmada River|Narmada]] are described as the birthplace of Yaksha king [[Kubera|Kuvera]] ([[Vaiśravaṇa|Vaisravana]]), where his father Visravas, who was a sage, lived (MBh 3,89). King Vaisravana or Kubera was the ruler of [[Lanka kingdom|Lanka]] which was guarded by hosts of Rakshasas. He had a chariot called Pushpaka capable of going everywhere according to the will of the rider. And the kingship of the Yakshas and the sovereignty over sovereigns were also his (2,272). Rakshasa [[Ravana]] defeated Kuvera in battle and obtained from him the sovereignty of Lanka. That adorable Being, leaving Lanka and followed by [[Gandharva kingdom|Gandharvas]], Yakshas, Rakshasas, and [[Kinnara kingdom|Kinnaras]], went to live on mount Gandhamadana (near [[Kailasa]], [[Tibet]]). And Ravana forcibly took from him in the celestial chariot Pushpaka.

The lord Kuvera of body resembling pure gold, seated in his car of great splendor, and accompanied by numerous Yakshas came there. And the lord of treasures, possessed of great beauty, came there to see [[Arjuna]], illuminating the firmament with his effulgence. (3:41).

At (3:160) is mentioned an encounter between [[Pandava]] [[Bhima]] and the Yaksha army. Here Krodhovasa Rakshasas were mentioned as part of Kubera's army. Maniman is mentioned as a friend of Kubera and a leader of the army. Kubera came to see Bhima the destroyer of his army.

*Kubera is sometimes mentioned as [[Ailas|Ailavila]] (5:139).
*Kubera had a son named [[Nalakuvara|Nalakubera]] (9:47).

===Sthunakarna===
Another prominent Yaksha found mention in Mahabharata is Sthunakarna. He dwelt in a forest close to the [[Panchala kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala kingdom]]. He converted [[Shikhandi]]ni, the daughter of Panchala king [[Drupada]] into a male by exchanging his male sexuality with her. Here the Yaksha is addressed as a [[Guhyaka]], the one who dwells in caves or in hidden places.

There was a dense and solitary forest that was the haunt of a very formidable Yaksha called Sthunakarna. From fear of that Yaksha men never went into that forest. And within it stood a mansion with high walls and a gateway, plastered over with powdered earth, and rich with smoke bearing the fragrance of fried paddy. Entering that mansion, Sikhandini, the daughter of Drupada, began to reduce herself by foregoing all food for many days. Thereupon, the Yaksha named Sthuna, who was endowed with kindness, showed himself unto her (5,194).

===Mystification of Yakshas===
At 3:310 of Mahabharata is a conversation of a Yaksha and [[Pandava]] king [[Yudhishthira]]. Here Yaksha is described as a crane, sitting by a pond.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yaksha Prasnam - Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia |url=http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Yaksha_Prasnam |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=www.hindupedia.com}}</ref>

Manibhadras, and Vaisravana (Kubera), the king of the Yaksha were worshipped by travellers who travel through lonely territories, for protection against dangers. Manibhadra is one of the warrior in the Yaksha army of Kubera. Gandharvas were also part of his army (3:65).

At 3:229 this is more clear:

: The man who beholds [[Dewa (people)]] while sleeping, or in a wakeful state soon turns mad, and the spirit under whose influence these hallucinations take place is called the Deva spirit. When a person beholds his dead ancestors while he is seated at ease, or lying in his bed, he soon loses his reason, and the spirit which causes this illusion of sensible perception, is called the ancestral spirit. The man who shows disrespect to the Siddhas and who is cursed by them in return, soon runs mad and the evil influence by which this is brought about, is called the Siddha spirit.

: And the spirit by whose influence a man smells sweet odour, and becomes cognisant of various tastes (when there are no odoriferous or tasteful substances about him) and soon becomes tormented, is called the Rakshasa spirit. And the spirit by whose action celestial musicians ([[Gandharvas]]) blend their existence into the constitution of a human being, and make him run mad in no time, is called the Gandharva spirit. And that evil spirit by whose influence men are always tormented by [[Pisachas]], is called the Paisacha spirit. When the spirit of [[Yakshas]] enters into the system of a human being by some accident, he loses his reason immediately, and such a spirit is called the Yaksha spirit.

: It is known that excepting the first forty seconds the grey twilight preceding nightfall hath been appointed for the wandering of the Yakshas, the Gandharvas, and the Rakshasas, all of whom are capable of going everywhere at will (1,172).

===Other references===

*The Yakshas, milking the Earth, got the power of disappearance at will (7,67).
*The royal [[Kuvera]], the chief of the Yakshas and the Rakshasas, is the lord of the treasury of Indra (12:289).
*Rishi Yaksha of great intelligence succeeded in restoring the Niruktas which had disappeared from the surface of the Earth and sunk into nether regions (12:342).
*Mankanaka is mentioned as a Yaksha and one of the gate keepers of Kubera (3:83).
*[[Manibhadra]] is mentioned as the king of Yakshas at (3:64).
*At [[Dwaraka kingdom|Kusasthali]] once there was held a conclave of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]. And surrounded by grimvisaged Yakshas, numbering 300 ''maha-padmas'', carrying various weapons, Kubera attended that conclave. (3:160).
*The great Yaksha Amogha with his attendants—the Jambhaka Yakshas and other Rakshasas were mentioned as army men of Kartikeya, in his battle with Asura Mahisha (3:230). (Mahisha himself was the son of an Asura in his wife who was a Yaksha.)
*[[Garuda]] had encounters with the Yakshas viz. Aswakranda of great courage, Rainuka, the bold Krathanaka, Tapana, Uluka, Swasanaka, Nimesha, Praruja, and Pulina.
*[[Shiva]] is mentioned as the friend of Kubera (12:284).

==See also==
*[[Rakshasa kingdom]]
*[[Kishkindha]]
*[[Alaka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
[[Category:Yaksha kingdom| ]]
[[Category:Himalayan kingdoms (Puranas)]]

R. K. Puram Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:51Z

Mohammedsajib: Made article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = R K Puram
| state = [[Delhi]]
| mla = [[Anil Kumar Sharma (Delhi politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = 2025
| district = [[New Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 44
}}
'''R K Puram Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India. It is a part of [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Assembly Election 2020 - State Wise and Party Wise Results |url=https://www.elections.in/delhi/assembly-constituencies/rkpuram.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>!! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Bodh Raj
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Ashok Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="2" | Barkha Singh
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Anil Kumar Sharma (Delhi politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Pramila Tokas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Anil Kumar Sharma (Delhi politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: R K Puram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Anil Kumar Sharma (Delhi politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
| votes = 43,350
| percentage = 56.55
| change = +15.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Pramila Tokas]]
| votes = 25,480
| percentage = 37.65
| change = -14.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Vishesh Tokas
| votes = 2,318
| percentage = 4.02
| change = +0.42
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 14,453
| percentage = 18.90
| change = +7.38
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 76,503
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = BJP
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: R K Puram<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/r-k-puram-election-result-2020-latest-news-live-updates-for-delhi-assembly-poll/story-UH3xXj8Hrped6JqQCvCKXN.html |title=R K Puram Election Result 2020 latest news, live updates for Delhi Assembly Poll: AAP's Pramila Tokas wins - Hindustan Times |date=11 February 2020 |author= |access-date= 10 July 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Pramila Tokas]]
| votes = 48,208
| percentage = 52.45
| change = -5.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Anil Kumar Sharma (Delhi politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
| votes = 36,839
| percentage = 40.93
| change = +3.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Priyanka Singh
| votes = 3,237
| percentage = 3.60
| change = -0.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Nageshwar Das
| votes = 301
| percentage = 0.33
| change = -0.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 527
| percentage = 0.59
| change = +0.10
}}

{{Election box majority|
| votes = 10,369
| percentage = 11.52
| change = -8.32
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 90,023
| percentage =57.02
| change =-7.12
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = -5.52
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: R K Puram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Pramila Tokas]]
| votes = 54,645
| percentage = 57.97
| change = +25.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Anil Kumar Sharma (Delhi politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
| votes = 35,577
| percentage = 37.74
| change = +4.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Liladhar Bhatt
| votes = 4,042
| percentage = 4.28
| change = -19.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Mahipal Singh
| votes = 828
| percentage = 0.87
| change = -8.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 462
| percentage = 0.49
| change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 19,068
| percentage = 20.23
| change = +19.84
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 94,298
| percentage =64.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +25.19
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: R K Puram <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/delhi/|title=Delhi Assembly Election 2020 - State Wise and Party Wise Results|website=Elections in India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Anil Kumar Sharma (Delhi politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
| votes = 28,017
| percentage = 33.17
| change = -6.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Shazia Ilmi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/701111/shazia-ilmi-is-further-proof-that-political-careerism-is-the-bane-of-our-democracy |title=Shazia Ilmi is further proof that political careerism is the bane of our democracy |date= |author= |access-date= 10 July 2022}}</ref>
| votes = 27,691
| percentage = 32.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Barkha Singh
| votes = 19,679
| percentage = 23.30
| change = -30.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Dhiraj Kumar Tokas
| votes = 7,614
| percentage = 9.01
| change = +4.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 528
| percentage = 0.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 326
| percentage = 0.39
| change = -12.51
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 84,600
| percentage = 63.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = -6.43
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: R K Puram<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf|title=2008 Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Barkha Singh
| votes = 35,878
| percentage = 53.50
| change = -0.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Radhey Shyam Sharma
| votes = 26,561
| percentage = 39.60
| change = -1.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Kulbir Singh
| votes = 3,298
| percentage = 4.92
| change = +1.39
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 9,317
| percentage = 13.90
| change = -0.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 67,066
| percentage = 52.7
| change = -12.43
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -0.48
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: R K Puram<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf|title=2003 Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Barkha Singh
| votes = 22,591
| percentage = 53.98
| change = +8.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ajit Singh
| votes = 17,006
| percentage = 40.64
| change = +2.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Hiren Tokas
| votes = 1,477
| percentage = 3.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dr Inderjeet Singh Mehta
| votes = 278
| percentage = 0.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh
| candidate = Kapoor Singh
| votes = 242
| percentage = 0.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Lokekta Congress Party
| candidate = Sukhbir Singh
| votes = 95
| percentage = 0.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jai Ram
| votes = 83
| percentage = 0.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jai Prakash Janata Dal
| candidate = Sabir Ali
| votes = 77
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,585
| percentage = 13.34
| change = +5.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 41,849
| percentage = 40.27
| change = +4.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +8.01
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/>

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: R K Puram<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf|title=1998 Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Ashok Singh
| votes = 20,509
| percentage = 45.97
| change = +9.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Bodh Raj
| votes = 17,152
| percentage = 38.44
| change = -2.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ajit Singh
| votes = 4,779
| percentage = 10.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajendra Singh
| votes = 1,141
| percentage = 2.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dr (Major) Nishan Singh Cheema
| votes = 746
| percentage = 1.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mahesh Chandra Singh
| votes = 173
| percentage = 0.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vishnu Dev
| votes = 92
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ravinder Kumar
| votes = 26
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 3,357
| percentage = 7.53
| change = +3.75
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 44,618
| percentage = 35.96
| change = -14.47
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +9.09
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998"/>

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: R K Puram<ref>{{Cite web |title=1993 Election Commission of India |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf |access-date=2021-12-26 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712190413/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Bodh Raj
| votes = 17,838
| percentage = 40.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Usha Krishana Kumar
| votes = 16,178
| percentage = 36.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Shanti Swaroop
| votes = 7,009
| percentage = 15.98
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = D B Thalipyal
| votes = 1,044
| percentage = 2.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rama Kant
| votes = 884
| percentage = 2.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bhagwan Dass
| votes = 609
| percentage = 1.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = H S Kapoor
| votes = 97
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Asjok Kumar
| votes = 53
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kuldeep Singh
| votes = 35
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ranbir Singh Khokhar
| votes = 33
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Satyendra S Dhaka
| votes = 32
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dharm Pal
| votes = 22
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vinod Kumar Khullar
| votes = 18
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sunder Singh
| votes = 15
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,660
| percentage = 3.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 43,867
| percentage = 50.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.567|77.176|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:New Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Dharmanagar North Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:28Z

Mohammedsajib: new a data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2024}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dharmanagar North
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1963
| abolished = 1967
| electors = 17,343
| mla = B. B. Banerjee
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Dharmanagar North Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. B. Banerjee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmanagar North<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=B. B. Banerjee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,467 |percentage=52.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,437 |percentage=27.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=F. Ahammed |party=Independent politician |votes=2,252 |percentage=18.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. C. Ghose |party=Independent politician |votes=142 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,030 |percentage=24.64% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,298 |percentage=73.85% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,343 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}
[[Category:1963 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

Sarvan Singh Dhun

2026-04-12T00:56:52Z

Mohammedsajib: Bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Khem Karan Assembly constituency|Khem Karan]]
| majority =
| predecessor = [[Sukhpal Singh Bhullar]]
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
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| birth_place =
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| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
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| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
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| blank1 =
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}}
'''Sarvan Singh Dhun''' is an Indian politician and the MLA in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Khem Karan Assembly constituency]] in [[Punjab, India]], since 2022. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Khem Karan Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Undertakings|Committee on Public Undertakings]]<ref name="Committee on Public Undertakings">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities|Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities]]<ref name="Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=806&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Assets and liabilities declared during elections==
During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], he declared Rs. 1,93,05,683 as an overall financial asset and Rs. 32,97,054 as financial liability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarvan Singh Dhun(AAP):Constituency- KHEM KARAN(TARN TARAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=238 |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Khem Karan Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Khem Karan Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Khem Karan
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhun, Sarvan Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Henry Joseph Twynam

2026-04-09T09:10:56Z

Mohammedsajib: stub

{{Short description|Administrator in British India}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sir Henry Joseph Twynam
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|CIE}}
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[List of governors of the Central Provinces and Berar|Governor of the Central Provinces and Berar]]
| term_start = 17 September 1940
| term_end = 16 September 1946
| monarch = [[George VI]]
| governor-general = [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|The Marquess of Linlithgow]] [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|The Viscount Wavell]]
| predecessor = [[Francis Verner Wylie|Sir Francis Verner Wylie]]
| successor = [[Frederick Chalmers Bourne|Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|04|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Stafford]], [[Staffordshire]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1966|10|21|1887|04|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Forest]], [[Hampshire]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Muriel Hearson|1915}}<ref>{{Cite web |title= Henry Twynam, 1887 - 1966 |url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/henry_twynam |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=www.myheritage.com}}</ref>
| children = {{Bulleted list|Pamela Mary Somerville Twynam ({{Abbr|b|born}}1915 – {{Abbr|d|died}}1971)|Humphrey Reginald Woodriff Twynam ({{Abbr|b|born}}1917 – {{Abbr|d|died}}1940)|
Penelope Hearson Twynam ({{Abbr|b|born}}1924 – {{Abbr|d|died}}2005)}}
| mother = Mary Sophia Piggott
| father = Charles Henry Twynam
| citizenship =
| education =
}}

'''Sir Henry Joseph Twynam''', {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|CIE|sep=,|size=100}} (24 April 1887 – 21 October 1966)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Henry Joseph Twynam 1887-1966 - Ancestry® |url=https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/henry-joseph-twynam-24-9g2qmd |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=www.ancestry.com |language=en-US}}</ref> was a British administrator in India. He was [[List of governors of the Central Provinces and Berar|Governor of the Central Provinces and Berar]] from 1940 to 1946.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Twynam, Sir Henry Joseph, (24 April 1887–21 Oct. 1966), late ICS |url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-49882 |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO | year=2007 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U49882}}</ref>

Twynam joined the Indian Civil Service in 1909.<ref name=":0" />

Tywnam was appointed a CIE in 1934, CSI in 1937, and KCSI in 1940.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Twynam, Henry Joseph}}
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People educated at Ratcliffe College]]

Shyam Charan Tudu

2026-04-08T01:13:08Z

Mohammedsajib: Created!

{{Short description|Santali writer and Yuva Sahitya Akademi Award recipient}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Shyam Charan Tudu
| native_name = ᱥᱭᱟᱢ ᱪᱦᱚᱨᱬ ᱴᱩᱰᱩ
| native_name_lang= sat
| image = File:Shyam c Tudu at Juwan Onolia literary festival 2025, Baripada.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Jharkhand, India
| occupation = Writer
| language = Santali
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Poetry
| notable_works = ''Jala Dak'', ''Olchiki Chemed''
| awards = Yuva Sahitya Akademi Award (2011)
}}

'''Shyam Charan Tudu''' is an Indian Santali writer.<ref name="ClimateEastTudu">{{cite web |url=https://climateeast.in/shyam-charan-tudu-preserving-the-santali-language-and-literature/ |title=Shyam Charan Tudu: Preserving the Santali Language and Literature |website=Climate East |access-date=22 March 2026}}</ref> He received [[Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]] in 2012 for his poetry collection ''Jala Dak''.<ref name="YuvaAkademiList">{{cite web |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp |title=Yuva Sahitya Akademi Award List |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=22 March 2026}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shyam Charan Tudu hails from Dabanki village in the [[East Singhbhum]] district of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]<ref name="ClimateEastTudu"/>

== Awards ==
* '''Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar''' in 2011 for poetry collection ''Jala Dak''.<ref name="YuvaAkademiList"/><ref name="TOIYuvaAward">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/tribal-bags-yuva-sahitya-akademi-award/articleshow/18840906.cms |title=Tribal bags Yuva Sahitya Akademi award |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 March 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Santali literature]]
* [[Ol Chiki script]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]
[[Category:People from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Angamaly Padiyola

2026-04-03T20:28:27Z

Mohammedsajib: creating stub - done

{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox document
| document_name = ''Angamāly Padiyōla''
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| date_created = {{start date and age|1 February 1787}}
| date_ratified =
| location_of_document = [[Angamaly|Angamāly]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
*[[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]]
*[[Thachil Matthoo Tharakan]]
*Priests and lay representatives from 84 Paḻayakūṟ churches of the Malankara Church}}
| signers =
| purpose = Declaration of ecclesiastical independence from Latin Catholic hegemony
}}
'''''Angamāly Padiyōla''''' is a historic declaration of the Syrian Catholic/ Syro Malabar (''[[Malankara Church (Paḻayakūṟ)|Paḻayakūṟ]]'') [[Saint Thomas Christians]] proclaimed in 1787 at the [[St. George Syro-Malabar Basilica, Angamaly|Great Church of Saint George]] in [[Angamaly|Angamāly]]. This document made a strong appeal to the [[pope]] for the consecration of a native bishop for the community and demanded autonomy for their Church which was forcibly brought under the [[Latin Church|Latin Church's]] jurisdiction.<ref name=Raphael>{{cite web|url=http://www.syromalabarccc.org/index_files/SyroMalabarHistoryPg1.htm|title=History of Syro-Malabar Catholics in Kerala|publisher=St. Raphael Syro Malabar|language=en| quote=In 1787, representatives from 84 churches assembled in Angamāly and drew up a document called Angamāly Padiyola which made a strong demand to Rome for native bishops, citing the sins of omission and commission of the foreign missionaries}}</ref>

==Background==

The Saint Thomas Christian community was previously in communion with the [[Church of the East]] and subject to the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the [[List of patriarchs of the Church of the East|Patriarch of Babylon]] until the death of Metropolitan [[Abraham of Angamaly|Abraham]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Perczel|first=István|author-link=István Perczel|title=Syriac Christianity in India|series=The Syriac World|editor=Daniel King|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-GEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA653|isbn=9781317482116|publisher=Routledge|page=653-697|year=2018}}</ref> Following the death of the Metropolitan, the Portuguese colonialist Latin missionaries succeeded in organising the [[Synod of Diamper]] of 1599, which initiated the forcible [[liturgical latinisation|latinisation]] and subjugation of the ancient native Indian Christian community.<ref name=Neil>{{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|year=2004|orig-year=1984|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521548854|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC}}</ref> The oppressive Padroado hierarchy witnessed a turbulent reaction from them in 1653, in the form of the [[Coonan Cross Oath]].<ref name=Neil/> In order to pacify the situation and to reunite the revolting Christians, the Pope sent ''[[Propaganda Fide|Propaganda]]'' [[Carmelite]] missionaries. However, the unilateral and arrogant approach of the Carmelites led to the eventual division of the community into ''Paḻayakūṟ'' and ''[[Malankara Church (Puthenkur)|Pùttènkūṟ]]'' factions.<ref name=Koonammakkal/>

The ''Pùttènkūṟ'', led by Archdeacon [[Thoma I]] continued their revolt and gradually adopted the [[Miaphysitism]] and [[West Syriac Rite]] of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], introduced by bishop [[Gregorios Abdul Jaleel]].<ref name=Koonammakkal/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Vadakkekara|first=Benedict|title=Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique|year=2007|location=Delhi|publisher=Media House|isbn=9788174952585|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ|page=88}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the ''Paḻayakūṟ'', who reunited with the Catholic Church were placed under foreign missionaries yet again after the death of their bishop, [[Palliveettil Chandy]].<ref name=Koonammakkal/> Often the power disputes between the Propaganda [[Apostolic Vicariate of Verapoly|Vicariate of Malabar]] and the Padroado [[Archdiocese of Cranganore]] created crisis and parallel jurisdiction among them.<ref name=Koonammakkal/> Meanwhile, both groups were alike in their treatment of the Saint Thomas Christian community.<ref name=Malekandathil>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Pius |last=Malekandathil|author-link=Pius Malekandathil|title=Nazrani History and Discourse on Early Nationalism in Varthamanapusthakam |encyclopedia=NSC Network |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2013/01/28/nazrani-history-and-discourse-on-early-nationalism-in-varthamanapusthakam/|year=2013|access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref> They were deprived of their autonomy and the latin ecclesiastical and liturgical hegemony was imposed.<ref name=Koonammakkal>{{cite journal|author-link=Thomas Koonammakkal|last=Koonammakkal|first=Thomas|editor1=Peter Bruns|editor2=Heinz Otto Luthe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDoyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA259|title=Syro-Malabar History and Traditions|journal=Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag; pp. 259-276|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|location=Wiesbaden|year=2013|isbn=9783447068857}}</ref> Withstanding all these, they remained steadfast to their [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] traditions and struggled to maintain their ecclesiastical autonomy.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Perczel|first=István|author-link=István Perczel|title=Some New Documents on the Struggle of the Saint Thomas Christians to Maintain the Chaldaean Rite and Jurisdiction|url=https://www.academia.edu/5266468|editor1=Peter Bruns|editor2=Heinz Otto Luthe|journal=Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag; pp. 415-436|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|location=Wiesbaden|year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Anthony Mathias|author-link=Mathias Mundadan|title=Indian Christians: Search for Identity and Struggle for Autonomy|year=1984|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdXUAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

The late eighteenth century witnessed an attempt for reunification of both factions of the community under bishop [[Thoma VI]], the leader of the ''Pùttènkūṟ'' and the only bishop among both factions, who was ready to reunite with the Catholic Church and acknowledge the Pope's authority.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858|year=2002|orig-year=1985|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521893329|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC|page=68-69}}</ref><ref name=Malekandathil/> Thoma VI was being compelled by the Syriac Orthodox delegates led by [[Baselios Sakralla III of Aleppo|Baselios Shakrallah Qasabgi]], who came to Kerala in 1751, to establish and to enforce the West Syriac Rite and Syriac Orthodoxy among the ''Pùttènkūṟ''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=John R. K.|last=Fenwick |title=Malabar Independent Syrian Church |encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malabar-Independent-Syrian-Church |publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2011a|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref> To materialize the reunification plan, two ''Paḻayakūṟ'' priests, [[Kariattil Iousep|Kariyattil Iousep]] Malpan and [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]], set their journey to [[Rome]], to meet the Pope and to convey the message of Thoma VI.<ref name=Malekandathil/> However, the Propaganda missionaries, who had already achieved the trust of the pope, managed to spoil the efforts at Rome.<ref name=Malekandathil/> But, the Portuguese Queen, who was impressed with Kariyattil Iousep for his sincere effort and knowledge, decided to bestow the title of Archbishop of Cranganore upon him using her Padroado rights.<ref name=Malekandathil/> Kariyattil Iousep was consecrated as the Archbishop of Cranganore at [[Lisbon]] and he received the [[pallium]] from the pope. However, the eventual success met with a sudden tragedy at [[Goa]], when Kariyattil Iousep was found dead at the age of forty-nine.<ref name=Malekandathil/>

The Saint Thomas Christians believed that his death was a result of treachery of the [[Patriarchate of the East Indies|Goan ecclesiastical authorities]], since the latter feared and vehemently opposed a Saint Thomas Christian becoming a bishop for his own community.<ref name=Malekandathil/> Paremmakkal Thoma soon took charge as the administrator of the Archdiocese of Cranganore.<ref name=Malekandathil/> The ''Angamāly Padiyōla'' is a charter signed and inscribed by Saint Thomas Christian leaders from 84 ''Paḻayakūṟ'' churches led by Paremmakkal Thoma and gathered at the Great Church of Angamāly to discuss and to decide their future plans.<ref name=Basilica/> The assembly decided to request the pope and the Portuguese monarch to consecrate Paremmakkal Thoma as the bishop for their community. They also decided to return their allegiance to the Chaldean Patriarchate, if their requests are not fulfilled. They selected twelve priests to assist Paremmakkal in his ecclesiastical responsibilities.<ref name=Basilica>{{cite web
|url=http://www.angamalychurch.com/history.php
|title=History - St. George Forane Church ('Padinjārē Palli') - Angamaly Diocese|access-date=2009-12-27|publisher=St. George Basilica Angamaly|language=en|quote=Paaremaakhal Govarnadhor called for a mighty gathering in Angamaly in 1787. All groups of Christians participated in this meeting. They designed a common manifesto for the Christians in this meeting. This manifestos engraved in golden letters of the history of Angamaly and is known as “ANGAMALY PADIYOLA”. In this meeting, 12 priests called as “Kaanonists” were selected to assist Govarnadhor in the administration of the diocese.
| archive-date = 2010-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211130705/http://www.angamalychurch.com/history.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "basilica">{{cite web|title=Padiyola|publisher=St.George's Basilica, Angamāly|url=http://angamalybasilica.com/template.php?id=36&page=15&catid=36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723194912/http://angamalybasilica.com/template.php?id=36&page=15&catid=36 |archive-date=2012-07-23}}</ref>

==Content==
{{quote|''The document signed by all the people of the Church of Malankara (beginning with Angamāly) who were assembled in the Great Church of Angamāly, on the first of February in the year of our Lord, 1787, in reference to the multitude of the true faith, and with regard to the bringing about a real union in our Church, and a walk according to the manners and customs of our ancestors.'' 
Our forefathers received the true faith of Jesus Christ at the hands of the Apostle Saint Thomas. Upon this, Chaldean Syrian bishops ruled over us up to the time of the death of the Metropolitan Mar Abraham, which took place in the [[Mar Hormizd Syro-Malabar Church, Angamaly|East Church of Angamāly]] in the year 1596. Then the Sanpaloor padre [Jesuits priests] stopped the arrival of other Syrians, and oppressed our people, and ruled over them with an iron rule. However, another Syrian Metran [bishop, referring to Ahatalla] arrived at Cochin with the view of coming to us; but soon the news reached us that he had come to an untimely death by being drowned in the sea. Upon this our forefathers assembled at Mattancherry, and took an oath that neither they themselves, nor their descendants, should ever have anything to do with the Sanpaloor padre. They subsequently assembled at Allangād church, where they duly nominated Archdeacon Thoma as their bishop. Not long after, the Carmelites, who were then established at Goa, were brought into the country, and they asserted that the bishop who was elected by this assembly could not bless the anointing oil. They proposed, however, that some one should sent to Rome to be consecrated there, and he might, on his return, complete the consecration of Mar Thoma. This proposal, which was sent through Padre Joseph [Joseph Maria Sebastiani], was agreed to; and upon this Joseph himself went to Rome and received consecration. On his return to Malabar he refused to acknowledge the ordination and the blessings of the anointing oil per formed by the bishop Mar Thoma, and consecrated Chandy Kathanar as bishop over us. Towards the end of Chandy's life the Carmelites formed a plan to extinguish the rank and honour of our Church altogether; they consecrated a half-caste Portuguese, Raphael by name, over the Malabar Churches. Our people, however, insisted that they would not submit to a half-caste bishop. About this time Mar Shemon [Shemon of Ada], a Syrian, was on his way to be our bishop. But the Sanpaloor padre detained him at Tānūr. Some Carmelite priests went thither and took charge of him, promising to banish him from the country. They took him first to the church of Allangād, and after they had brought about the consecration of Padre Angelus [Angelus Francis] they put Mar Shemon on board a ship and took him to [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], where he was imprisoned, and died a most miserable death. Thus have these two religious orders oppressed our forefathers in various ways. The bishop, Mar Thoma, offered on different occasions not only to give in his submission to the Holy Church, but also to cause others to submit, but up to this time his offer has not been accepted. On the contrary, the above-mentioned two orders trouble our Church and bring dishonour upon her; they seize our priests, and, by confining them closely, cause their death; their servants also maim them in their bodies. If our bishop deposes a priest from his office, then their bishop immediately re-instates him; if our bishop pronounces the ''Maharon'' [sentence of excommunication], then theirs absolves! Certain of their priests, when visiting some of our churches, openly and privately transgressed the [[Thou shalt not steal|Seventh Commandment]], and committed sundry other crimes. On this account the Heathen look upon us with scorn and contempt. In order to lay all these our grievances before His Holiness the Pope, and the most faithful Queen of Portugal, we unanimously requested our honoured Kariāttil [Iousep Kariattil], Malpan, and Parammakkel Thoma, Kathanar, to visit Rome and Portugal. When they reached those places, they found that our enemies, through letters and by word of mouth, had raised many objections, and a long delay was the consequence. However, through the goodness of Almighty God, his Holiness the Pope and the faithful Queen were moved to grant the petition. The honoured Kariātil Malpan was consecrated as Metropolitan of the Diocese of Malankara. They set out from Rome for Goa; but there the Metropolitan lost his life through treachery.

As nothing but strife and grievance must continue to arise if we have our bishops from a race which oppresses us, we have sent information to Rome and Portugal, to the effect that our Church should have bishops from among its own body, just as other countries and nations have from among themselves; and that our mind is made up that in future we will have no bishop but from among ourselves; and until we obtain such an one, we will only receive ordination and holy oil according to the command of our honourable Governor.

We have chosen Paremmākkel Thoma, kathanar, our present Governor, to be our Metropolitan. Should this application to the faithful Queen of Portugal meet with a refusal, we will transfer our allegiance to the Chaldean Patriarch, Mar Joseph (who himself is subject to the Holy Church), as our forefathers rendered their allegiance before the Portuguese had power over us; and we will procure bishops thence who will consecrate our honourable Governors.

If any obstacle should arise before this plan is carried out, we will not submit to it. All who act contrary to this agreement we shall treat as excommunicated from Church and community. If any churches should act contrary, we will have no intercourse with them.We, the representatives of eighty-four churches in the diocese of Malankara, have honestly signed this document, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost; and before Saint George the Martyr in the Great Church at Angamāly.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Whitehouse |editor-first= Thomas |title=Lingerings of light in a dark land: Researches into the Syrian church of Malabar|date=1873 |publisher=William Brown and Co. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie4CAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA308 |language=en|page=308 - 310}}</ref>|title=''Angamāly Padiyōla''}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Syro-Malabar Church]]
[[Category:18th-century Eastern Catholicism]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in India]]
[[Category:1787 in Christianity]]
[[Category:1787 in India]]
[[Category:Angamaly]]
[[Category:1780s in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:1787 in the Portuguese Empire]]

Azhikodan Raghavan

2026-03-28T03:46:03Z

Mohammedsajib: enhanced article and updated info for clarity

{{short description|Indian Communist politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Azhikodan Raghavan
| image = Com azhikodan.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| honorific_prefix =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1919|07|01}}<ref name="azh" />
| birth_place = South Bazar, [[Kannur]]
| residence =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1972|||1919|7|1}}<ref name = "Hindu">{{cite news |title=Arrangements for polls complete in Thrissur district |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/23/stories/2010102359580300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110005035/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/23/stories/2010102359580300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 October 2010 |accessdate=25 June 2012 }}</ref>
| death_place =
| constituency =
| office =
| salary =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| occupation =
| parents = {{ubl|Kuruvan|Prickachi}}
| spouse = Meenakshi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography - Azhikodan Raghavan|url=http://azhikodan.com/biography.html}}</ref>
| children =

|
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| caption = Azhikodan Raghavan
}}

'''Azhikodan Raghavan''' was a leader of the [[Communist Party of India]] ([[Marxist]]) ([[CPI(M)]]).

== Personal life ==
He was born on 1 July 1919, in South Bazar, Kannur.<ref name="azh">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/kannur-96.php?n=1|title=Kannur District|website=CPIM Kerala}}</ref>

== Political life ==
In 1940, he was groomed into a true communist by [[comrade]]s [[P. Krishna Pillai]] and N. C. Shekhar. He was chosen to be the secretary of the Kannur town branch committee in 1946. In June 1951, he was chosen to be the member of the [[Malabar District|Malabar]] Committee of the Communist party and re-elected to the post.<ref name="azh" /> By that time [[Azhikode and Azhikkal|Azhikodan]] had left his mark in Kerala [[politics]]. He was the secretary of the co-ordination committee of the coalition ministry of 1967.<ref>{{cite book |title=Marxist state governments in India: politics, economics and society |last=Nossiter |first=Thomas Johnson |page=88 |year=1988 |publisher=[[Pinter Publishers|Pinter]] |isbn=9780861874569 }}</ref>

== Death ==
Com. Azhikodan was stabbed to death in 1972. <ref name = "Hindu" /><ref name=":0" /> It is believed that [[fake news]] spread in [[Thrissur]] may have led to the murder of Azhikodan. There are also allegations raised by [[Nawab Rajendran]] that [[K. Karunakaran]] had a role in the murder.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-22|title=Azhikodan murder still remains a conundrum|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/220218/azhikodan-murder-still-remains-a-conundrum.html|access-date=2022-01-28|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

He was cremated in the public graveyard of [[Payyambalam]] beach, [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]], where a column has been erected in his memory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt. failed to take precaution against contagious diseases: Pinarayi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2479448.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 September 2011 |accessdate=25 June 2012 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[A K Gopalan]]
*[[E K Nayanar]]
*[[E. K. Imbichi Bava]]
*[[List of assassinated Indian politicians]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://azhikodan.com/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavan, Azhikodan}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kannur]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]

{{Kerala-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in Kerala]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1972]]

Muammar Gaddafi

2026-03-27T04:14:34Z

Mohammedsajib: formatting fix

{{Short description|Leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011}}
{{Redirect|Gaddafi|other people with the name|Gaddafi (name)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Good article}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{very long|date=October 2025|words=15,800}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution|Brotherly Leader]]
| native_name = {{nobold|معمر القذافي}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image = Moamer el Gadafi (cropped).jpg
| caption = Gaddafi in 1970
| office = [[Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution]]
| term_start = 2 March 1979
| term_end = 20 October 2011{{Efn|For purposes of this article, 20 October 2011—the date on which Gaddafi died<ref name="BBC20112"/>—is considered to be the date he left office. Other dates might have been chosen:
* On 15 July 2011, at a meeting in Istanbul, more than 30 governments, including the United States, withdrew recognition from Gaddafi's government and recognized the National Transitional Council (NTC) as the legitimate government of Libya.<ref name="INDtncofficialgov" />
* On 23 August 2011, during the [[Battle of Tripoli (2011)|Battle of Tripoli]], Gaddafi lost effective political and military control of Tripoli after his compound was captured by rebel forces.<ref name="liveblog23811">Staff (23 August 2011). [http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-aug-23-2011-1819 "Tuesday, 23 August 2011 – 16:19"]. ''Libya Live Blog''. [[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]]. Retrieved 23 August 2011.</ref>
* On 25 August 2011, the [[Arab League]] proclaimed the anti-Gaddafi National Transitional Council to be "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state".<ref name="taipeitimmes20110826" />
* On 16 September 2011, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] sat the representatives of the [[National Transitional Council]] as Libya's official delegation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2011/ga11137.doc.htm |title=After Much Wrangling, General Assembly Seats National Transitional Council of Libya as Country's Representative for Sixty-Sixth Session |publisher=United Nations |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=20 October 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601170251/https://www.un.org/press/en/2011/ga11137.doc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| predecessor = ''Himself'' (as Secretary General of the [[General People's Congress (Libya)|GPC]])
| successor = [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]] (as Chairman of the [[National Transitional Council|NTC]])
| primeminister = {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|''See list''}}
|[[Abdul Ati al-Obeidi]]
|[[Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi]]
|[[Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab]]
|Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi
|[[Umar Mustafa Al Muntasir]]
|[[Abuzed Omar Dorda]]
|[[Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud]]
|[[Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush]]
|[[Imbarek Shamekh]]
|[[Shukri Ghanem]]
|[[Baghdadi Mahmudi]]
}}
| office1 = [[Secretary General of the General People's Congress]]
| term_start1 = 2 March 1977
| term_end1 = 2 March 1979
| predecessor1 = ''Himself'' (as Chairman of the [[Libyan Revolutionary Command Council|RCC]])
| successor1 = Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
| primeminister1 = [[Abdul Ati al-Obeidi]]
| office2 = [[Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya]]
| term_start2 = 1 September 1969
| term_end2 = 2 March 1977
| predecessor2 = [[Idris of Libya|Idris I]] (as [[Kingdom of Libya|King of Libya]])
| successor2 = ''Himself'' (as Secretary General of the GPC)
| primeminister2 = {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|''See list''}}
|[[Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi]]
|''Himself''
|[[Abdessalam Jalloud]]
}}
| office3 = [[List of heads of government of Libya|Prime Minister of Libya]]
| president3 = ''Himself'' (as Chairman of the RCC)
| term_start3 = 16 January 1970
| term_end3 = 16 July 1972
| predecessor3 = [[Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi]]
| successor3 = [[Abdessalam Jalloud]]
| office4 = 7th [[Chairperson of the African Union]]
| term_start4 = 2 February 2009
| term_end4 = 31 January 2010
| predecessor4 = [[Jakaya Kikwete]]
| successor4 = [[Bingu wa Mutharika]]
| birth_name = Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi
| birth_date = {{circa|1942}}
| birth_place = [[Qasr Abu Hadi]], Libya
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|10|20|1942|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Sirte]], Libya
| death_cause = [[Killing of Muammar Gaddafi|Killed by gunshots]]
| resting_place = In an unknown location in the [[Libyan Desert]]
| party = {{ubl|[[Arab Socialist Union (Libya)|Arab Socialist Union]]|(1971–1977)|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (1977–2011)}}
| spouse = {{Ubl| {{Marriage|[[Fathia Nuri]]|1969|1970|end=div}} | {{Marriage|[[Safia Farkash]]|1970}}}}
| children = 10
{{Collapsible list|title=Sons {{nobold|(8)}}
|[[Muhammad Gaddafi|Muhammad]]
|[[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi|Saif al-Islam]] (deceased)
|[[Al-Saadi Gaddafi|Al-Saadi]]
|[[Mutassim Gaddafi|Mutassim]] (deceased)
|[[Hannibal Gaddafi|Hannibal]]
|[[Saif al-Arab Gaddafi|Saif al-Arab]] (deceased)
|[[Khamis Gaddafi|Khamis]] (deceased, disputed)
|Milad (adopted)
}}
{{Collapsible list|title=Daughters {{nobold|(2)}}
|[[Aisha Gaddafi|Aisha]]
|[[Hana Gaddafi|Hana]] (adopted)
}}
| relatives =
[[Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam]] (cousin)
| residence = [[Bab al-Azizia]]
| alma_mater = {{Plain list|
* [[University of Libya]] (dropped out)
}}
| signature = Muammar al-Gaddafi Signature.svg
| allegiance = {{Plain list|
* [[Kingdom of Libya]] (1961–1969)
* [[Libyan Arab Republic]] (1969–1977)
* [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] (1977–2011)
}}
| branch = [[Libyan Army (1951–2011)|Libyan Army]]
| serviceyears = 1961–2011
| rank = [[Colonel]]
| commands = [[Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Libyan Armed Forces]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Yom Kippur War]]
* [[Egyptian–Libyan War]]
* [[Chadian–Libyan War]]
** [[Toyota War]]
* [[Uganda–Tanzania War]]
* [[First Liberian Civil War]]
* [[First Libyan Civil War]]
** [[2011 military intervention in Libya]]
{{tree list/end}}
| nationality = Libyan
}}

'''Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi'''{{Efn|English pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|oʊ|ə|m|ɑr|_|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|æ|f|i}} {{respell|MOH|ə|mar|_|gə|DAF|ee}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|ɑː|f|i}} {{respell|gə|DAH|fee}}; {{Langx|ar|مُعمّر محمد أبو منيار القذّافي|Muʿammar Muḥammad ʾAbū Minyār al-Qaḏḏāfī}}, {{IPA|arb|muˈʕamːar alqaˈðːaːfiː|-|Ar-Muammar al-Qaddafi.ogg|link=yes|small=no}}, {{IPA|ayl|ɡəˈðːaːfi|link=yes|small=no}} (eastern dialects) {{IPA|ayl|ɡəˈdːaːfi|label=or|small=no}} (western dialects).<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics |publisher=Brill |volume=3 |year=2008 |pages=52–58 |chapter=Libya |first=Christophe |last=Pereira}}</ref>Due to the lack of standardization of transcribing written and regionally pronounced Arabic, Gaddafi's name has been [[romanized]] in various ways. A 1986 column by ''[[The Straight Dope]]'' lists 32 spellings known from the US [[Library of Congress]],<ref>{{cite web |title=How are you supposed to spell Muammar Gaddafi/Khadafy/Qadhafi? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/21341687/how-are-you-supposed-to-spell-muammar-gaddafi-khadafy-qadhafi |url-status=live |website=[[The Straight Dope]] |year=1986 |access-date=5 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205230030/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/513/how-are-you-supposed-to-spell-muammar-gaddafi-khadafy-qadhafi |archive-date=5 February 2017}}</ref> while [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] identified 112 possible spellings.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gibson |first=Charles |url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/09/how-many-different-ways-can-you-spell-gaddafi.html |title=How Many Different Ways Can You Spell 'Gaddafi' |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=22 September 2009 |access-date=22 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206125143/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2009/09/how-many-different-ways-can-you-spell-gaddafi/ |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> A 2007 interview with Gaddafi's son [[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]] confirms that Saif spelled his own name '''Qadhafi'''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/videos/2011/03/01/saif-gaddafi-on-how-to-spell-his-last-name.html |title=Saif Gaddafi on How to Spell His Last Name |newspaper=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=1 March 2011 |access-date=1 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006185631/https://www.thedailybeast.com/saif-gaddafi-on-how-to-spell-his-last-name |archive-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> and the passport of Gaddafi's son Mohammed used the spelling '''Gathafi'''.<ref>{{Cite news |website=[[The Atlantic]] |title=Rebel Discovers Qaddafi Passport, Real Spelling of Leader's Name |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/08/rebel-discovers-qaddafi-passport-real-spelling-of-leaders-name/244077/ |date=24 August 2011 |last=Fisher |first=Max |access-date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405081500/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/08/rebel-discovers-qaddafi-passport-real-spelling-of-leaders-name/244077/ |archive-date=5 April 2013}}</ref> According to [[Google Ngram]] the variant '''Qaddafi''' was slightly more widespread, followed by '''Qadhafi''', '''Gaddafi''' and '''Gadhafi'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecogito.net/anil/2011/02/how-do-you-spell-gaddafis-name/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228031945/http://www.ecogito.net/anil/2011/02/how-do-you-spell-gaddafis-name/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2011 |title=How Do You Spell Gaddafi's Name? |author=Anil Kandangath |date=25 February 2011 |website=Doublespeak Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Qaddafi,Gaddafi,Qadhafi,Gadhafi,Khadafi,Khadafy,Qadhdhafi&year_start=1998&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3|title=Google Books Ngram Viewer|website=books.google.com}}</ref> Scientific romanizations of the name are '''Qaḏḏāfī''' ([[DIN 31635|DIN]], [[Hans Wehr transliteration|Wehr]], [[ISO 233|ISO]]) or (rarely used) '''Qadhdhāfī''' ([[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-LC]]).}} ({{circa|1942}}{{spaced ndash}}20 October 2011) was a Libyan military officer, [[revolutionary]], politician, and political theorist who ruled [[Libya]] from 1969 until [[Battle of Tripoli (2011)|his overthrow]] by Libyan [[Anti-Gaddafi forces|rebel forces]] in 2011 during the [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|First Libyan Civil War]]. He came to power through a bloodless [[1969 Libyan revolution|military coup]], first becoming [[Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic|Revolutionary Chairman]] of the [[Libyan Arab Republic]] from 1969 to 1977, [[Secretary General of the General People's Congress]] from 1977 to 1979, and then the [[Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution|Brotherly Leader]] of the [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] from 1979 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to [[Arab nationalism]] and [[Arab socialism]], Gaddafi later ruled according to his own [[Third International Theory]].


Born near [[Sirte]], [[Italian Libya]], to a poor [[Bedouin]] [[Arabs|Arab]] family, Gaddafi became an Arab nationalist while at school in [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]], later enrolling in the [[Benghazi Military University Academy|Royal Military Academy, Benghazi]]. He founded a revolutionary group known as the [[Free Officers movement (Libya)|Free Officers movement]] which deposed the [[Western world|Western]]-backed [[Senusiyya|Senussi]] monarchy of [[Idris of Libya|Idris]] in a [[1969 Libyan coup d'état|1969 coup]]. Gaddafi converted Libya into a republic governed by his [[Libyan Revolutionary Command Council|Revolutionary Command Council]]. [[Rule by decree|Ruling by decree]], he [[1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya|deported Libya's Italian population]] and ejected its Western military bases. He strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments and unsuccessfully advocated [[Pan-Arabism|pan-Arab political union]]. An [[Islamic modernism|Islamic modernist]], he introduced [[sharia law]] as the basis for the legal system and promoted [[Islamic socialism]]. He nationalized the oil industry and used the increasing state revenues to bolster the military, [[Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Support for rebel and paramilitary groups|fund foreign revolutionaries]], and implement social programs emphasizing housebuilding, healthcare and education projects. In 1973, he initiated a "[[Cultural Revolution in Libya|Popular Revolution]]" with the formation of [[Basic People's Congress (political)|Basic People's Congresses]], presented as a system of [[direct democracy]], but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year in ''[[The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)|The Green Book]]''.


In 1977, Gaddafi transformed Libya into a new [[socialist state]] called a ''[[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Jamahiriya]]'' ("state of the masses"). He officially adopted a symbolic role in governance but remained head of both the military and the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing dissent. During the 1970s and 1980s, Libya's unsuccessful border conflicts with [[Egyptian–Libyan War|Egypt]] and [[Chadian–Libyan conflict|Chad]], support for foreign militants, and alleged responsibility for bombings of [[Pan Am Flight 103]] and [[UTA Flight 772]] left it increasingly isolated on the world stage. A particularly hostile relationship developed with Israel, the United States and the United Kingdom, resulting in the [[1986 United States bombing of Libya|1986 U.S. bombing of Libya]] and United Nations–imposed economic sanctions. From 1999, Gaddafi shunned pan-Arabism, and encouraged [[pan-Africanism]] and rapprochement with [[Western nations]]; he was [[Chairperson of the African Union]] from 2009 to 2010. Amid the 2011 [[Arab Spring]], protests against widespread corruption and unemployment broke out in eastern Libya. The situation descended into [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|civil war]], in which [[NATO]] [[2011 military intervention in Libya|intervened militarily]] on the side of the anti-Gaddafist [[National Transitional Council]] (NTC). Gaddafi's government was overthrown; he retreated to Sirte only to be captured, tortured and killed by NTC militants.


A highly divisive figure, Gaddafi dominated Libya's politics for four decades and was the subject of a pervasive [[cult of personality]]. He was decorated with various awards and praised for his [[anti-imperialist]] stance, support for Arab—and then African—unity, as well as for significant development to the country after the discovery of oil reserves. Conversely, many Libyans strongly opposed Gaddafi's social and economic reforms; he was accused of various human rights violations. He was condemned by many as a dictator whose [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] administration systematically [[Human rights violations during the Gaddafi regime|violated human rights]] and financed [[terrorism]] in the region and abroad.
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Early life and career==
===Childhood: 1940s to 1950===
Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi<ref name="iccwarrant">{{cite web |date=11 November 2011 |title=The Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi and Abdullah al-Senussi |url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/icc0111/related%20cases/icc01110111/Pages/icc01110111.aspx |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113152832/https://www.icc-cpi.int/libya/gaddafi?ln=en |archive-date=13 November 2016 |access-date=5 December 2013 |work=ICC-01/11-01/11 |publisher=International Criminal Court}}</ref> was born near [[Qasr Abu Hadi]], a rural area outside the town of [[Sirte]] in the deserts of [[Tripolitania]], Italian western Libya.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=33|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=9|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=135}} His family came from a small, relatively uninfluential tribe called the [[Qadhadhfa]],{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=58|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=33|3a1=Simons|3y=1996|3p=170|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=9}} who were of [[Arabs|Arab]] [[Ashraf]] heritage, from the lineage of [[Musa al-Kazim]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=معجم الأسماء العائلية {{!}} القذاذفة |url=http://www.difanames.com/name-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%81%D8%A9 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=معجم الأسماء العائلية: القذاذفة |language=ar}}</ref> His mother was Aisha bint Niran, and his father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar; the latter earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=58|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=33|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=9}}

Like other contemporary nomadic [[Bedouin]] tribes, the family were illiterate and did not keep any birth records.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=35|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=9|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=135}} His birthday is not known with certainty and sources have set it in 1942 or the spring of 1943,{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=35|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=9|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=135}} although his biographers [[David Blundy]] and [[Andrew Lycett]] noted that it could have been pre-1940.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=35}} His parents' only surviving son, he had three older sisters.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=35|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=9|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=135}} Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes; he preferred the desert over the city and would retreat there to meditate.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=9|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=135}}

From childhood, Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonial powers in Libya; his nation was [[Italian Libya|occupied by Italy]], and during the [[North African Campaign]] of the [[Second World War]] it witnessed conflict between Italian and British forces.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=35–37|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=135}} According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the [[Italo-Turkish War|Italian invasion of 1911]].{{sfnm|1a1=Bianco|1y=1975|1p=4|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=37|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=4}} At the end of the Second World War in 1945, Libya was occupied by British and French forces. Britain and France considered dividing the nation between their empires, but the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] of the United Nations (UN) decided that the country was to be granted political independence,{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=38–39|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2pp=7–9, 14|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=108}} and in 1951 created the [[United Kingdom of Libya]], a federal state under the leadership of a pro-Western monarch, [[Idris of Libya|Idris]], who banned political parties and centralized power in his own hands.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=38–39|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2pp=7–9, 14|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=108}}

===Education and political activism: 1950–1963===
[[File:Nasser portrait2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Egyptian [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|President Nasser]] was Gaddafi's political hero.]]

Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher.{{sfnm|1a1=Bianco|1y=1975|1p=5|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2pp=135–136}} Subsequently, moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in four years.{{sfnm|1a1=Bianco|1y=1975|1pp=5–6, 8–9|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=39|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=10|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=136}} Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain. During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and only at weekends and holidays walked {{convert|20|miles|km}} to visit his parents. Even though Gaddafi's father was not educated, he made great sacrifices to send his son to school.{{sfnm|1a1=Bianco|1y=1975|1pp=5–6, 8–9|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=39|3a1=Simons|3y=1996|3p=170|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=10|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5p=136}} As an impoverished Bedouin, he faced bullying and discrimination from his city-dwelling classmates. However, he had many Egyptian teachers who informed him of the dramatic events occurring in their homeland.{{sfnm|1a1=Bianco|1y=1975|1pp=5–6, 8–9|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=39|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=10|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=136}} From Sirte, he and his family moved to the market town of [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]] in [[Fezzan]], south-central Libya, where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=39|2a1=Simons|2y=1996|2pp=170–171|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=10–11|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=136}} Gaddafi was popular at this school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend, [[Abdessalam Jalloud|Abdul Salam Jalloud]].{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=58|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=39–40|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=11}}

Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time, Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, especially the [[Cairo]]-based ''[[Voice of the Arabs]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=58|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=40|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=11–12|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=136}} Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events severely disturb the [[Arab world]], including the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]], the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the [[United Arab Republic]] (UAR) between 1958 and 1961.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=136}} Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the [[Arab Republic of Egypt]] under his hero, President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. Nasser argued for [[Arab nationalism]]; the rejection of Western [[colonialism]], [[neo-colonialism]], and [[Zionism]]; and a transition from [[capitalism]] to [[socialism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=40|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2p=10|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=11–12|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=136}} Gaddafi was influenced by Nasser's book, ''Philosophy of the Revolution'', which outlined how to initiate a coup.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=40|2a1=Simons|2y=1996|2p=171}} One of Gaddafi's Egyptian teachers, Mahmoud Efay, was reportedly sympathetic towards the youth's political ideas, and advised him that a successful revolution would need the support of the army.{{sfn|Simons|1996|p=171}}

Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=42–43|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2pp=11–12|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=136}} In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting against Syria's secession from the UAR and raised funds to send cables of support to Nasser. Twenty students were arrested as a result of the disorder. Gaddafi and his companions also broke windows in a local hotel that was [[Islamic dietary laws#Intoxicants|accused of serving alcohol]]. To punish Gaddafi, the authorities expelled him and his family from Sabha.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=58|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=42–43|3a1=Simons|3y=1996|3pp=171–172|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=11|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5p=136}} Gaddafi moved to [[Misrata]], there attending Misrata Secondary School.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=58|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=44|3a1=Simons|3y=1996|3p=172|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=11|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5p=137}} Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism, he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city—including the [[Arab Nationalist Movement]], the [[Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]], and the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]—claiming that he rejected factionalism.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=137}} He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the [[French Revolution]] of 1789, as well as the works of the Syrian political theorist [[Michel Aflaq]] and biographies of [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Sun Yat-sen]], and [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]].{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=137}}

===Military training: 1963–1966===
Gaddafi briefly studied history at the [[University of Libya]] in [[Benghazi]] before dropping out to join the military.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1pp=46–47|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=138}} Despite his police record, in 1963 he began training at the [[Benghazi Military University Academy|Royal Military Academy]], Benghazi, alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata. The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognized it as a potential instrument of political change.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=45|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=12|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=138}} Under Idris, Libya's armed forces were trained by the [[British Armed Forces]]; this angered Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists, and accordingly, he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers, ultimately failing his exams.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=45}} British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour, stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963. Such reports were ignored, and Gaddafi quickly progressed through the course.{{Contradictory inline |reason=contradicts statement a few sentences earlier that he ultimately failed his exams|date=September 2023}}{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=46, 48–49|2a1=Simons|2y=1996|2p=173}}

With a group of loyal cadres, in 1964, Gaddafi established the Central Committee of the Free Officers Movement, a revolutionary group named after Nasser's [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Egyptian predecessor]]. Led by Gaddafi, they met secretively and were organized into a [[clandestine cell system]], pooling their salaries into a single fund.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=47–48|2a1=Simons|2y=1996|2p=173|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=12–13}} Gaddafi travelled around Libya collecting intelligence and developing connections with sympathizers, but the government's intelligence services ignored him, considering him little threat.{{sfn|Kawczynski|2011|p=13}} Graduating in August 1965,{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=138}} Gaddafi became a communications officer in the army's signal corps.{{sfnm|1a1=Simons|1y=1996|1p=174|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=138}}

In April 1966, he was assigned to the United Kingdom for further training; over nine months he underwent an English-language course at [[Wilton Park Estate|Wilton Park]] in [[Beaconsfield]], Buckinghamshire, an [[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|Army Air Corps]] signal instructors course in [[Bovington Camp]], Dorset, and an infantry signal instructors course at [[Hythe, Kent|Hythe]], Kent.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=49–50|2a1=Simons|2y=1996|2p=174|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=13|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=138}} Despite later rumours to the contrary, he did not attend the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]].{{sfn|Kawczynski|2011|p=13}} The Bovington signal course's director reported that Gaddafi successfully overcame problems learning English, displaying a firm command of voice procedure. Noting that Gaddafi's favourite hobbies were reading and playing [[association football|football]], he thought of him as an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious".{{sfn|St. John|2012|pp=138–139}} Gaddafi disliked England, claiming [[British Army]] officers had racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around [[Piccadilly]] wearing traditional Libyan robes.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=49–50|2a1=Simons|2y=1996|2p=174|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=13|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=139}} He later related that while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character".{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=49–50|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=13|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=139}}

==Libyan Arab Republic==
{{Further|History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi}}

===Coup d'état: 1969===
{{Main|1969 Libyan coup d'état}}

{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=People of Libya! In response to your own will, fulfilling your most heartfelt wishes, answering your most incessant demands for change and regeneration, and your longing to strive towards these ends: listening to your incitement to rebel, your armed forces have undertaken the overthrow of the corrupt regime, the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all. At a single blow our gallant army has toppled these idols and has destroyed their images. By a single stroke it has lightened the long dark night in which the Turkish domination was followed first by Italian rule, then by this reactionary and decadent regime which was no more than a hotbed of extortion, faction, treachery and treason.|salign=right |source=—Gaddafi's radio speech after seizing power, 1969{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=54|2a1=Simons|2y=1996|2pp=178–179}} }}

Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by [[unitary state|centralizing]] the country's [[federalism|federal system]] to take advantage of the country's oil wealth.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=14|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=52|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=15–16}} Corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=51|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=136}} Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up after Egypt's 1967 defeat in the [[Six-Day War]] with Israel; Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli due to its alliance with the Western powers.{{sfnm|1a1=Simons|1y=1996|1p=175|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2006|2p=70|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=16–17}} Anti-Western riots broke out in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt.{{sfnm|1a1=Simons|1y=1996|1p=175|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2006|2p=70|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=16–17}} By 1969, the US [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's [[Free Officers Movement (Libya)|Free Officers Movement]], they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were instead monitoring [[Abdul Aziz Shalhi]]'s Black Boots revolutionary group.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=53|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=19|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3pp=139–140}} Shalhi, who effectively served as Idris' chief of staff, and his brother Omar were the sons of Idris' former chief advisor Ibrahim Shalhi, who had been murdered by [[Fatimah el-Sharif|Queen Fatima]]'s nephew in the fall of 1954.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=4 July 1955 |title=LIBYA: Family Troubles |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,807255,00.html |access-date=10 February 2023 |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210080151/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,807255,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After their father's assassination, they became the favorites of Idris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qaddafi – The Man and His Rise to Power – Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training |url=https://adst.org/2013/08/qaddafi-the-man-and-his-rise-to-power/ |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=adst.org |date=27 August 2013 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210074629/https://adst.org/2013/08/qaddafi-the-man-and-his-rise-to-power/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece amid widespread rumors of an abdication or a British-backed coup by the Shalhi brothers on 5 September.<ref name=":7" /> Gaddafi's Free Officers, recognizing this as their last chance to preempt the Shelhis in overthrowing the monarchy, initiated "Operation Jerusalem".{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=52|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=18}} If Gaddafi's Free Officers had not preempted the Shelhis, they would have almost certainly been defeated by the combined forces of Abdul Aziz Shelhi, the deputy commander of Libya's army, and the prominent families in [[Cyrenaica]] that supported the Shelhi family.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fathali, `Umar Ibrahim |first1=`Umar Ibrahim |title=Political Development and Social Change in Libya |last2=Palmer |first2=Monte |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |year=1980 |location=Lexington, Massachusetts |pages=40}}</ref> On 1 September, Gaddafi's Free Officers occupied airports, police depots, radio stations, and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while [[Umar Muhayshi]] occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. [[Khweldi Hameidi]] took over the Tripoli radio station and was sent to arrest crown prince [[Hasan as-Senussi|Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi]] and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=14|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=57–59|3a1=Simons|3y=1996|3pp=177–178|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=18}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ash |first=Nigel |date=27 July 2015 |title=Qaddafi collaborator Khuwaildi Al-Hamidi dies of heart attack |url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/07/qaddafi-collaborator-khuwaildi-al-hamidi-dies-of-heart-attack/ |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=LibyaHerald |language=en-US |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210014017/https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/07/qaddafi-collaborator-khuwaildi-al-hamidi-dies-of-heart-attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They met no serious resistance and wielded little violence against the monarchists.{{sfnm|1a1=Simons|1y=1996|1p=178|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=18}}

Once Gaddafi removed the monarchical government, he announced the foundation of the [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|Libyan Arab Republic]].{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=55|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=15|3a1=Simons|3y=1996|3p=179}} Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all".{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=54|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=14|3a1=Blundy|3a2=Lycett|3y=1987|3pp=59–60|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=18}} Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=134}} Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya.{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=1983|1p=472|2a1=Bearman|2y=1986|2p=56|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=159}} He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=62|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=15|3a1=Blundy|3a2=Lycett|3y=1987|3p=64|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=148}}

===Consolidating leadership: 1969–1973===
The 12-member central committee of the Free Officers proclaimed themselves the [[Libyan Revolutionary Command Council|Revolutionary Command Council]] (RCC), the government of the new republic.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=63|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2p=9|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=134}} Lieutenant Gaddafi became RCC chairman, and therefore the ''de facto'' head of state, also appointing himself to the rank of [[colonel]] and becoming commander-in-chief of the armed forces.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=15|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=64|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=134}} Jalloud became Prime Minister,{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|pp=91–92}} while a civilian Council of Ministers headed by Sulaiman Maghribi was founded to implement RCC policy.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=17|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=63}} Libya's administrative capital was moved from [[Bayda, Libya|al-Beida]] to Tripoli.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=71}}

[[File:Flag of Libya (1969–1972).svg|thumb|left|The flag of republican Libya used by Gaddafi's government from 1969 to 1972]]

Although theoretically a [[collegial body]] operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=134}} Some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses.{{sfn|Kawczynski|2011|p=20}} Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2006|1p=79|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2p=9|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=134}} All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=38|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2006|2p=79|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3p=10|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=20}}

The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=134}} They purged monarchists and members of Idris' [[Senussi]] clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008b|1p=11|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2pp=21–23}} [[Libyan People's Court|People's Courts]] were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, many of whom were imprisoned, although none executed. Idris was sentenced to execution ''[[Trial in absentia|in absentia]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=71|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=16|3a1=Blundy|3a2=Lycett|3y=1987|3p=62}} Three months after Gaddafi came to power, the army minister and interior minister, both of whom were from the eastern [[Barqa]] region, tried to overthrow him in a failed [[1969 Libyan coup attempt|coup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuters Archive Licensing |url=https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/194993 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=Reuters Archive Licensing |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719153903/https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/194993 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1970, Idris' great nephew [[Ahmed al-Senussi]] tried to instigate another coup against Gaddafi; the [[Black Prince conspiracy|monarchist plot]] was foiled in August and Ahmed was sentenced to death (commuted in 1988 and pardoned by Gaddafi in 2001).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stock |first=Jonathan |date=13 March 2011 |title=Gaddafi-Opfer Al-Senussi: "Gott entscheidet, was mit dir passiert" |language=de |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/gaddafi-opfer-al-senussi-gott-entscheidet-was-mit-dir-passiert-a-750656.html |access-date=10 February 2023 |issn=2195-1349 |archive-date=31 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831122008/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,750656,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2012 |title=Arm us to save us: Libyan ex-prisoner appeals - Univision Wires |url=http://wires.univision.com/english/article/2011-03-13/arm-us-to-save-us |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323161343/http://wires.univision.com/english/article/2011-03-13/arm-us-to-save-us |archive-date=23 March 2012 }}</ref>

In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution,{{sfn|Harris|1986|p=17}} while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing ''[[sharia]]'' into the legal system.{{sfn|Harris|1986|p=16}} [[Rule by decree|Ruling by decree]], the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=17|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=63–64|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3p=11|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=153}} In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|pp=91–92}} In July 1972, amid widespread speculation that Gaddafi had been ousted or jailed by his political opponents, a new 18-man cabinet was formed with only two of them, Jalloud and [[Abdel Moneim al-Houni]], being military men; the rest were civilian [[Technocracy|technocrats]] per Gaddafi's insistence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 1972 |title=COUNCIL IN LIBYA FORMS A CABINET |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/07/17/archives/council-in-libya-forms-a-cabinet-qaddafi-not-member-but-he-is.html |access-date=5 March 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212224158/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/07/17/archives/council-in-libya-forms-a-cabinet-qaddafi-not-member-but-he-is.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 1972 |title=New Cabinet Meets |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/07/18/archives/new-cabinet-meets.html |access-date=5 March 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306053807/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/07/18/archives/new-cabinet-meets.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 1973, Gaddafi resigned again, once more returning the next month.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=85}}

====Economic and social reform====

[[File:Nasser Qaddafi Atassi 1969.jpg|thumb|Gaddafi at an Arab summit in Libya in 1969, shortly after the September Revolution that toppled [[Idris of Libya|King Idris I]]. Gaddafi sits in military uniform in the middle, surrounded by Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] (left) and Syrian President [[Nureddin al-Atassi]] (right).]]

The RCC's early economic policy has been characterized as being [[state capitalism|state capitalist]] in orientation.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=124}} Many initiatives were established to aid entrepreneurs and develop a Libyan bourgeoisie.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=123}} Seeking to expand the cultivatable acreage in Libya, in September 1969 the government launched a "Green Revolution" to increase agricultural productivity so that Libya could rely less on imported food.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=128}} The hope was to make Libya self-sufficient in food production.{{sfn|El-Khawas|1984|p=34}} All land that had either been expropriated from Italian settlers or which was not in use was repossessed and redistributed.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=129}} Irrigation systems were established along the northern coastline and around various inland oases.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|pp=130–132}} Production costs often surpassed the value of the produce and thus Libyan agricultural production remained in deficit, relying heavily on state subsidies.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=132}}

With [[crude oil]] as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=66–67|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2pp=145–146}} In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and threatened to decrease production. In December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=80–88|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=66–67|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3pp=145–146}} In 1970, other [[OPEC]] states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=66–67|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2pp=145–146}} The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement of 20 March 1971, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008b|1p=15|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=147}}

Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of [[nationalization]], starting with the expropriation of [[BP|British Petroleum]]'s share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=90|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=68|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=147}} In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to see 51 per cent of their operation nationalized, including the stake of [[Nelson Bunker Hunt]], son of [[H.L. Hunt]], who had played a key role in the discovery of oil in Libya.<ref name="Libya">{{Cite book| last = Greenwood| first = C. J.| title = International Law Reports| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1984| volume = 66| page = 340| isbn = 0-521-46411-0}}</ref> Among the companies that were partially nationalized was [[Armand Hammer]]'s [[Occidental Petroleum]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 November 1981|title=The Riddle of Armand Hammer|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/29/magazine/the-riddle-of-armand-hammer.html|access-date=3 February 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217222637/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/29/magazine/the-riddle-of-armand-hammer.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=8 February 1974|title=Occidental-Libya Exploration Pact Set|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/08/archives/occidentallibya-exploration-pact-set.html|access-date=3 February 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011054821/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/08/archives/occidentallibya-exploration-pact-set.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For Gaddafi, this was an essential step towards socialism.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=91|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=68|3a1=St. John|3y=1987|3p=116|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=147}} It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=107}} In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the UK.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=107}} In 1969, the government also declared that all foreign owned banks must either close down or convert to joint-stock operations.{{sfn|El-Khawas|1984|p=28}}

[[File:Sadat Qaddafi Assad 1971.jpg|thumb|left|In 1971, Egypt's [[Anwar Sadat]], Libya's Gaddafi and Syria's [[Hafez al-Assad]] signed an agreement [[Federation of Arab Republics|to form a federal Union of Arab Republics]]. The agreement never materialized into a federal union between the three Arab states.]]

