https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Mohammed+Sajib 2026-08-08T02:02:22Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madurai_North_Assembly_constituency&diff=514589 2026-05-08T13:05:42Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 191<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Madurai North.svg<br /> <br /> | established = 1951<br /> | district = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br /> | mla = [[A. Kallanai]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2026<br /> | name = Madurai (North)<br /> | electors = 218719<br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Madurai North''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> Elections and winners from this constituency are listed below.&lt;ref name=&quot;MNR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 March 2011 |archive-date=5 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Extent of Assembly constituency==<br /> *Madurai South Taluk (part)<br /> *Madurai (M Corp.) Ward No.2 to 8, 11 to 15 and 17 to 20<br /> *Madurai North Taluk (part)<br /> *Melamadai (CT)<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[A. K. Bose]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[V. V. Rajan Chellappa]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | [[G. Thalapathi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | [[A. Kallanai]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2026|2026]]|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}|45.03}}<br /> <br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.11}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.64}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.62}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|37.57}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Madurai (North)}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= A. Kallanai|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=72,853 |percentage=45.03 |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Thalapathi]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=54,815 |percentage=33.88 |change={{decrease}}13.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Saravanan]]|party=AIADMK|votes=24,982 |percentage=15.44 |change=- }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= V. Thirunavukarasu|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=7,415 |percentage=4.58 |change={{decrease}}5.30 }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=753 |percentage=0.47 |change={{decrease}}0.54 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,038 |percentage=11.15 |change={{decrease}}3.64}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,61,801 |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =2,18,719 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing={{increase}}45.03 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Madurai (North)}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Thalapathi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,010 |percentage=47.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Saravanan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=50,094 |percentage=32.32% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Anbarasi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=15,311 |percentage=9.88% |change=+7.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Alagar |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=12,102 |percentage=7.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jeyapal |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,280 |percentage=2.12% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,564 |percentage=1.01% |change=-1.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=168 |percentage=0.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sankarapandi |party=Independent politician |votes=163 |percentage=0.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Abubakkar Sithick |party=Independent politician |votes=139 |percentage=0.09% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Theivammal |party=Independent politician |votes=125 |percentage=0.08% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,916 |percentage=14.79% |change=2.58% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=154,992 |percentage=63.67% |change= -2.54% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=304 |percentage=0.20% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 243,424 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.46% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Madurai (North)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. V. Rajan Chellappa]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,460 |percentage=45.64% |change=-17.98 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Karthikeyan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,621 |percentage=33.44% |change=+2.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mujupur Rahuman |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=17,732 |percentage=11.49% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Saral |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=3,541 |percentage=2.29% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,479 |percentage=2.25% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Aasai Kumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,039 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Anand |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,339 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Thiruchenthuran |party=Gandhiya Makkal Iyakkam |votes=892 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Bhagavathy |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=641 |percentage=0.42% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Abdul Sukkur |party=Independent politician |votes=422 |percentage=0.27% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=351 |percentage=0.23% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,839 |percentage=12.20% |change=-20.34% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=154,368 |percentage=66.22% |change= -6.65% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 233,129 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.98% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Madurai (North)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. K. Bose]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=90,706 |percentage=63.62% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. K. Rajendran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,306 |percentage=31.08% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kumaralingam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,505 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Senthilkumar |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,148 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Jeyachandran |party=Independent politician |votes=780 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=755 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=46,400 |percentage=32.55% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=195,659 |percentage=72.87% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,571 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Madurai (North)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Ramamurthi]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=16,337 |percentage=37.57% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Chidambara Bharathi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,005 |percentage=29.91% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. T. Rajan]] |party=Justice Party (India) |votes=4,939 |percentage=11.36% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ramanujam |party=Independent politician |votes=4,154 |percentage=9.55% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Varadarajulu Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,562 |percentage=8.19% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S.V. Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=784 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthumalai Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=699 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,332 |percentage=7.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=43,480 |percentage=63.89% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,059 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|9.935393|78.0879473|display=title|format=dms}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Madurai]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Madurai]]<br /> [[Category:Government of Madurai]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varisu_(TV_series)&diff=543658 2026-05-03T08:17:48Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: added basic data initial version</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt_name = <br /> | genre = [[Drama]]<br /> | based_on = <br /> | screenplay = Mitra &lt;br&gt; Shara &lt;br&gt; K.V. Pandiyan {{small|(dialogues)}}<br /> | director = Siva Sekar (Episode 1 to 116) &lt;br&gt; P. Bharathi Raja (Episodes 117 Onwards)<br /> | starring = {{ubl|Haritha Jackie|Swetha Dorathy|Jay Srinivas}}<br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | company = Sapphire Blue Production Private Limited<br /> | producer = Arun Ira<br /> | num_seasons = <br /> | num_episodes = 200&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jay-srinivas-and-swetha-dorathys-varisu-completes-100-successful-episodes/articleshow/125013149.cms|title=Jay Srinivas and Swetha Dorathy’s ‘Varisu’ completes 100 successful episodes|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 November 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jay-srinivas-and-swetha-dorathys-varisu-completes-200-successful-episodes/articleshow/128639873.cms|title=Jay Srinivas and Swetha Dorathy’s ‘Varisu’ completes 200 successful episodes|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 February 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- as of 30 October 2025 --&gt;<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | country = India<br /> | open_theme = <br /> | music = Aron Suresh<br /> | editor = M. Jayasimman<br /> | cinematography = K.C. Ramesh<br /> | runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode<br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | network = [[Zee Tamil]]<br /> | first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2025|6|30}}<br /> | last_aired = present<br /> | related = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Varisu''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language]] Family [[Drama]] television series that premiered from 30 June 2025 airing on [[Zee Tamil]] and streams digitally on [[ZEE5]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/varisu-new-brand-serial-coming-soon-1749558951|title=ஹிட் சீரியலில் இருந்து வெளியேறிய பிரபல நடிகர் - என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் ஸ்டைலிஷ் வில்லன்!|website=cineulagam.com|date=20 June 2025|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stars Haritha Jackie, Swetha Dorathy and Jay Srinivas in lead role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jay-srinivas-and-swetha-dorathy-set-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-varisu/articleshow/121777352.cms|title=Jay Srinivas and Swetha Dorathy set to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Varisu'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 June 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is produced by Arun Ira under the banner of Sapphire Blue Production Private Limited and directed by Sivasekar. Due to its success and high ratings at the matinee slot, Varisu has been dubbed in Telugu, titled Kongu Bangaram, airing on [[Zee Telugu]].<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The series focuses on the wealthy Janakambal family who live in their lavish house. Tamilarasi is a bright and ambitious young woman from the traditional town of [[Karaikudi]]. Her parents were loving. She has two younger sisters Thenmozhi and Isaivani. Tamilarasi's wedding is halted. Because her father goes missing, the family is left bankrupt, and her fiancé deserts her.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.passionateinmarketing.com/zee-tamil-launches-varisu-a-family-drama-driven-by-the-strength-of-a-bold-young-woman/|title=Zee Tamil launches Varisu – A family drama driven by the strength of a bold young woman|website=www.passionateinmarketing.com|date=1 July 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After her father's disappearance, Tamilarasi and her family moved to Chennai. She meets Cibi and the duo get into a misunderstanding. He is the grandson of Janakambal, a successful entrepreneur, who wants her reckless grandson Cibi to succeed her. She brings in Tamilarasi to set him straight. However, long-buried secrets emerge, relationships fracture and mend, and Tamilarasi takes care of her family and faces all of life's issues calmly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-tamil-launches-a-multi-generational-drama-varisu/|title=Zee Tamil launches a Multi-Generational Drama – Varisu|website=www.medianews4u.com|date=5 July 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> === Main ===<br /> * Swetha Dorathy as Tamilarasi / Kanagavalli <br /> * Jay Srinivas Kumar as Cibi / Rajan<br /> * Haritha Jackie as Janakambal: Cibi and Tamilarasi's grandmother<br /> <br /> === Recurring ===<br /> * David Solomon Raja (2025) → Andrews Jesudoss (2025-present) as Ganesan (Main Antagonist)<br /> * Madhumitha Ilaiyaraaja as Samyuktha: Cibi's ex-fiancé <br /> * [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia Bose]] as Meena: Cibi's mother, Ganesan's sister.<br /> * Ashok as Jayaprakash: Cibi's father; Janakambal's son<br /> * Meena Vemuri as Amutha: Ganesan's wife, Venba &amp; Sethu's mother<br /> * Thidiyan as Kedi (KD): Cibi &amp; Samyuktha's best friend<br /> * Surjith Ansary as Sethu: Venba's brother, Ganesan &amp; Amutha's son<br /> * Vincent Roy as Selvarathinam: Tamilarasi's father.<br /> * Tamil Selvi as Jayarani: Janakambal's estranged daughter, Tamilarasi's mother<br /> * Harshini as Thenmozhi: Tamilarasi's younger sister<br /> * Kanishka Vijaykumar as Isaivani: Tamilarasi's youngest sister<br /> * Bharathi Mohan as Kurinji: Ganesan's friend <br /> * Shakthi Rao (2025) → Sandhya Dhaiyan (2025-present) as Venba: Sethu's sister, Ganesan &amp; Amutha's daughter <br /> * Kavya Amira as Varshini: Meena &amp; Prakash's daughter, Cibi's younger sister<br /> * Yogeswaram (2025) → [[Ashwanth Thilak]] (2025-present) as Premkumar: Tamil's ex-Fiancée; Samyuktha's brother<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Casting ===<br /> The series stars Haritha Thota as lead role in her second collaboration of acting in a Tamil television series after Kulavilakku, making her comeback after 21 years. Actress Swetha Dorathy plays the lead role in the series alongside ''[[Ilakkiya]]'' and ''[[Meena (2023 TV series)|Meena]]'' fame Jay Srinivas,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/actor-yogeshwaran-has-officially-quit-the-zee-tamil-serial-varisu-f1wfegf?photo=1|title=ஹிட் சீரியலில் இருந்து வெளியேறிய பிரபல நடிகர் - என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் ஸ்டைலிஷ் வில்லன்!|website=tamil.asianetnews.com|date=10 October 2025|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; marking her debut appearance in a television series. Actors [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]] was cast as Cibi mother's Meena.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sonia-bose-venkat-joins-the-cast-of-varisu/articleshow/122093976.cms|title=Actress Sonia Bose Venkat joins the cast of 'Varisu'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 June 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Actor Yogeswaram was cast as Supporting role as Premkumar, but was replaced by [[Ashwanth Thilak]] in October 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Oct/10/cast-change-in-the-series-varisu|title=வாரிசு தொடர் நடிகர் மாற்றம்! இனி இவர்தான்!|website=[[Dinamani]]|date=10 October 2025|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Release ===<br /> On 10 June 2025, the first Launch promo was released, giving a brief insight into Janakambal's past life as well as the first interaction between her grandson Cibi and Tamizh's marriage. The second promo was released on 22 June 2025, revealing the release date.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/zee-tamil-new-serial-varisu-telecast-tommorrow-know-time-story-227522|title=இனி தினசரி வாரிசு பாக்கலாம்..! எப்படி? எத்தனை மணிக்கு?|website=tamil.abplive.com|date=29 June 2025|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It began airing on [[Zee Tamil]], from 30 June 2025 on Monday to Saturday at 13:30,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/zee-tamizh-varisu-serial-telecast-timing-1750505726|title=ஜீ தமிழின் வாரிசு சீரியல் எப்போது ஒளிபரப்பாக தொடங்குகிறது... நேரத்துடன் வந்த விவரம் |website=cineulagam.com|date=20 June 2025|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; replacing ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe (TV series)|Mounam Pesiyadhe]]'' time slot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/varisu-serial-entry-important-change-in-karthigai-deepam-serial-227612#google_vignette|title=புதிய சீரியல் என்ரியால்... மாற்றப்படும் சீரியல்களின் நேரம்! கார்த்திகை தீபம் தொடரில் இருந்து வெளியான புதிய அறிவிப்பு! |website=tamil.abplive.com|date=30 June 2025|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Dubbed Versions ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Language<br /> !Title<br /> !Original Release<br /> !Network<br /> !Last Aired<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |Varisu<br /> |30 June 2025<br /> |[[Zee Tamil]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ongoing<br /> |Original<br /> |-<br /> |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> |Kongu Bangaram<br /> |26 January 2026<br /> |[[Zee Telugu]]<br /> |Dubbed<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/varisu/0-6-4z5778545 ''Varisu''] at [[ZEE5]]<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt37284395}}<br /> <br /> {{Zee Tamil shows}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulin_Bihari_Ray&diff=527136 2026-04-20T08:48:43Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: created initial stub w/ refs - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Pulin Bihari Ray<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 2016<br /> | term_end = 2021<br /> | constituency = [[Gaighata Assembly constituency|Gaighata]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Manjul Krishna Thakur]]<br /> | successor = [[Subrata Thakur]]<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | party = [[Trinamool Congress]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Calcutta University]]<br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pulin Bihari Ray''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Gaighata, as a member of the [[Trinamool Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PULIN BIHARI RAY (Winner) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1192|access-date=2025-05-23|website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2016|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html|access-date=2025-05-23|website=Elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gaighata Assembly Constituency Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gaighata-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|access-date=2025-05-23|website=Result University}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Pulin Bihari}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]<br /> [[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bidhannagar subdivision]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._R._Pura_Assembly_constituency&diff=507000 2026-04-19T19:28:01Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: Creating data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> |name = K. R. Pura<br /> |type= SLA<br /> |constituency_no = 151<br /> |map_image = 151-K. R. Pura constituency.svg<br /> |map_caption = Location of K. R. Puram Assembly constituency, shown in red, in Bangalore<br /> |map_alt = Location of KR Pura assembly, shown in red, in Bangalore<br /> |state = [[Karnataka]]<br /> |district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]<br /> |loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]<br /> |established = 2008<br /> |electors = {{formatnum:510777}} (2023)&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|7}}<br /> |reservation = None<br /> |mla = [[Byrati Basavaraj]]<br /> |party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |preceded_by = [[N. S. Nandiesha Reddy]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Krpa.svg|thumb|K. R. Pura constituency]]<br /> <br /> '''K. R. Pura Assembly constituency''' (also known as, '''Krishnarajapura''') is an Assembly constituency in the Greater Bangalore region and has the largest number of voters among the 21 constituencies. It comes under [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency]]. Carved out from the erstwhile [[Varthur Assembly constituency]], and a few parts of [[Hosakote Assembly constituency]], it has predominantly urban characteristics.<br /> <br /> ==Ward map==<br /> <br /> All wards of the erstwhile K. R. Pura City Municipal Council, and wards 3 to 11 of Mahadevapura City Municipal Council, which includes Sanna Thammanahalli, Medahalli, Bhattrahalli, K. R. Pura, Ramamurthy Nagar, Doorvaninagar, Chikkabasavanapura, Devasandra, Vijnanapura, A. Narayanapura, Singayyanapalya, Annayyanapalya, Mahadevapura, Benniganahalli, Vibhuthipura and Vimanapura now come under K R Pura Assembly.<br /> <br /> As many as 11 villages, K. Narayanapura, Kottanur, N. Nagenahalli, Kyalasanahalli, Geddalahalli, Horamavu Agara, [[Channasandra|K. Channasandra]], Kalkere, Horamavu, [[Babusapalya]] and Chalkere, that were included within the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike limits when the Greater Bangalore area was formed, are also part of this constituency.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kr-pura-has-the-largest-number-of-voters/article1236651.ece K R Pura Assembly Details]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The area has its own set of problems. Traffic congestion, sewage disposal issues, lack of storm-water drains and bad roads are common complaints.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url =http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/K-R-Pura-Where-Two-Worlds-Meet/2015/08/15/article2975333.ece| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150828034205/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/K-R-Pura-Where-Two-Worlds-Meet/2015/08/15/article2975333.ece| url-status =dead| archive-date =28 August 2015| title = K R Pura: Where Two Worlds Meet}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following are the Wards which come under K. R. Pura Assembly constituency:<br /> <br /> {{Image label begin|image=Kr puram 5.svg|float=right|width=320|}}<br /> {{Image label small|x=0.15|y=0.54|scale=320|text =[[Horamavu Ward|Horamavu]]}}<br /> {{Image label small|x=0.38|y=0.44|scale=320|text = [[Ramamurthy Nagar ward|Rama-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;murthy&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nagar]]}}<br /> {{Image label small|x=0.33|y=0.75|scale=320|text = [[Vijnanapura Ward|Vijnana&lt;br /&gt;pura]]}}<br /> {{Image label small|x=0.58|y=0.65|scale=320|text =[[K R Pura ward|K R Pura]]}}<br /> {{Image label small|x=0.46|y=0.80|scale=320|text =[[Devasandra ward|Devasandra]]}}<br /> {{Image label small|x=0.20|y=0.88|scale=320|text =[[A.Narayanapura ward|A.Narayanapura]]}}<br /> {{Image label small|x=0.70|y=0.72|scale=320|text =[[Basavanapura ward|Basavana&lt;br /&gt;pura]]}}<br /> {{Image label small|x=0.46|y=0.92|scale=320|text =[[Vijnana Nagar ward|Vijnana Nagar]]}}<br /> {{Image label small|x=0.36|y=1.20|scale=320|text =[[HAL Airport ward|HAL Airport]]}}<br /> {{Image label small|x=0.50|y=0.09|scale=320|text =[[KR Pura assembly|&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray;&quot;&gt;''K R Pura''&lt;/span&gt;]]}}<br /> {{Image label end}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Ward No.<br /> ! Ward Name<br /> ! Corporator&lt;ref&gt;[http://bbmp.gov.in/councillors-contact-details?p_p_id=councillors_WAR_councillorsportlet&amp;p_p_lifecycle=0&amp;p_p_state=normal&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_col_id=column-2&amp;p_p_col_count=1&amp;_councillors_WAR_councillorsportlet_keywords=&amp;_councillors_WAR_councillorsportlet_advancedSearch=false&amp;_councillors_WAR_councillorsportlet_andOperator=true&amp;_councillors_WAR_councillorsportlet_resetCur=false&amp;_councillors_WAR_councillorsportlet_delta=75 List of all Bangalore Corporators] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928001008/http://bbmp.gov.in/councillors-contact-details?p_p_id=councillors_WAR_councillorsportlet&amp;p_p_lifecycle=0&amp;p_p_state=normal&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_col_id=column-2&amp;p_p_col_count=1&amp;_councillors_WAR_councillorsportlet_keywords=&amp;_councillors_WAR_councillorsportlet_advancedSearch=false&amp;_councillors_WAR_councillorsportlet_andOperator=true&amp;_councillors_WAR_councillorsportlet_resetCur=false&amp;_councillors_WAR_councillorsportlet_delta=75 |date=2015-09-28 }} Mar,3,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |'''25'''<br /> | [[Horamavu Ward|Horamavu]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/horamavu/wqs Horamavu ward infrastructure] Mar,3,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Radhamma&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&amp;action=wardinfo&amp;wardid=69 Horamavu ward details] feb,27,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | '''26'''<br /> | [[Ramamurthy Nagar ward|Ramamurthy Nagar]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/ramamurthy-nagar/wqs Ramamurthy nagar ward infrastructure] Mar,3,2014&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | Padmavathi S.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&amp;action=wardinfo&amp;wardid=70 Ramamurthy Nagar ward details] feb,27,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |'''51'''<br /> | [[Vijnanapura Ward|Vijnanapura]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/vijnanapura/wqs Vijnanapura ward infrastructure] Mar,3,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | S Raju&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&amp;action=wardinfo&amp;wardid=71 Vijnanapura ward details] feb,27,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | '''52'''<br /> | [[K R Pura ward|K. R. Pura]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/k-r-pura/wqs K.R.Pura ward infrastructure] Mar,3,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | K Poornima&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&amp;action=wardinfo&amp;wardid=72 K.R.Pura ward details] feb,27,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | '''53'''<br /> | [[Basavanapura ward|Basavanpura]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/hudi/wqs Hudi ward infrastructure] Mar,3,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | B N Jayaprakash&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&amp;action=wardinfo&amp;wardid=78 Hudi ward details] feb,27,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |'''55'''<br /> | [[Devasandra ward|Devasandra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;[http://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/devasandra/wqs Devasandra ward infrastructure] Mar,3,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | M N Srikanth&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&amp;action=wardinfo&amp;wardid=74 Deavasandra ward details] feb,27,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | '''56'''<br /> | [[A.Narayanapura ward|A. Narayanapura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/a-narayanapura/wqs A.Narayanapura ward infrastructure] Mar,3,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | V Suresh&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&amp;action=wardinfo&amp;wardid=75 A.Narayanapura ward details] feb,27,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |'''81'''<br /> | [[Vignana Nagar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> | S G Nagaraj&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&amp;action=wardinfo&amp;wardid=76 Vignana Nagar ward details] feb,27,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | '''87'''<br /> | [[HAL Airport ward|HAL Airport]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;<br /> | N Manjunath&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&amp;action=wardinfo&amp;wardid=77 HAL Airport ward details] feb,27,2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Civic administration==<br /> K R Pura comes under [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)]] led by MP [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]] who was also the ex Chief Minister of Karnataka. During the general elections 2014 [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]] contesting through [[BJP]] won with 52.91% majority defeating C. Narayanaswamy of [[Indian National Congress|INC]]. MLA Byrati Basavaraj won contesting through INC the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from K R Pura by a margin of 24001 votes defeating [[N. S. Nandiesha Reddy]] of [[BJP]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[N. S. Nandiesha Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Byrati Basavaraj]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 By-election]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : K. R. Pura &lt;ref name=election2023/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Byrati Basavaraj]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 139,925 |percentage = 51.93% |change = {{decrease}}10.