The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting ''sharia'' as a basis.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=64|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2p=31|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=21|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=134}} The consumption of alcohol was prohibited, night clubs and [[Christianity in Libya|Christian churches]] were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, and Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=72|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=64|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3p=31|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=21|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5p=134}} The RCC doubled the [[minimum wage]], introduced statutory price controls, and implemented compulsory rent reductions of between 30 and 40 per cent.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=73}} Gaddafi also wanted to combat the strict social restrictions that had been imposed on women by the previous regime, establishing the [[Revolutionary Women's Formation]] to encourage reform.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=196}} In 1970, a law was introduced affirming equality of the sexes and insisting on wage parity.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=198}} In 1971, Gaddafi sponsored the creation of a Libyan General Women's Federation.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=197}} In 1972, a law was passed criminalizing the marriage of any females under the age of sixteen and ensuring that a woman's consent was a necessary prerequisite for a marriage.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=198}} Gaddafi's regime opened up a wide range of educational and employment opportunities for women, although these primarily benefited a minority in the urban middle-classes.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=198}}

From 1969 to 1973, it used oil money to fund social welfare programs, which led to housebuilding projects and improved healthcare and education.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=23|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=149}} House building became a major social priority, designed to eliminate homelessness and to replace the [[shanty town]]s created by Libya's growing urbanization.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=73}} The health sector was also expanded; by 1978, Libya had 50 per cent more hospitals than it had in 1968, while the number of doctors had increased from 700 to over 3000 in that decade.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=74}} [[Malaria]] was eradicated, and [[trachoma]] and [[tuberculosis]] greatly curtailed.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=74}} Compulsory education was expanded from 6 to 9 years, while adult literacy programs and free university education were introduced.{{sfn|Harris|1986|p=38}} [[Bayda, Libya#Education|Beida University]] was founded, while [[Tripoli University]] and [[Benghazi University]] were expanded.{{sfn|Harris|1986|p=38}} In doing so, the government helped to integrate the poorer strata of Libyan society into the education system.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|pp=74–75}} Through these measures, the RCC greatly expanded the [[public sector]], providing employment for thousands.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=23|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=149}} These early social programs proved popular within Libya.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=19|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=22|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=149}} This popularity was partly due to Gaddafi's personal charisma, youth and underdog status as a Bedouin, as well as his rhetoric emphasizing his role as the successor to the anti-Italian fighter [[Omar Mukhtar]].{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008b|1pp=31–32|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=22}}

To combat the country's strong regional and tribal divisions, the RCC promoted the idea of a unified pan-Libyan identity.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=154}} In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=154}} Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, yet the communities they served often rejected them.{{sfn|St. John|2012|pp=154–155}} Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the [[Arab Socialist Union (Libya)|Arab Socialist Union]] (ASU) in June 1971, a mass mobilization [[vanguard party]] of which he was president.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=136–137|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=91|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2006|3p=83|4a1=Vandewalle|4y=2008b|4p=11|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5p=155}} The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=91|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2p=11|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=155}} It remained heavily bureaucratic and failed to mobilize mass support in the way Gaddafi had envisioned.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=138}}

====Foreign relations====
{{Further|Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi}}

[[File:Nasser Gaddafi 1969.jpg|thumb|upright|Gaddafi (left) with Egyptian President Nasser in 1969. Nasser privately described Gaddafi as "a nice boy, but terribly naïve".{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=18}}]]
The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2006|1pp=79–80|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2p=9|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=137}} The administration was instantly [[Diplomatic recognition|recognized]] by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Sudan,{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=55|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=60|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=18}} with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=62–63|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=18}} Gaddafi propounded [[pan-Arab]] ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=96|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=75|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=65|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=186}} In December 1969, Libya signed the Tripoli Charter alongside Egypt and Sudan. This established the Arab Revolutionary Front, a pan-national union designed as a first step towards the eventual political unification of the three nations.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=64|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=75|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=65|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=186}} In 1970 Syria declared its intention to join.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=96}}

Nasser died unexpectedly in September 1970, with Gaddafi playing a prominent role at his funeral.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=66}} Nasser was succeeded by [[Anwar Sadat]], who suggested that rather than creating a unified state, the Arab states should create [[Federation of Arab Republics|a political federation]], implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria, and Sudan received large grants of Libyan oil money.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=97|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=87|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=65|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=151–152}} In July 1971, Gaddafi sided with Sadat against the Soviet Union in the [[1971 Sudanese coup d'état]] and dispatched Libyan fighter jets to force down a [[British Overseas Airways Corporation]] jetliner carrying the leading coup plotters, [[Farouk Osman Hamadallah]] and Babikir al-Nour. They were extradited back to [[Khartoum]], where they were promptly executed by Sudanese leader [[Jaafar Nimeiry]].<ref name="Korn 88">{{cite book |last=Korn |first=David A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDcwB0LusBEC&q=Hashem+al-Atta&pg=PA87 |title=Assassination in Khartoum |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0253332028 |page=88 |access-date=5 March 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307180303/https://books.google.com/books?id=NDcwB0LusBEC&q=Hashem+al-Atta&pg=PA87 |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented because relations broke down the next year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=66|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=182}}

After the 1969 coup, representatives of the [[Allied Control Council|Four Powers]]—France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the [[Soviet Union]]—were called to meet RCC representatives.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=140}} The UK and the US quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the US informed him of at least one planned counter-coup.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=65|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=18|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3pp=140–141}} Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the US and the UK remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution [will not] tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=76–77|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=61|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=19|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=141–143}}

Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated, and the 12,000-strong [[Italian settlers in Libya|Italian community]] was expelled from Libya alongside the smaller community of [[History of the Jews in Libya|Libyan Jews]]. The day became a [[Public holiday|national holiday]] known as "Vengeance Day".{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=72|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=64|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=21–22|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=142}} Italy complained that this was in contravention of the 1956 Italo-Libyan Treaty, although no UN sanctions were forthcoming.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=72}} Aiming to reduce [[NATO]] power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that [[Malta]] cease allowing NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering Malta foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO to use the island, but only on the condition that NATO would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory.{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=1983|1p=475|2a1=St. John|2y=1987|2pp=87–88|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3pp=150–151}} Over the coming decade, Gaddafi's government developed stronger political and economic links with [[Dom Mintoff]]'s Maltese administration, and under Libya's urging Malta did not renew the UK's airbases on the island in 1980.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=117}} Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union.{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=1987|1pp=74–75|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2pp=144–145}} The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the US, which was then engaged in the [[Cold War]] with the Soviets.{{sfn|St. John|2012|pp=144–145}}

[[File:Oil Rich Libya.ogv|thumb|left|A 1973 anti-Gaddafist British [[newsreel]] including an interview with Gaddafi about his support for foreign militants]]

Gaddafi was especially critical of the US due to its support of Israel and sided with the [[Palestinians]] in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], viewing the 1948 creation of the State of Israel as a Western colonial occupation forced upon the [[Arab world]].{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=70–71|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2p=34|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=64|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=150–152}} He believed that Palestinian violence against Israeli and Western targets was the justified response of an oppressed people who were fighting against the colonization of their homeland.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=114}} Calling on the Arab states to wage "continuous war" against Israel, in 1970 he initiated a Jihad Fund to finance anti-Israeli militants.{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=1983|1p=478|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=71|3a1=St. John|3y=1987|3p=36|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=185}} In June 1972 Gaddafi created the First Nasserite Volunteers Centre to train anti-Israeli guerrillas.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=37|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=151}}

Like Nasser, Gaddafi favoured the Palestinian leader [[Yasser Arafat]] and his group, [[Fatah]], over more militant and [[Marxism|Marxist]] Palestinian groups.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=64–65|2a1=St. John|2y=1987|2p=37}} As the years progressed however, Gaddafi's relationship with Arafat became strained, with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=116|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=69–70|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=37|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=178}} Instead, he supported militias like the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command]], the [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], [[As-Sa'iqa]], the [[Palestinian Popular Struggle Front]], and the [[Abu Nidal Organization]].{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=116|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=150|3a1=St. John|3y=2008|3p=95}} He funded the [[Black September Organization]] whose members perpetrated the 1972 [[Munich massacre]] of Israeli athletes in West Germany and had the killed militants' bodies flown to Libya for a hero's funeral.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=114|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=78|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=38|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=178}}

Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the [[Black Panther Party]], the [[Nation of Islam]], the [[Almighty Black P. Stone Nation]], the [[Tupamaros]], the [[19th of April Movement]] and the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] in Nicaragua, the [[African National Congress|ANC]] among other [[liberation movements]] in the fight against [[Apartheid]] in South Africa, the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]], [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]], [[Action Directe]], the [[Red Brigades]], and the [[Red Army Faction]] in Europe, and the [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia|Armenian Secret Army]], the [[Japanese Red Army]], the [[Free Aceh Movement]], and the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] in the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ap |date=31 December 1987 |title=Five Draw Long Sentences for Terrorism Scheme |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/31/us/five-draw-long-sentences-for-terrorism-scheme.html |access-date=2 February 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211085951/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE5D71F3CF932A05751C1A961948260 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes which he funded, sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other, as in the [[Eritrean War of Independence]].{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=78–81, 150, 185|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2pp=34–35, 40–53|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=151}} Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which came to be seen as a leader in the [[Third World]]'s struggle against [[colonialism]] and [[neocolonialism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=78–81, 150|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2pp=34–35, 40–53|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=151}} Though many of these groups were labelled "[[terrorism|terrorists]]" by critics of their activities, Gaddafi rejected this characterization, instead considering them to be revolutionaries who were engaged in liberation struggles.{{sfn|Harris|1986|p=55}}

===The "Popular Revolution": 1973–1977===

[[File:Libya 1974 e.jpg|thumb|right|Gaddafi with Romanian President [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] in Bucharest, 1974]]

On 16 April 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the start of a "Popular Revolution" in a speech at [[Zuwarah]].{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=139|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=85|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2006|3p=82|4a1=Vandewalle|4y=2008b|4p=12|5a1=Kawczynski|5y=2011|5p=22|6a1=St. John|6y=2012|6p=156}} He initiated this with a five-point plan, the first point of which dissolved all existing laws, to be replaced by revolutionary enactments. The second point proclaimed that all opponents of the revolution had to be removed, while the third initiated an administrative revolution that Gaddafi proclaimed would remove all traces of [[bureaucracy]] and the [[bourgeoisie]]. The fourth point announced that the population must form People's Committees and be armed to defend the revolution, while the fifth proclaimed the beginning of the [[Cultural Revolution in Libya]], to expunge the country of "poisonous" foreign influences.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=140|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=18|3a1=Blundy|3a2=Lycett|3y=1987|3pp=85–86|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=22|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5p=156}} He began to lecture on this new phase of the revolution in Libya, Egypt, and France.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=93–94}} As a process, it had many similarities with the [[Cultural Revolution]] implemented in China.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=140}}

As part of this Popular Revolution, Gaddafi invited Libya's people to found [[General People's Committee]]s as conduits for raising political consciousness. Although offering little guidance for how to set up these councils, Gaddafi claimed that they would offer a form of [[Direct democracy|direct]] [[Participatory democracy|political participation]] that was more democratic than a traditional party-based [[Representative democracy|representative system]]. He hoped that the councils would mobilize the people behind the RCC, erode the power of the traditional leaders and the bureaucracy, and allow for a new legal system chosen by the people.{{sfnm|1a1=El-Khawas|1y=1984|1p=20|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=86|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=156}} Many such committees were established in schools and colleges,{{sfnm|1a1=El-Khawas|1y=1984|1p=20|2a1=Bearman|2y=1986|2p=140}} where they were responsible for vetting staff, courses, and textbooks to determine if they were compatible with the country's revolutionary ideology.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=140}}

The People's Committees led to a high percentage of public involvement in decision making, within the limits permitted by the RCC,{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=157}} but exacerbated tribal divisions and tensions.{{sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=1982|1p=78|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=103–104}} They also served as a surveillance system, aiding the security services in locating individuals with views critical of the RCC, leading to the arrest of [[Ba'athism|Ba'athists]], [[Marxism|Marxists]], and [[Islamism|Islamists]].{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=141|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=18|3a1=Blundy|3a2=Lycett|3y=1987|3p=116|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=157}} Operating in a pyramid structure, the base form of these Committees were local working groups, who sent elected representatives to the district level, and from there to the national level, divided between the [[General People's Congress (Libya)|General People's Congress]] and the [[General People's Committee]].{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=104|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=26}} Above these remained Gaddafi and the RCC, who remained responsible for all major decisions.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=64|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=163}} In crossing regional and tribal identities, the committee system aided national integration and centralization and tightened Gaddafi's control over the state and administrative apparatus.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=141}}

==== Third International Theory and ''The Green Book'' ====
{{Main|Third International Theory|The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)}}

In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution: [[Third International Theory]]. This approach regarded both the US and the Soviet Union as imperialist and thus rejected Western [[capitalism]] as well as Marxist–Leninist atheism.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=150|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=86–87|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3pp=157–158}} In this respect, it was similar to the [[Three Worlds Theory]] developed by China's political leader [[Mao Zedong]].{{sfn|Harris|1986|p=58}} As part of this theory, Gaddafi praised [[nationalism]] as a progressive force and advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state which would lead the Islamic and Third Worlds against imperialism.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=158}} Gaddafi saw Islam as having a key role in this ideology, calling for an [[Islamic revival]] that returned to the origins of the [[Qur'an]], rejecting scholarly interpretations and the [[Hadith]]; in doing so, he angered many Libyan clerics.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=49|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=122|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=159}} During 1973 and 1974, his government deepened the legal reliance on ''sharia'', for instance by introducing [[Flagellation|flogging]] as punishment for those convicted of adultery or homosexual activity.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=163|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=112}}

Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979, collectively known as ''[[The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)|The Green Book]]''. Volume one was devoted to the issue of democracy, outlining the flaws of representative systems in favour of direct, participatory GPCs. The second dealt with Gaddafi's beliefs regarding socialism, while the third explored social issues regarding the family and the tribe. While the first two volumes advocated radical reform, the third adopted a [[social conservatism|socially conservative]] stance, proclaiming that while men and women were equal, they were biologically designed for different roles in life.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=96–100|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2p=19|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=24|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=161–165}} During the years that followed, Gaddafists adopted quotes from ''The Green Book'', such as "Representation is Fraud", as slogans.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=162}} Meanwhile, in September 1975, Gaddafi implemented further measures to increase popular mobilization, introducing objectives to improve the relationship between the Councils and the ASU.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=165}}

{{Anchor|1975 Libyan coup attempt}}In 1975, Gaddafi's government declared a [[state monopoly]] on foreign trade.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|pp=145–146}} Its increasingly radical reforms, coupled with the large amount of oil revenue being spent on foreign causes, generated discontent in Libya,{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008b|1p=18|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=23}} particularly among the country's merchant class.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=146}} In 1974, Libya saw its first civilian attack on Gaddafi's government when a Benghazi army building was bombed.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=114}} Much of the opposition centred around RCC member [[Omar Mehishi|Umar Muhayshi]]. With fellow RCC members [[Bashir Saghir Hawadi|Bashir Saghir al-Hawaadi]] and Awad Ali Hamza, he began plotting a coup against Gaddafi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Libya: The role of Omar al-Meheshi in Colonel Qaddafi's revolution; his activities in the 1975 coup attempt and in developing opposition movements in Morocco and Egypt (1969 - present) |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aaad48.html |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=Refworld |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202035935/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aaad48.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1975, their plot was exposed and Muhayshi fled to Tunisia, eventually receiving asylum from Sadat's Egypt.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=146|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=118|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3p=18|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=23|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5p=165}} Hawaadi, Hamza, and [[Omar El-Hariri]] were arrested. Most of the other conspirators were executed in March 1976.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Anderson |first=Jack |date=13 November 1985 |title=Fighter Against Qaddafi Betrayed |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00965R000100120018-2.pdf |access-date=2 February 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201173332/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00965R000100120018-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Another RCC member, foreign minister [[Abdel Moneim al-Houni|Abdul-Munim al-Huni]], also fled to Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libya - Exiled Opposition |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8220.html |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=www.country-data.com |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210025158/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8220.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–9, Part 1, Documents on North Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve09p1/d53 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=history.state.gov |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201173332/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve09p1/d53 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the aftermath, only five RCC members remained: Gaddafi, Jalloud, [[Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr]], [[Mustafa Kharubi]], and [[Khweldi Hameidi|Kweldi al-Hamidi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ash |first=Nigel |date=17 July 2015 |title=Cancer kills top Qaddafi aide ten days before trial verdict |url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/07/cancer-kills-top-qaddafi-aide-ten-days-before-trial-verdict/ |access-date=2 February 2023 |website=LibyaHerald |language=en-US |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202035222/https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/07/cancer-kills-top-qaddafi-aide-ten-days-before-trial-verdict/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=اكتشف 10 معلومات عن اللواء مصطفى الخروبي |url=https://www.afrigatenews.net/article/%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81-10-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A/ |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=www.afrigatenews.net |language=ar |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210082436/https://www.afrigatenews.net/article/%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81-10-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ufheil-Somers |first=Amanda |date=4 November 1986 |title=Libya's Revolution Revisited |url=https://merip.org/1986/11/libyas-revolution-revisited/ |access-date=2 February 2023 |website=MERIP |language=en-US |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202034711/https://merip.org/1986/11/libyas-revolution-revisited/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Thus, power was further concentrated in Gaddafi's hands.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=147}} This ultimately led to the RCC's official abolition in March 1977.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=165}}

In September 1975, Gaddafi purged the army, arresting around 200 senior officers, and in October he founded the clandestine Office for the Security of the Revolution.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|pp=118–119}} In April 1976, he called upon his supporters in universities to establish "revolutionary student councils" and drive out "reactionary elements".{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=148}} During that year, anti-Gaddafist student demonstrations broke out at the universities of Tripoli and Benghazi, resulting in clashes with both Gaddafist students and police. The RCC responded with mass arrests and introduced compulsory [[national service]] for young people.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=148|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=119–120|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3p=18|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=23}} In January 1977, two dissenting students and a number of army officers were publicly hanged; [[Amnesty International]] condemned it as the first time in Gaddafist Libya that dissenters had been executed for purely political crimes.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|pp=121–122}} Dissent also arose from conservative clerics and the Muslim Brotherhood, who accused Gaddafi of moving towards Marxism and criticized his abolition of private property as being against the Islamic ''[[sunnah]]''; these forces were then persecuted as anti-revolutionary,{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=162|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=122–123|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=29–30}} while all privately owned Islamic colleges and universities were shut down.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=148}}

====Foreign relations====

After Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=88|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=74, 93–94|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=66}} Over the coming years, the two slipped into a state of [[Cold war (general term)|cold war]].{{sfn|Bearman|1986|pp=166–167}} Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution akin to that being carried out in Libya.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=88|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=74, 93–94|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=66}} In February 1973, Israeli forces shot down [[Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114]], which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm. Gaddafi's foreign minister [[Salah Busir]] was on board and allegedly targeted by Israel in retaliation for the [[Munich massacre]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=في كتابه الجديد.. محمد عبد الهادى علام يكشف بالوثائق تفاصيل جديدة ومثيرة حول اغتيال بويصير والكيخيا (1-2) |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/272873.aspx |access-date=2 February 2023 |website=بوابة الأهرام |language=ar |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202015923/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/272873.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident, and in retaliation planned to destroy the ''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]'', a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to [[Haifa]] for Israel's 25th anniversary. Gaddafi ordered an Egyptian submarine to target the ship, but Sadat cancelled the order, fearing a military escalation.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=114–115|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=87|3a1=Blundy|3a2=Lycett|3y=1987|3pp=82–83|4a1=St. John|4y=1987|4p=55|5a1=Kawczynski|5y=2011|5pp=66–67}}

[[File:Gaddafi 1976.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Gaddafi in 1976 with a child on his lap]]

Gaddafi was later infuriated when Egypt and Syria planned the [[Yom Kippur War]] against Israel without consulting him and was angered when Egypt conceded to peace talks rather than continuing the war.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=99–100|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=87|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=67|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=182–183}} Gaddafi became openly hostile to Egypt's leader, calling for Sadat's overthrow.{{sfn|Kawczynski|2011|p=67}} When Sudanese President [[Gaafar Nimeiry]] took Sadat's side, Gaddafi also spoke out against him, encouraging the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]]'s attempt to overthrow Nimeiry.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=167|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=185|3a1=St. John|3y=1987|3p=62|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4pp=79–80|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5p=191}} In 1974, Gaddafi released [[Abdul-Aziz Shennib]], a commander under [[Idris of Libya|King Idris]], from prison and appointed him Libyan ambassador to [[Jordan]]. Shennib had attended the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] with [[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein of Jordan]] and was tasked by Gaddafi with Hussein's assassination. Shennib instead informed Hussein of the plot and defected to Jordan.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2011 |title=For Amal, life (re)begins at 75 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/395340 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=Arab News |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209163127/https://www.arabnews.com/node/395340 |url-status=live }}</ref> Relations with Syria also soured over the events in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. Initially, both Libya and Syria had contributed troops to the Arab League's peacekeeping force, although after the Syrian army attacked the [[Lebanese National Movement]], Gaddafi openly accused Syrian President [[Hafez al-Assad]] of "national treason"; he was the only Arab leader to criticize Syria's actions.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|pp=165–166}} In late 1972 and early 1973, Libya invaded Chad to annex the uranium-rich [[Aouzou Strip]].{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=181|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=187}}

Intent on propagating Islam, in 1973 Gaddafi founded the Islamic Call Society, which had opened 132 centres across Africa within a decade.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=106–107|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2pp=103–104|3a1=Blundy|3a2=Lycett|3y=1987|3pp=93, 122|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=186}} In 1973 he converted Gabonese President [[Omar Bongo]], an action which he repeated three years later with [[Jean-Bédel Bokassa]], president of the [[Central African Republic]].{{sfn|Kawczynski|2011|pp=77–78}} Between 1973 and 1979, Libya provided $500 million in aid to African countries, namely to Zaire and Uganda, and founded joint-venture companies throughout the countries to aid trade and development.{{sfn|St. John|1987|p=96}} Gaddafi was also keen on reducing Israeli influence within Africa, using financial incentives to successfully convince eight African states to break off diplomatic relations with Israel in 1973.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=107–109|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=88|3a1=St. John|3y=1987|3p=94|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=77|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5p=184}}

A strong relationship was also established between Gaddafi's Libya and Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]'s Pakistani government, with the two countries exchanging nuclear research and military assistance. In recognition of Gaddafi's support of [[N-deterrence|Pakistan's right to pursue nuclear weapons]] and financial support for the "Islamic bomb", Lahore Stadium was renamed [[Gaddafi Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Murtaza Razvi |date=25 February 2011 |title=A stadium called Gaddafi |newspaper=Indian Express (newspaper) |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-stadium-called-gaddafi/754608/0 |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407022026/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-stadium-called-gaddafi/754608/0 |archive-date=7 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Faridi |first=Dr. Salman |date=4 October 2020 |title=The iconic Gaddafi Stadium {{!}} Sports {{!}} thenews.com.pk |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/724066-the-iconic-gaddafi-stadium |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=[[The News International]] |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206153753/https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/724066-the-iconic-gaddafi-stadium |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=9 March 2016 |title=Gaddafi's Mental Follies and Megalomania |url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/content/gaddafis-mental-follies-and-megalomania |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=Israel Defense |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206153751/https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/content/gaddafis-mental-follies-and-megalomania |url-status=live }}</ref> Gaddafi also provided support for Pakistan in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]; he reportedly deployed [[Northrop F-5|F-5s]] to [[Sargodha Airbase|Sargodha AFB]] and penned a strongly worded letter to [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] accusing her of aggression against Pakistan.<ref name="Pen and Sword, Bowman">{{cite book |last1=Bowman |first1=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QleqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |title=Cold War Jet Combat: Air-to-Air Jet Fighter Operations 1950–1972 |publisher=Pen and Sword |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4738-7463-3 |page=112 |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214845/https://books.google.com/books?id=QleqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="THe News International">{{cite news |last=Nazar Abbas |date=26 August 2011 |title=Gaddafi is gone, long live Libya |newspaper=The News International |url=https://www.thenews.com/Todays-News-2-64753-Gaddafi-is-gone-long-live-Libya |url-status=dead |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809005813/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-64753-Gaddafi-is-gone-long-live-Libya |archive-date=9 August 2013}}</ref> Gaddafi's strong relationship with Pakistan ended after Bhutto was [[Operation Fair Play|deposed]] by [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] in 1977 as Zia distrusted Gaddafi and rejected further Libyan financing for the [[Pakistani nuclear programme|Pakistani nuclear program]] in favor of Saudi financing.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=169}}<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Gaddafi pressurises General Zia-ul-Haq to supply Libya with nuclear weapon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19810815-colonel-gaddafi-pressurises-general-zia-ul-haq-to-supply-libya-with-nuclear-weapon-773135-2013-11-13 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=India Today |date=13 November 2013 |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206153750/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19810815-colonel-gaddafi-pressurises-general-zia-ul-haq-to-supply-libya-with-nuclear-weapon-773135-2013-11-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gaddafi sought to develop closer links in the [[Maghreb]]; in January 1974 Libya and Tunisia announced a political union, the [[Arab Islamic Republic]]. Although advocated by Gaddafi and Tunisian President [[Habib Bourguiba]], the move was deeply unpopular in Tunisia, and it was soon abandoned.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=100–101|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=76|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=71–72|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=183}} Retaliating, Gaddafi sponsored anti-government militants in Tunisia into the 1980s.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=72|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=183}} Turning his attention to [[Algeria]], in 1975 Libya signed, in [[Hassi Messaoud]], a defensive alliance allegedly to counter alleged "Moroccan expansionism", also funding the [[Polisario Front]] of [[Western Sahara]] in its independence struggle against [[Morocco]].{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=170|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=71|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=183}} Seeking to diversify Libya's economy, Gaddafi's government began purchasing shares in major European corporations like [[Fiat]] as well as buying real estate in Malta and Italy, which would become a valuable source of income during the [[1980s oil glut|1980s oil slump]].{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=114|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=199–201}}

==Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya==

===Foundation: 1977===

On 2 March 1977, the General People's Congress adopted the "[[Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People]]" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ({{langx|ar|الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|al-Jamāhīrīyah al-‘Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha‘bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah}})'', a "state of the masses" conceptualized by Gaddafi.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=154–155|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=105|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=26–27|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=166–168}} A new, all-green banner was adopted as the country's flag.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=155}} Officially, the ''Jamahiriya'' was a [[direct democracy]] in which the people ruled themselves through the 187 [[Basic People's Congress (political)|Basic People's Congress]]es (BPCs), where all adult Libyans participated and voted on national decisions. These then sent members to the annual General People's Congress, which was broadcast live on television. In principle, the People's Congresses were Libya's highest authority, with major decisions proposed by government officials or with Gaddafi himself requiring the consent of the People's Congresses.{{sfnm|1a1=El-Khawas|1y=1984|1p=27|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=29|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3pp=166–168|4a1=Vandewalle|4y=2008b|4pp=19–20}} Gaddafi became General Secretary of the GPC, although he stepped down from this position in early 1979 and appointed himself "Leader of the Revolution".{{sfn|St. John|1987|p=13}}

[[File:Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg|thumb|left|[[Flag of Libya]] (1977–2011)]]

Although all political control was officially vested in the People's Congresses, in reality Libya's existing political leadership continued to exercise varying degrees of power and influence.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=155}} Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=29}} On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that [[home schooling|homeschooling]] was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=29}} In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces.{{sfn|Harris|1986|pp=67–68}} At other times, he ordered snap elections when it appeared that the GPC would enact laws he opposed.{{sfn|St. John|1987|pp=133–134}} Gaddafi proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions, and women's groups, were banned.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=27|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2pp=166–168}} Despite these restrictions, St. John noted that the ''Jamahiriya'' system still "introduced a level of representation and participation hitherto unknown in Libya".{{sfn|St. John|1987|p=134}}

With preceding legal institutions abolished, Gaddafi envisioned the ''Jamahiriya'' as following the [[Qur'an]] for legal guidance, adopting ''sharia'' law; he proclaimed "man-made" laws unnatural and dictatorial, only permitting [[God in Islam|Allah]]'s law.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1pp=27–28|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=167}} Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that ''sharia'' was inappropriate for the ''Jamahiriya'' because it guaranteed the protection of private property, contravening ''The Green Book''{{'s}} socialism.{{sfn|Vandewalle|2008b|p=28}} His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of ''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]'', furthering their opposition to his regime.{{sfn|Harris|1986|p=50}} In July 1977, a [[Egyptian–Libyan War|border war broke out]] with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=170–171|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=105|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3p=35|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4pp=67–68|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5p=183}} Both Egypt and Sudan had aligned themselves with the US, and this pushed Libya into a strategic, although not political, alignment with the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=168}} In recognition of the growing commercial relationship between Libya and the Soviets, Gaddafi was invited to visit Moscow in December 1976; there, he entered talks with [[Leonid Brezhnev]].{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=169|2a1=St. John|2y=1987|2p=76|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=180}} In August 1977, he visited [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], where he met its leader [[Josip Broz Tito]], with whom he had a much warmer relationship.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=169}} He also enjoyed a warm relationship with [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]]n leader [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]. According to Romanian spy chief [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]], Gaddafi once exclaimed to Ceaușescu, "My brother! You are my brother for the rest of my life!"<ref>Muammar Gaddafi, as quoted in {{cite book |author-link=Ion Mihai Pacepa |first=Ion Mihai |last=Pacepa |year=1987 |title=Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief |publisher=Regnery Gateway |page=101 |isbn=9780895265708 }}</ref> After Pacepa defected to the US in July 1978, Gaddafi and [[Yasser Arafat]] contributed $1 million each to Ceaușescu's $4 million bounty on Pacepa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Obituaries |first=Telegraph |date=25 February 2021 |title=Ion Mihai Pacepa, Romanian spy and star defector who revealed the sordid reality of the Ceausescus and their regime – obituary |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2021/02/25/ion-mihai-pacepa-romanian-spy-star-defector-revealed-sordid/ |access-date=11 February 2023 |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211132556/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2021/02/25/ion-mihai-pacepa-romanian-spy-star-defector-revealed-sordid/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Revolutionary Committees and furthering socialism: 1978–1980===

{{Quote box
| width = 25em
| align = right
| quote = If socialism is defined as a redistribution of wealth and resources, a socialist revolution clearly occurred in Libya after 1969 and most especially in the second half of the 1970s. The management of the economy was increasingly socialist in intent and effect with wealth in housing, capital and land significantly redistributed or in the process of redistribution. Private enterprise was virtually eliminated, largely replaced by a centrally controlled economy.
| salign = right
| source = —Libyan Studies scholar [[Ronald Bruce St. John]]{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=173}}
}}

In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than government activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from government. Although no longer in a formal government post, he adopted the title of "Leader of the Revolution" and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008b|1p=26|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=3|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=169}} Historian Dirk Vandewalle stated that despite the Jamahariya's claims to being a direct democracy, Libya remained "an exclusionary political system whose decision-making process" was "restricted to a small cadre of advisers and confidantes" surrounding Gaddafi.{{sfn|Vandewalle|2006|p=6}}

Libya started constructing a welfare state. In March 1978, the government issued guidelines for housing redistribution, attempting to ensure every adult owned their own home. Most families were banned from owning more than one house, while former rental properties were expropriated by the state and sold to the tenants at a heavily subsidized price.{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=1983|1p=484|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=111|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=221|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=171–172}} In September, Gaddafi called for the People's Committees to eliminate the "bureaucracy of the public sector" and the "dictatorship of the private sector"; the People's Committees took control of several hundred companies, converting them into [[worker cooperative]]s run by elected representatives.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=191|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=110–111|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=168}}

In March 1979, the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution, the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees, who operated with the People's Committees in schools, universities, unions, the police force, and the military.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=116–117, 127|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2pp=25–26|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=31|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=169–171}} Dominated by revolutionary zealots, mostly youths, the Revolutionary Committees were based in Tripoli and met with Gaddafi annually.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=187–189|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=116–117, 127|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3pp=25–26|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=31|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5pp=169–171}} Membership was drawn from within the BPCs.{{sfn|St. John|1987|p=134}} The revolutionary committee system became "a key—if not the main—mechanism through which [Gaddafi] exercises political control in Libya".{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=189}} Publishing a weekly magazine, ''The Green March'', starting October 1980 they took control of the press.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=116–117, 127|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2pp=25–26|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=31|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=169–171}} Responsible for perpetuating the revolution, they performed ideological surveillance, adopting a significant security role, making arrests and putting people on trial according to the "law of the revolution".{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=189|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=116–117, 127|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3pp=25–26|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=31|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5pp=169–171}} With no legal or safeguards, the administration of revolutionary justice was largely arbitrary and resulted in widespread abuse and the suppression of [[civil liberties]]: the "Green Terror".{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=117|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2p=28|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=174}}

In 1979, the committees began the redistribution of land in the [[Jafara|Jefara]] plain, continuing through 1981.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=275|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=172}} In May 1980, measures to redistribute and equalize wealth were implemented; anyone with over 1000 [[Libyan dinar|dinar]] in their bank account saw that extra money expropriated.{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=1983|1p=484|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=128|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=221|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=172}} The next year, the GPC announced that the government would take control of all import, export and distribution functions, with state supermarkets replacing privately owned businesses; this led to a decline in the availability of consumer goods and the development of a thriving [[black market]].{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=195|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=28|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3p=21|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=220|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5p=172}} Gaddafi was frustrated by the slow pace of social reform on women's issues, and in 1979 launched a Revolutionary Women's Formation, to replace the more gradualist Libyan General Women's Federation.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=199}} In 1978 he had established a Women's Military Academy in Tripoli, encouraging all women to enlist for training.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=241}} The measure was hugely controversial and voted down by the GPC in February 1983. Gaddafi remained adamant, and when it was again voted down by the GPC in March 1984, he refused to abide by the decision, declaring that "he who opposes the training and emancipation of women is an agent of imperialism, whether he likes it or not."{{sfn|Bearman|1986|pp=241–243}}

The Jamahiriya's radical direction earned the government many enemies. Most internal opposition came from [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalists]], inspired by the events of the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]].{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=246}} In February 1978, Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him and increasingly entrusted security to his Qadhadfa tribe.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=127–128|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2p=19}} Many who had seen their wealth confiscated turned against the administration, and Western-funded opposition groups were founded by exiles. Most prominent was the [[National Front for the Salvation of Libya]] (NFSL), which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya's government.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=247–248|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=79|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3p=32|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=173–174}} Another, al-Borkan, began killing Libyan diplomats abroad.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=248–249|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=79|3a1=Blundy|3a2=Lycett|3y=1987|3p=156}} Following Gaddafi's command to kill these "stray dogs", the Revolutionary Committees set up overseas branches to suppress counter-revolutionary activity, assassinating dissidents.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=246|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=133–137|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3p=27|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=171}} Although Syria and Israel also employed hit squads, Gaddafi was unusual in publicly bragging about his use of them;{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=138}} in April 1980, he ordered all dissidents to return home by 10 June or be "liquidated wherever you are".{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=246|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=138}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=What ever happened to the Libyan hit squad? - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/10/20/What-ever-happened-to-the-Libyan-hit-squad/9598403934400/ |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=UPI |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812000445/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/10/20/What-ever-happened-to-the-Libyan-hit-squad/9598403934400/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Within a three months period in 1980, at least ten Libyan dissidents were murdered in Europe, including ex-diplomats, ex-army officers, businessmen, journalists, and student activists in disparate locations such as [[London]], [[Greece]] and [[Austria]]. At least eleven more were assassinated in 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |title="No One Is Safe": Hunting the Libyan Hit Squads of the 1980s |url=https://www.insidehook.com/article/military/no-one-safe-hunting-libyan-hit-squads-1980s |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=InsideHook |language=en-US |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207181244/https://www.insidehook.com/article/military/no-one-safe-hunting-libyan-hit-squads-1980s |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1984, Gaddafi was tricked by Egyptian President [[Hosni Mubarak]] into announcing the assassination of former Libyan Prime Minister [[Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush]] in Cairo; Bakkhoush not only turned up alive but held a press conference with Egypt's Interior Minister.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=18 November 1984 |title=CAIRO FAKES PICTURES AND FOILS LIBYAN DEATH PLOT |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/18/world/cairo-fakes-pictures-and-foils-libyan-death-plot.html |access-date=7 February 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615195626/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/18/world/cairo-fakes-pictures-and-foils-libyan-death-plot.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Murphy |first=Jamie |date=3 December 1984 |title=Libya: The Doublecross and the Hit Hoax |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,923758,00.html |access-date=7 February 2023 |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207100957/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,923758,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1979, Gaddafi created the [[Islamic Legion]], through which several thousand Africans were military trained.{{sfn|St. John|2008|p=95}}

Libya had sought to improve US relations under President [[Jimmy Carter]], for instance by courting his brother, businessman [[Billy Carter]], and paying for the services of former CIA officers,{{sfn|Bearman|1986|pp=227–228}}<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tyler |first1=Patrick E. |last2=Kamen |first2=Al |date=10 September 1981 |title=Relationship With CIA Aide Gave Credibility to Arms Seller |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1981/09/10/relationship-with-cia-aide-gave-credibility-to-arms-seller/904d8987-e2ea-4027-85cc-410f5583a478/ |access-date=2 February 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222231410/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1981/09/10/relationship-with-cia-aide-gave-credibility-to-arms-seller/904d8987-e2ea-4027-85cc-410f5583a478/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but in 1979 the US placed Libya on its list of "[[State Sponsors of Terrorism]]".{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=179}} Relations were further damaged when a [[1979 U.S. embassy burning in Libya|demonstration torched the US embassy]] in solidarity with the perpetrators of the [[Iran hostage crisis]].{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=228|3a1=Blundy|3a2=Lycett|3y=1987|3pp=197–198|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=115|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5p=179}} Libyan fighters began intercepting US fighter jets flying over the Mediterranean, signalling the collapse of relations between the countries.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=179}} Italian media have alleged that the [[Itavia Flight 870]] was shot down during a [[dogfight]] involving [[Libyan Air Force|Libyan]], [[United States Air Force|United States]], [[French Air Force|French]] and [[Italian Air Force]] fighters in an assassination attempt by [[NATO]] members on a Libyan politician, perhaps even Gaddafi, flying in the same airspace.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Italy's Darkest Night |author=Thomas Van Hare |journal=Historic Wings |date=27 June 2012 |url=http://fly.historicwings.com/2012/06/italys-darkest-night/ |access-date=15 January 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425142000/http://fly.historicwings.com/2012/06/italys-darkest-night/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,,1825348,00.html The Mystery of Flight 870] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307180311/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jul/21/worlddispatch.italy |date=7 March 2023 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 21 July 2006</ref>

Libyan relations with Lebanon and [[Shia Islam|Shi'ite]] communities deteriorated due to the 1978 disappearance of Imam [[Musa al-Sadr]] when visiting Libya; the Lebanese accused Gaddafi of having him killed or imprisoned, a charge he denied.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=157–158|2a1=St. John|2y=1987|2p=41|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=70–71|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=239}} Relations with Pakistan broke down in this period. Despite Gaddafi's repeated appeals to [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] to spare [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]'s life, Bhutto was executed in 1979.<ref name="Congress Publications">{{cite journal |last=Tirmizie |first=Brigadier General I.A. |title=The Profile of Intelligence: Libyans |journal=Brigadier General I.A. Tirmiz, Former Officer of Joint Technical Bureau |publisher=Congress Publications}}</ref> In retaliation and for Zia's refusal to share Pakistan's nuclear technology, Gaddafi began training [[Al-Zulfikar]], an anti-Zia insurgency led by Bhutto's sons [[Murtaza Bhutto|Murtaza]] and [[Shahnawaz Bhutto|Shahnawaz]], expelled all 150,000 Pakistanis living in Libya, and provided asylum for the [[Bhutto family]].<ref name="THe News International"/><ref name="Peoples' Relation">{{cite web |author=Shahid Amin |date=26 July 2011 |title=Pakistan - Libya Relations |url=http://www.p2prelations.com/files/reports/PKLibya.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109025718/http://www.p2prelations.com/files/reports/PKLibya.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=9 August 2013 |publisher=Peoples' Relation}}</ref><ref name="Congress Publications" /> Relations with Syria improved, as Gaddafi and Syrian President [[Hafez al-Assad]] shared an enmity with Israel and Egypt's Sadat. In 1980, they proposed a political union, with Libya promising to pay off Syria's £1-billion debt to the Soviet Union; although pressures led Assad to pull out, they remained allies.{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=1987|1pp=61–62|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2pp=68–69}} Another key ally was Uganda, and in 1979, during the [[Uganda–Tanzania War]], Gaddafi sent 2,500 troops to [[Foreign support of Uganda in the Uganda–Tanzania War#Libya|defend]] President [[Idi Amin]] from Tanzanian invaders. The mission failed; 400 Libyans were killed, and Libya was forced to retreat.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=112|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=185–186|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=78–79|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=189}} Gaddafi came to regret his alliance with Amin, openly criticizing him as a "[[fascism|fascist]]" and a "show-off".{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=112–13|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=105}}

===Conflict with the US and its allies: 1981–1986===

The early 80s saw economic trouble in Libya; from 1982 to 1986, annual oil revenues dropped from $21 to $5.4 billion.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=31|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2p=23|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=104|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=192}} Focusing on irrigation projects, 1983 saw construction start on Libya's largest and most expensive infrastructure project, the [[Great Man-Made River]]; although designed to be finished by the end of the decade, it remained incomplete at the start of the 21st century.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=274|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=119|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=224|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=249}} Military spending increased, while other administrative budgets were cut.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=116|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2p=35}} Foreign debt rose,{{sfn|St. John|1987|p=121}} and austerity measures were introduced to promote self-reliance; in 1985 there was a mass deportation of foreign workers, mostly Egyptian and Tunisian.{{sfn|St. John|1987|p=122}} Domestic threats continued to plague Gaddafi; in May 1984, his [[Bab al-Azizia]] home was unsuccessfully attacked by a militia—linked to the NFSL or Muslim Brotherhood—and in the aftermath 5,000 dissidents were arrested.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=250|2a1=Harris|2y=1986|2p=70|3a1=Blundy|3a2=Lycett|3y=1987|3p=178}} In spring 1985, members of the military tried to assassinate Gaddafi twice. The first was a plot by conservative officers to assassinate him at a villa on the outskirts of Tripoli; the second was an assault on his convoy.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Judith |date=14 January 1986 |title=LIBYAN MILITARY TERMED RESTIVE UNDER QADDAFI |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/14/world/libyan-military-termed-restive-under-qaddafi.html |access-date=7 February 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207073945/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/14/world/libyan-military-termed-restive-under-qaddafi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 1985, Colonel Hassan Ishkal, the third most powerful man in Libya, head of the military region of Sirte, died in a suspicious car accident. Ishkal's death was attributed to [[Abdessalam Jalloud|Jalloud]], Khalifa Hunaysh or Gaddafi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dickey |first=Christopher |date=27 April 1986 |title=Libya Seen Weighing Government Changes |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/04/27/libya-seen-weighing-government-changes/ea0e1531-ff48-4bd0-a43b-05754c56290c/ |access-date=7 February 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cousins |first=Michel |date=19 March 2012 |title=Qaddafi aide Khalifa Hunaysh dies from cancer in hospital in Munich. |url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/03/qaddafi-aide-khalifa-hunaysh-dies-from-cancer-in-hospital-in-munich/ |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=LibyaHerald |language=en-US |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207073950/https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/03/qaddafi-aide-khalifa-hunaysh-dies-from-cancer-in-hospital-in-munich/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallace |first=Charles P. |date=17 January 1986 |title=Food Scarce, Shops Shuttered : Libya Today Far Cry From Kadafi's Utopian Vision |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-01-17-mn-811-story.html |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207073951/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-01-17-mn-811-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:MMR 13.jpg|thumb|left|Construction for the Great Man-Made River Project]]

Libya had long supported the [[FROLINAT]] militia in neighbouring Chad, but FROLINAT became divided over its ties to Libya in 1976. In January 1978, the anti-Libya faction within FROLINAT, led by [[Hissène Habré]], switched sides and allied with Chadian President [[Félix Malloum]].<ref>A. Gérard, ''Nimeiry face aux crises tchadiennes'', p. 119</ref><ref name="BuijtenhuijsA19">R. Buijtenhuijs, "Le FROLINAT à l'épreuve du pouvoir", p. 19</ref> Meanwhile, the pro-Libya faction within FROLINAT, led by [[Goukouni Oueddei]], renamed itself [[People's Armed Forces]] (FAP). In December 1980, Gaddafi reinvaded Chad at the request of the FAP-controlled [[Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)|GUNT government]] to aid in the civil war; in January 1981, Gaddafi suggested a political merger. The [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU) rejected this and called for a Libyan withdrawal, which came in November 1981. The civil war resumed, and Libya sent troops back in.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=211–222|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=187–190|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3p=35|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=189–190}}

In 1982, the GUNT government was overthrown by Habré's forces and Oueddei fled to Libya, where Gaddafi provided him with arms to continue to guerrilla war against Habré.<ref name="Habre">James Brooke, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2D71F3FF93BA2575BC0A961948260 "Habre Policy in Chad: Name Ex-Foes to Key Posts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413021354/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2D71F3FF93BA2575BC0A961948260 |date=13 April 2020 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 18 August 1987.</ref> In November 1984, Gaddafi met with French President [[François Mitterrand]]; both agreed to withdraw from Chad.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mitterrand meets Qaddafi even as some say Libya still in Chad |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/1116/111631.html |access-date=3 February 2023 |issn=0882-7729 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203075529/https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/1116/111631.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Oueddei broke with Gaddafi in 1985 due to the former's intentions to negotiate a truce with Habré. Consequently, he was placed under house arrest by Gaddafi and allegedly arrested by Libyan police and shot in the stomach.<ref name="Habre" /><ref>James Brooke, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE1D81231F932A35757C0A961948260 "Chad said to win vast Libyan booty"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307180254/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/01/world/chad-said-to-win-vast-libyan-booty.html |date=7 March 2023 }}, ''The New York Times'', 1 April 1987.</ref> Oueddei survived the shooting and fled to Algeria, but continued to claim he and Gaddafi enjoyed a good relationship. When Gaddafi ordered the remnant of GUNT to attack Habré in February 1986 in violation of his agreement with Mitterrand, France launched [[Operation Épervier]], which escalated into the [[Toyota War]]. Libya suffered a humiliating defeat as it was completely expelled from Chad and its commander [[Khalifa Haftar]] captured, along with 600-700 Libyan soldiers. Gaddafi disavowed Haftar and the other prisoners; one possible contributing factor to this repudiation may have been that Gaddafi had signed an agreement to withdraw Libyan forces, and Haftar's operations had been in violation of this.<ref>M. Brecher & J. Wilkenfeld, ''A Study of Crisis'', p. 92</ref><ref name="bi-201404222">{{cite news |author=Russ Baker |date=22 April 2014 |title=Is General Khalifa Hifter The CIA's Man in Libya? |work=[[Business Insider]] |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-cias-man-in-libya-2011-4 |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827222052/http://www.businessinsider.com/the-cias-man-in-libya-2011-4 |archive-date=27 August 2014}}</ref> An embittered Haftar then joined the anti-Gaddafi [[National Front for the Salvation of Libya]], became a CIA asset, and was given refuge in the US.<ref name="Anderson">{{cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=Jon Lee |date=23 February 2015 |title=The Unravelling: Libya's New Strongman |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/23/unravelling |url-status=live |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315053552/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/23/unravelling |archive-date=15 March 2015}}</ref>

Many African nations were tired of Libya's interference in their affairs; by 1980, nine African states had severed diplomatic relations,{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=1987|1p=101|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=189}} while in 1982 the OAU cancelled its scheduled conference in Tripoli to prevent Gaddafi gaining chairmanship.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=103|2a1=St. John|2y=1987|2p=102|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=81|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=190–191}} Some African states, however, such as [[Jerry Rawlings]]'s Ghana and [[Thomas Sankara]]'s Burkina Faso, had warm relations with Libya during the 1980s.{{sfn|Haynes|1990|p=62}}

Proposing political unity with Morocco, in August 1984, Gaddafi and Moroccan monarch [[Hassan II of Morocco|Hassan II]] signed the [[Oujda Treaty]], forming the Arab–African Union; such a union was considered surprising due to the political differences and longstanding enmity that existed between the two. In a sign of warming relations, Gaddafi promised to stop funding the [[Polisario Front]] and Hassan II extradited former RCC member [[Umar Muhayshi]] to Libya, where he was immediately killed.<ref name=":0" /> But relations deteriorated, particularly due to Morocco's friendship with the US and Israel; in August 1986, Hassan abolished the union.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=261–262|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=214|3a1=St. John|3y=1987|3pp=66–67|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4pp=72–75|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5p=216}} Angered by the snub, Gaddafi plotted with [[Abu Nidal]] to assassinate Hassan in 1987, but the plot was aborted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco-Libya: Gaddafi Plotted to Assassinate Hassan II, CIA Reveals – The North Africa Post |url=https://northafricapost.com/16081-morocco-libya-gaddafi-plotted-assassinate-hassan-ii-cia-reveals.html |access-date=2 February 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202021511/https://northafricapost.com/16081-morocco-libya-gaddafi-plotted-assassinate-hassan-ii-cia-reveals.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yabiladi.com |title=1987, when Muammar Gaddafi was planning to assassinate King Hassan II |url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/58568/1987-when-muammar-gaddafi-planning.html |access-date=2 February 2023 |website=en.yabiladi.com |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309230712/https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/58568/1987-when-muammar-gaddafi-planning.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1981, the new US president, [[Ronald Reagan]], pursued a hardline approach to Libya, viewing it as a [[puppet regime]] of the Soviet Union.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=228–229|2a1=St. John|2y=1987|2p=81|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=115–116, 120|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=179–180}} Gaddafi played up his commercial relationship with the Soviets, revisiting Moscow in 1981 and 1985,{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1pp=98–99|2a1=St. John|2y=1987|2pp=71, 78|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=115|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=210–211}} and threatening to join the [[Warsaw Pact]].{{sfn|St. John|2008|p=96}} The Soviets were nevertheless cautious of Gaddafi, seeing him as an unpredictable extremist.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=97|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=183|3a1=St. John|3y=1987|3pp=77–78}} In August 1981, the US staged military exercises in the Gulf of Sirte – an area which Libya claimed. The US [[Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)|shot down]] two Libyan [[Sukhoi Su-17|Su-22]] planes which were on an intercept course.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=230–231|2a1=St. John|2y=1987|2p=84|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3p=36|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4pp=118–119}} Closing down Libya's embassy in Washington, Reagan advised US companies operating in Libya to reduce Americans stationed there.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008b|1p=37|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2pp=117–118|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=180}} In December 1981, the [[White House]] claimed Gaddafi had dispatched a hit squad to assassinate Reagan, allegedly led by [[Carlos the Jackal]], who had been living in Libya under Gaddafi's protection after the 1975 [[OPEC siege]]. Secretary of State [[Alexander Haig]], Defense Secretary [[Caspar Weinberger]], Counselor to the President [[Edwin Meese]], chief of staff [[James Baker]], and deputy chief of staff [[Michael Deaver]] were considered potential targets and given special security. US ambassador to Italy [[Maxwell M. Rabb]], who was Jewish, was urgently recalled due to threats against his life. Gaddafi denied the allegations.<ref name=":5" /> Gaddafi was accused of having ties to the [[Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Factions]], which had murdered US [[military attaché]] [[Charles R. Ray]] and Israeli diplomat [[Killing of Yacov Barsimantov|Yacov Barsimantov]] in Paris.<ref name=":5" /> In March 1982, the US implemented an embargo of Libyan oil,{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=231|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=207–208|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3p=37|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4pp=117-18|5a1=St. John|5y=2012|5p=181}} and in January 1986 ordered all US companies to cease operating in the country, although several hundred workers remained when the Libyan government doubled their pay.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=294|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=27, 208|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=117–118|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=176}} In spring 1986, [[Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)|the US Navy again performed exercises in the Gulf of Sirte]]; the Libyan military retaliated, but failed as the US sank Libyan ships.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1pp=294–295|2a1=Boyd-Judson|2y=2005|2p=79|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=121–122}} Diplomatic relations also broke down with the UK, after Libyan diplomats were accused in the killing of [[Yvonne Fletcher]], a British policewoman stationed outside their London embassy, in April 1984.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=250|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=175–178|3a1=Vandewalle|3y=2008b|3p=37|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=209}}

In 1980, Gaddafi hired former CIA agent [[Edwin P. Wilson]], living in Libya as a fugitive from US justice, to plot the murder of an anti-Gaddafi Libyan graduate student at [[Colorado State University]] named Faisal Zagallai. Zagallai was shot in the head in October 1980, in [[Fort Collins, Colorado]] by a former [[Green Berets|Green Beret]] and associate of Wilson named Eugene Tafoya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Marmaduke |first=Jacy |title=Uncover the mystery of a notorious Fort Collins shooting |url=https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2016/12/08/uncover-mystery-notorious-fort-collins-shooting/95041498/ |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=Fort Collins Coloradoan |language=en-US |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307180316/https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2016/12/08/uncover-mystery-notorious-fort-collins-shooting/95041498/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Zagallai survived the attack and Tafoya was convicted of third-degree assault and conspiracy to commit assault.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Upi |date=26 November 1981 |title=DEFENDANT DESCRIBES SHOOTING OF LIBYAN |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/26/us/defendant-describes-shooting-of-libyan.html |access-date=7 February 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207181243/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/26/us/defendant-describes-shooting-of-libyan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Wilson was lured back to the US and sentenced to 32 years due to his ties to Gaddafi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Philip |date=14 March 1983 |title=It's 2 Convictions, 32 Years, And More Trials for Wilson |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/03/14/its-2-convictions-32-years-and-more-trials-for-wilson/7d9a63c5-27f7-440d-be04-abddd5b855af/ |access-date=7 February 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828080537/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/03/14/its-2-convictions-32-years-and-more-trials-for-wilson/7d9a63c5-27f7-440d-be04-abddd5b855af/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1984, Gaddafi publicly [[Execution of Al-Sadek Hamed Al-Shuwehdy|executed Al-Sadek Hamed Al-Shuwehdy]], an aeronautical engineer studying in the US.

After the US accused Libya of orchestrating the [[1986 Berlin discotheque bombing]], in which two US soldiers died, Reagan decided to retaliate.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=287|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=4–5|3a1=Boyd-Judson|3y=2005|3p=79|4a1=Kawczynski|4y=2011|4p=122}} The CIA was critical of the move, believing Syria was a greater threat and that an attack would strengthen Gaddafi's reputation; however, Libya was recognized as a "soft target".{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|pp=5–6}} Reagan was supported by the UK, but opposed by other European allies, who argued it contravened international law.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=102|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2pp=123–125}} In [[1986 United States bombing of Libya|Operation El Dorado Canyon]], orchestrated on 15 April 1986, US military planes launched air-strikes, bombing military installations, killing around 100 Libyans, including civilians. One target had been Gaddafi's home. Himself unharmed, two of Gaddafi's sons were injured, and he claimed his adopted daughter [[Hana Gaddafi|Hanna]] was killed, although her existence has since been questioned.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=287|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=2–3, 7–12|3a1=Boyd-Judson|3y=2005|3pp=79–80|4a1=Vandewalle|4y=2008b|4p=37|5a1=Kawczynski|5y=2011|5pp=127–129}} Gaddafi retreated to the desert to meditate.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1pp=13, 210|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=130}} There were sporadic clashes between Gaddafists and army officers who wanted to overthrow the government.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=12}} Although the US was condemned internationally, Reagan received a popularity boost at home.{{sfnm|1a1=Boyd-Judson|1y=2005|1p=80|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=130}} Publicly lambasting US imperialism, Gaddafi's reputation as an anti-imperialist was strengthened domestically and across the Arab world,{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=15|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=196}} and, in June 1986, he ordered the names of the months to be changed in Libya.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=30}}

==="Revolution within a Revolution": 1987–1998===
The late 1980s saw a series of liberalizing economic reforms within Libya designed to cope with the decline in oil revenues. In May 1987, Gaddafi announced the start of the "Revolution within a Revolution", which began with reforms to industry and agriculture and saw the re-opening of small business.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=225|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=194}} Restrictions were placed on the activities of the Revolutionary Committees; in March 1988, their role was narrowed by the newly created Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership to restrict their violence and judicial role, while in August 1988 Gaddafi publicly criticized them.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008b|1p=29|2a1=St. John|2y=2008|2p=97|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3pp=194–195, 199–200}}
In March, hundreds of political prisoners were freed, with Gaddafi falsely claiming that there were no further political prisoners in Libya.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008b|1p=45|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=222}} In June, Libya's government issued the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses, in which 27 articles laid out goals, rights, and guarantees to improve the situation of human rights in Libya, restricting the use of the death penalty and calling for its eventual abolition. Many of the measures suggested in the charter would be implemented the next year, although others remained inactive.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008b|1pp=45–46|2a1=St. John|2y=2008|2pp=97–98|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3pp=197–198}} Also in 1989, the government founded the [[Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights]], to be awarded to figures from the Third World who had struggled against colonialism and imperialism; the first year's winner was South African anti-apartheid activist [[Nelson Mandela]].{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=199}} From 1994 through to 1997, the government initiated cleansing committees to root out corruption, particularly in the economic sector.{{sfn|St. John|2012|pp=197–198}}

In the aftermath of the 1986 US attack, the army was purged of perceived disloyal elements,{{sfn|Kawczynski|2011|p=130}} and in 1988, Gaddafi announced the creation of a popular militia to replace the army and police.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008b|1p=38|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=200}} In 1987, [[Libya and weapons of mass destruction|Libya began production]] of [[mustard gas]] at a facility in Rabta, although publicly denied it was stockpiling chemical weapons,{{sfn|St. John|2012|pp=201–204}} and unsuccessfully attempted to develop nuclear weapons.{{sfn|Kawczynski|2011|pp=180–181}} The period also saw a growth in domestic Islamist opposition, formulated into groups like the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and the [[Libyan Islamic Fighting Group]]. Several assassination attempts against Gaddafi were foiled, and in turn, 1989 saw the security forces raid mosques believed to be centres of counter-revolutionary preaching.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1pp=166–167, 236|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2pp=221–222}} In December 1993, former Libyan foreign minister [[Mansour Rashid El-Kikhia]], a leader of an anti-Gaddafi coalition in exile, was abducted in Cairo.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Caryle |date=14 December 1993 |title=LIBYAN DISSIDENT MISSING IN CAIRO, FEARED ABDUCTED |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/12/14/libyan-dissident-missing-in-cairo-feared-abducted/26f15e62-a27b-4c7e-bba8-f1f664818454/ |access-date=12 February 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> His body was not found until 2012 in a morgue that belonged to Gaddafi's intelligence chief [[Abdullah Senussi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2012 |title=Prominent Gaddafi opponent buried after 19 years |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-02/prominent-gaddafi-opponent-gets-burial-after-19-years/4403740 |access-date=5 March 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305003730/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-02/prominent-gaddafi-opponent-gets-burial-after-19-years/4403740 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 1993, elements of the increasingly marginalized army, led by officers from the powerful [[Warfalla]] tribe, initiated a failed [[1993 Libyan coup d'état attempt|coup]] in [[Misrata]] and [[Bani Walid]] allegedly with help from the [[National Front for the Salvation of Libya]], [[Khalifa Haftar]], and the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blanchard |first1=Christopher M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlFdMjJwC30C&dq=1993+libya+coup&pg=PA12 |title=Libya: Background and U. S. Relations |date=2010 |page=12 |publisher=DIANE |isbn=9781437922035 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307180305/https://books.google.com/books?id=RlFdMjJwC30C&dq=1993+libya+coup&pg=PA12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Helms |first1=Jesse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SI2AAAAIAAJ&dq=1993+libya+coup&pg=PA1141 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights |date=1995 |edition=994 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307180255/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SI2AAAAIAAJ&dq=1993+libya+coup&pg=PA1141 |url-status=live }}</ref> while in September 1995, Islamists launched an insurgency in Benghazi, and in July 1996 an anti-Gaddafist football riot broke out in Tripoli.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=166|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=223}} In March 1996, Haftar again briefly returned to Libya to instigate an uprising against Gaddafi in the mountains of [[Cyrenaica|eastern Libya]].<ref name="bi-201404222" /> The Revolutionary Committees experienced a resurgence to combat these Islamists.{{sfn|Vandewalle|2008b|p=29}}

In 1989, Gaddafi was overjoyed by the foundation of the [[Arab Maghreb Union]], uniting Libya in an economic pact with Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria, viewing it as beginnings of a new pan-Arab union.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=188|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2pp=216–218}} Gaddafi was able to recover some influence in Chad after [[Hissène Habré]] was overthrown by [[Idriss Déby]] in a [[1990 Chadian coup d'état|Libya-sponsored coup]] in 1990.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Noble |first1=Kenneth B. |date=6 December 1990 |title=In Chad, Talk of a Libyan Resurgence |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/06/world/in-chad-talk-of-a-libyan-resurgence.html |access-date=8 February 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617031150/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/06/world/in-chad-talk-of-a-libyan-resurgence.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |last=Chutel |first=Lynsey |title=Why the World Won't Criticize Chad |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/14/chad-election-idriss-deby-terror-sahel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416064001/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/04/14/chad-election-idriss-deby-terror-sahel/ |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=Foreign Policy |date=14 April 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Riding |first1=Alan |date=3 December 1990 |title=REBELS IN CONTROL OF CHAD'S CAPITAL |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/03/world/rebels-in-control-of-chad-s-capital.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119062528/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/03/world/rebels-in-control-of-chad-s-capital.html |archive-date=19 November 2018 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Déby also gave Gaddafi detailed information about [[CIA]] operations in Chad.<ref name="Dictionary of African Biography20122">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&q=bidayat+clan+zaghawa+africa&pg=RA1-PA172 |title=Dictionary of African Biography |date=2 February 2012 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=9780195382075 |pages=172–173 |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420213744/https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&q=bidayat+clan+zaghawa+africa&pg=RA1-PA172 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, Libya stepped up its support for anti-Western militants such as the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Provisional IRA]],{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=197}} and in 1988, [[Pan Am Flight 103]] was blown up over [[Lockerbie]] in Scotland, killing 243 passengers and 16 crew members, plus 11 people on the ground. British police investigations identified two Libyans – [[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]] and [[Lamin Khalifah Fhimah]] – as the chief suspects, and in November 1991 issued a declaration demanding that Libya hand them over. When Gaddafi refused, citing the [[Montreal Convention]], the United Nations (UN) imposed Resolution 748 in March 1992, initiating economic sanctions against Libya which had deep repercussions for the country's economy.{{sfnm|1a1=Boyd-Judson|1y=2005|1pp=80–81|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008b|2p=39|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=133–140|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4pp=205–207}} The country suffered an estimated US$900 million financial loss as a result.{{sfn|Vandewalle|2008b|p=42}} On 5 November 1995, US President Bill Clinton declared the US would continue to induce pressure on Libya, also recognizing that Libyan terrorists were responsible for the Lockerbie bombing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 1995 |title=Despair As Visit Banned By Gaddafi |work=Sunday Sun}}</ref> Further problems arose with the West when in January 1989, [[Gulf of Sidra incident (1989)|two Libyan warplanes were shot down by the US off the Libyan coast]] and in September 1989, [[UTA Flight 772]] was blown up over the Ténéré desert in Niger, killing all 170 people on board (156 passengers and 14 crew members).{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=202}}

In 1996, Gaddafi wrote a letter to the newly elected Prime Minister of Bangladesh, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]'s daughter [[Sheikh Hasina]], pleading with her to spare the lives of her father's assassins [[Syed Faruque Rahman]] and [[Khandaker Abdur Rashid]]. Rahman and Rashid both had business ties to Libya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=SAAG |date=20 September 2011 |title=Gaddafi And The Killers Of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman – Analysis |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/20092011-gaddafi-and-the-killers-of-sheikh-mujibur-rahman-analysis/ |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=Eurasia Review |language=en-US |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206153750/https://www.eurasiareview.com/20092011-gaddafi-and-the-killers-of-sheikh-mujibur-rahman-analysis/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Syed Badrul |date=21 September 2011 |title=Gaddafi and the assassins |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-203263 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206153753/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-203263 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many Arab and African states opposed the UN sanctions, with Mandela criticizing them on a visit to Gaddafi in October 1997, when he praised Libya for its work in fighting apartheid and awarded Gaddafi the [[Order of Good Hope]].{{sfnm|1a1=Boyd-Judson|1y=2005|1pp=73, 83|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=147|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3pp=205–206}} They would only be suspended in 1998 when Libya agreed to allow the extradition of the suspects to the [[Scottish Court in the Netherlands]], in a process overseen by Mandela.{{sfnm|1a1=Boyd-Judson|1y=2005|1pp=83–88|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2pp=146–148|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=206}} As a result of the trial, Fhimah was acquitted and al-Megrahi convicted.{{sfn|Boyd-Judson|2005|p=89}} Privately, Gaddafi maintained that he knew nothing about who perpetrated the bombing and that Libya had nothing to do with it.{{sfn|Boyd-Judson|2005|p=82}}

===Pan-Africanism, reconciliation and privatization: 1999–2011===

====Links with Africa and conflicts in the Arab League====
[[File:Muammar al-Gaddafi-30112006.jpg|thumb|upright|Gaddafi wearing an insignia showing the image of the African continent]]