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. K. Mohan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 115,624 |percentage = 42.91% |change = {{increase}}8.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 4,396 |percentage = 1.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.70 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. J. S. Keshava Kumar |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 2,319 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madesha. N |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 2,215 |percentage = 0.82% |change = {{increase}}0.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Venkatachalapathi |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,975 |percentage = 0.73% |change = {{decrease}}0.19 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,301 |percentage = 9.02% |change = {{decrease}}19.49 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 269,589 |percentage = 52.78% |change = {{increase}}6.13 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 269,462}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 510,777 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.66 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}10.93 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly By-election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : K. R. Pura &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Byrati Basavaraj]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 139,879 |percentage = 62.86% |change = {{increase}}22.44 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayanaswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 76,436 |percentage = 34.35% |change = {{decrease}}18.96 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 5,184 |percentage = 2.33% |change = {{increase}}1.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Krishnamurthy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,048 |percentage = 0.92% |change = {{decrease}}1.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Santhosh. M |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 1,620 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 63,443 |percentage = 28.51% |change = {{increase}}15.62 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 227,644 |percentage = 46.65% |change = {{decrease}}7.93 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 222,518}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 488,012 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.83 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.55 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : K. R. Pura &lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Byrati Basavaraj]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 135,404 |percentage = 53.31% |change = {{increase}}2.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. S. Nandiesha Reddy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 102,675 |percentage = 40.42% |change = {{increase}}0.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. A. Gopala |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,578 |percentage = 2.59% |change = {{increase}}0.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,464 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,729 |percentage = 12.89% |change = {{increase}}1.37 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 254,064 |percentage = 54.58% |change = {{decrease}}4.33 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 253,994}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 465,508 |ref = |change = {{increase}}36.97 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.28 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2013 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : K. R. Pura &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Byrati Basavaraj]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 106,299 |percentage = 51.03% |change = {{increase}}9.01 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. S. Nandiesha Reddy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 82,298 |percentage = 39.51% |change = {{decrease}}9.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravi Prakash. J |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,955 |percentage = 1.90% |change = {{decrease}}2.73 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gowramma |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,553 |percentage = 0.75% |change = {{decrease}}0.63 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,001 |percentage = 11.52% |change = {{increase}}4.31 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 200,229 |percentage = 58.91% |change = {{increase}}15.85 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 208,322}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 339,866 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.95 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.80 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2008 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : K. R. Pura &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. S. Nandiesha Reddy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 66,741 |percentage = 49.23% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Krishnappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,971 |percentage = 42.02% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Muniswamy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,280 |percentage = 4.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gowramma |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,866 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. J. Abraham |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,410 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,770 |percentage = 7.21% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 135,581 |percentage = 43.06% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 135,578}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 314,832 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> *[[Bangalore Urban district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{commons category|K.R. Puram Assembly}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|12|58|N|77|34|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}} <br /> {{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_organisations_banned_in_India&diff=513120 2026-04-19T09:00:56Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: new details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}<br /> <br /> The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] of [[India]] has banned a number of organisations that have been proscribed as [[terrorist]] organisations under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]].<br /> <br /> ==The list==<br /> {{As of|2023|3|post=,}} this is the list of banned terrorist groups in India. The official list often includes longer descriptions, such as &quot;and all its manifestations&quot;, which are omitted here.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/TERRORIST_ORGANIZATIONS_10032023.pdf|title=LIST OF ORGANISATIONS DESIGNATED AS ‘TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS’ UNDER SECTION 35 OF THE UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT, 1967, LISTED IN THE 1St SCHEDULE OF THE ACT|work=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]|date=March 2023|access-date=16 May 2024|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Date Added<br /> !Logo<br /> !Name<br /> |-<br /> |1990<br /> |{{flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[United Liberation Front of Assam]] (ULFA)<br /> |-<br /> |May 1992<br /> |{{flagicon image|Tamil Eelam Flag.svg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE)<br /> |-<br /> |April 1997<br /> |{{flagicon image|In tpdf.gif|size=30px}}<br /> |[[All Tripura Tiger Force]] (ATTF)<br /> |-<br /> |April 1997<br /> |{{flagicon image|Flag of the National Liberation Front of Tripura.png|size=30px}}<br /> |[[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] (NLFT)<br /> |-<br /> |27 April 2000<br /> |<br /> |[[Deendar Anjuman]]<br /> |-<br /> |22 March 2002<br /> |{{flagicon image||size=30px}}<br /> |[[International Sikh Youth Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |1 April 2002<br /> |{{flagicon image|Al-Badr flag.svg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)|Al-Badr]]<br /> |-<br /> |July 2002<br /> |{{flagicon image||size=30px}}<br /> |[[Akhil Bharat Nepali Ekta Samaj]] (ABNES)<br /> |-<br /> |2 July 2002<br /> |{{flagicon image|Flag of TNLA.png|size=30px}}<br /> |[[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army]] (TNLA)<br /> |-<br /> |2 July 2002<br /> |<br /> |[[Tamil National Retrieval Troops]] (TNRT)<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[Al-Qaeda]] / [[al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{flagicon image||size=30px}}<br /> |[[Babbar Khalsa International]]<br /> |-<br /> |December 2004<br /> |[[File:Cpm_election_symbol.svg|30x30px]]<br /> |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War]]<br /> |-<br /> |29 December 2004<br /> |<br /> |[[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]] / Ansar-Ul-Ummah<br /> |-<br /> |6 August 2008<br /> |<br /> |[[Students Islamic Movement of India]] (SIMI)<br /> |-<br /> |22 June 2009<br /> |{{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]] / [[Maoist Communist Centre of India|Maoist Communist Centre]] (MCC)<br /> |-<br /> |4 June 2010<br /> |<br /> |[[Indian Mujahideen]]<br /> |-<br /> |12 January 2012<br /> |<br /> |[[Garo National Liberation Army]] (GNLA)<br /> |-<br /> |28 December 2013<br /> |{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.png|size=30px}}<br /> |[[Kamtapur Liberation Organisation]]<br /> |-<br /> |16 December 2014<br /> |[[File:AQMI_Flag_asymmetric.svg|30x30px]]<br /> |[[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |{{flagicon image|Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] (NDFB) in Assam<br /> |-<br /> |16 September 2015<br /> |{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang)]]<br /> |-<br /> |27 April 2018<br /> |{{flagicon image|Dukhtaran-e-Milllat.png|size=30px}}<br /> |[[Dukhtaran-e-Millat]] (DEM)<br /> |-<br /> |13 December 2018<br /> |<br /> |[[Manipur People's Liberation Front]] (MPLF)<br /> |-<br /> |26 December 2018<br /> |{{Flagicon image|KLF Logo.jpg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[Khalistan Liberation Force]]<br /> |-<br /> |23 May 2019<br /> |<br /> |Jamiat-ul-Mujahideen / [[Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh]]<br /> |-<br /> |30 December 2019<br /> |<br /> |Jammu and Kashmir Islamic Front<br /> |-<br /> |February 2023<br /> |{{Flagicon image||size=30px}}<br /> |[[Khalistan Tiger Force]] (KTF)<br /> |-<br /> |17 February 2023<br /> |<br /> |Jammu and Kashmir Ghaznavi Force (JKGF)<br /> |-<br /> |March 2023<br /> |{{flagicon image|Flag of Al-Umar-Mujahideen.svg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[Al-Umar-Mujahideen]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{flagicon image|Flag of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] / [[Harkat ul-Ansar]] / [[Jamiat ul-Ansar]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{flagicon image||size=30px}}<br /> |[[Hizbul Mujahideen]] / Hizbul Mujahideen Pir Panjal Regiment<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{flagicon image|Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] / Tahrik-e-Furqan / [[People's Anti-Fascist Front]] (PAFF)<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[Kangleipak Communist Party]] (KCP)<br /> |-<br /> |10 October 2023<br /> |{{flagicon image||size=30px}}<br /> |[[Hizb ut-Tahrir]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{Flagicon image|Flag of KYKL.jpg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[Kanglei Yaol Kanba Lup]] (KYKL)<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{Flagicon image||size=30px}}<br /> |[[Khalistan Commando Force]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{Flagicon image||size=30px}}<br /> |[[Khalistan Zindabad Force]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] / Pasban-e-Ahle Hadis / The Resistance Front<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Organisations listed in the Schedule to the U.N. Prevention and Suppression of Terrorism (Implementation of Security Council Resolutions) Order, 2007 made under section 2 of the United Nations (Security Council) Act, 1947 and amended from time to time<br /> |-<br /> |13 November 2023<br /> |{{flagicon image|Bandera FPRM Manipur.svg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|People's Liberation Army]] (PLA)<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_prepak.jpg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]] (PREPAK)<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Tehreek-ul-Mujahideen (TuM)<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |{{flagicon image|Bandera UNLF.svg|size=30px}}<br /> |[[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[List of designated terrorist groups]]<br /> * [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]<br /> * [[Terrorism in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Terror outfits}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Government Of India Designated Terrorist Organisations}}<br /> [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India| ]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of organisations based in India]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsering_Lhamu&diff=541987 2026-04-13T00:04:12Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: added new info more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix =<br /> | name = <br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | constituency_AM = [[Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> | assembly = <br /> | majority = <br /> | term_start = 10 February 2023<br /> | term_end = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = Incumbent<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | spouse = [[Jambey Tashi]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]]<br /> | children = 3<br /> | relatives = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Tsering Lhamu''' is an Indian politician who is serving as Member of [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Lumla Assembly constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=उपाध्याय |first=सुजीत |title=अरुणाचल प्रदेश में बीजेपी की शेरिंग ल्हामू लुमला उपचुनाव में निर्विरोध विजयी घोषित |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/arunachal-pradesh/itanagar/bjp-candidate-tsering-lhamu-elected-unopposed-in-lumla-assembly-seat-by-election-2023-in-arunachal-pradesh/articleshow/97806165.cms |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Rakesh |title=अरुणाचल में नवनिर्वाचित भाजपा विधायक त्सेरिंग ल्हामू ने ली शपथ |url=https://dailynews360.patrika.com/arunachal-pradesh/newly-elected-bjp-mla-tsering-lhamu-takes-oath-in-arunachal-assembly-125850.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tsering Lhamu, the wife of former MLA [[Jambey Tashi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BJP Candidate Wins Election In Arunachal Constituency Without Contest&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=BJP Candidate Wins Election In Arunachal Constituency Without Contest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-candidate-tsering-lhamu-wins-election-in-arunachal-constituency-without-contest-3771875 |access-date=17 May 2025 |work= |issue=10 February 2023 |publisher=NDTV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517055145/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-candidate-tsering-lhamu-wins-election-in-arunachal-constituency-without-contest-3771875 |archive-date=17 May 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Women leadership in Arunachali politics&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Women leadership in Arunachali politics {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/04/11/women-leadership-in-arunachali-politics/ |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=The Arunachal Times |date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517055528/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/04/11/women-leadership-in-arunachali-politics/ |archive-date=17 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arunachal: BJP's Tsering Lhamu Wins Lumla Bypoll Without Contest&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Arunachal: BJP's Tsering Lhamu Wins Lumla Bypoll Without Contest |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/arunachal-bjps-tsering-lhamu-wins-lumla-bypoll-without-contest-7048549.html |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=News18 |date=10 February 2024 |archive-date= |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Newly elected BJP MLA Tsering Lhamu takes oath in Arunachal Assembly&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Newly elected BJP MLA Tsering Lhamu takes oath in Arunachal Assembly |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/newly-elected-bjp-mla-tsering-lhamu-takes-oath-in-arunachal-assembly-1191823.html |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517055728/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/newly-elected-bjp-mla-tsering-lhamu-takes-oath-in-arunachal-assembly-1191823.html |archive-date=17 May 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Election Results 2024 Arunachal Pradesh: Full list of winners on all 60 Legislative Assembly seats of Arunachal Pradesh&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=2 June 2024 |title=Election Results 2024 Arunachal Pradesh: Full list of winners on all 60 Legislative Assembly seats of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-arunachal-pradesh-full-list-of-winners-on-all-60-legislative-assembly-seats-of-arunachal-pradesh-9366866/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080201/https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-arunachal-pradesh-full-list-of-winners-on-all-60-legislative-assembly-seats-of-arunachal-pradesh-9366866/ |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;All 4 female candidates of BJP win&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=All 4 female candidates of BJP win |url=https://echoofarunachal.in/news_details.php?nid=26874 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525153656/https://echoofarunachal.in/news_details.php?nid=26874 |archive-date=25 May 2025 |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=Echo of Arunachal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;All four women BJP candidates win in Arunachal polls&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=All 4 women BJP candidates win in Arunachal polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/all-four-women-candidates-of-bjp-win-in-arunachal-polls/articleshow/110641591.cms?from=mdr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525153659/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/all-four-women-candidates-of-bjp-win-in-arunachal-polls/articleshow/110641591.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 May 2025 |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;All four women candidates of BJP win in Arunachal polls&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=All four women candidates of BJP win in Arunachal polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/all-four-women-candidates-of-bjp-win-in-arunachal-polls/article68243388.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525153815/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/all-four-women-candidates-of-bjp-win-in-arunachal-polls/article68243388.ece |archive-date=25 May 2025 |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Lhamu, Tsering}}<br /> [[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangal_Ram_Koli&diff=515853 2026-04-10T20:19:05Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Mangal Ram Koli<br /> | office = State minister in [[Government of Rajasthan]]<br /> | native_name = मंगल राम कोली<br /> | native_name_lang = Hi<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | predecessor = Babulal<br /> | successor = Babulal<br /> | term_start = 1993<br /> | term_end = 1998<br /> | source = https://rajasthanlink.com/VanuDetails/alwar/assembly-10/57907/mangal-ram-koli-mla<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | birth_name = Mangal Ram Koli<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|08|10|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Harshana, Lakshmangarh, [[Alwar district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]], [[Asia]]<br /> | citizenship = {{flag|India}}<br /> | spouse = Smt. Brahma Devi Koli<br /> | parents = * Kishan Lal Koli (father)<br /> * Bhagwati Devi Koli (mother)<br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> | profession = Teacher<br /> }}<br /> '''Mangal Ram Koli''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]], [[social work]]er and former minister in [[Government of Rajasthan]] and former Member of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|Legislative Assembly]] for [[Kathumar Assembly constituency|Kathumar assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Rajasthan|Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=अलवर का 90 के दशक में रहा राजस्थान की राजनीति पर दबदबा, छह मंत्री पदों पर रहा कब्जा {{!}} Alwar dominated Rajasthan politics in the 90s |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/rajasthan-chunav-alwar-dominated-rajasthan-politics-in-the-90s-dominated-six-ministerial-posts-8567769/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=अलवर जिले के रामगढ़ और कठूमर सीटों पर BJP के सामने बागियों की चुनौती, क्या बन रहे हालात? |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/rajasthan/story-rajasthan-election-rebels-challenge-bjp-in-ramgarh-and-kathumar-seats-of-alwar-district-8986606.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Mangal Ram Koli was born to Devi Lal Koli and Bhagwati Devi Koli in Harshana village of [[Laxmangarh|Lakshmangarh]] [[tehsil]] of [[Alwar district|Alwar]] [[List of districts of Rajasthan|district]] in [[Rajasthan]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[India]] on 10 August 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MLA Mangal Ram Koli (MLA), Minister Govt. of Rajasthan, Mangal Ram Koli - MLA |url=https://rajasthanlink.com/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Rajasthan Link |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> *1991 - ongoing, General Secretary of Alwar district [[Koli people|Koli]] society<br /> *1993 - 1998, [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Kathumar Assembly constituency]]<br /> *1993 - 1998, [[Minister of State]] (Independent charge) in [[Government of Rajasthan]] for the ministries of Tenure, Urban Development Department, Self-governance unit, State Insurance and Provident Fund Department and revenue Department<br /> *2013 - 2018, 2nd term MLA for Kathumar Assembly constituency<br /> *2014 - 2018, Member of Committee on Welfare of Minorities, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly<br /> *2016 - 2018, Member of Home Committee, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Mangal Ram}}<br /> [[Category:1962 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Alwar]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Social workers from Rajasthan]]<br /> <br /> {{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swaraj_(disambiguation)&diff=538873 2026-04-08T19:20:29Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: added first page more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{wikt|swaraj}}<br /> '''[[Swaraj]]''' is an Indian concept of self-governance.<br /> <br /> '''Swaraj''' or '''Swarajya''' may also refer to:<br /> {{TOC right}}<br /> <br /> == Religion ==<br /> * [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] sva-rāj, self-resplendent, self-luminous, shining of one's self (said of the [[Ashvins]], [[Indra]], [[Mitra]], and [[Varuna]]); the supreme Being ([[Brahman]])<br /> * [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] svā-rāj, the ruler of heaven, i. e. [[Indra]]<br /> <br /> ==Politics==<br /> * [[Swaraj Party]], Swarajaya Party, or Swarajya Party, an Indian political party formed in 1922<br /> * [[Swaraj Party (Burma)]], a political party active in Burma in the 1920s<br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> * [[Sushma Swaraj]] (1952–2019), Indian lawyer and politician<br /> * [[Swaraj Kaushal]] (1952–2025), Indian lawyer and politician, husband of Sushma Swaraj<br /> * [[Swaraj Parkash]] (1923–2008), Indian naval officer<br /> * [[Swaraj Prakash Gupta]] (1931–2007), Indian archaeologist and art historian<br /> <br /> ==Entertainment==<br /> *''[[Swaraj (TV series)]]'', an Indian television series on [[DD National]]<br /> <br /> ==Other uses==<br /> * [[Swaraj (book)|''Swaraj'' (book)]], a 2012 book by Arvind Kejriwal<br /> * [[Swaraj Mazda]], an Indian automobile manufacturer<br /> * [[Swaraj Tractors]], an Indian tractor manufacturer<br /> * [[Swarajya (magazine)|''Swarajya'' (magazine)]], a weekly magazine founded in 1956, closing 1980; relaunched as a monthly and online publication since 2014<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Hindavi Swarajya]], a term for socio-political movements seeking to remove foreign military and political influences from India, first used in 1645<br /> * [[Indian Home Rule movement]], founded in 1916 to obtain the status of Dominion for India within the British Empire<br /> * {{intitle|Swaraj}}<br /> <br /> {{Disambiguation}}</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagpur_IV_Assembly_constituency&diff=519966 2026-04-08T17:30:46Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: new new data.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Nagpur IV<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | state = Maharashtra<br /> | established = 1951 &lt;ref name=&quot;delimitation1951&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | abolished = 1955 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | electors = 87,672<br /> | mla = Vinayak Jagnnath Changole<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | constituency_no =<br /> | latest_election_year = [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | district =<br /> | loksabha_cons =<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> }}<br /> &lt;b&gt;Nagpur IV Assembly constituency &lt;/b&gt;was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central]], [[Nagpur Assembly constituency|Nagpur]] and Narkhed constituencies.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Vinayak Jagnnath Changole || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mancharsha Rustomji Awari || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}<br /> |}<br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur IV &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vinayak Jagnnath Changole |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,069 |percentage = 21.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mancharsha Rustomji Awari |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 16,922 |percentage = 18.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shamnarayan Kashmiri |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 14,695 |percentage = 16.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haridas Damaji |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 14,345 |percentage = 16.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Shrawan Chhaparghade |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,333 |percentage = 14.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandurangpat Vithalrao Sawarkar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,489 |percentage = 3.91% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaligram Tukaram Masurkar |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,972 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithalrao Haibatrao Kale |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,549 |percentage = 1.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Waman Jangloe Bhalekar |party = Bolshevik Party of India |votes = 1,077 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Medgulal Bhodilal Tambhurkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 848 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,147 |percentage = 2.41% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 89,198 |percentage = 101.74% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 89,198}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,672 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> {{coord missing|Maharashtra}}<br /> {{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anil_Diggikar&diff=486572 2026-04-04T03:17:32Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: started new post!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | image = <br /> | office = G.M [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]]<br /> | term_start = 2024<br /> | term_end = <br /> | constituency = <br /> | predecessor = [[Vijay Singhal]]<br /> | successor = <br /> | office1 = [[City and Industrial Development Corporation|('''CIDCO''')]]<br /> | prime_minister1 = <br /> | term_start1 = June 6, 2023<br /> | term_end1 = February 25, 2024<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Sanjay Mukherjee]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Vijay Singhal]]<br /> | office2 = <br /> | prime_minister2 = <br /> | term_start2 = <br /> | term_end2 = <br /> | predecessor2 = <br /> | successor2 = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer<br /> | children = <br /> | party = <br /> | other_party = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | profession = <br /> | sibling = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Anil Diggikar''' is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer and is the current G.M [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title=Senior IAS officer Anil Diggikar takes charge as BEST GM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/senior-ias-officer-anil-diggikar-takes-charge-as-best-gm/articleshow/108515307.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=After 20 days, headless BEST gets a new chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/after-20-days-headless-best-gets-a-new-chief-101710357691359.html |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diggikar was the Vice Chairman and Managing Director [[City and Industrial Development Corporation|('''CIDCO''')]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Navi Mumbai: Anil Diggikar Is New CIDCO MD, Mega Infrastructure Projects Underway In City |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/navi-mumbai-anil-diggikar-new-cidco-managing-director-mega-infrastructure-projects-underway-in-city |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Diggikar, Anil}}<br /> [[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> <br /> {{India-business-bio-stub}}</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laxmidas_Borkar&diff=512001 2026-04-03T09:31:02Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: new details.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian journalist (1925–1999)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person <br /> | name = Laxmidas Krishna Borkar<br /> | image = Laxmidas Borkar, 2025 stamp of India.jpg<br /> | caption = Borkar in a 2025 stamp<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|8|17|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Margao]], [[Portuguese Goa]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1999|12|4|1925|8|17|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = Journalist, editor<br /> | movement = [[Goa liberation movement]]<br /> | known_for = Editor of ''Navaprabha'' <br /> | party = [[Praja Socialist Party]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Laxmidas Krishna Borkar''' (17 August 1925 – 4 December 1999)&lt;ref name=&quot;Vishwakosh1999&quot;&gt;{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol3.pdf/262 |pages=262–263 |type= |edition= |series= |volume=3 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}&lt;/ref&gt; was an Indian [[Goan independence movement|freedom fighter]], journalist, and editor from [[Goa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jnanamrit25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laxmidas Borkar: A Super Hero of Goan Freedom and Identity |url=https://www.jnanamrit.com/2025/05/14/laxmidas-borkar-a-super-hero-of-goan-freedom-and-identity/ |website=Jnanamrit |date=14 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was an active participant in the [[Goa liberation movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 - Citations |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=2157895 |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Borkar was the editor of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] daily ''[[Navaprabha]]'' for 25 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gomantak77&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=लक्ष्मीदास बोरकर १६ सप्टेंबर १९७७ रोजी 'नवप्रभा'च्या संपादकपदी रुजू झाले |url=https://dainikgomantak.esakal.com/goa/laxmidas-borkar-joined-the-office-as-editor-of-navaprabha-on-16-september-1977-rrs99 |website=Dainik Gomantak |date=14 May 2024 |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jnanamrit25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2025, the Department of Posts released a postage stamp and First Day Cover to commemorate Borkar's contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB25&quot; /&gt; The Laxmidas Borkar Memorial Award for Journalism is awarded to Goan journalists every year in his honour.<br /> <br /> ==Early life== <br /> Laxmidas Krishna Borkar was born on 17 August 1925 in [[Margao]] to Krishna Dattaram Borkar. He attended the [[Liceu Nacional Afonso de Albuquerque|lyceum]] for seven years.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vishwakosh1999&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Goa liberation movement==<br /> Borkar was an active freedom fighter. He is credited as the person who was responsibile for escorting [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] from his hotel on 18 June 1946, as part of the events that are today celebrated as [[Goa Revolution Day]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gomantak77&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FaleiroGoa1961&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |author-link=Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=21 |access-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Borkar was also jailed five times by the Portuguese police.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gomantak77&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Borkar's involvement in the movement continued with several key acts of protest. On 7 November 1946, he and Roque Sequeira offered ''[[satyagraha]]'' at Shiroda to protest the curbs on civil liberties. A speech he gave at the event led to a large procession towards Borim, which was met by Portuguese police gunfire, cited as the first instance of police firing on protestors in Goa. Borkar was arrested following the event.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jnanamrit25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1954, Borkar travelled to the [[International Court of Justice]] in [[The Hague]] to sign a representation advocating for Goa's liberation. The following year, on 18 May 1955, he joined [[Nath Pai]] in a ''satyagraha'' at [[Castle Rock, Karnataka|Castle Rock]]. This act of [[civil disobedience]] was intended to disrupt railway traffic to Goa and pressure the Portuguese regime. Through these actions, Borkar became a key figure in the National Congress of Goa and the [[Praja Socialist Party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jnanamrit25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Journalism and literary career==<br /> Borkar began his journalism career at the daily newspaper ''Gomantak''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gomantak77&quot; /&gt; In 1963, following Goa's liberation, he joined the [[The Indian Express|Express Group of Newspapers]] as a staff correspondent in [[Panaji]]. In this role, he reported on the socio-political changes in post-liberation Goa for publications including ''[[Loksatta]]'', ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'', and ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jnanamrit25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1965, he moved to [[Mumbai]] to serve as the Chief Sub-Editor for ''[[Loksatta]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jnanamrit25&quot; /&gt; On 16 September 1977, he was appointed as the editor of the Goan daily ''Navaprabha''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gomantak77&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He served as the editor of ''Navaprabha'' for 25 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB25&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gomantak77&quot; /&gt; His editorials were known for being &quot;fearless and impartial&quot; and focused on promoting Goan identity, self-respect, culture, and social reform.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gomantak77&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jnanamrit25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to his editorial work, Borkar was a founder-member of both the Goa Union of Journalists and the Goa Marathi Patrakar Sangh, organisations established to support press freedom. He was also associated with the Mumbai Marathi Patrakar Sangh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jnanamrit25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Borkar died on 4 December 1999 in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vishwakosh1999&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> In 2025, the Department of Posts, [[Government of India]] released a [[postage stamp]] and a first day cover to commemorate Borkar's contributions.&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A road in Journalist Colony, Alto Betim, was named after him on 15 August 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jnanamrit25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Laxmidas Borkar Memorial Award for Journalism is awarded to Goan journalists every year in Borkar's honour.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2014|title=Panaji: Alfred D'Cruz honoured with Laxmidas Borkar Memorial Award |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=219790 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Daijiworld |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Borkar, Laxmidas}}<br /> [[Category:1925 births]]<br /> [[Category:1999 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Journalists from Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Goa liberation activists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Margao]]<br /> [[Category:People from Portuguese India]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Mary%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral,_Arthat&diff=537422 2026-03-25T02:04:50Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: added the data needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Oriental Orthodox cathedral in Kerala, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox religious building<br /> |building_name = Arthat St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral<br /> |image = Arthat St Mary's Cathedral.jpg<br /> |caption = Arthat St. Mary's Cathedral<br /> |image_size =<br /> |location = Arthat, [[Kunnamkulam]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|10|37|58|N|76|3|29|E|display=title,inline}}<br /> |religious_affiliation = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]<br /> |province = [[Kerala]]<br /> |district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]<br /> |consecration_year =<br /> |status = [[Cathedral]]<br /> |website = {{URL|https://arthatcathedral.org/}}<br /> |architecture_type = [[Church (building)|Church]]<br /> |architecture_style = [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala Architecture]]<br /> |founded_by =<br /> |facade_direction = West<br /> }}<br /> '''Arthat St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral''' ('''Arthat [[Valiyapally]]'''), also called '''Kunnamkulam-Chattukulangara Church''',{{sfnp|Whitehouse|1873}} is an ancient [[Oriental Orthodox]] church located in Arthat village of [[Thalapilly]] taluk, one mile south of [[Kunnamkulam]] town, in [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], India. It is one of the oldest Christian churches in the region. This church did not participate in the [[Synod of Diamper]]. During the [[Mysorean invasion of Malabar|invasion]] of [[Tipu Sultan]], the church was [[arson]]ed and later reconstructed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sam C. Zachariah |url=https://arthatcathedral.org/ |title=Arthat St. Mary's Cathedral |website=Arthatcathedral.org |access-date=2016-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==History==<br /> ===Chattukulangara Pally and late 20th-century historiography===<br /> [[File:Fr. Joseph Cheeran.jpg|thumb|Joseph Cheeran, a former vicar of the church]]<br /> A local belief originating in the late 20th century holds that [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]] came to a region near present-day Kunnamkulam where a Jewish community had settled. Joseph Cheeran, a former vicar and influential priest in the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, promulgated these ideas. According to his theory, Saint Thomas preached to the Jews and many were converted to Christianity. The Jewish synagogue in that area is said to have been converted into a Christian church, which Cheeran identifies as Chattukulangara Pally. It is also said that Saint Thomas came to Judakunnu (Jew Hill), where there was a water scarcity. The people appealed to him for help, and he is said to have whipped the ground on the hilltop, causing a spring of fresh water to appear. This is said to have later been called Chattakkulam ({{langx|ml|ചാട്ടക്കുളം}}), and it is hypothesised that the church near it came to be known as Chattakkulangara Pally.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Joseph|last=Cheeran|title=palūr-kunnamkulam idavakakal: charitravum samskaravum|publisher=M. J. D. Publishing House|location=Kunnamkulam|year=2013|page=|language=ml|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryKunnamkulam}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cheeran's theory gained momentum, and the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church subscribes to it.&lt;ref name=PPKunnamkulam/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arthat St. Mary's Cathedral, Kunnamkulam {{!}} |url=https://mosc.in/pilgrimcentres/1407-2 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=mosc.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In contrast to this 20th-century identification, the traditional site for the establishment of a Christian community in the region has been the [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayoor|Palayur Church]] at least since the 14th century.&lt;ref&gt;MS Vatican Syriac 22 (1301) - one of the oldest known Syriac manuscripts of Indian origin. Written by a deacon named Zakharya bar Joseph bar Zakharya, the colophon states that it was copied in 1301 AD in Chingala (ancient Shingly or Cranganore) at the Church dedicated to Mar Quriaqos (St. Cyriac). This reference could be perhaps the earliest documentary evidence for the existence of a church in Palayur which was originally dedicated to St. Cyriac.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Antonio Gouvea|author-link=Antonio de Gouvea|title=Jornada of Dom Alexis de Menezes: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar|editor=Pius Malekandathil|editor-link=Pius Malekandathil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUKybwAACAAJ|pages=442–446|year=1606|edition=2003|location=Coimbra|isbn=9788188979004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/seven-half-churches/7|title = Department of tourism, Kerala }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Whitehouse |first= Thomas |title=Lingerings of light in a dark land: Researches into the Syrian church of Malabar|date=1873 |publisher=William Brown and Co.|pages=31–32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie4CAAAAQAAJ |language=en |quote= Of palur, little can be said having any special interest. It was the most northern of the seven ancient churches, with Quilon as the most southern. The village at present is an unimportant place and lies off any main road, about a mile or so S.E. of Chowghaut. Gouvea narrates in his account of a visitation by Archbishop Menezes, that in order to bring the Proceedings of the Portuguese Archbishop and his synod at Udiamparur into odium, three of the leading men of place performed a farce or morality play in the church. One of the speakers impersonated St. Peter, another St. Thomas, and the third, who acted as umpire, St. Cyriac, to whom the church was then dedicated. }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Cheeran also claimed that the Palayoor Church previously belonged to the Arthat church as a chapel. He stated that the real Paloor church is Arthat church and claimed that the book ''Jornada'' by [[António de Gouveia|Antonio de Gouvea]] and [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Buchanan]]'s account of the Arthat church support his theory. However, Cheeran's theory has been criticised even by fellow Orthodox scholars such as Kurian Thomas Maledath, who compared Cheeran's books to children's literature and noted his theory as ambitious and localistic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ഭാവനയല്ല ചരിത്രം / ഡോ. എം. കുര്യന്‍ തോമസ് {{!}} Malankara Orthodox TV |url=https://malankaraorthodox.tv/?p=53766 |access-date=2022-03-28 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ===Synod of Diamper and Coonan Cross Oath===<br /> [[António de Gouveia|Antonio de Gouvea]], a Portuguese missionary and chronicler of [[Alexis de Menezes|Dom Alexis de Menezes]], records in his book ''Jornada Dom Alexis de Menezes'' about the church of Palur and other churches present nearby in the Kingdom of Zamorin. He writes that on his way he was given letters from the ''Cassanars'' and Vicars whom from the Synod he had sent to the church of ''Pallur'' ([[Palayur]]), dedicated to the glorious [[Cyricus and Julitta|Saint Cyriac Martyr]], the last of this Christian community on the Northern side, in the lands of the king Samorin five leagues from ''Panane'' (Ponnani), a place well-known to the Portuguese and to their fleets, which meant to them a big disturbance with which the devil had deceived all those people, and the people of ''Anamaque'' (Enammavu) and ''Mutem'' (Mattam) and ''Chatacolangaree'' (Chattukulangara or Arthat Kunnamkulam), all in the lands of the king Samorin, and close to each other.{{sfnp|Antonio Gouvea|1606}}<br /> In 1772, Kattumangattu Bishop sent a letter to Sakthan Thampuran which states that in Thalappilli there was only one church existing in that region, which was Chattukulangara Palli. There were two more chapels also present in that region: Chiralayam and Pazhanji (dedicated to Geverghese Sahada).<br /> Starting from the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] of 1653, both factions of [[Saint Thomas Christians|Malankara Nasranis]] wanted to take over the church. Because of the dispute, the church was closed for a while. In 1805, at their request, the then [[Kingdom of Cochin|King of Cochin]], [[Sakthan Thampuran]], came to Arthat church to resolve the problem. Both parties agreed to a lucky draw. In the draw, the main church and buildings went to the [[Malankara Church (Puthenkur)|Malankara Puthenkoor Syrians]], and the stone cross of the church went to the [[Malankara Church (Paḻayakūṟ)|Pazhayakoor Syrians]].<br /> ===Tipu Sultan's invasion and destruction===<br /> In 1789, [[Tipu Sultan]] attacked and set fire to this church. Folklore states that Tipu's army killed a priest in the altar room, and his blood spilled there. Since it was considered impure, part of the altar was cut and removed. Hence, this church was also called ''Vetti muricha pally'' ({{langx|ml|വെട്ടി മുറിച്ച പള്ളി|translation=cut altar church}}). The altar of this church remains distinct from those in other churches.<br /> ''The Coral Missionary Magazine'' of 1876 gives an account of the Arthat church in Kunnamkulam. It notes that the Syrians had probably been settled in this part of Cochin for centuries, though not in the present town of Kunnankulam, as they had traditions that their forefathers lived near the old church of Arthat, about a mile from Kunnankulam. This old church had no village or bazaar near it, but the Syrians said it was formerly surrounded by a large bazaar, but that in consequence of a destructive fire, the inhabitants removed to the place where the present town of Kunnankulam stood. The church was still regarded by them with great veneration as their parish church, and as the burial place of their forefathers, and was in fact their only cemetery, with no interments being allowed in the churchyards in the town. This old church was burnt by Tippoo when he invaded Cochin in the last century; only the walls were left standing. It had since been re-roofed and thoroughly repaired, and was then one of the finest and most spacious Syrian churches in the country. There was another ancient church at Palur, near Chowghaut, about six miles from Kunnankulam, which was one of the seven churches said to have been founded by St. Thomas. This church was then in the possession of the Roman Catholics. Numbers of Syrians, however, were present at the principal festival of the church every year. The Syrians of Kunnankulam were known anciently as the Chátukulangare Syrians, from a large tank bearing that name, and it was recorded that they never acknowledged the authority of the Roman Archbishop Menezes in the 16th century when the Syrian church came under the influence of this emissary of Rome. It was a very interesting circumstance that there were no representatives of the Chátukulangare Syrians at the famous Synod of Udiamparur (Diamper).{{sfnp|Hope|1876|pp=82–83}}<br /> ===Relations with the Anglican Mission===<br /> In 1800, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Buchanan]] visited this church and met [[Mar Dionysius II|Pulikkottil Ittoop Ramban]] (later Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious I, also known as Dionysius II).<br /> In 1806, the Arthat Padiyola (resolution) declared a break from the chains of Rome, Babylon, and Antioch.&lt;ref name=PPKunnamkulam&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.orthodoxspp.org/eventDetails.php?eventid=6 |title=Orthodox Syrian Progressive Party Kunnamkulam |website=Orthodoxspp.org |date=2008-03-24 |access-date=2016-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1808, [[Claudius Buchanan]] and [[Colin Macaulay]] visited and awarded a large gold medal to this principal church in the name of all Syrian churches in Malabar. According to an account of the visit, Colonel Macaulay accompanied Buchanan from Cochin to the famous Shanscrit college at Trichur and thence to a district of the Syrian Christians which Buchanan had not before visited. It was named by Hyder, Nazarani Ghur or the city of the Nazarenes. It was a beautiful place, fertile and populous. The town was four square, having four gates built on the side of a hill with steps cut in the rock from street to street, surrounded by lofty groves of palm and other trees. A verdant meadow wound about the foot of the hill and the whole country was a scene of hill and dale. The priests and people knew Buchanan and received them with great affection. Colonel Macaulay accompanied Buchanan to the principal church. Having signified his intention of presenting a large gold medal to this church in the name of all the Syrian churches in Malayalam, a vast concourse of people assembled. The medal, which was about three times as large as a college gold medal, exhibited the baptism of Jesus in Jordan elegantly executed and on the reverse a child brought to be baptized. Buchanan placed it on the altar in the presence of the people with due solemnity and beside it a gift to the poor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Memoirs of the life and writings of the Rev. Claudius Buchanan|author=Hugh Pearson|date=1817|page=379|publisher=Benjamin &amp; Thomas Kite|location=Philadelphia}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> This church has the largest cemetery (1 hectare) of all churches in Kerala. The present cemetery wall was built on the initiative of [[Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Malankara]].<br /> [[File:Kunnamkulam Arthat St Marys Orthodox Church Cemetery 04.jpg|thumb|The largest cemetery in Kerala]]<br /> ==Church architecture==<br /> The church was originally built in the Kerala architectural style with a thatched roof of coconut palm leaves. During the attack by Tipu Sultan, the church was set on fire. Later, the church was rebuilt with a wooden roof covered with clay tiles. [[Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysious II|Mar Dionysius II]], when he was a ''ramban'' (monk), was instrumental in rebuilding the church to its present state. The current structure was built between 1805 and 1827 CE.<br /> ==Church feud==<br /> A feud between the Patriarch faction and the Catholicos faction led the Patriarch faction to establish another church called Arthat St. Mary's Simhasana Church in 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.syriacchristianity.info/StSl/ArthatSimhasanaChurch.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128054154/http://www.syriacchristianity.info/StSl/ArthatSimhasanaChurch.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 January 2016 |title=Arthat St |website=Syriacchristianity.info |date=2002-11-29 |access-date=2016-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ===List of parishes separated from Arthat church===<br /> The following are the parishes separated from this church:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.holycrosschurcharthat.com/ |title=Home |website=Holycrosschurcharthat.com |access-date=2016-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chiralayam<br /> <br /> Kottappady (Kaveed/Perakam)<br /> <br /> Anjoor<br /> <br /> Puthusseri<br /> <br /> Chowwannoor (Marathamcodu/Pazhunnana/Vellarakkadu/Eyyal/Parembadam)<br /> <br /> Guruvayoor<br /> <br /> Chemmannoor<br /> <br /> Vylathoor (Attupuram)<br /> <br /> Parannoor<br /> ==2017 storm==<br /> [[File:2017 Storm in Arthat 11.jpg|thumb|Church's rooftop damaged in the storm]]<br /> On 25 June 2017, a hurricane caused great damage to churches in Arthat. The small, old St. Thomas Catholic church had to be reconstructed as a result.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/strom-hit-in-kunnamkulam-1.2040956|title=കുന്ദംകുളത്തുണ്ടായ ചുഴലിക്കാറ്റില്‍ വ്യാപകനാശം: 15 പേര്‍ക്ക് പരിക്ക്‌|date=2017-06-25|work=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2020-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==In literature==<br /> The history of the church is well narrated in the fiction novel ''Francis Itticora'' by T. D. Ramakrishnan.<br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Cite journal|last=Hope|first=W.|date=1876|title=Story of Kunnamkulam Mission from 1853 to 1873|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zoEAAAAQAAJ|journal=The Coral Missionary Magazine|location=London|publisher=W. Wells Gardener}}<br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> <br /> {{Official website|https://arthatcathedral.org/}}<br /> {{Oriental Orthodoxy}}<br /> {{Syriac Christianity}}<br /> {{Churches in India}}<br /> {{Christianity in Kerala}}<br /> {{Churches of Kerala}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Arthat}}<br /> [[Category:Churches in Thrissur district]]<br /> [[Category:Cathedrals in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian church buildings]]<br /> [[Category:Ancient churches of the Saint Thomas Christians (pre-1606)]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries&diff=450037 2026-03-22T06:58:20Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: General improvements to article content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian inventions}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}<br /> {{Science and technology in India}}<br /> {{List missing criteria|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> This''' list of Indian inventions and discoveries''' details the inventions, scientific discoveries and contributions of India, including those from the historic [[Indian subcontinent]] and the modern-day [[Republic of India]]. It draws from the whole [[culture of India|cultural]] and &lt;!