During the final years of the 20th century, Gaddafi—frustrated by the failure of his pan-Arab ideals and the refusal of the Arab world to challenge the international air embargo imposed on Libya—increasingly rejected Arab nationalism in favour of [[pan-Africanism]], emphasizing Libya's African identity.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=142|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=227}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Schneider |first=Howard |date=4 October 1998 |title=LIBYA'S GADHAFI SAYS HIS FUTURE IS AFRICAN |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/10/04/libyas-gadhafi-says-his-future-is-african/be1b8b48-3639-442b-8c64-e1aabd36cfe4/ |access-date=13 February 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828041925/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/10/04/libyas-gadhafi-says-his-future-is-african/be1b8b48-3639-442b-8c64-e1aabd36cfe4/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a 1998 interview, Gaddafi claimed that "the Arab world is finished" and expressed his wish for Libya to become a "black country".<ref name=":8" /> From 1997 to 2000, Libya initiated cooperative agreements or bilateral aid arrangements with 10 African states,{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=229}} and in 1999 joined the [[Community of Sahel–Saharan States]] (CEN–SAD).{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=2008|1p=99|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=189}} In June 1999, Gaddafi visited Mandela in South Africa,{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=226}} and the next month attended the OAU summit in [[Algiers]], calling for greater political and economic integration across the continent and advocating the foundation of a [[United States of Africa]].{{sfn|St. John|2012|pp=227–228}} He became one of the founders of the [[African Union]] (AU), initiated in July 2002 to replace the OAU. At the opening ceremonies, he called for African states to reject conditional aid from the [[Developed country|developed]] world, a direct contrast to the message of South African President [[Thabo Mbeki]].{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=190|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=229}} There was speculation that Gaddafi wanted to become the AU's first chair, raising concerns within Africa that this would damage the Union's international standing, particularly with the West.{{sfn|Ramutsindela|2009|p=3}}

At the third AU summit, held in Tripoli, Libya, in July 2005, Gaddafi called for greater integration, advocating a single AU passport, a common defence system, and a single currency, using the slogan: "The United States of Africa is the hope."{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1pp=190–191|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=230}} His proposal for a Union of African States, a project originally conceived by Ghana's [[Kwame Nkrumah]] in the 1960s, was rejected at the 2001 Assembly of Heads of States and Government (AHSG) summit in Lusaka by African leaders who thought it "unrealistic" and "utopian".{{sfn|Martin|2002|p=280}} In June 2005, Libya joined the [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA).{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=231}} In March 2008 in Uganda, Gaddafi gave a speech once again urging Africa to reject foreign aid.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL17472166|title = Gaddafi says Africans must reject conditional aid|newspaper = Reuters|date = 17 March 2008|last1 = Kwera|first1 = Francis|access-date = 13 March 2021|archive-date = 14 July 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220714113120/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL17472166|url-status = live}}</ref> In August 2008, Gaddafi was proclaimed "[[King of Kings]]" by a committee of traditional African [[Tribal chief|leaders]];{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=188|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2pp=270–271}} they [[coronation|crowned]] him in February 2009, in a ceremony held in [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=190|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=272}} That same month, Gaddafi was elected as the chairperson of the African Union, a position he retained for one year.{{sfnm|1a1=Ramutsindela|1y=2009|1p=1|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2p=190|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=272}} In October 2010, Gaddafi apologized to African leaders for the historical enslavement of Africans by the [[Arab slave trade]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chiwanza |first=Takudzwa Hillary |title=Muammar Gaddafi Apologized for the Cruel Treatment of Africans During the Arab Slave Trade {{!}} The African Exponent. |url=https://www.africanexponent.com/post/6905-gaddadi-apologized-for-the-arab-slave-trade |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714113121/https://www.africanexponent.com/post/6905-gaddadi-apologized-for-the-arab-slave-trade |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=The African Exponent}}</ref>
[[File:Muammar al-Gaddafi-09122003.jpg|thumb|Gaddafi in 2003]]
Meanwhile, Gaddafi continued to have testy relationships with most of his fellow Arab leaders. In the 2003 Arab League summit, Gaddafi was involved in a public verbal altercation with [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]], then the Crown Prince. Gaddafi accused Saudi Arabia of having made an "alliance with the devil" when it invited the US to intervene in the 1991 [[Gulf War]]. Abdullah responded that Gaddafi was a "liar" and an "agent of colonizers" and threatened Gaddafi that "your grave awaits you."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghabra |first=Shafeeq |date=9 March 2003 |title=An Arab House, Openly Divided |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2003/03/09/an-arab-house-openly-divided/a5cac861-a977-486b-bdee-4d657ec4a223/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Two weeks after the summit, Gaddafi allegedly plotted with the Emir [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani]] of [[Qatar]] to assassinate Abdullah.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Libya 'plotted to kill' Saudi Crown Prince |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/libya-plotted-to-kill-saudi-crown-prince-1.986510 |access-date=4 February 2023 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204075412/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/libya-plotted-to-kill-saudi-crown-prince-1.986510 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=Qatar plotted to assassinate King Abdullah: Saudi Media Advisor |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/7931/Qatar-plotted-to-assassinate-King-Abdullah-Saudi-Media-Advisor |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=EgyptToday |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204075408/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/7931/Qatar-plotted-to-assassinate-King-Abdullah-Saudi-Media-Advisor |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title='UAE ruler's friend' ran Libyan plot to kill Saudi crown prince |language=fr |work=Middle East Eye édition française |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/fr/news/saudi-king-assassination-plot-planned-uae-citizen-1134806678 |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204075413/https://www.middleeasteye.net/fr/news/saudi-king-assassination-plot-planned-uae-citizen-1134806678 |url-status=live }}</ref> The plot was overseen by Libyan intelligence chief [[Moussa Koussa]], Mohammed Ismail (a colonel in Gaddafi's military intelligence), and [[Abdul Rahman al-Amoudi]] (an American citizen and founder of [[American Muslim Council]]). The assassination conspiracy was foiled by Saudi intelligence with the help of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tyler |first=Patrick E. |date=10 June 2004 |title=Two Said to Tell Of Libyan Plot Against Saudi |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/10/world/two-said-to-tell-of-libyan-plot-against-saudi.html |access-date=4 February 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204075407/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/10/world/two-said-to-tell-of-libyan-plot-against-saudi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Amoudi was sentenced to 23 years in prison in the US and stripped of his American citizenship. Ismail was arrested by Saudi Arabia, pardoned by Abdullah in 2005, and later acquired [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] citizenship due to his close ties with its ruler [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]].<ref name=":1" /> After the failure of the assassination plot, Gaddafi continued to discuss instigating a [[regime change]] in Saudi Arabia with multiple [[power broker]]s in the [[Persian Gulf]], including Qatar's Foreign Minister [[Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani]], [[Oman]]'s foreign minister [[Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah]], and Kuwaiti extremist preacher Hakem al-Mutairi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2017 |title=Former Qatari Emir conspired with Qaddafi against Saudi Arabia |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2017/06/08/Former-Qatari-Emir-conspired-with-Gaddafi-against-Saudi-Arabia |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204075415/https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2017/06/08/Former-Qatari-Emir-conspired-with-Gaddafi-against-Saudi-Arabia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2020 |title=Libya's Gaddafi sought to replace Saudi Arabia's ruling family |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/28858/leaked-phone-call-libyas-gaddafi-sought-to-replace-saudi-arabias-ruling-family/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204075414/https://www.theafricareport.com/28858/leaked-phone-call-libyas-gaddafi-sought-to-replace-saudi-arabias-ruling-family/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2020 |title=Gaddafi, extremist preacher discuss overthrowing Saudi, Kuwaiti governments: Audio |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2020/07/25/Gaddafi-extremist-preacher-discuss-overthrowing-Saudi-Kuwaiti-governments-Audio- |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204075414/https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2020/07/25/Gaddafi-extremist-preacher-discuss-overthrowing-Saudi-Kuwaiti-governments-Audio- |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Gaddafi–Abdullah feud came into public view again in the [[2009 Arab League summit]] when Gaddafi accused Abdullah, who had become [[King of Saudi Arabia]] in 2005, of being created by Britain and protected by the US.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muammar Gaddafi accuses Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah of lying at Arab summit |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/qatar/5079290/Muammar-Gaddafi-accuses-Saudi-Arabias-King-Abdullah-of-lying-at-Arab-summit.html |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk |date=30 March 2009 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204075407/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/qatar/5079290/Muammar-Gaddafi-accuses-Saudi-Arabias-King-Abdullah-of-lying-at-Arab-summit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Alluding to their 2003 altercation, Gaddafi taunted Abdullah for ostensibly avoiding a confrontation with him for six years and quoted Abdullah's 2003 "grave awaits you" threat back at him before storming out of the meeting to visit a museum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2009 |title=Libya's Gaddafi hurls insults at Saudi king |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/libyas-gaddafi-hurls-insults-at-saudi-king-20141031-9h9r.html |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204075407/https://www.smh.com.au/world/libyas-gaddafi-hurls-insults-at-saudi-king-20141031-9h9r.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Abdullah also left the meeting hall in anger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libyan, Saudi leaders walk out of Arab Summit after a spat |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/qatar/libyan-saudi-leaders-walk-out-of-arab-summit-after-a-spat-1.60102 |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |date=30 March 2009 |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204075407/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/qatar/libyan-saudi-leaders-walk-out-of-arab-summit-after-a-spat-1.60102 |url-status=live }}</ref> A Saudi official later claimed that Gaddafi and Abdullah had held a 30 minutes meeting at the sideline of the summit and that the "personal problem" between them was "over".<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2009 |title=Libyan, Saudi leaders 'make up' at Doha meeting |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20090331-libyan-saudi-leaders-make-doha-meeting- |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204075413/https://www.france24.com/en/20090331-libyan-saudi-leaders-make-doha-meeting- |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Gaddafi had given weapons and money to the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] to attack Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yobserver.com/front-page/10021347.html|title=Mana'a and al-Ahmar received money from Gaddafi to shake security of KSA, Yemen|date=4 September 2011|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911043823/http://www.yobserver.com/front-page/10021347.html|archive-date=11 September 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

====Rebuilding links with the West====
[[File:Muammar al-Gaddafi at the AU summit.jpg|thumb|left|Gaddafi at the AU summit in 2009]]
In 1999, Libya began secret talks with the British government to normalize relations.{{sfn|Vandewalle|2008a|p=215}} In 2001, Gaddafi publicly condemned the [[September 11 attacks]] on the US by [[al-Qaeda]], expressing sympathy with the victims and calling for Libyan involvement in the US-led [[war on terror]] against militant Islamism.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008a|1p=220|2a1=St. John|2y=2008|2p=101|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3p=176|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=243}} His government continued suppressing domestic Islamism, at the same time as Gaddafi called for the wider application of ''sharia'' law.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=254}} Libya also cemented connections with China and North Korea, being visited by Chinese President [[Jiang Zemin]] in April 2002.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=235}} However, relations with China became strained in May 2006 due to a visit to Tripoli by Taiwanese President [[Chen Shui-bian]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2006 |title=China blasts Libya over Taiwan president's visit |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2006-05-11-china-blasts-libya-over-taiwan-presidents-visit/ |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203104754/https://mg.co.za/article/2006-05-11-china-blasts-libya-over-taiwan-presidents-visit/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koike |first=Yuriko |title=China's African mischief |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/10/3/chinas-african-mischief |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203104754/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/10/3/chinas-african-mischief |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2006 |title=Taiwan's Chen stops over in Libya |language=en-GB |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4760471.stm |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203104754/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4760471.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Influenced by the events of the [[Iraq War]], in December 2003, Libya renounced its possession of [[Weapon of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction]], [[Disarmament of Libya|decommissioning its chemical and nuclear weapons programs]].{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2006|1p=8|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008a|2p=217|3a1=Kawczynski|3y=2011|3pp=162, 184|4a1=St. John|4y=2012|4p=244|5a1=Kamel|5y=2016|5p=694}} Relations with the US improved as a result.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1pp=178–179|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=245}} British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] visited Gaddafi in March 2004;{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1pp=240–241|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2pp=240–241}} the pair developed close personal ties.{{sfn|Zoubir|2009|p=412}} In 2003, Libya paid US$2.7 billion to the families of the victims of the Lockerbie bombing as it was the condition the US and UK had made for terminating the remaining UN sanctions. Libya continued to deny any role in the bombing.{{sfnm|1a1=Boyd-Judson|1y=2005|1p=91|2a1=St. John|2y=2008|2p=101}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Europa World Year: Kazakhstan – Zimbabwe, Volume 2|page=2655|publisher=Routledge|quote=Secretary of the GPC, Shukri Muhammad Ghanem.... claimed that compensation was being paid to the families of the Lockerbie victims in order to 'buy peace' and avoid sanctions and that the country did not accept responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing}}</ref> In 2009, Gaddafi attempted to strong-arm global energy companies operating in Libya to cover Libya's settlement with the families of the victims of Lockerbie.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last1=Lichtblau |first1=Eric |last2=Rohde |first2=David |last3=Risen |first3=James |date=24 March 2011 |title=Shady Dealings Helped Qaddafi Build Fortune and Regime |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/africa/24qaddafi.html |access-date=5 March 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328111448/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/africa/24qaddafi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Vladimir Putin and Muammar Gaddafi.ogv|thumb|Video showing the meeting with Russian Prime Minister [[Vladimir Putin]] and Muammar Gaddafi, in 2008]]

In 2004, Gaddafi traveled to the headquarters of the [[European Union]] (EU) in [[Brussels]]—signifying improved relations between Libya and the EU—and the EU dropped its sanctions on Libya.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=175|2a1=St. John|2y=2008|2p=101|3a1=St. John|3y=2012|3p=237}} As a strategic player in Europe's attempts to stem illegal migration from Africa,{{sfn|Zoubir|2009|p=408}} in October 2010, the EU paid Libya over €50 million to stop African migrants passing into Europe; Gaddafi encouraged the move, saying that it was necessary to prevent the loss of European cultural identity to a new "Black Europe".{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=2012|1p=274|2a1=Kamel|2y=2016|2p=684}} Gaddafi also completed agreements with the Italian government that they would invest in various infrastructure projects as reparations for past Italian colonial policies in Libya.{{sfn|Zoubir|2009|p=410}} Italian Prime Minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]] gave Libya an official apology in 2006, after which Gaddafi called him the "iron man" for his courage in doing so.{{sfn|Zoubir|2009|pp=410–411}} In August 2008, Gaddafi and Berlusconi signed a historic cooperation [[treaty]] in [[Benghazi]];<ref name="treaty">{{cite web |url=http://www.senato.it/parlam/leggi/09007l.htm |title=Ratifica ed esecuzione del Trattato di amicizia, partenariato e cooperazione tra la Repubblica italiana e la Grande Giamahiria araba libica popolare socialista, fatto a Bengasi il 30 August 2008 |language=it |publisher=[[Parliament of Italy]] press release |date=6 February 2009 |access-date=10 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618082911/http://www.senato.it/parlam/leggi/09007l.htm |archive-date=18 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="ansa">{{cite news |url=http://www.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/english/news/2009-06-09_109379246.html |publisher=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]] |title=Gaddafi to Rome for Historic Visit |date=10 June 2009 |access-date=10 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616155752/http://www.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/english/news/2009-06-09_109379246.html |archive-date=16 June 2009 }}</ref> under its terms, Italy would pay $5 billion to Libya as compensation for its former [[Italian Libya|military occupation]]. In exchange, Libya would take measures to combat [[illegal immigration]] coming from its shores and boost investment in Italian companies.<ref name=ansa /><ref name="rep">{{cite news |newspaper=[[La Repubblica]] |url=http://www.repubblica.it/2008/05/sezioni/esteri/libia-italia/accordo-firmato/accordo-firmato.html |title=Italia-Libia, firmato l'accordo |language=it |date=30 August 2008 |access-date=10 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000538/http://www.repubblica.it/2008/05/sezioni/esteri/libia-italia/accordo-firmato/accordo-firmato.html |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>

After the US removed Libya from its list of state sponsors of terrorism in 2006,{{sfn|Kawczynski|2011|p=176}} Gaddafi nevertheless continued his anti-Western rhetoric. At the [[2008 Arab League summit]], held in Syria, he warned fellow Arab leaders that they could be overthrown and executed by the US like [[Saddam Hussein]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Uri |date=24 August 2011 |title=Qaddafi Warns Chuckling Arab Leaders in 2008 That Their End Is Near |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/08/watch-qaddafi-warn-laughing-arab-leaders-their-end-near/338775/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204075415/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/08/watch-qaddafi-warn-laughing-arab-leaders-their-end-near/338775/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaddafi condemns Arab leaders |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/3/29/gaddafi-condemns-arab-leaders |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722161642/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2008/03/200861501453203859.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At the [[Second Africa-South America Summit]], held in Venezuela in September 2009, he called for a military alliance across Africa and Latin America to rival NATO.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaddafi Proposed the Creation of a South Atlantic Military Alliance |website=MercoPress |date=28 September 2009 |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/09/28/gaddafi-proposed-the-creation-of-a-south-atlantic-military-alliance |access-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218192040/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/09/28/gaddafi-proposed-the-creation-of-a-south-atlantic-military-alliance |archive-date=18 February 2010 }}</ref> That same month he traveled to New York City and addressed the [[United Nations General Assembly]] for the first time on 23 September 2009, using it to condemn "Western aggression", and spoke for just over 90 minutes instead of the allotted 15.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=276}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Neil |last=MacFarquhar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/24/world/24nations.html |title=Libyan Leader Delivers a Scolding in U.N. Debut |date=23 September 2009 |access-date=28 June 2012 |website=The New York Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606071635/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/24/world/24nations.html |archive-date=6 June 2017 }}</ref> In the spring of 2010, Gaddafi proclaimed ''jihad'' against Switzerland after Swiss police accused two of his family members of criminal activity in the country, resulting in the breakdown of bilateral relations.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=274}}

Gaddafi allegedly financed [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] in the [[2007 French presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2018 |title=French police hold ex-president Sarkozy over 'Gaddafi funding' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43469316 |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320180502/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43469316 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Matamoros |first=Cristina Abellan |date=20 March 2018 |title=Sarkozy funding scandal: what does it all mean? |url=https://www.euronews.com/2018/03/20/sarkozy-in-libya-case-what-does-it-all-mean- |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204080913/https://www.euronews.com/2018/03/20/sarkozy-in-libya-case-what-does-it-all-mean- |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2018 |title=Gaddafi relations haunt Sarkozy in 2007 campaign financing case |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180320-france-libya-sarkozy-gaddafi-relations-haunt-2007-campaign-financing-case-custody |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204080912/https://www.france24.com/en/20180320-france-libya-sarkozy-gaddafi-relations-haunt-2007-campaign-financing-case-custody |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2014 |title=Gaddafi funded 'mentally deficient' Sarkozy, interview claims |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20140128-france-sarkozy-gaddafi-campaign-funds-libya-television |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204080913/https://www.france24.com/en/20140128-france-sarkozy-gaddafi-campaign-funds-libya-television |url-status=live }}</ref> He also financed Austrian far-right politician [[Jörg Haider]] starting in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Martin A. |date=13 August 2000 |title=Ties That Bind Kadafi and Neo-Fascists |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-aug-13-op-3534-story.html |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204080913/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-aug-13-op-3534-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Austria investigates Haider links |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/8/3/austria-investigates-haider-links |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204080913/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/8/3/austria-investigates-haider-links |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaddafi backs 'friend' Haider |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1343369/Gaddafi-backs-friend-Haider.html |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk |date=16 June 2000 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204080913/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1343369/Gaddafi-backs-friend-Haider.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As revealed by documents found in [[Moussa Koussa]]'s Tripoli office, the CIA and MI6 both extradited terrorism suspects to Libya from 2002 to 2004,<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2011 |title=Libya: Gaddafi regime's US-UK spy links revealed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14774533 |access-date=21 January 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> with the CIA having sent suspects for questioning to Libya at least 8 times, despite the nation's reputation for torture.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nordland |first=Rod |date=2 September 2011 |title=Files Note Close C.I.A. Ties to Qaddafi Spy Unit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/03/world/africa/03libya.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209044958/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/03/world/africa/03libya.html |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> A 2012 [[Human Rights Watch]] report conducted interviews with 14 former Libyan detainees, mostly members of the anti-Gaddafi Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, who testified to being tortured at CIA prisons through methods such as waterboarding before their extradition to Libya, followed by torture in Libyan prisons by beating and use of electric shocks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=6 September 2012 |title=Human Rights Watch accuses US of covering up extent of waterboarding |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/06/human-rights-watch-us-waterboarding |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2012 |title=CIA tortured Gaddafi opponents, rights group says |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20120907-usa-cia-tortured-libya-dissidents-human-rights-watch-waterboarding |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> The leader of the Libyan Islamist Fighting Group, [[Abdelhakim Belhaj|Abdel-Hakim Belhaj]], stated that while being tortured in [[Abu Salim prison]], he was forced to give information regarding Libyans living in the United Kingdom, who were then allegedly arbitrarily arrested by the British government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2013 |title=Britain's MI6 linked to Libya torture scandal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/12/18/britains-mi6-linked-to-libya-torture-scandal |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

====Economic reform====
Libya's economy witnessed increasing [[privatization]]; although rejecting the socialist policies of nationalized industry advocated in ''The Green Book'', government figures asserted that they were forging "people's socialism" rather than capitalism.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=250}} Gaddafi welcomed these reforms, calling for wide-scale privatization in a March 2003 speech;{{sfn|Vandewalle|2008a|p=224}} he promised that Libya would join the [[World Trade Organization]].{{sfn|St. John|2008|pp=101–102}} These reforms encouraged private investment in Libya's economy.{{sfn|Kamel|2016|p=697}} By 2004, there was US$40 billion of direct foreign investment in Libya, a six-fold rise over 2003.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=180|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=248}} Sectors of Libya's population reacted against these reforms with public demonstrations,{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=248}} and in March 2006, revolutionary hard-liners took control of the GPC cabinet; although scaling back the pace of the changes, they did not halt them.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008a|1p=228|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2pp=249–250}} In 2010, plans were announced that would have seen half the Libyan economy privatized over the next decade,{{sfn|St. John|2012|pp=263–264}} these plans appear to have been soon abandoned however, as the companies that the government stated they were going to float on the stock market, among them the National Commercial Bank and the [[Libyan Iron and Steel Company]] were never floated and remained 100% state-owned. Many socialist policies remained however, with subsidiaries of logistics company HB Group being nationalized in 2007.{{sfnm|1a1=Cooley|1y=1983|1pp=467–489|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=156|3a1=Sacerdoti|3a2=Acconci|3y=2011|3pp=312–313}} Agriculture remained largely untouched by the reforms, with farms remaining cooperatives, the [[Agricultural Bank of Libya]] remaining wholly state-owned and state interventionist policies and price controls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oliveira|first=Ingrid|title=Libya|url=https://www.g-fras.org/es/world-wide-extension-study/africa/northern-africa/libya.html|access-date=13 January 2021|website=GFRAS|language=es|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714181011/https://www.g-fras.org/es/world-wide-extension-study/africa/northern-africa/libya.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The oil industry remained largely state-owned, with the wholly state-owned [[National Oil Corporation]] retaining a 70% share in Libya's oil industry, the government also imposed a 93% tax on all oil that foreign companies produced in Libya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hargreaves |first=Steve |title=Libya oil eyed by Western companies |url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/10/25/news/international/libya_oil/index.htm |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027213334/https://money.cnn.com/2011/10/25/news/international/libya_oil/index.htm |archive-date=27 October 2011 |access-date=13 January 2021 |website=CNNMoney}}</ref> Price controls and subsidies over oil and food remained in place, and state-provided benefits such as free education, universal healthcare, free housing, free water and free electricity remained in place.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gwaambuka|first=Tatenda|title=Ten Reasons Libya Under Gaddafi Was a Great Place to Live {{!}} The African Exponent.|url=https://www.africanexponent.com/post/ten-reasons-libya-under-gaddafi-was-a-great-place-to-live-2746|access-date=13 January 2021|website=The African Exponent|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714174056/https://www.africanexponent.com/post/ten-reasons-libya-under-gaddafi-was-a-great-place-to-live-2746|url-status=live}}</ref> Libya also changed its stance on the WTO after the removal of technocrat [[Shukri Ghanem]], with Gaddafi condemning the WTO as a neocolonial terrorist organisation, and urging African and Third World countries not to join it.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/eu-africa-summit-idUKLDE6AS18N20101129|title = Gaddafi issues warning to EU over African trade|newspaper = Reuters|date = 29 November 2010|access-date = 24 May 2021|archive-date = 14 July 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220714174056/https://www.reuters.com/article/eu-africa-summit-idUKLDE6AS18N20101129|url-status = live}}</ref>

While there was no accompanying political liberalization, with Gaddafi retaining predominant control,{{sfn|Vandewalle|2008a|p=231}} in March 2010, the government devolved further powers to the municipal councils.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=257}} Rising numbers of reformist technocrats attained positions in the country's governance; best known was Gaddafi's son and heir apparent [[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]], who was openly critical of Libya's human rights record. He led a group who proposed the drafting of a new constitution, although it was never adopted.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008a|1p=225|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2pp=249–269}} Involved in encouraging tourism, Saif founded several privately run media channels in 2008, but after criticizing the government, they were nationalized in 2009.{{sfn|Kawczynski|2011|pp=216, 227–228}}

==Libyan civil war and death==
{{main|Libyan civil war (2011)}}

{{Further|2011 military intervention in Libya}}

===Origins and development: February–August 2011===
[[File:Gaddafi Is a Butcher - Libyan Protest Meeting In Dublin.jpg|thumb|left|An anti-Gaddafist placard being displayed by demonstrators in Ireland in 2011.]]

After the start of the [[Arab Spring]], in 2011, Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], then threatened by the [[Tunisian Revolution]]. He suggested that Tunisia's people would be satisfied if Ben Ali introduced a ''jamahiriyah'' system there.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=278}} Fearing domestic protest, Libya's government implemented preventive measures by reducing [[food prices]], purging the army leadership of potential defectors, and releasing several Islamist prisoners.{{sfn|St. John|2012|pp=282–283}} This proved ineffective, and on 17 February 2011, major protests broke out against Gaddafi's government. Unlike Tunisia or Egypt, Libya was largely religiously homogeneous and had no strong Islamist movement, but there was widespread dissatisfaction with the corruption and entrenched systems of patronage, while unemployment had reached around 30 percent.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=231|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2pp=279–281}}

Accusing the rebels of being "drugged" and linked to al-Qaeda, Gaddafi proclaimed that he would die a [[martyr]] rather than leave Libya.{{sfn|Kawczynski|2011|p=242}} As he announced that the rebels would be "hunted down street by street, house by house and wardrobe by wardrobe",{{sfn|Kawczynski|2011|pp=242–243}} the army opened fire on protesters in Benghazi, killing hundreds.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=283}} Shocked at the government's response, a number of senior politicians resigned or defected to the protesters' side.{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=2012|1p=284|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2008a|2p=236}} The uprising spread quickly through Libya's less economically developed eastern half.{{sfn|Vandewalle|2008a|p=236}} By February's end, eastern cities such as Benghazi, Misrata, al-Bayda, and Tobruk were controlled by rebels,{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=284}} and the Benghazi-based [[National Transitional Council]] (NTC) formed to represent them.{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=2012|1p=286|2a1=Human Rights Watch|2y=2012|2p=16}}

[[File:Les femmes de Libye déchirées entre le régime et les rebelles (5764877039).jpg|thumb|Pro-Gaddafi protests in Tripoli, May 2011]]

In the conflict's early months it appeared that Gaddafi's government—with its greater fire-power—would be victorious.{{sfn|Vandewalle|2008a|p=236}} Both sides disregarded the [[laws of war]], committing human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrests, [[torture]], [[Extrajudicial killing|extrajudicial executions]], and revenge attacks.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2012|pp=17–18}} On 26 February, the [[United Nations Security Council]] passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970|Resolution 1970]], suspending Libya from the [[UN Human Rights Council]], implementing sanctions and calling for an [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) investigation into the killing of unarmed civilians.{{sfnm|1a1=Sacerdoti|1a2=Acconci|1y=2011|1pp=61–62|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=284|3a1=Human Rights Watch|3y=2012|3p=16}} In March, the Security Council declared a [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|no-fly zone]] to protect the civilian population from aerial bombardment, calling on foreign nations to enforce it; it also specifically prohibited foreign occupation.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008a|1p=236|2a1=Human Rights Watch|2y=2012|2p=16}} Ignoring this, Qatar sent hundreds of troops to support the dissidents and, along with France and the [[United Arab Emirates]], provided weaponry and military training to the NTC.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2012|p=16}} NATO announced that it would enforce the no-fly zone.{{sfnm|1a1=Vandewalle|1y=2008a|1p=236|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=284}} On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed [[Saif al-Arab Gaddafi|Gaddafi's sixth son]] and three of his grandsons in Tripoli.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Simon|last1=Denyer|first2=Leila|last2=Fadel|title=Gaddafi's Youngest Son Killed in NATO Airstrike; Russia Condemns Attack|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/gaddafi-calls-for-cease-fire-as-nato-strikes-tripoli/2011/04/30/AF1jZsNF_story.html|access-date=21 January 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=30 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713201116/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/gaddafi-calls-for-cease-fire-as-nato-strikes-tripoli/2011/04/30/AF1jZsNF_story.html |archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref> This Western military intervention was criticized by various leftist governments, including those that had criticized Gaddafi's response to the protests, because they regarded it as an imperialist attempt to secure control of Libya's resources.{{sfn|Castro|2011|pp=308–309}}

In June, the ICC issued arrest warrants for Gaddafi, his son Saif al-Islam, and his brother-in-law [[Abdullah Senussi]], head of state security, for charges concerning crimes against humanity.{{sfnm|1a1=Kawczynski|1y=2011|1p=257|2a1=St. John|2y=2012|2p=286}} That month, [[Amnesty International]] published their report, finding that Gaddafi's forces were responsible for numerous war crimes but added that a number of allegations of human rights abuses lacked credible evidence. The report added that "much Western media coverage has from the outset presented a very one-sided view of the logic of events, portraying the protest movement as entirely peaceful and repeatedly suggesting that the regime's security forces were unaccountably massacring unarmed demonstrators".<ref name="AmnestyRape">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/amnesty-questions-claim-that-gaddafi-ordered-rape-as-weapon-of-war-2302037.html|title=Amnesty Questions Claim That Gaddafi Ordered Rape as Weapon of War|date=24 June 2011|work=The Independent|location=London|access-date=26 June 2011|first=Patrick|last=Cockburn|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218024655/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/amnesty-questions-claim-that-gaddafi-ordered-rape-as-weapon-of-war-2302037.html|archive-date=18 February 2017}}</ref> In July, over 30 governments recognized the NTC as the legitimate government of Libya; Gaddafi called on his supporters to "Trample on those recognitions, trample on them under your feet ... They are worthless".<ref name="INDtncofficialgov">{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/west-prepares-to-hand-rebels-gaddafis-billions-2314576.html | title=West Prepares to Hand Rebels Gaddafi's Billions | work=The Independent | location=London | date=16 July 2011 | access-date=16 July 2011 | first=Justin | last=Vela | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512101059/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/west-prepares-to-hand-rebels-gaddafis-billions-2314576.html | archive-date=12 May 2012 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In August, the [[Arab League]] recognized the NTC as "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state".<ref name="taipeitimmes20110826">{{cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/08/26/2003511688 |title=Arab League Gives Its Full Backing to Libya's Rebel Council |work=The Taipei Times |date=26 August 2011 |access-date=1 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221153/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/08/26/2003511688 |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>

Aided by NATO air cover, the rebel militia pushed westward, defeating loyalist armies and securing control of the centre of the country.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=285}} Gaining the support of [[Amazigh]] ([[Berberism|Berber]]) communities of the [[Nafusa Mountains]], who had long been persecuted as non-Arabic speakers under Gaddafi, the NTC armies surrounded Gaddafi loyalists in several key areas of western Libya.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=285}} In August, the rebels seized [[Zliten]] and [[Battle of Tripoli (2011)|Tripoli]], ending the last vestiges of Gaddafist power.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=286}} It is probable that without the NATO air strikes supporting the rebels, they would not have been able to advance west and Gaddafi's forces would have ultimately retaken control of eastern Libya.{{sfn|Pargeter|2012|p=8}}

=== Capture and killing ===
{{main|Killing of Muammar Gaddafi|International reactions to the killing of Muammar Gaddafi}}

After the [[Battle of Tripoli (2011)|fall of Tripoli]] in August 2011, only a few towns in western Libya such as [[Bani Walid]], [[Sabha, Libya|Sebha]], and [[Sirte]] remained Gaddafist strongholds.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=286}} Gaddafi was reportedly planning to catch up with his Sebha commander [[Ali Kanna]]'s [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] forces and seek asylum in [[Burkina Faso]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Negotiations over Bani Walid |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/9/6/large-libyan-armoured-convoy-arrives-in-niger |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226221447/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/9/6/large-libyan-armoured-convoy-arrives-in-niger |url-status=live }}</ref> Instead, Gaddafi retreated to his hometown of Sirte,{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2012|p=20}} where he convened a meeting with his son [[Mutassim Gaddafi|Mutassim]] and intelligence chief [[Abdullah Senussi]] and learned that his youngest son [[Khamis Gaddafi|Khamis]] had been killed by a NATO airstrike on 29 August.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |title=Hunted: A first-hand account of Gaddafi's desperate last days |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/10/17/hunted-a-first-hand-account-of-gaddafis-desperate-last-days/ |access-date=21 February 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223233023/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/10/17/hunted-a-first-hand-account-of-gaddafis-desperate-last-days/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the weeks that followed, Gaddafi continued to broadcast defiant audio messages through Syria-based [[Arrai TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2011 |title=Gaddafi taunts NATO in new broadcast |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110920-libya-gaddafi-defies-nato-new-broadcast-syria-tv |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221012807/https://www.france24.com/en/20110920-libya-gaddafi-defies-nato-new-broadcast-syria-tv |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2011 |title=Gaddafi broadcasts are "sacred right" - TV chief |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-syria-television-idUKTRE78F1IW20110916 |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221012758/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-syria-television-idUKTRE78F1IW20110916 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=286}} On 10 September, General Massoud Abdel Hafiz announced the formation of the Republic of [[Fezzan]] in Sebha, where Gaddafi would be president for life.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2011 |title=Gaddafi threatened to wipe my hometown off the map – Jailed Libyan official |url=https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/theaawsat/news-middle-east/gaddafi-threatened-to-wipe-my-hometown-off-the-map-jailed-libyan-official |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222230759/https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/theaawsat/news-middle-east/gaddafi-threatened-to-wipe-my-hometown-off-the-map-jailed-libyan-official |archive-date=22 February 2023 |work=Asharq Al-Awsat}}</ref> Sebha fell on 22 September.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2011 |title=Libya conflict: Anti-Gaddafi fighters take Sabha |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15029062 |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221012802/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15029062 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Surrounding himself with bodyguards and a small entourage,{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2012|p=20}} including Mutassim, security chief [[Mansour Dhao]], and defense minister [[Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr]], Gaddafi continually changed residences to escape NATO and NTC shelling, devoting his days to prayer and reading the Qur'an.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2012|pp=21–22}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fahim |first=Kareem |date=22 October 2011 |title=In His Last Days, Qaddafi Wearied of Fugitive's Life |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/23/world/africa/in-his-last-days-qaddafi-wearied-of-fugitives-life.html |access-date=21 February 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002071630/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/23/world/africa/in-his-last-days-qaddafi-wearied-of-fugitives-life.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9" /> On 20 October, Gaddafi recorded a farewell audio message for his family, later publicized by [[AlHadath|Al-Hadath]], and then broke out of Sirte's District 2 in a joint civilian-military convoy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nova |first=Redazione Agenzia |date=21 October 2021 |title=Libya, Gaddafi's latest message: "Tonight I will die a martyr, be proud of me" |url=https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/libya-Gaddafi%27s-last-message-tonight-I-will-die-as-a-martyr-be-proud-of-me/ |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=Agenzia Nova |language=en |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221012809/https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/libya-Gaddafi%27s-last-message-tonight-I-will-die-as-a-martyr-be-proud-of-me/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2012|p=23}}<ref name="BBC20112">{{cite news |date=22 October 2011 |title=Muammar Gaddafi: How He Died |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15390980 |url-status=live |access-date=22 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202232503/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15390980 |archive-date=2 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebatamehi |first=Sebastiane |title=Gaddafi's Emotional Farewell Message to His Family Before He was Killed {{!}} The African Exponent. |url=https://www.africanexponent.com/post/9311-last-audio-message-muammar-gaddafis-sent-to-his-family-surfaces |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=The African Exponent |language=en |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221012808/https://www.africanexponent.com/post/9311-last-audio-message-muammar-gaddafis-sent-to-his-family-surfaces |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Akhalbey |first=Francis |date=22 October 2018 |title=Listen to Gaddafi's last audio recording addressed to his family hours before he was killed |url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/listen-to-gaddafis-last-audio-recording-addressed-to-his-family-hours-before-he-was-killed |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=Face2Face Africa |language=en |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221012759/https://face2faceafrica.com/article/listen-to-gaddafis-last-audio-recording-addressed-to-his-family-hours-before-he-was-killed |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Dhao, it was a "suicide mission" as Gaddafi wanted to die in the Jarref Valley, close to where he was born.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2011 |title=Gaddafi: 'He died an angry and disappointed man' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15516678 |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221012758/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15516678 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayden |first=Erik |date=31 October 2011 |title=Qaddafi's Frantic Last Days Get Reexamined |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/qaddafis-frantic-last-days-get-reexamined/336120/ |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221012758/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/qaddafis-frantic-last-days-get-reexamined/336120/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At around 08:30, NATO bombers attacked, destroying at least 14 vehicles and killing at least 53 people.<ref name="BBC20112" />{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2012|pp=24–25}} The convoy scattered, and Gaddafi and those closest to him fled to a nearby villa, which was shelled by rebel militia from Misrata. Fleeing to a construction site, Gaddafi and his inner cohort hid inside drainage pipes while his bodyguards battled the rebels; in the conflict, Gaddafi suffered head injuries from a grenade blast while Jabr was killed.<ref name="BBC20112" />{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2012|pp=26–27}}
The Misrata militia took Gaddafi prisoner, causing serious injuries as they tried to apprehend him; the events were filmed on a mobile phone. A video appears to picture Gaddafi being poked or stabbed in the anus "with some kind of stick or knife"<ref>{{cite news |title=GlobalPost: Qaddafi Apparently Sodomized After Capture |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/globalpost-qaddafi-apparently-sodomized-after-capture/ |publisher=CBS |date=24 October 2011 |access-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209160624/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/globalpost-qaddafi-apparently-sodomized-after-capture/ |archive-date=9 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> or possibly a bayonet.<ref name="Irish Times">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/gadafy-s-killers-will-be-tried-claims-ntc-1.632918|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|first=Martin|last=Chulov|title=Gadafy's Killers Will Be Tried, Claims NTC|date=28 October 2011|access-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705045035/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/gadafy-s-killers-will-be-tried-claims-ntc-1.632918|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://time.com/6280869/vladimir-putin-russia-assassination/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|title=Why Putin Is Right to Fear for His Life|author=Sebag-Montefiore, Simon|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=18 May 2023|access-date=20 May 2023|archive-date=9 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309031454/https://time.com/6280869/vladimir-putin-russia-assassination/}}</ref> Pulled onto the front of a pick-up truck, he fell off as it drove away. His semi-naked body was then placed into an ambulance and taken to [[Misrata]]; upon arrival, he was found to be dead.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2012|pp=28–29}} Official NTC accounts claimed that Gaddafi was caught in a crossfire and died from bullet wounds. Other eye-witness accounts claimed that rebels had fatally shot Gaddafi in the stomach.<ref name="BBC20112"/>

That afternoon, NTC Prime Minister [[Mahmoud Jibril]] publicly revealed the news of Gaddafi's death.<ref name="BBC20112"/> His corpse was placed in the freezer of a local market alongside the corpses of Yunis Jabr and Mutassim; the bodies were publicly displayed for four days, with Libyans from all over the country coming to view them.<ref>{{cite news|title=Report: Libyan Militias Executed Dozens, Possibly Including Gadhafi|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/17/report-libyan-militias-executed-dozens-possibly-including-gadhafi/|publisher=CNN|access-date=18 October 2012|date=17 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126085743/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/17/report-libyan-militias-executed-dozens-possibly-including-gadhafi/|archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref> Footage of Gaddafi's death was broadcast extensively across media networks internationally.{{sfn|Karniel|Lavie-Dinur|Azran|2015|pp=171, 176}} In response to international calls, on 24 October Jibril announced that a commission would investigate Gaddafi's death.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2012|p=44}} On 25 October, the NTC announced that Gaddafi had been buried at an unidentified location in the desert.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muammar Gaddafi 'Buried in Desert Grave at Dawn' |date=21 October 2011 |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15441867 |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101155135/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15441867 |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political ideology==
{{main|Third International Theory}}

{{Quote box
| width = 25em
| align = right
| quote = We call it the Third [International] Theory to indicate that there is a new path for all those who reject both materialist capitalism and atheist communism. The path is for all the people of the world who abhor the dangerous confrontation between the Warsaw and North Atlantic military alliances. It is for all those who believe that all nations of the world are brothers under the aegis of the rule of God.
| salign = right
| source = —Muammar Gaddafi, 1973{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=87}}
}}

Gaddafi's ideological worldview was molded by his environment, namely his Islamic faith, his Bedouin upbringing, and his disgust at the actions of Italian colonialists in Libya.{{sfn|Harris|1986|p=43}} As a schoolboy, Gaddafi adopted the ideologies of [[Arab nationalism]] and [[Arab socialism]], influenced in particular by [[Nasserism]], the thought of the Egyptian President Nasser, whom Gaddafi regarded as his hero;{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=43|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=18}} Nasser privately described Gaddafi as "a nice boy, but terribly naïve".{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=18}} During the early 1970s, Gaddafi formulated his own particular approach to Arab nationalism and socialism, known as [[Third International Theory]], which ''[[The New York Times]]'' described as a combination of "[[utopian socialism]], Arab nationalism, and the Third World revolutionary theory that was in vogue at the time".<ref name="nytimes_green">{{cite news|last=Bazzi|first=Mohamad|title=What Did Qaddafi's Green Book Really Say?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/29/books/review/what-did-qaddafis-green-book-really-say.html|access-date=28 October 2011|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=27 May 2011|archive-date=29 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829013607/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/29/books/review/what-did-qaddafis-green-book-really-say.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to Nasser, Gaddafi also cited [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Sun Yat-sen]], [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Josip Broz Tito]] as political inspirations.<ref>Qaddafi, M., Jouve, E., & Parfitt, A. (2005). My Vision. John Blake.</ref> He regarded this system as a practical alternative to the then-dominant international models of Western capitalism and [[Marxism–Leninism]].{{sfn|St. John|1987|p=28}} He laid out the principles of this Theory in the three volumes of ''The Green Book'', in which he sought to "explain the structure of the ideal society".{{sfn|Harris|1986|p=57}}

The Libyan studies specialist Ronald Bruce St. John regarded Arab nationalism as Gaddafi's "primordial value",{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=1983|1p=473|2a1=St. John|2y=1987|2p=21|3a1=St. John|3y=2008|3p=92}} stating that during the early years of his government, Gaddafi was "the Arab nationalist par excellence".{{sfn|St. John|1987|p=26}} Gaddafi called for the Arab world to regain its dignity and assert a major place on the world stage, blaming Arab backwardness on stagnation resulting from [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule, European colonialism and imperialism, and corrupt and repressive monarchies.{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=1983|1p=474|2a1=St. John|2y=1987|2pp=26–27}} Gaddafi's Arab nationalist views led him to the [[pan-Arabist]] belief in the need for unity across the Arab world, combining the Arab nation under a single nation-state.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=59|2a1=St. John|2y=1987|2pp=19, 49}} To this end, he had proposed a political union with five neighbouring Arab states by 1974, although without success.{{sfn|St. John|1987|p=58}} In keeping with his views regarding Arabs, his political stance was described as [[nativism (politics)|nativist]].{{sfn|Hinnebusch|1984|p=63}} Gaddafi also had international ambitions, wanting to export his revolutionary ideas throughout the world.{{sfnm|1a1=Haynes|1y=1990|1p=59|2a1=Pargeter|2y=2012|2p=3}} Gaddafi saw his socialist ''Jamahiriyah'' as a model for the Arab, Islamic, and non-aligned worlds to follow,{{sfn|Harris|1986|p=54}} and in his speeches declared that his Third International Theory would eventually guide the entire planet.{{sfn|St. John|1987|p=34}} He nevertheless had minimal success in exporting the ideology outside of Libya.{{sfn|St. John|1987|p=29}}

Along with Arab nationalism, anti-imperialism was also a defining feature of Gaddafi's regime during its early years. He believed in opposing Western imperialism and colonialism in the Arab world, including any Western expansionism through the form of Israel.{{sfn|Zoubir|2009|p=402}} He offered support to a broad range of political groups abroad that called themselves "anti-imperialist", especially those that set themselves in opposition to the United States.{{sfn|Haynes|1990|p=60}} For many years, [[anti-Zionism]] was a fundamental component of Gaddafi's ideology. He believed that the state of Israel should not exist and that any Arab compromise with the Israeli government was a betrayal of the Arab people.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=54|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=18}} In large part due to their support of Israel, Gaddafi despised the United States, considering the country to be [[Imperialism|imperialist]] and lambasting it as "the embodiment of evil".{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|pp=19, 197}} He sought to distinguish "oriental" Jews who had lived in the Middle East for generations from the European Jews who had migrated to Palestine during the 20th century, calling the latter "vagabonds" and "mercenaries" who should return to Europe.{{sfn|St. John|1983|p=478}} He rallied against Jews in many of his speeches, with Blundy and Lycett claiming that his [[antisemitism]] was "almost [[Adolf Hitler|Hitlerian]]".{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=25}} As Pan-Africanism increasingly became his focus in the early 21st century, Gaddafi became less interested in the Israel-Palestine issue, calling for the two communities to form a new [[One-state solution|single-state]] that he termed "[[Isratin]]".{{sfn|St. John|2008|p=100}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/opinion/22qaddafi.html |title=The One-State Solution |author=Gaddafi, Muammar |work=The New York Times |date=22 January 2009 |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801113301/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/opinion/22qaddafi.html |url-status=live }}.</ref> This would have led the Jewish population to become a minority within the new state.{{sfn|Karniel|Lavie-Dinur|Azran|2015|p=177}}

===Islamic modernism and Islamic socialism===

Gaddafi rejected the [[secularism|secularist]] approach to Arab nationalism that had been pervasive in Syria,{{sfn|St. John|1987|p=30}} with his revolutionary movement placing a far stronger emphasis on Islam than previous Arab nationalist movements had done.{{sfn|St. John|1983|p=473}} He deemed Arabism and Islam to be inseparable, referring to them as "one and indivisible",{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=161}} and called on the Arab world's Christian minority to convert to Islam.{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=1983|1p=476|2a1=Bearman|2y=1986|2p=161|3a1=St. John|3y=1987|3p=30}} He insisted that Islamic law should be the basis for the law of the state, blurring any distinction between the religious and secular realms.{{sfn|First|1974|p=25}} He desired unity across the Islamic world,{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=19}} and encouraged the propagation of the faith elsewhere; on a 2010 visit to Italy, he paid a modelling agency to find 200 young Italian women for a lecture he gave urging them to convert.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2010 |title=Europe Should Convert to Islam: Gaddafi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/Europe-should-convert-to-Islam-Gaddafi/articleshow/6464781.cms |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109180255/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/Europe-should-convert-to-Islam-Gaddafi/articleshow/6464781.cms |archive-date=9 January 2011 |access-date=30 August 2010 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> According to the Gaddafi biographer Jonathan Bearman, in Islamic terms Gaddafi was a [[Islamic Modernism|modernist]] rather than a [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist]], for he subordinated religion to the political system rather than seeking to Islamicise the state as Islamists sought to do.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=164}} He was driven by a sense of "divine mission", believing himself a conduit of God's will, and thought that he must achieve his goals "no matter what the cost".{{sfn|Harris|1986|pp=45, 50}} His interpretation of Islam was nevertheless idiosyncratic,{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=164}} and he clashed with conservative Libyan clerics. Many criticized his attempts to encourage women to enter traditionally male-only sectors of society, such as the armed forces. Gaddafi was keen to improve women's status, although saw the sexes as "separate but equal" and therefore felt women should usually remain in traditional roles.{{sfn|Harris|1986|pp=33, 53}}

{{Quote box
| width = 25em
| align = left
| quote = The purpose of the socialist society is the happiness of man, which can only be realized through material and spiritual freedom. Attainment of such freedom depends on the extent of man's ownership of his needs; ownership that is personal and sacredly guaranteed, i.e. your needs must neither be owned by somebody else, nor subject to plunder by any part of society.
| salign = right
| source = —Muammar Gaddafi{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=157}}
}}

Gaddafi described his approach to economics as "Islamic socialism".{{sfnm|1a1=First|1y=1974|1p=255|2a1=St. John|2y=1983|2p=482|3a1=Harris|3y=1986|3p=48}} For him, a socialist society could be defined as one in which men controlled their own needs, either through personal ownership or through a collective.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=157}} Although the early policies pursued by his government were state capitalist in orientation, by 1978 he believed that private ownership of the means of production was exploitative and thus he sought to move Libya away from capitalism and towards socialism.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|1984|p=69}} Private enterprise was largely eliminated in favour of a centrally controlled economy.{{sfn|St. John|1983|p=484}} The extent to which Libya became socialist under Gaddafi is disputed. Bearman suggested that while Libya did undergo "a profound social revolution", he did not think that "a socialist society" was established in Libya.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=xvii}} Conversely, St. John expressed the view that "if socialism is defined as a redistribution of wealth and resources, a socialist revolution clearly occurred in Libya" under Gaddafi's regime.{{sfn|St. John|2012|p=173}}

Gaddafi was staunchly [[Anti-Marxism|anti-Marxist]],{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=104}} and in 1973 declared that "it is the duty of every Muslim to combat" Marxism because it promotes atheism.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=105}} In his view, ideologies like Marxism and Zionism were alien to the Islamic world and were a threat to the [[ummah]], or global Islamic community.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|pp=104–105}} Nevertheless, Blundy and Lycett noted that Gaddafi's socialism had a "curiously Marxist undertone",{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=98}} with political scientist Sami Hajjar arguing that Gaddafi's model of socialism offered a simplification of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]]'s theories.{{sfn|Hajjar|1982}} While acknowledging the Marxist influence on Gaddafi's thought, Bearman stated that the Libyan leader rejected Marxism's core tenet, that of [[class struggle]] as the main engine of social development.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=158}} Instead of embracing the Marxist idea that a socialist society emerged from class struggle between the [[proletariat]] and [[bourgeoisie]], Gaddafi believed that socialism would be achieved through overturning "unnatural" capitalism and returning society to its "natural equilibrium".{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=158}} In this, he sought to replace a capitalist economy with one based on his own romanticized ideas of a traditional, pre-capitalist past.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=159}} This owed much to the Islamic belief in [[God in Islam|God]]'s natural law providing order to the universe.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=160}}

==Personal life==
{{Main|Personal life of Muammar Gaddafi}}

[[File:Nimeiry, Nasser and Gaddafi, 1969.jpg|right|thumb|Gaddafi (right) with Nimeiry and Nasser in 1969]]

A very private individual,{{sfn|Harris|1986|p=43}} Gaddafi was given to rumination and solitude and could be reclusive.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=284}} Gaddafi described himself as a "simple revolutionary" and "pious Muslim" called upon by God to continue Nasser's work.{{sfn|Harris|1986|p=48}} Gaddafi was an austere and devout Muslim,{{sfnm|1a1=St. John|1y=1987|1p=145|2a1=Vandewalle|2y=2006|2p=6}} although, according to Vandewalle, his interpretation of Islam was "deeply personal and idiosyncratic".{{sfn|Vandewalle|2006|p=6}} He was also a [[Association football|football]] enthusiast{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=22}} and enjoyed both playing that game and horse-riding as a means of recreation.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=285}} He regarded himself as an intellectual;{{sfn|Pargeter|2012|p=2}} he was a fan of [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] and said his favourite novels were ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'', ''[[Roots: The Saga of an American Family|Roots]]'', and ''[[The Outsider (Wilson book)|The Outsider]]''.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=22}}

Gaddafi considered personal appearance important;{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=285}} Blundy and Lycett described him as "extraordinarily vain".{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=24}} Gaddafi had a large wardrobe, and sometimes changed his outfit more than once a day.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=24}} He favoured either a military uniform or traditional Libyan dress, tending to eschew Western-style suits.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=285}} He saw himself as a fashion icon, stating "Whatever I wear becomes a fad. I wear a certain shirt and suddenly everyone is wearing it."{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=24}} After his ascension to power, Gaddafi moved to the [[Bab al-Azizia]] barracks, a 6-square-kilometre (2.3 square miles) fortified compound, 3.2 kilometres (2 miles) from the centre of Tripoli.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=1}} In the 1980s, his lifestyle was considered modest in comparison to those of many other Arab leaders.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=32}}

He was preoccupied with his own security, regularly changing where he slept and sometimes grounding all other planes in Libya when he was flying.{{sfn|Harris|1986|p=50}} He made particular requests when travelling to foreign countries. During his trips to Rome, Paris, Madrid, Moscow, and New York City,<ref name="abcnews">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/Politics/gaddafis-tent-blocked-stop-work-order/story?id=8649084|title=Moammar Gadhafi Won't Stay in Bedford Tent After All|publisher=ABC|date=23 September 2009|access-date=28 February 2011|archive-date=9 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209233521/http://abcnews.go.com/International/Politics/gaddafis-tent-blocked-stop-work-order/story?id=8649084|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/29/nyregion/29libya.html|title=Qaddafi Cancels Plans to Stay in New Jersey|work=The New York Times|date=29 August 2009|access-date=28 February 2011|first=Anahad|last=O'Connor|archive-date=31 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331024309/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/29/nyregion/29libya.html|url-status=live}}</ref> he lived in a bulletproof tent, following his Bedouin traditions.<ref name="abcnews"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/when-in-rome-gaddafi-will-do-as-the-bedouins-20090610-c3ln.html|title=When in Rome, Gaddafi Will Do as the Bedouins|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=11 June 2009|access-date=14 February 2010|archive-date=11 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011104002/http://www.smh.com.au/world/when-in-rome-gaddafi-will-do-as-the-bedouins-20090610-c3ln.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Gaddafi was confrontational in his approach to foreign powers{{sfn|Harris|1986|p=51}} and generally shunned Western ambassadors and diplomats, believing them to be spies.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=21}}

[[File:El presidente del Gobierno asiste a la III Cumbre UE - África.jpg|thumb|left|Gaddafi with Spanish Prime Minister [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] in 2010]]

In the 1970s and 1980s, there were reports of his making sexual advances toward female reporters and members of his entourage.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1pp=53–54|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2pp=22–23}} Starting in the 1980s, he travelled with his all-female [[Amazonian Guard]], who were allegedly sworn to a life of celibacy.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=112}} After Gaddafi's death, a Libyan psychologist, [[Seham Sergewa]], part of a team investigating sexual offences during the civil war, stated that five of the guards told her they had been raped by Gaddafi and senior officials.<ref name="rape">{{cite news |last=Micallef |first=Mark |title=Gaddafi 'Raped' His Female Bodyguards |date=28 August 2011 |website=The Times|location=Malta |url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110828/local/Gaddafi-raped-his-female-bodyguards.382085 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213013136/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110828/local/Gaddafi-raped-his-female-bodyguards.382085 |archive-date=13 February 2012}}; {{cite news |last=Squires |first=Nick |title=Gaddafi and His Sons 'Raped Female Bodyguards' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8729685/Gaddafi-and-his-sons-raped-female-bodyguards.html |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=29 August 2011 |access-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321082036/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8729685/Gaddafi-and-his-sons-raped-female-bodyguards.html |archive-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> After Gaddafi's death, a French journalist, {{ill|Annick Cojean|fr||fa|آنیک کوژان|de||zh|安妮柯·柯琴}}, published a book alleging that Gaddafi had had sexual relations with women, some in their early teenage years, who had been specially selected for him.{{sfn|Cojean|2013}} One of those Cojean interviewed, a woman named Soraya, claimed that Gaddafi kept her imprisoned in a basement for six years, where he repeatedly raped her; urinated on her; and forced her to watch pornography, drink alcohol, and snort cocaine.<ref name="harem">{{cite news |last=Sanai |first=Leyla |title=Book Review: Gaddafi's Harem, By Annick Cojean, Trans. Marjolijn de Jager |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/book-review-gaddafis-harem-by-annick-cojean-trans-marjolijn-de-jager-8901967.html |access-date=25 October 2013 |website=The Independent |location=London |date=25 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210913/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/book-review-gaddafis-harem-by-annick-cojean-trans-marjolijn-de-jager-8901967.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The sexual abuse was said to have been facilitated by Gaddafi's Chief of Protocol [[Nuri al-Mismari]] and Mabrouka Sherif.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cojean |first=Annick |date=22 September 2013 |title=Muammar Gaddafi's sexual crimes |url=https://www.salon.com/2013/09/22/muammar_gaddafis_sexual_crimes/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Salon |ref=none |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207020226/https://www.salon.com/2013/09/22/muammar_gaddafis_sexual_crimes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=24 September 2013 |title=Gaddafi formed special department to find prostitutes |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gaddafi-formed-special-department-to-find-prostitutes-113092400941_1.html |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206083256/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gaddafi-formed-special-department-to-find-prostitutes-113092400941_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Gaddafi also hired several Ukrainian nurses to care for him; one described him as kind and considerate and was surprised that allegations of abuse had been made against him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/09/03/ukraine.gadhafi.nurse/ |title=Gadhafi's Ukrainian Nurse Talks About Life with 'Daddy' |publisher=CNN |date=4 September 2011 |access-date=8 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224055440/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/09/03/ukraine.gadhafi.nurse/ |archive-date=24 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{anchor|Family}}
Gaddafi married his first wife, Fatiha al-Nuri, in 1969. They had one son, [[Muhammad Gaddafi]] (born 1970); their relationship was strained, and they divorced in 1970.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=53|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=22}} Gaddafi's second wife was [[Safia Farkash]], née el-Brasai, a former nurse from the Obeidat tribe, born in [[Bayda, Libya|Bayda]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Libya's First Lady Owns 20 Tons of Gold: Reports |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/03/06/140415.html |url-status=dead |website=Al Arabiya News |date=6 March 2011 |access-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309035315/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/03/06/140415.html |archive-date=9 March 2011}}</ref> They met in 1969, after his ascension to power, when he was hospitalized with appendicitis; he claimed that it was love at first sight.{{sfnm|1a1=Harris|1y=1986|1p=53|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=22}} The couple remained married until his death. Together they had seven biological children:{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=285}} [[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]] (1972–2026), [[Al-Saadi Gaddafi]] (born 1973), [[Mutassim Gaddafi]] (1974–2011), [[Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi]] (born 1975), [[Aisha Gaddafi]] (born 1976), [[Saif al-Arab Gaddafi]] (1982–2011), and [[Khamis Gaddafi]] (1983–2011). He also adopted two children, [[Hana Gaddafi]] and Milad Gaddafi.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gaddafi Family Tree |date=20 October 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12531442 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418153130/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12531442 |archive-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> Several of his sons gained a reputation for lavish and anti-social behaviour in Libya, which proved a source of resentment toward his administration.{{sfn|Pargeter|2012|p=6}} At least three of his cousins were prominent figures in Gaddafi's regime. [[Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam]] is Libya's former Special Envoy to Egypt and a leading figure of the Gaddafi regime.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaddafi cousin arrested in Egypt |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-21848712 |date=19 March 2013 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-date=29 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129052032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-21848712 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mansour Dhao]] was his chief of security and led the [[People's Guard (Libya)|People's Guard]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peralta |first=Eyder |title=Gadhafi's Final Weeks, As Told By A Top Security Official |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2011/10/25/141694091/gadhafis-final-weeks-as-told-by-a-top-security-official |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124065624/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2011/10/25/141694091/gadhafis-final-weeks-as-told-by-a-top-security-official |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam]] was a brigadier general and described as the second most powerful person in Libya in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Woodward |first=Bob |date=29 April 1984 |title=Qaddafi's Authority Said to Be Weakening |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/04/29/qaddafis-authority-said-to-be-weakening/358186bd-b316-4ad0-b2c0-0b777121d78a/ |access-date=25 June 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Gaddafi's inner circle |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/gaddafis-inner-circle/2011/05/17/AF3bQ55G_graphic.html |access-date=25 June 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, the son who was considered to be Gaddafi's main heir, was shot dead in February 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp37g4xgkxdo|title=Libyan prosecutors launch probe into killing of Gaddafi's son|first1=Nick|last1=Springate|first2=Maia|last2=Davies|first3=Wycliffe|last3=Muia|publisher=BBC News|date=3 February 2026|accessdate=6 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20260206-thousands-attend-burial-of-slain-son-of-libya-s-gaddafi|title=Thousands attend Gaddafi son’s funeral, highlighting Libya’s divided loyalties|publisher=France 24|date=6 February 2026|accessdate=6 February 2026}}</ref>

==Public life==
[[File:13th anniversary of the Revolution.jpg|thumb|13th Anniversary of 1 September Revolution on postage stamp, Libya 1982]]
According to Vandewalle, Gaddafi "dominated [Libya's] political life" during his period in power.{{sfn|Vandewalle|2006|p=5}} The sociologist Raymond A. Hinnebusch described the Libyan as "perhaps the most exemplary contemporary case of the politics of charismatic leadership", displaying all of the traits of [[charismatic authority]] outlined by the sociologist [[Max Weber]].{{sfn|Hinnebusch|1984|p=59}} According to Hinnebusch, the foundations of Gaddafi's "personal charismatic authority" in Libya stemmed from the blessing he had received from Nasser coupled with "nationalist achievements" such as the expulsion of foreign military bases, the extraction of higher prices for Libyan oil, and his vocal support for the Palestinian and anti-imperialist causes.{{sfn|Hinnebusch|1984|p=62}}

A [[cult of personality]] devoted to Gaddafi existed in Libya through most of his rule.{{sfnm|1a1=Bearman|1y=1986|1p=283|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=20}} His biographer Alison Pargeter noted that "he filled every space, moulding the entire country around himself."{{sfn|Pargeter|2012|p=2}} Depictions of his face could be found throughout the country, including on postage stamps, watches, and school satchels.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=20}} Quotations from ''The Green Book'' appeared on a wide variety of places, from street walls to airports and pens, and were put to pop music for public release.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=20}} In private, Gaddafi often complained that he disliked this personality cult surrounding him, but that he tolerated it because the people of Libya adored him.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=20}} The cult served a political purpose, with Gaddafi helping to provide a central identity for the Libyan state.{{sfn|Bearman|1986|p=284}}

Several biographers and observers characterized Gaddafi as a [[populism|populist]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hinnebusch|1y=1984|1p=61|2a1=Blundy|2a2=Lycett|2y=1987|2p=20}} He enjoyed attending lengthy public sessions where people were invited to question him; these were often televised.{{sfn|First|1974|pp=22–23}} Throughout Libya, crowds of supporters would arrive at public events where he appeared. Described as "spontaneous demonstrations" by the government, there are recorded instances of groups being coerced or paid to attend.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=16}} He was typically late to public events, and would sometimes fail to arrive.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=17}} Although Bianco thought he had a "gift for oratory",{{Sfn|Bianco|1975|p=7}} he was considered a poor orator by Blundy and Lycett.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=18}} The biographer [[Daniel Kawczynski]] noted that Gaddafi was famed for his "lengthy, wandering" speeches,{{sfn|Kawczynski|2011|p=191}} which typically involved criticizing Israel and the US.{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=17}} The journalist [[Ruth First]] described his speeches as being "an inexhaustible flow; didactic, at times incoherent; peppered with snatches of half-formed opinions; admonitions; confidences; some sound common sense, and as much prejudice".{{sfn|First|1974|p=23}}

==Awards and honours==
{{Main|List of awards and honours received by Muammar Gaddafi}}

==Reception and legacy==
{{Main|Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi}}

[[File:Commemorative Medal-Libyan Revolution-Obverse.png|thumb|10th anniversary of Great Libyan Revolution coin]]
Supporters praised Gaddafi's administration for the creation of a more equal society through domestic reform.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=19|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2pp=196–200}} They stressed the regime's achievements in combating homelessness, ensuring access to food and safe drinking water, and to dramatic improvements in education.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=19|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2pp=196–200}} Supporters have also applauded achievements in medical care, praising the universal free healthcare provided under the Gaddafist administration, with diseases like [[cholera]] and [[typhoid]] being contained and life expectancy raised.{{sfnm|1a1=Blundy|1a2=Lycett|1y=1987|1p=19|2a1=Kawczynski|2y=2011|2pp=196–200}}

Gaddafi's government's treatment of non-Arab Libyans came in for criticism from human rights activists, with native Berbers, Italian colonists, Jews, refugees, and foreign workers all facing persecution in Gaddafist Libya.{{sfn|Kawczynski|2011|pp=202–203, 209}} Human rights groups also criticized the treatment of migrants, including [[asylum seekers]], who passed through Gaddafi's Libya on their way to Europe.{{sfn|Zoubir|2009|p=409}} During the Civil War, various leftist groups endorsed the anti-Gaddafist rebels—but not the Western military intervention—by arguing that Gaddafi had become an ally of Western imperialism by cooperating with the war on terror and efforts to block African migration to Europe.{{sfn|Castro|2011|p=309}} Gaddafi was widely perceived as a terrorist, especially in the US and UK.{{sfnm|1a1=Haynes|1y=1990|1p=58|2a1=Boyd-Judson|2y=2005|2p=91}}

===Posthumous assessment===
International reactions to Gaddafi's death were divided.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/10/obama-team-tracks-news-of-gadhafi/1 |title=Obama: Gadhafi Regime Is 'No More' |first=David |last=Jackson |website=USA Today |date=20 October 2011 |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223095732/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/10/obama-team-tracks-news-of-gadhafi/1 |url-status=live |archive-date=23 December 2011}}</ref> Gaddafi was mourned as a hero by many across sub-Saharan Africa but was widely condemned elsewhere.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kron|first=Josh|title=Many in Sub-Saharan Africa Mourn Qaddafi's Death|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/23/world/africa/many-in-sub-saharan-africa-mourn-qaddafis-death.html|access-date=29 June 2012|website=The New York Times|date=22 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-date=2 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102115400/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/23/world/africa/many-in-sub-saharan-africa-mourn-qaddafis-death.html?_r=1}}</ref>

After his defeat in the civil war, Gaddafi's system of governance was dismantled and replaced by the interim government of the NTC, which legalized trade unions and freedom of the press.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/20/on-the-first-anniversary-of-qaddafis-death-is-libya-better-off-a-year-on/ |title=On the First Anniversary of Qaddafi's death – Is Libya Better off a Year On? |first=Sami |last=Zaptia |date=20 October 2012 |newspaper=Libya Herald |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205013514/http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/20/on-the-first-anniversary-of-qaddafis-death-is-libya-better-off-a-year-on/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2013}}</ref> In January 2013, the GNC officially renamed the ''Jamahiriyah'' as the "State of Libya".<ref name="Herald_StateofLibya">{{cite news |first=Sami |last=Zaptia |title=GNC Officially Renames Libya the 'State of Libya' – Until the New Constitution |url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/01/09/gnc-officially-renames-libya-the-state-of-libya-until-the-new-constitution/ |access-date=9 January 2013 |website=Libya Herald |date=9 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323183928/https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/01/09/gnc-officially-renames-libya-the-state-of-libya-until-the-new-constitution/ |archive-date=23 March 2013 }}</ref> [[Gaddafi loyalism|Gaddafi loyalists]] then founded a new political party, the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Walsh |first=Declan |title=Hijacking Ends Peacefully After Libyan Airliner Lands in Malta |date=23 December 2016 |website=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/23/world/europe/libya-malta-hijack-afriqiyah-airways.html|access-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223125732/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/23/world/europe/libya-malta-hijack-afriqiyah-airways.html?_r=0 |archive-date=23 December 2016 }}</ref> Led by Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, the Popular Front was allowed to participate in the [[Next Libyan general election|future general election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2018/3/19/gaddafis-son-saif-to-run-for-libya-president|title=In Saif Hands: Gaddafi's Son to Run for Libya President|work=alaraby |publisher=The New Arab|date=19 March 2018|access-date=6 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006154841/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2018/3/19/gaddafis-son-saif-to-run-for-libya-president|archive-date=6 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Alleged Libyan financing in the 2007 French presidential election]]
*[[Disarmament of Libya]]
*[[Egyptian–Libyan War]]
*[[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi]]
*[[HIV trial in Libya]]
*[[Libya and weapons of mass destruction]]
*[[List of heads of state and government deposed by foreign powers in the 20th and 21st century]]
*[[List of heads of state and government who were assassinated or executed]]
*[[List of state leaders who died in office]]
*[[Pan Am Flight 103]]
*[[SNC-Lavalin affair]]
*[[UTA Flight 772]]
*[[West Berlin discotheque bombing]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|last=Bearman|first=Jonathan|title=Qadhafi's Libya|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|year=1986|isbn=978-0-86232-434-6}}
*{{cite book|title=Gadafi: Voice from the Desert|last=Bianco|first=Mirella|publisher=Longman|location=London|translator-last=Lyle|translator-first=Margaret|isbn=978-0-582-78062-0|year=1975}}
*{{cite book|title=Qaddafi and the Libyan Revolution|first1=David|last1=Blundy|author1-link=David Blundy|first2=Andrew|last2=Lycett|author2-link=Andrew Lycett|publisher=Little Brown & Co|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-316-10042-7|year=1987|url=https://archive.org/details/qaddafilibyanre00blun|url-access=limited}}
*{{cite journal|last=Boyd-Judson|first=Lyn|year=2005|title=Strategic Moral Diplomacy: Mandela, Qaddafi, and the Lockerbie Negotiations|journal=Foreign Policy Analysis|volume=1|pages=73–97|doi=10.1111/j.1743-8594.2005.00004.x|doi-access=free |issn=1743-8586}}
*{{cite journal|last=Castro|first=Jose Esteban|title=Gaddafi and Latin America|journal=Soc|year=2011|volume=48|issue=4|pages=307–311|doi=10.1007/s12115-011-9442-7|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite book|last=Cojean|first=Annick|title=Gaddafi's Harem: The Story of a Young Woman and the Abuses of Power in Libya|year=2013|location=New York|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-1-611-85610-1}}
*{{Cite book |title=Libyan Sandstorm |first=John K. |last=Cooley |author-link=John K. Cooley |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |location=London |isbn=978-0-283-98944-5 |year=1983}}
* {{cite journal |last=Davis |first=J. |title=Qaddafi's Theory and Practice of Non-Representative Government |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=17 |issue=1 |year=1982 |pages=61–79 |doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1982.tb00679.x |jstor=44483404 |s2cid=144831599}}
* {{cite journal |last=El-Khawas |first=Mohamed |title=The New Society in Qaddafi's Libya: Can It Endure? |journal=Africa Today |volume=31 |issue=3 |year=1984 |pages=17–44 |jstor=4186243 }}
* {{cite book|last=First|first=Ruth|title=Libya: The Elusive Revolution|year=1974|publisher=Penguin|location=Harmondsworth|isbn=978-0-14-041040-2}}
* {{cite book| last=Gardell |first=Matthias |title=Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism |year=2003 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham and London |isbn=978-0822330714 }}
*{{cite journal|title=The Marxist Origins of Qadhafi's Economic Thought|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|last=Hajjar|first=Sami G.|year=1982|volume=20|issue=3|pages=361–375|jstor=160522|doi=10.1017/s0022278x00056871|s2cid=154903399 }}
*{{cite book|title=Libya: Qadhafi's Revolution and the Modern State|first=Lillian Craig|last=Harris|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=978-0-8133-0075-7|year=1986|url=https://archive.org/details/libyaqadhafisrev0000harr|url-access=limited}}
* {{cite journal |first=Jeff |last=Haynes |year=1990 |title=Libyan Involvement in West Africa: Qadhaffi's 'Revolutionary' Foreign Policy |journal=Paradigms |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=58–73 |doi=10.1080/13600829008442987 }}
*{{cite journal|first=Raymond A.|last=Hinnebusch|year=1984|title=Charisma, Revolution, and State Formation: Qaddafi and Libya|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=6|issue=1|pages=59–73|doi=10.1080/01436598408419755}}
*{{cite book|title=Death of a Dictator: Bloody Vengeance in Sirte|author=Human Rights Watch|author-link=Human Rights Watch|year=2012|publisher=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/16/death-dictator-0|isbn=978-1-56432-952-3|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-date=3 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503103538/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/16/death-dictator-0|url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal|last=Kamel|first=Amir M.|year=2016|title=Trade and Peace: The EU and Gaddafi's Final Decade|journal=International Affairs|volume=92|issue=3|pages=683–702|doi=10.1111/1468-2346.12602|s2cid=156529941|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/52080164/AMK_Trade_and_Peace.pdf|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827043438/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/52080164/AMK_Trade_and_Peace.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Karniel |first1=Yuval |first2=Amit |last2=Lavie-Dinur |first3=Tal |last3=Azran |title=Broadcast Coverage of Gaddafi's Final Hours in Images and Headlines: A Brutal Lynch or the Desired Death of a Terrorist? |journal=The International Communication Gazette |year=2015 |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=171–188 |doi=10.1177/1748048514562686 |s2cid=144642774}}
*{{cite book|last=Kawczynski|first=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Kawczynski|title=Seeking Gaddafi: Libya, the West and the Arab Spring|title-link=Seeking Gaddafi|publisher=Biteback|location=London|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84954-148-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Guy|year=2002|title=Africa in World Politics: A Pan-African Perspective|location=Trenton, NJ|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=978-0-865-43858-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Pargeter |first=Alice |title=Libya: The Rise and Fall of Qaddafi |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-300-13932-7 }}
*{{cite book|last=Ronen|first=Yehudit|chapter=Libya|editor1-last=Shaked|editor1-first=Haim|editor2-last=Dishon|editor2-first=Daniel|title=Middle East Contemporary Survey. Volume VIII: 1983–84|location=Tel Aviv|publisher=Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies|isbn=978-965-224-006-4|year=1986|pages=578–603}}
*{{cite journal |first=Maano |last=Ramutsindela |year=2009 |title=Gaddafi, Continentalism and Sovereignty in Africa |journal=South African Geographical Journal |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1080/03736245.2009.9725324 |bibcode=2009SAfGJ..91....1R |s2cid=153609561 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sacerdoti |first1=Giorgio |first2=Pia |last2=Acconci |title=The Security Council's Asset Freeze against Gaddafi's Libya and its Implementation in Libya |journal=The Italian Yearbook of International Law Online |year=2011 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=61–84 |doi=10.1163/22116133-90000210 }}
*{{cite book|last=Simons|first=Geoff|author-link=Geoff Simons|title=Libya: The Struggle for Survival|publisher=Macmillan|edition=second|location=Houndmills and London|year=1996|isbn=978-0-23038-011-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Simons|first=Geoff|author-link=Geoff Simons|title=Libya and the West: From Independence to Lockerbie|publisher=Centre for Libyan Studies|location=Oxford|year=2003|isbn=978-1-86064-988-2|url=https://archive.org/details/libyawestfromind00simo|url-access=limited}}
*{{cite journal |last=St. John |first=Ronald Bruce |author-link=Ronald Bruce St. John |title=The Ideology of Muammar al-Qadhdhafi: Theory and Practice |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=15 |number=4 |year=1983 |pages=471–490 |jstor=163557 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800051394 |s2cid=145692912}}
*{{cite book|last=St. John|first=Ronald Bruce|title=Qaddafi's World Design: Libyan Foreign Policy, 1969–1987|location=London|publisher=Saqi Books|year=1987|isbn=978-0-86356-161-0}}
*{{cite journal |last=St. John |first=Ronald Bruce |title=Redefining the Libyan Revolution: The Changing Ideology of Muammar al-Qaddafi |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |year=2008 |volume=13 |number=1 |pages=91–106 |doi=10.1080/13629380701742819 |s2cid=219626768 }}
*{{cite book|last=St. John|first=Ronald Bruce |title=Libya: From Colony to Revolution|edition=rev.|publisher=Oneworld|location=Oxford|year=2012|isbn=978-1-85168-919-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Sykes |first=Alan |title=The Radical Right in Britain: Social Imperialism to the BNP |year=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke and New York |isbn=978-0333599242 }}
*{{cite journal|last=Tandon|first=Yash|year=2011|title=Whose Dictator Is Qaddafi? The Empire and Its Neo-Colonies|journal=[[Insight on Africa]]|volume=3|issue=1|pages=1–21|doi=10.1177/0975087814411129|s2cid=155823080}}
*{{cite book|last=Vandewalle|first=Dirk|title=A History of Modern Libya|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-61554-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernl0000vand}}
*{{cite book|last=Vandewalle|first=Dirk |chapter=Libya in the New Millennium |date=2008a |editor-last=Vandewalle|editor-first=Dirk|title=Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi's Revolution Revisited|location=Basingstoke, England|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|pages=215–237|doi=10.1007/978-0-230-61386-7_10|isbn=978-0-230-33750-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Vandewalle|first=Dirk |chapter=Libya's Revolution in Perspective 1969–2000 |date=2008b |editor-last=Vandewalle|editor-first=Dirk|title=Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi's Revolution Revisited|location=Basingstoke, England|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|pages=9–53|doi=10.1007/978-0-230-61386-7_2|isbn=978-0-230-33750-3}}
*{{cite journal|last=Zoubir|first=Yahia H.|year=2009|title=Libya and Europe: Economic Realism at the Rescue of the Qaddafi Authoritarian Regime|journal=Journal of Contemporary European Studies|volume=17|issue=3|pages=401–415|doi=10.1080/14782800903339354|s2cid=153625134}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:Muammar al-Gaddafi|b=no|n=Category:Muammar al-Gaddafi|q=Muammar Gaddafi|v=no|d=Q19878|voy=no|s=yes}}

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGm492qVEzA Torture and assassination of Gaddaffi] – ABC News video
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121126093043/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552527 U.S. Policy Towards Qaddafi] from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120312181034/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]
* {{Aljazeeratopic|person/muammar-gaddafi}}
* {{BBC Online|id=news/world-africa-12688033|title=The Muammar Gaddafi story}}
* {{Guardian topic}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/q/muammar_el_qaddafi}}
* {{YouTube|S6JaxKsK8Q0|2009 UN Security council speech from Al jazeera (English)}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off
}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Idris of Libya|Idris]]
| as = King of Libya
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya|Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya]]
| years = 1969–1977
}}
{{s-aft
| after = Himself
| as = Secretary General of the General People's Congress of Libya
}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Prime Minister of Libya]]
| years = 1970–1972
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Abdessalam Jalloud]]
}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef
| before = Himself
| as = Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Secretary General of the General People's Congress of Libya|Secretary General of the General People's Congress of Libya]]
| years = 1977–1979
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Abdul Ati al-Obeidi]]
}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-new|office
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution|Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution of Libya]]
| years = 1977–2011
}}
{{s-aft
| after = Position abolished
}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Jakaya Kikwete]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chairperson of the African Union]]
| years = 2009–2010
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Bingu wa Mutharika]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Muammar Gaddafi|state=expanded}}
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[[Category:Torturers]]

Susila Bonnerjee

2026-03-23T20:00:09Z

Mohammedsajib: Created!

{{Short description|Indian medical doctor and suffragist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Dr
| death_date = 25 September 1920 (aged 48)
| death_place = [[Lahore]], British India
| education = Croyden High School
| alma_mater = [[Newnham College, Cambridge]], [[London School of Medicine for Women]]
| occupation = doctor, educator and suffragist
| employer = [[Royal Free Hospital]], [[Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women]]
| organization = Indian Women’s Education Association, [[Church League for Women's Suffrage]]
| father = [[Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee]]
}}

[[File:Susie-Bonnerjee-NC-1881.jpg|thumb|Seated third from left is Dr Susila Bonnerjee at a meeting of the [[Church League for Women's Suffrage|Church League for Women's Suffrage]] in Brighton, 1913. Newnham College archives, Cambridge.|310x310px]]
'''Susila Anita Bonnerjee''' (died 25 September 1920) was a medical doctor, educator and suffragist who advocated for women's education and health in England and India in the late 1800s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Susila Anita Bonnerjee|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/taxonomy/term/291/janaki-agnes-penelope-majumdar|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-15|website=Making Britain: Croyden}}</ref>

== Life and education ==
Bonnerjee was born to [[Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee]] (a founder and the first president of the [[Indian National Congress]]) and Hemangini Motilal. She was one of six children (four sisters and two brothers), and was educated and lived primarily in [[Croydon]], [[England]], where her parents owned a home. They travelled frequently to their ancestral home in [[Kolkata]] as well.<ref name=":0" /> She died in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] (then part of [[British Raj|British India]]), in 1920.<ref name=":0" />

== Education and career ==
Bonnerjee was educated at the [[Croydon High School]] for Girls, and later attended [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Newnham College]], [[Cambridge]], where she studied the natural sciences.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Newly-discovered photograph highlights the role of Indian suffragists – Newnham's Dr Susila Bonnerjee (NC 1891) |url=https://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/newnham-news/newly-discovered-photograph-highlights-the-role-of-indian-suffragists-newnhams-dr-susila-bonnerjee-nc-1891/ |access-date=2020-10-15 |website=Newnham College}}</ref> She went on to study medicine at the [[London School of Medicine for Women]],<ref name=":2" /> and earned an M.B. degree in 1899.<ref name=":1" /> Bonnerjee was one of a small group of Indian women (including [[Rukhmabai]], [[Alice Maude Sorabji Pennell|Alice Sorabji]], and [[Merbai Ardesir Vakil|Merbai Vakil]]) who trained in medicine in England in the 1800s, later returning to India to help establish the medical profession for women and to open educational institutions for women's education.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Burton|first1=Antoinette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cML3XpbOucC&dq=Susila+Bonnerjee&pg=PA170|title=Empire in Question: Reading, Writing, and Teaching British Imperialism|last2=Sinha|first2=Mrinalini|last3=Bayly|first3=C. A.|date=2011-05-03|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4902-0|location=|pages=170|language=en}}</ref>

Bonnerjee initially practiced medicine at the [[Royal Free Hospital]]. She later moved back to her familial home in Kolkata, India, and worked in Delhi, at Cambridge Mission Hospital.<ref name=":0" /> Her sister Janaki has recorded in her memoirs that Bonnerjee was the only available doctor at her mission station during a plague epidemic, and that the strain of treating patients in this time affected her own health.<ref name=":1" /> Facing objections from her family over her desire to establish her own practice, she returned to Cambridge in 1906, but was unable to establish an independent practice there either, frequently encountering incidents of racism and harassment that were recorded by her sister Janaki in a family history.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Janaki Agnes Penelope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Janaki+Majumdar+family+history|title=Family History|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566360-0|language=en}}</ref> Bonnerjee later joined the [[Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women|Balfour Laboratory]] at Newnham College, where she conducted research and taught physiology to students at [[Girton College, Cambridge|Girton]] and Newnham Colleges.<ref name=":0" />

In 1911, Bonnerjee was elected the president of a private organisation named the Indian Women's Education Association, and worked to raise funds to help educate Indian women in England. She was also active in the [[Women's suffrage|suffragist]] movement in England, and in 1913, she became a branch president of the [[Church League for Women's Suffrage|Church League for Women's Suffrage]] in [[Ealing]], [[England]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unearthed photograph highlights important role of Indian suffragettes|url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2019/g-July-2019/Unearthed-photograph-highlights-important-role-of-Indian-suffragettes.aspx|access-date=2020-10-15|website=London School of Economics and Political Science|date=July 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

During World War I, she was given a temporary post as Home Surgeon in a hospital in Bristol.<ref name=":1" />

Bonnerjee continued to travel between India and England to teach medicine and raise funds for women's education until her death in [[Lahore]] in 1920,<ref name=":0" /> when she was 48 years old.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8g7AQAAMAAJ&q=Susila+Bonnerjee |title=The Late Miss Susila Anita Bonnerjee |date=1920 |work=Britain and India |volume=1 |pages=360 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bonnerjee, Susila}}
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women medical researchers]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian suffragists]]
[[Category:British suffragists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge]]

Reddy

2026-03-19T21:45:09Z

Mohammedsajib: fixed issues

{{short description|Hindu agrarian caste in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana}}
{{Other uses}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name= Reddy
|classification=[[Forward caste]]
|country= [[India]]
|region= [[South India]]
|populated_states= '''Major'''{{ubl|[[Andhra Pradesh]]|[[Telangana]]}} '''Minor''' {{ubl|[[Karnataka]]|[[Kerala]]|[[Odisha]]|[[Tamil Nadu]]|[[Maharashtra]]}}
|religions = [[Hinduism]]
| languages = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|original_kingdom = [[Reddi Kingdom]]
|ethnicity=[[Telugu people|Telugu]]}}

'''Reddy'''{{efn|{{IPA|te|ɾeɖːi}}}} (also [[Hunterian transliteration|transliterated]] as '''Reddi''' or '''Raddi'''; also known as '''Reddiar''' or '''Reddappa''') is a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Hindu]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] predominantly found in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] in [[South India]]. They are classified as a [[forward caste]].

The origin of the Reddy caste has been linked to the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]], although opinions vary. They were feudal overlords and peasant proprietors.<ref name="Frykenberg1965">{{cite book |first=Robert Eric |last=Frykenberg |title=Guntur district, 1788–1848: A History of Local Influence and Central Authority in South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUs1AQAAIAAJ |year=1965|publisher=Clarendon Press |page=275}}</ref><ref name="Subrahmanyam1975">{{cite book|author=Y. Subhashini Subrahmanyam|title=Social change in village India: an Andhra case study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JiruAAAAIAAJ|access-date=25 July 2011|year=1975|publisher=Prithvi Raj Publishers|page=75}}</ref> Historically they have been the land-owning aristocracy of the villages.<ref name="Ludden1999">{{cite book|author=David E. Ludden|title=An Agrarian History of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPXMdM0FShUC&pg=PA245 |year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-36424-9 |page=91}}</ref><ref name="Lohia1964">{{cite book |first=Rammanohar |last=Lohia |title=The Caste System |url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=7isSTpjDDInsrAfbz_SHBA |year=1964 |publisher=Navahind |pages=93–94, 103, 126}}</ref><ref name="Leonard2007">{{cite book|author=Karen Isaksen Leonard|title=Locating home: India's Hyderabadis abroad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC&pg=PA131|year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2|page=131}}</ref> Traditionally, they were a diverse community of merchants and cultivators.<ref name="Frykenberg1965"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Burton |last=Stein |author-link=Burton Stein |title=Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=80 |year=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |page=80}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Bruce L. |last=Robert |title=Agrarian Organization and Resource Distribution in South India: Bellary District 1800–1979 |url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=pRctTrjxL4fsrQe6l4SyDQ |year=1982 |publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison |page=88}}</ref> Their prowess as rulers and warriors is well documented in Telugu history.<ref>{{cite book|first=Sanjay |last=Subrahmanyam |title=Penumbral Visions: Making Polities in Early Modern South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ju6z8PbTuAC&pg=PA100 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-11216-6 |page=100}}</ref>{{sfn|Talbot|2001|p=177}} The [[Reddi dynasty]] (1325–1448 CE) ruled [[Coastal Andhra|coastal]] and central Andhra for over a hundred years. Today they continue to be a politically and socio-economically dominant group in the Telugu states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Xiang|first=Biao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gri8CnmiUwC&pg=PA31|title=Global "Body Shopping": An Indian Labor System in the Information Technology Industry|date=2007|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-11852-9|pages=31|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Srinivasulu |first1=K. |title=Caste, Class and Social Articulation in Andhra Pradesh: Mapping Differential Regional Trajectories |date=January 2007 |publisher=Department of Political Science, [[Osmania University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nag |first1=Kingshuk |date=2013-07-30 |title=Rayala Telangana is a crude attempt to maintain Reddy dominance |newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/rayala-telangana-is-a-crude-attempt-to-maintain-reddy-dominance/articleshow/21475176.cms |access-date=2023-07-26}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The Telugu term "''Reddi''", whose earlier forms were "''Raddi''", "''Rattodi''", and "''Rattakudi''", linked to the Sanskrit term "''Rashtrakuta''", was used for village headmen, who were responsible for organising the cultivation of the agricultural lands of the villages and collecting taxes. From the seventh century, some of the members of the Rattakudi families had important posts in the administration of the kingdoms.{{sfn|Somasekhara Sarma|1946|pp=70–75}} A copperplate record mentioned the grandfather of the founder of the dynasty as a ''sainya-nayaka'', a commander of the forces.{{sfn|Somasekhara Sarma|1946|pp=66–67}}

==Origin theories==
According to [[Alain Daniélou]] and Kenneth Hurry, the Rashtrakuta and Reddi dynasties may both have been descended from the earlier dynasty of the Rashtrikas.<ref name="DaniélouHurry2003">{{cite book|first1=Alain |last1=Daniélou |author-link1=Alain Daniélou |first2=Kenneth |last2=Hurry |title=A Brief History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani |url-access=registration |year=2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-0-89281-923-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/114 114]}}</ref> This common origin is by no means certain: there is evidence suggesting that the Rashtrakuta line came from the [[Yadava]]s in northern India and also that they may simply have held a common title. Either of these alternative theories might undermine the claim to a connection between them and the Reddis.<ref name="Chopra2003">{{cite book |first=Pran Nath |last=Chopra |author-link=Pran Nath Chopra |title=A Comprehensive History of Ancient India |volume=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA202|year=2003|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-2503-4 |page=202}}</ref>

==Varna status==
The [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] designation of Reddys is a contested and complex topic. Even after the introduction of the varna concept to [[South India]], caste boundaries in South India were not as marked as in [[North India]], where the four-tier varna system placed the priestly [[Brahmin]]s on top followed by the [[Kshatriyas]], [[Vaishyas]], and [[Shudras]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023|reason= The four-tier varna system wass contested everywhere in India by brahmins}}

In South India, on the other hand, there existed only three distinguishable classes, the [[Brahmins]], the non-Brahmins and the [[Dalit]]s. The two intermediate [[dvija]] varnas—the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas—did not exist.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ayesha |last=Jalal |title=Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNJHlFTPBT0C&pg=PA204 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-47862-5 |page=204}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Jean Alphonse |last=Bernard |title=From Raj to the Republic: A Political History of India, 1935–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dP9tAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Har Anand Publications |page=37|isbn=9788124107669 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=M. P. |last=Joseph |title=Legitimately Divided: Towards a Counter Narrative of the Ethnographic History of Kerala Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNLYAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Christava Sahitya Samithi |isbn=978-81-7821-040-7 |page=62}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Tapan |last1=Raychaudhuri |first2=Irfan |last2=Habib |author-link2=Irfan Habib |first3=Dharma |last3=Kumar |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: c.1200–c.1750 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 |year=1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |page=27}}</ref>

The [[dominant caste]]s of South India, such as Reddys and [[Nair]]s, held a status in society analogous to the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas of the north with the difference that religion did not sanctify them,<ref name="Lohia1964"/><ref name="Joseph2004">{{cite book|author=M. P. Joseph|title=Legitimately divided: towards a counter narrative of the ethnographic history of Kerala Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNLYAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Christava Sahitya Samithi|isbn=978-81-7821-040-7|page=62}}</ref><ref name="Shah2004">{{cite book |first=Ghanshyam |last=Shah |title=Caste and Democratic Politics in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aX-ZAEit4fgC |year=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-086-0 |page=83}}</ref> i.e. they were not accorded the status of Kshatriyas and Vaishyas by the Brahmins in the Brahmanical varna system.

Historically, land-owning castes like the Reddys have belonged to the regal ruling classes and are analogous to the Kshatriyas of the Brahmanical society.<ref name="Richman2001">{{cite book |first=Paula |last=Richman |title=Questioning Rāmāyaṇas: a South Asian tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C&pg=PA176 |year=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22074-4 |page=176}}</ref>
The Brahmins, on top of the hierarchical social order, viewed the ruling castes of the south like the Reddys, Nairs and [[Vellalar]]s as sat-Shudras meaning shudras of "true being". Sat-shudras are also known as clean shudras, upper shudras, pure or high-caste shudras.<ref name="Hudson2000">{{cite book|author=D. Dennis Hudson |title=Protestant origins in India: Tamil Evangelical Christians, 1706–1835 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZ2jw_npdyoC&pg=PA77 |year=2000|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4721-8|page=77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Alyssa |last1=Ayres |first2=Philip |last2=Oldenburg |title=India Briefing: Quickening the Pace of Change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJI3jApnTI8C&pg=PA138 |year=2002 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-0813-0|page=138}}</ref> This classification and the four-tier varna concept was never accepted by the ruling castes.<ref name="Krishnan-Kutty1999">{{cite book|author=G. Krishnan-Kutty|title=The political economy of underdevelopment in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTlMi4a6Ct8C&pg=PA172|year=1999|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-107-6|page=172}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=G. |last=Krishnan-Kutty |title=Peasantry in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyRZ7nmItsEC&pg=PA10 |year=1986 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-215-4|page=10}}</ref>

==History==

===Medieval history===

====Kakatiya period====
[[File:Kondavid-drug. Signed 'W.R.'.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Water colour painting – Kondavidu fort, Reddi Kingdom|left]]
During the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya period]], ''Reddi'', together with its variant ''Raddi'', was used as a status title (''gaurava-vachakamu''). The title broadly represented the category of village headmen irrespective of their hereditary background.{{sfn|Talbot, Pre-colonial India in Practice|2001|pp=55, 59}}

The [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] prince Prola I (c. 1052 to 1076) was referred to as "Prola Reddi" in an inscription.<ref name="Diskalkar1993">{{citation|last=Diskalkar|first=D. B.|title=Sanskrit and Prakrit Poets Known from Inscriptions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_gHAQAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Anandashram Samstha|page=122}} Quote: "Balasarasvati, author of an inscription dated S. 1135 [c. 1057 CE] had lived at the court of Prola Reddi, ruler of the same Kakatiya [dynasty]."</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Archaeological Survey of India |author-link=Archaeological Survey of India |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_9tAAAAMAAJ |year=2000|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=123}}</ref> After the Kakatiyas became independent rulers in their own right, various subordinate chiefs under their rule are known to have used the title Reddi.{{sfn|Talbot, Pre-colonial India in Practice|2001|p=98}} Reddi chiefs were appointed as generals and soldiers under the Kakatiyas. Some Reddis were among the feudatories of Kakatiya ruler Pratapa Rudra.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} During this time, some of the Reddis carved out feudal principalities for themselves. Prominent among them were the [[Munagala]] Reddi chiefs. Two inscriptions found in the [[Zamindar]]i of Munagala at Tadavayi, two miles west of Munagala—one dated 1300 CE, and the other dated 1306 CE show that the Munagala Reddi chiefs were feudatories to the Kakatiya dynasty. The inscriptions proclaim Annaya Reddi of Munagala as a chieftain of Kakatiya ruler Pratapa Rudra.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

The Reddi feudatories fought against attacks from the [[Delhi sultanate]] and defended the region from coming under the Turkic rule.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Giri S. |last1=Dikshit |first2=Saklespur |last2= Srikantaya |first3=Bi. Eṃ. Śrī. Smāraka |last3=Pratiṣṭhāna |title=Early Vijayanagara: Studies in its History & Culture: Proceedings of S. Srikantaya Centenary Seminar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGZuAAAAMAAJ&q=reddy |year=1988 |publisher=B.M.S. Memorial Foundation |page=131}}</ref> Eventually, the Sultanate invaded [[Warangal]] and captured Pratapa Rudra in 1323.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

====Reddi Kingdom====
{{Main|Reddi Kingdom}}

[[File:Upstairs at the palace, Kondapalli, Kistna District.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1|Palace ruins, Kondapalli fort, Reddi Kingdom]]

After the death of Pratapa Rudra in 1323 CE and the subsequent fall of the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya empire]], some Reddi chiefs became independent rulers. [[Reddi Kingdom#Prolaya Vema Reddi|Prolaya Vema Reddi]] proclaimed independence, establishing a "Reddi dynasty" based in [[Addanki]].<ref name="Rao1973">{{cite book|author=K. V. Narayana Rao|title=The emergence of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceofandhr00nara|url-access=registration|access-date=9 July 2011|year=1973|publisher=Popular Prakashan|page=[https://archive.org/details/emergenceofandhr00nara/page/4 4]}}</ref><ref name="Sriramamurti1972">{{cite book|author=P. Sriramamurti|title=Contribution of Andhra to Sanskrit literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GagPAAAAMAAJ |access-date=28 August 2011|year=1972|publisher=Andhra University|page=60}}</ref><ref name="DattaLal1992">{{cite book|author1=Amaresh Datta|author2=Mohan Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay-Zorgot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc5jAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|page=4637|isbn=9780836422832}}</ref> He had been part of a coalition of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] rulers who overthrew the "foreign" Turkic rulers of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="DattaLal1992"/>

The dynasty (1325–1448 CE) ruled coastal and central Andhra for over a hundred years.<ref name="Chopra1982">{{cite book|author=Pran Nath Chopra|title=Religions and communities of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=QQkKTszVGoPevwPmhZGWAw|access-date=4 July 2011|year=1982|publisher=Vision Books|page=136}}</ref><ref name="SarmaSōmaśēkharaśarma1948">{{cite book|author1=Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma|author2=Mallampalli Sōmaśēkharaśarma|title=History of the Reddi kingdoms (circa 1325 A.D. to circa 1448 A.D.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diYLAQAAIAAJ&q=reddi|access-date=8 July 2011|year=1948|publisher=Andhra University}}</ref>

====Vijayanagara period====
[[File:Vellorefort.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Vellore fort built by Bommi Reddi in the 16th century|left]]

The post-Kakatiya period saw the emergence of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] as well as the Reddi dynasty.<ref name="Sriramamurti1972"/> Initially, the two kingdoms were locked up in a territorial struggle for supremacy in the coastal region of Andhra. Later, they united and became allies against their common archrivals—the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani sultans]] and the Recherla Velamas of Rachakonda who had formed an alliance. This political alliance between Vijayanagara and the Reddi Kingdom was cemented further by a matrimonial alliance. [[Harihara II]] of Vijayanagara gave his daughter in marriage to [[Reddi Kingdom#Kataya Vema Reddi|Kataya Vema Reddi]]'s son Kataya. The Reddi rulers exercised a policy of annexation and invasion of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] (modern day [[Odisha]]). However, the [[suzerainty]] of Kalinga rulers was to be recognised. In 1443 CE, determined to put an end to the aggressions of the Reddi Kingdom, the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati]] ruler [[Kapilendradeva|Kapilendra]] of Kalinga formed an alliance with the Velamas and launched an attack on the Reddi Kingdom. [[Reddi Kingdom#Veerabhadra Reddi|Veerabhadra Reddi]] allied himself with Vijayanagara ruler [[Deva Raya II|Devaraya II]] and defeated Kapilendra. After the death of Devaraya II in 1446 CE, he was succeeded by his son, [[Mallikarjuna Raya]]. Overwhelmed by difficulties at home, Mallikarjuna Raya recalled the Vijayanagara forces from Rajahmundry. Veerabhadra Reddi died in 1448 CE. Seizing this opportunity, Kapilendra sent an army under the leadership of his son Hamvira into the Reddi Kingdom, took Rajahmundry and gained control of the Reddi Kingdom.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} The Gajapatis eventually lost control after the death of Kapilendra, and the territories of the former Reddi Kingdom came under the control of the Vijayanagara Empire.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Hermann |last1=Kulke |author-link1=Hermann Kulke |first2=Dietmar |last2= Rothermund |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A history of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|page=189}}</ref>

Later, Reddis became the military chieftains of the Vijayanagara rulers. They along with their private armies accompanied and supported the Vijayanagara army in the conquest of new territories. These chieftains were known by the title of [[Palaiyakkarar|Poligar]]s.<ref name="Reddy2003">{{cite book|author=A. Ranga Reddy|title=The State of Rayalaseema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g9T8UoCeO4C&pg=PA215|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-814-3|pages=215, 333}}</ref> The Reddi poligars were appointed to render military services in times of war, collect revenue from the populace and pay to the royal treasury. The chieftains exercised considerable autonomy in their respective provinces. The ancestors of the legendary [[Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy]] – who led an armed rebellion against the [[East India Company|British East India company]], were poligars.<ref name="Dept1992">{{cite book|author=Andhra Pradesh (India). District Gazetteers Dept|title=Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers: Kurnool |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rwYAAAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=State editor, District Gazetteers|page=55}}</ref> Reddis were historically dominant in the [[Rayalaseema]] region.<ref name="Mitra2004">{{cite book|author=Subrata Kumar Mitra|title=Political parties in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA105|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-96832-8|page=105}}</ref>

Once independent, the erstwhile chiefs of the Vijayanagara empire indulged in several internal squabbles for supremacy in their areas. This constant warring between powerful feudal warlords for fiefdoms and power manifests itself even in modern-day Rayalaseema in the form of a brutally violent phenomenon termed as “[[Rayalaseema#Factionism|factionalism]]”, "factional violence" or simply "faction".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Seshan in Kurnool |first=K. |last=Balagopal |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=29 |issue=30 |date=23 July 1994 |page=1905 |jstor=4401511 }}</ref>

===Modern history===
====Golkonda period====
During this period, Reddys ruled several "samsthanams" (tributary estates)<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu" /> in the [[Telangana]] area. They ruled as [[vassal]]s of [[Golkonda]] sultans. Prominent among them were Ramakrishna Reddy, Pedda Venkata Reddy and Immadi Venkata Reddy. In the 16th century, the Pangal fort situated in [[Mahbubnagar]] district of Andhra Pradesh was ruled by Veera Krishna Reddy. Immadi Venkata Reddy was recognised by the Golkonda sultan [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] as a regular provider of military forces to the Golkonda armies.<ref name="Cohen2002">{{cite book|author=Benjamin B. Cohen|title=Hindu rulers in a Muslim state L: Hyderabad, 1850–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qBrAAAAMAAJ&q=immadi+qutb+shah|access-date=20 July 2011|year=2002|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison|page=78}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=November 2014}} The [[Gadwal|Gadwal samsthanam]] situated in [[Mahbubnagar]] includes a fort built in 1710 CE by Raja Somtadari.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu">{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_127.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 12, page 121 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> Reddys continued to be chieftains, village policemen and tax collectors in the Telangana region, throughout the Golkonda rule.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

====British period====
One of the most prominent figures from the community during the British period is Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy. He challenged the British and led an armed rebellion against the [[East India Company|British East India company]] in 1846. He was finally captured and hanged in 1847. His uprising was one of the earlier rebellions against the British rule in India, as it was 10 years before the famous [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="Ramachandran2008">{{cite book|author=D. P. Ramachandran |title=Empire's First Soldiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q7EiZmcMPMC&pg=PA121|date=October 2008|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-0-9796174-7-8|page=121}}</ref>

Reddys were the [[landed gentry]] known as the [[deshmukh]]s and part of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam of Hyderabad's]] administration.<ref name="Chhotray2011">{{cite book|author=Vasudha Chhotray|title=The Anti-Politics Machine in India: State, Decentralization and Participatory Watershed Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx1N6tyVXtwC&pg=PA96|year=2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-767-0|page=96}}</ref> The Reddy landlords styled themselves as ''Desais'', ''Doras'' and ''Patel''. Several Reddys were noblemen in the court of Nizam [[Nawab]]s and held many high positions in the Nizam's administrative set up. Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy was made [[Kotwal]] of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in 1920 CE during the reign of the seventh Nizam [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII]]. Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy was the first Hindu to be made kotwal of Hyderabad as in the late 19th and early 20th century, during the Islamic rule of the Nizams, the powerful position of Kotwal was held only by Muslims. His tenure lasted almost 14 years and he commanded great respect among the public for his outstanding police administration.<ref name="Bawa1992">{{cite book|author=Basant K. Bawa|title=The last Nizam: the life and times of Mir Osman Ali Khan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h45uAAAAMAAJ&q=raja+bahadur+reddy |access-date=21 July 2011|year=1992|publisher=Viking|pages=120–121|isbn=9780670839971}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hyderabadpolice.gov.in/Main/AboutUs.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206002744/http://hyderabadpolice.gov.in/Main/AboutUs.htm |url-status=dead |title=Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy | Hyderabad Police online portal|archive-date=6 February 2015}}</ref>

Several Reddys were at the forefront of the anti-Nizam movement. In 1941, communist leaders [[Raavi Narayana Reddy]] and [[Baddam Yella Reddy]] transformed the [[Andhra Mahasabha]] into an anti-Nizam united mass militant organisation and led an armed struggle against the Nizam's regime.<ref name="Sundarayya2006">{{cite book | author=Puccalapalli Sundarayya| title=Telangana People's Struggle and Its Lessons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPjIh1G0TmcC&pg=PA12| year=2006| publisher=Foundation Books| isbn=978-81-7596-316-0| page=12}}</ref>

====Reddy States (Zamindaris & Samsthanams)====
{{anchor|List of Reddy dynasties and states}}
[[File:Maharani AdhilaxmiDevamma.JPG|right|thumb|upright=1|Maharani Adhilaxmi Devamma]]
[[File:Wanaparthy palace.JPG|right|thumb|upright=1|Wanaparthy Samsthanam's Palace]]
[[File:Domakonda Temple Side View.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1|Temple in Domakonda Fort]]

During the [[Medieval India|medieval]] and later feudal/[[British India|colonial]] periods, many parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]] were ruled as sovereign or [[princely state]]s by various dynasties of Reddy community.

Some of the prominent Reddy [[zamindar]]is (samsthanams):
*[[Atmakur, Wanaparthy|Atmakur]] Amarchinta Samsthanam, Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telangana360.com/2016/11/atmakur-amarchinta-samsthan.html|title=Atmakur Amarchinta Samsthan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahabubnagar.telangana.gov.in/history/samsthans/|title=Samsthans | Mahabubnagar District, Telangana | India}}</ref>
* [[Domakonda]] Samsthanam, Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telanganauniversity.ac.in/abouttu_originhistory_nizamabadcity.html|title=Telangana University|website=www.telanganauniversity.ac.in}}</ref><ref name="Sekaram1973"/>
*[[Gadwal Samsthanam]], Telangana;<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> —Raja Somasekhar Ananda Reddy or Somanadri<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/><ref name="Sekaram1973">{{cite book|author=Kandavalli Balendu Sekaram|title=The Andhras through the ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzduAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Sri Saraswati Book Depot|page=34}}</ref>
* [[Munagala]]—Gurlapaty clan<ref name="Mackenzie1990">{{cite book|author=Gordon Mackenzie|title=A manual of the Kistna district in the presidency of Madras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=430nAMZz8LwC&pg=PA10|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0544-2|pages=9,10,224-}}</ref> Samsthanam, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
*[[Wanaparthy Samsthanam]] (originally known as Sugur), Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wanaparthy.telangana.gov.in/history/|title=History | Wanaparthy District | India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telangana360.com/2016/11/wanaparthy-history.html|title=Wanaparthy History}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_361.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 24, page 355 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> Founded by Veera Krishna Reddy<ref name="Cohen2002"/><ref name="(India)Sivasankaranarayana1976">{{cite book |author1=Andhra Pradesh (India)|author2=Bh Sivasankaranarayana|title=Andhra Pradesh district gazetteers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDJuAAAAMAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Printed by the Director of Print. and Stationery at the Govt. Secretariat Press|page=39,40}}</ref>

==Modernity==
{{further|Reddy (surname)}}
The Reddy caste has been politically dominant prior to the formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1956 and afterwards.<ref>{{Citation|last=PrincetonPIIRS|title=Dominant Caste and Territory in South India|date=2013-11-13|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vBvExh7-QY&feature=youtu.be |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/_vBvExh7-QY |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|access-date=2016-08-11}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Reddys are classified as a Forward Caste in modern India's [[Reservation in India|positive discrimination]] system<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andhraelections.in/castes/ |title=Castes - Andhra (AP) Elections: News & Results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104215109/http://www.andhraelections.in/castes |archive-date=2012-01-04}}</ref> and a politically dominant community in telugu regions of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, their rise having dated from the early 20th century of [[British Raj]] and [[History of India (1947-present)|Post Independence]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Caste, Class and Social Articulation in Andhra Pradesh: Mapping Differential Regional Trajectories |first=K. |last=Srinivasulu |date=September 2002 |publisher=Overseas Development Institute |location=London |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/working-papers/179-caste-class-social-articulation-andhra-pradesh-india.pdf |access-date=30 March 2013 |page=3 |archive-date=27 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327033904/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/working-papers/179-caste-class-social-articulation-andhra-pradesh-india.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Somasekhara Sarma |first=Mallampalli |title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (Circa. 1325 A.D., to circa. 144B A.D.) |publisher=Andhra University |location=Waltair |year=1946 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32066 |via=archive.org}}
* {{citation |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |title=Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19803-123-9 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C |ref={{sfnref|Talbot, Pre-colonial India in Practice|2001}}}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=[[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar]] |first=K. A. Nilakanta |last=Sastri |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1958 |isbn=0195606868}}

[[Category:Agricultural castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social groups of Telangana]]
[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

Caloptilia megalotis

2026-03-15T21:16:01Z

Mohammedsajib: new info.

{{Short description|Species of moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Caloptilia megalotis
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1908)<ref>[http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Caloptilia_megalotis Australian Faunal Directory]</ref>
| synonyms ={{Specieslist
|Gracilaria megalotis|Meyrick, 1908
}}
}}

'''''Caloptilia megalotis''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Gracillariidae]]. It is known from [[New South Wales]], Australia and [[Meghalaya]], India.<ref>[http://www.gracillariidae.net/species_by_code/CALOMEGA Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera)]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5023478}}

[[Category:Caloptilia|megalotis]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths of Australia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1908]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Caloptilia-stub}}

2020 United States presidential election in Indiana

2026-03-05T21:48:01Z

Mohammedsajib: typo fix

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Main|2020 United States presidential election}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{use American English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2020 United States presidential election in Indiana
| country = Indiana
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| college_voted = yes
| previous_election = 2016 United States presidential election in Indiana
| previous_year = 2016
| election_date = November 3, 2020
| next_election = 2024 United States presidential election in Indiana
| next_year = 2024
| turnout = 64.58%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indiana Election Results |url=https://enr.indianavoters.in.gov/archive/2020General/index.html|access-date=2025-02-09|language=en}}</ref> {{increase}}
| image_size = 200x200px
| last_update = Nov. 22, 2020, 1:38 AM
| time_zone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Indiana Election Results 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-indiana.html|work=The New York Times |date=November 3, 2020|access-date=November 5, 2020}}</ref>
| image1 = Donald Trump official portrait (cropped).jpg
| nominee1 = '''[[Donald Trump]]'''
| party1 = Republican Party (United States)
| home_state1 = [[Florida]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[Mike Pence]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = '''11'''
| popular_vote1 = '''1,729,857'''
| percentage1 = '''57.03%'''
| image2 = Joe Biden presidential portrait (cropped).jpg
| nominee2 = [[Joe Biden]]
| party2 = Democratic Party (United States)
| home_state2 = [[Delaware]]
| running_mate2 = [[Kamala Harris]]
| electoral_vote2 = 0
| popular_vote2 = 1,242,498
| percentage2 = 40.96%
| map_image = {{Switcher
| [[File:Indiana Presidential Election Results 2020.svg|180px]]
| County results
| [[File:IN-20-pres-districts.svg|180px]]
| Congressional district results
| [[File:IN President 2020.svg|180px]]
| Precinct results
}}
| map_caption = {{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Trump'''
{{legend|#F2B3BE|40–50%}}
{{legend|#E27F90|50–60%}}
{{legend|#CC2F4A|60–70%}}
{{legend|#D40000|70–80%}}
{{legend|#AA0000|80–90%}}
{{legend|#800000|90–100%}}
{{col-2}}
'''Biden'''
{{legend|#B9D7FF|40–50%}}
{{legend|#86B6F2|50–60%}}
{{legend|#4389E3|60–70%}}
{{legend|#1666CB|70–80%}}
{{legend|#0645B4|80–90%}}
{{legend|#002B84|90–100%}}
{{col-3}}
'''Tie/No Data'''
{{legend|#D4C4DC}}
{{legend|#808080}}
{{col-end}}
| title = President
| before_election = [[Donald Trump]]
| before_party = Republican Party (United States)
| after_election = [[Joe Biden]]
| after_party = Democratic Party (United States)
}}
{{Elections in Indiana sidebar}}
A [[United States presidential election|presidential election]] was held in [[Indiana]] on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the [[2020 United States presidential election]] in which all 50 states plus the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] participated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-elections-key-dates-midterms-2020-presidential-house-congress-senate-a8472821.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011326/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-elections-key-dates-midterms-2020-presidential-house-congress-senate-a8472821.html |archive-date=2018-08-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=US elections key dates: When are the 2018 midterms and the 2020 presidential campaign?|last=Kelly|first=Ben|date=August 13, 2018|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref> [[Indiana]] voters chose electors to represent them in the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] via a popular vote, pitting the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]'s nominee, incumbent President [[Donald Trump]], and running mate [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Mike Pence]] against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] nominee, former vice president [[Joe Biden]], and his running mate California senator [[Kamala Harris]]. Indiana has 11 electoral votes in the Electoral College.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/allocation.html|title=Distribution of Electoral Votes|website=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref>

Indiana was the home state of Pence, who served as [[Governor of Indiana]] from 2013 to 2017. Pence retained a 59% approval among voters in his home state.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-03|title=Indiana Voter Surveys: How Different Groups Voted|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/ap-polls-indiana.html|access-date=2020-11-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On the day of the election, most news organizations considered Indiana a state Trump would win, or a likely [[Red states and blue states|red state]]. Trump won Indiana by 57% to Biden's 41%, a slight increase in his vote share from [[2016 United States presidential election in Indiana|2016]], but a reduction in his margin of victory.

This election marked the first time since [[1952 United States presidential election in Indiana|1952]] and only the third time since [[1888 United States presidential election in Indiana|1888]] that [[Vigo County, Indiana|Vigo County]], home to [[Terre Haute]] and a significant [[List of election bellwether counties in the United States|bellwether county]], voted for the losing candidate in a presidential election. Biden subsequently became the first presidential nominee of either party since [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] in [[1952 United States presidential election in Indiana|1952]], and the first Democrat since [[Grover Cleveland]] in [[1884 United States presidential election in Indiana|1884]] to win the presidency without carrying Vigo County.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=County winners, 1836-2016|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ZmDRzvm83BYurKX7LsrET-C7tcIsE5Em42Wt-gTydXk/edit?usp=embed_facebook|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Google Docs}}</ref>

Biden flipped [[Tippecanoe County, Indiana|Tippecanoe County]],<ref name="flip">{{Cite news |date=March 17, 2021 |title=Counties that flipped from Donald Trump to Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election |work=[[The Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts)|The Republican]] |url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2021/03/counties-that-flipped-from-donald-trump-to-joe-biden-in-the-2020-presidential-election.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104034534/https://www.masslive.com/politics/2021/03/counties-that-flipped-from-donald-trump-to-joe-biden-in-the-2020-presidential-election.html |archive-date=January 4, 2025}}</ref> home to [[Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette]] and [[Purdue University]], from Republican to Democratic, marking the first time since [[1936 United States presidential election in Indiana|1936]] that the county voted against Indiana's statewide winner. Biden also became the first Democrat since [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|FDR]] in [[1944 United States presidential election in Indiana|1944]] to win without carrying traditionally Democratic [[Perry County, Indiana|Perry County]] in Southern Indiana. Biden was also the first Democrat to win without LaPorte County since 1976.

==Primary elections==
The primary elections were held on June 2, 2020.

===Republican primary===
[[Donald Trump]] won the Republican primary, and received all of the state's 58 delegates to the [[2020 Republican National Convention]].<ref name="GP-GOP">{{cite web|title=Indiana Republican Delegation 2020|url=https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P20/IN-R|publisher=The Green Papers|access-date=June 3, 2020}}</ref>

===Democratic primary===
{{excerpt|2020 Indiana Democratic presidential primary|fragment=Results}}

===Libertarian nominee===
The [[2020 Libertarian National Convention]] was held on May 22–24, 2020, selecting [[Jo Jorgensen]], Psychology Senior Lecturer at Clemson University, as their presidential nominee.

===Green primary===
The Green primary was held on May 1–31, 2020, with mail-in ballots being post marked no later than June 1, 2020, and results being published by June 14, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greenpartyin.com/resources/2020-presidential-primary-voting|publisher=Indiana Green Party|title=2020 Presidential Primary Voting|access-date=April 28, 2020}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==General election==
===Predictions===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Source
!Ranking
!As of
|-
| align="left" |[[The Cook Political Report]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cookpolitical.com/sites/default/files/2020-03/EC%20030920.4.pdf|title=2020 POTUS Race ratings|website=The Cook Political Report|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref>
|{{USRaceRating|Likely|R}}
|October 6, 2020
|-
| align="left" |[[Stuart Rothenberg|Inside Elections]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insideelections.com/ratings/president|title=POTUS Ratings {{!}} Inside Elections|website=insideelections.com|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref>
|{{USRaceRating|Safe|R}}
|October 6, 2020
|-
| align="left" |[[Sabato's Crystal Ball]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/2020-president/|title=Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball » 2020 President|website=crystalball.centerforpolitics.org|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref>
|{{USRaceRating|Likely|R}}
|October 6, 2020
|-
| align="left" |[[Politico]]<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.politico.com/2020-election/race-forecasts-and-predictions/president/ |title=2020 Election Forecast|date=November 19, 2019 |publisher=[[Politico]]}}</ref>
|{{USRaceRating|Safe|R}}
|October 6, 2020
|-
| align="left" |[[RealClearPolitics|RCP]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2020/president/2020_elections_electoral_college_map.html|title=Battle for White House|date=April 19, 2019 |publisher=[[RealClearPolitics|RCP]]}}</ref>
|{{USRaceRating|Lean|R}}
|October 6, 2020
|-
| align="left" |[[Niskanen Center|Niskanen]]<ref name="niskanen">[https://www.niskanencenter.org/bitecofer-post-primary-update/ 2020 Bitecofer Model Electoral College Predictions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423025500/https://www.niskanencenter.org/bitecofer-post-primary-update/ |date=April 23, 2020 }}, [[Niskanen Center]], March 24, 2020, retrieved: April 19, 2020.</ref>
|{{USRaceRating|Safe|R}}
|October 6, 2020
|-
| align="left" |[[CNN]]<ref>{{Cite web|author1=David Chalian |author2=Terence Burlij|title=Road to 270: CNN's debut Electoral College map for 2020|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/11/politics/electoral-college-2020-election/index.html|access-date=2020-06-16|website=CNN|date=June 11, 2020 }}</ref>
|{{USRaceRating|Safe|R}}
|October 6, 2020
|-
| align="left" |[[The Economist]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Forecasting the US elections |url=https://projects.economist.com/us-2020-forecast/president |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=July 7, 2020}}</ref>
|{{USRaceRating|Safe|R}}
|October 6, 2020
|-
| align="left" |[[CBS News]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/2020-us-election-battleground-tracker/|title=2020 Election Battleground Tracker|website=CBS News|date=July 12, 2020|access-date=July 13, 2020}}</ref>
|{{USRaceRating|Likely|R}}
|October 6, 2020
|-
| align="left" |[[270towin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.270towin.com/|title=2020 Presidential Election Interactive Map|website=270 to Win}}</ref>
|{{USRaceRating|Safe|R}}
|October 6, 2020
|-
| align="left" |[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/2020-Electoral-Interactive-Map?basemap=71662160&promoref=brandpromo|title=ABC News Race Ratings|website=CBS News|date=July 24, 2020|access-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref>
|{{USRaceRating|Safe|R}}
|October 6, 2020
|-
| align="left" |[[NPR]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Electoral Map Ratings: Trump Slides, Biden Advantage Expands Over 270 Votes|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/08/03/897202359/2020-electoral-map-ratings-trump-slides-biden-advantage-expands-over-270-votes|access-date=2020-08-03|website=NPR}}</ref>
|{{USRaceRating|Likely|R}}
|October 6, 2020
|-
| align="left" |[[NBC News]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden dominates the electoral map, but here's how the race could tighten|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/biden-dominates-electoral-map-here-s-how-race-could-tighten-n1236001|access-date=2020-08-06|website=NBC News|date=August 6, 2020 }}</ref>
|{{USRaceRating|Likely|R}}
|October 6, 2020
|-
| align="left" |[[FiveThirtyEight|538]]<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Election Forecast |url=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2020-election-forecast/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200812114512/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2020-election-forecast/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 12, 2020 |website=FiveThirtyEight |date=August 12, 2020 |access-date=August 14, 2020}}</ref>
|{{USRaceRating|Safe|R}}
|October 6, 2020
|}

===Polling===
<noinclude>

====Graphical summary====
{{Chart|definition=Opinion polling for the 2020 United States presidential election in Indiana.chart|data=Opinion polling for the 2020 United States presidential election in Indiana.tab|Width=700}}
</noinclude>

====Aggregate polls====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:17px"
!Source of poll aggregation
!Dates administered
!Dates updated
! class="unsortable" |[[Joe Biden|Joe Biden]] {{nobold|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]}}
! class="unsortable" | [[Donald Trump|Donald Trump]] {{nobold|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]}}
!class="unsortable" |[[Third-party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election|Other]]/ Undecided {{Efn|Calculated by taking the difference of 100% and all other candidates combined.|name=othercalc|group=}}
!Margin
|-
|[[270 to Win]]<ref>[https://www.270towin.com/2020-polls-biden-trump/indiana/ 270 to Win]</ref>
|October 14 - November 2, 2020
|November 3, 2020
|42.0%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''51.0%'''
|7.0%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''Trump +9.0'''
|-
|[[FiveThirtyEight]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200913090328/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/polls/president-general/indiana/ FiveThirtyEight]</ref>
|until November 2, 2020
|November 3, 2020
|42.0%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''52.9%'''
|5.1%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|{{hs|10.8}}'''Trump +10.8'''
|}

====Polls====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:17px"
! Poll source
! Date(s) administered
! Sample size{{efn|name=key|{{Polling Table Key}}}}
! Margin {{nowrap|of error}}
! class="unsortable" | [[Donald Trump|Donald Trump]] {{nobold|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]}}
! class="unsortable" |[[Joe Biden|Joe Biden]] {{nobold|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]}}
! class="unsortable" |[[Jo Jorgensen|Jo Jorgensen]] {{nobold|[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]]}}
! class="unsortable" |[[Third-party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election|Other]]
! class="unsortable" |Undecided
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[SurveyMonkey]]/[[Axios (website)|Axios]]<ref name="IN-SurveyMonkey/Axios">[https://www.tableau.com/data-insights/us-election-2020/candidate-preference SurveyMonkey/Axios]</ref>
|Oct 20 – Nov 2, 2020
|2,729 (LV)
|± 2.5%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''54%'''{{efn|Overlapping sample with the previous SurveyMonkey/Axios poll, but more information available regarding sample size}}
|44%
| –
| –
| –
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Swayable]]<ref>[https://www.swayable.com/polls/2020-11-02-large.html Swayable] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113073344/https://www.swayable.com/polls/2020-11-02-large.html |date=November 13, 2020 }}</ref>
|Oct 27 – Nov 1, 2020
|264 (LV)
|± 7.8%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''55%'''
|43%
|2%
| –
| –
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Morning Consult]]<ref>[https://morningconsult.com/form/2020-u-s-election-tracker/ Morning Consult]</ref>
|Oct 22–31, 2020
|1,147 (LV)
|± 3%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''53%'''
|42%
| –
| –
| –
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[SurveyMonkey]]/[[Axios (website)|Axios]]<ref name="IN-SurveyMonkey/Axios"/>
|Oct 1–28, 2020
|4,734 (LV)
| –
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''55%'''
|43%
| –
| –
| –
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Swayable]]<ref>[https://www.swayable.com/polls/2020-10-28.html Swayable]</ref>
|Oct 23–26, 2020
|301 (LV)
|± 7.4%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''53%'''
|42%
|5%
| –
| –
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Ragnar Research|Ragnar Research (R)]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201027120911/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/polls/20201026_IN_Ragnar.pdf Ragnar Research (R)]</ref>
|Oct 18–21, 2020
|529 (LV)
|± 4%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''48%'''
|40%
|5%
| –
|7%
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[SurveyUSA]]/[[Election Twitter]]<ref>[http://www.surveyusa.com/client/PollReport.aspx?g=b43d4853-1fb2-40f3-9d2d-9ccee830cd99 SurveyUSA/Election Twitter]</ref>
|Oct 10–13, 2020
|527 (LV)
| ± 5.2%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''49%'''
|42%
| –
|3%
|6%
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[SurveyMonkey]]/[[Axios (website)|Axios]]<ref name="IN-SurveyMonkey/Axios"/>
|Sep 1–30, 2020
|2,367 (LV)
| –
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''53%'''
|45%
|–
|–
|–
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Change Research]]/[[IndyPolitics]]<ref>[http://indypolitics.org/polling-positions-part-one/ Change Research/IndyPolitics]</ref>
| Sep 3–7, 2020
| 1,033 (LV)
| ± 3.1%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|'''53%'''
| 39%
| 5%
|–
|3%
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[SurveyMonkey]]/[[Axios (website)|Axios]]<ref name="IN-SurveyMonkey/Axios"/>
|Aug 1–31, 2020
|1,672 (LV)
| –
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''55%'''
|43%
|–
|–
|–
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Morning Consult]]<ref>[https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/2020/08/04/2020-elections-donald-trump-up-big-over-joe-biden-kentucky-poll-says/5577982002/ Morning Consult]</ref>
| Jul 24 – Aug 2, 2020{{efn|Additional data sourced from FiveThirtyEight}}
| 900 (LV)
| ± 3.5%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|'''55%'''
| 38%
|–
|–
|–
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[SurveyMonkey]]/[[Axios (website)|Axios]]<ref name="IN-SurveyMonkey/Axios"/>
|Jul 1–31, 2020
|2,175 (LV)
| –
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''56%'''
|43%
|–
|–
|–
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[SurveyMonkey]]/[[Axios (website)|Axios]]<ref name="IN-SurveyMonkey/Axios"/>
|Jun 8–30, 2020
|929 (LV)
| –
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''57%'''
|40%
|–
|–
|–
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Victoria Research]]/[[Tallian for Attorney General]]<ref>[https://www.slideshare.net/IndianaBarrister/karen-tallian-attorney-general-poll Victoria Research/Tallian for Attorney General]</ref>[https://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/elections/tallian-best-positioned-democrat-to-win-indiana-attorney-general-race-poll-finds/article_3208e96e-5678-584c-a81d-720ab4a22149.html]{{efn-ua|This poll is sponsored by Karen Tallian's campaign (D)}}
| May 21–23, 2020
| 894 (LV)
| ± 3.3%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|'''49%'''
| 39%
|–
|–
|–
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Indy Politics]]/[[Change Research]]<ref>[http://indypolitics.org/poll-positions-9/ Indy Politics/Change Research]</ref>
| Apr 10–13, 2020
| 1,021 (LV)
| ± 3.1%
| {{party shading/Republican}}| '''52%'''
| 39%
|–
| 5%
| 3%
|}

<noinclude>{{collapse top|1=Former candidates|left=yes|bg=#B0CEFF;line-height:135%;|border=none}}
'''Donald Trump vs. Elizabeth Warren'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"
|- valign=bottom style="font-size:90%;"
! Poll source
! Date(s) administered
! Sample size{{efn|name=key}}
! Margin {{nowrap|of error}}
! Donald Trump (R)
! Elizabeth Warren (D)
! Undecided
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Zogby Analytics]]<ref>[https://zogbyanalytics.com/news/792-the-zogby-poll-trump-approval-trump-vs-warren-in-11-states Zogby Analytics]</ref>
| Aug 17–23, 2017
| 603 (LV)
| ± 4.0%
| {{party shading/Republican}}| '''45%'''
| 39%
| 17%
|}
{{collapse bottom}}</noinclude>

===Results===
{{Election box begin|title=2020 United States presidential election in Indiana<ref name=FEC>{{Cite web |title=Federal Elections 2020 |url=https://www.fec.gov/documents/4227/federalelections2020.pdf |publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]] |date=October 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party (United States)
| candidate = [[Donald Trump]] (incumbent) [[Mike Pence]] (incumbent)
| votes = 1,729,857
| percentage = 57.03%
| change = {{increase}} 0.09%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| candidate = [[Joe Biden]] [[Kamala Harris]]
| votes = 1,242,498
| percentage = 40.96%
| change = {{increase}} 3.19%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Libertarian Party (United States)
| candidate = [[Jo Jorgensen]] [[Spike Cohen]]
| votes = 58,901
| percentage = 1.94%
| change = {{decrease}} 2.96%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Green Party (United States)
| candidate = [[Howie Hawkins]] (''write-in'') [[Angela Nicole Walker|Angela Walker]] (''write-in'')
| votes = 989
| percentage = 0.03%
| change = {{decrease}} 0.26%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = American Solidarity Party
| candidate = [[Brian T. Carroll]] (''write-in'') Amar Patel (''write-in'')
| votes = 895
| percentage = 0.03%
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box write-in with party link
| votes = 70
| percentage = 0.00%
| change = {{decrease}} 0.03%
}}
{{Election box total
| votes = 3,033,210
| percentage = 100.00%
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box end}}