---needs cleanup---&gt;[[history of Indian science and technology|technological <br /> of India|cartography]], [[History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent|metallurgy]], [[Indian logic|logic]], [[Indian mathematics|mathematics]], [[History of measurement systems in India|metrology]] and [[Mining in India|mineralogy]] were among the branches of study pursued by [[:Category:Indian academics|its scholars]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |first=Meera |last=Nanda |title=Hindutva's science envy |url=http://www.frontline.in/science-and-technology/hindutvas-science-envy/article9049883.ece |newspaper=Frontline |date=16 September 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; During recent times [[science and technology in the Republic of India]] has also focused on [[Automobile industry in India|automobile engineering]], [[Information technology in India|information technology]], [[Communications in India|communications]] as well as research into [[Indian Space Research Organisation|space]] and [[Indian Antarctic Programme|polar]] technology.<br /> <br /> For the purpose of this list, the [[invention]]s are regarded as technological firsts developed within territory of India, as such does not include foreign technologies which India acquired through contact or any Indian origin living in foreign country doing any breakthroughs in foreign land. It also does not include not a new idea, indigenous alternatives, low-cost alternatives, technologies or discoveries developed elsewhere and later invented separately in India, nor inventions by Indian emigres or [[Indian diaspora]] in other places. Changes in minor concepts of design or style and artistic innovations do not appear in the lists.<br /> <br /> == Ancient India ==<br /> {{See also|History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent|List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Timeline of Indian innovation}}<br /> <br /> === Agriculture ===<br /> * [[Indigo|Indigo dye]] – Indigo, a blue pigment and a dye, was used in India, which was also the earliest major, old world, centre for its production and processing.&lt;ref name=k&amp;c&gt;Kriger &amp; Connah (2006), page 120&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Indigofera tinctoria'' variety of Indigo was domesticated in India.&lt;ref name=k&amp;c/&gt; Indigo, used as a dye, made its way to the [[ancient Greece|Greeks]] and the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] via various trade routes, and was valued as a luxury product.&lt;ref name=k&amp;c/&gt;<br /> * [[Jute|Jute cultivation]] – Jute has been cultivated in India since ancient times.&lt;ref name=ebjute/&gt; Raw jute was exported to the [[western world]], where it was used to make [[rope]]s and cordage.&lt;ref name=ebjute&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''jute''.&lt;/ref&gt; The Indian jute industry, in turn, was modernised during the British Raj in India.&lt;ref name=ebjute/&gt; The region of [[Bengal]] was the major centre for Jute cultivation, and remained so before the modernisation of India's jute industry in 1855, when [[Kolkata]] became a centre for jute processing in India.&lt;ref name=ebjute/&gt;<br /> * [[Sugar]] – Sugarcane was originally from tropical [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]],&lt;ref name=Kiple/&gt; with different species originating in India, and ''S. edule'' and ''S. officinarum'' from [[New Guinea]].&lt;ref name=Kiple&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/sugar.htm|title=World history of Food – Sugar|author=Kenneth F.Kiple &amp; Kriemhild Conee Ornelas|publisher=Cambridge University Press|access-date=9 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The process of producing crystallised sugar from sugar cane, in India, dates to at least the beginning of the common era, with 1st century CE Greek and Roman authors writing on Indian sugar.&lt;ref&gt;Book Two of Dioscorides' ''Materia Medica''. The book is downloadable from links at the Wikipedia [[Dioscorides]] page.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/de-materia-medica|title=de materia medica|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; The process was soon transmitted to China with travelling Buddhist monks.&lt;ref name=Kieschnick1&gt;Kieschnick (2003)&lt;/ref&gt; Chinese documents confirm at least two missions to India, initiated in 647 CE, for obtaining technology for sugar-refining.&lt;ref name=Kieschnick11&gt;Kieschnick (2003), page 258&lt;/ref&gt; Each mission returned with results on refining sugar.&lt;ref name=Kieschnick11/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Construction, civil engineering and architecture ===<br /> [[File:Sanchi2.jpg|thumb|The Great Stupa at [[Sanchi]] (4th–1st century BCE). The dome shaped stupa was used in India as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.]]<br /> [[File:Hanuman and Ravana in Tholu Bommalata, the shadow puppet tradition of Andhra Pradesh, India.JPG|thumb|[[Hanuman]] and [[Ravana]] in ''Tolu Bommalata'', the [[shadow puppet]] tradition of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India]]<br /> * [[Stepwell]] – While the early history of stepwells is poorly understood, water structures in Western India were their likely predecessor.&lt;ref name=Livingston&amp;Bach20&gt;Livingston &amp; Beach, 19&lt;/ref&gt; The three features of stepwells in the subcontinent are evident from one particular site, abandoned by 2500&amp;nbsp;BCE, which combines a bathing pool, steps leading down to water, and figures of some religious importance into one structure.&lt;ref name=Livingston&amp;Bach20/&gt;<br /> * [[Stupa]] – The origin of the stupa can be traced to 3rd-century BCE India.&lt;ref name=Ency&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''Pagoda''.&lt;/ref&gt; It was used as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.&lt;ref name=Ency/&gt; The stupa architecture was adopted in [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]] and [[East Asia]], where it evolved into the [[pagoda]], a Buddhist monument used for enshrining sacred relics.&lt;ref name=Ency/&gt;<br /> * Residential [[University]] – [[Nalanda]] ({{transliteration|sa|ISO|Nālandā}}, {{IPA|sa|naːlən̪d̪aː|pron}}) was a renowned ''[[mahavihara]]'' ([[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastic university) in ancient [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] (modern-day [[Bihar]]), eastern [[India]].{{sfn|Asher|2015|pp=1–5}}{{sfnp|Kumar|2018}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nalandagoi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=History {{!}} District Nalanda, Government of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://nalanda.nic.in/en/history/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=nalanda.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Considered by historians to be the world's first residential university&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO Nominations |url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1502.pdf |website=UNESCO |access-date=2 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and among the greatest centres of learning in the ancient world, it was located near the city of Rajagriha (now [[Rajgir]]) and about {{convert|90|km|mi|0}} southeast of Pataliputra (now [[Patna]]) and operated from 427 until 1197 CE.{{sfn|Pinkney|2015|pp=111–149}}<br /> <br /> === Finance and banking ===<br /> * [[Cheque|Cheque/Check]] – There is early evidence of using cheques/checks. In India, during the [[Maurya Empire]] (from 321 to 185 BC), a commercial instrument called the &quot;Adesha&quot; was in use, which was an order on a banker desiring him to pay the money of the note to a third person (now known as or referred to as a &quot;Negotiable Instrument&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=155|title=Reserve Bank of India – Publications}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Games ===<br /> {{Main|Traditional games of South Asia}}<br /> * [[Atya-patya]] – This variation of tag was being played as early as 100 CE, and was possibly invented by farmers as a way of practicing driving away birds. It was later used as a form of military training in [[Kerala]] in close relation to the martial art of [[kalaripayattu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arasu |first=S. T. |date=2020-07-04 |title=Galah Panjang and its Indian roots |url=https://www.gosports.com.my/news/galah-panjang-and-its-indian-roots/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=On the sport. Be part of it }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Blindfold chess]] – [[List of games that Buddha would not play|Games prohibited by Buddha]] includes a variant of ashtapada game played on imaginary boards. ''Akasam astapadam'' was an ''ashtapada'' variant played with no board, literally &quot;astapadam played in the sky&quot;. A correspondent in the [[American Chess Bulletin]] identifies this as likely the earliest literary mention of a blindfold chess variant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqJJAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=brahmajala+sutta+games&amp;pg=RA2-PA104|title=American Chess Bulletin|first1=Hartwig|last1=Cassell|first2=Hermann|last2=Helms|date=28 May 1916|publisher=H. Cassell and H. Helms.|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Carrom]] – The game of carrom originated in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;History of Physical Education, p.209, SR Tiwari, APH Publishing&lt;/ref&gt; One carrom board with its surface made of glass is still available in one of the palaces in [[Patiala, India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=All India Carrom Federation|url=http://www.indiancarrom.com/brief-of-the-game.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216055759/http://indiancarrom.com/brief-of-the-game.htm|archive-date=16 February 2015|access-date=2 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; It became very popular among the masses after [[World War I]]. State-level competitions were being held in the different states of India during the early part of the twentieth century. Serious carrom tournaments may have begun in [[Sri Lanka]] in 1935 but by 1958, both India and Sri Lanka had formed official federations of carrom clubs, sponsoring tournaments and awarding prizes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Carrom.org|url=http://www.carrom.org/game/?subcat=10/|access-date=2 February 2015|archive-date=1 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201211242/http://www.carrom.org/game/?subcat=10%2F|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Chaturanga]] – The precursor of [[chess]] originated in India during the [[Gupta dynasty]] (c. 280{{ndash}}550 CE).&lt;ref name=Murray1913&gt;Murray (1913)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Forbes1860&gt;Forbes (1860)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=JonesAj121&gt;Jones, William (1807). &quot;On the Indian Game of Chess&quot;. pages 323{{ndash}}333&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=LindeGM&gt;Linde, Antonius (1981)&lt;/ref&gt; Both the [[Persian people|Persians]] and [[Arab]]s ascribe the origins of the game of Chess to the Indians.&lt;ref name=JonesAj121/&gt;&lt;ref name=Wilkinson&gt;Wilkinson, Charles K (May 1943)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Bird48&gt;Bird (1893), page 63&lt;/ref&gt; The words for &quot;chess&quot; in [[Old Persian]] and [[Arabic]] are ''chatrang'' and ''[[shatranj]]'' respectively – terms derived from ''[[chaturanga|caturaṅga]]'' in [[Sanskrit]],&lt;ref name=Whyld&gt;Hooper &amp; Whyld (1992), page 74&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SBI106&gt;Sapra, Rahul (2000). &quot;Sports in India&quot;. Students' Britannica India (Vol. 6). Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. p. 106. {{ISBN|0-85229-762-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; which literally means an ''army of four divisions'' or ''four corps''.&lt;ref name=Meri&gt;Meri (2005), page 148&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Basham208&gt;Basham (2001), page 208&lt;/ref&gt; Chess spread throughout the world and many variants of the game soon began taking shape.&lt;ref name=Britannica1&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica (2002). ''Chess: Ancient precursors and related games''.&lt;/ref&gt; This game was introduced to the [[Near East]] from India and became a part of the princely or courtly education of [[Persian Empire|Persian]] nobility.&lt;ref name=Meri/&gt; [[Buddhist]] pilgrims, [[Silk Road]] traders and others carried it to the [[Far East]] where it was transformed and assimilated into a game often played on the intersection of the lines of the board rather than within the squares.&lt;ref name=Britannica1/&gt; Chaturanga reached Europe through Persia, the [[Byzantine empire]] and the expanding [[Arabian]] empire.&lt;ref name=Basham208/&gt;&lt;ref name=ChessEurope&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica (2007). ''Chess: Introduction to Europe''.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Muslims]] carried Shatranj to [[North Africa]], [[Sicily]], and Spain by the 10th century where it took its final modern form of chess.&lt;ref name=Britannica1/&gt;<br /> * [[Kabaddi]] – The game of ''kabaddi'' originated in India during prehistory.&lt;ref name=Alter88&gt;Alter, page 88&lt;/ref&gt; Suggestions on how it evolved into the modern form range from wrestling exercises, military drills, and collective self-defence but most authorities agree that the game existed in some form or the other in India during the period between 1500 and 400&amp;nbsp;BCE.&lt;ref name=Alter88/&gt;<br /> * [[Kalaripayattu]] – One of the world's oldest form of martial arts is [[Kalaripayattu]] that developed in the southwest state of [[Kerala]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Meera |first1=Sethumadhavan |last2=Vinodan |first2=A. |title=Attitude towards alternative medicinal practices in wellness tourism market |journal=Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights |date=23 September 2019 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=278–295 |doi=10.1108/JHTI-06-2018-0037 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is believed to be the oldest surviving martial art in India, with a history spanning over 3,000 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=S. Anil |date=2021-01-10 |title=Kalaripayattu academy braces for action |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kalaripayattu-academy-braces-for-action/article33539155.ece |access-date=2021-05-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Kho-kho]] – This is one of the oldest variations of [[Tag (game)|tag]] in the world, having been played since as early as the fourth century BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=The Evolution of Kho Kho Mats in India: A Historical Overview |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/the-evolution-of-kho-kho-mats-in-india-a-historical-overview-7947775.html |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=News18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ludo (board game)|Ludo]] – [[Pachisi]] originated in India by the 6th century.&lt;ref name=EncartaP&gt;MSN Encarta (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150115060615/http://encarta.co.uk/encyclopedia_781530306/Pachisi.html ''Pachisi''].&lt;/ref&gt; The earliest evidence of this game in India is the depiction of boards on the caves of Ajanta.&lt;ref name=EncartaP/&gt; A variant of this game, called Ludo, made its way to England during the British Raj.&lt;ref name=EncartaP/&gt;<br /> * [[Mallakhamba]] – It is a traditional sport, originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], in which a [[gymnast]] performs aerial [[yoga]] or [[gymnastic]] postures and [[wrestling]] grips in concert with a vertical stationary or hanging wooden pole, cane, or rope.The earliest literary known mention of Mallakhamb is in the 1135 CE Sanskrit classic ''[[Manasollasa]]'', written by [[Someshvara III]]. It has been thought to be the ancestor of [[Pole dance|Pole Dancing]].<br /> * [[Nuntaa (game)|Nuntaa]], also known as Kutkute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://justnewsbd.com/details_archive.php?jnewsbd=MTIwNjM= |script-title=bn:মজার খেলা নুনতা |language=bn |date=19 September 2012 |access-date=2013-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623164335/http://justnewsbd.com/details_archive.php?jnewsbd=MTIwNjM= |archive-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Seven stones]] – An Indian subcontinent game also called Pitthu is played in rural areas has its origins in the Indus Valley Civilization.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Terra cotta discs {{!}} Harappa|url=https://www.harappa.com/slide/terra-cotta-discs|access-date=2021-03-07|website=harappa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Snakes and ladders]] – Vaikunta pali Snakes and ladders originated in India as a game based on morality.&lt;ref name=Augustyn&gt;Augustyn, pages 27{{ndash}}28&lt;/ref&gt; During British rule of India, this game made its way to England, and was eventually introduced in the United States of America by game-pioneer [[Milton Bradley]] in 1943.&lt;ref name=Augustyn/&gt;<br /> * [[Suit (cards)|Suits]] game: Kridapatram is an early [[Suit (cards)|suits]] game, made of painted rags, invented in Ancient India. The term ''kridapatram'' literally means &quot;painted rags for playing.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;McManus&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=James McManus|title=Cowboys Full: The Story of Poker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drHJelHmhsgC&amp;pg=PA34|date=27 October 2009|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-374-29924-8|page=34}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | last = Carlisle| first = Rodney| title = Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society| publisher = [[SAGE Publications]]| year = 2009| page = 31| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7DiB3z2fBpAC&amp;pg=PA31| isbn = 978-1-4129-6670-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | last = Quackenbos| title = Illustrated History of Ancient Literature, Oriental and Classical| publisher = READ BOOKS| year = 2010| page = 60| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GzgsRtvtp_gC&amp;pg=PA60| isbn = 978-1-4455-7978-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | last = Kapoor| first = Subodh| title = The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific – Vol 6| publisher = Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd| year = 2002| page = 1786| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q5ZM0nZXZEkC&amp;pg=PA1786| isbn = 978-81-7755-257-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Townsend&quot;&gt;{{Citation | last = Townsend| first = George| title = The manual of dates: a dictionary of reference to all the most important events in the history of mankind to be found in authentic records| publisher = Routledge, Warne, &amp; Routledge| year = 1862| page = 184| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HKQZAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA184}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paper playing cards first appeared in East Asia during the 9th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;McManus&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last =Needham | first =Joseph | author-link =Joseph Needham | year =2004 | title =Science &amp; Civilisation in China | publisher =Cambridge University Press | volume =V:1 | isbn =978-0-521-05802-5|pages=131{{ndash}}132}}&lt;/ref&gt; The medieval Indian game of ''[[ganjifa]]'', or playing cards, is first recorded in the 16th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schwartz&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=David G. Schwartz|title=Roll the bones: the history of gambling|date=5 October 2006|publisher=Gotham Books|isbn=978-1-59240-208-3|url=https://archive.org/details/rollboneshistory00schw}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Vajra-mushti]] – refers to a wrestling where [[knuckleduster]] like weapon is employed.The first literary mention of vajra-musti comes from the ''Manasollasa'' of the [[Chalukya]] king Someswara III (1124–1138), although it has been conjectured to have existed since as early as the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya dynasty]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vajra-musti Indian Sport |url=https://www.topendsports.com/sport/list/vajramushti.htm |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=www.topendsports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kesting |first=Stephan |date=2012-03-13 |title=The Ancient Vale Tudo of India: Vajramushti |url=https://www.grapplearts.com/the-ancient-vale-tudo-of-india-vajramushti/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Grapplearts }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Textile and material production ===<br /> * [[Button (clothing)|Button]] – Ornamental buttons—made from [[seashell]]—were used in the [[Indus Valley civilization]] for ornamental purposes by 2000&amp;nbsp;BCE.&lt;ref name=Hesse&amp;Hesse&gt;Hesse, Rayner W. &amp; Hesse, Rayner W. Jr. (2007). ''Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia''. Greenwood Publishing Group. 35. {{ISBN|0-313-33507-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Some buttons were carved into geometric shapes and had holes pierced into them so that they could be attached to clothing by using a thread.&lt;ref name=Hesse&amp;Hesse/&gt; Ian McNeil (1990) holds that: &quot;The button, in fact, was originally used more as an ornament than as a fastening, the earliest known being found at Mohenjo-daro in the [[Indus Valley]]. It is made of a curved shell and about 5000 years old.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;McNeil, Ian (1990). ''An encyclopaedia of the history of technology''. Taylor &amp; Francis. 852. {{ISBN|0-415-01306-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Nepali charka in action.jpg|thumb|A [[w:Demographics of Nepal|Nepali]] [[w:Spinning wheel|Charkha]] in action]]<br /> * [[Calico (textile)|Calico]] – Calico had originated in the subcontinent by the 11th century and found mention in Indian literature, by the 12th-century writer Hemachandra. He has mentioned calico fabric prints done in a lotus design.&lt;ref name=eb-calico&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''calico''&lt;/ref&gt; The Indian textile merchants traded in calico with the Africans by the 15th century and calico fabrics from [[Gujarat]] appeared in [[Egypt]].&lt;ref name=eb-calico/&gt; Trade with Europe followed from the 17th century onward.&lt;ref name=eb-calico/&gt; Within India, calico originated in [[Kozhikode]].&lt;ref name=eb-calico/&gt;<br /> * [[Carding|Carding devices]] – Historian of science [[Joseph Needham]] ascribes the invention of bow-instruments used in textile technology to India.&lt;ref name=Baber1/&gt; The earliest evidence for using bow-instruments for carding comes from India (2nd century CE).&lt;ref name=Baber1/&gt; These carding devices, called ''kaman'' and ''dhunaki'' would loosen the texture of the fibre by the means of a vibrating string.&lt;ref name=Baber1/&gt;<br /> * [[Cashmere wool|Cashmere]] – The fibre cashmere fibre also known as ''pashm'' or ''pashmina'' for its use in [[Kashmir shawl|the handmade shawls of Kashmir, India]].&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''cashmere''.&lt;/ref&gt; The woolen shawls made from wool in Indian administered [[Kashmir]] find written mention between the 3rd century BCE and the 11th century CE.&lt;ref name=ebpasm&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''kashmir shawl''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Spinning wheel#Charkha|Charkha]] (Spinning wheel): invented in India, between 500 and 1000 CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Smith | first1 = C. Wayne | last2 = Cothren | first2 = J. Tom | title = Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production | publisher = John Wiley &amp; Sons | volume = 4 | date = 1999 | pages = viii | url = http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471180459.html | isbn = 978-0471180456<br /> | quote = The first improvement in spinning technology was the spinning wheel, which was invented in India between 500 and 1000 A.D.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Chintz]] – The origin of Chintz is from the printed all cotton fabric of calico in India.&lt;ref name=eb-chintz&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''chintz''&lt;/ref&gt; The origin of the word ''chintz'' itself is from the [[Hindi language]] word चित्र् (chitr), which means an image.&lt;ref name=eb-chintz/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hāṇḍā&quot;&gt;Hāṇḍā (1998), page 133&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Cotton|Cotton cultivation]] – Cotton was cultivated by the inhabitants of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] by the [[5th millennium BCE]]{{snd}}[[4th millennium BCE]].&lt;ref&gt;Stein (1998), page 47&lt;/ref&gt; The Indus cotton industry was well developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be practised until the modern industrialisation of India.&lt;ref&gt;Wisseman &amp; Williams (1994), page 127&lt;/ref&gt; Well before the [[Common Era]], the use of cotton textiles had spread from India to the [[Mediterranean]] and beyond.&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. ''cotton''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Cotton gin|Single roller cotton gin]] – The [[Ajanta Caves]] of India yield evidence of a single roller cotton gin in use by the 5th century.&lt;ref&gt;Angela Lakwete: ''Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America'', The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-8018-7394-0}}, p. 5&lt;/ref&gt; This cotton gin was used in India until innovations were made in form of foot powered gins.&lt;ref name=Babergin&gt;Baber (1996), page 56&lt;/ref&gt; The cotton gin was invented in India as a mechanical device known as ''charkhi'', more technically the &quot;wooden-worm-worked roller&quot;. This mechanical device was, in some parts of India, driven by water power.&lt;ref name=Baber1&gt;Baber (1996), page 57&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Worm drive]] [[cotton gin]] – The worm drive later appeared in the [[Indian subcontinent]], for use in roller [[cotton gin]]s, during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the thirteenth or fourteenth centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;india&quot;&gt;[[Irfan Habib]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&amp;pg=PA53 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500'', page 53], [[Pearson Education]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Crank (mechanism)|Crank]] Handle [[Cotton Gin]] – The incorporation of the [[Crank (mechanism)|crank]] handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in either the late [[Delhi Sultanate]] or the early [[Mughal Empire]] (15-16th century CE).&lt;ref&gt;[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&amp;pg=PA53 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500'', pp. 53–54], [[Pearson Education]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Palampore]] – {{lang|hi|पालमपोर्}} (Hindi language) of Indian origin&lt;ref name=eb-interior-design&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''interior design''&lt;/ref&gt; was imported to the western world—notable England and [[Colonial America]]—from India.&lt;ref name=eb-crewel-work&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''crewel work''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=eb-quilting &gt;Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''quilting''&lt;/ref&gt; In 17th-century England these hand painted cotton fabrics influenced native crewel work design.&lt;ref name=eb-crewel-work/&gt; Shipping vessels from India also took palampore to colonial America, where it was used in [[quilting]].&lt;ref name=eb-quilting/&gt;<br /> * [[Prayer flags]] – The [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[sūtra]]s, written on cloth in India, were transmitted to other regions of the world.&lt;ref name=Baker1&gt;Barker, page 13&lt;/ref&gt; These sutras, written on banners, were the origin of prayer flags.&lt;ref name=Baker1/&gt; Legend ascribes the origin of the prayer flag to the [[Shakyamuni Buddha]], whose prayers were written on battle flags used by the ''[[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]]'' against their adversaries, the ''[[Asura (Buddhism)|asuras]]''.&lt;ref name=Beer60&gt;Beer, page 60&lt;/ref&gt; The legend may have given the Indian ''[[bhikku]]'' a reason for carrying the 'heavenly' banner as a way of signyfying his commitment to ''[[ahimsa]]''.&lt;ref name=wise-11-12&gt;Wise, page 11{{ndash}}12&lt;/ref&gt; This knowledge was carried into [[Tibet]] by 800 CE, and the actual flags were introduced no later than 1040 CE, where they were further modified.&lt;ref name=wise-11-12/&gt; The Indian monk [[Atisha]] (980{{ndash}}1054 CE) introduced the Indian practice of printing on cloth prayer flags to Tibet.