====By county====
{{Update|part=County results|date=December 2024|reason=County results needs to be fixed, totals aren't accurate}}
{|width="60%" class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |County
! colspan="2" |Donald Trump Republican
! colspan="2" |Joe Biden Democratic
! colspan="2" |Various candidates Other parties
! colspan="2" |Margin
! rowspan="2" |Total
|-
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort-type="number" |#
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort-type="number" |%
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort-type="number" |#
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort-type="number" |%
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort-type="number" |#
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort-type="number" |%
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort-type="number" |#
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort-type="number" |%
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Adams County, Indiana|Adams]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |10,686
| {{party shading/Republican}} |75.05%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |3,236
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |22.73%
| {{party shading/Others}} |287
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.0%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,450
| {{party shading/Republican}} |52.43%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14,209
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Allen County, Indiana|Allen]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |92,083
| {{party shading/Republican}} |54.31%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |73,189
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |43.16%
| {{party shading/Others}} |4,288
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.53%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |18,894
| {{party shading/Republican}} |11.15%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |169,560
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Bartholomew County, Indiana|Bartholomew]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |22,410
| {{party shading/Republican}} |61.74%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |12,934
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |35.63%
| {{party shading/Others}} |956
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.63%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,476
| {{party shading/Republican}} |26.11%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |36,300
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Benton County, Indiana|Benton]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |3,007
| {{party shading/Republican}} |73.07%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |1,009
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |24.52%
| {{party shading/Others}} |99
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.41%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |1,998
| {{party shading/Republican}} |48.55%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,115
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Blackford County, Indiana|Blackford]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |3,841
| {{party shading/Republican}} |71.69%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |1,376
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |25.68%
| {{party shading/Others}} |141
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.63%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |2,465
| {{party shading/Republican}} |46.01%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |5,358
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Boone County, Indiana|Boone]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |22,351
| {{party shading/Republican}} |57.80%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |15,244
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |39.42%
| {{party shading/Others}} |1,073
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.78%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,107
| {{party shading/Republican}} |18.38%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |38,668
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Brown County, Indiana|Brown]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |5,777
| {{party shading/Republican}} |64.32%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |3,036
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |33.80%
| {{party shading/Others}} |168
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.88%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |2,741
| {{party shading/Republican}} |30.52%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,981
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Carroll County, Indiana|Carroll]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,086
| {{party shading/Republican}} |74.48%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,224
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |23.38%
| {{party shading/Others}} |204
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.14%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,862
| {{party shading/Republican}} |51.10%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,514
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Cass County, Indiana|Cass]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |10,552
| {{party shading/Republican}} |69.43%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |4,304
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |28.32%
| {{party shading/Others}} |342
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.25%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,248
| {{party shading/Republican}} |41.11%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |15,198
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Clark County, Indiana|Clark]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |33,668
| {{party shading/Republican}} |57.99%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |23,093
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |39.78%
| {{party shading/Others}} |1,296
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.23%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |10,575
| {{party shading/Republican}} |18.21%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |58,057
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Clay County, Indiana|Clay]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,499
| {{party shading/Republican}} |77.35%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,552
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |20.78%
| {{party shading/Others}} |220
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.87%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,947
| {{party shading/Republican}} |56.57%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |12,281
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Clinton County, Indiana|Clinton]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,334
| {{party shading/Republican}} |72.02%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |3,361
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |25.93%
| {{party shading/Others}} |266
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.05%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |5,973
| {{party shading/Republican}} |46.09%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |12,961
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Crawford County, Indiana|Crawford]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |3,483
| {{party shading/Republican}} |70.39%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |1,355
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |27.38%
| {{party shading/Others}} |110
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.23%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |2,128
| {{party shading/Republican}} |43.01%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,948
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Daviess County, Indiana|Daviess]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,576
| {{party shading/Republican}} |79.99%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,169
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |18.12%
| {{party shading/Others}} |226
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.89%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,407
| {{party shading/Republican}} |61.87%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |11,971
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dearborn County, Indiana|Dearborn]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |19,528
| {{party shading/Republican}} |76.78%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |5,446
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |21.41%
| {{party shading/Others}} |460
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.81%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14,082
| {{party shading/Republican}} |55.37%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |25,434
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Decatur County, Indiana|Decatur]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,575
| {{party shading/Republican}} |77.82%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,439
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |19.82%
| {{party shading/Others}} |290
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.36%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,136
| {{party shading/Republican}} |58.00%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |12,304
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[DeKalb County, Indiana|DeKalb]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14,237
| {{party shading/Republican}} |72.43%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |4,966
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |25.26%
| {{party shading/Others}} |453
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.31%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,271
| {{party shading/Republican}} |47.17%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |19,656
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Delaware County, Indiana|Delaware]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |26,827
| {{party shading/Republican}} |55.49%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |20,474
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |42.35%
| {{party shading/Others}} |1,041
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.16%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,353
| {{party shading/Republican}} |13.14%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |48,342
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Dubois County, Indiana|Dubois]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |15,033
| {{party shading/Republican}} |68.94%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |6,292
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |28.85%
| {{party shading/Others}} |481
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.21%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,741
| {{party shading/Republican}} |40.09%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |21,806
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Elkhart County, Indiana|Elkhart]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |46,972
| {{party shading/Republican}} |62.95%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |26,108
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |34.99%
| {{party shading/Others}} |1,538
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.06%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |20,864
| {{party shading/Republican}} |27.96%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |74,618
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Fayette County, Indiana|Fayette]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,755
| {{party shading/Republican}} |76.43%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,237
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |22.05%
| {{party shading/Others}} |154
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.52%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |5,518
| {{party shading/Republican}} |54.38%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |10,146
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Floyd County, Indiana|Floyd]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |23,400
| {{party shading/Republican}} |55.85%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |17,511
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |41.79%
| {{party shading/Others}} |988
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.36%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |5,889
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14.06%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |41,899
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Fountain County, Indiana|Fountain]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,154
| {{party shading/Republican}} |76.99%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |1,629
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |20.38%
| {{party shading/Others}} |210
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.63%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,525
| {{party shading/Republican}} |56.61%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,993
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Franklin County, Indiana|Franklin]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,691
| {{party shading/Republican}} |80.64%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,137
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |17.78%
| {{party shading/Others}} |190
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.58%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,554
| {{party shading/Republican}} |62.86%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |12,018
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Fulton County, Indiana|Fulton]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,694
| {{party shading/Republican}} |73.18%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,280
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |24.93%
| {{party shading/Others}} |173
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.89%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,414
| {{party shading/Republican}} |48.25%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,147
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Gibson County, Indiana|Gibson]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |11,817
| {{party shading/Republican}} |73.12%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |4,023
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |24.89%
| {{party shading/Others}} |321
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.99%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,794
| {{party shading/Republican}} |48.23%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |16,161
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Grant County, Indiana|Grant]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |18,543
| {{party shading/Republican}} |68.10%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |8,015
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |29.43%
| {{party shading/Others}} |672
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.47%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |10,528
| {{party shading/Republican}} |38.67%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |27,230
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Greene County, Indiana|Greene]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |11,103
| {{party shading/Republican}} |74.98%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |3,389
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |22.89%
| {{party shading/Others}} |315
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.13%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,714
| {{party shading/Republican}} |52.09%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14,807
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |101,587
| {{party shading/Republican}} |52.21%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |88,390
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |45.43%
| {{party shading/Others}} |4,600
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.36%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |13,197
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6.78%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |194,577
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Hancock County, Indiana|Hancock]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |28,996
| {{party shading/Republican}} |67.40%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |12,895
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |29.97%
| {{party shading/Others}} |1,129
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.63%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |16,101
| {{party shading/Republican}} |37.43%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |43,020
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14,565
| {{party shading/Republican}} |71.98%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |5,343
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |26.40%
| {{party shading/Others}} |328
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.62%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,222
| {{party shading/Republican}} |45.58%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |20,236
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |53,802
| {{party shading/Republican}} |60.65%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |32,604
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |36.76%
| {{party shading/Others}} |2,299
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.59%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |21,198
| {{party shading/Republican}} |23.89%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |88,705
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Henry County, Indiana|Henry]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |15,043
| {{party shading/Republican}} |71.43%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |5,544
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |26.32%
| {{party shading/Others}} |474
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.25%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,499
| {{party shading/Republican}} |45.11%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |21,061
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Howard County, Indiana|Howard]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |26,449
| {{party shading/Republican}} |65.10%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |13,303
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |32.74%
| {{party shading/Others}} |878
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.16%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |13,146
| {{party shading/Republican}} |32.36%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |40,630
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Huntington County, Indiana|Huntington]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |13,147
| {{party shading/Republican}} |73.57%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |4,255
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |23.81%
| {{party shading/Others}} |468
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.62%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,892
| {{party shading/Republican}} |49.76%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |17,870
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Jackson County, Indiana|Jackson]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14,555
| {{party shading/Republican}} |75.66%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |4,302
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |22.36%
| {{party shading/Others}} |381
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.98%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |10,253
| {{party shading/Republican}} |53.30%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |19,238
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Jasper County, Indiana|Jasper]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |11,383
| {{party shading/Republican}} |73.56%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |3,798
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |24.54%
| {{party shading/Others}} |294
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.90%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,585
| {{party shading/Republican}} |49.02%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |15,475
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Jay County, Indiana|Jay]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,361
| {{party shading/Republican}} |75.14%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |1,926
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |22.75%
| {{party shading/Others}} |179
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.11%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,435
| {{party shading/Republican}} |52.39%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,466
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Jefferson County, Indiana|Jefferson]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,663
| {{party shading/Republican}} |65.60%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |4,731
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |32.12%
| {{party shading/Others}} |336
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.28%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,932
| {{party shading/Republican}} |33.48%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14,730
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Jennings County, Indiana|Jennings]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,490
| {{party shading/Republican}} |77.29%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,523
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |20.55%
| {{party shading/Others}} |265
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.16%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,967
| {{party shading/Republican}} |56.74%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |12,278
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |51,219
| {{party shading/Republican}} |65.83%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |24,736
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |31.79%
| {{party shading/Others}} |1,847
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.38%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |26,483
| {{party shading/Republican}} |34.04%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |77,802
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Knox County, Indiana|Knox]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |11,655
| {{party shading/Republican}} |72.72%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |4,067
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |25.37%
| {{party shading/Others}} |306
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.91%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,588
| {{party shading/Republican}} |47.35%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |16,028
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Kosciusko County, Indiana|Kosciusko]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |26,499
| {{party shading/Republican}} |73.85%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |8,364
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |23.31%
| {{party shading/Others}} |1,021
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.84%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |18,135
| {{party shading/Republican}} |50.54%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |35,884
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[LaGrange County, Indiana|LaGrange]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,110
| {{party shading/Republican}} |76.14%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,355
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |22.11%
| {{party shading/Others}} |187
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.75%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |5,755
| {{party shading/Republican}} |54.03%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |10,652
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |91,760
| {{party shading/Republican}} |41.65%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |124,870
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |56.67%
| {{party shading/Others}} |3,700
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.68%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |-33,110
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |-15.02%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |220,330
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[LaPorte County, Indiana|LaPorte]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |25,997
| {{party shading/Republican}} |52.54%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |22,427
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |45.32%
| {{party shading/Others}} |1,059
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.14%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |3,570
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7.22%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |49,483
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Lawrence County, Indiana|Lawrence]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |15,601
| {{party shading/Republican}} |74.04%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |4,961
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |23.54%
| {{party shading/Others}} |509
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.42%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |10,640
| {{party shading/Republican}} |50.50%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |21,071
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Madison County, Indiana|Madison]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |31,215
| {{party shading/Republican}} |60.16%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |19,524
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |37.63%
| {{party shading/Others}} |1,151
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.21%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |11,691
| {{party shading/Republican}} |22.53%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |51,890
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |134,175
| {{party shading/Republican}} |34.30%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |247,772
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |63.35%
| {{party shading/Others}} |9,187
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.35%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |-113,597
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |-29.05%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |391,134
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Marshall County, Indiana|Marshall]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |13,844
| {{party shading/Republican}} |69.38%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |5,712
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |28.63%
| {{party shading/Others}} |397
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.99%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,132
| {{party shading/Republican}} |40.75%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |19,953
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Martin County, Indiana|Martin]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,029
| {{party shading/Republican}} |78.16%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |1,011
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |19.61%
| {{party shading/Others}} |115
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.23%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |3,018
| {{party shading/Republican}} |58.55%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |5,155
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Miami County, Indiana|Miami]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |10,925
| {{party shading/Republican}} |75.38%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |3,235
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |22.32%
| {{party shading/Others}} |333
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.30%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,690
| {{party shading/Republican}} |53.06%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14,493
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Monroe County, Indiana|Monroe]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |22,071
| {{party shading/Republican}} |34.95%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |39,861
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |63.12%
| {{party shading/Others}} |1,219
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.93%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |-17,790
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |-28.17%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |63,151
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Montgomery County, Indiana|Montgomery]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |12,659
| {{party shading/Republican}} |73.61%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |4,213
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |24.50%
| {{party shading/Others}} |326
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.89%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,446
| {{party shading/Republican}} |49.11%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |17,198
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Morgan County, Indiana|Morgan]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |27,512
| {{party shading/Republican}} |75.96%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |7,781
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |21.48%
| {{party shading/Others}} |928
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.56%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |19,731
| {{party shading/Republican}} |54.48%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |36,221
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Newton County, Indiana|Newton]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,942
| {{party shading/Republican}} |74.78%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |1,509
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |22.83%
| {{party shading/Others}} |158
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.39%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |3,433
| {{party shading/Republican}} |51.95%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,609
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Noble County, Indiana|Noble]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14,195
| {{party shading/Republican}} |73.87%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |4,660
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |24.25%
| {{party shading/Others}} |362
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.88%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,535
| {{party shading/Republican}} |49.62%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |19,217
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ohio County, Indiana|Ohio]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |2,392
| {{party shading/Republican}} |75.60%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |750
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |23.70%
| {{party shading/Others}} |22
| {{party shading/Others}} |0.70%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |1,642
| {{party shading/Republican}} |51.90%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |3,164
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Orange County, Indiana|Orange]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,432
| {{party shading/Republican}} |72.73%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,224
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |25.15%
| {{party shading/Others}} |188
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.12%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,208
| {{party shading/Republican}} |47.58%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,844
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Owen County, Indiana|Owen]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,286
| {{party shading/Republican}} |73.47%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,420
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |24.40%
| {{party shading/Others}} |211
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.13%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,866
| {{party shading/Republican}} |49.07%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,917
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Parke County, Indiana|Parke]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |5,400
| {{party shading/Republican}} |76.90%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |1,503
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |21.40%
| {{party shading/Others}} |119
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.70%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |3,897
| {{party shading/Republican}} |55.50%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,022
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Perry County, Indiana|Perry]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |5,345
| {{party shading/Republican}} |61.18%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |3,203
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |36.66%
| {{party shading/Others}} |189
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.16%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |2,142
| {{party shading/Republican}} |24.52%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,737
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Pike County, Indiana|Pike]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,692
| {{party shading/Republican}} |75.37%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |1,415
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |22.73%
| {{party shading/Others}} |118
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.90%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |3,277
| {{party shading/Republican}} |52.64%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,225
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Porter County, Indiana|Porter]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |45,008
| {{party shading/Republican}} |51.87%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |39,746
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |45.81%
| {{party shading/Others}} |2,014
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.32%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |5,262
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6.06%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |86,768
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Posey County, Indiana|Posey]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,209
| {{party shading/Republican}} |69.38%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |3,817
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |28.76%
| {{party shading/Others}} |247
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.86%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |5,392
| {{party shading/Republican}} |40.62%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |13,273
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Pulaski County, Indiana|Pulaski]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,246
| {{party shading/Republican}} |73.04%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |1,463
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |25.17%
| {{party shading/Others}} |104
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.79%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |2,783
| {{party shading/Republican}} |47.87%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |5,813
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Putnam County, Indiana|Putnam]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |12,278
| {{party shading/Republican}} |73.86%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |3,946
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |23.74%
| {{party shading/Others}} |399
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.40%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,332
| {{party shading/Republican}} |50.12%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |16,623
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Randolph County, Indiana|Randolph]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,312
| {{party shading/Republican}} |75.02%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,513
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |22.68%
| {{party shading/Others}} |254
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.30%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |5,799
| {{party shading/Republican}} |52.34%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |11,079
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Ripley County, Indiana|Ripley]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |11,261
| {{party shading/Republican}} |78.79%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,774
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |19.41%
| {{party shading/Others}} |257
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.80%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,487
| {{party shading/Republican}} |59.38%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14,292
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Rush County, Indiana|Rush]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,035
| {{party shading/Republican}} |76.00%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |1,754
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |22.09%
| {{party shading/Others}} |152
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.91%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,281
| {{party shading/Republican}} |53.91%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,941
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Scott County, Indiana|Scott]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,331
| {{party shading/Republican}} |72.00%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,701
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |26.53%
| {{party shading/Others}} |150
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.47%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,630
| {{party shading/Republican}} |45.47%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |10,182
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Shelby County, Indiana|Shelby]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14,568
| {{party shading/Republican}} |72.78%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |5,023
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |25.09%
| {{party shading/Others}} |426
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.13%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,545
| {{party shading/Republican}} |47.69%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |20,017
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Spencer County, Indiana|Spencer]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,357
| {{party shading/Republican}} |68.19%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |3,213
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |29.78%
| {{party shading/Others}} |219
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.03%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,144
| {{party shading/Republican}} |38.41%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |10,789
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[St. Joseph County, Indiana|St. Joseph]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |53,164
| {{party shading/Republican}} |46.13%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |59,896
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |51.98%
| {{party shading/Others}} |2,178
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.89%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |-6,732
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |-5.85%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |115,238
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Starke County, Indiana|Starke]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,469
| {{party shading/Republican}} |72.42%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,651
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |25.71%
| {{party shading/Others}} |193
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.87%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,818
| {{party shading/Republican}} |46.71%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |10,313
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Steuben County, Indiana|Steuben]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |11,327
| {{party shading/Republican}} |69.99%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |4,513
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |27.89%
| {{party shading/Others}} |344
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.12%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,814
| {{party shading/Republican}} |42.10%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |16,184
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Sullivan County, Indiana|Sullivan]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,691
| {{party shading/Republican}} |74.28%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,153
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |23.90%
| {{party shading/Others}} |164
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.82%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,538
| {{party shading/Republican}} |50.38%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,008
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Switzerland County, Indiana|Switzerland]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |3,133
| {{party shading/Republican}} |75.33%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |964
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |23.18%
| {{party shading/Others}} |62
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.49%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |2,169
| {{party shading/Republican}} |52.15%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,159
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Tippecanoe County, Indiana|Tippecanoe]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |34,581
| {{party shading/Republican}} |48.15%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |35,017
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |48.75%
| {{party shading/Others}} |2,226
| {{party shading/Others}} |3.10%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |-436
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |-0.60%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |71,824
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Tipton County, Indiana|Tipton]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,110
| {{party shading/Republican}} |75.21%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |1,834
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |22.58%
| {{party shading/Others}} |180
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.21%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,276
| {{party shading/Republican}} |52.63%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,124
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Union County, Indiana|Union]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |2,688
| {{party shading/Republican}} |76.98%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |736
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |21.08%
| {{party shading/Others}} |68
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.94%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |1,952
| {{party shading/Republican}} |55.90%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |3,492
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Vanderburgh County, Indiana|Vanderburgh]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |41,844
| {{party shading/Republican}} |53.88%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |34,415
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |44.31%
| {{party shading/Others}} |1,403
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.81%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,429
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9.57%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |77,662
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Vermillion County, Indiana|Vermillion]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |5,184
| {{party shading/Republican}} |69.21%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,145
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |28.64%
| {{party shading/Others}} |161
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.15%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |3,039
| {{party shading/Republican}} |40.57%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,490
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Vigo County, Indiana|Vigo]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |24,545
| {{party shading/Republican}} |56.17%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |18,123
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |41.47%
| {{party shading/Others}} |1,030
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.36%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,422
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14.70%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |43,698
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Wabash County, Indiana|Wabash]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |10,762
| {{party shading/Republican}} |73.72%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |3,494
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |23.93%
| {{party shading/Others}} |342
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.35%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,268
| {{party shading/Republican}} |49.79%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14,598
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Warren County, Indiana|Warren]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |3,401
| {{party shading/Republican}} |76.03%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |974
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |21.78%
| {{party shading/Others}} |98
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.19%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |2,427
| {{party shading/Republican}} |54.25%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,473
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Warrick County, Indiana|Warrick]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |21,326
| {{party shading/Republican}} |62.93%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |11,923
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |35.18%
| {{party shading/Others}} |641
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.89%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,403
| {{party shading/Republican}} |27.75%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |33,890
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Washington County, Indiana|Washington]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |9,114
| {{party shading/Republican}} |75.08%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,784
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |22.93%
| {{party shading/Others}} |241
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.99%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |6,330
| {{party shading/Republican}} |52.15%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |12,139
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |17,567
| {{party shading/Republican}} |63.47%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |9,524
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |34.41%
| {{party shading/Others}} |588
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.12%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,043
| {{party shading/Republican}} |29.06%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |27,679
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Wells County, Indiana|Wells]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |10,855
| {{party shading/Republican}} |77.10%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |2,928
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |20.80%
| {{party shading/Others}} |297
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.10%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,927
| {{party shading/Republican}} |56.30%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |14,080
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[White County, Indiana|White]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |7,957
| {{party shading/Republican}} |71.13%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |3,032
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |27.10%
| {{party shading/Others}} |198
| {{party shading/Others}} |1.77%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |4,925
| {{party shading/Republican}} |44.03%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |11,187
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{party shading/Republican}} |[[Whitley County, Indiana|Whitley]]
| {{party shading/Republican}} |12,862
| {{party shading/Republican}} |73.13%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |4,234
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |24.07%
| {{party shading/Others}} |492
| {{party shading/Others}} |2.80%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |8,628
| {{party shading/Republican}} |49.06%
| {{party shading/Republican}} |17,588
|-
!Totals!!1,729,863!!56.91%!!1,242,505!!40.87%!!67,413!!2.22%!!487,358!!16.04%!!3,039,781
|}

'''Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic'''
* [[Tippecanoe County, Indiana|Tippecanoe]] (largest city: [[Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette]])<ref name="flip" />

{{align|right|{{Switcher| [[File:Indiana County Swing 2020.svg|300px]]|Swing by county {{collapsible list| title = Legend|
{{legend|#00bdec|Democratic — +12.5-15%}}|
{{legend|#09ceff|Democratic — +10-12.5%}}|
{{legend|#4bdbff|Democratic — +7.5-10%}}|
{{legend|#77e3ff|Democratic — +5-7.5%}}|
{{legend|#aaeeff|Democratic — +2.5-5%}}|
{{legend|#d5f6ff|Democratic — +0-2.5%}}|
{{legend|#ffd5d5|Republican — +0-2.5%}}|
{{legend|#ffaaaa|Republican — +2.5-5%}}|
{{legend|#ff8080|Republican — +5-7.5%}}|
{{legend|#ff5555|Republican — +7.5-10%}}|
{{legend|#ff2a2a|Republican — +10-12.5%}}}}|
[[File:Indiana County Trend 2020.svg|300px]]|Trend relative to the state by county {{collapsible list| title = Legend|
{{legend|#00bdec|Democratic — +12.5-15%}}|
{{legend|#09ceff|Democratic — +10-12.5%}}|
{{legend|#4bdbff|Democratic — +7.5-10%}}|
{{legend|#77e3ff|Democratic — +5-7.5%}}|
{{legend|#aaeeff|Democratic — +2.5-5%}}|
{{legend|#d5f6ff|Democratic — +0-2.5%}}|
{{legend|#ffd5d5|Republican — +0-2.5%}}|
{{legend|#ffaaaa|Republican — +2.5-5%}}|
{{legend|#ff8080|Republican — +5-7.5%}}|
{{legend|#ff5555|Republican — +7.5-10%}}|
{{legend|#ff2a2a|Republican — +10-12.5%}}}}|
[[File: Indiana County Flips 2020.svg|300px]]|County flips {{collapsible list| title = Legend| {{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Democratic'''
{{legend|#92c5de|Hold}}
{{legend|#0671b0|Gain from Republican}}
{{col-2}}
'''Republican'''
{{legend|#f48882|Hold}}
{{col-end}}}}}}}}

====By congressional district====
Trump won seven of nine congressional districts.<ref>https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::930472f1-d096-42c0-9e38-10f463ecdb89</ref>

{|class=wikitable
! District
! Trump
! Biden
! Representative
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Democratic}}|{{ushr|Indiana|1|1st}}
| 45%
| '''54%'''
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Frank J. Mrvan]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Republican}}|{{ushr|Indiana|2|2nd}}
| '''59%'''
| 39%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Jackie Walorski]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Republican}}|{{ushr|Indiana|3|3rd}}
| '''64%'''
| 34%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Jim Banks]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Republican}}|{{ushr|Indiana|4|4th}}
| '''64%'''
| 34%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Jim Baird (American politician)|Jim Baird]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Republican}}|{{ushr|Indiana|5|5th}}
| '''50%'''
| 48%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Victoria Spartz]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Republican}}|{{ushr|Indiana|6|6th}}
| '''69%'''
| 29%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Greg Pence]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Democratic}}|{{ushr|Indiana|7|7th}}
| 35%
| '''63%'''
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[André Carson]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Republican}}|{{ushr|Indiana|8|8th}}
| '''65%'''
| 33%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Larry Bucshon]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Republican}}|{{ushr|Indiana|9|9th}}
| '''61%'''
| 37%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Trey Hollingsworth]]
|}

==Analysis==
Biden significantly reduced the Republican margin in [[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton County]], a suburban county in the [[Indianapolis metropolitan area]] that is the state's fourth-most populous county.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiana-demographics.com/counties_by_population|title = Indiana Counties by Population}}</ref> Hamilton County has never supported a candidate of the Democratic Party for president except for [[1912 United States presidential election|1912]], when the split in the Republicans allowed [[Woodrow Wilson]] to carry the county with a 34.9% plurality.<ref name=":0" /> Hamilton broke 60%-38% for [[John McCain]] in [[2008 United States presidential election in Indiana|2008]], when [[Barack Obama]] won Indiana. [[Mitt Romney]] won Hamilton County 66%–32% in [[2012 United States presidential election in Indiana|2012]] and Trump won it 56%-37% in 2016, nearly identical to his statewide margin. In this election, Trump narrowly won Hamilton County, 52%-45%, a margin that is to the left of the statewide result. Biden's 45% vote share in Hamilton County is higher than that of even [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in his nationwide landslide in [[1964 United States presidential election in Indiana|1964]] and higher than that of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in [[1936 United States presidential election in Indiana|1936]].<ref name=":0"/> Biden's vote share in Hamilton is only equaled by Roosevelt's 44.85% share in his [[1932 United States presidential election in Indiana|1932]] landslide.

==See also==
* [[United States presidential elections in Indiana]]
* [[2020 Indiana elections]]
* [[2020 United States presidential election]]
* [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries]]
* [[2020 Republican Party presidential primaries]]
* [[2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries]]
* [[2020 United States elections]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
'''Partisan clients'''
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |url=https://www.nass.org/sites/default/files/surveys/2020-10/summary-electoral-college-laws-100220.pdf |publisher=[[National Association of Secretaries of State]] |location=Washington DC |title=Summary: State Laws on Presidential Electors |date=August 2020 |quote= Indiana }}
* {{citation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/opinion/biden-trump-bellwether-counties-.html |work= [[The New York Times]] |title= The 10 Bellwether Counties That Show How Trump Is in Serious Trouble |author= David Wasserman |date= October 6, 2020 }}. (Describes [[List of election bellwether counties in the United States|bellwether]] [[Vigo County, Indiana]])

==External links==
* {{citation |author= Government Documents Round Table of the American Library Association |work=Voting & Elections Toolkits |url= https://godort.libguides.com/votingtoolkit/indiana |title= Indiana }}
* {{citation |work=[[Vote.org]] |location=Oakland, CA |url= https://www.vote.org/state/indiana/ |title= Indiana: Election Tools, Deadlines, Dates, Rules, and Links }}
* {{cite web |title= League of Women Voters of Indiana |url= https://www.lwv.org/local-leagues/find-local-league }} (State affiliate of the U.S. [[League of Women Voters]])
* {{Ballotpedia|Indiana|Indiana}}

{{2020 United States elections}}
{{State results of the 2020 U.S. presidential election}}

[[Category:2020 United States presidential election by state|Indiana]]
[[Category:United States presidential elections in Indiana|2020]]
[[Category:2020 Indiana elections|Presidential]]

Nodidavaru Enanthare

2026-03-03T12:14:14Z

Mohammedsajib: Made info

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|2025 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nodidavaru Enanthare
| image = Nodidavaru Enanthare.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kuldeep Cariappa
| producer = Nagesh Gopal
| writer = Kuldeep Cariappa
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Naveen Shankar]]
* Apoorva Bharadwaj}}
| music = Mayuresh Adhikari
| cinematography = Ashwin Kennedy
| editing = Manu Shedgar
| studio = Hippo and Kiddo Motion Pictures
| distributor = Janani Pictures
| released = {{film date|2025|1|31|df=yes}}
| runtime = 136 minutes<ref name=":HR" />
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross = 
}}
'''''Nodidavaru Enanthare''''' ({{translation|What will people say?}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by Kuldeep Cariappa. The film stars [[Naveen Shankar]] and Apoorva Bharadwaj, alongside [[Padmavati Rao]], Ayra Krishna, and Rajesh in supporting roles.

== Plot ==
The narrative follows Siddharth Devaih (played by Naveen Shankar), a talented web designer from Kodagu who faces an existential crisis after a series of personal and professional setbacks. His life spirals downward following a painful breakup, a humiliating altercation at work, and the sudden death of his father. These events trigger deep-seated abandonment issues stemming from his mother leaving him during childhood.
In search of meaning and escape, Siddharth embarks on an unplanned road trip across Karnataka. His journey introduces him to Mallanna (Rajesh), a carefree shepherd who rekindles his sense of innocence, and Sarah (Apoorva Bharadwaj), a free-spirited traveler who challenges his cynicism and helps him rediscover hope. Through these encounters, Siddharth begins to confront his emotional wounds and reevaluate his outlook on life.

The film’s emotional core revolves around Siddharth’s strained relationship with his estranged mother (Padmavati Rao), now a celebrated author. Their eventual reunion underscores themes of forgiveness and acceptance. The story emphasizes that happiness and healing come through connection rather than isolation, echoing the idea that life’s meaning is found in relationships, not escape. The climax portrays Siddharth’s transformation from a bitter, lost soul to someone embracing life’s unpredictability.

== Cast ==
* [[Naveen Shankar]] as Siddharth Devaih aka Siddhu
* Apoorva Bharadwaj as Sarah
* [[Padmavati Rao]] as Kranti Devi
* Ayra Krishna as Ashika
* Rajesh as Mallana,
* [[Sonu Gowda]] as Ex-lover, special appearance
* Spandana Prasad as Aunt
* Dharmendra Aras as Uncle

== Production ==
To prepare for the role, [[Naveen Shankar]] underwent a two-month diet to lose weight, which included a week-long liquid diet.<ref>{{cite news |title=Feel good movie - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/feel-good-movie/articleshow/117610259.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=28 January 2025}}</ref> As of 8 November 2020, it was reported that seventy percent of the film had been shot, but the remaining work was halted temporarily due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":TOI1" /> The title of the film, ''Nodidavaru Enanthare'', was revealed by [[Sriimurali]] on 5 November 2020.<ref name=":TOI1">{{cite news |title=Director Kuldeep Cariappa's viral title reveal leaves fans curious |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/director-kuldeep-cariappas-viral-title-reveal-leaves-fans-curious/articleshow/79100741.cms |work=The Times of India |date=8 November 2020}}</ref> The principal photography for the film took place in [[Karnataka]] and parts of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Naveen Shankar's Next 'Nodidavaru Ennatare' To Release On January 31 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/naveen-shankar-s-next-nodidavaru-ennatare-to-release-on-january-31-article-116087110/amp |work=Times Now |date=7 December 2024 |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=1 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207193313/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/naveen-shankar-s-next-nodidavaru-ennatare-to-release-on-january-31-article-116087110/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nodidavaru Enanthare
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Mayuresh Adhikari
| cover =
| released = 2025
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:13
| language = Kannada
| label = Anand Audio
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}

The soundtrack was composed by Mayuresh Adhikari.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nodidavaru Enantare - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/nodidavaru-enantare/PDjNWe0FQ10_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=18 December 2024}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Theme
| length1 = 0:58
| lyrics1 = {{mdash}}
| extra1 = {{mdash}}
| title2 = Hejjeye Roopisu
| length2 = 2:31
| lyrics2 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra2 = Keerthan Holla
| title3 = Malagiru Kanda
| length3 = 4:25
| lyrics3 = Jayanth Kaikini
| extra3 = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| title4 = Alive
| length4 = 4:19
| lyrics4 = Lyla
| extra4 = Robert Jordan Kirk
| total_length = 12:13
}}

== Release ==
''Nodidavaru Enanthare'' was released theatrically on 31 January 2025 by Janani Pictures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Naveen Shankar's next, Nodidavaru Ennatare set to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Dec/08/naveen-shankars-next-nodidavaru-ennatare-set-to-release-on-this-date |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film four out of five stars and wrote, "The movie is poetry in motion which tugs the heart’s strings at the right places. The slow pacing only adds to the intensity of the film."<ref>{{cite news |title=Nodidavaru Enanthare Movie Review : Naveen Shankar, Kuldeep Cariappa anchor this film, which is a triumph of art and heart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/nodidavaru-enanthare/movie-review/117816917.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 February 2025}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "Director Kuldeep, with ''Nodidavaru Enanthare'', threads a travel story that connects with anyone grappling with personal and professional turmoil. His narrative captures the essence of individuals like Siddharth, who are lost in their struggles, seeking escape and meaning in a world that feels overwhelming."<ref>{{cite news |title='Nodidavaru Enanthare' movie review: Naveen Shankar breathes life in this quest inwards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Feb/01/nodidavaru-enanthare-movie-review-naveen-shankar-breathes-life-in-this-quest-inwards |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "The journey is filled with experiences that Kuldeep Cariappa effectively brings to life through his writing. While the storytelling, on-screen narration, and decent presentation are noteworthy, it is Naveen Shankar’s portrayal of an existentialist that gives the film a realistic touch."<ref>{{cite news |title='Nodidavaru Enanthare' Movie Review: Kuldeep Cariappa Delivers A Striking Portrayal Of An 'Existential Crisis' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/nodidavaru-enanthare-movie-review-kuldeep-cariappa-delivers-a-striking-portrayal-of-an-existential-crisis-review-117783591/amp |work=Times Now |date=31 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave it three out of five stars and noted that "The director has made an attempt to convey a message to youth who get in and out of relationships. Another message is to parents on the need to give their children some space while selecting a profession or life partner."<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada Movie Review-Nodidavaru Enanthare : Film that appeals to all audiences - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review-nodidavaru-enanthare-film-that-appeals-to-all-audiences/articleshow/117799149.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=1 February 2025}}</ref>

Sunayana Suresh of ''The South First'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote, "''Nodidavaru Enantare'' is a film that is well worth an outing if your dose of cinema includes stories that play out at their own pace with enough time for you to observe little nuances and details."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana |title=Nodidavaru Enantare review: A journey of identity and belonging that has some great moments |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kannada/nodidavaru-enantare-movie-review/ |work=The South First |date=31 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The News Minute]]'' opined that "''Nodidavaru Enanthare'' is an ambitious attempt in its own right, particularly for a film tackling the subjects of identity and existentialism. It has a supremely committed Naveen Shankar (and a talented ensemble cast) leading the way and a competent technical crew in support, but what's missing is a bit of inventiveness."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kodur |first1=Swaroop |title=Nodidavaru Enanthare review: A committed Naveen Shankar steers this bumpy existential ride |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/nodidavaru-enanthare-review-a-committed-naveen-shankar-steers-this-bumpy-existential-ride |work=The News Minute |date=31 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Nodidavaru Enantare'' is a refreshing film, even if it dabbles with the often-tried coming-of-age genre. The film is a poignant snapshot of a youngster striving to find himself while struggling to move on from his bitter past."<ref name=":HR">{{cite news |last1=M.V |first1=Vivek |title='Nodidavaru Enantare' movie review: A superb Naveen Shankar anchors a moving story of finding oneself |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nodidavaru-enantare-movie-review-naveen-shankar-moving-story-finding-oneself/article69163646.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=31 January 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Pranati A. S. of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave it two out of five stars and opined that "Kuldeep weaves an interesting plot introducing characters who try to add meaning to Siddharth’s life. It is clear he has [[mommy issues]] — his mother left him as a baby. But the audience has to bear with his woman-bashing attitude for the entire movie, to only be met with a lukewarm five-minute resolution towards the end."<ref>{{cite news |title='Nodidavaru Enantare' movie review: An underwhelming road film |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/nodidavaru-enantare-movie-review-an-underwhelming-road-film-3383352 |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]

Katha Kamamishu

2026-03-03T09:09:37Z

Mohammedsajib: added

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Goutham{{ndash}}Karthik}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Katha Kamamishu.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Goutham{{ndash}}Karthik
| screenplay = Goutham{{ndash}}Karthik
| story = Goutham
| producer = Chinna Vasudeva Reddy
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Indraja]]
* [[Karuna Kumar]]
* Kruthika Roy Teresa
* Krishna Prasad
* Harshini Koduru
* Venkatesh Kakumanu
* Stuthee Roy
* Moin
}}
| cinematography = Aravind Viswanathan
| editing = Vishal{{ndash}}Satya
| music = RR Dhruvan
| studio = {{plain list|
* iDream Media
* Three Whistles Talkies
}}
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|1|2|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 112 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katha Kamamishu |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzAyMDgyMDI0MDAwMTQ= |website=Central Board of Film Certification}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|10 [[crore]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=22 December 2024 |title='No special shows': Bleak future for big-budget films in Telugu film industry? |url=https://telanganatoday.com/no-special-shows-bleak-future-for-big-budget-films-in-telugu-film-industry |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Katha Kamamishu''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by Goutham{{ndash}}Karthik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katha Kamamishu Trailer: ఓటీటీలోకి 'కథా కమామీషు'.. ట్రైలర్‌ రిలీజ్‌ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/katha-kamamishu-trailer-indraja-krutika-roy-venkatesh-kakumanu/2/63236 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> The film features [[Indraja]], [[Karuna Kumar]], Kritika Roy, Krishna Prasad, Venkatesh Kakumanu, Stuthee Roy and Moin in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=డైరెక్ట్‌గా ఓటీటీలో రిలీజవుతోన్న టాలీవుడ్ మూవీ.. స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎక్కడంటే? {{!}} Tollywood Latest Movie Katha Kamamishu Released Directly In OTT {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/tollywood-latest-movie-katha-kamamishu-released-directly-ott-2310348 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>The film was released on 2 January 2025 on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rachavelpula |first=Kausalya |date=2024-12-31 |title=Hilarious Premiere Alert: Katha Kamamishu Set to Stream on Aha from January 2nd |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/hilarious-premiere-alert-katha-kamamishu-set-to-stream-on-aha-from-january-2nd-933865 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101031157/https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/hilarious-premiere-alert-katha-kamamishu-set-to-stream-on-aha-from-january-2nd-933865 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Velugu |first=V6 |date=2025-01-02 |title=OTT Movies: 2025 జనవరి ఫస్ట్ వీక్⁬లో.. ఓటీటీల్లోకి రానున్న టాప్-5 సినిమాలివే |url=https://www.v6velugu.com/ott-release-movies-this-2025-january-1st-week |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=V6 Velugu |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2025}}
This is story of four couples facing the problem of physical intimacy after their marriage. Each couple has their own type of problem in getting close to each other. The indraja and karuna kumar are the couple who got married after their partners die, as they are in middle age they face the problem of entering in to each other personal space, like wise the other couples have their struggles and finally, how they overcome them is the plot.
==Cast==
{{cast list|
* [[Indraja]] as Kalpana
* [[Karuna Kumar]] as Sridhar
* Kritika Roy
* Krishna Prasad
* Harshini Koduru as Usha
* Venkatesh Kakumanu as Satya
* Stuthee Roy
* Moin
* Krishna Teja
* Gemini Suresh
* Ramana Bhargava
* Lakkimsetty
* Pammi Sai
* Madhumani
* Racha Ravi
* Pawon Ramesh
* Kadambari Kiran
* Prabhavathi
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]]
* Madhavi Prasad
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]]
* Vishal
* Pradeep
* Santosh
* Kalpana
}}
== Release ==
''Katha Kamamishu'' was originally scheduled to have a theatrical release, but had a direct-to-video release on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 2 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Nelki Naresh |title=Romantic Comedy OTT: డైరెక్ట్‌గా ఓటీటీలోకి వ‌చ్చిన తెలుగు రొమాంటిక్ కామెడీ మూవీ - స్ట్రీమింగ్ ప్లాట్‌ఫామ్ ఇదే! |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-romantic-comedy-movie-katha-kamamishu-streaming-now-on-aha-ott-121735789868249.html |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave a rating of 2 out of 5 and stated, "''Katha Kamamishu'' has a good point but is narrated in a very old-school manner. The biggest drawback is there is no pain in the emotions and everything is narrated in a simple manner".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katha Kamamishu Review: Indraja shines in this otherwise routine family drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/katha-kamamishu-review-indraja-shines-in-this-otherwise-routine-family-drama/0568c41115706 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=35330350|title=Katha Kamamishu}}
*[https://www.aha.video/movie/katha-kamamishu ''Katha Kamamishu''] on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original films]]
[[Category:2025 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Direct-to-video comedy-drama films]]

Lakshmi (2017 film)

2026-03-03T03:20:42Z

Mohammedsajib: quick update

{{short description|2017 film by Sarjun KM}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| director = [[Sarjun KM]]
| producer = I B Karthikeyan Sarjun KM
| writer = [[Sarjun KM]]
| starring = [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] Nandan Leo Sivadass
| music = Sundaramurthy KS
| cinematography = Sudharshan Srinivasan
| editing = [[Sarjun KM]]
| studio = Big Print Pictures
| distributor = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Ondraga Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|11|01}}
| runtime = 18 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Lakshmi''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[short film]] written, directed and edited by [[Sarjun KM]], and was produced by I. B. Karthikeyan under the banner Big Print Pictures. The film stars [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] in the titular character along with [[Nandan Loganathan|Nandan]] and Leo Sivadass which revolves around the life of the protagonist Lakshmi. The film had background music composed by Sundaramurthy KS and was cinematographed by Sudarshan Srinivasan.

''Lakshmi'' was screened at various international film festivals receiving acclaim from prominent members of the film industry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2016-11-04|title=A woman's life|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-woman%E2%80%99s-life/article16437481.ece|access-date=2021-02-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was distributed by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] who released the film through the official [[YouTube]] channel of the film production company [[Gautham Vasudev Menon|Ondraga Entertainment]] on 1 November 2017.<ref>{{Citation|title=Lakshmi - Short Film {{!}} Sarjun KM {{!}} Sundaramurthy KS {{!}} Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli, Nandan, Leo| date=November 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vP5dOY42DKI|language=en|access-date=2021-02-19}}</ref> The film was praised for the direction, but drew criticism for the bold storyline, which ensured its popularity among the audience.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2017-11-11|title=Lakshmi short film review: Why we need to re-think about how we see women on screen|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lakshmi-short-film-review-why-we-need-to-re-think-about-how-we-see-women-on-screen-4932778/|access-date=2021-02-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Lakshmi the protagonist of the story ([[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]]), lives a “machine-like” existence, working at home and in the printing press, cooking, cleaning, and being ‘available’ for her husband when he ‘desires’ her, before she decides to live for herself, for a single day. Kathir (Nandan), a sculptor and painter, who is a contrast to the life Lakshmi knows. He's genteel, with eyes that laugh, mouths Bharati's lines on female emancipation, is sensitive and does not shy from cooking, and cooking well for a woman he's met on the train. A dilemma arose as Lakshmi had to decide which life she had to choose - A mundane existence or one where she's celebrated.

== Cast ==

* [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] as Lakshmi
* [[Nandan Loganathan|Nandan]] as Kathir
* Leo Sivadass as Sekar
* Master Mithun
* Sasi

== Production ==
{{Quote box
| quote = "It was an opportunity to portray a person going through emotions no one speaks about openly. Coming from where I do, it was a chance to play a character vastly different from what I am. I knew the film will be open to interpretation, but it was a great experience."
| source = [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] on playing the titular character ''Lakshmi'', in an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-woman%E2%80%99s-life/article16437481.ece|title = A woman's life|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 4 November 2016}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 35%
}}
Director [[Sarjun KM]] worked as an assistant to filmmaker [[Mani Ratnam]] and [[A. R. Murugadoss]] in the past. He decided to cast [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] after being impressed by her work in ''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]'' (2015), to make a short film which had the protagonist, a lower middle-class girl who faces all the issues as similar to women hailing from middle class. But Sarjun stated that her character has a rare dignity about her, whom she is good about everything, however believes in male superiority.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lakshmi Priyaa acts in a short film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lakshmi-priyaa-acts-in-a-short-film/articleshow/54971295.cms|access-date=2021-02-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

[[Sarjun KM]] initially wanted to include another character whose life is contrast from the protagonist, and later zeroed on his old acquaintance Nandan. He eventually stated that the script takes a bold stand on the lack of sexual satisfaction for women, and the lack of a space for couples when living in cramped dwellings.<ref name=":0" />

Producer I. B. Karthikeyan agreed to fund the project at a budget of {{Indian Rupee}}70,000 and a bulk amount was spent on creating the sculpture's studio. The film was shot in three days on a [[Canon EOS 5D]] camera in and across [[Chennai]]. Goutham R. Shankar worked as the digital intermediate and according to Gautham and the film's cinematographer Sudarshan Srinivasan, the film is a mix of black-and-white and colour, as the former to showcase her mundane life and the latter to hint at possibilities.<ref name=":0" />

== Soundtrack ==
The background music is composed by Sundaramurthy KS, who also composed a promotional [[Single (music)|single]] from the film titled "Nimirndha Nannadai", which is based on a poem written by [[Subramania Bharati|Mahakavi Subramaniya Bharathiyar]]. The song had additional lyrics written by [[Siva Ananth]] and was sung by Sarjun KM and Sriradha Bharath. It was released on 11 November 2017, through all music streaming platforms and in [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Nimirndha Nannadai - Sarjun KM, Sriradha Bharath - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=November 2017|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/lakshmi/cIaNENGGvo0_|language=en-US|access-date=2021-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nimirndha Nannadai - Lakshmi {{!}} Lyrical Video {{!}} Sundaramurthy KS {{!}} Sarjun KM, Sriradha Bharath - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQd7gUiUMwQ|access-date=2021-02-19|website=www.youtube.com| date=16 November 2017 }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| title1 = Nimirndha Nannadai
| length1 = 4:08
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = Sarjun KM, Sriradha Bharath
| lyrics1 = [[Subramania Bharati|Mahakavi Subramaniya Bharathiyar]], [[Siva Ananth]]
}}

== Reception ==
''Lakshmi'' received mixed-to-positive response from audience. With acclaimed filmmakers [[Mani Ratnam]] and [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] praised Sarjun for the direction and making,<ref name=":1" /> it received furore after ten days being uploaded on [[YouTube]] (from 1 November 2017).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title="HATERS! Stop Abusing us" - Lakshmi Short Film Controversy {{!}} Lakshmi Priya{{!}} MY204 - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CTaknpsILc|access-date=2021-02-19|website=www.youtube.com| date=29 November 2017 }}</ref> It received less than 50,000 views in first five days and suddenly the film got 1.5 million views overnight which triggered a massive outrage upon release.<ref>{{Cite web|title=After Maa, I'm now motivated to make a short film myself: Gautham Vasudev Menon|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/jan/30/after-maa-im-now-motivated-to-make-a-short-film-myself-gautham-vasudev-menon-4269.html|access-date=2021-02-19|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=30 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Viewers drew crtiticism against the makers for justifying an extra-marital affair, for equating women empowerment with sexual independence and also trolled the film's lead protagonist [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] and its director Sarjun.<ref name=":2" />

In a supportive note, the chief writer of ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Ashameera Aiyyapan stated "The controversy around Lakshmi makes us rethink how we see women on-screen [...] What people fail to understand is that at the end of the day, it is a story. A story of a middle-class woman, frustrated by her unhappy marriage, falters and gives in to temptation. It wasn’t particularly necessary, the indifference Lakshmi suffered from was pretty evident. Possibly he realised that indifference is not enough reason for a woman to err; so that audience can forgive Lakshmi easier."<ref name=":1" />

[[Sowmya Rajendran]], editor-in-chief of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote that "The film would have worked better if Lakshmi's self-discovery had happened because she makes that internal journey herself - this is what sets apart films like ''[[English Vinglish]]'' and ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]''. Nevertheless, ''Lakshmi'' is an attempt to show a woman's desire to flout the rules to seek her own happiness."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2017-11-11|title='Lakshmi': Why is a short film on a woman's extramarital affair upsetting so many?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lakshmi-why-short-film-womans-extramarital-affair-upsetting-so-many-71448|access-date=2021-02-19|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> She further stated about the concept of ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'', ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'', ''[[Gopurangal Saivathillai]]'' and other movies that had central men characters with extra-marital relationships, which is similar to this film, but also questioned that why it was not criticised.<ref name=":3" />

In response to the negative comments, Lakshmi Priyaa stated that she was thankful to all those who'd appreciated the film but that whatever she'd read out was only a small sample of all the abusive comments about her, the director, and his family that had come their way.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-29|title=Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli talks about Lakshmi short film controversy|url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/lakshmi-priyaa-chandramouli-talks-about-lakshmi-short-film-controversy.html|access-date=2021-02-19|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The actor went on to say that everyone had the right to critique a film but that it shouldn't be in such a way that another human being is disrespected.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-30|title=From 'prostitute' to 'porn star', short film actor 'Lakshmi' reads out comments she's got|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prostitute-porn-star-short-film-actor-lakshmi-reads-out-comments-shes-got-72407|access-date=2021-02-19|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt7999872}}

[[Category:2017 short films]]
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe

2026-02-27T01:52:47Z

Mohammedsajib: adjust citations also and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian Marathi-language play}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox play
| name = Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe
| image =
| place = [[India]]
| orig_lang = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}

'''''Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe''''' (''Silence! The Court Is in Session'') is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] play written by Indian playwright [[Vijay Tendulkar]] in 1963 and first performed in 1967, directed by Arvind Deshpande, with [[Sulbha Deshpande]] as the main lead. Film received [[National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film]] At [[19th National Film Awards]]. [[Sulabha Deshpande]] Won [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress]].<ref>[http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/features/hindi_theatre.asp Hindi Theatre] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301232723/http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/features/hindi_theatre.asp |date=1 March 2009 }}</ref>

The play was written in 1963, for Rangayan, a Mumbai-based theatre group, though it was performed much later. It was inspired after the playwright overheard the conversation amongst the members of amateur theatre group traveling on Mumbai local train to perform a mock-trial at [[Vile Parle]] suburb.<ref>[[#La|Lal, p. 3972]]</ref> The play was based on a 1956 novel, ''[[Die Panne]]'' (Traps) by Swiss playwright [[Friedrich Dürrenmatt]].

==Translations==
The play has since been translated into 16 languages in India and abroad. The BBC showed its English version, filmed by [[Satyadev Dubey]].<ref>[http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/01oct26/edit.htm Daily Excelsior , 1 Oct 2006] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109173510/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/01oct26/edit.htm |date=9 January 2009 }}</ref> Actor-director, [[Om Shivpuri]], directed the Hindi translation of the play as ''Khamosh! Adaalat Jaari Hai''. The play had his wife [[Sudha Shivpuri]] in the lead role and is regarded as a key milestone in the history of Indian Theatre.<ref>[http://www.4to40.com/art/print.asp?id=54 Modern Indian Theatre] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707174944/http://www.4to40.com/art/print.asp?id=54 |date=7 July 2009 }}</ref>

==Plot==
A group of teachers plan to stage a play in a village. When a cast-member does not show up, a local stagehand is asked to replace him. An improvised, free-flowing 'rehearsal' is arranged and a mock trial is staged to make the novice understand court procedures. A (mock) charge of infanticide is leveled against Miss Benare, another cast-member.

All of a sudden, the pretend-play turns into an accusatory game when it emerges from the trial that Miss Benare is carrying an out-of-wedlock child from her failed illicit relationship with Professor Damle, the missing cast-member.

==Critical acclaim==
Its playwright, Vijay Tendulkar, got national recognition in the form of the [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]] Award for drama in 1970 and [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama) in 1970 for playwriting.{{fact|date=September 2022}}

==Adaptations==
Noted Marathi playwright and stage director [[Satyadev Dubey]] directed a [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film based on the play, with the same name in 1971. ''Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe'' started the New Cinema movement in [[Marathi cinema]]<ref>[http://www.upperstall.com/hist1966.html Chronology of Indian Cinema at upperstall] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516220502/http://www.upperstall.com/hist1966.html |date=16 May 2008 }}</ref> and is considered one of India’s finest films.<ref>[http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india/long_list.html Long List bfi.org] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313063805/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india/long_list.html |date=13 March 2012 }}</ref>

It marked the debut of actors [[Amrish Puri]] and [[Amol Palekar]], and of [[Govind Nihalani]] for whom this was his first film as a full-fledged cinematographer; till then, he had worked an assistant to [[Guru Dutt]]’s cinematographer V.K. Murthy.<ref>[http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=10033 Govind Nihalani at bollywoodsargam] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208120919/http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=10033 |date=8 February 2012 }}</ref> Govind Nihalani co-produced the film with Satyadev Dubey.<ref>[http://www.govindnihalani.com/biography.html Govind Nihalani Biography] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209161719/http://www.govindnihalani.com/biography.html |date=9 February 2012 }}</ref> This was [[Vijay Tendulkar]]'s first screenplay, who went on to write films like ''Nishant'', ''Aakrosh'', ''Ardh Satya'' and ''[[Umbartha]]''.{{fact|date=September 2022}}

Indian film director Ritesh Menon adapted the play into a [[Hindi]]-language film titled (after the name of the play's Hindi translation) ''Khamosh Adalat Jaari Hai'' in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=At Film Bazaar, Khamosh, Adalat Jaari Hai stirs your soul |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/at-film-bazaar-khamosh-adalat-jaari-hai-still-stirs-your-soul/story-8lpX63isfQwsJhfG6F54qO.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |date=29 November 2016}}</ref>

===Film cast===
* Arvind Deshpande
* [[Sulbha Deshpande]] as Leela Benare
* [[Amrish Puri]]
* [[Amol Palekar]]
* Eknath Hattagadi

==Further reading==
* ''Silence! The Court Is in Session'' (Three Crowns). Priya Adarkar (Translator), Oxford University Press, 1979. {{ISBN|978-0-19-560313-2}}.
* Collected Plays in Translation: Kamala, Silence! the Court Is in Session, Sakharam Binder, the Vultures, Encounter in Umbugland, Ghashiram Kotwal, a Friend's Story, Kanyadaan. New Delhi, 2003, Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-566209-2}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Volume 5|author=Mohan Lal|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1992|isbn= 978-81-260-1221-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&dq=Sulabha+Deshpande&pg=PA3972 |ref=La }}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0295599|title= Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe}}
* [http://www.onesmartclick.com/marathi/marathi-film-directory.html Film Awards for Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025080637/http://www.onesmartclick.com/marathi/marathi-film-directory.html |date=25 October 2011 }}
{{Marathi Theatre}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Adaptations of works by Friedrich Dürrenmatt]]
[[Category:Postmodern plays]]
[[Category:Plays by Vijay Tendulkar]]
[[Category:1967 plays]]
[[Category:1970s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian plays adapted into films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language plays]]
[[Category:Plays based on novels]]

Kalkhama

2026-02-25T15:31:07Z

Mohammedsajib: added

{{Short description|Anti-British Western Lushai Chief}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kalkhama
| image =
| title = Chief of [[Sentlang]] {{lang|lus|Sentlang Lal}}
| caption =
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Sukpilal]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor =
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 12 February 1891
| death_place = [[Hazaribagh|Hazaribagh Jail, Bihar]]
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| consort =
| issue =
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Sailo
| father = [[Sukpilal]]
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
}}

'''Kalkhama'''{{efn|Variations: Khalkom, Khalkama}} was a Lushai chief of the 19th century. He is known for being the son of [[Suakpuilala]] and for being an enemy of the British, which led to the [[Lushai Rising]]. Kalkhama was deported to Hazaribagh jail after British capture, where he committed suicide with his brother [[Lianphunga]].

==Chieftainship==
Kalkhama inherited villages under his father, Suakpuilala, to rule with relative autonomy and independence. He was situated on the border of Cachar.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=111}} His capital settlement was southwest of Changsil on Sentlung Hill.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=19}}

===First East-West War===

In his youth, Kalkhama fell in love with the Eastern Lushai maiden named Tuali. However, Tuali was prepared to be betrothed to Liankhama, son of [[Vanhnuailiana]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=111}} Kalkhama convinced his parents [[Suakpuilala]] and [[Pi Buki]], to wage war on Liankhama after the marriage of Tuali. The war continued from 1864 to 1867 and weakened Suakpuilal into entering diplomacy with the British authorities.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=142}} The end result of the war was unsuccessful as Kalkhama failed to take Tuali.

Inpuinu, a regent to her infant son, was a chieftainess who had promised settlements to Vûta. However, she decided to grant them to Kalkhama instead. Vuta raided Inpuinu's village in 1870 but Kalkhama managed to hold onto his settlements regardless.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=425}}

===Lushai Expedition===
{{main|Lushai Expedition}}
To avenge the defeat, Kalkhama aided the British in the [[Lushai Expedition]], which was targeted against the Eastern chiefs.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=111}} [[John Ware Edgar]], Deputy Commissioner of Cachar, received a visit from Kalkhama and described a path from Tipai Mukh which would make entry into the Lushai Hills for elephants more passable.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=36}} The general stationed at Silchar felt that the posts established on the Sylhet-Cachar frontier were not sufficiently south to protect the right flank against Suakpuilala and Kalkhama if they united with the Eastern chiefs against the British. As a result, a decision was made to occupy a hill named Benkong and another point near Kolasib hill to have communication channels with Cachar through the Sonai and Dullesur rivers.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=101-102}}

This decision to cooperate was made on the belief that the British would aid him in future attacks on the Eastern Lushai chiefs. However, due to the British policy of non-intervention, Kalkhama was not given help; however, for his assistance in the expedition, Kalkhama was gifted authority over Sonai bazaar.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=111}} However, Kalkhama shifted his diplomacy towards an anti-British one as a result. Kalkhama was one of the few chiefs who did not meet with Major Boyd and Hari-Charan Sharma in their 1874 tour of the Lushai Hills. He even refused to meet with the deputy commissioner of Cachar the following year. Due to the souring of such relations, the Sonai bazaar was closed and in retaliation, Kalkhama raided the Changsil bazaar.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=112}}

Kalkhama subsequently recruited a mutineer, Rutton Singh, who escaped from Chittagong in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny of 1857]]. Rutton also held a strong anti-British view and carried out drownings of innocent women and children in the Dhaleswari, which affected Kalkhama's reputation.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=112}}{{sfn|Elly|1893|p=35}}

===Second East-West War===
In early 1877, Kalkhama settled closer into Eastern territory. The jhum fields of Kalkhama began to overlap with territory claimed by [[Pâwibâwia]]. As a result, hostilities erupted over the jhum lands.{{sfn|Elly|1893|p=34}} The conflict would escalate into a broader East-West War for a second time. The conflict would see [[Lalburha]] attacking Suakpuilala, subsequently, before Suakpuilala and Pâwibâwia erupted into hostilities. The last encounter saw two of Suakpuilala's followers die, with some captured alongside some [[gayal|mithun]].{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=22}}

The East and the West formed their coalition of chiefs upon escalation. The eastern coalition oversaw Lalburha, Pâwibâwia, Liankhama, Chunglena and Buangtheuva with [[Bengkhuaia]]. The western coalition consisted of Suakpuilala, Pi Buki, Kalkhama, Lianphunga, Sailianpuia and minor chiefs who were vassals to Suakpuilala's clan.{{sfn|Elly|1893|p=35}}{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=22}} In September 1877, Liankhama attacked Kalkhama's settlements and carried off 15 heads to avenge the theft of salt from him. In early 1878, Kalkhama captured men from the eastern chiefs at salt springs in Lengvoi and attempted raids on his Sonai bazaar. After the attempted raid on Sonai bazaar, Liankhama and Pâwibâwia raided Kalkhama's settlements and burned 10 houses, killed 10 men and took 6 captives. In retaliation, Kalkhama attacked Sengvong under Pâwibâwia and captured 5 women with one casualty.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=23}}

In October 1881, Kalkhama made an abortive attack on Lalhleia. However, the war became unpopular and up to 400 settlers left Kalkhama to resettle in Cachar under the British.{{sfn|Elly|1893|p=35}} Both sides appealed to the Deputy Commissioner of Cachar for intervention against each other, but were refused. A second attempt was made, but for a request for meditation for peace talks instead of intervention.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=23}} The second East-West War ended with the beginning of the [[mautam]] famine. Kalkhama met with Pâwibâwia and Lalhleia and agreed to a cessation of hostilities while they tried to secure food from Cachar. The peace continued until the Luhsai Hills recovered from the famine the next year.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=27}}{{sfn|Elly|1893|p=35}}

A meeting of western chiefs was held at Kalkhama's capital settlement during the winter of 1883-1884. Kalkhama opposed the idea of attacking the Eastern Lushai chiefs on the basis that he was in the middle of migrating his settlement to a new jhum plot and was unable to commit to another war.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=27}} Despite peace being established, the British closed down Sonai bazaar out of fear of war erupting in another East-West War.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=28}}

===Developments with Sonai Bazaar===
In March 1876, the traders and merchants at Sonai bazaar caught some thieves and sent them to Kalkhama, who seized the property of the perpetrators. Kalkhama then visited the bazaar and placed a flag claiming it to be under his protection. Despite consisting of 6 shops, the rubber in the Lushail Hills had been depleted from over-harvesting during the mautam famine and a fall in prices overall.