&lt;ref name=Beer60/&gt;<br /> * [[Shellac]] - a biopolymer resin that is secreted by an insect called [[Kerria lacca|lac bug]] onto tree trunks, it has multiple uses such as wood polishing, drug coating, candies etc. its name is derived from [[lakh]] word.<br /> * Roller [[sugar mill]] – Geared sugar [[Roller mill|rolling mills]] first appeared in Mughal India, using the principle of rollers as well as [[worm gear]]ing, by the 17th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;K8kO4J3mXUAC page 53&quot;&gt;[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&amp;pg=PA53 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500'', p. 53], [[Pearson Education]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Well-being ===<br /> {{See also|Indian physical culture}}<br /> * [[Indian club]]s: The Indian club—which appeared in Europe during the 18th century—was used long by India's native soldiery before its introduction to Europe.&lt;ref name=tadd95&gt;Todd, Jan (1995). [http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/IGH/IGH0306/IGH0306c.pdf ''From Milo to Milo: A History of Barbells, Dumbells, and Indian Clubs''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731101012/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/IGH/IGH0306/IGH0306c.pdf |date=31 July 2012 }}. Accessed in September 2008. Hosted on the [[LA84 Foundation|LA84 Foundation Sports Library]].&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[British Raj]] the British officers in India performed [[calisthenic]] exercises with clubs to keep in physical condition.&lt;ref name=tadd95/&gt; From Britain the use of club swinging spread to the rest of the world.&lt;ref name=tadd95/&gt;<br /> * [[Shampoo]] – The word ''[[wikt:Shampoo|shampoo]]'' in English is derived from [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] {{Transliteration|hi|ISO|cā̃po}} ({{lang|hi|चाँपो}} {{IPA|hns|tʃãːpoː|ipa}}),&lt;ref&gt;{{Transliteration|hi|ISO|cā̃po}} ({{lang|hi|चाँपो}} {{IPA|hns|tʃãːpoː|ipa}}) is the [[imperative mood|imperative]] of {{Transliteration|hi|ISO|cā̃pnā}} ({{lang|hi|चाँपना}} {{IPA|hns|tʃãːpnaː|ipa}}), &quot;to smear, knead the muscles, massage the head and hair&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; and dates to 1762.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | title = Online Etymology Dictionary<br /> | url = http://www.etymonline.com/<br /> | author = Douglas Harper<br /> | access-date = 14 July 2007<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; A variety of herbs and their extracts were used as shampoos since ancient times in India, evidence of early herbal shampoo have been discovered from Indus Valley Civilization site of Banawali dated to 2750–2500 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bisht|date=1993|title=Paleobotanical and pollen analytical investigations|url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201993-94%20A%20Review.pdf|journal=Indian Archaeology a Review 1993–1994|pages=143–144}}&lt;/ref&gt; A very effective early shampoo was made by boiling [[Sapindus]] with dried [[Indian gooseberry]] (aamla) and a few other herbs, using the strained extract. Sapindus, also known as soapberries or soapnuts, is called ''Ksuna'' (Sanskrit: क्षुण)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche kSuNa], Sanskrit Lexicon, Monier-Williams Dictionary (1872)&lt;/ref&gt; in ancient Indian texts and its fruit pulp contain saponins, a natural surfactant. The extract of Ksuna, creates a lather which Indian texts identify as ''phenaka'' (Sanskrit: फेनक),&lt;ref&gt;[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=phenaka&amp;direction=SE&amp;script=HK&amp;link=yes phenaka], Spoken Sanskrit, University of Koeln, Germany&lt;/ref&gt; leaves the hair soft, shiny and manageable. Other products used for hair cleansing were shikakai ([[Acacia concinna]]), soapnuts ([[Sapindus]]), [[hibiscus]] flowers,&lt;ref name=rahman&gt;Rahman, {{Google books|4bnaAAAAMAAJ|History of Indian Science, Technology and Culture}}, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195646528}}, page 145&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tnsmpb.tn.gov.in/images/HIBISCUS%20ROSA%20SINENSIS.pdf Tamil Nadu Medicinal plants board] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161928/http://www.tnsmpb.tn.gov.in/images/HIBISCUS%20ROSA%20SINENSIS.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ritha ([[Sapindus mukorossi]]) and arappu (Albizzia amara).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forestry_nursery_albizzia_amara.html|title=Forestry :: Nursery Technologies|website=agritech.tnau.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Guru Nanak]], the founding prophet and the first [[Sikh Guru|Guru]] of [[Sikhism]], made references to soapberry tree and soap in 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;Khushwant Singh, Hymns of Guru Nanak, Orient Longman, {{ISBN|978-8125011613}}&lt;/ref&gt; Washing of hair and body massage (champu) during a daily strip wash was an indulgence of early colonial traders in India. When they returned to Europe, they introduced their newly learnt habits, including the hair treatment they called shampoo.&lt;ref&gt;Virginia Smith (2007), Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199297795}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Yoga]] – Yoga as a physical, mental, and spiritual practice originated in [[ancient India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose_real_inventor.pdf|title=bose real inventor}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Medicine ===<br /> [[File:A statue of Sushruta at RACS, Melbourne.jpg|thumb|A statue of [[Sushruta]] (600 BCE), author of [[Sushruta Samhita]] and the founding father of [[History of surgery#India|surgery]], at [[Royal Australasian College of Surgeons]] (RACS) in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]]]<br /> * [[Angina pectoris]] – The condition was named &quot;hritshoola&quot; in ancient India and was described by [[Sushruta]] (6th century BCE).&lt;ref name=&quot;Dwivedi&amp;Dwivedi07&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Dwivedi |first1=Girish |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Shridhar |year=2007 |url=http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |title=Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence |journal=The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences |volume=49 |pages=243{{ndash}}4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] and [[Siddha medicine]] – Ayurveda and Siddha are ancient systems of medicine practised in South Asia. Ayurvedic ideas can be found in the Hindu text&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = Asceticism and Healing|last = Zysk|first = K. G.|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 1991|isbn = 978-0-19-505956-4|location = London, New York, Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; (mid-first millennium BCE). Ayurveda has evolved over thousands of years, and is still practised today. In an internationalised form, it can be thought of as a [[complementary and alternative medicine]]. In village settings, away from urban centres, it is simply &quot;medicine.&quot; The Sanskrit word आयुर्वेदः (''āyur-vedaḥ'') means &quot;knowledge ''(veda'') for longevity (''āyur'')&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chopra75&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Chopra|2003|p = 75}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siddha medicine is mostly prevalent in South India, and is transmitted in Tamil, not Sanskrit, texts. Herbs and minerals are basic raw materials of the Siddha therapeutic system whose origins may be dated to the early centuries CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Siddha Quest for Immortality|last = Zvelebil|first = Kamil V.|publisher = Mandrake of Oxford|year = 1996|isbn = 978-1-869928-43-8|location = Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|jstor = 604837|title = The Doctrine of the Three Humors in Traditional Indian Medicine and the Alleged Antiquity of Tamil Siddha Medicine|last = Scharf|first = Hartmut|date = 1999|journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society|doi = 10.2307/604837|volume=119|issue = 4|pages=609{{ndash}}629}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Caesarian section]] – The [[Sanskrit]] medical treatise ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'', composed in the early 1st millennium CE, mentions post-mortem caesarean sections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lurie |first1=Samuel |title=The changing motives of cesarean section: from the ancient world to the twenty-first century |journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics |date=April 2005 |volume=271 |issue=4 |pages=281–285 |doi=10.1007/s00404-005-0724-4 |pmid=15856269 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The first available non-mythical record of a C-section is the mother of [[Bindusara]] (born {{circa|320 BC}}, ruled 298&amp;nbsp;– {{circa|272 BC}}), the 2nd [[Mauryan empire|Mauryan]] ''Samrat'' ([[emperor]]) of India, accidentally consumed poison and died when she was close to delivering him. [[Chanakya]], Chandragupta's teacher and adviser, made up his mind that the baby should survive. He cut open the belly of the queen and took out the baby, thus saving the baby's life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lurie&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Lurie S | title = The changing motives of cesarean section: from the ancient world to the twenty-first century | journal = Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics | volume = 271 | issue = 4 | pages = 281–285 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15856269 | doi = 10.1007/s00404-005-0724-4 | s2cid = 26690619 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Diabetes]]: Physicians [[Sushruta]] and [[Charaka]] distinguished the two different types of diabetes, which is latter dubbed as [[Type 1 diabetes|Type I]] and [[Type 2 diabetes|Type II]] diabetes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Roy|first1=CK|last2=Ojha|first2=JK|last3=Bajpai|first3=HS|date=Jan 1993|title=A review of the history of prameha and diabetes mellitus|journal=Ancient Science of Life|volume=12|issue=3–4|pages=394–398|pmc=3336561|pmid=22556618}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Ganja]] was used as herb for ayurverdic medicine development for last 2,000 years. The Sushruta Samhita, an ancient medical treatise, recommends cannabis plant extract for treating respiratory ailments and diarrhoea.<br /> * [[Leprosy]]: Kearns &amp; Nash (2008) state that the first mention of leprosy is described in the Indian medical treatise ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' (6th century BCE).&lt;ref name=&quot;k&amp;n08&quot;&gt;Kearns &amp; Nash (2008)&lt;/ref&gt; However, ''The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine'' holds that the mention of leprosy, as well as ritualistic cures for it, were described in the ''[[Atharva-veda]]'' (1500{{ndash}}1200&amp;nbsp;BCE), written before the ''Sushruta Samhita''.&lt;ref&gt;Lock; Last &amp; Dunea (2001), page 420&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Calculus (medicine)|Lithiasis treatment]] – The earliest operation for treating lithiasis, or the formations of stones in the body, is also given in the ''Sushruta Samhita'' (6th century BCE).&lt;ref name=Lock836/&gt; The operation involved exposure and going up through the floor of the bladder.&lt;ref name=Lock836&gt;Lock; Last &amp; Dunea (2001), page 836&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Otoplasty]] – Ear surgery was developed in [[History of India|ancient India]] and is described in the medical compendium, the {{Transliteration|sa|[[Sushruta Samhita]]}} (Sushruta's Compendium, {{circa|500 AD}}). The book discussed otoplastic and other [[plastic surgery]] techniques and procedures for correcting, repairing and reconstructing ears, [[Rhinoplasty|noses]], lips, and genitalia that were amputated as criminal, religious, and military punishments. The ancient Indian [[Medicine|medical]] knowledge and plastic surgery techniques of the {{Transliteration|sa|Sushruta Samhita}} were practiced throughout Asia until the late 18th century; the October 1794 issue of the contemporary British ''[[Gentleman's Magazine]]'' reported the practice of [[rhinoplasty]], as described in the {{Transliteration|sa|Sushruta Samhita}}. Moreover, two centuries later, contemporary practices of otoplastic praxis were derived from the techniques and procedures developed and established in antiquity by Sushruta.{{sfn|Rinzler|2009|p=151}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wujastyk |first=Dominik |title=The Roots of Ayurveda |publisher=Penguin |year=2003 |isbn=0-140-44824-1 |edition=3 |pages=63–100}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Tonsillectomy]] – Tonsillectomies have been practiced for over 2,000 years, with varying popularity over the centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeill1960&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McNeill RA | title = A History of Tonsillectomy: Two Millennia of Trauma, Haemorrhage and Controversy | journal = The Ulster Medical Journal | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 59–63 | date = June 1960 | pmid = 20476427 | pmc = 2384338 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The earliest mention of the procedure is in &quot;Hindu medicine&quot; from about 1000 [[BCE]]<br /> * [[Turmeric]] used for wound healing. Analyses of pots discovered near New Delhi uncovered residue from turmeric, ginger and garlic that dates back as early as 2500 BCE. It was around 500 BCE that turmeric emerged as an important part of Ayurvedic medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=What is the History of Turmeric? &amp;#124; Stories | website=[[PBS]] | url=https://www.pbs.org/food/stories/turmeric-history }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Equestrianism ===<br /> * [[Stirrup|Toe stirrup]] – The earliest known manifestation of the stirrup, which was a toe loop that held the big toe was used in India in as early as 500&amp;nbsp;BCE&lt;ref name=Chamberlin80&gt;Chamberlin (2007), page 80&lt;/ref&gt; or perhaps by 200&amp;nbsp;BCE according to other sources.&lt;ref name=Hobson103&gt;Hobson (2004), page 103&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=woods2p52&gt;Woods &amp; Woods (2000), pages 52{{ndash}}53&lt;/ref&gt; This ancient stirrup consisted of a looped rope for the big toe which was at the bottom of a saddle made of fibre or leather.&lt;ref name=woods2p52/&gt; Such a configuration made it suitable for the warm climate of most of India where people used to ride horses barefoot.&lt;ref name=woods2p52/&gt; A pair of megalithic double bent iron bars with curvature at each end, excavated in [[Stone circles of Junapani|Junapani]] in the central Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] have been regarded as stirrups although they could as well be something else.&lt;ref name=EIA336&gt;&quot;16.17.4: Stirrups&quot;. ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology'' (Vol. 1). Edited by Amalananda Ghosh (1990). page 336&lt;/ref&gt; Buddhist carvings in the temples of Sanchi, [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] and the [[Bhaja Caves|Bhaja caves]] dating back between the 1st and 2nd century BCE figure horsemen riding with elaborate saddles with feet slipped under girths.&lt;ref name=Azzaroli156&gt;Azzaroli (1985), page 156&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Addington45&gt;Addington (1990), page 45&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Barua17&gt;Barua (2005), pages 16{{ndash}}17&lt;/ref&gt; [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Sir John Marshall]] described the Sanchi relief as &quot;the earliest example by some five centuries of the use of stirrups in any part of the world&quot;.&lt;ref name=Barua17/&gt; In the 1st century CE horse riders in northern India, where winters are sometimes long and cold, were recorded to have their booted feet attached to hooked stirrups.&lt;ref name=Hobson103/&gt; However the form, the conception of the primitive Indian stirrup spread west and east, gradually evolving into the stirrup of today.&lt;ref name=woods2p52/&gt;&lt;ref name=Addington45/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Metallurgy, gems and other commodities ===<br /> * [[Crucible steel]] by the [[Wootz steel|Wootz process]] – Perhaps as early as 300&amp;nbsp;BCE—although certainly by 200 BCE—high quality steel was being produced in southern India, by what Europeans would later call the crucible technique.&lt;ref name=Juleff&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Juleff | first1 = G | year = 1996 | title = An ancient wind powered iron smelting technology in Sri Lanka | doi = 10.1038/379060a0 | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 379 | issue = 6560| pages = 60{{ndash}}63 | bibcode = 1996Natur.379...60J | s2cid = 205026185 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wootz steel is an ultra-high carbon steel, with a natural inclusion of carbide forming [[Vanadium]] (~0.005%), resulting in the formation of [[nanomaterials]] in its microstructure and characterised by exhibiting properties such as superplasticity and high impact hardness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=WOOTZ STEEL: AN ADVANCED MATERIAL OF THE ANCIENT WORLD|url=http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm|website=materials.iisc.ernet.in|access-date=23 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211082829/http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm|archive-date=11 February 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Archaeological and [[Tamil language]] [[Sangam literature|literary]] evidence suggests that this manufacturing process was already in existence in South India well before the common era, with [[wootz steel]] exported from the [[Chera]] dynasty and called ''Seric Iron'' in Rome, and later known as [[Damascus steel]] in Europe.&lt;ref name=Srinivasan&gt;Srinivasan 1994&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Griffiths&gt;Srinivasan &amp; Griffiths&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dli&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sasisekaran |first1=B |last2=Raghunatha Rao |first2=B |title=Technology of Iron and Steel in Kodumanal – An Ancient Industrial Centre in Tamilnadu |journal=Indian Journal of History &amp; Science |volume=34 |issue=4 |date=1999 |pages=263–272 |url=http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215550/http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A great past in bright colours |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2720/stories/20101008272006400.htm |newspaper=Frontline |date=8 October 2010 |location=India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203113057/http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2720/stories/20101008272006400.htm |archive-date= 3 February 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Reproduction research undertaken by Prof. J.D Verhoeven and Al Pendray identified the role of impurities within the local ore, in carbide formation, and repeated thermal cycling of blades, in the pattern creation, and reproduced Wootz steel blades with patterns microscopically and visually identical to ancient blade patterns.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sherby |first1=Oleg D. |last2=Wadsworth |first2=Jeffrey |title=Ancient blacksmiths, the Iron Age, Damascus steels, and modern metallurgy |journal=Journal of Materials Processing Technology |date=November 2001 |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=347–353 |doi=10.1016/S0924-0136(01)00794-4 |osti=790393 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc718386/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Diamond cut|Diamond cutting and polishing]] – The technology of cutting and polishing diamonds was invented in India, Ratnapariksha, a text dated to 6th century talks about diamond cutting and Al-Beruni speaks about the method of using lead plate for diamond polishing in the 11th century CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Keene|first=Manuel|date=1981|title=THE LAPIDARY ARTS IN ISLAM|url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-lapidary-arts-in-islam/|access-date=31 July 2020|website=Penn Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Diamond cut|Diamond drills]] – in the 12th century BCE or 7th century BCE, Indians not only innovated use of diamond tipped drills but also invented double diamond tipped drills for bead manufacturing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Dockyard]] – The world's earliest enclosed dockyard was built in the Harappan port city of [[Lothal]] circa 2600 BC in Gujarat, India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archaeological remains of a Harappa Port-Town, Lothal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5918/ |access-date=2022-02-10 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=9 March 2020 |title=This is Modi govt's plan for India's first National Maritime Museum in Gujarat's Lothal |website=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/this-is-modi-govts-plan-for-indias-first-national-maritime-museum-in-gujarats-lothal/376488/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Draw bar]] – The draw bar was applied to sugar-milling, with evidence of its use at [[Delhi]] in the [[Mughal Empire]] by 1540, but possibly dating back several centuries earlier to the [[Delhi Sultanate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Habib53&quot;&gt;[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&amp;pg=PA53 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500'', page 53], [[Pearson Education]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Etched carnelian beads]] – are a type of ancient decorative beads made from [[carnelian]] with an etched design in white. They were made according to a technique of alkaline-etching developed by the [[Harappa|Harappans during the 3rd millennium BCE]] and were widely disperced from China in the east to Greece in the west.&lt;ref&gt;For the etching technique, see {{cite journal|last1=MacKay|first1=Ernest|date=1925|title=Sumerian Connexions with Ancient India|journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=4|pages=699|jstor=25220818}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FeniXX réédition numérique&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Guimet|first1=Musée|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA355|title=Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan|date=2016|publisher=FeniXX réédition numérique|isbn=9782402052467|page=355|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Such beads occur fairly largely on all the principal sites of the Harappan civilisation.&quot; in {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532513/page/n49/mode/2up|title=Pakistan Archaeology No.2|date=1965|page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Glassblowing]] – Rudimentary form of glass blowing from [[Indian subcontinent]] is attested earlier than Western Asian counterparts(where it is attested not earlier than 1st century BCE) in the form of [[Indo-Pacific beads]] which uses glass blowing to make cavity before being subjected to [[Tube drawing|tube drawn technique]] for bead making dated more than 2500 BP.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 November 2020|first=M. T.|last=Saju|title=Indians made glass blown beads 2,500 years ago|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/indians-made-glass-blown-beads-2500-years-ago/articleshow/79256112.cms|access-date=2021-03-06|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Francis |first1=Peter |title=Glass Beads in Asia Part Two. Indo-Pacific Beads |journal=Asian Perspectives |date=1990 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |jstor=42928207 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Beads are made by attaching molten glass gather to the end of a blowpipe, a bubble is then blown into the gather.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood 2012 248&quot;/&gt; The glass blown vessels were rarely attested and were imported commodity in 1st millennium CE though.<br /> * [[History of ferrous metallurgy|Iron working]] – Iron works were developed in India, around the same time as, but independently of, [[Anatolia]] and the [[Caucasus]]. Archaeological sites in India, such as [[Malhar]], Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila and Lahuradewa in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] show iron implements in the period between 1800&amp;nbsp;BCE—1200&amp;nbsp;BCE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tewari&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/tewari/tewari.pdf |title=The origins of Iron Working in India: New evidence from the Central Ganga plain and the Eastern Vindhyas by Rakesh Tewari (Director, U.P. State Archaeological Department) |publisher=antiquity.ac.uk|access-date=13 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Early iron objects found in India can be dated to 1400&amp;nbsp;BCE by employing the method of [[radiocarbon dating]]. [[Nail (fastener)|Spikes]], [[knife|knives]], [[dagger]]s, [[arrow]]-heads, [[bowl (vessel)|bowls]], [[spoon]]s, [[saucepan]]s, [[axe]]s, [[chisel]]s, tongs, door fittings etc. ranging from 600&amp;nbsp;BCE to 200&amp;nbsp;BCE have been discovered from several archaeological sites of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ceccarelli&quot;&gt;Marco Ceccarelli (2000). ''International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings HMM Symposium''. Springer. {{ISBN|0-7923-6372-8}}. pp 218&lt;/ref&gt; Some scholars believe that by the early 13th century BCE, iron smelting was practised on a bigger scale in India, suggesting that the date the technology's inception may be placed earlier.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tewari&quot; /&gt; In [[Southern India]] (present day [[Mysore]]) iron appeared as early as 11th to 12th centuries BCE; these developments were too early for any significant close contact with the northwest of the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;UCP&quot;&gt;I. M. Drakonoff (1991). ''Early Antiquity''. University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-14465-8}}. pp 372&lt;/ref&gt; In the time of [[Chandragupta II]] Vikramaditya (375{{ndash}}413 CE), corrosion-resistant iron was used to erect the [[Iron pillar of Delhi]], which has withstood corrosion for over 1,600 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Balasubramaniam | first1 = R. | year = 2000 | title = On the Corrosion Resistance of the Delhi Iron Pillar | url = http://home.iitk.ac.in/%7Ebala/journalpaper/journal/journalpaper_17.pdf | journal = Corrosion Science | volume = 42 | issue = 12| pages = 2103{{ndash}}29 | doi=10.1016/s0010-938x(00)00046-9| bibcode = 2000Corro..42.2103B }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Lost-wax casting]] – Metal casting by the [[Indus Valley civilization]] began around 3500 BC in the [[Mohenjodaro]] area,&lt;ref name=Kuppuram&gt;{{cite book |first=Govindarajan |last=Kuppuram |title=Ancient Indian Mining, Metallurgy, and Metal Industries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAnVuQAACAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85067-28-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; which produced one of the earliest known examples of lost-wax casting, a bronze figurine named the &quot;[[Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)|dancing girl]]&quot;(c. 2300–1751 BCE).&lt;ref name=Kuppuram/&gt;&lt;ref name=Krishnan&gt;{{cite book |first=M.V. |last=Krishnan |title=Cire perdue casting in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxhUAAAAMAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Kanak Publications}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other examples include the buffalo, bull and dog found at Mohenjodaro and [[Harappa]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Agrawal&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Agrawal |first=D. P. |title=Ancient Metal Technology and Archaeology of South Asia. A Pan-Asian Perspective |year=2000 |publisher=Aryan Books International |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7305-177-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Krishnan/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kenoyer&gt;Kenoyer, J. M. &amp; H. M.-L. Miller, (1999). Metal Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India., in ''The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World''., ed. V. C. Pigott. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Museum.&lt;/ref&gt; two [[copper]] figures found at the Harappan site [[Lothal]] in the district of Ahmedabad of Gujarat,&lt;ref name=Kuppuram/&gt; and likely a covered cart with wheels missing and a complete cart with a driver found at [[Chanhudaro]].