After some skirmishes between the eastern and western chiefs, Kalkhama requested the British to move the Sonai bazaar 20 miles further. He raised concerns on the proximity of the bazaar to his settlement. However the deputy commissioner of Cachar refused as they believed Kalkhama attempted to obfuscate intelligence about his movements. The merchants at Sonai bazaar eventually left in January 1877 due to lack of profitability in the rubber trade. The merchants specifically complained about Kalkhama's {{|lang|lus|upa}}, Rutton Singh, for extortion practices. Rutton Singh was apprehended but was released immediately to keep good relations with the Lushai chiefs. Kalkhama had believed rumours of Rutton Singh's death and had confiscated his property; however, upon his return, Kalkhama took him back.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=58}} Rutton Singh did, however, alarm traders and merchants after he murdered the family of an old woman suspected of witchcraft.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=60}} Rutton Singh would die from drowning in 1884.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=58}}

After the closure of the Tipaimukh bazaar, Lemkham sent traders to Kalkhama's Sonai Bazaar which had reopened. They purchased salt in exchange for wax, but Kalkhama confiscated the salt from them. Lemkham retaliated through a raid that took 15 heads.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=59}} Kalkhama committed himself to guarding the bazaar but the lack of profitability led to merchants closing their stalls and leaving.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=61}} Further conflict with Eastern chiefs led to the shutting down of the bazaar. Kalkhama made attempts to reopen the bazaar alongside eastern chiefs, but all attempts were refused due to concerns over the security of the merchants.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=64}} After Kalkhama moved east of the Sonai river, the deputy commissioner, on promises made by Liankhama and Pâwibâwia, reopened the bazaar. The merchants refused to make a start on account of a lack of British frontier guards. Furthermore, Kalkhama believed Sonai bazaar was exclusively his and declined to share the rent from the bazaar with the eastern chiefs.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=65}} The commissioner closed the bazaar once more until the chiefs made a joint agreement. Kalkhama was not affected strongly by the closure of Sonai Bazaar, as he was missing out on rent, but still accessed the Changsil Bazaar close to him.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1978|p=67}}

===Chin-Lushai Expedition===
On the morning of 13 December 1888, the village of Pakuma Rani in the Chittagong Hill Tracts was raided. The British authorities initially suspected Kalkhama to be responsible for the raid.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=102}} The raid saw the chieftainess, an ally of the British, killed alongside 21 men and 15 captives. The true offenders were recognised as [[Vûta]]'s sons, [[Nikama]], [[Lungliana]] and [[Kairûma]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=100}} Kalkhama's brothers, [[Lianphunga]] and Zahrâwka, also participated in the Chengri Valley raid, which further aggravated British hostilities.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=102}} This led to the British undertaking a punitive expedition with the occupation of the Lushai Hills necessary to prevent raiding.{{sfn|Elly|1893|p=37}}

===Western Lushai Rising===
{{main|Lushai Rising}}
After the annexation of the Lushai Hills to the British. Kalkhama swore an oath of fealty with [[H.R. Browne]], the North Lushai Hills political officer. However, upon realisation of the taxes and coolie labour quotas, Kalkhama conspired to rebel.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=108}} Kalkhama held a meeting with many other chiefs and conspired for a rising against Fort Aijal. Kalkhama held the meeting with Thanghulha, Thanruma, Liankunga, Lalhrima, Minthang and Rankupa.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=190}} H.R Browne was ambushed during a journey between Fort Aijal and Changsil. Browne was mortally wounded and died 15 minutes after reaching Changsil post.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=95}}{{sfn|McCall|1949|pp=58-59}} Thanruma had met Browne on his journey and informed his accomplices of Browne's whereabouts for the ambush.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=59}} After the death of Browne, Kalkhama descended on Fort Aijal with allied chiefs.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=107}} The British were building a second stockade before being confronted and driven into the main stockade. Kalkhama and his men attacked for several hours before reinforcements arrived from Cachar. One party of the reinforcements was ambushed en route to Fort Aijal on the river which led to the murder of Lieutenant Swinton.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=96}} McCabe took office as political officer and was successful in pursuing the Western chiefs with the Surma Valley police battalion. Kalkhama was overpowered as a result.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=109}}

Kalkhama surrendered to R.B McCabe on 23 November 1890. He was deported outside of the Lushai Hills with his brothers, Lianphunga and Thanghulha.{{sfn|Elly|1893|p=51}} During trial, Kalkhama was found guilty of the murder of H.R Browne the first political officer of the North Lushai Hills. Browne's killer was identified as Liankunga but Kalkhama was identified as the key leader.{{sfn|Sen|2022|p=1523}} R.B McCabe recorded Kalkhama's statement on the murder of H.R Browne:

{{Blockquote
|text=I took the oath of fealty with Browne Saheb, and he told us that we would have to pay revenue. We did not like this and subsequently when Leipung, a mantri of Lenkhunga told me (Khalkam’s deputation accused Changkunga chaprasi of giving the wrong information that excited the rising) that he had heard the Saheb was going to collect revenue from the Western Lushai first, and then from the Eastern Lushais and that we would not
even be allowed liberty to hunt in the jungles. I lost my head and resolved to fight. We came definitely to the resolution about the 1st September (Khama says one month prior to the outbreak.) A meeting was held in my Jolbuk (guest house) at which representatives from Thangula, Thanruma, Lenkhunga, Lalrihma, Minthang and Rankupa were present.
|title=Statement of Khalkam Raja made before R.B McCabe, Political Officer, North Lushai Hills
|source=Foreign External A Pros. January 1891, Nos. 121–134, NAI. 23 November 1890{{sfn|Sen|2022|p=1542}}
}}

Kalkhama confessed on the assumption that nothing was to happen and that he would be able to return to his wife and family. Kalkhama was subsequently surprised when R.B. McCabe informed him to accompany him to Aizawl.{{sfn|Sen|2022|p=1543}}

==Biography==
{{Sukpilal family tree}}

===Early life===
Kalkhama was recorded by the British as the eldest son of [[Suakpuilala]]. This was because the oldest son was already deceased, so Kalkhama held the privilege. He was the second son of Sukpilal's eldest wife.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=111}}

===Marriage and family===

===Death===
Kalkhama was arrested under the Bengal Regulation III of 1818. The justification for Kalkhama's detention was provided on the basis that he and other chiefs were responsible for a rise in violence termed the "Western Lushai uprising". Kalkhama was found guilty of the murder of the first political officer of North Lushai Hills, H.R. Browne.{{sfn|Sen|2022|p=1522}} As a result, Kalkhama was placed in Hazaribagh Jail in [[Bihar]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=112}} On 12 September 1891, the foreign secretary to the government of the British Raj received a telegram from the Government of Bengal. The message stated that two of the Lushai chiefs captured by R.B. McCabe, political officer of the North Lushai Hills, had committed suicide in Hazaribagh prison.{{sfn|Sen|2022|p=1522}} Kalkhama was found dead in the latrines of the prison. The authorities speculated that Kalkhama had managed to keep extra cloth secretly over time until enough could be used to hang himself.{{sfn|Sen|2022|p=1529}} The guard on duty Saiphu Singh reported:

{{Blockquote
|text=The three Lushais were inside the dormitory. After some time, the two deceased said they wanted to go to the privy to ease themselves; I told
them to go and they went, the third (Thangula) remaining in the dormitory. I stood outside on the path. As they were some time I at last went down and called to ask why they were so long. They did not answer; I went in and saw them both suspended to the window. Khalkam was quite dead. Liengpunga was still struggling; I lifted him up, but he expired. I cut down Khalkam. Then I went out and met the Jailor coming up.
|title=Notes of enquiry into the suicide of two Lushai chiefs
|source=C.J.S Faulder, October 1891{{sfn|Sen|2022|p=1529}}
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=British rule in Mizoram |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}

*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}

*{{cite book |last=Elly |first=E.B. |date=1893 |title=Military Report on The Chin-Lushai Country |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.17151/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Guite |first1=Jangkhomang|date= September 2014|title=Colonialism and its Unruly? The Colonial State and Kuki Raids in Nineteenth Century Northeast India |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1550073156 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=1118–1232 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X12000674 |access-date=23 November 2024|id={{ProQuest|1550073156}} |url-access=subscription }}

*{{cite book|last=McCall|first=Anthony Gilchrist|title=Lushai Chrysalis|year=1949|publisher=Luzac|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16549/mode/2up}}

*{{cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=Alexander |date=1884 |title=History of the Relations of the Government with the Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501684/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Home Department Press}}

*{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |author-link=Sajal Nag |date=2008 |title=Pied Pipers in North-East India: Bamboo-flowers, Rat-famine and the Politics of Philanthropy. (1881-2007) |location=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7304-311-6}}

*{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Reid (civil servant)|date=1942 |title=The Lushai Hills: culled from History of the frontier areas bordering on Assam from 1883-1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16551/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Anandaroop |date=2022 |title=Insurgent Law: Bengal Regulation III and the Chin-Lushai Expeditions (1872-1898) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6E08E60BC55AD0A436790CC655A249F8/S0026749X21000366a.pdf/div-class-title-insurgent-law-bengal-regulation-iii-and-the-chin-lushai-expeditions-1872-1898-div.pdf |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=1515–1555 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X21000366 |access-date=18 December 2024}}

**{{cite book |last=Shakespear |first=L.W |date=1929 |title=History of the Assam Rifles|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2395/page/n1/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=Macmillan and Co, Limited}}

*{{cite book |last=Tribal Research Institute |date=1978 |title=The Lushais 1878-1889 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16553/page/n1/mode/2up |location=Aizawl |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited}}

*{{cite book |last=Woodthorpe |first=Robert Gosset |date=1873 |title=The Lushai Expedition, 1871-1872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P10IAAAAQAAJ&dq=Khalkom&pg=PA1 |location=London |publisher=Hurst and Blackett Publishers}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Zou |first1=S. Thangboi |date=2019 |title=Riverine bazaars, trade and chiefs in the colonial Lushai Hills |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2019.1687284 |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=22|issue=4 |pages=563–582 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2019.1687284 |access-date=21 November 2024|url-access=subscription }}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Western Lushai chiefs]]
[[Category:1891 deaths]]

University of Warsaw

2026-02-22T13:43:56Z

Mohammedsajib: fixes

{{Short description|University in Warsaw, Poland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University of Warsaw
| native_name = Uniwersytet Warszawski
| latin_name = Universitas Varsoviensis<ref>{{Cite book |title=Record of the Jubilee Celebrations of the University of Sydney |date=1903 |publisher=William Brooks and Co. |isbn=9781112213304 |publication-place=[[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]] |language=en-AU }}</ref>
| native_name_lang = [[List of ISO 639-2 codes|pol]]
| image = POL University of Warsaw logo.svg
| image_upright = .8
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|19 November 1816}}
| founder = [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]]
| former_names = Royal University of Warsaw (1816–1863) Imperial University of Warsaw (1863–1919) Józef Piłsudski University of Warsaw (1935–1945)
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| endowment = [[Polish złoty|zł]] 2.2 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=Facts and figures |url=https://www.uw.edu.pl/uniwersytet/fakty-i-liczby/ |publisher= uw.edu.pl}}</ref> (~[[EUR|€]]500 million)
| administrative_staff = 3,841 (2021)
| faculty = 3,974 (2021)
| rector = [[Alojzy Nowak]]
| total_staff = 7,815 (2021)
| students = 36,477<ref>{{cite web |title = Higher education in the 2023/24 academic year | language = pl |access-date = 2024-06-29 |publisher = Statistics Poland |url = https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/edukacja/edukacja/szkolnictwo-wyzsze-w-roku-akademickim-20232024,8,10.html}}</ref> (12.2023)
| undergrad = 44,400 (2017)
| postgrad = 3,000 (2017)
| doctoral = 2,127 (2021)
| address = [[Krakowskie Przedmieście]] 26/28
| city = [[Warsaw]]
| postalcode = 00-927
| country = Poland
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{Convert|55000|m²}}
| language = [[Polish language|Polish]], [[English language|English]]
| free_label =
| free =
| colors = {{Color box|#00447C}}{{Color box|#0092CD}}{{Color box|#FFFFFF}}{{Color box|#000000}}{{Color box|#B1B3B6}}{{Color box|#808285}}{{Color box|#001745}}
| sporting_affiliations = [[University Sports Association of Poland]]
| sports_nickname =
| academic_affiliations = [[European University Association|EUA]], [[Socrates-Erasmus]], [[European Association for International Education|EAIE]], [[Institutional Network of the Universities from the Capitals of Europe|UNICA]], [[Triple accreditation]]
| footnotes =
| website = [http://en.uw.edu.pl/ www.uw.edu.pl]
}}
{{Infobox university rankings
| ARWU_W =401-500 | ARWU_W_year =2021 | ARWU_W_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2021|title = ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities}}</ref>
| QS_W =271 | QS_W_year =2026 | QS_W_ref =<ref name=":QSW2026">{{Cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings|title=QS World University Rankings}}</ref>
| THE_W =601-800 | THE_W_year =2024 | THE_W_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking|title=World University Rankings 2024 |date=25 September 2023 |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref>
| USNWR_W =345 | USNWR_W_year =2023 | USNWR_W_ref =<ref name="usnews.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/poland |title=Best Global Universities in Poland |website=usnews.com |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>
|QS_W_Arts=126|QS_W_Arts_year=2022|QS_W_Natural_year=2022|QS_W_Natural_ref=<ref name="University of Warsaw">{{Cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-warsaw|title=University of Warsaw|website=Top Universities}}</ref>|QS_W_Eng_year=2022|QS_W_Eng_ref=<ref name="University of Warsaw"/>|QS_W_Chemistry_year=2022|QS_W_Chemistry_ref=<ref name="University of Warsaw"/>|QS_W_Natural=157|QS_W_Eng=251-300|QS_W_Chemistry=251-300|QS_W_Life_year=2022|QS_W_Life_ref=<ref name="University of Warsaw"/>|QS_W_Life=451-500|QS_W_Social_year=2022|QS_W_Social_ref=<ref name="University of Warsaw"/>|QS_W_Politics_year=2022|QS_W_Politics_ref=<ref name="University of Warsaw"/>|QS_W_Arts_ref=<ref name="University of Warsaw"/>|QS_W_Social=254|QS_W_Politics=101-150|QS_W_Law_year=2022|QS_W_Law_ref=<ref name="University of Warsaw"/>|QS_W_Law=151-200|QS_W_Economics_year=2022|QS_W_Economics_ref=<ref name="University of Warsaw"/>|QS_W_Business_year=2022|QS_W_Business_ref=<ref name="University of Warsaw"/>|QS_W_Accounting_year=2022|QS_W_Accounting_ref=<ref name="University of Warsaw"/>|QS_W_Business=351-400|QS_W_Economics=251-300|QS_W_Accounting=251-300|QS_W_Employability=181-190|QS_W_Employability_year=2022|QS_W_Employability_ref=<ref name="University of Warsaw"/>|USNWR_Europe=147|USNWR_N=2|USNWR_N_ref=<ref name="usnews.com"/>|USNWR_N_year=2022|USNWR_Europe_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/europe?enrollment-min=37500&enrollment-max=37700 |title=2022-2023 Best Global Universities in Europe |website=usnews |access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>|USNWR_Europe_year=2022|THE_W_Reputation_ref=<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-warsaw|title=University of Warsaw |date=30 October 2021 }}</ref>|THE_W_Business=601+|THE_W_Business_ref=<ref{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-warsaw|title=University of Warsaw |date=30 October 2021 }}</ref>|THE_W_Business_year=2022|THE_W_Education=501+|THE_W_Education_ref=<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-warsaw|title=University of Warsaw |date=30 October 2021 }}</ref>|THE_W_Education_year=2022|THE_W_Law=201+|THE_W_Psychology_year=2022|THE_W_Psychology_ref=<ref name="auto"/>|THE_W_Life_year=2022|THE_W_Life_ref=<ref name="auto"/>|THE_W_Psychology=201-250|THE_W_Life=401-500|THE_W_Social_year=2022|THE_W_Social_ref=<ref name="auto"/>|THE_W_Arts_year=2022|THE_W_Arts_ref=<ref name="auto"/>|THE_W_Social=601+|THE_W_Arts=201-250|THE_W_Law_year=2022|THE_W_Law_ref=<ref name="auto"/>|THE_W_Young_ref=<ref name="auto"/>|THE_Europe==283|THE_W_Physical=301-400|THE_W_CS_ref=<ref name="auto"/>|THE_W_CS_year=2022|THE_W_Physical_ref=<ref name="auto"/>|THE_W_Physical_year=2022|THE_W_CS=126-150|THE_Emerging_ref=<ref name="auto"/>|THE_Emerging_year=2018|THE_Europe_year=2022|THE_Europe_ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-europe|title=Best universities in Europe 2022 |date=22 September 2021 }}</ref>|THE_Emerging=87}}

The '''University of Warsaw''' ({{langx|pl|Uniwersytet Warszawski}}, {{langx|la|Universitas Varsoviensis}}) is a [[public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Warsaw]], Poland. Established on November 19, 1816, it is the largest institution of higher learning in the country, offering 37 different fields of study as well as 100 specializations in [[humanities]], [[Engineering|technical]], and [[natural science]]s.<ref name="uw.edu">{{cite web | url=http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/ | title=About Us | publisher=Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warsaw | work=University of Warsaw (UW) homepage | year=2012 | access-date=September 9, 2012 | author=Redakcja | language=pl, en | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912055843/http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/ | archive-date=September 12, 2012 }}</ref>

The University of Warsaw consists of 126 buildings and educational complexes with over 18 faculties: [[biology]], [[chemistry]], medicine, [[journalism]], [[political science]], [[philosophy]], [[sociology]], [[physics]], [[geography]], regional studies, [[geology]], [[history]], applied [[linguistics]], [[philology]], [[Polish language]], [[pedagogy]], [[economics]], [[law]], [[public administration]], [[psychology]], applied [[social sciences]], management, [[mathematics]], [[computer science]], and [[mechanics]].

Among the university's notable alumni are heads of state, prime ministers, [[Nobel Prize]] laureates, including [[Joseph Rotblat|Sir Joseph Rotblat]] and [[Olga Tokarczuk]], as well as several historically important individuals in their respective fields, such as [[Frédéric Chopin]], [[Hilary Koprowski]], [[Bohdan Paczyński]], [[Bolesław Prus]], [[Wacław Sierpiński]], [[Alfred Tarski]], [[L. L. Zamenhof]] and [[Florian Znaniecki]].

== History ==
=== Beginnings under Alexander I (1816–1918) ===
In 1795, the [[partitions of Poland]] left [[Warsaw]] with access only to the [[Academy of Vilnius]] when the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, the [[Jagiellonian University]] in [[Kraków]], became part of the Austrian [[Habsburg monarchy]]. In 1815, the newly established semi-autonomous [[polity]] of [[Congress Poland]] found itself without a university at all, as Vilnius was incorporated into the [[Russian Empire]]. In 1816, [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] permitted the Polish authorities to create a university, comprising five departments: Law and Administration, Medicine, Philosophy, Theology, and Art and Humanities. The university soon grew to 800 students and 50 professors. After most of the students and professors took part in the [[November Uprising|November 1830 Uprising]] the university was closed down; it was again closed after the failed [[January Uprising]] of 1863.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/historia/1816p.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109040344/http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/historia/1816p.html |url-status=dead |title=University of Warsaw history (1816–1831), homepage.|archive-date=January 9, 2013}}</ref> As a consequence, all [[Polish language|Polish-language]] schools were prohibited by the Imperial Russian government which controlled Congress Poland. During its short existence, the university educated thousands of students, many of whom became part of the backbone of the Polish [[intelligentsia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/historia/1857p.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109040355/http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/historia/1857p.html |url-status=dead |title=University of Warsaw history (1857–1869), homepage.|archive-date=January 9, 2013}}</ref>

In 1915, during the [[First World War]], Warsaw was seized by the [[German Empire]] and the occupying German authorities allowed a certain degree of liberalization to gain military support from the Poles. In accordance with the concept of ''[[Mitteleuropa]]'', the Germans permitted several Polish social and educational societies to be recreated, including the University of Warsaw. The Polish language was reintroduced, but, in order to maintain Polish patriotic movement in control, the number of lecturers was kept low. No limits on the number of students; between 1915 and 1918 the number of alumni rose from a mere 1,000 to over 4,500.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/historia/1915p.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109040417/http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/historia/1915p.html |url-status=dead |title=University of Warsaw history (1915–1918), homepage.|archive-date=January 9, 2013}}</ref>

=== Second Polish Republic (1918–1939) ===

After Poland [[Independence of Poland Regained#Recovery of Statehood|regained its independence]] in 1918, the University of Warsaw began to grow very quickly. It was reformed; all the important posts (the [[Rector (academia)|rector]], [[Academic senate|senate]], deans and councils) became democratically elected, and the state spent considerable amounts of money to modernize and equip it. Many professors returned from exile and cooperated in the effort. By the late 1920s the level of education in Warsaw had reached that of western Europe.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/historia/1918p.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109040428/http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/historia/1918p.html |url-status=dead |title=University of Warsaw history (1918–1935), homepage.|archive-date=January 9, 2013}}</ref>

By the beginning of the 1930s the University of Warsaw had become the largest university in Poland, with over 250 lecturers and 10,000 students. However, the financial problems of the newly reborn state did not allow for free education, and students had to pay a tuition fee for their studies (an average monthly salary, for a year). Also, the number of [[scholarship]]s was very limited, and only approximately 3% of students were able to get one. Despite these economic problems, the University of Warsaw grew rapidly. New [[Faculty (division)|departments]] were opened, and the main [[campus]] was expanded.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> After the death of [[Józef Piłsudski]] the Senate of the University of Warsaw changed its name to "Józef Piłsudski University of Warsaw" (''Uniwersytet Warszawski im. Józefa Piłsudskiego''). The ''[[Sanacja]]'' government proceeded to limit the autonomy of the universities. Professors and students remained divided for the rest of the 1930s as the system of segregated seating for Jewish students, known as [[ghetto benches]], was introduced.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Markusz |first=Katarzyna |date=2019-10-08 |title=University of Warsaw students remember pre-WWII segregation of Jews |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/university-of-warsaw-students-remember-pre-wwii-segregation-of-jews-604031 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== World War II (1939–1945) ===
{{further|Underground Education in Poland During World War II}}
[[File:Warsaw 1944 by Lubicz - Stolica 004.jpg|thumb|University main gate, July 1944, when campus served as German [[military barracks]]]]
[[File:Warsaw University (22233).jpg|thumb|right|Main gate on [[Krakowskie Przedmieście]] (2024)]]
After the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Polish Defensive War]] of 1939 the German authorities of the [[General Government]] closed all the institutions of higher education in Poland. The equipment and most of the laboratories were taken to Germany and divided amongst the [[List of universities in Germany|German universities]] while the main campus of the University of Warsaw was turned into [[military barracks]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/historia/1939p.html |title=University of Warsaw history (1939–1944) |publisher=Uw.edu.pl |language=pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109040450/http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/historia/1939p.html |archive-date=2013-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

German racial theories assumed that no education of Poles was needed and the whole nation was to be turned into uneducated [[serf]]s of the German race. Education in Polish was banned and punished with death. However, many professors organized the so-called "Secret University of Warsaw" (''Tajny Uniwersytet Warszawski''). The lectures were held in small groups in private apartments and the attendants were constantly risking discovery and death. However, the net of underground faculties spread rapidly and by 1944 there were more than 300 lecturers and 3,500 students at various courses.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

Many students took part in the [[Warsaw Uprising]] as soldiers of the [[Armia Krajowa]] and [[Szare Szeregi]]. The German-held campus of the university was turned into a fortified area with bunkers and [[machine gun]] nests. It was located close to the buildings occupied by the German garrison of Warsaw. Heavy fights for the campus started on the first day of the Uprising, but the partisans were not able to break through the gates. Several assaults were bloodily repelled and the campus remained in German hands until the end of the fights. During the uprising and the occupation 63 professors were killed, either during fights or as an effect of German policy of extermination of Polish [[intelligentsia]]. The university lost 60% of its buildings during the fighting in 1944. A large part of the collection of priceless works of art and books donated to the university was either destroyed or transported to Germany, never to return.

=== Post-war and the People's Republic (1945–1989) ===
[[File:Uni15 DSC1114.JPG|thumb|right|Main University campus]]
[[File:Kazimierz Palace.JPG|thumb|right|[[Kazimierz Palace]], the university [[Rector (academia)|rectorate]]]]
[[File:Warsaw University Astronomical Observatory.jpg|thumb|University of Warsaw Astronomical Observatory|294x294px]]
After World War II it was not clear whether the university would be restored or whether Warsaw itself would be rebuilt. However, many professors who had survived the war returned, and began organizing the university from scratch. In December 1945, lectures resumed for almost 4,000 students in the ruins of the campus, and the buildings were gradually rebuilt. Until the late 1940s the university remained relatively independent. However, soon the communist authorities started to impose political controls, and the period of [[Stalinism in Poland|Stalinism]] started. Many professors were arrested by the [[Urząd Bezpieczeństwa|Urząd Bezpieczeństwa (Secret Police)]], the books were [[censorship|censored]] and ideological criteria in employment of new lecturers and admission of students were introduced. On the other hand, education in Poland became free of charge and the number of young people to receive the state [[scholarship]]s reached 60% of all the students. After [[Władysław Gomułka]]'s rise to power in 1956, a brief period of liberalization ensued, though communist ideology still played a major role in most faculties (especially in such faculties as history, law, economics, and political science). International cooperation was resumed and the level of education rose.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/historia/1945p.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109040501/http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/historia/1945p.html |url-status=dead |title=University of Warsaw history (1945–1956), homepage.|archive-date=January 9, 2013}}</ref>

By the mid-1960s the government started to suppress freedom of thought, which led to increasing unrest among the students. A political struggle within the communist party prompted [[Zenon Kliszko]] to ban the production of ''[[Dziady (poem)|Dziady]]'' by [[Mickiewicz]] at the [[National Theatre in Warsaw|Teatr Narodowy]], leading to [[1968 Polish political crisis]] coupled with anti-Zionist and anti-democratic campaign and the outbreak of student demonstrations in Warsaw, which were brutally crushed – not by police, but by the [[ORMO]] ''reserve militia'' squads of plain-clothed workers.<ref name="ipn.gov-1">{{cite web | url=http://www.ipn.gov.pl/ftp/wystawy/marzec68_w_krakowie/content/index_eng.html | title=March '68 | publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance]] | work=Exhibition | access-date=June 2, 2012 | pages=1–2. ''Introduction'', followed by scans of articles | quote=The Voluntary Reserves of the Citizens' Militia (armed with cable and truncheons) beating the students, were met with shouts of "Gestapo!", "Gestapo!"}}</ref> As a result, a large number of students and professors were expelled from the university. Nonetheless, the university remained the centre of free thought and education. What professors could not say during lectures, they expressed during informal meetings with their students. Many of them became leaders and prominent members of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] movement and other societies of the democratic opposition which led to the [[collapse of communism]]. The scientists working at the University of Warsaw were also among the most prominent printers of books forbidden by [[censorship]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/historia/1956p.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109040512/http://www.uw.edu.pl/o_uw/historia/1956p.html |url-status=dead |title=University of Warsaw history (1956–1989), homepage.|archive-date=January 9, 2013}}</ref>

===Third Polish Republic (1989–present)===
[[File:Biblioteka Uniwersytecka w Warszawie 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Warsaw University Library]], on ''ulica Dobra'']]
In 1999, a new [[University of Warsaw Library]] building was opened in [[Powiśle, Warsaw|Powiśle]].<ref name="guidebook">{{cite book |title=University of Warsaw Main Sites, Facts and Figures Guidebook |url=https://www.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/uw_miejsca_fakty_liczby_przewodnik_2018.pdf |year=2018 |isbn=978-83-235-3014-5|last1=Łukaszewska |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Swatowska |first2=Anna |last3=Bieńko |first3=Katarzyna |last4=Korzekwa-Józefowicz |first4=Anna |last5=Laska |first5=Olga }}</ref>{{rp|43}} After Poland joined the [[European Union]] in 2004, the university obtained additional funds from the [[European Structural and Investment Funds]] for the construction of additional buildings including the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Centre of New Technologies, and a new building for the Faculty of Physics.<ref name="guidebook"/>{{rp|5}}

In recent years, the University of Warsaw has been ranked among best Polish universities. It was ranked by ''[[Media in Poland|Perspektywy]]'' magazine as the best Polish university in 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2019, and 2022.<ref>University Ranking at ''Perspektywy.pl'' [http://www.perspektywy.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3821&Itemid=835 Ranking uczelni akademickich 2011 with index.] {{in lang|pl}}.</ref><ref>University Ranking at ''Perspektywy.pl'' [http://www.perspektywy.pl/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1593:rsw2014&catid=139&Itemid=287&idRanking=1 Ranking uczelni akademickich 2014] {{in lang|pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.perspektywy.pl/RSW2016/ranking-uczelni-akademickich|title=Ranking Uczelni Akademickich – Ranking Szkół Wyższych PERSPEKTYWY 2016|website=www.perspektywy.pl|language=pl|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref> [[ARWU]] ranked the university as the best Polish higher level institution in 2012, 2017, 2018, and 2020.<ref name=":0" /> The university is especially well-regarded in science. [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU]] ranked the mathematics and physics branches of the institution in the global top 150 and top 75, respectively, in 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=University of Warsaw |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/university-of-warsaw |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.shanghairanking.com}}</ref>

===2025 axe attack===
[[File:Auditorium Maximum UW 2015 01.JPG|thumb|Auditorium Maximum, the site of the attack, pictured in 2015]]
[[2025 University of Warsaw attack]]: On 7 May 2025, at 18:40, a 53-year-old porter was [[Decapitation|decapitated]] at [[Auditorium Maximum, Warsaw|Auditorium Maximum]], the university's biggest lecture hall, and two others, a 39-year-old security guard who tackled the perpetrator and tried to help the porter and the perpetrator, were injured in an [[axe]] [[mass stabbing]] attack.<ref name="BBC News25">{{Cite news |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Woman killed in axe attack at Warsaw university |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2w2898p1jo |access-date=May 8, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> The security guard was transported to hospital in critical condition while the perpetrator was taken to hospital in serious condition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 7, 2025 |title=One Dead, Two Injured After Brutal Axe Attack on University of Warsaw Campus, Suspect in Custody |url=https://channel2now.com/2025/05/07/article/news/world/brutal-axe-attack-on-university-of-warsaw-campus-leaves-one-dead-two-injured-suspect-in-custody-krakowskie-przedmiescie-26-28-00-927-warszawa/ |access-date=May 7, 2025 |publisher=Channel2 NOW}}</ref> A 22-year-old Polish citizen not from Warsaw, identified as Mieszko R., was arrested by police and was charged with murder, attempted murder and desecration of a corpse.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Prokuratura: Mieszko R. usłyszał zarzuty zabójstwa, usiłowania zabójstwa i znieważenia zwłok |trans-title=Prosecutor's Office: Mieszko R. has been charged with murder, attempted murder and desecration of a corpse |url=https://spotradomsko.pl/pl/473_na-sygnale/22960_prokuratura-mieszko-r-uslyszal-zarzuty-zabojstwa-usilowania-zabojstwa-i-zniewaz.html |access-date=May 8, 2025 |publisher=Spot Radomsko |language=pl}}</ref> His motive is unknown but police are investigating the attack. [[Gazeta Wyborcza]] reported the man was a third-year law student.<ref name="Reuters via Yahoo News">{{Cite news |date=May 7, 2025 |title=Polish police say one killed in axe attack at Warsaw University |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/polish-police-detain-man-kills-175415192.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAAzw68zyMDaG44fA-jlLvRF8qzBIvzAaA4IQcVAELGttYaYWYfVlx-ryBZYUVV6kkORU2C7p-aJYAMzJJZWgKdZNpldjEIf7884qc6YknD1rjtn8pdzuJ0zxBmF1NeWSyxmtVGaCWM-mO4cJzMqU2VGLIsps2e2Q_mn3cqt2nob6 |access-date=May 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Reuters]] via [[Yahoo News]]}}</ref>

The Rector of the university, [[Alojzy Nowak]], called the attack a "huge tragedy" and said in a statement that 8 May would be a day of mourning at the institution as well as he expresses great sorrow and sympathy to the family and loved ones.<ref name="Reuters via Yahoo News" /> The university said everyone was shocked by the attack. Justice Minister [[Adam Bodnar]] took part in a panel discussion in a nearby lecture theatre. He said he had not seen the attack but was told by his state protection officers what had happened. He praised one of his officers who he said ran to the scene to help the university guard. Warsaw Mayor [[Rafał Trzaskowski]] expressed shock and called it a "[[macabre]] crime". He also said "This brutal attack must be severely punished". The university cancelled the annual [[Juwenalia]] music festival which was set to take place from 9–10 May.<ref name="BBC News25" />

== Campus ==

University of Warsaw owns a total of 126 buildings. Further construction and a vigorous renovation program are underway at the main campus. The university is spread out over the city, though most of the buildings are concentrated in two areas.

===Main campus===
[[File:C12 W 24.jpg|thumb|[[Nowy Świat-Uniwersytet metro station]] next to the main campus]]

The main campus of the University of Warsaw is in the city center, adjacent to the [[Krakowskie Przedmieście]] street. It comprises several historic [[palace]]s, most of which had been nationalized in the 19th century. The chief buildings include:
* [[Casimir Palace]] (''Pałac Kazimierzowski'') – the seat of the [[Rector (academia)|rector]] and the [[Senate]];
* [[Uruski Palace]] (''Pałac Uruskich'') – left side of main gate entrance, houses the Department of Geography and Regional Studies
* the Old Library (''Stary BUW'') – since recent refurbishment, a secondary lecture building;
* the Main School (''Szkoła Główna'') – former seat of the [[Szkoła Główna Warszawska|Main School]] until the [[January Uprising|January 1863 Uprising]], later the faculty of biology; now, since its refurbishment, the seat of the Institute of archaeology;
* ''[[Auditorium Maximum, Warsaw|Auditorium Maximum]]'' – the main lecture hall, with seats for several hundred students.

The [[Warsaw University Library]] building is a short walk downhill from the main campus, in the [[Powiśle, Warsaw|Powiśle]] neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://naukawpolsce.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C368786%2C10-lat-biblioteki-uniwersyteckiej-na-powislu.html |language=pl |title=10 lat Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej na Powiślu |access-date= 3 September 2022}}</ref>

===Natural sciences campus===

The second important campus is located near [[Stefan Banach|Banacha]] and [[Louis Pasteur|Pasteura]] streets. It is home to the departments of chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics, computer science, and geology, and contains several other university buildings such as the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, the Environmental Heavy Ion Laboratory that houses a cyclotron and a facility for the production of [[positron emission tomography|PET]] radiopharmaceuticals, and a sports facility. Several new buildings have been constructed within this campus in recent years, and the Department of Physics moved here from its previous location at Hoża Street.

Together with buildings of other institutions, such as the Institute of Experimental Biology, Radium Institute and the [[Medical University of Warsaw]], the campus is part of an almost contiguous area of scientific and educational facilities covering approximately {{convert|43|hectare|abbr=on}}.

== Organization ==

=== Faculties ===
There are 25 following faculties:<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculties {{pipe}} University of Warsaw |url=https://en.uw.edu.pl/about-university/faculties/ |website=en.uw.edu.pl |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* Faculty of Applied Linguistics
* Faculty of Applied Social Sciences and Resocialisation
* [[Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw|Faculty of Archaeology]]
* Faculty of "Artes Liberales"
* Faculty of Biology
* Faculty of Chemistry
* [[Faculty of Culture and Arts, University of Warsaw|Faculty of Culture and Arts]]
* Faculty of Economic Sciences
* Faculty of Education
* Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies
* Faculty of Geology
* Faculty of History
* Faculty of Journalism, Information and Book Studies
* Faculty of Law and Administration
* Faculty of Management
* Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics
* Faculty of Medicine
* Faculty of Modern Languages
* Faculty of Oriental Studies
* Faculty of Sociology
* [[Faculty of Philosophy, University of Warsaw|Faculty of Philosophy]]
* Faculty of Physics
* Faculty of Polish Studies
* Faculty of Political Science and International Studies
* Faculty of Psychology
{{div col end}}

=== Doctoral schools ===
Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Doctoral Schools {{pipe}} University of Warsaw |url=https://en.uw.edu.pl/education/doctoral-schools/ |website=en.uw.edu.pl |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* Doctoral School of Humanities
* Doctoral School of Social Sciences
* Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences
* Interdisciplinary Doctoral School
{{div col end}}

=== Other academic units ===
Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Academic units {{pipe}} University of Warsaw |url=https://en.uw.edu.pl/about-university/academic-units/ |website=en.uw.edu.pl |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* Antiquity of Southeastern Europe Research Center
* Biological and Chemical Research Centre
* Center for Forensic Science
* Centre for French Culture and Francophone Studies ({{langx|fr|Centre de Civilisation Francaise et d'Etudes Francophones}})
* University Centre for Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development
* Centre for Europe
* Centre for Foreign Language Teacher Training and European Education
* Centre for Foreign Language Teaching
* Digital Competence Centre
* Centre of Migration Research
* Centre of New Technologies
* Centre for Political Analysis
* UNESCO Chair Of Sustainable Development ({{langx|fr|Chaire UNESCO du Developpement Durable de l'Universite de Varsovie}})
* College of Inter-faculty Individual Studies in the Humanities
* College of Inter-faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences
* Digital Economy Lab
* Erasmus of Rotterdam Chair
* Heavy Ion Laboratory
* Institute of Americas and Europe
* Centre for European Regional and Local Studies
* American Studies Centre
* [[Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling]]
* Robert Zajonc Institute for Social Studies
* [[Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw|Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology]]
* Tadeusz Mazowiecki Chair
{{div col end}}

=== Other institutions ===
Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Inne jednostki {{pipe}} Uniwersytet Warszawski |url=https://www.uw.edu.pl/uniwersytet/wydzialy-i-jednostki/inne-jednostki/ |website=um.edu.pl |date=22 January 2014 |access-date=27 November 2023 |language=pl}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* "Kampus" Radio
* University of Warsaw Archives
* [[University of Warsaw Library]]
* Center for Dialogue and Cooperation
* University of Warsaw Choir
* University of Warsaw Incubator
* University of Warsaw Museum
* "Hybrydy" Theatre
* Dance Theatre, run by the University of Warsaw Song and Dance Ensemble "Warszawianka"
* Friends of the University of Warsaw Association
* Volunteer Centre of the University of Warsaw
* University of Warsaw Press
{{div col end}}

==In popular culture==
* In [[Ian Fleming]]'s 1961 novel ''[[Thunderball (novel)|Thunderball]]'', the ninth book in the [[James Bond]] series, one of the main characters, [[Ernst Stavro Blofeld]] who is the head of the global criminal organisation [[SPECTRE]], is said to be a graduate of the University of Warsaw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mjnewton.demon.co.uk/bond/blofeld.htm |title=The Bond Film Informant: Ernst Stavro Blofeld |publisher=Mjnewton.demon.co.uk |date=28 May 2008 |access-date=3 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108184939/http://www.mjnewton.demon.co.uk/bond/blofeld.htm|archive-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>
* In 2016, the [[Polish Post]] issued commemorative stamps on the 200th anniversary of the founding of the university depicting the Column Hall of the building of the Faculty of History.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.kzp.pl/index.php?artykul=nws-n42-n4269 |language=pl |title=200 lat Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego |access-date= 3 September 2022}}</ref>

== Notable people==
=== Alumni ===
[[File:Adam Krzymowski (cropped).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Adam Krzymowski]]]]
[[File:Tadeusz Borowski.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Tadeusz Borowski]]]]
[[File:Frédéric Chopin d'après un portrait de P Schick, 1873.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Frédéric Chopin]]]]
[[File:Witold Gombrowicz Polish passport.jpg|thumb|182x182px|[[Witold Gombrowicz]]]]
[[File:Leonid Hurwicz.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Leonid Hurwicz]]]]
[[File:Ryszard Kapuscinski, author-writer, at PEN Congress.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Ryszard Kapuściński]]]]
[[File:Leszek Kolakowski 1971.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Leszek Kolakowski]]]]
[[File:Hilary Koprowski. Photograph. Wellcome V0027622.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Hilary Koprowski]]]]
[[File:Jerzy Pniewski Polish physicist.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Jerzy Pniewski]]]]
[[File:Prus 002.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Bolesław Prus]]]]
[[File:AlfredTarski1968.jpeg|thumb|130px|[[Alfred Tarski]]]]
[[File:Olga Tokarczuk-9739.jpg|thumb|175x175px|[[Olga Tokarczuk]]]]
[[File:Zamenhof portreto.jpg|thumb|175x175px|[[L. L. Zamenhof]]]]
* [[Adam Krzymowski]] (born 1973), Polish political scientist and diplomat, [[Ambassador]] of Poland to the [[United Arab Emirates]], 2011–2015
* [[Franciszek Adamczak]] (1927–2000), Polish-Swedish paleontologist
* [[Jerzy Andrzejewski]] (1909–1983), author
* [[Szymon Askenazy]] (1865–1935), Polish jurist, historian, educator, first Polish representative to the [[League of Nations]]
* [[Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński]] (1921–1944), poet, [[Home Army]] soldier killed in the [[Warsaw Uprising]]
* [[Joachim Bartoszewicz]] (1867–1938), nationalist, politician
* [[Zygmunt Bauman]] (1925–2017), Polish–British sociologist and philosopher
* [[Menachem Begin]] (1913–1992), 6th [[Prime Minister of Israel]] (1977–1983), [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner (1978)
* [[Małgosia Bela]] (born 1977), fashion model and actress
* [[Marek Bieńczyk]] (born 1956), writer, historian of literature, essayist and translator, [[Nike Award]] winner (2012)
* [[Adam Bodnar]] (born 1977), lawyer, human rights activist, [[Polish Ombudsman]], [[Ministry of Justice (Poland)|Minister of Justice]]
* [[Tadeusz Borowski]] (1922–1951), poet, writer
* [[Karol Borsuk]] (1905–1982), mathematician
* [[Kazimierz Brandys]] (1916–2000), writer
* [[Jan Brzechwa]] (1898–1966), poet, author
* [[Andrzej Buras]] (born 1946), Danish physicist, recipient of 2020 [[Max Planck Medal]]
* [[Frédéric Chopin]] (1810–1849), pianist, composer
* [[Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz]] (born 1950), politician, [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (1996–1997), [[Marshal of the Sejm]] (2005)
* [[Tomasz Dietl]] (born 1950), physicist
* [[Roman Dmowski]] (1864–1939), politician, statesman
* [[Adam Dziewonski]] (1936–2016), Polish-American geophysicist
* [[Samuel Eilenberg]] (1913–1998), Polish-American mathematician, computer scientist, art collector
* [[Barbara Engelking]] (born 1962), sociologist
* [[Joseph Epstein]] (1911–1944), communist leader of French resistance
* [[Anna Frajlich]] (born 1942), Polish-American poet
* [[Hélène Frankowska]], Polish and French mathematician
* [[Lech Gardocki]] (born 1944) lawyer, judge, former First President of the [[Supreme Court of Poland]]
* [[Ghalia Garelnabi]], archaeologist and museum director
* [[Krzysztof Gawędzki]] (1947–2022), mathematical physicist
* [[Marek Gazdzicki]] (born 1956), nuclear physicist
* [[Bronisław Geremek]] (1932–2008), historian, politician
* [[Małgorzata Gersdorf]] (born 1952), lawyer, first President of the [[Supreme Court of Poland]]
* [[Maciej Gliwicz]] (1939–2024), biologist
* [[Witold Gombrowicz]] (1904–1969), writer
* [[Jan Grabowski]] (born 1962), Polish-Canadian professor of history
* [[Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz]] (born 1952), politician, President of the [[National Bank of Poland]] (1992–2001), [[Mayor of Warsaw]] (2006–2018)
* [[Jan T. Gross]] (born 1947), Polish-American historian, writer, [[Princeton University]] professor
* [[Jarek Gryz]], computer scientist, data analyst
* [[Taco Hemingway]] (born 1990), rapper, songwriter, and musician
* [[Gustaw Herling-Grudziński]] (1919–2000), journalist, writer, [[Gulag]] survivor
* [[Richard B. Hetnarski]] (1928–2024), Polish-American engineer
* [[Leonid Hurwicz]] (1917–2008), economist, mathematician, [[Nobel Prize in Economics]] (2007)
* [[Maria Janion]] (1926–2020), literary critic
* [[Monika Jaruzelska]] (born 1963) fashion designer, journalist, daughter of former [[President of Poland|Polish President]] [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]]
* [[Jerzy Jedlicki]] (1930–2018), historian of ideas, anti-communist activist
* [[Jarosław Kaczyński]] (born 1949), politician, [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (2006–2007)
* [[Lech Kaczyński]] (1949–2010), politician, [[Mayor of Warsaw]] (2002–2005), [[President of Poland]] (2005–2010)
* [[Andrzej Kalwas]] (born 1936), lawyer, businessman, and former Polish [[Ministry of Justice (Poland)|Minister of Justice]]
* [[Aleksander Kamiński]] (1903–1978), writer, leader of [[Polish Scouting and Guiding Association]]
* [[Ryszard Kapuściński]] (1932–2007), writer and journalist
* [[Mieczysław Karłowicz]] (1876–1909), composer and conductor
* [[Jan Karski]] (1914–2000), Polish resistance fighter
* [[Katarzyna Kasia]] (born 1978), philosopher
* [[Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska]] (born 1957), politician, lawyer, and sociologist, 14th [[Marshal of the Sejm]]
* [[Ryszard Kole]], pharmacologist, 2019 [[Massry Prize]] winner
* [[Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska]] (1925–2015), paleobiologist
* [[Leszek Kołakowski]] (1927–2009), philosopher, historian of philosophy
* [[Bronisław Komorowski]] (born 1952), politician, [[Marshal of the Sejm]] (2007–2010), 5th [[President of Poland]] (2010–2015)
* [[Alpha Oumar Konaré]], (born 1946), 3rd President of Mali (1992–2002)
* [[Hilary Koprowski]] (1916–2013), virologist and immunologist
* [[Janusz Korwin-Mikke]] (born 1942), [[conservative-liberal]] politician and journalist
* [[Yga Kostrzewa]] (born 1973), economist, LGBTQ+ rights activist and writer
* [[Marek Kotański]] (1942–2002), psychologist and streetworker
* [[Adrian Kubicki]] (born 1987), [[Polish Consulate General, New York City|Consul General of the Republic of Poland in New York City]]
* [[Jacek Kuroń]] (1934–2004), historian, author, social worker, and politician
* [[Irena Lasiecka]] (born 1948), mathematician
* [[Jacek Leociak]] (born 1957), literary scholar and historian
* [[Aleksander Lesser]] (1814–1884), painter, illustrator and art critic
* [[Maciej Lewenstein]] (born 1955), theoretical physicist
* [[Jan Józef Lipski]] (1926–1991), literature historian, politician
* [[Michał Lityński]] (1906–1989), [[Righteous Among the Nations]]
* [[Ewa Łętowska]] (born 1940), lawyer, first [[Polish Ombudsman|Polish Ombudsman for Citizen Rights]]
* [[Olga Malinkiewicz]] (born 1982), physicist
* [[Tadeusz Mazowiecki]] (1927–2013), author, social worker, journalist, [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (1989–1991)
* [[Adam Michnik]] (born 1946), journalist, historian, public intellectual
* [[Maria Irena Mileska]] (1908–1988), Polish educator, war resister, scoutmaster and doctor of geography
* [[Wladek Minor]] (born 1946), Polish-American biophysicist
* [[Karol Modzelewski]] (1937–2019), historian, politician
* [[Jerzy Neyman]] (1894–1981), mathematician, statistician, [[University of California]] professor
* [[Jan Olszewski]] (1930–2019), lawyer, politician, [[Prime Minister of Poland]] (1991–1992)
* [[Janusz Onyszkiewicz]] (born 1937), politician
* [[Maria Ossowska]] (1896–1974), sociologist
* [[Bohdan Paczyński]] (1940–2007), astronomer
* [[Rafał Pankowski]] (born 1976), sociologist and political scientist
* [[Longin Pastusiak]] (1935–2025), politician, [[Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland]] (2001–2005)
* [[Bolesław Piasecki]] (1915–1979), politician
* [[Krzysztof Piesiewicz]] (born 1945), lawyer, screenwriter
* [[Marian Pilot]] (1936–2024), writer, journalist and screenwriter, [[Nike Award]] winner (2011)
* [[Jerzy Pniewski]] (1913–1989), physicist
* [[Bohdan Pociej]] (1933–2011), musicologist
* [[Moshe Prywes]] (1914–1998), Israeli physician and educator; first President of [[Ben-Gurion University of the Negev]]
* [[Adam Przeworski]] (born 1940), political scientist, [[New York University]] professor
* [[Bolesław Prus]] (1847–1912), writer
* [[Mikhail Reisner]] (1868–1928), Russian and Soviet jurist, historian and academic.
* [[Emanuel Ringelblum]] (1900–1944), historian, founder [[Emanuel Ringelblum Archives]] of [[Warsaw Ghetto]]<ref name=holo>[http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/ringleblum.html Emanuel Ringelblum: The Creator of "Oneg Shabbat"] Holocaust Research Project.</ref>
* [[Kazimierz Romaniuk]] (1927–2025), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Warszawa-Praga|Auxiliary Bishop Emeritus of Warszawa-Praga]]
* [[Ireneusz Roszkowski]] (1910–1996), precursor of prenatal medicine
* [[Józef Rotblat]] (1908–2005), physicist, [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1995)
* [[Agata Różańska]] (born 1968), astronomer and astrophysicist
* [[Irena Sendler]] (1910–2008), humanitarian, social worker, and nurse
* [[Yitzhak Shamir]] (born Yitzhak Yezernitsky; 1915–2012), 7th [[Prime Minister of Israel]] (1983–1984 and 1986–1992)
* [[Palina Sharenda-Panasiuk]] (born 1975), Belarusian human rights activist
* [[Wacław Sierpiński]] (1882–1969), mathematician
* [[Andrzej Sobolewski]] (born 1951), physicist
* [[Alexander Soloviev (historian)|Alexander Soloviev]] (1890–1971) Russian émigré jurist, historian, academic
* [[Leon Starkiewicz]] (1882–1969), Polish teacher, founder, and long-time principal of the Municipal Gymnasium in [[Łódź]].
* [[Dmitry Strelnikoff]] (born 1969), Russian writer, biologist, journalist for the media
* [[Kazimiera Szczuka]] (born 1966), literary critic, feminist, [[LGBT rights]] activist, television personality
* [[Adam Szymczyk]] (born 1970), art critic and curator
* [[Magdalena Środa]] (born 1957), philosopher and feminist
* [[Alfred Tarski]] (1902–1982), logician, mathematician, member of the [[Lwów-Warsaw school of logic]]
* [[Władysław Tatarkiewicz]] (1886–1980), philosopher, historian of esthetics
* [[Olga Tokarczuk]] (born 1962), writer, essayist, psychologist, [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (2018)
* [[Izabela Tomaszewska]] (1955–2010) governmental protocol official and archaeologist
* [[Rafał Trzaskowski]] (born 1972), politician, academic teacher, [[Mayor of Warsaw]]
* [[Julian Tuwim]] (1894–1953), poet and writer
* [[Andrzej Udalski]] (born 1957), astronomer and astrophysicist
* [[Kostiantyn Voblyi]] (1876–1947), Ukrainian economist, academic, active in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union.
* [[Halina Weinstein]] (1902–1942), Polish Esperantist
* [[Andrzej Kajetan Wróblewski]] (born 1933), experimental physicist
* [[Janusz A. Zajdel]] (1938–1985), physicist and science-fiction writer
* [[L. L. Zamenhof]] (1859–1917), physician, inventor of [[Esperanto]]
* [[Paweł Zarzeczny]] (1961–2017), sports journalist, columnist and TV personality
* [[Maciej Zembaty]] (1944–2011), poet, writer, translator of [[Leonard Cohen]]'s works
* [[Wojciech Zaremba]] (born 1988), computer scientist, co-founder of [[OpenAI]]
* [[Rafał A. Ziemkiewicz]] (born 1964), writer
* [[Florian Znaniecki]] (1882–1958), philosopher and sociologist
* [[Anna N. Żytkow]] (born 1947), astrophysicist

=== Academic staff ===

[[File:Zigmunt Bauman na 20 Forumi vydavciv(Cropped).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Zygmunt Bauman]]]]
[[File:Yefim Karskiy.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Yefim Karskiy]]]]
[[File:Jan Łukasiewicz.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Jan Łukasiewicz]]]]
[[File:Kazimierz Michałowski MNW 03.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Kazimierz Michałowski]]]]
[[File:Maria Ossowska.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Maria Ossowska]]]]
[[File:Wacław Sierpiński.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Wacław Sierpiński]]]]
[[File:Jerzy Szacki 2004.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Jerzy Szacki]]]]
* [[Osman Achmatowicz]] (1899–1988), chemist, rector of the [[Technical University of Łódź]] (1946–1953)
* [[Vladimir Prokhorovich Amalitskii]] (1860–1917), paleontologist
* [[Szymon Askenazy]] (1866–1935), historian and diplomat
* [[Juliusz Bardach]] (1914–2010), Polish-British legal historian
* [[Aleksandr Nikolaevich Bartenev]] (1882–1946), zoologist
* [[Zygmunt Bauman]] (1925–2017), sociologist and philosopher
* [[Maria Ludwika Bernhard]] (1908–1998), archaeologist
* [[Karol Borsuk]] (1905–1982), mathematician
* [[Franciszek Bujak]] (1919–1921) historian
* [[Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay]] (1845–1929), linguist and Slavist, introduced the concept of a [[phoneme]]
* [[Samuel Dickstein (mathematician)|Samuel Dickstein]] (1851–1939), mathematician, proponent of Jewish assimilation in Poland
* [[Tomasz Dietl]] (born 1950), physicist, Laureate of Agilient Technologies Europhysics Prize of The European Physical Society (2005)
* [[Maria Dworzecka]] (1941–2023), Polish-American computational nuclear physicist
* [[Benedykt Dybowski]] (1833–1930), biologist and explorer of [[Siberia]] and [[Lake Baikal|Baikal]] area
* [[Aleksandr Evlakhov|Aleksandr Mikhailovich Evlakhov]] (1880–1966), literary critic
* [[Michel Foucault]] (1926–1984), French philosopher, at the university dean-faculty of the French Centre 1958–1959
* [[Vera Friedländer]] (1928–2019), writer
* [[Stanisław Grabski]] (1871–1949), economist
* [[Maria Grzegorzewska]] (1887–1967), special education educator
* [[Marceli Handelsman]] (1882–1945), historian and historical methodologist
* [[Stanisław Herbst]] (1907–1973), historian and military historian
* [[Leopold Infeld]] (1898–1968), physicist
* [[Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovsky]] (1864–1920), botanist, pioneer in the discovery and study of viruses
* [[Henryk Jabłoński]] (1909–2003), historian, nominal head of state of Poland (1972–1985)
* [[Feliks Pawel Jarocki]] (1790–1865), zoologist
* [[Barbara Jaruzelska]] (1931–2017), philologist and German studies professor, [[First Lady of Poland]] (1985–1990)
* [[Nikolai Ivanovich Kareev]] (1850–1931), philosopher, historian
* [[Yefim Karsky|Yefim Fyodorovich Karsky]] (1861–1931), linguist, ethnographer, paleographer
* [[Leszek Kołakowski]] (1927–2009), philosopher
* [[Jerzy Kolendo]] (1955–1983), classical archaeologist and historian
* [[Kazimierz Kuratowski]] (1896–1980), mathematician and logician
* [[Joachim Lelewel]] (1786–1861), historian, politician and freedom fighter
* [[Aleksandra Leliwa-Kopystyńska]] (1937–2023) Polish physicist
* [[Zygmunt Łempicki]] (1886–1943 in Auschwitz), literature theoretician, Germanist, philosopher, and culture historian
* [[Antoni Leśniowski]] (1867–1940), surgeon and medic, one of the discoverers of [[Crohn's disease]]
* [[Edward Lipiński (economist)|Edward Lipiński]] (1888–1986), economist, founder of the [[Główny Urząd Statystyczny|Main Statistical Office]]
* [[Jan Łukasiewicz]] (1878–1956), mathematician and logician
* [[Mieczysław Maneli]] (1922–1994), [[jurist]] and diplomat
* [[Leszek Marks]] (born 1951), geologist
* [[Kazimierz Michałowski]] (1901–1981), archaeologist, explorer of [[Deir el Bahari]] and [[Faras, Egypt|Faras]]
* [[Andrzej Mostowski]] (1913–1975), mathematician
* [[Nikolai Nasonov|Nikolai Viktorovich Nasonov]] (1855–1939), zoologist
* [[Maria Ossowska]] (1896–1974), sociologist
* [[Stanisław Ossowski]] (1897–1963), sociologist
* [[Vladimir Ivanovich Palladin]] (1859–1922), biochemist and botanist
* [[Grigol Peradze]] (1899–1942), Orthodox theologian and philologist
* [[Leon Petrażycki]] (1867–1931), [[jurist]], philosopher and logician, one of the founders of [[sociology of law]]
* [[Ladislaus Pilars de Pilar]] (1874–1952), literature professor, poet and entrepreneur
* [[Adam Podgórecki]] (1925–1998), [[sociology of law|sociologist of law]]
* [[Dmitry Samokvasov|Dmitry Yakovlevich Samokvasov]] (1843–1911), Russian archaeologist, legal historian
* [[Henryk Samsonowicz]] (1930–2021), historian, rector (1980–1982)
* [[Artur Sandauer]] (1913–1989), literary critic and essayist
* [[Wacław Sierpiński]] (1882–1969), mathematician
* [[Alfred Sokołowski]] (1849–1924), physician and a pioneer in [[tuberculosis]] treatment
* [[Nikolay Yakovlevich Sonin]] (1849–1915), Russian mathematician
* [[Hélène Sparrow]] (1891–1970), bacteriologist and public health pioneer, especially typhus
* [[Jan Strelau]] (born 1931), psychologist
* [[Jerzy Szacki]] (1929–2016), sociologist and historian of ideas
* Władysław Szczepański (1877–1927), clergyman, biblical scholar, archaeologist, and [[Bible translations by Władysław Szczepański|translator]]
* [[Henryk Szlajfer]] (born 1947), economist and political scientist
* [[Andrzej K. Tarkowski]] (born 1933), zoologist, laureate of [[Japan Prize]] (2002)
* [[Stanisław Thugutt]] (1873–1941), politician, rector (1919–1920)
* [[Georgy Feodosevich Voronoy]] (1868–1908), mathematician
* [[Tadeusz Wałek-Czarnecki]] (1889–1949), professor of Ancient History
* [[Ewa Wipszycka]] (born 1933), historian and papyrologist
* [[Władysław Witwicki]] (1878–1948), psychologist, philosopher, translator, and artist
* [[George Wulff|Georgy Viktorovich Wulff]] (1863–1925), crystallographer
* [[Włodzimierz Zonn]] (1905–1985), astronomer

===Staff===
[[File:Czeslaw Milosz 3 ap.tif|thumb|right|130px|[[Czesław Miłosz]]]]
* [[Czesław Miłosz]] – janitor at [[Warsaw University Library]] during World War II; recipient of 1980 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Haven |first=Cynthia L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-fXgmb5EmEC&pg=PR1 |title=Czesław Miłosz: Conversations |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |year=2006 |isbn=9781578068296 |pages=XXV}}</ref>

=== Rectors ===

[[File:Józef Mianowski.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Józef Mianowski]]]]
[[File:Katarzyna Chałasińska-Macukow.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Katarzyna Chałasińska-Macukow]]]]
{{div col}}
# Wojciech Szweykowski (1818–1831)
# Józef Karol Skrodzki (1831)
# [[Józef Mianowski]] (1862–1869)
# Piotr Ławrowski (1869–1873)
# Nikołaj Błagowieszczański (1874–1884)
# Nikołaj Ławrowski (1884–1890)
# Michaił Szałfiejew (1895)
# Pawieł Kowalewski (1896)
# Grigorij Zenger (1896)
# Michaił Szałfiejew (1898)
# Grigorij Uljanow (1899–1903)
# Piotr Ziłow (1904)
# [[Yefim Karskiy]] (1905–1911)
# Wasilij Kudrewiecki (1911–1912)
# Iwan Trepicyn (1913)
# Siergiej Wiechow (1914–1915)
# [[Józef Brudziński]] (1915–1917)
# Antoni Kostanecki (1917–1919)
# [[Stanisław Thugutt]] (1919–1920)
# Jan Karol Kochanowski (1920–1921)
# Jan Mazurkiewicz (1921–1922)
# [[Jan Łukasiewicz]] (1922–1923)
# Ignacy Koschembahr-Łyskowski (1923–1924)
# [[Franciszek Krzyształowicz]] (1924–1925)
# Stefan Pieńkowski (1925–1926)
# Bolesław Hryniewiecki (1926–1927)
# Antoni Szlagowski (1927–1928)
# Gustaw Przychocki (1928–1929)
# Tadeusz Brzeski (1929–1930)
# [[Mieczysław Michałowicz]] (1930–1931)
# [[Jan Łukasiewicz]] (1931–1932)
# Józef Ujejski (1932–1933)
# Stefan Pieńkowski (1933–1936)
# [[Włodzimierz Antoniewicz]] (1936–1939)
# Jerzy Modrakowski (1939)
# Stefan Pieńkowski (1945–1947)
# Franciszek Czubalski (1947–1949)
# Jan Wasilkowski (1949–1952)
# Stanisław Turski (1952–1969)
# Zygmunt Rybicki (1969–1980)
# [[Henryk Samsonowicz]] (1980–1982)
# Kazimierz Albin Dobrowolski (1982–1985)
# ''Rector electus'' Klemens Szaniawski (1984)
# Grzegorz Białkowski (1985–1989)
# [[Andrzej Kajetan Wróblewski]] (1989–1993)
# Włodzimierz Siwiński (1993–1999)
# Piotr Węgleński (1999–2005)
# [[Katarzyna Chałasińska-Macukow]] (2005–2012)
# [[Marcin Pałys]] (2012–2020)
# [[Alojzy Nowak]] (since 2020)
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)]]
* [[Open access in Poland]]
* [[Warsaw school of history|Warsaw School of History]] ([[Szymon Askenazy|Askenazy]] school)
* [[Warsaw School of Mathematics]]
* [[Main building of Warsaw University (Rostov-on-Don)]]
* [[2025 University of Warsaw attack]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|University of Warsaw}}
* {{Official website|http://www.uw.edu.pl/en/ }}
* [http://www.samorzad.uw.edu.pl/ The WU Students Association]
* [http://www.buw.uw.edu.pl/ Website of The University New Library]
{{University of Warsaw}}
{{Universities in Poland}}{{4EU+ Alliance}}{{Triple accreditation}}{{UNICA}}

{{Coord|52|14|25|N|21|1|9|E|source:plwiki_region:PL_scale:10000|display=title}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Warsaw, University of}}
[[Category:University of Warsaw| ]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1816]]
[[Category:1816 establishments in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:1810s establishments in Poland]]

Bhavan's Gangabux Kanoria Vidyamandir

2026-02-21T02:24:45Z

Mohammedsajib: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Bhavan's Gangabux Kanoria Vidyamandir, Kolkata
| image = Bhavan's Gangabux Kanoria Vidyamandir4.jpg
| image_size =
| status = On-going Academic Year 2025-26
| school_board = CBSE
| authority = Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
| classes = Primary Wing: 5 + 3 (Preparatory 1, 2 & 3; Classes I to V)
Secondary Wing: Classes 6 to 12
[CBSE K-12 Schooling]
| song = Sanskrit: "जय जय विध्या, भवन भरती"
English: "''Victory to Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan!''"
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| schooltype = Private, Co-educational School
| established = 1984
| director = Dr. G. V. Subramanian
| principal = Arun Kumar Dasgupta (Secondary)
| headmistress = Smt. Suparna Chatterjee (Primary)
| motto = "॥ अमृत तु विद्या॥"
| motto_translation = "Knowledge is Nectar"
| location = [[Bidhannagar]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| address = Block - FA, Sector - III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata - 700097
| coordinates = {{coord|22|34|38.44|N|88|24|10.24|E|display=title,inline}}
| website = {{URL|http://bhavansgkvidyamandir.edu.in}}
}}
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthem and Prayer – Bhavan's Gangabux Kanoria Vidyamandir |url=https://bhavansgkvidyamandir.edu.in/anthem-and-prayer/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>
'''Bhavan's Gangabux Kanoria Vidyamandir''' (BGKV, Kolkata) is a private school in [[Bidhannagar]], [[West Bengal]], India, established in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |title=Address at the Birth Centenary Celebrations of Late Girdharilal Mehta and Silver Jubilee Celebrations of the Gangabux Kanoria Vidyamandir, founded by Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 5 January 2007. |url=https://speakerloksabha.nic.in/speech/SpeechDetails.asp?SpeechId=193 |website=www.speakerloksabha.nic.in |publisher=The Speaker of Loksabha |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324103548/https://speakerloksabha.nic.in/speech/SpeechDetails.asp?SpeechId=193 |archive-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> It is a co-ed [[K–12|K-12]] school, affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Details OF SCHOOL AFFILIATED TO Central Board of Secondary Education Details Of The School Filled up AFFILIATION/OASIS |url=http://www.cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=2430020 |website=www.cbseaff.nic.in |publisher=CBSE |access-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331095958/http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=2430020 |archive-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> and administered by the [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Young World Quiz dazzles Kolkata |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/young-world-quiz-dazzles-kolkata/article26142586.ece |website=www.thehindu.com |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324102536/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/young-world-quiz-dazzles-kolkata/article26142586.ece |archive-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> It was named after Seth Gangabux Kanoria, a [[Marwaris|Marwari]] businessman.<ref>{{Cite web|title=bhavans.info|url=https://bhavans.info/school/kanoria_vidya_mandir_kolkata.asp|access-date=2020-09-08|website=bhavans.info}}</ref> The school was inaugurated on 18 June 1984 with [[Primary education|classes I to V]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History – Bhavan's Gangabux Kanoria Vidyamandir |url=https://bhavansgkvidyamandir.edu.in/history/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> The first batch of students appeared for the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] [[Board examination|examinations]] in 1988.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.bhavansschoolkolkata.com/}}

{{Commons category|Bhavan's Gangabux Kanoria Vidyamandir}}

[[Category:Schools affiliated with the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]
[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Private schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Shivgopal Krishna

2026-02-11T07:26:07Z

Mohammedsajib: quick correct article for accuracy further and updated info

{{short description|Indian film writer and director (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Shivgopal Krishna
| image = Shivgopal 211.jpg
| caption = Shivgopal Krishna with [[Gulshan Grover]] at Chhevan Dariya Punjabi film shoot
| birth_name = S. Shivgopal Krishna
| othername = Shivgopal, Shivaa
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|04|08}}
| birth_place = [[Agra, India|Agra]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| occupation = Writer, director, screenwriter
| yearsactive = 2004–present
| website = {{URL|shivvgopal.com}}
}}
'''Shivgopal Krishna''' is an Indian film writer and director. He is best known in the Telugu film industry for his debutant written film ''[[Bank (film)|Bank]]'' (2008).<ref>[http://tollywood.allindiansite.com/g/2006111004.html tollywood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103093811/http://tollywood.allindiansite.com/g/2006111004.html |date=3 November 2014 }} allindiansite.com, 10 November 2006</ref> Recently he is working on a Hindi film script and planning to direct himself.

==Early life==
Shivgopal was born in [[Agra]], India, to a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family. His father is a Government employee in [[BSNL]]. He had a Tamil-Telugu speaking upbringing in Agra.

==Education and early career==
Shivgopal Krishna studied bachelor computer applications [[Bachelor of Computer Application|BCA]] in Agra and also has a [[bachelor's degree]] in Arts. He worked as an assistant director for Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi movies and many TV series. He also worked as a writer for ''[[Bank (film)|Bank]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idleburra.com/2006/11/trilingual-film-on-bank-robbery.html|title=Trilingual film on bank robbery|website=Idleburra.com|accessdate=19 October 2020}}</ref> He worked as casting director for Sagar Pictures and Colosceum Media Pvt. Ltd.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Credits !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2008
| Ek Sach<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_y9kWQvyyk Youtube.com]</ref>
| Writer / Director
| [[Hindi]]
| Short
|-
| 2009
| [[Bank (film)|Bank]]
| Writer / Assistant Director
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| 2010
| Chhevan Dariya (The Sixth River)
| Casting Director / Second Unit Director
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|
|-
| 2012
| Dasa Thirigindi
| Casting Director / Second Unit Director
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| 2013
| [[Singam II]]
| Dialogue Writer
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
| 2014
| [[Race Gurram]] ''(Lucky:The Racer)''
| Dialogue Writer
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
| 2016
| [[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]
| Dialogue Writer
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
| 2017
| [[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]] ''(Main Hi Raja Main Hi Mantri)''
| Dialogue Writer
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
| 2018
| [[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]
| Dialogue Writer
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
| 2019
| [[Pailwan]]
| Dialogue Writer
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
| 2019
| Untitled Hindi Thriller
| Director
| [[Hindi]]
| Pre-production
|-
|-
| 2021
| [[Master (2021 film)|Master]] ''(Vijay the Master)''
| Dialogue Writer
| [[Hindi]]
|
|-
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Serial !! Credits !! Channel
|-
| 2004–2005
| Bechara Big 'B'
| Assistant Director
| Zee Smile
|-
| 2007
| [[Mata Ki Chowki]]
| Assistant Director
| [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2008–2009
| [[Jai Shri Krishna (TV series)|Jai Shri Krishna]]
| Casting Director
| [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]]
|-
| 2015
| [[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]] (Season 6)
| Second Unit Director
| [[Sony]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4547509}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Shivgopal}}
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]

Porur

2026-02-10T21:35:20Z

Mohammedsajib: minor update

{{Short description|Neighborhood in Chennai, India}}
{{original research|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Porur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Porur Junction.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Porur
| pushpin_map = India Chennai #Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Porur (Chennai)
| coordinates = {{coord|13.038200|N|80.156500|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Maduravoyal taluk|Maduravoyal]]
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_name4 = Central Chennai Zone
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Chennai Corporation
| governing_body = Chennai Corporation
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.78
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 43
| population_total = 28783
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600 116
| registration_plate = TN 10(RTO, Chennai(South West))
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Porur''' ({{IPA|ta|poːɾuːɾ|lang}}) is a [[neighbourhood]] of [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It is situated in the [[Maduravoyal taluk]] of [[Chennai district]] in the southern part of the city. Since 2011, it has been a part of the [[Chennai Corporation]] and included in zone number 11.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-10|title=Corporation of Chennai|url=http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/images/MAP_ZONE_WARD.jpg|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610135005/http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/images/MAP_ZONE_WARD.jpg|archive-date=2020-06-10}}</ref>

The earliest [[recorded history]] of Porur goes back to the [[Chola dynasty|Chola period]] when it served as the headquarters of an administrative division (''nadu'') called [[Perur Nadu]]. [[Porur Lake]] is the major source of fresh water for suburban areas such as [[Iyyapanthangal]], [[Moulivakkam]] and [[Mangadu]]. Porur is also known for the [[Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute|Ramachandra Medical College]]. Porur houses Mono-pulse Secondary Surveillance radar, one of the two radars in the city, which aids air-transport communication.<ref name="ChennaiATC_EntireSouthIndianSkies">{{cite news
| last = Janardhanan
| first = Arun
| title = Chennai ATC enjoys the navigation of entire South Indian skies
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| language = ta
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 29 September 2011
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-ATC-enjoys-the-navigation-of-entire-South-Indian-skies/articleshow/10163937.cms
| access-date = 1 Dec 2012}}</ref>

== Location ==
Porur is located at 13.03° N and 80.16° E, and 52 feet (15 metres) above sea level. It is bounded on the east and south-east by the [[Pallavaram Hills]].

== History ==
Porur was a little-known village administered as part of the Saidapet taluk of the then [[Chengalpattu district]] in 1961.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Government - RTO Details |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/rtocontact.html |website=www.tn.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="ws1p237">{{cite book|title=Indian journal of power and river valley development, Volume 41|pages=237|year=1991}}</ref><ref name="ws2p910">{{cite book|title=Eastern economist, Volume 41|pages=910|year=1963}}</ref><ref name="ws3p">{{cite book|title=India Major Manufacturers|pages=237|publisher=Business Information Agency}}</ref> During that time, the Saidapet taluk adjoining Madras city,<ref name="madrasgazetteerp870">{{cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers|author=B. S. Baliga|pages=870|year=1957}}</ref> especially the [[Mount-Poonamallee Road]], was famous for industries and chemical plants producing a variety of products.<ref name="madrasgazetteerp805">{{cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers|author=B. S. Baliga|pages=805|year=1957}}</ref>

Porur village panchayat was upgraded to a Grade-I town panchayat on 1 October 1977.<ref name="madrasgazetteerp1273">{{cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers Volume 12 Part 2|author=B. S. Baliga|pages=1273|year=1983}}</ref> It was upgraded to a selection grade town panchayat from 24 February 1982.<ref name="madrasgazetteerp1273" /> The population of the town at the 1981 census was 8,633.<ref name="madrasgazetteerp1273" />

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|type=
| 1981 |8633
| 1991 |19507
| 2001 |28782
| 2011 |30060
| Footnote = Sources:
* 1981 - 2001: {{cite book|title=WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN PERI-URBAN CHENNAI – CASE STUDY FINDINGS|author=G. Dattatri|publisher=Service Provision Governance in the Peri-Urban Interface of Metropolitan Areas|pages=8|date=10–11 February 2005}}
}}

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Porur had a population of 28,782. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Porur has an average [[literacy]] rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 76%. In Porur, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age. Population of Porur was 30,060 in 2011. The sex ratio was 938 females for every 1000 males. Porur is now administered by the [[Greater Chennai Corporation]].{{fact|date=March 2023}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Geographic Location
| title = '''Porur Neighboring Areas'''
| Northwest = [[Maduravoyal]]
| North = [[Valasaravakkam]]
| Northeast = [[Ramapuram, Chennai|Ramapuram]]
| West = [[Iyyapanthangal|Iyyappanthangal]]
| Centre = Porur
| East = [[Nandambakkam, Guindy]]
| Southwest = [[Moulivakkam]]
| South = [[Madhanandapuram]]
| Southeast = [[Mugalivakkam]]
}}

{{Neighborhoods of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]

Porur

2026-02-10T21:35:20Z

Mohammedsajib: minor update

Dionysius Vattasseril

2026-02-10T19:54:18Z

Mohammedsajib: new a stub.