&lt;ref name=Agrawal/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kenoyer/&gt;<br /> * [[Rain gauge]] – People living in [[India]] began to record rainfall in 400 BCE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Strangeways&quot;&gt;Ian Strangeways, A History of rain gauges, TerraData, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; The readings were correlated against expected growth. In the [[Arthashastra]], used for example in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], precise standards were set as to grain production. Each state storehouse was equipped with a rain gauge to classify land for taxation purposes.&lt;ref&gt;Kosambi (1982) The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline, p. 153, {{ISBN|978-0-7069-1399-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Seamless [[celestial globe]] – Considered one of the most remarkable feats in [[metallurgy]], it was invented in India in between 1589 and 1590 CE.&lt;ref name=Kamarustafa48&gt;Kamarustafa (1992), page 48&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Emilie/&gt; Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern metallurgists to be technically impossible to produce metal globes without any [[wikt:seam|seams]], even with modern technology.&lt;ref name=Emilie&gt;{{Cite book|first=Emilie|last=Savage-Smith|author-link =Emilie Savage-Smith|title=Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their history, Construction, and Use|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.|year=1985}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Stoneware]] – bangles have been excavated at Indus Valley Civilization sites of [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-daro|Mohenjo Daro]]; kiln fired, at a temperature, above {{convert|1150|C}}, several hundred decrees above the temperature necessary for earthenware, these are the earliest known stoneware ceramics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Satyawadi|first1=Sudha|title=Proto-Historic Pottery of Indus Valley Civilization; Study of Painted Motif|date=1 July 1994|publisher=D.K. Printworld|isbn=978-8124600306|pages=324}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Blackman |first1= M. James |display-authors=etal. |title=The Production and Distribution of Stoneware Bangles at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa as Monitored by Chemical Characterization Studies|date=1992|publisher=Prehistory Press|location=Madison, WI, USA|pages=37–44}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Mark Kenoyer|first1=Jonathan|title=Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=260}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Touchstone (assaying tool)|Touchstone]] – The touchstone was used during the [[Indus Valley civilization#Chronology|Harappa period of the Indus Valley civilization]] ca. 2600–1900 BC for testing the purity of soft metals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Gold: A Cultural Encyclopedia|last=Venable|first=Shannon L.|publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC|year=2011|isbn=978-0313-384318|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=264}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Tube drawing|Tube drawn]] technology: Indians used tube drawn technology for glass bead manufacturing which was first developed in the 2nd century BCE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=Marilee |first2=Laure |last2=Dussubieux |first3=Peter |last3=Robertshaw |title=The Glass of Chibuene, Mozambique: New Insights into Early Indian Ocean Trade |journal=South African Archaeological Bulletin |volume=67 |issue=195 |date=2012 |pages=59–74 |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.617320154390031 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=Marilee |last2=Panighello |first2=Serena |last3=Orsega |first3=Emilio F. |last4=Robertshaw |first4=Peter |last5=van Elteren |first5=Johannes T. |last6=Crowther |first6=Alison |last7=Horton |first7=Mark |last8=Boivin |first8=Nicole |title=Zanzibar and Indian Ocean trade in the first millennium CE: the glass bead evidence |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |date=August 2017 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=879–901 |doi=10.1007/s12520-015-0310-z |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017ArAnS...9..879W |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0029-7CD9-0 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood 2012 248&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=Marilee |title=Interconnections: glass beads and trade in southern and eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean - 7th to 16th centuries AD |journal=Azania |date=June 2012 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=248 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2012.680307 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-162650 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Tumble finishing|Tumble polishing]] – Indians innvoted polishing method in the 10th century BCE for mass production of polished stone beads.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kenoyer |first1=J. Mark |last2=Vidale |first2=Massimo |title=A New Look at Stone Drills of the Indus Valley Tradition |journal=MRS Proceedings |date=1992 |volume=267 |article-number=495 |doi=10.1557/PROC-267-495 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gwinnett |first1=A. John |last2=Gorelick |first2=Leonard |title=Bead Manufacture at Hajar Ar-Rayhani, Yemen |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |date=1991 |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.2307/3210280 |jstor=3210280 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gwinnett |first1=A. John |last2=Gorelick |first2=L. |title=Beads, Scarabs, and Amulets: Methods of Manufacture in Ancient Egypt |journal=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt |date=1993 |volume=30 |pages=125–132 |doi=10.2307/40000232 |jstor=40000232 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bellina |first1=B. |title=The elaboration of political models in maritime Southeast Asia and of pan-regional culture: Contribution from Khao Sek stone ornament craft system study |journal=Archaeological Research in Asia |date=March 2018 |volume=13 |pages=13–24 |doi=10.1016/j.ara.2017.06.002 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Metrology ===<br /> * [[Standardisation]] – The oldest applications and evidence of standardisation come from the Indus Valley Civilisation in the 5th millennium BCE characterised by the existence of weights in various standards and categories as&lt;ref name=Kenoyer265/&gt; well as the Indus merchants usage of a centralised weight and measure system. Small weights were used to measure luxury goods, and larger weights were used for buying bulkier items, such as food grains etc.&lt;ref name=Kenoyer265&gt;Kenoyer, 265&lt;/ref&gt; The weights and measures of the Indus civilisation also reached [[Persia]] and [[Central Asia]], where they were further modified.&lt;ref name=Iwata2254_quote&gt;In the third millennium BCE the Indus measuring system was further developed in the ancient regions of Iran and Afghanistan – Iwata, 2254.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt; A total of 558 weights were excavated from Mohenjodaro, Harappa, and [[Chanhudaro|Chanhu-daro]], not including defective weights. They did not find statistically significant differences between weights that were excavated from five different layers, each about 1.5&amp;nbsp;m in thickness. This was evidence that strong control existed for at least a 500-year period. The 13.7-g weight seems to be one of the units used in the Indus valley. The notation was based on the [[Binary numeral system|binary]] and [[decimal]] systems. 83% of the weights which were excavated from the above three cities were cubic, and 68% were made of [[chert]].&lt;ref name=Iwata2254&gt;Iwata2254&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> * [[Technical standards]] – Technical standards were being applied and used in the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] since the 5th millennium BCE to enable gauging devices to be effectively used in [[angular measurement]] and [[measurement]] in construction.&lt;ref name=Baber_b&gt;Baber, 23&lt;/ref&gt; Uniform units of length were used in the planning and construction of towns such as [[Lothal]], [[Surkotada]], [[Kalibangan]], [[Dholavira]], [[Harappa]], and [[Mohenjo-daro]].&lt;ref name=Iwata2254/&gt; The weights and measures of the Indus civilisation also reached [[Persia]] and [[Central Asia]], where they were further modified.&lt;ref name=Iwata2254_quote/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Weapons ===<br /> * Metal cylinder [[rocket]]: In the 16th century, [[Akbar]] was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as ''bans'', particularly against [[war elephant]]s, during the Battle of Sanbal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=MughalistanSipahi |date=19 June 2010 |title=Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lbzr26t8H2U |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/Lbzr26t8H2U |archive-date=2021-12-13 |access-date=28 November 2012 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=History channel is low reliability source. Textx sources also preferred over video|date=May 2024}}<br /> * [[Mysorean rockets]] – One of the first iron-cased [[rocket]]s were deployed by [[Hyder Ali]]'s army, ruler of the South Indian [[Kingdom of Mysore]].&lt;ref&gt;Roddam Narasimha (1985), [http://nal-ir.nal.res.in/2382/01/tr_pd_du_8503_R66305.pdf Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750{{ndash}}1850 A.D.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182042/http://nal-ir.nal.res.in/2382/01/tr_pd_du_8503_R66305.pdf |date=27 September 2007 }}, National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science&quot;Hyder Ali, prince of Mysore, developed war rockets with an important change: the use of metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder. Although the hammered soft iron he used was crude, the bursting strength of the container of black powder was much higher than the earlier paper construction. Thus a greater internal pressure was possible, with a resultant greater thrust of the propulsive jet. The rocket body was lashed with leather thongs to a long bamboo stick. Range was perhaps up to three-quarters of a mile (more than a kilometre). Although individually these rockets were not accurate, dispersion error became less important when large numbers were fired rapidly in mass attacks. They were particularly effective against cavalry and were hurled into the air, after lighting, or skimmed along the hard dry ground. Hyder Ali's son, [[Tippu Sultan]], continued to develop and expand the use of rocket weapons, reportedly increasing the number of rocket troops from 1,200 to a corps of 5,000. In battles at [[Seringapatam]] in 1792 and 1799 these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British.&quot; – Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''rocket and missile''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Rocket artillery]] - The first true rocket artillery was developed by [[Tipu Sultan]] and was notably in use during the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Riper2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=A. Bowdoin Van Riper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8CxJeFzCdQC&amp;pg=PA14 |title=Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology |date=29 October 2007 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8792-5 |pages=14–}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roddam&quot;&gt;{{cite report |last=Narasimha |first=Roddam |date=27 July 2011 |title=Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995 |publisher=National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Philosophy and logic ===<br /> * [[Catuṣkoṭi|Catuskoti (Tetralemma)]] – The four-cornered system of logical argumentation with a suite of four distinct functions that refers to a logical proposition P, with four possibilities that can arise. The tetralemma has many [[Epistemology|logico-epistemological]] applications and has been made ample use of by the Indian philosopher [[Nagarjuna|Nāgarjuna]] in the [[Madhyamaka]] school. The tetralemma also features prominently in the Greek [[Skepticism|skepticist]] school of [[Pyrrhonism]], the teachings of which are based on Buddhism. According to [[Christopher I. Beckwith]] ,the founder of the Pyrrhonist school lived in India for 18 months and likely learned the language, which allowed him to carry these teachings to Greece.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Beckwith|first=Christopher I.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlCUBgAAQBAJ|title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia|date=2015-06-09|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6632-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, other scholars, such as [[Stephen Batchelor (author)|Stephen Batchelor]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Stephen Batchelor (author)|Stephen Batchelor]] &quot;Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's encounter with early Buddhism in central Asia&quot;, ''Contemporary Buddhism'', 2016, pp 195–215&lt;/ref&gt; and Charles Goodman&lt;ref&gt;Charles Goodman, &quot;Neither Scythian nor Greek: A Response to Beckwith's Greek Buddha and Kuzminski's &quot;Early Buddhism Reconsidered&quot;&quot;, ''Philosophy East and West'', University of Hawai'i Press Volume 68, Number 3, July 2018 pp. 984–1006&lt;/ref&gt; question Beckwith's conclusions about the degree of Buddhist influence on Pyrrho<br /> * [[Trairūpya]] – Trairūpya is a logical argument that contains three constituents which a logical ‘sign’ or ‘mark’ (linga) must fulfill to be 'valid source of knowledge' ([[pramana]]):<br /> #It should be present in the case or object under consideration, the ‘subject-locus' (pakṣa) <br /> #It should be present in a ‘similar case’ or a homologue (sapakṣa) <br /> #It should not be present in any ‘dissimilar case’ or heterologue (vipakṣa) <br /> :When a ‘sign’ or ‘mark’ (linga) is identified, there are three possibilities: the sign may be present in all, some, or none of the sapakṣas. Likewise, the sign may be present in all, some or none of the vipakṣas. To identify a sign, we have to assume that it is present in the pakṣa, however; that is the first condition is already satisfied. Combining these, Dignaga constructed his ‘Wheel of Reason’ (Sanskrit: [[Hetucakra]]).&lt;ref&gt;Ganeri, Jonardon &amp; Tiwari, Heeraman (eds.), (1988). ''The Character of Logic in India''. Albany, NY, USA: State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|0-7914-3739-6}} (HC:acid free), p.7-8&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Jaina seven-valued logic]] – The ''Saptabhangivada'', the seven predicate theory may be summarized as follows:&lt;ref name=Ganeri&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ganeri |first1=Jonardon |title=Jaina Logic and the Philosophical Basis of Pluralism |journal=History and Philosophy of Logic |date=December 2002 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=267–281 |doi=10.1080/0144534021000051505 |url=https://philarchive.org/rec/JONJLA }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> :The seven predicate theory consists in the use of seven claims about sentences, each preceded by &quot;arguably&quot; or &quot;conditionally&quot; ({{transliteration|sa|syat}}), concerning a single object and its particular properties, composed of assertions and denials, either simultaneously or successively, and without contradiction. These seven claims are the following.<br /> <br /> # Arguably, it (that is, some object) exists ({{transliteration|sa|syad asty eva}}). <br /> # Arguably, it does not exist ({{transliteration|sa|syan nasty eva}}). <br /> # Arguably, it exists; arguably, it doesn't exist ({{transliteration|sa|syad asty eva syan nasty eva}}). <br /> # Arguably, it is non-assertible ({{transliteration|sa|syad avaktavyam eva}}). <br /> # Arguably, it exists; arguably, it is non-assertible ({{transliteration|sa|syad asty eva syad avaktavyam eva}}). <br /> # Arguably, it doesn't exist; arguably, it is non-assertible ({{transliteration|sa|syan nasty eva syad avaktavyam eva}}). <br /> # Arguably, it exists; arguably, it doesn't exist; arguably it is non-assertible ({{transliteration|sa|syad asty eva syan nasty eva syad avaktavyam eva}}).<br /> <br /> === Mathematics ===<br /> {{See also|Indian mathematics}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable Unicode&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-size:100%;&quot; align=right<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=2 | Number System<br /> ! colspan=10 | Numbers<br /> |-<br /> ! 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Tamil<br /> | ೦ || ௧ || ௨ || ௩ || ௪ || ௫ || ௬ || ௭ || ௮ || ௯<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Gurmukhi<br /> | o || ੧ || ੨ || ੩ || ੪ || ੫ || ੬ || ੭ || ੮ || ੯<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Odia<br /> | ୦ || ୧ || ୨ || ୩ || ୪ || ୫ || ୬ || ୭ || ୮ || ୯<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot; | Bengali<br /> | ০ || ১ || ২ || ৩ || ৪ || ৫ || ৬ || ৭ || ৮ || ৯<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot; | Assamese<br /> | ০ || ১ || ২ || ৩ || ৪ || ৫ || ৬ || ৭ || ৮ || ৯<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Devanagari<br /> | ० || १ || २ || ३ || ४ || ५ || ६ || ७ || ८ || ९<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Gujarati<br /> | ૦ || ૧ || ૨ || ૩ || ૪ || ૫ || ૬ || ૭ || ૮ || ૯<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Tibetan<br /> | ༠ || ༡ || ༢ || ༣ || ༤ || ༥ || ༦ || ༧ || ༨ || ༩<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Telugu<br /> | ౦ || ౧ || ౨ || ౩ || ౪ || ౫ || ౬ || ౭ || ౮ || ౯<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Kannada<br /> | ೦ || ೧ || ೨ || ೩ || ೪ || ೫ || ೬ || ೭ || ೮ || ೯<br /> &lt;!-- Old Sinhala numerals not in Unicode --&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Malayalam<br /> | ൦ || ൧ || ൨ || ൩ || ൪ || ൫ || ൬ || ൭ || ൮ || ൯<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Burmese<br /> | ၀ || ၁ || ၂ || ၃ || ၄ || ၅ || ၆ || ၇ || ၈ || ၉<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Khmer<br /> | ០ || ១ || ២ || ៣ || ៤ || ៥ || ៦ || ៧ || ៨ || ៩<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Thai<br /> | ๐ || ๑ || ๒ || ๓ || ๔ || ๕ || ๖ || ๗ || ๘ || ๙<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Lao<br /> | ໐ || ໑ || ໒ || ໓ || ໔ || ໕ || ໖ || ໗ || ໘ || ໙<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Balinese<br /> | ᭐ || ᭑ || ᭒ || ᭓ || ᭔ || ᭕ || ᭖ || ᭗ || ᭘ || ᭙<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Santali<br /> | ᱐ || ᱑ || ᱒ || ᱓ || ᱔ || ᱕ || ᱖ || ᱗ || ᱘ || ᱙<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;| Javanese<br /> | ꧐ || ꧑ || ꧒ || ꧓ || ꧔ || ꧕ || ꧖ || ꧗ || ꧘ || ꧙<br /> &lt;!-- No Baybayin numerals? --&gt;<br /> |}<br /> [[File:Trig functions on unit circle.svg|thumb|right|The half-chord version of the sine function was developed by the Indian mathematician [[Aryabhatta]].]]<br /> [[File:Brahmaguptra's theorem.svg|thumb|Brahmagupta's theorem (598{{ndash}}668) states that ''AF'' = ''FD''.]]<br /> * [[0 (number)|Zero]] – Zero and its operation are first defined by (Hindu astronomer and mathematician) Brahmagupta in 628.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| first=Jessie | last=Szalay |title=Who Invented Zero?|url=https://www.livescience.com/27853-who-invented-zero.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=livescience.com|date=18 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Babylonians used a space, and later a zero glyph, in their written [[Sexagesimal]] system, to signify the 'absent',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/zero.jsp|title=The History of Zero|author=Nils-Bertil Wallin|date=19 November 2002|publisher=Yale Center for the Study of Globalization|access-date=26 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825124525/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/zero.jsp|archive-date=25 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Olmecs used a positional zero glyph in their [[Vigesimal]] system, the Greeks, from [[Ptolemy]]'s [[Almagest]], a ''ō'', in a [[Sexagesimal]] system. The Chinese used a blank, in the written form of their decimal [[Counting rods]] system. A dot, rather than a blank, was first seen to denote zero, in a decimal system, in the [[Bakhshali manuscript]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/zero/zero.htm|title=Zero in Four Dimensions|author=Dr. Hossein Arsham|publisher=University of Baltimore|access-date=26 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The usage of the zero in the Bakhshali manuscript has been dated between the 8th and 11th centuries, making it the earliest known usage of a written zero, in a decimal place value system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Devlin |first1=Hannah |title=Much ado about nothing: ancient Indian text contains earliest zero symbol |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/sep/14/much-ado-about-nothing-ancient-indian-text-contains-earliest-zero-symbol |work=The Guardian |date=13 September 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system|Hindu number system]] – With [[decimal]] place-value and a symbol for zero, this system was the ancestor of the widely used [[Arabic numeral]] system. It was developed in the Indian subcontinent between the 1st and 6th centuries CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;st-and&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Indian_numerals.html|title=Indian numerals|publisher=www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk|access-date=13 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages|author=Salomon, R.|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780195099843|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=El4-AQAAIAAJ|page=61|access-date=13 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Law of signs in multiplication – The earliest use of notation for negative numbers, as [[subtrahend]], is credited by scholars to the Chinese, dating back to the 2nd century BCE.&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;Smith (1958), pp. 257{{ndash}}258&lt;/ref&gt; Like the Chinese, the Indians used negative numbers as subtrahend, but were the first to establish the &quot;law of signs&quot; with regards to the multiplication of positive and negative numbers, which did not appear in Chinese texts until 1299.&lt;ref name=Smith /&gt; Indian mathematicians were aware of negative numbers by the 7th century,&lt;ref name=Smith /&gt; and their role in mathematical problems of debt was understood.&lt;ref name=bourbaki49&gt;Bourbaki (1998), page 49&lt;/ref&gt; Mostly consistent and correct rules for working with negative numbers were formulated,&lt;ref name=ebcal&gt;Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2007). ''algebra''&lt;/ref&gt; and the diffusion of these rules led the Arab intermediaries to pass it on to Europe.,&lt;ref name=bourbaki49/&gt; for example (+)×(-)=(-),(-)×(-)=(+) etc.<br /> * [[Sign convention]] – Symbols, signs and mathematical notation were employed in an early form in India by the 6th century when the mathematician-astronomer Aryabhata recommended the use of letters to represent unknown quantities.&lt;ref name=Bell96&gt;Bell (1992), page 96&lt;/ref&gt; By the 7th century Brahmagupta had already begun using abbreviations for unknowns, even for multiple unknowns occurring in one complex problem.&lt;ref name=Bell96/&gt; Brahmagupta also managed to use abbreviations for square roots and cube roots.&lt;ref name=Bell96/&gt; By the 7th century fractions were written in a manner similar to the modern times, except for the bar separating the [[numerator]] and the [[denominator]].&lt;ref name=Bell96/&gt; A dot symbol for [[negative numbers]] was also employed.&lt;ref name=Bell96/&gt; The [[Bakhshali Manuscript]] displays a cross, much like the modern '+' sign, except that it symbolised subtraction when written just after the number affected.&lt;ref name=Bell96/&gt; The '=' sign for equality did not exist.&lt;ref name=Bell96/&gt; Indian mathematics was transmitted to the Islamic world where this notation was seldom accepted initially and the scribes continued to write mathematics in full and without symbols.&lt;ref name=Bell97&gt;Bell (1992), page 97&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Modern [[elementary arithmetic]] – Modum indorum or the method of the Indians for arithmetic operations was popularised by Al-Khwarizmi and Al-Kindi by means of their respective works such as in Al-Khwarizmi's on the Calculation with Hindu Numerals (ca. 825), On the Use of the Indian Numerals (ca. 830)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Al-Kindi biography|url=http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Al-Kindi.html|website=www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026091801/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Al-Kindi.html|archive-date=26 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; as early as the 8th and 9th centuries.They, amongst other works, contributed to the diffusion of the Indian system of arithmetic in the Middle-East and the West.The significance of the development of the positional number system is described by the French mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace (1749{{ndash}}1827) who wrote:<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;It is India that gave us the ingenuous method of expressing all numbers by the means of ten symbols, each symbol receiving a value of position, as well as an absolute value; a profound and important idea which appears so simple to us now that we ignore its true merit, but its very simplicity, the great ease which it has lent to all computations, puts our arithmetic in the first rank of useful inventions, and we shall appreciate the grandeur of this achievement when we remember that it escaped the genius of Archimedes and Apollonius, two of the greatest minds produced by antiquity.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> * [[Chakravala method]] – The Chakravala method, a cyclic algorithm to solve [[Indeterminate equation|indeterminate]] [[quadratic equation]]s is commonly attributed to [[Bhāskara II]], (c. 1114 – 1185 CE)&lt;ref name=SBI200&gt;&quot;Bhaskaracharya II&quot;. ''Students' Encyclopedia India'' (2000). (Volume 1: Adb Allah ibn al Abbas – Cypress). p. 200. {{ISBN|0-85229-760-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Kumar23&gt;Kumar (2004), page 23&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Singh05-385&gt;Singh, Manpal (2005), page 385&lt;/ref&gt; although some attribute it to [[Jayadeva (mathematician)|Jayadeva]] (c. 950~1000 CE).&lt;ref name=Plofker474&gt;Plofker (2007), page 474&lt;/ref&gt; Jayadeva pointed out that Brahmagupta's approach to solving equations of this type would yield infinitely large number of solutions, to which he then described a general method of solving such equations.&lt;ref name=Goonatilake127&gt;Goonatilake (1998), page 127 – 128&lt;/ref&gt; Jayadeva's method was later refined by Bhāskara II in his ''[[Bijaganita]]'' treatise to be known as the Chakravala method, ''[[chakra]]'' (derived from ''cakraṃ'' चक्रं) meaning 'wheel' in [[Sanskrit]], relevant to the cyclic nature of the algorithm.&lt;ref name= Goonatilake127/&gt;&lt;ref name=Baber34&gt;Baber (1996), page 34&lt;/ref&gt; With reference to the Chakravala method, E. O. Selenuis held that no European performances at the time of Bhāskara, nor much later, came up to its marvellous height of mathematical complexity.&lt;ref name=SBI200/&gt;&lt;ref name= Goonatilake127/&gt;&lt;ref name=RaoKA252&gt;Rao K. A. (2000), page 252&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Trigonometric function]]s – The [[Trigonometry|trigonometric]] functions ''sine'' and ''versine'' originated in [[Indian astronomy]] along with the ''cosine'' and '' inversine '', adapted from the full-chord Greek versions (to the modern half-chord versions). They were described in detail by [[Aryabhata]] in the late 5th century, but were likely developed earlier in the [[Pancha-Siddhantika|Siddhantas]], astronomical treatises of the 3rd or 4th century.&lt;ref name=Pingree1&gt;Pingree (2003): {{blockquote|&quot;Geometry, and its branch trigonometry, was the mathematics Indian astronomers used most frequently. In fact, the Indian astronomers in the third or fourth century, using a pre-Ptolemaic Greek table of chords, produced tables of sines and versines, from which it was trivial to derive cosines. This new system of trigonometry, produced in India, was transmitted to the Arabs in the late eighth century and by them, in an expanded form, to the Latin West and the Byzantine East in the twelfth century.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MactutorTrigo&gt;J. J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson (1996). [http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Trigonometric_functions.html Trigonometric functions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120084848/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Trigonometric_functions.html |date=20 January 2013 }}. [[MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive]]&lt;/ref&gt; Later, the 6th-century astronomer [[Varahamihira]] discovered a few basic trigonometric formulas and identities, such as sin^2(x) + cos^2(x) = 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Mean value theorem]] – A special case of this [[theorem]] for inverse interpolation of the sine was first described by [[Parameshvara]] (1380–1460), from the [[Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics]] in [[India]], in his commentaries on [[Govindasvāmi]] and [[Bhāskara II]].&lt;ref&gt;J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson (2000). [https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Paramesvara/ Paramesvara], ''[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bhāskara I's sine approximation formula]]<br /> * [[Madhava series]] – The infinite series for {{pi}} and for the trigonometric [[sine]], [[cosine]], and [[arctangent]] is now attributed to Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1340 – 1425) and his Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics.&lt;ref name=Goonatilake37&gt;Goonatilake (1998), page 37&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Amma182&gt;Amma (1999), pp. 182{{ndash}}183&lt;/ref&gt; He made use of the series expansion of &lt;math&gt;\arctan x&lt;/math&gt; to obtain an infinite series expression for {{pi}}.&lt;ref name=Goonatilake37/&gt; Their rational approximation of the ''error'' for the finite sum of their series are of particular interest. They manipulated the error term to derive a faster converging series for {{pi}}.&lt;ref name=roy&gt;Roy (1990)&lt;/ref&gt; They used the improved series to derive a rational expression,&lt;ref name=roy/&gt;&lt;math&gt;104348/33215&lt;/math&gt; for {{pi}} correct up to eleven decimal places, ''i.e.'' &lt;math&gt;3.1415926539214&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref name=Borwein107&gt;Borwein (2004), page 107&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Plofker481&gt;Plofker (2007), page 481&lt;/ref&gt; Madhava of Sangamagrama and his successors at the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] used geometric methods to derive large sum approximations for sine, cosine, and arctangent. They found a number of special cases of series later derived by Brook Taylor series. They also found the second-order Taylor approximations for these functions, and the third-order Taylor approximation for sine.&lt;ref name=bressoud&gt;Bressoud (2002)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Plofker&gt;Plofker (2001)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=katz&gt;Katz (1995)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Power series]] – The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics or the Kerala school was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Tirur, Malappuram, Kerala, India. Their work, completed two centuries before the invention of calculus in Europe, provided what is now considered the first example of a power series (apart from geometric series). However, they did not formulate a systematic theory of differentiation and integration.{{sfn|Stillwell|2004|p=173}}<br /> * Finite difference [[interpolation]] – The Indian mathematician [[Brahmagupta]] presented what is possibly the first instance&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Van Brummelen|first=Glen|author-link=Glen Van Brummelen|title=The mathematics of the heavens and the earth: the early history of trigonometry|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691129730|pages=329}} (p.111)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Meijering|first=Erik|title=A Chronology of Interpolation From Ancient Astronomy to Modern Signal and Image Processing|journal=Proceedings of the IEEE|date=March 2002|volume=90|issue=3|pages=319{{ndash}}342|doi=10.1109/5.993400|bibcode=2002IEEEP..90..319M |url=http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/63085}}&lt;/ref&gt; of finite difference interpolation around 665 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Gupta|first=R. C. |title=Second-order interpolation in Indian mathematics upto the fifteenth century|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume=4|issue=1 &amp; 2|pages=86{{ndash}}98}} Reprinted as: {{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1229-8_27 |chapter=Second-Order Interpolation in Indian Mathematics up to the Fifteenth Century |title=Gaṇitānanda |date=2019 |last1=Ramasubramanian |first1=K. |pages=263–276 |isbn=978-981-13-1228-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Algebra|Algebraic abbreviations]] – The mathematician [[Brahmagupta]] had begun using abbreviations for unknowns by the 7th century.&lt;ref name=Bell96/&gt; He employed abbreviations for multiple unknowns occurring in one complex problem.&lt;ref name=Bell96/&gt; Brahmagupta also used abbreviations for [[square roots]] and [[cube roots]].&lt;ref name=Bell96/&gt;<br /> * [[Permutation#Generation in lexicographic order|Systematic generation of all permutations]] – The method goes back to [[Narayana Pandit]]a in 14th century India, and has been rediscovered frequently.{{sfn|Knuth|2005|pp=1–26}}<br /> * Discovered by the Indian mathematician, Brahmagupta (598{{ndash}}668 CE):&lt;ref name=Plofker419-436&gt;Plofker (2007), pp. 419{{ndash}}436&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Joseph306&gt;Joseph (2000), page 306&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT725/Class/Brooks/Brahmagupta/Brahmagupta.html|title=Brahmagupta's Formula|author=Kala Fischbein, Tammy Brooks|publisher=University of Georgia|access-date=3 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BrahmaguptaMatrix.html|title=Brahmagupta Matrix|author=Weisstein, Eric W|publisher=Mathworld|access-date=3 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity]]<br /> ** [[Brahmagupta formula]] <br /> ** [[Brahmagupta theorem]] <br /> * [[Combinatorics]] – the [[Vyākhyāprajñapti|Bhagavati Sutra]] had the first mention of a combinatorics problem; the problem asked how many possible combinations of tastes were possible from selecting tastes in ones, twos, threes, etc. from a selection of six different tastes (sweet, pungent, astringent, sour, salt, and bitter). The Bhagavati is also the first text to mention the [[Binomial coefficient|choose function]].&lt;ref name=&quot;India&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=India|url=http://binomial.csueastbay.edu/India.html|access-date=2008-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114201718/http://binomial.csueastbay.edu/India.html|archive-date=2007-11-14|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the second century BC, [[Pingala]] included an enumeration problem in the [[Sanskrit prosody|Chanda Sutra]] (also Chandahsutra) which asked how many ways a six-syllable metre could be made from short and long notes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hall&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Rachel|last=Hall|title=Math for Poets and Drummers-The Mathematics of Meter|date=2005-02-16|url=http://www.sju.edu/~rhall/Rhythms/poets.pdf|access-date=2008-03-05|archive-date=7 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907145421/http://www.sju.edu/%7Erhall/Rhythms/poets.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kulkarni&quot;&gt;{{cite report |type=Preprint |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Amba |title=Recursion and Combinatorial Mathematics in Chandashaastra |date=2007 |arxiv=math/0703658 |bibcode=2007math......3658K }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pingala found the number of metres that had &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; long notes and &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; short notes; this is equivalent to finding the [[binomial coefficients]].<br /> * Jain texts define five different types of [[infinity]] – the infinite in one direction, the infinite in two directions, the infinite in area, the infinite everywhere, and the infinite perpetually.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Datta | first1 = Bibhutibhusan | last2 = Singh | first2 = Awadhesh Narayan | editor1-last = Kolachana | editor1-first = Aditya | editor2-last = Mahesh | editor2-first = K. | editor3-last = Ramasubramanian | editor3-first = K. | contribution = Use of permutations and combinations in India | doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-7326-8_18 | pages = 356–376 | publisher = Springer Singapore | series = Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences | title = Studies in Indian Mathematics and Astronomy: Selected Articles of Kripa Shankar Shukla | year = 2019| isbn = 978-981-13-7325-1 | s2cid = 191141516 }}. Revised by K. S. Shukla from a paper in ''Indian Journal of History of Science'' 27 (3): 231–249, 1992, {{MR | 1189487}}. See p. 363.&lt;/ref&gt; and the ''[[Satkhandagama]]''<br /> * [[Fibonacci numbers]] – This sequence was first described by [[Virahanka]] (c. 700&amp;nbsp;CE), Gopāla (c. 1135), and [[Hemachandra]] (c. 1150),&lt;ref name=&quot;google2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Toward a Global Science: Mining Civilizational Knowledge|author=Goonatilake, S.|date=1998|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253333889|url=https://archive.org/details/towardglobalscie0000goon|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/towardglobalscie0000goon/page/126 126]|access-date=13 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; as an outgrowth of the earlier writings on Sanskrit prosody by [[Pingala]] (c. 200&amp;nbsp;BCE).<br /> * [[Madhava's correction terms]] – Madhava's correction term is a mathematical expression attributed to [[Madhava of Sangamagrama]] (c. 1340 – c. 1425), the founder of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]], that can be used to give a better approximation to the value of the mathematical constant {{pi}} (''pi'') than the partial sum approximation obtained by truncating the [[Madhava series|Madhava-Leibniz infinite series]] for {{pi}}. The Madhava-Leibniz infinite series for {{pi}}.<br /> * [[Pascal's triangle]] – Described in the 6th century CE by [[Varahamihira]]&lt;ref name=&quot;www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Varahamihira.html|title=Varahamihira biography|publisher=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk|access-date=13 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in the 10th century by [[Halayudha]],&lt;ref name=&quot;google3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Pascal's Arithmetical Triangle: The Story of a Mathematical Idea|author=Edwards, A.W.F.|date=2002|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=9780801869464|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sx-EkudWKTcC|page=201|access-date=13 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; commenting on an obscure reference by [[Pingala]] (the author of an earlier work on prosody) to the &quot;Meru-prastaara&quot;, or the &quot;Staircase of Mount Meru&quot;, in relation to binomial coefficients. (It was also independently discovered in the 10th or 11th century in Persia and China.)<br /> * Integral solution to [[Pell's equation]] – About a thousand years before [[John Pell (mathematician)|Pell's]] time, Indian scholar Brahmagupta (598{{ndash}}668 CE) was able to find integral solutions to ''vargaprakṛiti'' (Pell's equation):&lt;ref name=Pswamy416&gt;Puttaswamy (2000), page 416&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Stillwell|2004|pp=72–73}} &lt;math&gt;\ x^2-Ny^2=1, &lt;/math&gt; where ''N'' is a non-square integer, in his [[Brahmasphutasiddhanta|''Brâhma-sphuṭa-siddhânta'']] treatise.&lt;ref name=sw101&gt;Stillwell (2004), pages 72{{ndash}}73&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Ardhacheda – In the 8th century [[Jain]] mathematician [[Virasena]] is credited with a precursor to the binary logarithm. Virasena's concept of ''ardhacheda'' has been defined as the number of times a given number can be divided evenly by two. This definition gives rise to a function that coincides with the binary logarithm on the powers of two,&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| contribution=History of Mathematics in India|title=Students' Britannica India: Select essays|editor1-first=Dale|editor1-last=Hoiberg|editor-link1=Dale Hoiberg|editor2-first=Indu|editor2-last=Ramchandani|first=R. C.|last=Gupta|author-link=R.C Gupta|page=329|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2000| contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xzljvnQ1vAC&amp;q=Virasena+logarithm&amp;pg=PA329}}&lt;/ref&gt;but it is different for other integers, giving the [[p-adic order|2-adic order]] rather than the logarithm.&lt;ref&gt;See, e.g., {{citation|title=Cryptographic Applications of Analytic Number Theory: Complexity Lower Bounds and Pseudorandomness|volume=22|series=Progress in Computer Science and Applied Logic|first=Igor|last=Shparlinski|publisher=Birkhäuser|year=2013|isbn=978-3-0348-8037-4|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z635BwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA35}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Kuṭṭaka]] – The Kuṭṭaka algorithm has much similarity with and can be considered as a precursor of the modern day [[extended Euclidean algorithm]]. The latter algorithm is a procedure for finding integers ''x'' and ''y'' satisfying the condition ''ax'' + ''by'' = [[Greatest common divisor|gcd]](''a'', ''b'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=D. E. Knuth|title=[[The Art of Computer Programming|The Art of Computer Programming Volume 2]]|date=1998|publisher=[[Pearson Education India]], 1998|isbn=9788177583359|page=342 |author1-link=D. E. Knuth }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Linguistics and Literature ===<br /> * [[Formal grammar]] / [[Formal systems]] – In his treatise [[Aṣṭādhyāyī|Astadhyayi]], [[Pāṇini|Panini]] gives formal production rules and definitions to describe the formal grammar of [[Sanskrit]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Panini biography|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Panini.html|website=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[formal language|formal language theory]], a ''grammar'' (when the context is not given, often called a ''formal grammar'' for clarity) is a set of [[Production (computer science)|production rule]]s for [[String (computer science)|strings]] in a [[formal language]]. The rules describe how to form strings from the language's [[Alphabet (computer science)|alphabet]] that are valid according to the language's [[syntax (programming languages)|syntax]]. A grammar does not describe the [[semantics|meaning of the strings]] or what can be done with them in whatever context—only their form. The [[Backus-Naur form]], used to describe the [[Syntax (programming languages)|syntax]] of programming languages, applies similar concepts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last= Ingerman|first= P. Z.|title= &quot;Pāṇini Backus Form&quot; suggested|journal= Communications of the ACM|volume= 10|issue= 3|page= 137|year= 1967|doi= 10.1145/363162.363165<br /> |s2cid= 52817672|doi-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Sarvatobhadra Palindrome: The most complex palindrome, an example of which is in the [[Shishupala Vadha]] of [[Magha (poet)|Magha]]. <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> {{Col-begin}}<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> <br /> सकारनानारकास-&lt;br /&gt;<br /> कायसाददसायका ।&lt;br /&gt;<br /> रसाहवा वाहसार-&lt;br /&gt;<br /> नादवाददवादना ॥<br /> <br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> <br /> sakāranānārakāsa-&lt;br /&gt;<br /> kāyasādadasāyakā&lt;br /&gt;<br /> rasāhavā vāhasāra-&lt;br /&gt;<br /> nādavādadavādanā.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; width:200px;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;color:red;&quot;<br /> | sa || kā || ra || nā || nā || ra || kā || sa<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | kā || ya || sā || da || da || sā || ya || style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | kā<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | ra || sā || ha || vā || vā || ha || sā || style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | ra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | nā || da || vā || da || da || vā || da || style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | nā<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=8 | (and the lines reversed)<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | nā || da || vā || da || da || vā || da || style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | nā<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | ra || sā || ha || vā || vā || ha || sā || style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | ra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | kā || ya || sā || da || da || sā || ya || style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | kā<br /> |- style=&quot;color:red;&quot;<br /> | sa || kā || ra || nā || nā || ra || kā || sa<br /> |}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|&quot;[That army], which relished battle (''rasāhavā'') contained allies who brought low the bodes and gaits of their various striving enemies (''sakāranānārakāsakāyasādadasāyakā''), and in it the cries of the best of mounts contended with musical instruments (''vāhasāranādavādadavādanā'').&quot;}}<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Palindromic Novel: The Ramakrishna Vilomakavyam by Dyvagnya Surya Pandita is an example of a narrative that, when read forward, relate the story of the Ramayana and, when read backward, relate the story of the Mahabharata.<br /> <br /> === Mining ===<br /> * [[Diamond (gemstone)|Diamond mining]] and diamond tools: Diamonds were first recognised and mined in central India,&lt;ref name=Dickinson1/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hershey22&gt;Hershey (2004), page 22&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Malkin12&gt;Malkin (1996), page 12&lt;/ref&gt; where significant alluvial deposits of the stone could then be found along the rivers [[Penner River|Penner]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Godavari River|Godavari]]. It is unclear when diamonds were first mined in India, although estimated to be at least 5,000 years ago.&lt;ref name=Hershey3,22&gt;Hershey (2004), pages 3 &amp; 23&lt;/ref&gt; India remained the world's only source of diamonds until the discovery of diamonds in Brazil in the 18th century.&lt;ref name=Thomas46&gt;Thomas (2007), page 46&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Read17&gt;Read (2005), page 17&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=lee1&gt;Lee, page 685&lt;/ref&gt; [[Golconda]] served as an important centre for diamonds in [[central India]].&lt;ref name=Wenk1&gt;Wenk, pages 535{{ndash}}539&lt;/ref&gt; Diamonds then were exported to other parts of the world, including Europe.&lt;ref name=Wenk1/&gt; Early references to diamonds in India come from [[Sanskrit]] texts.&lt;ref name=Encarta11&gt;MSN Encarta (2007). [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557986/Diamond.html ''Diamond'']. 1 November 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Arthashastra]]'' of [[Kautilya]] mentions diamond trade in India.&lt;ref name=lee1/&gt; [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] works dating from the 4th century BCE mention it as a well-known and precious stone but don't mention the details of diamond cutting.&lt;ref name=Dickinson1/&gt; Another Indian description written at the beginning of the 3rd century describes strength, regularity, brilliance, ability to scratch metals, and good refractive properties as the desirable qualities of a diamond.&lt;ref name=Dickinson1&gt;Dickinson, pages 1{{ndash}}3&lt;/ref&gt; A Chinese work from the 3rd century BCE mentions: &quot;Foreigners wear it [diamond] in the belief that it can ward off evil influences&quot;.&lt;ref name=Dickinson1/&gt; The Chinese, who did not find diamonds in their country, initially used diamonds as a &quot;jade cutting knife&quot; instead of as a jewel.&lt;ref name=Dickinson1/&gt;<br /> * [[Zinc mining]] and [[Zinc#Ancient use|medicinal zinc]] – Zinc was first smelted from zinc ore in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/education/fact_sheets/zinc.jsp |title=Zinc-Fact sheet |publisher=Australian mines |access-date=4 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107215623/http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/education/fact_sheets/zinc.jsp |archive-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Zinc mines of Zawar, near [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], were active during early Christian era.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/def_en/articles/metallurg_heritage_india/metallurgical_heritage_india.html |title=Mettalurgical heritage of India|author=Srinivasan, Ranganathan|publisher=Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel |access-date=4 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005afd_33.pdf|title=Smelting furnaces in Ancient India|author=Rina Shrivastva|year=1999|publisher=Indian Journal of History &amp; Science,34(1), Digital Library of India|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425052130/http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005afd_33.pdf|archive-date=25 April 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are references of medicinal uses of zinc in the [[Charaka Samhita]] (300&amp;nbsp;BCE).&lt;ref name=Craddock&gt;Craddock (1983)&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Rasaratna Samuccaya]] which dates back to the Tantric period ({{circa|5th{{snd}}13th century CE}}) explains the existence of two types of ores for zinc metal, one of which is ideal for metal extraction while the other is used for medicinal purpose.&lt;ref name=Craddock/&gt;&lt;ref name=Biswas11&gt;Biswas (1986), page 11&lt;/ref&gt; India was to melt the first derived from a long experience of the old alchemy zinc by the distillation process, an advanced technique. The ancient Persians had also tried to reduce zinc oxide in an open stove, but had failed. Zawar in Tiri valley of Rajasthan is the first known old zinc smelting site in the world.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} The distillation technique of zinc production dates back to the 12th century CE and is an important contribution of India in the world of science.<br /> <br /> === Space ===<br /> * [[Periodic comet|Periodicity of comets]] – Indian astronomers by the 6th century CE believed that comets were apparitions that re-appeared periodically. This was the view expressed in the 6th century by the astronomers [[Varahamihira]] and Bhadrabahu, and the 10th-century astronomer [[Bhattotpala]] listed the names and estimated periods of certain comets, but it is unfortunately not known how these figures were calculated or how accurate they were.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILBuYcGASxcC&amp;pg=PA293 |page=293 |title=Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy |last1=Kelley |first1=David H. |last2=Milone |first2=Eugene F. |date=2011|publisher=Springer |isbn=9781441976246 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Gravity|Preliminary concept of gravity]] – The concept of gravity as attracting objects towards Earth was already known to Greek scholars, [[Brahmagupta]] in sixth century CE also described gravity as an attractive force, using the term {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|gurutvākarṣaṇa}} in which heavier objects attract towards the earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Pickover|first1=Clifford|title=Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199792689|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQXcpvjcJBUC&amp;pg=PA105|date=2008-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Bose|first1=Mainak Kumar|title=Late classical India|publisher=A. Mukherjee &amp; Co.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbItAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=gravity|year=1988}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;*{{cite book<br /> | first= Amartya | last= Sen| title= The Argumentative Indian| date= 2005| page= 29 | publisher= Allen Lane | isbn= 978-0-7139-9687-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Tychonic system]] – A similar model was implicitly mentioned in the Hindu astronomical treatise ''[[Tantrasamgraha]]'' ({{Circa|1500 CE}}) by [[Nilakantha Somayaji]] of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ramasubramanian |first1=K. |last2=Srinivas |first2=M. D. |last3=Sriram |first3=M. S. |title=Modification of the earlier Indian planetary theory by the Kerala astronomers (c. 1500 AD) and the implied heliocentric picture of planetary motion |journal=Current Science |date=1994 |volume=66 |issue=10 |pages=784–790 |jstor=24098820 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Joseph|2000|p=408}}<br /> * Reduction of the [[ecliptic]]: [[Achyutha Pisharadi]] discovered the techniques.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=B. |first1=E. |title=Review of The Contributions of Kerala to Sanskrit Literature |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1960 |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=392 |doi=10.2307/595925 |jstor=595925 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Miscellaneous ===<br /> * [[Hookah]] or water pipe: according to Cyril Elgood (PP.41, 110), the physician Irfan Shaikh, at the court of the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] I (1542{{endash}}1605) invented the Hookah or water pipe used most commonly for smoking [[tobacco]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iranica&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/galyan- | title=ḠALYĀN |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Iranica]] | date=15 December 2000 | access-date=19 December 2012 | author=Razpush, Shahnaz | pages=261–265 | volume=X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sivaramakrishnan4-5&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Tobacco and Areca Nut|last=Sivaramakrishnan |first=V. M. |year=2001 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |location=[[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]] |isbn=81-250-2013-6 |pages=4–5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blechynden215&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Calcutta, Past and Present |last=Blechynden |first=Kathleen |year=1905 |publisher=University of California |location=Los Angeles |page=215}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RousseletLouis&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=India and Its Native Princes: Travels in Central India and in the Presidencies of Bombay and Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaitsnativepr00loui |last=Rousselet |first=Louis |year=1875 |publisher=Chapman and Hall |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiaitsnativepr00loui/page/290 290]|isbn=9788120618879 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Punch (drink)]] a [[mixed drink]] containing fruits or fruit juice that can be both alcoholic and non-alcoholic originated in the Indian subcontinent before making its way into England by passage through the [[East India Company]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Language&quot;&gt;Edwards, Graham and Sue. ''The Language of Drink'', Alan Sutton Publishing, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt; This beverage is very popular among the world with many varietal flavors and brands throughout the [[beverage industry]].<br /> <br /> <br /> == Modern India ==<br /> <br /> === Medicine ===<br /> * [[Cervical cerclage]] – was first described by [[V. N. Shirodkar]] in [[Bombay]] in 1955.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Goulding E, Lim B | title = McDonald transvaginal cervical cerclage since 1957: from its roots in Australia into worldwide contemporary practice | journal = BJOG | volume = 121 | issue = 9 | pages = 1107 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 25047486 | doi = 10.1111/1471-0528.12874 | s2cid = 21004646 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Cholera toxin]] – Cholera toxin was discovered in 1959 by Indian microbiologist [[Sambhu Nath De]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | doi=10.1002/path.1700630417 | title=An experimental study of the action of cholera toxin | year=1951 | last1=De | first1=S. N. | last2=Sarkar | first2=J. K. | last3=Tribedi | first3=B. P. | journal=The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology | volume=63 | issue=4 | pages=707–717 | pmid=14898376 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[In vitro fertilisation]] – the second successful birth of a 'test tube baby' occurred in India just 67 days after Louise Brown was born. The girl, named Durga, was conceived in vitro using a method developed independently by [[Subhash Mukhopadhyay (physician)|Subhash Mukhopadhyay]], a physician and researcher from [[Kolkata]]. Mukhopadhyay had been performing experiments on his own with primitive instruments and a household refrigerator.