{{Short description|Indian saint (1858–1934)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox saint
| honorific_prefix= [[Saint]]
| name = Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril (Mar Dionysius VI)
| honorific_suffix=[[Malankara Metropolitan]]
| image = Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt = Portrait of Saint Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril
| caption = Portrait of St. Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril
| titles = The Great Luminary of Malankara Church
| birth_name = Geevarghese
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1858|10|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mallapally]]
| home_town = [[Kottayam]]
| residence =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1934|2|23|1858|10|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kottayam]]
| venerated_in = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]],

| canonized_date = 24 February 2003
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by = [[Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II]], Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan
| major_shrine = [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam|Old Seminary]], [[Kottayam]]
| feast_day = 24 February
| attributes =
| patronage =
| issues =
| suppressed_date =
| suppressed_by =
| influences = [[St. Gregorios of Parumala]]
| influenced = [[Baselios Geevarghese II]]
| tradition =
| major_works = Doctrines of the Church
| module =
}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Dionysious VI of Vattasseril
| honorific_suffix = [[Malankara Metropolitan]]
| title =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| church = [[Malankara Church]]
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese =
| see = [[Apostolic Throne|Apostolic Throne of St Thomas]]
| elected = 1908
| term = 
| term_start = 1909
| term_end = 1934
| quashed = 
| predecessor = [[Dionysious V]]
| successor = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|MOSC]]: [[Baselios Geevarghese II|Baselios Geevarghese II Catholicos]] &
[[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|MSOC]]: [[Coorilos Paulose|Mar Coorilos Paulose]]
| opposed = 
| ordination = 18 January 1880
| ordained_by = [[Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala]]
| consecration = 31 May 1908
| consecrated_by = Patriarch [[Ignatius Abded Aloho II]]
| rank = [[Malankara Metropolitan]]
| birth_name = Geevarghese
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1858|10|31}}
| baptised = 
| birth_place = [[Mallappally]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1934|02|23|1858|10|31}}
| death_place = [[Kottayam]]
| tomb = [[Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary|Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]]
| religion =
| residence =
| parents =
| occupation =
| previous_post =
| education =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Geevarghese Dionysius Vattasseril''', also '''Dionysius VI''', '''Dionysius Geevarghese II''' or, popularly, '''Vattasseril Thirumeni''' (31 October 1858 – 23 February 1934), was a [[bishop]] of the [[Malankara Church]] and 15th [[Malankara Metropolitan]]. In 2003, Dionysius was canonized as a saint by the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Malankara Orthodox Church]], and his feast day is celebrated on February 23 each year. He is known as 'The Great Luminary of Malankara Church' (Malayalam: ''Malankara Sabha Bhasuran''), a title which the Church bestowed on him in recognition of his contribution to the Church.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stgregorioscathedral.com/feasts-fasts/2017/2/23/st-geevarghese-mar-dionysius-vattasseril|title=St. Geevarghese Mar Dionysius Vattasseril|date=23 February 2017 }}</ref>

{{Nasrani People}}

==Early life and education==
Geevarghese was born in Vattasseril family, the fifth child of Joseph Vattasseril of [[Mallappally]] and Aleyamma, Kolathu Kalathil of [[Kurichy]], on 31 October 1858.<ref name=DCBA1 /> Among his siblings, Ouseph Punnoose was also a priest. Following his elementary education at C. M. S. Middle School in Mallappally he completed his high school education from C. M. S. High School, [[Kottayam]].<ref name=vattasseril/> On 12 October 1876, while still a high school student, he was ordained as a sub-deacon by Patriarch of Antioch Ignatius Peter III at [[Puthuppally, Kottayam|Puthuppally]] St. George Church.<ref name=malankara>[http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=149&Itemid=329 "Saints of the Malankara Church", Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]</ref>

==Life in the Church==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}
He studied at the Orthodox Theological Seminary (Old Seminary or Pazhaya Seminary), Kottayam for four years.<ref name=MOSCIN>{{cite web |url= https://mosc.in/saints/st-geevarghese-mar-dionysius-vattasseril/ |title= St. Geevarghese Mar Dionysius Vattasseril |author= |date= |website= Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |publisher= |access-date= 22 January 2026 |quote=}}</ref> He acted as the secretary to [[Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala|Gregorios Geevarghese of Parumala]]. Geevarghese soon became a great [[Syriac studies|Syriac]] scholar under the careful tutelage of [[Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala|St. Gregorios]], who taught him at [[Parumala Seminary]]. He also learned Theology and Syriac language from Metropolitan [[Baselios Paulose I]] at [[Monastery of Saint Thomas, Vettikkal]]. On 16 October 1879, the sub-deacon Geevarghese was ordained as a full deacon and on 18 January 1880 he was ordained to priesthood by [[Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala|St. Gregorios]] himself.<ref name=MOSCIN /> For some time, Fr. Geevarghese oversaw the theological education at Parumala Seminary. As per the existing tradition, he had been ordained for Parumala Seminary. During the period 1881–1908 he was the manager of the Seminary. In 1895, Fr. Geevarghese accompanied St. Gregorios on his visit to the Holy Land along with [[Coorilos Paulose of Panampady|Paulose Ramban]].

===Malankara Malpan===
By 1880, Rev. Fr. Geevarghese had become an authority in the Syriac language, Canons of the Church, Church History, Faith and Doctrine, the Church Fathers, Patristics and Theology. In recognition of his expertise in Syriac and theology he was designated as Malankara Malpaan (a Doctor and Teacher of the Church).<ref name=DCBA1/> In 1887, he was appointed the Syriac teacher at the Old Seminary. Malpan Fr. Geevarghese spent his spare time reading, studying, and thinking which translated to his many writings.<ref name=NEA>{{cite web |url= https://www.neamericandiocese.org/feasts/feasts_details/31 |title= St. Geevarghese Mar Dionysius Vattasseril |author= |date= |website= Northeast American Diocese of the Malankara Orthodox Church |publisher= |access-date= 22 January 2026 |quote=}}</ref> He also used his scholarship to edit and publish the order of Church worship to be used by the laity as an aid for participation in worship. He wrote and published a book titled ''Syriac - Chapter I'' for students of the language. During this period, he also authored the book ''Doctrines of the Church'' (Mathopadeshasarangal) which remains one of the most authoritative and popular works describing Orthodox dogma and ecclesiastical traditions with thorough Scriptural explanations. In 1903, he translated the Holy Service book from Syriac to the local language Malayalam and published it with the blessings of the Church authorities.

===Principal of M. D. Seminary School===
In 1896, by the decision of Managing Committee of the Church, he was appointed as Principal of M. D. Seminary School, Kottayam.<ref name=DCBA1 /> He served as the Principal for eight years, while teaching at the Old Seminary at the same time. His colleagues at the Seminary include the eminent Syriac scholar Rev. Fr. Mathen Malpan of Konat.

===Bishopric===
The Malankara Association meeting which convened at [[Parumala Seminary]] on 2 December 1902 nominated Fr. Geevarghese and Kochuparampil [[Koorilos Paulose|Paulose]] Ramban (later Malankara Metropolitan of the "Bava Kakshi" or the Patriarch faction in the [[Malankara Syrian Church]]) to the office of Metropolitan Bishop. On 2 November 1903 (the first Feast day of St. Gregorios), Fr. Geevarghese Malpan was blessed as a Ramban (monk) at Parumala Seminary by [[Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious II|Dionysius V]] (Pulikkottil Joseph Dionysius II). Following this, he moved to the Old Seminary. The Malankara Association meeting of 14 February 1908 officially elected him along with Kochuparampil Paulose Ramban for consecration as Metropolitan. In the same year, the Patriarch of Antioch [[Ignatius Abded Aloho II]] asked the two elected monks to reach Jerusalem during the Great Lent for the ordination. The two-week-long journey began on 13 April 1908. The party which also included [[Baselios Geevarghese II|Kallasseril Punnoose Ramban]] (later Catholicos Geevarghese II), Karottuveetil Fr. Yuyakkim (later Metropolitan Yuyakkim Ivanios) and Dn. Mathews Paret (later Mathews Ivanios) arrived at Jerusalem on 23 April (Holy Saturday). After some delay, the Patriarch Ignatius Abded Aloho II arrived from Turkey. On 31 May 1908, the ordination took place at Sehion House (where Jesus had the Last Supper). Fr. Geevarghese was enthroned as Geevarghese Dionysius Metropolitan by the patriarch.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/605fd98b-bd66-47c2-84a5-0445aff20154/downloads/class10-part2-eng.pdf?ver=1595626367699|title=Jerusalem Division Class X (English): Part II|date=November 2015|publisher=Orthodox Syrian Sunday School Association of the East|access-date=12 October 2022|pages=80–81}}</ref> The ceremony was attended by representatives of Coptic and Greek Orthodox Churches. Dionysius was appointed as the Bishop of the Malankara Church in general and as the assistant to the Malankara Metropolitan [[Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious II|Dionysius V]] The newly ordained bishop served as the Assistant Malankara Metropolitan for almost a year; he became Malankara Metropolitan in 1909.<ref name=MOSCIN />

===Malankara Metropolitan===
On 26 November 1911, the Malankara Association convened at the Old Seminary and elected Geevarghese Dionysius as the successor to Malankara Metropolitan Dionysius V. The next year he assumed full office of Malankara Metropolitan following the demise of Dionysius V and served and led the Church in that capacity until his death in 1934 when he and the Church triumphed in establishing the official constitution of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Varghese |first1=Alexander P. |title=India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0903-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC |language=en |pages=364–368}}</ref>

===Rift of the Malankara Syrian Church===
By the early 1910s, there was a rift in the Malankara Church and the two factions emerged, with the Metropolitan faction (Later as [[Malankara Orthodox Church]]) remaining in support and under the Malankara Metropolitan Dionysius of Vattasseril, while the faction supporting the Patriarch (known as Patriarch faction) elected a new Malankara Metropolitan [[Coorilos Paulose of Panampady]] under the Patriarch of the Antioch.<ref>{{cite book |last=Korah thomas|first=Antony|date=1993|title=The Christians of Kerala|page=97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39LYAAAAMAAJ&q=koorilos%20Paulose|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]}}</ref>

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|Malankara Syrian Church Titles}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Pulikkottil Joseph Dionysious II]]
| title = [[Malankara Metropolitan]] of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Malankara Syrian Church]]
| years = 1909–1934
| after = [[Baselios Geevarghese II]]}}
{{s-end}}

==Legacy==

He was an outstanding orator who was well aware of the importance of the vitality and Christian persuasiveness of the [[Bible]] when delivering the speeches to the faithful. Prayers and fasting were the pillars of his spiritual foundation. In addition to the liturgical hours of prayer, he spent much time in private prayers and silent meditations behind closed doors. In spite of his busy schedule, he was also able to focus on three to four lessons from the Holy Bible every day. Despite the many spiritual qualities he shared leadership qualities like domineering charisma and progressive mindedness. The Malankara Orthodox Church recognizes him as a living saint of his time on earth.<ref name=vattasseril>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stgregorioschurchdc.org/cgi/xpage.cgi?doc=vattasseril.doc|title=Vattasseril Geevarghese Mar Dionysius}}</ref>

Mar Dionysius VI and his fellow clergies have played a central role in elevating the primate of Malankara Orthodox Church to the title [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan|Catholicos of the East]].<ref name=WCC>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of the Ecumenical Movement|chapter=Oriental Orthodox Churches|page=756-757|publisher=World Council of Churches|location=Geneva|editor1-last=Lossky|editor1-first=Nicholas|editor2-last=Bonino|editor2-first=José Miguez|editor3-last=Pobee|editor3-first=John|date=1991}}</ref><ref name=CNEWS>{{cite web|url=https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/oriental-orthodox-churches/the-malankara-orthodox-syrian-church/|title=The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|publisher=Catholic Near East Welfare Association|access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref><ref name=cec>{{cite book|title=The Catholic Eastern Churches|url=https://archive.org/details/catholiceasternc0000attw|author=Attwater, Donald|chapter=The Malankarese|publisher=Bruce Publishing Company|date=1935|edition=1937 revised|page=[https://archive.org/details/catholiceasternc0000attw/page/197 197]}}</ref> By establishing the Catholicate in Malabar, the visionary Metropolitan succeeded in defending the sovereignty and independence of the St. Thomas Christians of India, though the rift between the Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church and the Malankara Orthodox Church were never resolved and has grown worse over time with regular legal arguments and some physical altercations. Mar Dionysius VI also prepared a first draft of the Church Constitution with the aid of Patriarch [[Ignatius Abdul Masih II]] and of using his profound knowledge in the Canons of the Church. This draft was used to prepare the Church Constitution of 1934.<ref name=DCBA1 /> In his last encyclical, he wrote to the entire Malankara Church: {{cquote|And I commit in each of you the responsibility to upkeep that institution which most of you along with myself truly believe to be indispensable for the survival, prosperity and progress of our Church, and which has been till now painstakingly guarded by all of us, namely the Catholicate.}}

==Death==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}
Dionysius VI experienced physical suffering on 13 February 1934, and suffered from paralysis on 16 February. On 21 February, Baselios Geevarghese II administered him the service of Anointing.<ref name=DCBA1 /> Two days later, Dionysius VI died on 23 February 1934, and was buried the next day in the Chapel of Old Seminary, Kottayam, near the tombs of his predecessors.

In his speech that day, Baselios Geevarghese II said: {{cquote|On this first Saturday of the Great Lent, on this day of remembrance of the global Malpan [[Ephrem the Syrian|Mar Aprem]], the great Malpan of Malankara has entered eternal rest. On this day of remembrance of the Martyr [[Theodore the Martyr|St Thevodoros]] who laid his life for our Lord, our Metropolitan, who is eligible to be called ''Confessor'' for suffering similar persecution for the Church, is being interred.}}

==Canonization==

Dionysius VI was exalted as a saint and confessor to the faithful.<ref name=DCBA1>{{cite web |url= https://dcbasia.org/biography/vattasseril-dionysius-geevarghese |title= Bishop Vattasseril, Dionysius Geevarghese, 1858 – 1934 |author= |date= |website= Dictionary of Christian Biography in Asia |publisher= |access-date= 22 January 2026 |quote=}}</ref> On the 69th feast day of Dionysius VI (24 February 2003), he was canonized by the Episcopal Synod of Malankara Orthodox Church headed by [[Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II|Baselios MarThoma Mathews II]], [[Malankara Metropolitan]] and Catholicos of the Malankara Church. The Catholicos Baselios Geevarghese II might have foreseen this when he instructed the sentence "''The time will not dim his glory''" to be engraved on the tomb of Dionysius VI. 23 February is observed as the saint's feast day.

St. Dionysius is the second Indian Saint to be canonized by the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], after [[Gregorios of Parumala]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://mosc.in/saints/ |title= Saints |author= |date= |website= Malankara Orthodox Church |publisher= |access-date= 5 February 2026 |quote=}}</ref>

==Churches, monasteries and orphanages==
Honoring the Saint's memory, several churches and educational institutions have been established including St. Dionysius Church, Perukavu (Trivandrum), [[St. Dionysius Orthodox Church|St. Dionysius Church]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sdocalain.com/st-dionysius/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000420/http://www.sdocalain.com/st-dionysius/ | archive-date=2016-03-04 | title=St. Dionysius}}</ref> in [[Al Ain]], United Arab Emirates, St. dionysius orthodox church Desertland, Dammam (under diocese of Thrissur), St. Dionysius Indian Orthodox Church, Auckland, New Zealand,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/people/StDionysius-Indian-Orthodox-Church-Auckland-New-Zealand/100071843858490/|title=Facebook|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> St. Dionysius Orthodox Church, Dasarahalli,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/St.Dionysius.Orthodox.Church.Dasarahalli|title=Facebook|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> [[Bangalore]], St. Dionysius Orthodox Chapel, Aravali ([[Gurugram]]) and Dionysius Senior Secondary School in Mallappally, Kerala,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mdrishivalleyschool.com/ |title=Home |website=mdrishivalleyschool.com}}</ref> to name a few. M. G. D. Ashram<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geevarghesemarosthathios.org/images/mgdm.html |title=Dr. Geevarghese Mar Osthathios Metropolitan |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-date=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317092046/http://www.geevarghesemarosthathios.org/images/mgdm.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (monastery) at Panayampala, Kerala was founded in 1980 with St. Dionysius as its Patron Saint. The Ashram has an orphanage (Balabhavan) in its care since 2000.

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Samuel |first=Rev. Dr. V. C. |title=Truth Triumphs: Life and Achievements of Metropolitan Mar Dionysius VI |publisher=M. O. C. Publishers, Kottayam, India |year=1986 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Cheeran |first1=Rev. Dr. Joseph |last2=Kottackal |first2=K. V. Mammen |last3=Pulikkottil |first3=Adv. P. C. Mathew |title=വട്ടശ്ശേരിൽ തിരുമേനി: മലങ്കരസഭയുടെ കോട്ട (ജീവചരിത്രം) |language=ml |trans-title=Vattasseril Thirumeni: The Fortress of Malankara Church (Biography) |publisher=Kottackal Publishers, Manganam, Kerala |date=February 2002|edition=3rd |orig-year=2001 |url=http://www.marthoman.tv/Vattasseril/vattasseril.pdf}}
*{{cite book |last=Kochukoshy I. A. S. |first=C. K.|title=ധീരോദാത്ത വിശുദ്ധൻ |language=ml |trans-title=The Saint with Exemplary Courage |publisher=St. Dionysius Foundation, Kottayam, Kerala |date=February 2011 |edition=2nd |orig-year=1994 |url=http://www.marthoman.tv/Books/Dheerodatha_Vishudhan.pdf}}
*{{cite book |last=Paret |first=Z. M. |series=മലങ്കര നസ്രാണി (Malankara Nasraani)|title=വട്ടശ്ശേരിൽ മാർ ദിവന്നാസ്യോസ് |language=ml |trans-title=Mar Dionyisus Vattasseril |publisher=J. M. Chemmarappally, Kottayam |year=1965 }}
*{{cite book |last=Paret |first=Z. M. |series=മലങ്കര നസ്രാണി (Malankara Nasraani)|title=നിത്യാക്ഷരങ്ങൾ |language=ml |trans-title=Eternal Letters|publisher=J. M. Chemmarappally, Kottayam |year=1965 }}
*{{cite book |last=Chandanappally |first=Dr. Samuel |series=മലങ്കരസഭാ പിതാക്കന്മാർ (Fathers of Malankara Church)|title=വട്ടശ്ശേരിൽ മാർ ദിവന്നാസ്യോസ് |language=ml |trans-title=Mar Dionyisus Vattasseril }}

==See also==
* [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
* [[Mar Thoma I]]
* [[Mar Thoma II]]
* [[Mar Thoma III]]
* [[Mar Thoma IV]]
* [[Mar Thoma V]]
* [[Mar Thoma VI|Mar Thoma VI (Dionysius I)]]
* [[Mar Thoma VII]]
* [[Mar Thoma VIII]]
* [[Mar Thoma IX]]
* [[Mar Dionysius II|Dionysius II]]
* [[Mar Dionysius III|Dionysius III]]
* [[Mar Dionysius IV|Dionysius IV]]
* [[Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan|Athanasius]]
* [[Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious II|Dionysius V]]
* [[Baselios Geevarghese II]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.orthodoxherald.com/2010/03/04/saint-dionysius-of-vattasseril/ Saint Dionysius of Vattasseril]

{{Authority control}}

{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vattasseril, Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church saints]]
[[Category:Indian Christian saints]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church bishops]]
[[Category:20th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox bishops]]

Digha–Sonpur Bridge

2026-02-05T04:21:51Z

Mohammedsajib: new a entry.

{{Short description|Indian bridge over Ganga river connecting Patna and Sonpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox Bridge
| bridge_name = Digha–Sonpur Rail–Road Bridge (J.P. Setu)
| native_name = Digha Pul
| image = File:Digha - Sonpur Rail Road Bridge.jpg
| caption = Digha–Sonpur JP Setu
| official_name =
| carries =
| crosses = [[Ganges]]
| locale = [[Digha, Patna|Digha]]–[[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]]
| maint =
| id =
| designer =
| design = Warren truss and double Warren truss
| material =
| spans = 36
| pierswater =
| mainspan = {{Convert|123|m|ft}}
| length = {{Convert|4556|m}}
| width = {{Convert|10|m|ft}}
| height =
| load =
| clearance =
| below =
| traffic = 14 pair of trains
| begin = 2003
| complete = August 2015
| num_track = 2
| lanes = 2
| open = 3 February 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160704/jsp/bihar/story_94633.jsp|title=Express-train cheer for rail bridge|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818112809/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160704/jsp/bihar/story_94633.jsp|archive-date=18 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| closed =
| toll =
| map_cue =
| map_image =
| map_text =
| map_width =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.6681|N|85.1083|E|format=dms}}
| lat =
| long =
}}
The '''Digha–Sonpur bridge''' ({{langx|hi|दीघा-सोनपुर पुल}}) or '''J. P. Setu''' ({{langx|hi|जेपी सेतु}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170611/jsp/frontpage/story_156221.jsp|title=Bridge opening boon for north Bihar link|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011755/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170611/jsp/frontpage/story_156221.jsp|archive-date=7 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> is a rail-cum-road [[Truss bridge|steel truss bridge]] across river [[Ganga]], connecting [[Digha, Patna|Digha Ghat]] in [[Patna]] and [[Bharpura Pahleza Ghat Junction railway station|Pahleja Ghat]] in [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur.]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=4 February 2016 |title=Million dreams on tracks |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160204/jsp/frontpage/story_67415.jsp#.VwBbXJx97IV |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414163358/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160204/jsp/frontpage/story_67415.jsp#.VwBbXJx97IV |archive-date=14 April 2016 |website=Telegraph India |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120426/jsp/bihar/story_15420512.jsp#.VyiRTvl97IV|title=Ganga bridge bonanza New projects to ease travel hassle|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602132643/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120426/jsp/bihar/story_15420512.jsp#.VyiRTvl97IV|archive-date=2 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is named after Indian independence activist [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]. It provides easy roadway and railway link between north and south Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160613/jsp/bihar/story_90847.jsp#.V_ktTOV97IU|title=Land bids put bridges in troubled waters Four new bridges being constructed over the Ganga in different locations across Bihar have missed their deadlines for completion. The existing bridges are dilapidated, adding to the woes|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009181813/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160613/jsp/bihar/story_90847.jsp#.V_ktTOV97IU|archive-date=9 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

It is 4,556m in length and the second [[List of longest bridges above water in India|longest rail-cum-road bridge]] in India, after [[Bogibeel Bridge]] in Assam.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Railway-safety-commissioner-inspects-Digha-Sonepur-bridge/articleshow/50251157.cms|title=Girder erection and deck casting work has been completed on 45 spans of the bridge in a record time|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 December 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225170451/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Railway-safety-commissioner-inspects-Digha-Sonepur-bridge/articleshow/50251157.cms|archive-date=25 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rail service was inaugurated on this route on 3 February 2016.

This is second railway bridge in Bihar after [[Rajendra Setu]] that connects North Bihar to South Bihar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Digha-bridge-Only-10-rly-track-work-remains-incomplete/articleshow/47335001.cms|title=Digha bridge: Only 10% rly track work remains incomplete|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804063045/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Digha-bridge-Only-10-rly-track-work-remains-incomplete/articleshow/47335001.cms|archive-date=4 August 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Indian Railways]] has constructed two railway stations on either sides of the bridge – [[Patliputra Junction railway station|Patliputra Junction]] (PPTA) and [[Pahlejaghat Junction railway station|Bharpura Pahleja Ghat Junction]] (PHLG).

==The project==
[[File:Digha pahleja rail road bridge.png|thumb|right|400px|[[Patliputra Junction railway station|Patliputra]] and [[Pahlejaghat Junction railway station|Bharpura Pahleja Ghat station]] on both sides of bridge]]

[[Rajendra Setu]] was the only bridge that carried railway tracks across the [[Ganges]] in the state of Bihar till 3 February 2016. It was opened in 1959.<ref name=toi>{{cite news |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Rlys-begins-bridge-renovation-work/articleshow/6156718.cms |title = Rlys begins bridge renovation work |access-date = 2011-07-06 |date = 2010-07-12 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://archive.today/20120701151235/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-12/patna/28311455_1_new-bridge-girder-bridge-kiul |archive-date = 1 July 2012 |work = [[The Times of India]] |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=history>{{cite web | url = http://www.irse.bravehost.com/irhpi.htm | title = Indian railways history (after independence) | publisher = Indian Railways | access-date = 2011-07-06 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111005074811/http://www.irse.bravehost.com/irhpi.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://railways-forgets.blogspot.com/2008_07_01_archive.html |title = Indian Railways' Forgotten Frontier – Tribals Travel on Rooftops |work = Again in Bihar: 930 crore and 625 crore rail cum road bridges |access-date = 2011-07-07 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110825145449/http://railways-forgets.blogspot.com/2008_07_01_archive.html |archive-date = 25 August 2011 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

On 22 December 1996 Former Prime Minister [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] laid the foundation stone for the construction of the railway bridge over Ganga at [[Sonepur, Bihar|Sonepur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Digha-Sonepur-rail-bridge-has-an-eventful-past/articleshow/821555223.cms|title=Digha-Sonepur rail bridge has an eventful past|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 February 2002 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231130315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Digha-Sonepur-rail-bridge-has-an-eventful-past/articleshow/821555223.cms|archive-date=31 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/foundation-stone-for-bihar-bridge-laid-again-for-lalu-s-sake/story-nEVZIGu0LWETQjQo20yaBP.html|title=Foundation stone for Bihar bridge laid again, for Lalu's benefit|date=31 January 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513143144/http://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/foundation-stone-for-bihar-bridge-laid-again-for-lalu-s-sake/story-nEVZIGu0LWETQjQo20yaBP.html|archive-date=13 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] was the railway minister at that time, but the physical work on the bridge began in 2003 when [[Nitish Kumar]] was the railway minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Trains-run-on-Ganga-bridge-end-18-year-long-wait/articleshow/50841297.cms|title=18-year wait 1996-2016|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 February 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313200101/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Trains-run-on-Ganga-bridge-end-18-year-long-wait/articleshow/50841297.cms|archive-date=13 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nitish-kumar-attacks-centre-for-ignoring-bihar-in-smart-city-list-1271774|title=Ramvilas Paswan had got foundation laying of the rail-cum road bridge from Digha to Sonepur by the then Prime Minister HD Deve Gowda without arranging fund for it|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816034621/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nitish-kumar-attacks-centre-for-ignoring-bihar-in-smart-city-list-1271774|archive-date=16 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Digha–Sonpur Ganga bridge was initially sanctioned as a rail bridge; the project was converted to a rail-cum-road bridge in 2006. Total cost of the project was put at {{INR}}13,890 million, out of which {{INR}}8,350 million was for the rail part, and {{INR}}5,540 million was for the road part. It was expected to be completed in five years.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.oneindia.com/2006/09/07/enlargement-of-rail-bridge-over-ganga-near-patna-approved-by-ccea-1157622599.html |title = Enlargement of rail bridge over Ganga near Patna approved by CCEA |publisher = one india news |access-date = 2011-07-06 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121009102935/http://news.oneindia.in/2006/09/07/enlargement-of-rail-bridge-over-ganga-near-patna-approved-by-ccea-1157622599.html |archive-date = 9 October 2012 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> The construction work on the bridge was completed in August 2015,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Digha-Sonepur-bridge-to-be-inaugurated-soon/articleshow/48382395.cms|title='Digha-Sonepur bridge to be inaugurated soon Aug 6,2015'|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 August 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102053715/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Digha-Sonepur-bridge-to-be-inaugurated-soon/articleshow/48382395.cms|archive-date=2 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Rlys-may-miss-deadline-to-open-Digha-bridge/articleshow/48059823.cms |title=Rlys may miss deadline to open Digha bridge - the Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 July 2015 |access-date=2016-07-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928084731/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Rlys-may-miss-deadline-to-open-Digha-bridge/articleshow/48059823.cms |archive-date=28 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and a trial run of a diesel locomotive was undertaken on the bridge in the same month.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Loco-makes-smooth-trial-run-on-Digha-Sonepur-bridge/articleshow/48406988.cms|title=Loco makes smooth trial run on Digha-Sonepur bridge Aug 8,2015|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 August 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812133049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Loco-makes-smooth-trial-run-on-Digha-Sonepur-bridge/articleshow/48406988.cms|archive-date=12 August 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Digha–Sonpur Bridge project was executed by [[Ircon International]] and the bridge was completed at {{INRConvert|1570|c}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ircon-executes-landmarkrailway-projects-in-Bihar/articleshow/53133840.cms|title=Ircon executes landmarkrailway projects in Bihar|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 July 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715130758/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ircon-executes-landmarkrailway-projects-in-Bihar/articleshow/53133840.cms|archive-date=15 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/tejashwi-to-open-2-mega-bridges-on-pul-nigam-day/articleshow/59057190.cms|title=Tejashwi Prasad Yadav to open 2 mega bridges on Pul Nigam day|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 June 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619032545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/tejashwi-to-open-2-mega-bridges-on-pul-nigam-day/articleshow/59057190.cms|archive-date=19 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The electrification work on the [[Patna-Sonepur-Hajipur Section]] was completed by July 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160704/jsp/bihar/story_94633.jsp#.V4e-DtJ97IW|title=Express-train cheer for Digha rail bridge|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=4 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818112809/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160704/jsp/bihar/story_94633.jsp#.V4e-DtJ97IW|archive-date=18 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The doubling of railway tracks on the bridge started in May 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/sonepur-bridge-twin-track-work-rolls-231917?ref=bihar-new-stry|title=Sonepur bridge twin track work rolls|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522041406/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/sonepur-bridge-twin-track-work-rolls-231917?ref=bihar-new-stry|archive-date=22 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and is being done at an estimated cost of Rs 156.09 crore and will be completed by December 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/railway-track-project-by-dec-2019-237090|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612185001/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/railway-track-project-by-dec-2019-237090|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 June 2018|title=Railway track project by Dec. 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161015/jsp/bihar/story_113479.jsp#.WAkdbuV97IV|title=Double track boon for bridge More trains between Patna & north|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021071644/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161015/jsp/bihar/story_113479.jsp#.WAkdbuV97IV|archive-date=21 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Construction of the bridge being completed, the inaugural commercial run on the rail bridge took place on 3 February 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Trains-run-on-Ganga-bridge-end-18-year-long-wait/articleshow/50841297.cms|title=Trains run on Ganga bridge, end 18-year-long wait|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 February 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313200101/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Trains-run-on-Ganga-bridge-end-18-year-long-wait/articleshow/50841297.cms|archive-date=13 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Digha–Sonepur rail bridge was officially inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 12 March 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/NaMo-flags-off-train-to-Lucknow/articleshow/51375931.cms|title=NaMo flags off train to Lucknow|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 March 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703072748/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/NaMo-flags-off-train-to-Lucknow/articleshow/51375931.cms|archive-date=3 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The second rail track is still to be laid. A new railway station [[Digha Bridge Halt railway station|Digha Bridge Halt]] (दीघा ब्रिज हॉल्ट) was constructed 3 km north from Patliputra Junction, near Danapur Bankipur road and opened for passengers on 25 November 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/dozen-trains-to-halt-make-life-easier-188868|title=Dozen trains to halt, make life easier|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412213802/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/dozen-trains-to-halt-make-life-easier-188868|archive-date=12 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It saves time for rail passengers going to Gandhi Maidan at least 1 hour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1161015/jsp/bihar/story_113479.jsp#.WAkdbuV97IV |title= Double track boon for bridge|website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812134941/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1161015/jsp/bihar/story_113479.jsp |archive-date=12 August 2017}}</ref> The road bridge was inaugurated on 11 June 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/new-bridges-over-ganga-reduce-distance-in-state/articleshow/59099632.cms|title=New bridges over Ganga reduce distance in Bihar|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 June 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111042100/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/new-bridges-over-ganga-reduce-distance-in-state/articleshow/59099632.cms|archive-date=11 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Link roads to connect National Highways on both ends are completed. The total length of construction, including approaches, is 20 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ppnow.com/other/trains-in-india/ |title=Trains in India |publisher=PPPNOW.com |access-date=2011-07-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328025642/http://ppnow.com/other/trains-in-india/ |archive-date=2012-03-28 }}</ref> It is a K-truss bridge.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0010016 |title = Ganga River Railroad Bridge at Patna | publisher=Structurae |access-date = 2011-07-06 }}</ref> There are two rail tracks (up and down tracks) and a two lane road.

Its south link road which is also called as AIIMS- Digha elevated road ([[Patli Path]]) completed in December 2020.

==Politicking==
[[File:Nitish Kumar inspecting JP Ganga Setu.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar inspecting JP Setu in 2023.]]
In 1996, survey work for the proposed bridge was initiated by the Railways at three possible sites – Digha–Sonepur, Gulzarbagh–Hajipur and Ict Ghat–Sonepur.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Digha-Pahleja-rail-bridge-gets-go-ahead/articleshow/2017552439.cms|title=Digha-Pahleja rail bridge gets go-ahead|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 April 2000 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223231247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Digha-Pahleja-rail-bridge-gets-go-ahead/articleshow/2017552439.cms|archive-date=23 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] was then the [[Minister of Railways (India)|Union Railway Minister]] and he lent his support to the Gulzarbagh-Hajipur site, as [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]] was the constituency from which he was elected. [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], then [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister]] of Bihar, lent his support to the Digha–Sonepur site. In the wake of the conflicting support of the political heavy weights, disturbances broke out at Sonepur. One person was shot dead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/vaishali-celebrating-the-martyrdom-day-of-shaheed-rail-bridge-14347542.html|title=दीघा-सोनपुर रेल पुल को लेकर शहीद का मना शहादत दिवस|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818062652/http://www.jagran.com/bihar/vaishali-celebrating-the-martyrdom-day-of-shaheed-rail-bridge-14347542.html|archive-date=18 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Many experts opined in favour of building the rail bridge adjacent to the [[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]], the road bridge connecting Hajipur with Patna. However, political opinion prevailed and the Digha–Sonepur site was selected. {{INR}}24 million was spent on the survey alone.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Digha-Sonepur-rail-bridge-has-an-eventful-past/articleshow/821555223.cms| title = Digha–Sonepur rail bridge has an eventful past| access-date = 2011-07-06| date = 2002-02-02| url-status = live| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120707034808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-02-02/patna/27110505_1_rail-bridge-railway-bridge-digha-sonepur| archive-date = 7 July 2012| work = [[The Times of India]]| df = dmy-all}}</ref> The proposal to construct the bridge was mentioned in the [[Dream Budget|union budget of 1997-98]] and at that time the estimated cost was {{INR}}600 crores. The bridge was finally sanctioned during the term as Union Railway Minister of [[Nitish Kumar]], present Chief Minister of Bihar.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news |date=2009-10-13 |title='Rail bridge over Ganga would be nation's pride' |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/13/stories/2009101351860300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2011-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110045842/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/13/stories/2009101351860300.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The scope of work was expanded when Lalu Prasad Yadav was the Union Railway Minister.

==Service==
<gallery widths="180px" heights="250px">
File:Dighapahlejabridge.png|Digha pahleja bridge
File:Digha Sonpur bridge 2.png|JP setu
File:Digha_Sonpur_bridge_3.jpg|Panoramic view of Digha Sonpur bridge
File:Digha Sonpur bridge 3.png|Overview of JP setu
File:Ganga Rail-Road Bridge (under construction).jpg|Under-construction view of JP setu
File:The Evening View from Ghandhi Ghat Patna 01.jpg| Digha-Sonpur Bridge from Ghandi Ghat
File:The Evening View from Ghandhi Ghat Patna 02.jpg| Sunset View
File:The Evening View from Ghandhi Ghat Patna 03.jpg| Evening View
File:The Evening View from Ghandhi Ghat Patna 04.jpg| After Complition
</gallery>

Regularly scheduled passenger service was inaugurated on this route on 3 February 2016. Initially, six services will utilize the bridge connecting Patna with North Bihar and parts of Uttar Pradesh. [[Diesel Multiple Unit]] trains from [[Patliputra Junction]] to [[Barauni Junction]] via Sonepur, Hajipur, Shahpur Patori, to [[Gorakhpur Junction]] via Chhapra, Siwan, Thawe and Kaptanganj, and to Gorakhpur Junction via Hajipur, Muzaffarpur, Raxaul and Narkatiaganj are among the initial services.<ref>{{cite news|title=Train to run on Digha–Sonepur bridge today|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Patna/Train-to-run-on-Digha-Sonepur-bridge-today/articleshow/50826681.cms|publisher=Times of India|date=2 February 2016|author=Kumod Verma|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214122600/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Train-to-run-on-Digha-Sonepur-bridge-today/articleshow/50826681.cms|archive-date=14 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trains run on Ganga bridge, end 18-year-long wait|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Trains-run-on-Ganga-bridge-end-18-year-long-wait/articleshow/50841297.cms|publisher=Times of India|date=3 February 2016|author=Kumod Verma and HK Verma|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313200101/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Trains-run-on-Ganga-bridge-end-18-year-long-wait/articleshow/50841297.cms|archive-date=13 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Many of long distance Patna-bound trains going to northeast have already been shifted to this northerly route easing the burden on the heavily congested [[Patna–Mughalsarai section|Mughalsarai-Patna rail line]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Saran residents await opening of Digha bridge|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Saran-residents-await-opening-of-Digha-bridge/articleshow/50288046.cms|publisher=Times of India|date=22 December 2015|author=H K Verma|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903171316/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Saran-residents-await-opening-of-Digha-bridge/articleshow/50288046.cms|archive-date=3 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Roll-on/roll-off===
In May 2016, [[Roll-on/roll-off]] (RO-RO) service was introduced from Bihta (private freight terminal) to Turki station in Muzaffarpur district covering a distance of 88 km through the Digha–Sonepur rail-cum-road bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/rlys-kicks-off-roroservices-in-bihar/article8646399.ece|title=Railway kicks roll on off|date=25 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610113149/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/rlys-kicks-off-roroservices-in-bihar/article8646399.ece|archive-date=10 June 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-268-852854-pt0073-NOR.html|title=ट्रेन पर सवार होकर गंगा पार गए ट्रक, रेलवे की हुई कमाई|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816100527/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-268-852854-pt0073-NOR.html|archive-date=16 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This is second such service in India. Before this, Railways started RoRo services in the [[Konkan Railway|Konkan region]]. The railway wagons ferry loaded trucks to their destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160526/jsp/bihar/story_87616.jsp#.V5L5P9J97IU|title=Trains to ferry trucks, take load off Setu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730101122/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160526/jsp/bihar/story_87616.jsp#.V5L5P9J97IU|archive-date=30 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This is started by Railways to attract more loadings, reduce carbon emission and reduce load on [[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/indian-railways-launch-ro-ro-service-to-attract-more-loadings/265851/ |title=Indian Railways launch RO-RO service to attract more loadings - the Financial Express |access-date=2016-07-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816141629/http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/indian-railways-launch-ro-ro-service-to-attract-more-loadings/265851/ |archive-date=16 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Approximately 44 loaded or empty trucks move in a rake and one rake do three trips a day. Ferrying of trucks weighing 15 MT (metric tonnes) cost {{INRConvert|4107}} and of empty trucks of average 6 MT (metric tonnes) weight {{INRConvert|2806}}. Similarly, trucks weighing over 15 MT are charged {{INR}}200 more for every tonne over 15MT. The maximum weight allowed is 66 MT. From 3 July onwards, starting destination is changed to Danapur instead of Bihita.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ecr-changes-destination-of-roll-onroll-off-to-danapur/article8802493.ece|title=ECR changes destination of 'roll on-roll off' to Danapur|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 July 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703014949/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ecr-changes-destination-of-roll-onroll-off-to-danapur/article8802493.ece|archive-date=3 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Bridges across the Ganges in Bihar==
The Ganges divides the state of Bihar in two parts. The mighty river makes communication between the two parts a difficult task.

* The first effort to bridge the gap was [[Rajendra Setu]] in 1959.<ref name=toi/><ref name=history/>
* The next bridge across the Ganges in Bihar was the {{convert|5,575|m}} [[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]], the longest bridge in India at the time of its commissioning in 1982.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.generalknowledgequizblog.com/2011/03/mahatma-gandhi-setu-longest-river.html | title =Mahatma Gandhi Setu the Longest River Bridge in India | publisher =General Knowledge Quiz | access-date =2011-07-06 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110704184257/http://www.generalknowledgequizblog.com/2011/03/mahatma-gandhi-setu-longest-river.html | archive-date =4 July 2011 | df =dmy-all }}</ref>
* It was followed by [[Vikramshila Setu]] near [[Bhagalpur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://karnabhumi.blogspot.com/2009/08/vikramshila-setu.html | title = Vikramshila Setu | date = 22 August 2009 | publisher = Bhagalpur, Land of Art, Culture and Education | access-date = 2011-07-06 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120326154749/http://karnabhumi.blogspot.com/2009/08/vikramshila-setu.html | archive-date = 26 March 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
* The fourth bridge across the Ganges in the state is the Digha–Sonpur rail–road bridge.
* The Srikrishna Setu [[Munger Ganga Bridge]] was formally opened for passenger trains on 11 April 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Minister-flags-off-passenger-train-between-Begusarai-and-Jamalpur/articleshow/51784275.cms |title=Minister flags off passenger train between Begusarai and Jamalpur - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 April 2016 |access-date=2017-12-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121034602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Minister-flags-off-passenger-train-between-Begusarai-and-Jamalpur/articleshow/51784275.cms |archive-date=21 November 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The road on the Shrikrishna Setu and the approach roads are now complete, and was inaugurated for traffic in February 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/longdelayed-road-bridge-over-ganga-in-bihar-to-be-inaugurated-on-friday-101644303075379.html|title=Long-delayed road bridge over Ganga in Bihar to be inaugurated on Friday|work=Hindustan Times|date=8 February 2022}}</ref>
* A fourth rail bridge over Ganga has been sanctioned at Bikramshila–Kataria with 18 km new rail line between Pirpainti and Naugachhia at cost of rupees 1601 Crore taking in consideration for access to north Bihar from Jharkhand by Jasidih Pirpainti new rail line under construction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/bihar-gets-allocation-of-rs-3171-crore-in-rail-budget-562644-2016-02-25 |title=Bihar gets allocation of Rs 3171 crore in rail budget : PTI feed, News - India Today |access-date=2016-04-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427110116/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bihar-gets-allocation-of-rs-3171-crore-in-rail-budget/1/605456.html |archive-date=27 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* Another {{convert|9.76|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} 6-lane [[Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur Bridge|road bridge]] is already under construction at Patna connecting Kachchi Dargah in Patna and Bidupur in Vaishali.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150824/jsp/bihar/story_38745.jsp#.VxDW_TB95dg |title= Smooth today, faster tomorrow|website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425233719/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150824/jsp/bihar/story_38745.jsp |archive-date=25 April 2016}}</ref>
* Construction work of a double-track rail bridge, 25 meters upstream from present Rajendra Pul was inaugurated on 12 March 2016 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi while inaugurating Patna Lucknow Intercity express.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-pm-modi-inaugurates-three-major-railway-projects-worth-rs-7000-crore-in-bihar-2188606 |title=PM Modi inaugurates three major railway projects worth Rs 7000 crore in Bihar | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |access-date=2016-04-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423222811/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-pm-modi-inaugurates-three-major-railway-projects-worth-rs-7000-crore-in-bihar-2188606 |archive-date=23 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/New-Mokama-rail-bridge-likely-to-be-completed-in-4-yrs/articleshow/51385623.cms |title=New Mokama rail bridge likely to be completed in 4 yrs - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 March 2016 |access-date=2016-04-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318010223/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/New-Mokama-rail-bridge-likely-to-be-completed-in-4-yrs/articleshow/51385623.cms |archive-date=18 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* A {{convert|5.575|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} bridge [[Bakhtiyarpur-Tajpur Bridge]] is under construction which will connect [[Bakhtiyarpur]] and [[Tajpur, Bihar|Tajpur]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bihardays.com/3bhr/nitish-inaugurates-construction-ganga-bridge-connecting-bakhtiyarpur-tajpur-bridge-open-2015/ |title = Nitish inaugurates construction of Ganga bridge connecting Bakhtiyarpur – Tajpur: bridge to open in 2015 |publisher = Bihar Days |access-date = 2011-07-06 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110615181024/http://www.bihardays.com/3bhr/nitish-inaugurates-construction-ganga-bridge-connecting-bakhtiyarpur-tajpur-bridge-open-2015/ |archive-date = 15 June 2011 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>
* The [[Arrah–Chhapra Bridge]] across the Ganges is complete, which connects [[Arrah]] and [[Chhapra]] and opened to traffic on 11 June 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101230/jsp/bihar/story_13369018.jsp |title=Ganga link to connect Ara & Chhapra |publisher=The Telegraph, 30 December 2010 |access-date=2011-07-06 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Rakesh K. |last=Singh |date=2010-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520070513/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101230/jsp/bihar/story_13369018.jsp |archive-date=20 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* A road bridge parallel to the existing rail and road bridge, Rajendra Setu, has also been planned.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110408/jsp/bihar/story_13823833.jsp|title=Four-lane connector over Sone, Ganga|publisher=The Telegraph, 8 April 2011|access-date=2011-07-06|location=Calcutta, India|date=2011-04-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626045202/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110408/jsp/bihar/story_13823833.jsp|archive-date=26 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Another 4 lane road bridge is under construction at Sultanganj [[Sultanganj-Aguani Ghat Bridge]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.biharprabha.com/2015/03/nitish-kumar-lays-foundation-of-ganga-bridge-between-aguwani-ghat-and-sultanganj/ |title=Nitish Kumar lays foundation of Ganga Bridge between Aguwani Ghat and Sultanganj | Biharprabha News |access-date=2017-09-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913231631/https://news.biharprabha.com/2015/03/nitish-kumar-lays-foundation-of-ganga-bridge-between-aguwani-ghat-and-sultanganj/ |archive-date=13 September 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*A 4 lane road bridge is also under construction at Manihari in Katihar district which will connect to Sahibganj in Jharkhand [[Sahibganj-Maniharighat Bridge]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sahibgunj-manihari-ganga-bridge-to-help-dev-santhal-pargana-economically-raghubar-das-4602580/ |title=Sahibgunj-Manihari Ganga bridge to help dev Santhal Pargana economically: Raghubar das | the Indian Express |date=6 April 2017 |access-date=2017-09-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913232018/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sahibgunj-manihari-ganga-bridge-to-help-dev-santhal-pargana-economically-raghubar-das-4602580/ |archive-date=13 September 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Koilwar Bridge]]
* [[List of road–rail bridges]]
* [[List of longest bridges above water in India]]
* [[Loknayak Ganga Path]]
* [[Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur Bridge]]
* [[Bogibeel Bridge]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Digha–Sonpur Bridge}}

{{Railways in Bihar}}
{{Rivers in Bihar}}
{{Patna Division topics}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

[[Category:Bridges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Patna district]]
[[Category:Saran district]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Ganges]]
[[Category:Memorials to Jayaprakash Narayan]]
[[Category:Road bridges in India]]
[[Category:Railway bridges in India]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Patna]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 2015]]
[[Category:Road-rail bridges in India]]
[[Category:Double-decker bridges]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Digha-Sonpur Bridge}}

Raja Rani

2026-02-04T14:17:45Z

Mohammedsajib: slightly cleanup section as per guidelines and fixed typos per standard format

'''Raja Rani''' ({{Lit|King and Queen}} in Indic languages) may refer to:

==Places==
*[[Raja Rani, Nepal]], a village in the Dhankuta District of Nepal
*[[Raja Rani lake]], a lake in the Morang District of Nepal
*[[Rajarani Temple]], a temple in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

==Film and television==
*[[Raja Rani (1942 film)|''Raja Rani'' (1942 film)]], a Hindi film
*[[Raja Rani (1956 film)|''Raja Rani'' (1956 film)]], a Tamil film
*[[Raja Rani (1973 film)|''Raja Rani'' (1973 film)]], a Hindi film
*[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|''Raja Rani'' (2013 film)]], a Tamil film
*''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]'', previously titled ''Raja Rani'', a 2009 Tamil film
*[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|''Raja Rani'' (Tamil TV series)]], a 2017 Tamil soap opera
* [[Raja Rani (Kannada TV series)|''Raja Rani'' (Kannada TV series)]], a 2021 Kannada television show

== See also ==
* {{intitle|Raja Rani}}
* [[Raja (disambiguation)]]
* [[Rani (disambiguation)]]
* [[King and Queen (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Project Sarvoday

2026-01-21T08:23:33Z

Mohammedsajib: Made article

{{Short description|Government initiativein Haryana, India}}
{{Infobox project
| native_name = Sarvoday Gramin Vikaas Program
| logo =
| image=
| alt =
| caption =
| slogan =
| launch_place = [[Taoru]], [[Nuh district]], [[Haryana]]
| country = [[India]]
| ministry =
| launched = {{Start date and age|2023|07|16|df=y}}
| website =
| current_status = Active
}}
'''Project Sarvoday''' (also known as '''Sarvoday Gramin Vikaas Program''') is an initiative of the M3M Foundation. It is part of the [[Government of Haryana]]'s integrated village development program. Under this initiative, villages in the state are being selected to receive support in education, health, skill development, and environmental programs.

== History ==

The project was initially tested by the M3M Foundation as a pilot in 2020 with 13 villages in [[Odisha]], aiming to make them self-sustainable within the next three years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana Government Inks MoU With M3M Foundation To Facilitate Students’ Online Preparation For Government Jobs |url=https://bwpeople.in/article/haryana-government-inks-mou-with-m3m-foundation-to-facilitate-students%E2%80%99-online-preparation-for-government-jobs-313215 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=BW People |language=en}}</ref>

Later, in 2023, the project was adapted in Haryana, and it got a formal structure by expanding to [[Taoru]], a town in the [[Nuh district]] of [[Haryana]], with 81 villages in focus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Journal |first=The CSR |date=2023-05-08 |title=CSR: M3M Foundation Officially Launches the "Sarvoday" program in Tauru block of Nuh District |url=https://thecsrjournal.in/corporate-social-responsibility-csr-news-m3m-foundation-officially-launches-the-sarvoday-program-in-tauru-block-of-nuh-district/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=The CSR Journal |language=en-GB}}</ref> In Phase 1, 30 Village Management and Development Committees (VMDCs) were constituted, including the Sarpanch, panches, and local villagers who are experts in the fields of education, health, skill development, and the environment. The project's primary focus is to provide renewable energy sources like solar power, potable drinking water, and water conservation and strengthen the existing primary healthcare system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-06 |title=CSR: M3M Foundation Launches 'Sarvoday' Program in Nuh District |url=https://indiacsr.in/csr-m3m-foundation-launches-sarvoday-program-in-nuh-district/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In Phase 2, the project will be extended to 150 villages in Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newsmantra |date=2024-06-21 |title=Sarvoday Gramin Vikaas Program Transforms Lives in Gurugram and Haryana on International Yoga Day, Promoting Healthy Living and Community Unity |url=https://newsmantra.in/sarvoday-gramin-vikaas-program-transforms-lives-in-gurugram-and-haryana-on-international-yoga-day-promoting-healthy-living-and-community-unity/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=newsmantra.in |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Project Gyanodaya]]
* [[Project Nanhi Kali]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{India-stub}}
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:Skill Development Programme]]
[[Category:Government of Haryana]]

Bharat Scouts and Guides

2026-01-19T23:48:09Z

Mohammedsajib: creating entry

{{Short description|National scouting and guiding association of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{infobox WorldScouting
|type=organization
|image=Bharat Scouts and Guides.svg
|name=Bharat Scouts and Guides
|headquarters=New Delhi
|country=India
|f-date={{start date and age|df=yes|1950|11|7}}
|members=6,251,269
 Scout Wing 3,835,094
 Guide Wing 2,416,175
|chiefscouttitle=Chief National Commissioner
|chiefscout= K. K. Khandelwal
|chiefscouttitle2 =President
|chiefscout2 =Dr. [[Anil Jain (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anil Jain]]
|award-for=[[International Year of Peace|Peace Messenger Award]] [[Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration]]
|website={{URL|bsgindia.org}}
|affiliation=[[World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts]] [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]]
|gender1 = female
|pattern_head1 = barehead
|color_head1 =
|pattern_body1 = blouse short sleeves
|color_body1 = 5A4FCF
|pattern_legs1 = skirt
|color_legs1 = 5A4FCF
| uniform_caption1 = Guide

|pattern_head2 = beret
|color_head2 = 000080
|pattern_body2 = shirt short sleeves
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|uniform_caption2= Scout

|pattern_head3 = barehead
|color_head3 =
|pattern_body3 = shirt long sleeves
|color_body3 = 000000
|pattern_legs3 = trousers
|color_legs3 = 000000
|uniform_caption3= rover
|skintone=M

}}

The '''Bharat Scouts and Guides''' ('''BSG''') is the national [[Scouting]] and [[Girl Guides|Guiding]] association of India. The national headquarters of BSG is recognised by the [[Government of India]].<ref name=yf>{{cite web | title = Promotion of Scouting & Guiding | publisher = Department of Youth Affairs, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports | url = http://yas.nic.in/en/yas1/about-department | access-date = 2014-08-13 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140814155944/http://yas.nic.in/en/yas1/promotion-scouting-guiding | archive-date = 14 August 2014 }}</ref>

Scouting was founded in India in 1909 as an overseas branch of [[the Scout Association]] and became a member of the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] in 1938. Guiding in India started in 1911 and was amongst the founder members of the [[World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts]] in 1928, also covering present-day [[Bangladesh]] and [[Pakistan]] at that time. The BSG serves 3,835,094 Scouts (as of 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=WOSM's Membership Census {{!}} Scout Learning Zone |url=https://learn.scout.org/resource/wosms-membership-census |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=learn.scout.org}}</ref><ref name="Census_2010">{{cite web|title=Triennal review: Census as at 1 December 2010|url=http://scout.org/en/content/download/22261/199900/file/Census.pdf|publisher=World Organization of the Scout Movement|access-date=13 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508035838/http://www.scout.org/en/content/download/22261/199900/file/Census.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> and 1,286,161 Guides (as of 2005).<ref name="BSG-membership">{{cite web |title=Membership |url=http://www.bsgindia.org/membership.htm |publisher=The Bharat Scouts and Guides |access-date=13 January 2007 |archive-date=20 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520070519/http://www.bsgindia.org/membership.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Honouring the oath: The beginning|url= http://www.hindu.com/yw/2007/08/17/stories/2007081750750800.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070819071116/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2007/08/17/stories/2007081750750800.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 19 August 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 August 2007 }}</ref>

==History==
===Boy Scouts===
[[File:Scouts in Delhi.jpg|thumb|220px|Boy Scouts in Delhi]]
Scouting was officially founded in [[British Raj|British India]] in 1909, first starting at the [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]] in [[Bangalore]]. Scouting for native Indians was started by Justice [[Vivian Bose]], Madan Mohan, [[Hridayanath Kunzru]], [[Girija Shankar Bajpai]], [[Annie Besant]] and [[George Arundale]], in 1913. Prior to this date, Scouting was open only for British and foreign Scouts. In 1916, a [[Cub Scout|Cub]] section was started, followed by the [[Rover Scout|Rover]] section in 1918.
[[File:Eastern Railway Bharat Scouts and Guides camp in Asansol 11.jpg|left|thumb|Eastern Railway Bharat Scouts camp in Asansol]]

In 1916, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]'s Senior Deputy Commissioner of Police [[J. S. Wilson]] introduced ''Scouting for Boys'' as a textbook in the Calcutta Police Training School. Colonel Wilson volunteered his services to the District Scout Commissioner, [[Alfred Pickford]], and in 1917 became Assistant Scoutmaster of the Old Mission Church Troop. Together the two struggled for the admission of Indian boys into the [[The Scout Association|Boy Scouts Association]], which had not been admitted due to a [[British Raj|Government of India]] order against it because "Scouting might train them to become revolutionaries". Shortly Wilson was acting as Cubmaster and Scoutmaster, and succeeded Pickford as District Commissioner in May 1919 when Pickford was promoted to Chief Scout Commissioner for India.

As a way of getting around the Government Order, the ''Boy Scouts of Bengal'' was founded, with identical aims and methods. Many separate Scout organizations began to spring up, the ''Indian Boy Scouts Association'', founded in 1916, based in [[Chennai|Madras]] and headed by Annie Besant and George Arundale; ''Boy Scouts of [[Mysore]]''; ''Boy Scouts of [[Vadodara|Baroda]]''; ''[[Nizam]]'s Scouts'' in [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]; ''[[Seva Samiti]] Scout Association'' (Humanity Uplift Service Society), founded in 1917 by Madan Mohan Malaviya and Hridayanath Kunzru and based in [[Allahabad]]; the aforementioned ''Boy Scouts of [[Bengal]]'' and likely others. A conference was held in Calcutta in August 1920 in which Wilson staged a Scout Rally, and as a result the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] sent an invitation to [[Robert Baden-Powell|Lord Baden-Powell]], by then Chief Scout of the World, to visit India. Lord and [[Olave Baden-Powell|Lady Baden-Powell]] arrived in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in late January 1921 for a short tour of the subcontinent before leaving Calcutta for [[Yangon|Rangoon]]. Alfred Pickford accompanied them and became one of their closest friends.

[[File:Boy Scouts Association in India.svg|thumb|140px|The emblem of the Boy Scouts Association in India–note modern Burma, Pakistan and Bangladesh are included in the map]]

The result of this visit was a union of all of the Scout organizations except the Seva Samiti Scout Association into '''The Boy Scouts Association in India'''. In 1922 Pickford returned to England and was appointed Overseas Commissioner of The Boy Scouts Association at their headquarters in London, but his aim of adding Indian boys into the program had been fulfilled.<ref>{{cite book | first = John S. | last = Wilson | author-link = J. S. Wilson | date = 1959 | title = Scouting Round the World | edition = First |publisher = Blandford Press |url=https://archive.org/details/scoutingroundwor0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up |pages=8–9}}</ref>

In 1938, a number of members left the Boy Scouts Association in India after a wave of nationalism. They formed – together with the Seva Samiti Scout Association and the newly founded ''India National Scout Association'' – the '''Hindustan Scout Association''', the first coeducational Scouting and Guiding organisation in India.<ref name="BSG-history1">{{cite web |title=The Bharat Scouts and Guides |url=http://www.scoutsnguides.com/html/Section2/Sec2_History.htm |publisher=scoutsnguides.com |access-date=13 January 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070110215818/http://www.scoutsnguides.com/html/Section2/Sec2_History.htm  |archive-date = 10 January 2007}}</ref> In the same year, the Boy Scouts Association in India became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement.

===Girl Guides===
The first Girl Guides company was founded in [[Jabalpur]] in 1911 at [[Christ Church School]]. The movement immediately grew: In 1915, more than fifty companies existed with a membership of over 1,200, all of them directly registered with the [[Girlguiding UK|Girl Guide Association]] and all restricted to girls of European descent. These companies formed the '''All India Girl Guides Association''' in 1916. In the same year the organisation opened for Indian girls.<ref name="BSG-history2">{{cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.bsgindia.org/abouts.htm |publisher=The Bharat Scouts and Guides |access-date=13 January 2007 |archive-date=6 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606093409/http://www.bsgindia.org/abouts.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Trefoil1997">{{cite book |last=World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts |title= Trefoil round the World|year=1997 |publisher=World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts |location=London |isbn=0-900827-75-0}}</ref>

[[J. S. Wilson]] provided transportation for Girl Guide rallies.
<blockquote>
The girls themselves were never quite sure whether they preferred to ride in police vans or in the riot truck. The former concealed them from public view, but were very hot; the latter, being cages of expanded metal, were cooler, but reminiscent of the [[Calcutta Zoo]]!
</blockquote>
In 1928, the ''All India Girl Guides Association'' joined the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts as one of its founder members. This membership was renewed in 1948 after the independence of India and its [[partition of India|partition]].<ref name="Trefoil1997"/>

===Bharat Scouts and Guides===
[[File:The Bharat Scouts & Guides National Headquarters, Delhi.jpg|thumb|220px|The Bharat Scouts and Guides National Headquarters, Delhi]]
In the first years after India's independence leading politicians, including [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]] and [[Mangal Das Pakvasa]], as well as Scout leaders tried to unify India's Scouts and Guides. A first success was the merger of the ''Boy Scouts Association in India'' and the ''Hindustan Scout Association'' forming the Bharat Scouts and Guides on 7 November 1950. About a year later, on 15 August 1951, the ''All India Girl Guides Association'' joined this new organisation.<ref name="BSG-history2"/>

In 1959, the [[World Scout Conference|17th World Scout Conference]] in New Delhi was hosted by the BSG. The [[Sangam World Girl Guide/Girl Scout Center]] in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India, opened in 1966. The idea for this fourth [[World Centre (WAGGGS)|World Centre]] dates back to 1956 when it was developed during a WAGGGS International commissioners' meeting in [[New Delhi]].

The [[United Nations]] selected the Bharat Scouts and Guides as honorary "Peace Messengers" for their significant and concrete contributions to the [[International Year of Peace]] in 1986.

===Sethna's 18th West Bombay Scout Group===
'''Sethna's 18th West Bombay Scout Group''' is the [[Oldest Scout Groups|oldest continuously running Scout Group]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Group|date=21 October 2005|url=http://sethnas.org/the-group/|publisher=Sethna's 18th West Bombay Scouts|access-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> It was established in 1914, when Rustomji Edulji Sethna (1898–1954) came across the book ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'', written by Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of the Scout movement. He was enamoured by the book and formed one of India's first Scout groups for native boys. Prior to that, there existed some Scout groups, but they were primarily for the British expatriates in India.

Sethna resisted joining one of the competing Scout associations and registering his troop until Scouting became open for all irrespective of color, caste, or creed. He wrote to Baden-Powell about this discrepancy. In 1921 the regulations were changed and all were allowed to become part of the Scout movement in India. The 18th West has been continuously running since the day it started. None of the World Wars or the [[Partition of India]] stopped the group from functioning.

===Notable members===
[[Vivian Bose]] was a member of the [[World Scout Committee]] of the World Organization of the Scout Movement from 1947 until 1949.

In 1969, Mrs. [[Lakshmi Mazumdar]] was awarded the ''[[Bronze Wolf]]'', the only distinction of the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]], awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting.

==Program==
The association describes its aims in its mission:
:''The mission of Scouting is to contribute to the education of young people, through a value system based on the Scout Promise and Law to help build a better world where people are self-fulfilled as individuals and play a constructive role in society.''<ref name="BSG-misson">{{cite web |title=Mission statement |url=http://www.bsgindia.org/MISSION%20VISION.htm |publisher=The Bharat Scouts and Guides |access-date=13 January 2007 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928062700/http://www.bsgindia.org/MISSION%20VISION.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Scout and Guide units are separate although they have some coeducational activities such as Jamborees, rallies, and conferences. Differently-abled boys and girls also participate in the Scouting program.

The Scout emblem incorporates a wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the ''Ashoka Chakra'', taken from the [[Pillars of Ashoka|Ashoka pillar]] at [[Sarnath]], in the [[green]]-and-[[Saffron (color)|saffron]] colors of the [[flag of India]].

===Sections and branches===

The association is divided in four (respective three) sections according to age:<ref name="BSG-awards">{{cite web |title=Youth training |url=http://www.bsgindia.org/TRAINING.HTM |publisher=The Bharat Scouts and Guides |access-date=13 January 2007 |archive-date=26 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326111140/http://www.bsgindia.org/TRAINING.HTM |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Bunnies (Both Boys and Girls) - ages 3 to 5
;Bharat Scouts
* [[Cub Scout|Cubs]] - boys, ages 5 to 10
* [[Boy Scout|Scouts]] - boys, ages 10 to 17
* [[Rover Scout|Rovers]] - boys, ages 17 to 25

;Bharat Guides
* Bulbuls - girls, ages 5 to 10
* [[Girl Guide and Girl Scout|Guides]] - girls, ages 10 to 17
* [[Ranger (Girl Guide)|Rangers]] - girls, ages 17 to 25

Additionally, there are four special branches:<ref name="BSG-awards" />
* [[Extension Scouting]]
* [[Sea Scout]]ing
* [[Air Scout]]ing
* [[Venture Scout|Venture Club Scheme]]

===Awards===
The highest awards are
* for the Cubs/Bulbuls section the "Golden Arrow Award"
* for the Scout/Guide section the Rashtrapati Scout/Guide Award
* for the Rover/Ranger section the Rashtrapati Rover/Ranger Award<ref name="BSG-awards"/>

===Scout/Guide Motto===
* Bunnies - Keep smiling
* Cubs/Bulbuls - Do your best
* Scouts/Guides - Be Prepared!
* Rovers/Rangers - Service

===Scout/Guide Promise===
<poem>"On my honor I promise that I will do my best
To do my duty to God{{efn|name=dharma|The word "Dharma" may be substituted for the word "God" if so desired.}} and my country
To help other people and
To obey the Scout/Guide law."</poem>

===Scout and Guide Law===
# A Scout/Guide is trustworthy
# A Scout/Guide is loyal
# A Scout/Guide is a friend to all and a brother/sister to every other Scout/Guide.
# A Scout/Guide is courteous
# A Scout/Guide is a friend to animals and loves nature.
# A Scout/Guide is disciplined and helps to protect public property.
# A Scout/Guide is courageous.
# A Scout/Guide is thrifty.
# A Scout/Guide is pure in thought, word and deed.

==Membership==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! State
! Scout Wing [http://bsgindia.org/Membership/Picture/BSG%20Census%202015-16.pdf]
! Guide Wing [http://bsgindia.org/Membership/Picture/BSG%20Census%202015-16.pdf]
! Total [http://bsgindia.org/Membership/Picture/BSG%20Census%202015-16.pdf]
|-
|1
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|4,807
|4,791
|9,598
|-
|2
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|18,510
|15,150
|33,660
|-
|3
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|6,583
|6,706
|13,289
|-
|4
|[[Assam]]
|5,755
|3,922
|9,677
|-
|5
|[[Bihar]]
|36,892
|2,828
|39,720
|-
|6
|[[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]]
|2,265
|1,480
|3,745
|-
|7
|[[Chandigarh]]
|7,200
|6,106
|13,306
|-
|8
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|48,408
|36,373
|84,781
|-
|9
|[[Dadra Nagar Haveli]]
|658
|392
|1050
|-
|10
|[[Daman and Diu]]
|
|
|
|-
|11
|[[Delhi]]
|13,922
|17,080
|31,002
|-
|12
|[[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]]
|6,470
|4,222
|10,692
|-
|13
|[[East Coast Railway (India)|East Coast Railway]]
|919
|748
|1,667
|-
|14
|[[East Central Railway (India)|East Central Railway]]
|2,533
|1,572
|4,105
|-
|15
|[[Goa]]
|24,639
|25,315
|49,956
|-
|16
|[[Gujarat]]
|38,115
|26,872
|64,987
|-
|17
|[[Haryana]]
|531,701
|284,764
|816,465
|-
|18
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|33,106
|27,124
|60,230
|-
|19
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|4,605
|3,999
|8,604
|-
|20
|[[Jharkhand]]
|3,874
|3,179
|7,053
|-
|21
|[[Karnataka]]
|234,846
|161,612
|396,458
|-
|22
|[[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] Sangathan
|129,140
|92,457
|221,597
|-
|23
|[[Kerala]]
|63,160
|74,918
|138,078
|-
|24
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|
|
|
|-
|25
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|300,862
|46,926
|347,788
|-
|26
|[[Maharashtra]]
|800,666
|647,207
|1,447,873
|-
|27
|[[Manipur]]
|2,720
|1,457
|4,177
|-
|28
|[[Meghalaya]]
|7,969
|9,806
|17,775
|-
|29
|[[Mizoram]]
|1,948
|2,425
|4,373
|-
|30
|[[Nagaland]]
|2,041
|1,864
|3,905
|-
|31
|[[Navodaya Vidyalaya]] Samiti
|18,732
|18,451
|37,183
|-
|32
|[[North Eastern Railway (India)|North Eastern Railway]]
|7,776
|5,294
|13,070
|-
|33
|[[Northeast Frontier Railway]]
|5,679
|3,245
|8,924
|-
|34
|[[Northern Railway (India)|Northern Railway]]
|14,352
|5,284
|19,636
|-
|35
|[[North Central Railway]]
|2,629
|1,165
|3,794
|-
|36
|[[North Western Railway]]
|2,930
|1,460
|4,390
|-
|37
|[[Odisha]]
|47,974
|19,552
|67,526
|-
|38
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|1,728
|819
|2,547
|-
|39
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|74,203
|17,222
|91,425
|-
|40
|[[Rajasthan]]
|845,594
|219,176
|1,064,770
|-
|41
|[[Sikkim]]
|1,869
|1,734
|3,603
|-
|42
|[[South Central Railway]]
|3,931
|3,354
|7,285
|-
|43
|[[South Eastern Railway Zone (India)|South Eastern Railway]]
|1,863
|1,245
|3,108
|-
|44
|[[South East Central Railway]]
|3,975
|3,405
|7,380
|-
|45
|[[South Western Railway (India)|South Western Railway]]
|1,049
|572
|1,621
|-
|46
|[[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]
|3,020
|1,836
|4,856
|-
|47
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|178,321
|98,021
|276,342
|-
|48
|[[Telangana]]
|9,145
|6,489
|15,634
|-
|49
|[[Tripura]]
|1,525
|1,138
|2,663
|-
|50
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|76,944
|48,174
|125,118
|-
|51
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|29,894
|15,397
|45,291
|-
|52
|[[West Bengal]]
|10,051
|10,061
|20,112
|-
|53
|[[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway]]
|2,942
|1,125
|4,067
|-
|54
|[[West Central Railway]]
|1,946
|1,305
|3,251
|-
|55
|[[Central Tibetan School Administration|Central Tibetan School]]
|
|
|
|-
|56
|[[Dubai]]
|
|
|
|-
|57
|[[Doha]]
|
|
|
|-
|58
|[[Saudi Arabia]]
|
|
|
|-
|59
|[[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]]
|4,733
|4,730
|9,463
|}

==Leadership==

===Presidents===
# [[Mangal Das Pakvasa]] 1953 to November 1960
# [[Ammu Swaminathan]] November 1960 to March 1965
# Justice [[Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha]] April 1965 to February 1967
# Sir [[Chandulal M. Trivedi]] February 1967 to October 1973
# [[Dharma Vira]] November 1973 to September 1976
# [[Jagjivan Ram]] September 1976 to April 1983
# [[Shankarrao Chavan]] April 1983 to November 1998
# [[Rameshwar Thakur]] November 1998 to November 2001
# [[Sharad Pawar]] November 2001 to November 2004
# Rameshwar Thakur November 2004 to November 2013
# [[Ashok Gehlot]] November 2013 to November 2016
# Dr. [[Anil Jain (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anil Jain]] November 2016 to present

===Chief National Commissioners===
# Dr. [[Hridya Nath Kunzru]] 1952 to November 1957
# Justice [[Vivian Bose]] November 1957 to November 1959
# Professor Madan Mohan November 1959 to November 1960
# Dr. Hridya Nath Kunzru November 1960 to November 1964
# Mrs. [[Lakhshmi Mazumdar]] November 1964 to April 1983
# [[Lakshman Singh (Scouting)|Lakshman Singh]] April 1983 to November 1992
# [[V.P. Deenadayalu Naidu]] November 1992 to November 1995
# [[Lalit Mohan Jain]] November 1995 to November 2013
# [[Bhaidas I. Nagarale]] November 2013 to 25 May 2017
# Dr. [[Krishana Kumar Khandelwal]] 9 July 2017 to present
*Title of National Commissioner changed to Chief National Commissioner on 30 November 2014<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bsgindia.org/Organisation%20Setup/Office%20Bearers.htm |title=BSG India: Office Bearers |access-date=25 May 2017 |archive-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606091910/http://bsgindia.org/Organisation%20Setup/Office%20Bearers.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Overseas units==
The BSG maintains units for Indian citizens in [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Qatar]], [[Oman]], [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Yemen]].

==See also==
* [[Lakshmi Mazumdar]]
* [[Evelyn Norah Shullai]]
* [[Satish Ranjan Das]]
* [[Sangam World Girl Guide/Girl Scout Center]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Literature==
* ''Scouting 'Round the World'', [[J. S. Wilson|John S. Wilson]], first edition, Blandford Press 1959 page 203.

==External links==
* {{Official website|www.bsgindia.org}}
* [http://www.sethnas.org Sethnas 18th West Bombay Scout Group] India's oldest continuously running Scout troop

{{WOSM|asia}}
{{WAGGGS|asia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharat Scouts And Guides}}
[[Category:World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts member organizations]]
[[Category:World Organization of the Scout Movement member organizations]]
[[Category:Scouting and Guiding in India]]
[[Category:Youth organizations established in 1950]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Child-related organisations in India]]
[[Category:1909 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Youth organizations established in 1909]]

Abhishek Majumdar

2025-12-18T07:29:51Z

Mohammedsajib: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Indian playwright and theatre director}}
{{BLP sources| date= January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhishek Majumdar
| alt =
| birth_name = Abhishek Majumdar
| birth_place =
| occupation = Stage director & playwright
| years_active = 2004–present
}}
'''Abhishek Majumdar''' is an Indian playwright and [[theatre director]].

He is the ex artistic director and founder of two theatre companies, Indian Ensemble and Bhasha Centre for Performing Arts, both based out of Bangalore. His plays include ''[[The Djinns of Eidgah]]'' <ref>{{Cite news|last=Akbar|first=Arifa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/apr/02/abhishek-majumdar-interview-death-threats-pah-la-tibet-china|title=Abhishek Majumdar: the playwright fighting death threats with ice cream|date=2019-04-02|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-14|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and ''[[Pah-la]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tibetanreview.net/pah-la-a-shallow-and-confusing-examination-of-tibetan-non-violent-resistance/|title=Pah-La - A Shallow and Confusing Examination of Tibetan Non-Violent Resistance|date=18 April 2019}}</ref> both of which have been staged in London. Other plays include ''Pratidwandi, Harlesden High Street'', ''An Arrangement of Shoes'', ''Afterlife of Birds'', ''Rizwaan, Kaumudi, Dweepa, Muktidham, Baatin, Tathagat and Salt''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/apr/02/abhishek-majumdar-interview-death-threats-pah-la-tibet-china|title=Abhishek Majumdar: the playwright fighting death threats with ice cream|date=2 April 2019|website=the Guardian}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

# [https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/apr/09/pah-la-review-royal-court-london Pah-La review – fascinating Tibetan drama sets theatre ablaze]
# [https://www.firstpost.com/living/as-abhishek-majumdars-djinns-of-eidgah-is-staged-at-edinburgh-fringe-a-conversation-with-the-playwright-director-7175611.html As Abhishek Majumdar's Djinns of Eidgah is staged at Edinburgh Fringe, a conversation with the playwright-director], Firstpost
# [https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/oct/22/djinns-of-eidgah-review The Djinns of Eidgah – review]
# [https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/article4923874.ece Abhishek Majumdar speaks about The Djinns of Eidgah]
# [https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/columns/columnists/shanta-gokhale/in-the-name-of-ram/articleshow/57045979.cms In the name of Ram]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumdar, Abhishek}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chitar Oli Chowk metro station

2025-12-17T01:14:59Z

Mohammedsajib: new entry.

{{short description|Nagpur Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Chitar Oli Chowk
| style = Nagpur Metro
| type = {{Nagpur Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}
| image =
| address = Gandhi Putla Square, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440002
| coordinates = {{coord|21.14958|79.11041|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] Platform-2 → [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]]
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|12 December 2022}}
| electrified = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Nagpur Metro|line=Aqua|left=Telephone Exchange|to-left=Prajapati Nagar|right=Agrasen Square|to-right=Lokmanya Nagar}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Nagpur Metro East-West Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Chitar Oli Chowk''',<ref name="map">{{cite web |title=NMRCL - Network Map |url=https://www.metrorailnagpur.com/network-map |website=www.metrorailnagpur.com |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> also known as '''Chitaroli Chowk''',<ref name="fare">{{cite web |title=Updated Fare Chart |url=https://www.metrorailnagpur.com/pdf/updated-fare-chart.pdf |website=Metro Rail Nagpur |date=28 February 2024}}</ref> is an elevated metro station on the East-West Corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Nagpur Metro]] in [[Nagpur]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Inaugurates Nagpur Metro, Flags Off 6th Vande Bharat Train |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-nagpur-metro-flags-off-6th-vande-bharat-train-3596721 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> This metro station was inaugurated on 11 December 2022 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and was opened to the public on 12 December 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=PM Modi to launch remaining routes in Nagpur Metro phase-I on December 11 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/nagpur/pm-modi-launch-routes-nagpur-metro-phase-i-december-11-8307057/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Phase-I of Nagpur Metro, takes a ride |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/pm-modi-inaugurates-phase-i-of-nagpur-metro-takes-a-ride-355940-2022-12-11 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Chitar Oli Chowk track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Nagpur Metro|Agrasen Square}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Nagpur Metro|Telephone Exchange}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Telephone Exchange metro station|Telephone Exchange]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Agrasen Square metro station|Agrasen Square]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.metrorailnagpur.com/network-map|name=Nagpur Metro Official Website}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

M. Krishnan Nair (director)

2025-11-30T18:37:37Z

Mohammedsajib: added article per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. Krishnan Nair
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|11|02|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2001|05|10|1926|11|02}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Film director
| spouse = S. Sulochana Devi
| children = 3 (incl. [[K. Jayakumar]] and [[Sreekumar Krishnan Nair]])
| parents = R. Madhavan Pillai Chellamma Pillai <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Sandy |date=2023-07-04 |title=M. Krishnan Nair – Popular Malayalam Film Director of 1970s - My Words & Thoughts |url=https://mywordsnthoughts.com/m-krishnan-nair-popular-malayalam-film-director-of-1970s/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>
}}
'''M. Krishnan Nair''' (2 November 1926 – 10 May 2001) was an Indian film director of [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]].<ref name="CowieElley1977">{{cite book|last1=Cowie|first1=Peter|last2=Elley|first2=Derek|title=World Filmography: 1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&pg=PA268|access-date=27 November 2011|year=1977|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-498-01565-6|page=268}}</ref><ref name="DharapIndia1978">{{cite book|last=Dharap|first=B. V.|title=Indian films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AckHAQAAIAAJ|access-date=27 November 2011|year=1978|publisher=National Film Archive of India|page=105}}</ref> He directed over 100 films. He also directed 18 Tamil movie including four films starring [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and two [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] movies, one each with superstars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]].<ref name="IIOFS">{{cite web|title=Director M. Krishnan Nair at "Imprints on Indian Film Screen"|url=http://imprintsonindianfilmscreen.blogspot.com/2012/08/director-m-krishnan-nair.html|access-date=17 December 2012|date=11 August 2012}}</ref> Eminent filmmakers including [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]], [[K. Madhu]], [[S. P. Muthuraman]], [[Bharathiraja]] and [[Joshiy]] worked with him as assistant directors.<ref>{{YouTube|id=2RFfBx8UeZs#t=319}}</ref>

In 2000, he was honoured with the [[J. C. Daniel Award]], [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]]'s highest honour for contributions to Malayalam cinema.

==Personal life==
Krishnan Nair was born in [[Travancore Kingdom|Travancore]] (Kerala) as the son of R. Madhavan Pillai and Chellamma Pillai.<ref name="auto"/> He was married to K. Sulochana Devi, and had three sons. His eldest son [[K. Jayakumar]] is a poet, lyricist and a former bureaucrat who currently serves as the Vice Chancellor of [[Malayalam University]]. His second son is Harikumar, while his youngest son [[Sreekumar Krishnan Nair]] is a film director best known for directing ''[[O' Faby]]'' (1993), India's first live-action/animation hybrid feature film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Krishnan Nair Smrithi Sandhya|url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/Krishnan-Nair-Smrithi-Sandhya|access-date=10 August 2018|publisher=Yentha|date=27 May 2011|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162832/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/Krishnan-Nair-Smrithi-Sandhya|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
*1987 ''[[Kalam Mari Katha Mari]]''
*1985 ''[[Puzhayozhukum Vazhi]]''
*1984 ''[[Manithali]]''
*1983 ''[[Maniyara]]''
*1983 ''[[Paalam (1983 film)|Paalam]]''
*1982 ''[[Mylanji]]''
*1982 ''[[Oru Kunju Janikkunnu]]''
*1980 ''[[Dwik Vijayam]]''
*1980 ''[[Rajaneegandhi]]''
*1979 ''[[Ajnatha Theerangal]]''
*1979 ''[[Kalliyankattu Neeli]]''
*1979 ''[[Oru Raagam Pala Thaalam]]''
*1978 ''[[Ashoka Vanam]]''
*1978 ''[[Aval Kanda Lokam]]''
*1978 ''[[Ithanente Vazhi]]''
*1978 ''[[Rowdy Ramu]]''
*1978 ''[[Urakkam Varaatha Rathrikal]]''
*1977 ''[[Madhura Swapanam]]''
*1977 ''[[Santha Oru Devatha]]''
*1977 ''[[Thaalappoly]]''
*1977 ''[[Yatheem]]''
*1976 ''[[Amma (1976 film)|Amma]]''
*1976 ''[[Neela Sari]]''
*1976 ''[[Oorukku Uzhaippavan]]'' (Tamil)
*1974 ''[[Suprabhatham]]''
*1973 ''[[Bhadradeepam]]''
*1973 ''[[Thottavadi]]''
*1973 ''[[Yamini (1973 film)|Yamini]]''
*1973 ''[[Thalai Prasavam]]'' (Tamil)
*1972 ''[[Manthrakodi]]''
*1972 ''[[Naan Yen Pirandhen]]'' (Tamil)
*1972 ''[[Annamitta Kai]]'' (Tamil)
*1971 ''[[Rickshawkaran]]'' (Tamil)
*1971 ''[[Agnimrigam]]''
*1971 ''[[Tapaswini]]''
*1970 ''[[Bheekara Nimishangal]]''
*1970 ''[[Chitti Chellelu]]'' (Telugu)
*1970 ''[[Detective 909]]''
*1970 ''[[Palunkupaathram]]''
*1970 ''[[Sabarimala Shri Dharmasastha]]''
*1970 ''[[Tara (1970 film)|Tara]]''
*1970 ''[[Vivahitha]]''
*1969 ''[[Anaachadanam]]''
*1969 ''[[Mannippu]]'' (Tamil)
*1969 ''[[Jwala (1969 film)|Jwala]]''
*1969 ''[[Maganey Nee Vazhga]]'' (Tamil)
*1969 ''[[Padicha Kallan]]''
*1968 ''Circar Express'' (Telugu)
*1968 ''[[Agni Pareeksha (1968 film)|Agni Pareeksha]]''
*1968 ''[[Anchu Sundariakal]]''
*1968 ''[[Inspector (1968 film)|Inspector]]''
*1968 ''[[Kadal (1968 film)|Kadal]]''
*1968 ''[[Karthika (1968 film)|Karthika]]''
*1968 ''[[Paadunna Puzha]]''
*1968 ''[[Muthu Chippi]]'' (Tamil)
*1967 ''[[Agniputhri]]''
*1967 ''[[Cochin Express]]''
*1967 ''[[Collector Malathy]]''
*1967 ''[[Kaanatha Veshangal]]''
*1967 ''[[Khadeeja (film)|Khadeeja]]''
*1967 ''[[Kudumbam (1967 film)|Kudumbam]]'' (Tamil)
*1966 ''[[Kalithozhan]]''
*1966 ''[[Kalyana Rathriyil]]''
*1966 ''[[Kanakachilanga (1966 film)|Kanaka Chilanga]]''
*1966 ''[[Kusruthy Kuttan]]''
*1966 ''[[Pinchu Hridhayam]]''
*1965 ''[[Kadathukaran]]''
*1965 ''[[Kathirunna Nikah]]''
*1965 ''[[Kattu Thulasi]]''
*1965 ''[[Kavya Mela]]''
*1964 ''[[Bharthavu]]''
*1964 ''[[Karutha Kai]]''
*1964 ''[[Kutti Kuppayam]]''
*1963 ''[[Kaattu Mynah]]''
*1962 ''[[Viyarpintae Vila]]''
*1960 ''[[Aalukkoru Veedu]]'' (Tamil)
*1955 ''[[Aniyathi (film)|Aniyathi]]''
*1955 ''[[C.I.D (1955 film)|C.I.D]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0619759|name=M. Krishnan Nair}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, M. Krishnan}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:J. C. Daniel Award winners]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Satya Pal Wahi

2025-11-25T07:24:06Z

Mohammedsajib: small changes

{{Short description|Indian corporate executive, army officer, technocrat and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Satya Pal Wahi
|image = Satya_Pal_Wahi.jpg
| birth_place = [[Khushab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 13 February 2017
| occupation = Corporate executive Army officer Writer
| yearsactive = 1950–2017
| known for = Corporate management
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] Petrotech Lifetime Achievement Award [[Indian Geophysical Union|IGU]] Silver jubilee Award Giants international Award
| children = [[Rakesh Wahi]]
}}

'''Satya Pal Wahi''' was an Indian corporate executive, army officer, technocrat, writer and a former chairman of [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|public sector enterprises]] such as the [[Oil and Natural Gas Commission]] (ONGC) and the [[Cement Corporation of India]] (CCI).<ref name="Executive Profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=222522720&privcapId=25321428&previousCapId=25321428&previousTitle=Sandhar%20Technologies%20Limited | title=Executive Profile | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2016 | accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> He was a member the [[Indian Army Corps of EME|Corps of EME]] and held the rank of a colonel.<ref name="You have to take risks">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19860930-oil-game-is-always-a-high-stakes-scientific-gamble-colonel-sp-wahi-801266-1986-09-29 | title=You have to take risks | publisher=India Today | date=30 September 1986 | access-date=10 May 2016}}</ref>
A recipient of the degree of ''Doctor of Science'' ([[honoris causa]]) from three Indian universities, Wahi also received honors such as the Petrotech Lifetime Achievement Award, the [[Indian Geophysical Union]] Silver jubilee Award and the Giants international Award.<ref name="Executive Profile" /> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1988, for his contributions to society.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | accessdate=3 January 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Satya Pal Wahi, born in [[Khushab]], a small village near [[Lahore]] of the [[British India]]<ref name="Weak defence">{{cite web | url=http://www.educationworldonline.net/index.php/page-article-choice-more-id-1438 | title=Weak defence | publisher=Education World | date=2016 | accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref> graduated in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering from [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref name="Col. (Dr.) S.P. Wahi, Chairman (Padma Bhushan Awardee)">{{cite web | url=https://cma-me.com/about-us/dr-sp-wahi-2/ | title=Col. (Dr.) S.P. Wahi, Chairman (Padma Bhushan Awardee) | publisher=CMA Investment Holdings | date=2016 | accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref> Subsequently, he joined the [[Indian Military Academy]], Dehradun, and after completing his training in 1950, served at the [[Corps of EME]] of the [[Indian Army]], retiring from military service holding the rank of a colonel.<ref name="Petrotech recognizes lifetime efforts of B K Bakshi and S P Wahi">{{cite web | url=http://www.itbhuglobal.org/chronicle/archives/2007/02/col_s_p_wahi_former_chairman_o.php | title=Petrotech recognizes lifetime efforts of B K Bakshi and S P Wahi | publisher=Banaras Hindu University Chronicle | date=17 January 2007 | accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref> During his stint with the army, he also worked with the [[Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers]] of the [[British Army]] for a while, and was stationed in UK and Germany.<ref name="Leading from the Front: From Army to Corporate World — Book Review">{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.com/Leading-Front-Army-Corporate-World-ebook/dp/B00HDG3LJG?ie=UTF8&*Version*=1&*entries*=0 | title=Leading from the Front: From Army to Corporate World — Book Review | publisher=Crossbill Publishing Co | date=16 December 2013 | accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref> Later, he served many corporate enterprises which included [[Bokaro Steel Plant]] (1969–74), [[Bharat Heavy Electricals]] (BHEL) (1974–78),<ref name="Krishnamurthy2014">{{cite book|author=V. Krishnamurthy|title=At the Helm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhEDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT70|date=15 July 2014|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5029-860-2|pages=70–}}</ref> handling various portfolios, before joining [[Cement Corporation of India]] (CCI), a wholly owned company of the Government of India as its chairman. He is known to have turned the loss-making CCI into a profitable business enterprise and in 1981, he was appointed as the chairman of the [[Oil and Natural Gas Commission]], the largest oil and gas exploration and production company in India, when [[Indira Gandhi]] was in power as [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]].<ref name="Weak defence" /><ref name="Datta-Ray2009">{{cite book|author=Sunanda K. Datta-Ray|title=Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFo1yl5AGokC&pg=PA254|year=2009|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4279-04-8|pages=254–}}</ref>

Wahi chaired the organization, completing his first term in 1986,<ref name="You have to take risks" /> but was given extension by the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] government in 1986. However, the [[Third Front (India)#National Front .281989.E2.80.931991.29|National Front Government]] which came to power in 1989 removed him from the post.<ref name="India's search for oil">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/04/25/stories/1325017c.htm | title=India's search for oil | date=25 April 2000 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=10 May 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> His tenure at ONGC coincided with the oil find in [[Bombay High]] offshore oilfields and he has been credited with contributions in raising India's oil output from 9 million tonnes to 32 million tonnes per annum.<ref name="Weak defence" /> His efforts are also reported behind the modernization of the organization by the introduction of computerization and modern office facilities and the establishment of a training centre for the organization.<ref name="You have to take risks" /> After his stint at ONGC, he was associated with Bharat Ophthalmic Glass Limited and served as the Chairman of the ''Standing Committee of Public Enterprises'' (SCOPE).<ref name="Col. (Dr.) S.P. Wahi, Chairman (Padma Bhushan Awardee)" /> He was a former director of public sector undertakings such as [[Mishra Dhatu Nigam]], Malabar Cement Limited and UP Cements, a former member of the governing councils of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR), [[Bella Vista, Hyderabad#Administrative Staff College of India|Administrative Staff College of India]], [[Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta]] and [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] and a former member of the Public Enterprises Selection Board.<ref name="Col. (Dr.) S.P. Wahi, Chairman (Padma Bhushan Awardee)" /> He was a board member of the ''Foundation for Organisational Research and Education'' and chaired two management organizations, Capital Management Advisors and SP Wahi Management & Technology Consultants.<ref name="Col. (Dr.) S.P. Wahi, Chairman (Padma Bhushan Awardee)" /> His autobiography, ''Leading from the Front: From Army to Corporate World'', published in 2008,<ref name="Leading from the Front: From Army to Corporate World">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIYnIAAACAAJ | title=Leading from the Front: From Army to Corporate World | publisher=New Dawn Press | author=S. P. Wahi | year=2008 | pages=306 | isbn=9788120735392}}</ref> is reported to have details about the political interference and bureaucratic malpractices prevalent in the Indian industrial sector during that period.<ref name="Weak defence" />

== Awards and honors ==
Satya Pal Wahi was honored by the [[Indian School of Mines]] with the degree of ''Doctor of Science'' ([[honoris causa]]) in 1985 and [[Roorkee University]] (the present-day [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]]) and his alma mater, [[Banaras Hindu University]] followed suit with DSc degrees in 1987 and 1989 respectively.<ref name="Executive Profile" /> The Government of India awarded him the civilian honor of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1988.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> In 1989, he received two awards, the Giants international Award and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the [[Indian Geophysical Union]].<ref name="Leading from the Front: From Army to Corporate World — Book Review" /><ref name="Silver Jubilee Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.igu.in/awards.htm | title=Silver Jubilee Award | publisher=Indian Geophysical Union | date=2016 | accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref> During the 7th International Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition (Petrotech-2007) held in New Delhi, he was awarded the Petrotech Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref name="Petrotech recognizes lifetime efforts of B K Bakshi and S P Wahi" />

== See also ==
* [[Indian Army Corps of EME]]
* [[Oil and Natural Gas Commission]]
{{portal|India}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite journal | url=https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/SPE/d5ca0d42-95f1-41f6-a75f-85996e733ec6/UploadedFiles/february-final.pdf | title=Wahi receiving Petrotech 2007 Lifetime Achievement Award | journal=SpendSec | date=January 2007 | volume=2 | issue=5}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=Leading from the Front: From Army to Corporate World | publisher=New Dawn Press | author=S. P. Wahi | year=2008 | pages=306 | isbn=9788120735392}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wahi, Satya Pal}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:People from Khushab District]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Indian corporate directors]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:Indian management consultants]]
[[Category:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers officers]]
[[Category:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]
[[Category:20th-century British Army personnel]]

Chandranath Basu

2025-11-13T06:53:57Z

Mohammedsajib: new a stub.

{{Short description|Bengali Conservative Litterateur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Chandranath basu.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1844|08|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Kaikala, [[Hooghly district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[West Bengal]], [[India]])<ref name ="Bose146">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), (1976), ''Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary), {{in lang|bn}}, p 146</ref><ref name="bc"/>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1910|06|20|1844|08|31|df=yes}}
| father = Sitanath Basu<ref name="Bose146"/>
| relatives = Kashinath Basu (grandfather)
| alma_mater = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]]
}}
'''Chandranath Basu''' (1844–1910)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195655391.001.0001/acprof-9780195655391|title=Hindu Revivalism in Bengal c.1872-1905: Some Essays in Interpretation|last=Sen|first=Amiya P.|date=2001-02-28|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199080625|language=en-US|chapter=Their Finest Hour: Hindu Revivalism and Aggressive Propaganda Through the Press and Platform (c. 1880–1904)|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195655391.001.0001|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195655391.001.0001/acprof-9780195655391-chapter-4}}</ref> was an Indian<ref>{{Cite book|title=Embodiment : Essays on Gender and Identity|last=Bagchi|first=Jasodhara|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1997|editor-last=Thapan|editor-first=Meenakshi|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=85|chapter=Female sexuality and community in Jyotirmoyee Devi's Epar Ganga Opar Ganga|author-link=Jasodhara Bagchi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyxuAAAAMAAJ|title=Writing social history|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit|date=1997|publisher=New York|isbn=9780195646337|pages=375|language=en|author-link=Sumit Sarkar}}</ref> litterateur.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850|last=Mukherjee|first=Sujit|date=1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788125014539|volume=1|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=70–71|language=en}}</ref> A staunch Hindu,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYASAAAAMAAJ|title=Literary Criticism in India|last=Nagendra|date=1976|publisher=Sarita Prakashan|pages=18|language=en}}</ref> Chandranath coined the term [[Hindutva]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/politics-features/general-election-2019/will-its-hindu-revivalist-past-haunt-west-bengals-future/|title=Will its Hindu revivalist past haunt West Bengal's future?|date=2019-03-28|website=Open The Magazine|access-date=2019-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gopal|first=Sangita|date=2003-07-01|title=Hindu Buying/Hindu Being: Hindutva Online and the Commodity Logic of Cultural Nationalism|journal=South Asian Review|volume=24|issue=1|pages=161–179|doi=10.1080/02759527.2003.11978304|s2cid=158146106|issn=0275-9527}}</ref>{{Efn|Amiya Sen notes that Basu's usage of the word was to merely portray a traditional Hindu cultural view in contrast to the political ideology, purveyed by [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198098966.001.0001/acprof-9780198098966-chapter-2|title=Discourses, Public Addresses, and Informal Talks|last=Sen|first=Amiya P.|date=2014-05-22|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199083015|language=en-US|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198098966.001.0001}}</ref> Other scholars have shared similar observations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatt |first=Chetan |year=2004 |chapter='Majority ethnic' claims and authoritarian nationalism: the case of Hindutva |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203563397/chapters/10.4324/9780203563397-20 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203563397 |editor-last=Kaufmann |editor-first=Eric P. |title=Rethinking Ethnicity : Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9780203563397 |doi=10.4324/9780203563397}}</ref>}} and has been regarded as a doyen of economic and [[Indian nationalism]] in Bengal.<ref name=":0" />

==Early life and education==
Chandranath Basu was born on 31 August 1844 in a Kayastha family at Kaikala (village) in Hooghly district, Bengal Presidency, British India.<ref name="bc">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Basu,_Chandranath|title=Basu, Chandranath|last1=Akhter|first1=Shamima|website=Banglapedia|access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> He was the second son of Sitanath Basu, and had 3 sisters.<ref name="Majumdar">{{Cite thesis|last=Majumdar|first=Karunamaya|title=Chandranath Basu : Jiboni o Sahityokormo|date=16 January 1977|publisher=Calcutta University|script-title=bn:চন্দ্রনাথ বসু : জীবনী ও সাহিত্যকর্ম|language=bn}}</ref>

Chandranath studied at the Hedore School, a missionary institute for a while, before dropping out due to a fear of being baptized. He then joined the [[Oriental Seminary]] because it had a teacher who took care of English pronunciation among the students.<ref name="bc" /><ref name=":2" />

He pursued his B.A. (1862–1865) from [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] on a financial scholarship provided by the Department of Public Instruction and went on to secure fifth place in the First Arts examination, before eventually topping the list of graduates in 1865.<ref name=":0" /> He received a M.A. in history in 1866 and a degree in law, the following year.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
After serving in various officio-legal capacities, including a six-month stint as the [[Resident magistrate|Deputy magistrate]] of [[Dacca]], Chandranath permanently settled in Kolkata after being inducted as a Librarian of the Bengal Library.<ref name=":0" /> In 1877, he was also appointed as the official Translator to the Bengal government; Chandranath served in this capacity till his superannuation in 1904.<ref name=":0" />

He also served as the principal of Joypur College Of Education and held a seat in the Vernacular Textbook Committee (responsible for selecting curricula up-till secondary tier).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Chaudhuri|first=Rosinka|date=2008-02-01|title=The Politics of Poetry: An Investigation into Hindu/Muslim Representation in Nabinchandra Sen's Palashir Yuddha|journal=Studies in History|volume=24|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1177/025764300702400101|s2cid=154887715|issn=0257-6430}}</ref> Chandranath was also the temporary vice-chairman of the [[Bangiya Sahitya Parishad]] for a few months.<ref name="bc" />

==Activism and reception==

=== Earlier works ===
His earliest works were in English and concerned with the [[Glorious Revolution]].<ref name=":2" /> One of his essays, published in 1864 was positively reviewed by [[The Oeconomist, Or, Englishman's Magazine|''The Englishman'']], which doubted whether it was written by a ‘native pen’.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Barua|first=Ankur|date=2017-04-04|title=Vedantic variations in the presence of Europe: establishing the Hindu dharma in late nineteenth century Bengal|journal=International Journal of Dharma Studies|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10|doi=10.1186/s40613-017-0050-3|issn=2196-8802|doi-access=free|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/d689601b-6cdd-40df-b9c9-16c427760b92/download}}</ref>

Chandranath's literary talent was first spotted by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] in his review of ''[[Krishnakanter will|Krishnakanter Will]]'' and it was at Chatterjee's behest, that Chandranath took to writing in Bengali and got associated with [[Bangadarshan]], a pioneering magazine of the late 1800s.<ref name=":0" />

Chandranath used to frequent Brahmo discussions during his days at Presidency and was even attracted to them for a short while despite his dislike of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]], whose luminaries were borrowed from extensively.<ref name=":2" /> His faith in Hinduism was restored by an orthodox Brahmin pandit [[Sasadhar Tarkachuramani]], whom he met at Bankim's residence.<ref name=":1" />

=== Pasupati Samvad ===
After the publication of [[Pasupati Samvad]], Chandranath began to command a huge popularity among the masses and came to be recognized as a prominent voice of the orthodox sections of the Hindu society.<ref name=":0" /> He went on to reignite theological debates between Christian and [[Brahmo]] intellectuals and advocated for a rigid abidance by religious scriptures.<ref name=":0" />

=== Shakuntala Tattwa ===
One of his first major work was ''Shakuntala Tattwa'', a comparative study on [[Shakuntala (play)|Kalidasa's ''Shakuntala'']] which sought to locate conservative Hindu values in the literature and met with immense success in the conservative circles of Bengal.<ref name=":0" />

Comparing Shakuntala with Juliet, Chandranath highlighted the victory of self-restrain and penance (Dharma) over the unbridled materialistic outpouring of love (Adharma) in mitigating difficult personal situations.<ref name=":2" /> Subsequently, European gender relations including pre-marital romance<ref name=":1" /> etc. are sharply critiqued and lambasted whilst restriction on the public dissemination of feminine charm and sexuality is advocated, lest the males succumb to it.<ref name=":2" />

[[Amiya Prosad Sen]] notes Chandranath to propound three major themes through his work—rejecting a man-centric notion of universe, critiquing the usage of non-societal parameters to measure self, and denying temporality of tradition;<ref name=":2" /> in entirety, Sen deemed it to be a "thoughtless and tendentious application" of hardcore Hindu orthodox thought-school, which managed to locate conservative values where there were none.<ref name=":0" />

=== Hindutva: Hindur Prakrita Itihas ===
In 1892, he produced his magnum-opus ''Hindutva--Hindur Prakrita Itihas'' propounding the [[Advaita Vedanta]] school of thought and coining the term Hindutva which assumed a variety of traditional and often contradictory beliefs and practices under a common fold''.<ref name=":2" />''<ref name=":4" />

Notably, he did not pursue an intensely mythological line''<ref name=":2" />'' but yet choose to portray the Hindus as the only beings who have gained the spiritual consciousness to understand that humanity is in itself, a form of divinity and manifest its ''dharmic'' scopes, having been the sole harbingers of absolute harmony, magnanimity, honesty and unity.<ref name=":4" /> He rejected the [[positivism|positivist thought school]] and saw God through the prism of his creations, whereupon any challenge to traditional societies were equivalent of a challenge to the legitimacy and omniscience of the God, Himself.<ref name=":0" /> Parallel to fellow Hindu conservatives<ref name="Menski2008">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-H8yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT471|title=Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity|author=Werner Menski|date=10 September 2008|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-908803-4|pages=471–|access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref> and deriving from his own theses,<ref name=":4" /> Chandranath went on to portray the Hindus as fundamentally superior to people of all other faiths, whose traditional social customs and practices in that they have survived centuries of thought-schools and hence were axiomatically superior to western culture and way of life.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walsh|first=Judith E.|year=1997|title=What Women Learned When Men Gave Them Advice: Rewriting Patriarchy in Late-Nineteenth-Century Bengal|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=56|issue=3|page=664|doi=10.2307/2659604|issn=0021-9118|jstor=2659604}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Tanika|year=2009|title=Rabindranath's "Gora" and the Intractable Problem of Indian Patriotism|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=44|issue=30|page=40|issn=0012-9976|jstor=40279311}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> He was also rigidly against religious conversions and insisted that India shall not be a homeland, for foreign religions like Islam and Christianity.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ|title=The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective|last=Gier|first=Nicholas F.|date=2014-08-20|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9780739192238|pages=50 (Proquest)|language=en}}</ref> Chandranath also chose to integrate [[Tantra]] as a core part of Hinduism in that it represented an inherent Hindu manliness and vigor, which would have helped fighting the colonialists.

[[D. N. Jha]] commented of the work to be essentially anti-Islamist and advasic, in nature. [Is "advasic" a word in English?]<ref name=":6" />

=== Manuals and pamphlets ===
Chandranath wrote two short but little known manuals on the ideal Hindu way of domestic life - ''Garhyastha Path'' (1886) and the ''Garhyastha Vidhi'' (1887). They were primarily aimed at women.''<ref name=":2" />''

One of his pamphlets located the superiority of the Hindu woman in her dedication to cooking in the kitchen for long hours, despite being engulfed in the smokes and flames.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC|title=Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit|date=April 1996|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=9780812215854|editor-last=Ludden|editor-first=David|pages=283|language=en|chapter=Indian Nationalism and the Politics of Hindutva}}</ref> In 1904, he published a detailed manual for the conduct of men - ''Sangyam Sikhhar Nimnotomo Sopan.''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OacKxYHmVVgC|title=Explorations in Modern Bengal, C. 1800-1900: Essays on Religion, History, and Culture|last=Sen|first=Amiya P.|date=2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=9788190891868|pages=134|language=en}}</ref>

=== Masculinity ===
In 1901, he wrote ''Sabitri Tattva'' a comparative study on [[Savitri and Satyavan]]; Chandranath proceeded with a similar outlook as in ''Shakuntala Tattwa'' and portraying Savitri as the ideal Hindu wife, held marriage as an institute that permeated death and any temporality.''<ref name=":2" />''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chowdhury-Sengupta|first=Indira|date=Fall 1992|title=The Return of the Sati: A Note on Heroism and Domesticity in Colonial Bengal|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-449889221/the-return-of-the-sati-a-note-on-heroism-and-domesticity|journal=Resources for Feminist Research 22|volume=3/4|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028174711/https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-449889221/the-return-of-the-sati-a-note-on-heroism-and-domesticity|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sen notes him to be the foremost spokesman of the orthodox view on Hindu marriage; Chandranath essentially viewed the institution as a longstanding social ritual for the sole purpose of maintaining progeny and male hegemony, absent any locus of individual autonomy.<ref name=":0" />

Besides this, he supported child marriages in that it led to the development of an ideal house wife,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=HerStory--Historical Scholarship between South Asia and Europe : Festschrift in Honour of Gita Dharampal-Frick|last=P. Sen|first=Amiya|date=4 July 2018|publisher=CrossAsia-eBooks|isbn=978-3-946742-43-2|editor-last=Klöber|editor-first=Rafael|location=Berlin|pages=175–187|chapter=A Hindu Conservative Negotiates Modernity : Chandranath Basu (1844–1910) and Reflections on the Self and Culture in Colonial Bengal|doi=10.11588/xabooks.366.517|editor-last2=Ludwig|editor-first2=Manju|chapter-url=https://crossasia-books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/xasia/reader/download/366/366-43-81620-1-10-20180704.pdf|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320121908/https://crossasia-books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/xasia/reader/download/366/366-43-81620-1-10-20180704.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> advocated for the continuity of patriarchal traits,<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Rethinking Hindu Identity|last=Narayan Jha|first=Dwijendra|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|isbn=9781315710907|location=London|pages=3|chapter=Introduction|doi=10.4324/9781315710907|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315710907/chapters/10.4324/9781315710907-8|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028074108/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315710907/chapters/10.4324/9781315710907-8|url-status=dead}}</ref> prized female chastity as a social gift<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hindunationalism00chet/page/25|title=Hindu nationalism: origins, ideologies and modern myths|last=Bhatt|first=Chetan|date=2001|publisher=Berg|isbn=9781859733431|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindunationalism00chet/page/25 25–26]|language=en}}</ref> and opposed reforms in female education,<ref name=":3" /> [[Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856|widow remarriage]]<ref name=":1" /> and gender rights.<ref name=":3" /> He dissented<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWGcAAAAMAAJ|title=The Sentinels of Culture: Class, Education, and the Colonial Intellectual in Bengal (1848-85)|last=Bhattacharya|first=Tithi|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780195669107|pages=14|language=en}}</ref> against the [[Age of Consent Act, 1891|Age of Consent Act]] in 1891, which sought to raise the [[age of consent]] for sexual intercourse from ten to twelve years in all jurisdictions and treat any violation thereof as rape, as violations of sacrosanct Hindu customs.<ref name="Sinha1995">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RQNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA138|title=Colonial masculinity: the 'manly Englishman' and the' effeminate Bengali' in the late nineteenth century|last=Sinha|first=Mrinalini|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-7190-4653-7|location=Manchester|page=138|access-date=6 September 2011}}</ref>

[[Tanika Sarkar]] notes that the adherence to Hindu customs was so rigid, that Chandranath and others went to the extent of showcasing the downsides of the status-quo as the strength of the Hindu women to bear such adversities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Tanika|date=2016-08-11|title=The Hindu wife and the Hindu nation: Domesticity and nationalism in nineteenth century Bengal|journal=Studies in History|volume=8|issue=2|pages=233|doi=10.1177/025764309200800204|s2cid=162222895}}</ref>

===Miscellaneous===
Chandranath was a vocal supporter of the [[Indigenous Aryans|Indigenous Aryan]] hypothesis, having extensively argued for the superiority of Aryan race and that the Indian Hindus were true Aryans; [[Tapan Raychaudhuri]] commented of the thought-school as 'aggressive chauvinism'.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://brill.com/view/title/15737|title=Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, c. 1867-1905|last=Gupta|first=Swarupa|date=2009-06-24|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789047429586|pages=331–332|language=en|chapter=From Region To Nation: The Idea Of India|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004176140.i-414|chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789047429586/Bej.9789004176140.i-414_009.xml}}</ref>

Chandranath also engaged in aggressive exchanges with contemporary intellectuals; Tanika Sarkar notes a polemical discourse with [[Rabindranath Tagore]] concerning Hindu marriage and Hindu diet.<ref name=":2" /> He also conflicted with [[Nabinchandra Sen]] whilst voting against the inclusion of one of his plays, ''[[Palashir Yuddha]]'' in school-syllabus; in a letter to Sen, Chandranath inquires about why a Hindu ought to feel saddened at the defeat of a ''Muslim'' ruler.<ref name=":1" /> An angered Sen penned a dismissive reply and in personal records, alluded Chandranath of being a dovetail of Bankim Chandra who merely reproduced the latter's private opinions as his own, in a verbose manner.<ref name=":1" /> At last, Sen submitted a revised version which went on to be included whilst Chandranath wrote an apology letter, prodded by a mutual friend [[Gooroodas Banerjee]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.questia.com/read/120905778/the-black-hole-of-empire-history-of-a-global-practice|title=The Black Hole of Empire|last=Chatterjee|first=Partha|date=2012-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400842605|location=Princeton|pages=241|chapter=The Pedagogy of Culture|doi=10.1515/9781400842605|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781400842605/9781400842605-010/9781400842605-010.xml|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=29 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029053110/https://www.questia.com/read/120905778/the-black-hole-of-empire-history-of-a-global-practice|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Death and legacy==
Basu died on 20 June 1910.<ref name="bc" /> He heavily influenced [[Bhudev Mukhopadhyay]], an important figure of the [[Bengali Renaissance|Bengal Renaissance]].<ref name=":2" />

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1844 births]]
[[Category:1910 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian theologians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Writers about Hindu nationalism]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalism]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalists]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]

List of by-elections to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly

2025-11-09T06:35:49Z

Mohammedsajib: new a post.

{{Short description|none}}

{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
The following is a list of [[by-election]]s held for the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], India, since its formation in 1946.

== 15th Assembly ==
=== 2011 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
| rowspan="2" |25 September 2011
!125
|[[Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency|Basirhat Uttar]]
|[[Mostafa Bin Qaseem]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[ATM Abdullah]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
!159
|[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
|[[Subrata Bakshi]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

=== 2012 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
| rowspan="2" |12 June 2012
!230
|[[Daspur Assembly constituency|Daspur]]
|[[Ajit Bhunia]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Mamata Bhunia]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
!252
|[[Bankura Assembly constituency|Bankura]]
|[[Kashinath Misra]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Minati Misra]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

=== 2013 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
| rowspan="3" |23 February 2013
!51
|[[English Bazar Assembly constituency|English Bazar]]
|[[Krishnendu Narayan Choudhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Krishnendu Narayan Choudhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
!70
|[[Rejinagar Assembly constituency|Rejinagar]]
|[[Humayun Kabir (Bharatpur politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Rabiul Alam Chowdhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!293
|[[Nalhati Assembly constituency|Nalhati]]
|[[Abhijit Mukherjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Dipak Chatterjee (politician)|Dipak Chatterjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|}

=== 2014 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
| rowspan="2" | 13 September 2014
!1
| [[Basirhat Dakshin]]
| [[Narayan Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[Samik Bhattacharya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
| [[Chowrangee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chowrangee]]
| [[Sikha Mitra]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| [[Nayna Bandopadhyay]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|}

=== 2015 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
| 13 February 2015
!1
| [[Krishnaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnaganj]]
| [[Sushil Biswas]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| [[Satyajit Biswas]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]

|}

== 16th Assembly ==
{{Main|2016–2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-elections}}

== 17th Assembly ==
=== 2021 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|30 September 2021
!159
|[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
|[[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
| bgcolor=#20C646|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
| bgcolor=#20C646|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |30 October 2021
!7
| [[Dinhata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dinhata]]
|[[Nisith Pramanik]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Udayan Guha]]<ref name="TMC clean sweeps bypoll with 4-0 win, Mamata Banerjee says Bengal chooses development over hate politics">{{cite news|title=TMC clean sweeps bypoll with 4-0 win, Mamata Banerjee says Bengal chooses development over hate politics|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Nov/02/tmc-clean-sweeps-bypoll-with-4-0-win-mamata-banerjee-says-bengal-chooses-development-over-hatepolitics-2378734.html|accessdate=26 July 2025|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=2 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726092729/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Nov/02/tmc-clean-sweeps-bypoll-with-4-0-win-mamata-banerjee-says-bengal-chooses-development-over-hatepolitics-2378734.html|archivedate=26 July 2025|language=en}}</ref>
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
!86
| [[Santipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Santipur]]
|[[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Braja Kishore Goswami]]<ref name="TMC clean sweeps bypoll with 4-0 win, Mamata Banerjee says Bengal chooses development over hate politics" />
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
!109
|[[Khardaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khardaha]]
| [[Kajal Sinha]]
| bgcolor="#20C646" |
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|[[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]<ref name="TMC clean sweeps bypoll with 4-0 win, Mamata Banerjee says Bengal chooses development over hate politics" />
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
!127
|[[Gosaba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gosaba]]
| [[Jayanta Naskar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|Subrata Mondal<ref name="TMC clean sweeps bypoll with 4-0 win, Mamata Banerjee says Bengal chooses development over hate politics" />
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|}

=== 2022 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|12 April 2022
!161
|[[Ballygunge (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ballygunge]]
|[[Subrata Mukherjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Babul Supriyo]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

=== 2023 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|27 February 2023
!60
|[[Sagardighi Assembly constituency|Sagardighi]]
|[[Subrata Saha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Bayron Biswas]]<ref name="Sagardighi Assembly constituency 2023 By Poll Result">{{cite news|title=Sagardighi Assembly constituency 2023 By Poll Result|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeMar2023/ConstituencywiseS2560.htm?ac=60|accessdate=26 July 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726071202/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeMar2023/ConstituencywiseS2560.htm?ac=60|archivedate=26 July 2025}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|5 September 2023
!15
|[[Dhupguri Assembly constituency|Dhupguri]]
|[[Bishnupada Roy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Nirmal Chandra Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|}

=== 2024 ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
|7 May 2024
!62
|[[Bhagabangola Assembly constituency|Bhagabangola]]
|[[Idris Ali (politician)|Idris Ali]]
| {{Full party name with color| All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|Died on 16 February 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=TMC MLA Idris Ali dies from illness |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/tmc-mla-idris-ali-dies-from-illness-2897354 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Reyat Hossain Sarkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=12}}
|-
|1 June 2024
!113
|[[Baranagar Assembly constituency|Baranagar]]
|[[Tapas Roy]]
|Resigned on 4 March 2024<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-04 |title=Trinamool MLA Tapas Roy quits party, resigns from assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/veteran-trinamool-congress-leader-tapas-roy-quits-as-mla/article67912658.ece |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|[[Sayantika Banerjee]]
|-
|Rowspan=4|10 July 2024
!35
|[[Raiganj Assembly constituency|Raiganj]]
|[[Krishna Kalyani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|Resigned on 27 March 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2024 |title=Krishna Kalyani resigns as Raiganj MLA following Lok Sabha nomination by TMC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/krishna-kalyani-resigns-as-raiganj-mla-following-lok-sabha-nomination-by-tmc/cid/2009518 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref>
|[[Krishna Kalyani]]
|-
!90
|[[Ranaghat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Dakshin]]
|[[Mukut Mani Adhikari]]
|rowspan=2|Resigned on 19 April 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2024 |title=Bengal: Another turncoat MLA resigns, Biswajit Das to contest from Bangaon on TMC ticket|url=https://www.jagran.com/west-bengal/kolkata-mla-biswajit-das-resigned-his-post-23700469.html|access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Jagran|language=hi}}</ref>
|[[Mukut Mani Adhikari]]
|-
!94
|[[Bagdah Assembly constituency|Bagdah]]
|[[Biswajit Das (politician)|Biswajit Das]]
|[[Madhuparna Thakur]]
|-
!167
|[[Maniktala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maniktala]]
|[[Sadhan Pande]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|Died on 20 February 2022<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-20|title=West Bengal Cabinet Minister Sadhan Pande passes away at 71|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-cabinet-minister-sadhan-pande-dead-7782167/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>{{efn|The seat fell vacant due to the death of sitting MLA Sadhan Pande on 20th February 2022. However, by-polls to the seat couldn't be held even after 6 months of Pande's death (according to Indian law) because BJP candidate Kalyan Chaubey filed an [[election petition]] in the [[Calcutta High Court]] alleging irregularities in polling & demanded a recount of votes. The [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]] forbids holding any polls to the seat until any election petition concerning that seat hasn't been resolved at the court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-18 |title=HC rejects PIL demanding by-poll in Maniktala Assembly constituency |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/hc-rejects-pil-demanding-bypoll-in-maniktala-assembly-constituency-515610 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=MillenniumPost |language=en}}</ref> On 29 April 2024, Choubey withdrew his election petition from the court, making way for by-poll to the seat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-30 |title=Kalyan Chaubey withdraws poll petition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bjp-leader-kalyan-chaubey-withdraws-petition-challenging-election-process-at-maniktala-assembly-constituency/articleshow/109707857.cms |access-date=2024-07-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>}}
|[[Supti Pandey]]
|-
|rowspan=10|13 November 2024
!6
|[[Sitai Assembly constituency|Sitai]]
|[[Jagadish Chandra Barma Basunia]]
|rowspan=6|Elected to Lok Sabha on 4 June 2024
|Colspan=1 Rowspan=1|[[Sangita Roy]]
|-
!14
|[[Madarihat Assembly constituency|Madarihat]]
|[[Manoj Tigga]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Jay Prakash Toppo]]
|-
!104
|[[Naihati Assembly constituency|Naihati]]
|[[Partha Bhowmick]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|[[Sanat Dey]]
|-
!121
|[[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa]]
|[[Haji Nurul Islam]]
|[[Sheikh Rabiul Islam]]
|-
!236
|[[Medinipur Assembly constituency|Medinipur]]
|[[June Malia]]
|[[Sujoy Hazra]]
|-
!251
|[[Taldangra Assembly constituency|Taldangra]]
|[[Arup Chakraborty (politician)|Arup Chakraborty]]
|[[Falguni Singhababu]]
|-
|}

===2025===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
| 19 June 2025
!80
|[[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]]
|[[Nasiruddin Ahamed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Died on 1 February 2025<ref>{{cite web|date=2025-02-02|title=Veteran TMC MLA Nasiruddin Ahmed dies of cardiac arrest in West Bengal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/veteran-tmc-mla-nasiruddin-ahmed-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-west-bengal/articleshow/117852069.cms|access-date=2025-02-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Alifa Ahmed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of by-elections in India|West Bengal ]]
[[Category:By-elections in West Bengal]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in West Bengal| ]]

Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency

2025-10-20T05:09:02Z

Mohammedsajib: Made A Bio

{{short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Brajarajnagar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Brajarajnagar
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 6
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northen Division
| district = [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bargarh]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Suresh Pujari 2024.jpg
| mla = [[Suresh Pujari]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,17,251{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Brajarajnagar''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] [[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Jharsuguda district]], in [[Odisha]] [[States and union territories of India|State]]. It was established in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317193120/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-date=2024-03-17 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Extent of Assembly Constituencies ==
* Lakhanpur Block
* Jharsuguda Block: Chandnimal, Gourmal, Loisingh, Rajpur and Kudopali GPs
* Belpahar NAC
* Brajarajnagar Municipalty<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp129.htm|title= 129 - Brajarajnagar Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 27 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|48.85}}
{{bar percent|2022 (bypoll)|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|61.25}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.7}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|37.34}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.46}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.13}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.81}}
{{bar percent|1998 (bypoll)|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|31.22}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|32.40}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|60.76}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|50.65}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|54.60}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|32.64}}
}}

Since its formation in 1961, 16 elections were held till date including two bypolls in 1998 & 2022.

List of members elected from Brajarajnagar constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brajarajnagar Assembly Election Results 2024: Brajarajnagar Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/brajarajnagar-constituency-result-18006 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Suresh Pujari]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 elections in India#Odisha|2022 (bypoll)]]{{efn|Death of [[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]]}}<ref name="Odisha: BJD candidate Alaka Mohanty records landslide victory in Brajrajnagar bypoll">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=4 June 2022 |title=Odisha: BJD candidate Alaka Mohanty records landslide victory in Brajrajnagar bypoll |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-bjd-candidate-alaka-mohanty-records-landslide-victory-brajrajnagar-bypoll-1958172-2022-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119171711/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-bjd-candidate-alaka-mohanty-records-landslide-victory-brajrajnagar-bypoll-1958172-2022-06-03 |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=19 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Alka Mohanty]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Radharani Panda]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|rowspan=3|Anup Kumar Sai
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|1998 (bypoll){{efn|Death of Prasanna Kumar Panda}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Brajrajnagar 1998 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/452 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|Keshab Sahoo
|-
||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|rowspan=3|Prasanna Kumar Panda
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India}}
|-
||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=2|Upendra Dikshit
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I) |dab=yes}}
|-
||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Prasanna Kumar Panda
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
||[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Upendra Dikshit
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
||[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2|Prasanna Kumar Panda
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India}}
|-
||[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 20 May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Suresh Pujari]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Alka Mohanty]] by a margin of 26,789 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Brajarajnagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Suresh Pujari]]
|votes = 82,199
|percentage = 48.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Alka Mohanty]]
|votes = 55,410
|percentage = 32.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kishore Chandra Patel
|votes = 21,809
|percentage = 12.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1384
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,789
|percentage = 15.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,68,268
|percentage = 77.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2022 Bypoll===
In 2022 bye-election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Alka Mohanty]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Kishore Chandra Patel by 66,122 votes.<ref name="Odisha: BJD candidate Alaka Mohanty records landslide victory in Brajrajnagar bypoll" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2022 elections in India|2022 By-election]]: Brajarajnagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Alka Mohanty]]
|votes = 93,953
|percentage = 61.25
|change = {{increase}}12.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kishore Chandra Patel
|votes = 27,831
|percentage = 18.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Radharani Panda]]
|votes = 22,630
|percentage = 14.75
|change = {{decrease}}26.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar Tripathy
|votes = 3,105
|percentage = 2.02
|change = {{decrease}}3.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Aditya Padhan
|votes = 1,884
|percentage = 1.23
|change =''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 4,000{{efn|Non of the Above+rest of the above}}
|percentage = 2.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 66,122
|percentage = 43.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,54,048
|percentage = 71.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Radharani Panda]] by 11,634 votes.<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" />

{{Election box begin
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Brajarajnagar<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]]
|votes = 80,152
|percentage = 48.7
|change = {{increase}}23.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Radharani Panda]]
|votes = 68,153
|percentage = 41.63
|change = {{increase}}14.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ramesh Tripathi
|votes = 9,350
|percentage = 5.68
|change = {{increase}}2.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,429
|percentage = 0.87
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11634
|percentage = 7.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 164587
|percentage = 77.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In 2014 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Radharani Panda]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Anup Kumar Sai by 6,790 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Brajarajnagar<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Brajarajnagar|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS186.htm?ac=6|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Radharani Panda]]
|votes = 50,736
|percentage = 26.84
|change = {{decrease}}15.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Anup Kumar Sai
|votes = 43,946
|percentage = 23.25
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kishore Chandra Patel
|votes = 38,175
|percentage = 20.19
|change = {{decrease}}23.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Gajanan Sahu
|votes = 6,436
|percentage = 3.40
|change = {{decrease}}3.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,635
|percentage = 0.86
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,790
|percentage = 3.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 145851
|percentage = 76.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,89,012
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Anup Kumar Sai defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Suresh Pujari]] by 1,742 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=1742 |accessdate=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Brajarajnagar<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anup Kumar Sai
|votes = 50,585
|percentage = 43.46
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Suresh Pujari]]
|votes = 48,843
|percentage = 41.96
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ramsahay Panda
|votes = 7,911
|percentage = 6.80
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,742
|percentage = 1.50{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,16,402
|percentage = 63.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Jharsuguda district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|21.84|83.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Jharsuguda district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]

Syed Fazle Imam Rizvi

2025-10-16T17:19:50Z

Mohammedsajib: New

{{Short description|Indian scholar, writer, critic, and poet (1940–2020)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=October 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syed Fazle Imam Rizvi
| image = Fazle imam rizvi.jpg
| caption = Addressing a seminar
| birth_date = {{birth-date|7 August 1940}}
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death-date and age|30 August 2020|7 August 1940}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_cause =
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[writer]], [[scholar]], [[teacher]], [[professor]], [[educationist]], [[Socialist]]
| website =
| module = {{Infobox academic
| child = yes
| alma_mater = {{bulleted list|[[Ph.D]], [[D.Litt]] in [[Urdu]] [[Gorakhpur University]]|Munshi Kamil in Persian|Viddyavachaspati in Hindi}}
| influences = fazle imam rizvi considered Professor Mehmood Elahi as his 'ustad'(mentor)
| era =
| discipline =
| sub_discipline = 
| workplaces = {{bulleted list|Head Department of Urdu & Persian, [[University of Rajasthan]]|Head Department of Urdu,[[University of Allahabad]]|Chief Proctor [[University of Allahabad]]|[[Chairman]] Uttar Pradesh Secondary Education Service Selection Board}}
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students =
| main_interests = National Integration, Educational & Cultural, Comparative literature
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = [[Urdu poetry]], [[Progressive Writers' Movement]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox writer
| embed = yes
| pseudonym = Dr Fazle Imam Rizvi
| period =
| genre =
| subject = [[Criticism ]], [[philosophy]], [[Revolution]], [[socialism]], [[literature]]
| movement = Active Member of [[Progressive Writers' Association]]
| notable_works =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = 
| portaldisp = 
}}
}}

'''Professor Syed Fazle Imam Rizvi''' commonly known as '''Fazle Imam''' (1 August 1940 – 31 August 2020) was an Indian Urdu scholar, poet, writer and teacher at University. He is known for his literature expertise in various languages Urdu, Hindi, Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Bhojpuri, Rajasthani. He has written books, ''[[ghazal]]s'', and ''[[nazm]]s'', articles in [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=E-BOOK OF SYED FAZL-E-IMAM RIZVI |url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/syed-fazl-e-imam-rizvi/ebooks |website=www.rekhta.org |access-date=24 Oct 2021}}</ref>

==Family background, early life, and education==
{{Unreferenced|section|date=March 2022}}
Fazle Imam Rizvi was born on 1 August 1940 in a village in [[Azamgarh district]], which is now in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syed Fazl-e-Imam Rizvi - Profile & Biography |url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/syed-fazl-e-imam-rizvi/profile |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref> He belonged to a family of landlords. His father, Late Mr. Syed Mushtaq Husain, was a [[freedom fighter]], and his mother, Khursheedun Nisa, took care of him. He was the only son in the family. After completing his secondary education at Shahganj Public School in Shahganj of the [[Jaunpur district]], he moved out for higher education. His father wanted him to get into engineering and join a government job but Fazle Imam had a greater interest in the field of Literature and wanted to shape his career in the same field. He did his Ph.D. (Doctorate) from [[Gorakhpur University]] and is also a First-Person who did (D, Litt) from the same university. After completing his research under the supervision of ''Professor Mehmood Elahi Mehmmod'', Elahi became head of the department and later became the vice-chancellor of the university.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-01 |title=UP: Ex-minister Fazle Imam Rizvi died of Covid, says hospital |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-ex-minister-fazle-imam-rizvi-died-of-covid-says-hospital/articleshow/77864588.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Fazle Imam later became a lecturer and an assistant professor at various degree colleges and universities.

==Career and contributions in literature==
{{Unreferenced|section|date=March 2022}}
His contributions in the field of Literature and Arts are incredible. He has written more than 75 [[books]] in various languages like Urdu, Hindi, Bhojpuri and Rajasthani. In 1972, he joined the Department of Urdu and became Head of both Urdu and Persian at the [[University of Rajasthan]], [[Jaipur]] till 1986. Later, he joined the [[University of Allahabad]] and became the Urdu Department, Chief [[proctor]], [[warden (college)|warden]], [[librarian]] and was also appointed as the chairman of Uttar Pradesh Secondary Education Service Commission. He retired from the same university in 2006.

==Major works==
* Has written and edited More than 75 Books
* Editor of many magazines
* More than 40 research scholars did their Ph.D. under his supervision
* More than 55 years of teaching experience
* Around 800 articles, papers on criticism and research management
* Review articles on social and current issues
* Thesis on Amirullah Tasleem "Hayat aur Shairi"
* Bhojpuri Adab Ka Taaruf
* Masanvi Khaanjre-Ishque- tasleem
* Anees Shinasi
* Jadeed Hindi Shairi -SAMT-O- RAFTAR
* The first book on [[poet]] [[Josh Malihabadi]] Shaire- akhruzzaman
* Tanqeedi[[criticism]] meyar
* Jadeed Urdu Tanqeed aur Ehtishyam Husain
* Intekhabe Kalame Josh [[Haryana Urdu Akademi]]

==Awards and honors==
* Anees Award [[Urdu Academy, Uttar Pradesh]]
* Nawae Meer by All India Meer Academy
* Bhojpuri Bhaskar by Akhil Bhartiya Bhojpuri Parishad
* Sahitya Vibhushan by Bhasha Sangam Bhopal
* [[Bihar Urdu Academy]]
* West Bengal Urdu Academy
* Awarded Vidhya Vachaspati Hindi Sahitya Sammelan [[Allahabad]]

==External links==
*[https://www.rekhta.org/authors/syed-fazl-e-imam-rizvi/ebooks E-BOOK OF SYED FAZL-E-IMAM RIZVI] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]
*[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kaynat-e-najm-released/story-m0gZHr2YtUqA1fRTuk77xN.html Kaynat-e-Najm released] on [[Hindustan Times]]
*[https://www.facebook.com/796721687061917/posts/2376079275792809 Academic Services of Amir Meenai lecture ] on [[Facebook]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ed7vitfanB8 Ali Day 2020 lecture {{!}} Avadhnama] on [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QM8IIQJ4II Bazm-e-Nahjul Falah Muftiganj lecture on Guzarta Waqt Aur Hamari Zindagi] on [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySPXHc8xaY0&t=476s Mushaira & Kavi Sammelan 2019 ] on [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/4WJwWvwv2EA?t=95 Kaifi Ki Hayat Aur Karname seminar 2019, All India Kaifi Azmi Academy, Lucknow] on [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/I3Q0YabceNk?t=51 Seminar Governor Book 'Chairiveti Chairiveti' 2016 ] at [[Lucknow University]] on [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwG16hof-Jc&t=10s Felicitation Ceremony Prof Fazle Imam] on [[YouTube]]
*[http://twocircles.net/2013jun30/mir_anees_was_not_only_renowned_elegy_poet_man_culture.html ‘Shaam-e Adab’, a seminar on Mir Anees]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XlGWnCXiA0E Islamic lecture at Baitus-Salat, Kareli, Allahabad on 12 Feb 2009] on [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/MfyV6JQfDcY?t=523 Islamic lecture at Jashn-e-Saheb-e-Asre Wazzaman] on [[YouTube]]
*[http://urducouncil.nic.in/sites/default/files/BookListEnglish_0.pdf Kulliyat-e-Mekash Akbarabadi] on [[Urdu Council]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/LrzsTjhn92s?t=48 Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un] on [[YouTube]]
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-ex-minister-fazle-imam-rizvi-died-of-covid-says-hospital/articleshow/77864588.cms Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un] on [[The Times of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rizvi, Syed Fazle Imam}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian critics]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]

Hoshiyar... Sahi Waqt, Sahi Kadam

2025-09-10T22:55:14Z

Mohammedsajib: new

{{More citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Hoshiyar Sahi Waqt, Sahi Kadam.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Crime]] [[reality television]]
| creator = Vipul D. Shah
| based_on =
| director =
| writer =
| creative_director =
| presenter = [[Mohnish Bahl]]
| judges =
| starring =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 47
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = Vipul D. Shah
| location = Mumbai, India
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = Optimystix Entertainment
| channel = [[&TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|12|24}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2017|06|4}}
}}

'''''Hoshiyar... Sahi Waqt, Sahi Kadam''''' is an Indian Hindi [[crime]] reality television [[anthology series]], which was aired on 24 December 2016 and broadcast on [[&TV]]. The series was produced by Optimystix Entertainment of Vipul D. Shah. The series was aired on the nights of the weekend. The series was hosted by [[Mohnish Bahl]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/monish-behl-to-be-back-on-tv-will-host-crime-show-hoshiyar-1673861/|title=Monish Behl to be back on TV! Will host crime show Hoshiyar|work=India.com|date=29 November 2016|accessdate=1 December 2016}}</ref>

==Host==
*[[Mohnish Bahl]] (2016–2017)

== Cast ==
* [[Keval Vora]] as Punit(episode 17)
* Akshay Batchu as Arnub(episode 17)
* Jai Thakker as Deepak(episode 17)
* Bhavin Bhanushali (episode 16)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161208175241/http://www.andtv.com/promo/hoshiyar-sahi-waqt-sahi-kadam-this-december-only-on-tv/ Official website]}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/hoshiyar-sahi-waqt-sahi-kadam/0-6-570 Hoshiyar... Sahi Waqt, Sahi Kadam] on [[ZEE5]]

{{&TV Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoshiyar... Sahi Waqt, Sahi Kadam}}
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:&TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series by Optimystix Entertainment]]

Sange, Bhiwandi

2025-08-26T11:20:02Z

Mohammedsajib: Created!

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sange
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.2982099|N|73.1688878|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwandi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 14
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 475
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 552633
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sange''' is a village in the [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bhiwandi]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Sange has 108 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 73.58%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 475 || 255 || 220
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 51 || 27 || 24
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 77 || 45 || 32
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 76 || 40 || 36
|-
| Literates || 312 || 186 || 126
|-
| Workers (all) || 201 || 138 || 63
|-
| Main workers (total) || 65 || 60 || 5
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 3 || 2 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 61 || 58 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 136 || 78 || 58
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 50 || 25 || 25
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 5 || 2 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 80 || 50 || 30
|-
| Non-workers || 274 || 117 || 157
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]