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=19 October 1978 |title=India reveals deep-frozen test-tube baby |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bik2nThZSYoC&amp;pg=PA159 |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |page=159 |access-date=4 September 2021 |vauthors=Jayaraman KS}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, state authorities prevented him from presenting his work at scientific conferences,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 October 2010 |title=Test tube triumph &amp; tragedy – Nobel for UK scientist stirs memory of a Bengal doctor |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/test-tube-triumph-tragedy-nobel-for-uk-scientist-stirs-memory-of-a-bengal-doctor/cid/472542 |access-date=22 May 2012 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and it was many years before Mukhopadhyay's contribution was acknowledged in works dealing with the subject.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkEko0DybuQ |title=Test Tube Baby |date=23 August 2013 |publisher=Educational Multimedia Research Centre, Kolkata |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{better source needed|date=September 2021}}<br /> * NexCAR19, is designed to target cancer cells carrying the CD19 protein, a marker on cancer cells, enhancing precision in treatment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mallapaty |first1=Smriti |title=Cutting-edge CAR-T cancer therapy is now made in India — at one-tenth the cost |journal=Nature |date=28 March 2024 |volume=627 |issue=8005 |pages=709–710 |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-00809-y |pmid=38514877 |bibcode=2024Natur.627..709M }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Oral rehydration therapy|Oral Rehydrated Solution (ORS)]], In 1952 [[Hemendra Nath Chatterjee]]&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Magic bullet: the history of oral rehydration therapy|first=J. N.|last=Ruxin|date=28 October 1994|journal=Medical History|volume=38|issue=4|pages=363–397|doi=10.1017/s0025727300036905|pmid=7808099|pmc=1036912}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an Indian scientist from West Bengal known for the earliest publication of a formula for Orally Rehydrated Saline (ORS) for diarrhea.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science/ors-the-salt-that-saved-millions-of-lives-952547.html | title=ORS: The salt that saved millions of lives }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to his paper,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; he treated 186 patients with his oral glucose with an oral glucose-sodium electrolyte solution and was able to rehydrate his patients with mild to moderately severe cholera.<br /> * [[post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis]] – In 1922, Brahmachari also discovered a new, deadly form of [[leishmaniasis]]. He called it dermal leishmanoid, marked by the appearance of sudden eruptions on the face of the patients without fever or other complaints. He observed it as a disease in partially cured cases of kala-azar, along with those who had no history of the disease at all.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brahmachari|first=U. N.|date=April 1922|title=A New Form of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis—Dermal Leishmanoid|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=57|issue=4|pages=125–127 |pmc=5186533|pmid=29008368}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has since been termed as [[post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis]].<br /> * [[Visceral leishmaniasis|Visceral leishmaniasis, treatment of]] – The Indian (Bengali) medical practitioner [[Upendranath Brahmachari]] (19 December 1873 – 6 February 1946) was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1929 for his discovery of 'ureastibamine ([[antimony|antimonial]] [[Chemical compound|compound]] for treatment of [[kala azar]]) and a new disease, post-kalaazar dermal leishmanoid.'&lt;ref name=&quot;nobel_foundation_UPB&quot;&gt;[[Nobel Foundation]] (2008). [http://nobelprize.org/nomination/medicine/nomination.php?action=show&amp;showid=2791 ''The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1901{{ndash}}1951'']&lt;/ref&gt; Brahmachari's cure for Visceral leishmaniasis was the urea salt of para-amino-phenyl stibnic acid which he called Urea Stibamine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vigyan_prasar_UNB&quot;&gt;[http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/UNBrahmachari.htm ''Upendra Nath Brahmachari: A Pioneer of Modern Medicine in India'']. Vigyan Prasar: Government of India&lt;/ref&gt; Following the discovery of Urea Stibamine, Visceral leishmaniasis was largely eradicated from the world, except for some underdeveloped regions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vigyan_prasar_UNB&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Urea]] stibamine – Sir [[Upendranath Brahmachari]] synthesised [[urea]]-stibamine (carbostibamide) in 1922 and determined that it was an effective treatment for [[kala-azar]] (visceral leishmaniasis).<br /> <br /> === Electronics and communications ===<br /> * [[Ashwin Gumaste#Developed products and technologies|Carrier Ethernet Switch Router (CESR)]] are high capacity routers which provides carrier class Ethernet service which does Layer 2 and layer 3 functionality within one single layer and also it uses cut-through switching, developed by IIT Bombay in 2011 and technology was transferred to [[Electronics Corporation of India|ECIL]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.ecil.co.in/ECR/ECR.pdf | title=Carrier Ethernet Switch Router ECR-1000 Series | website=www.ecil.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | doi=10.1109/ICCNC.2013.6504117 | chapter=Circuit performance in a packet network: Demonstrating integrated Carrier Ethernet Switch Router (CESR) + Optical Transport Network (OTN) | title=2013 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC) | date=2013 | last1=Bidkar | first1=S. | last2=Mehta | first2=S. | last3=Bhamare | first3=D. | last4=Bajaj | first4=N. | last5=Medhekar | first5=A. | last6=Gumaste | first6=A. | pages=400–407 | isbn=978-1-4673-5288-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://fundamatics.net/article/carrier-ethernet-switch-routers-from-concepts-to-products-to-sales-and-beyond/ | title=Carrier Ethernet Switch Routers: From Concepts to Products, to Sales, and Beyond – Fundamatics | date=13 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://rnd.iitb.ac.in/node/1138 | title=The Gigabit Networking laboratory at IIT Bombay has been instrumental in two key technology developments in the telecom arena: The CESR and the TCC. &amp;#124; IITBombay }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Direct-to-Mobile (D2M) technology, developed by Saankya Labs and IIT Kanpur, This tech will enable mobile users to stream videos on their smartphones without an active internet connection.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-01-20 |title=Explained: What is D2M tech that will allow mobile users to watch videos without internet connection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/explained-what-is-d2m-tech-that-will-allow-mobile-users-to-watch-videos-without-internet-connection/articleshow/107002537.cms |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Quantum entanglement|Entanglement]]-based [[Quantum key distribution|QKD]], DRDO and IIT Delhi demonstrated 1&amp;nbsp;km distance of quantum communication using quantumn entanglement based Quantum key distribution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=MSN | url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/drdo-iit-delhi-demonstrate-quantum-communication/ar-AA1GVmFg?ocid=BingNewsVerp | access-date=2026-01-10 | website=www.msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/drdo-iit-delhi-quantum-secure-communication-test-2025-125061601296_1.html | title=Hack-proof communication? DRDO, IIT Delhi test quantum entanglement tech }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Horn antenna]] or microwave horn, One of the first horn antennas was constructed by [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] in 1897.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | last = Rodriguez<br /> | first = Vincente<br /> | title = A brief history of horns<br /> | work = In Compliance Magazine<br /> | publisher = Same Page Publishing<br /> | date = 2010<br /> | url = http://www.incompliancemag.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=487:a-brief-history-of-horns-from-early-history-to-latest-developments&amp;catid=24:current-issue&amp;Itemid=126<br /> | access-date = 2010-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Emerson&quot;&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602853 |chapter=The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research |title=1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest |date=1997 |last1=Emerson |first1=D.T. |volume=2 |pages=553–556 |isbn=0-7803-3814-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Low Mobility Large cell (LMLC), is a feature of 5G and is designed to enhance the signal transmission range of a basestation several times, helping service providers cost-effectively expand coverage in rural areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/telecom-carriers-may-enhance-coverage-once-5gi-5g-standard-merge-ng-subramaniam/89407176 | title=Telecom carriers may enhance coverage once 5Gi, 5G standards merge: NG Subramaniam - ET Telecom }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Phantom connectivity, a system for providing a higher level security to data communication in computer networks developed by [[ISRO]]. Phantom connectivity model enables organization to copy users download data from Internet to Intranet without connecting both the networks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2008004248A1/en | title=A system and method for secured data communication in computer networks by phantom connectivity }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Radio|Radiowave communication]] – In November 1894, the Indian physicist, [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], demonstrated publicly the use of radio waves in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://ethw.org/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose Jagadish Chandra Bose&quot;] (biography), Engineering and Technology History Wiki (ethw.org)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hong |first=Sungook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNWMEAAAQBAJ |title=Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion |date=2010-01-22 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-51419-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Waveguide]] – [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] researched [[millimetre wave]]lengths using waveguides, and in 1897 described to the Royal Institution in London his research carried out in Kolkata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Emerson&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Computers and programming languages ===<br /> * Autolay, is an interactive GUI CAD software for the design of aircraft composite components developed by [[Aeronautical Development Agency]], this tool was developed in late 1980's and used by all big aerospace companies such as [[Boeing]], [[Airbus]] and [[Dassault Systèmes]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/645465.653819 | isbn=978-0-444-81564-4 | title=AUTOLAY - an Interactive Graphics System for the Design of Aircraft Composite Components | date=24 February 1993 | pages=205–214 | last1=Mudur | first1=S. P. | last2=Pattanaik | first2=S. N. | publisher=North-Holland }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/autolay-software-makes-ada-a-global-leader/articleshow/1478879143.cms | title=Autolay software makes ADA a global leader | work=The Times of India | date=29 July 2001 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Haptik|chatbot-based conversational AI]], one of early modern AI/ML based chatbot was released by [[Haptik|Haptik.ai]] in 2013, when chatbots were not common.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/inside-haptik-ai-a-made-in-india-and-for-india-personal-assistant-and-end-to-end-chatbot-platform-4128927.html | title=Inside Haptik.ai, a made in India and for India personal assistant and end to end chatbot platform | work=Firstpost | date=10 October 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/haptik-co-founder-aakrit-vaish-users-will-interact-with-the-internet-voice-first-potentially-4249401.htm | title=Haptik co-founder Aakrit Vaish: Users will interact with the internet voice first potentially - CNBC TV18 | date=27 August 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.expresscomputer.in/artificial-intelligence-ai/pioneering-conversational-ai/29485/ | title=Pioneering conversational AI | date=15 October 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[File Transfer Protocol]] (FTP) – A standard communication protocol used for the transfer of computer files from a server to a client on a computer network. FTP is built on a client–server model architecture using separate control and data connections between the client and the server. [[Abhay Bhushan]] drafted the initial File Transfer Protocol ({{IETF RFC|114}}), in April 1971, while a student at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FTP Is Almost 50 Years Old—and It's Ready to Retire |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ftp-is-almost-50-years-oldand-its-ready-to-retire/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Vice.com |date=29 September 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Fragalyst, is a software for analysis of fragments from an explosion or blast developed by [[Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research|CSIR-CIMFR]], the technology allows us to visualize the blast &amp; fragments in a computer GUI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286832552|title=Fragalyst 3.0: An indigenous fragmentation assessment tool based on digital image analysis - application and analysis}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://scicomsoftware.com/fragment-analysis/ | title=Fragment Analysis – SCI COM Software }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]] is a high-level, dynamic programming language. Its features are well suited for numerical analysis and computational science. [[Viral B. Shah]] an Indian computer scientist contributed to the development of the language in Bangalore while also actively involved in the initial design of the Aadhaar project in India using [[India Stack]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://qz.com/india/963225/julia-an-indian-computer-scientist-built-a-new-programming-language-from-bengaluru | title=Not just &quot;IT coolies&quot;: An Indian computer scientist built a new programming language in Bengaluru | date=20 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Kojo (programming language)|Kojo]] – A [[programming language]] and [[integrated development environment]] (IDE) for computer programming and learning. Kojo is an [[open-source software]]. It was created, and is actively developed, by Lalit Pant, a computer programmer and teacher living in [[Dehradun]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kogics.net/sf:kojo |title=Kojo home page |access-date=29 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wiki.kogics.net/forum/t-263574 |title=Interview: Scala Learning Environment on the NetBeans Platform |date=19 February 2010 |author=Geertjan Wielenga |publisher=DZone |access-date=29 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[RISC-V]] ISA (microprocessor) implementations (a US standard, not from India, but some implementations are such as those below):<br /> ** [[SHAKTI (microprocessor)|SHAKTI]] – Open Source, Bluespec System [[Verilog]] definitions, for FinFET implementations of the ISA, have been created at [[IIT Madras]], and are hosted on [[GitLab]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 Jul 2021 |title=India's home-grown microprocessor Shakti is now part of tech-giant Altair's offerings |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/happenings/press-releases-and-coverages/indias-home-grown-microprocessor-shakti-now-part-tech-giant}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[VEGA Microprocessors]] – India's first indigenous 64-bit, superscalar, out-of-order, multi-core RISC-V Processor design, developed by [[C-DAC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aufranc (CNXSoft) |first=Jean-Luc |date=2022-02-04 |title=India goes RISC-V with VEGA processors – CNX Software |url=https://www.cnx-software.com/2022/02/04/india-goes-risc-v-with-vega-processors/ |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=CNX Software – Embedded Systems News }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[TCS BaNCS]], was one of the first core banking software started implemented in late 1970s and released in early 80s.<br /> * [[Visual J Sharp|Visual J#]] – A transitional [[programming language]] for programmers of [[Java (programming language)|Java]] and [[Visual J++]] languages, so they could use their existing knowledge and applications on [[.NET Framework]]. It was developed by the [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]-based [[HITEC City#Microsoft Hyderabad Campus|Microsoft India Development Center at HITEC City]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;S Prasanna, [http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20020729/indnews3.shtml Microsoft's VJ#.Net is made in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128170355/http://computer.financialexpress.com/20020729/indnews3.shtml |date=28 November 2013 }}, ''Express Computer'', 29 July 2002 – invalid link !&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hindu Business Line : Microsoft lines up big plans for Hyderabad centre|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/bline/2002/08/15/stories/2002081500530700.htm|website=thehindubusinessline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Construction, civil engineering and architecture ===<br /> * Coal Mine to PSP, [[Coal India]] will turn abandoned mines or de-coaled mine to [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity|Pumped Storage Projects(PSP)]] with help of [[NHPC]] hence saving huge amount of capital for development of reservoir or dams.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/coal-india-and-nhpc-join-forces-to-convert-abandoned-mines-into-pump-storage-projects-boosting-energy-transition-11695059193255.html | title=CIL, NHPC may convert old mines to pump storage | work=mint | date=18 September 2023 | last1=Baruah | first1=Rituraj }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{CO2}}-treated-C&amp;D, researchers at the Centre for Sustainable Technologies (CST) at IISc are exploring ways to store carbon dioxide from industrial flue gas in excavated soil from Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) waste. They are investigating the effects of injecting carbon dioxide gas into clayey soil, which is typically excavated from construction sites. This process has resulted in better stabilization of clay through the use of cement and lime, as well as a reduction in the surface area, pore volume, and lime reactivity of the clay in the soil, thereby improving the bulk engineering performance of the material.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/carbon-dioxide-to-replace-natural-sand-in-construction/ar-BB1kF1Y4 | title=MSN | website=[[MSN]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://techxplore.com/news/2024-03-paving-paths-sustainable.html | title=Paving new paths for sustainable construction }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * (I)-TM Tunneling technique:(I)-TM as Himalayan tunnelling method for tunnelling through the Himalayan geology to build tunnels in Jammu and Kashmir. Engineers decided to provide rigid supports using 'ISHB' as against the lattice girder method used in the New Austrian Tunnelling Method.ISHB uses nine-metre pipes in the mountains. It is called pipe roofing. Engineers made an umbrella using these perforated poles and filled them with PU grout.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/engineers-develop-new-tunnelling-method-for-kashmir-rail-link-project/104652328 | title=Engineers develop new tunnelling method for Kashmir rail link project - ET Infra }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/engineers-develop-new-tunnelling-method-for-kashmir-rail-link-project/articleshow/104627683.cms?from=mdr | title=Engineers develop new tunnelling method for Kashmir rail link project | newspaper=The Times of India | date=22 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/engineers-develop-himalayan-tunnelling-method-for-katra-banihal-section-of-the-kashmir-rail-link-project/ | title=Engineers Develop Himalayan Tunnelling Method for Katra-Banihal Section of the Kashmir rail Link Project | date=23 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Plastic road]] are made entirely of plastic or of composites of plastic with other materials. Plastic roads are different from standard roads in the respect that standard roads are made from asphalt concrete, which consists of mineral aggregates and asphalt. Most plastic roads sequester [[plastic waste]] within the asphalt as an aggregate. Plastic roads first developed by [[Rajagopalan Vasudevan]] in 2001&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Deloney |first=Matthew L. |date=2021-12-30 |title=What Are Plastic Roads {{!}} How to Make Plastic Roads {{!}} Who Invented Plastic Roads {{!}} First Man Made Plastic Road {{!}} Advantages &amp; Disadvantages of Plastic Roads |work=CivilJungle |url=https://civiljungle.com/plastic-roads/ |access-date=2022-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-02-09 |title=This Indian Genius Created Roads With Plastic Waste, Now Entire World Uses His Technique |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/science-and-future/meet-padma-shree-r-vasudevan-who-made-roads-stronger-with-waste-plastic-that-saves-our-planet-505994.html |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=IndiaTimes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Chermaine |title=Could plastic roads make for a smoother ride? |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210302-could-plastic-roads-make-for-a-smoother-ride |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=www.bbc.com |date=3 March 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Rib &amp; spine/Spine &amp; Wing technique, [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]] has developed a flyover design which allows to save cost, time, minimum material usage and allows light under the flyover using the same technique.<br /> * [[Steel]] [[slag]] [[road]], world's first steel slag road NH-66 was constructed by [[Central Road Research Institute]] under CSIR.&lt;ref&gt;bituminous steel slag road is constructed with 28% less thickness compared to conventional bituminous roads on NH-66&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/steel-slag-road-technology-a-boon-to-bro-niti-aayog-member/articleshow/99054404.cms?from=mdr | title=Steel slag road technology a boon to BRO: Niti Aayog member | work=The Economic Times | date=28 March 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/roadways-india-gets-its-first-steel-slag-road-on-nh-66-mumbai-goa-national-highway-know-all-about-this-groundbreaking-eco-friendly-initiative-3364017/ | title=India's first National Highway Steel Slag road section on NH-66 Mumbai-Goa National Highway inaugurated! Know all about this groundbreaking eco-friendly initiative | date=14 January 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/india-hails-success-of-first-steel-slag-road/ | title=India hails success of first 'steel-slag road' | date=4 April 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * waterproof roads, zydex industries has developed waterproof road by forming a skin like layer that is water resistant using inhouse silane nanotechnology.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/zydex-industries-develops-nanotechnology-solution-for-durable-roads/article66396007.ece | title=Zydex Industries develops nanotechnology solution for durable roads | date=18 January 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/business/potholes-to-become-history-with-smooth-ride-breakthrough-by-zydex | title=Potholes to become history with smooth ride; breakthrough by Zydex - Construction Week India | date=19 January 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Food ===<br /> * [[Butter chicken]] was invented in [[Moti Mahal (restaurant)|Moti Mahal]] restaurant in Daryaganj of [[New Delhi|Delhi]] in 1950's.<br /> * Butter garlic prawns are prawns fried in garlic and dipped in butter curry. Originally from Mumbai, they're usually eaten with bread or pasta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.flavorsofmumbai.com/butter-garlic-pepper-prawns/ | title=Butter Garlic Prawns, Butter Garlic Prawns with Pepper Recipe &amp;#124; Prawns Recipe - Flavors of Mumbai | date=24 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * [[Chicken 65]] is a spicy, deep-fried chicken from [[Chennai]], first invented by Hotel Buhari.<br /> * [[Chicken lollipop]] is a fried chicken appetizer, believed to have originated in eastern India.<br /> * [[Indian filter coffee|Filter Coffee]] was developed in [[Coorg]] in [[Karnataka]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br /> * Honey chilli potato is an indian starter that originated in Indo-Chinese restaurants of [[Kolkata]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Fact check: Honey Chilli Potato is the unhealthiest snack, claims a social media post! Here's the truth | work=The Times of India | date=16 December 2020 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/diet/fact-check-honey-chilli-potato-is-the-unhealthiest-snack-claims-a-social-media-post-heres-the-truth/articleshow/79742397.cms }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[List of instant foods|Instant]] [[Momo (food)|momos]], popularly known as '''Frozen Momos''', were introduced in 2021 by the food brand Prasuma and are similar to noodles in their preparation through oil and hot water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/restaurants/prasuma-momos-to-expand-to-140-cities-by-mar-2022/84823522 | title=Prasuma Momos to expand to 140 cities by Mar 2022 - ET HospitalityWorld }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=ITC plans acquire 100% of Prasuma over 3 years, expanding footprint in frozen and ready-to-cook foods | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/itc-plans-to-acquire-100-of-prasuma-over-three-years-12932876.html | access-date=2026-01-10 | website=www.moneycontrol.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/prasuma-makes-history-as-the-first-and-only-indian-food-brand-to-win-an-international-taste-award-124022000651_1.html | title=Prasuma Makes History as the First and Only Indian Food Brand to Win an International Taste Award }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Finance and banking ===<br /> * [[Payments bank]] is an Indian new model of banks conceptualised by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) without issuing credit.<br /> <br /> === Paleontology ===<br /> * In 2024, one of the longest snakes to ever exist, [[Vasuki indicus]], was discovered by scientists from the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]]. The snake was estimated to be between 10.9 and 15.2 metres in length and lived 47 million years ago. The fossilised vertebrae of Vasuki indicus were discovered in a lignite mine in [[Gujarat]]. It was likely a slow moving predator who killed its prey through constriction.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sahana |title=Meet Vasuki indicus, among the longest snakes that ever lived |journal=Nature India |date=22 April 2024 |doi=10.1038/d44151-024-00048-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In 2018, scientists from the [[Geological Survey of India]] and the Indian Institute of Technology discovered the fossil remains of a previously unknown dinosaur species in the [[Thar Desert]] region of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. The dinosaur is named [[Tharosaurus indicus]], after the Thar Desert and India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/iit-scientist-unearth-ancient-indian-dinosaur-heres-what-they-discovered-about-the-earliest-dinosaur-tharosaurus-indicus/articleshow/102523489.cms?from=mdr | title=IIT scientist unearth ancient Indian dinosaur; here's what they discovered about the earliest dinosaur, Tharosaurus Indicus | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=8 August 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Zoology ===<br /> * The world's first white tiger was Mohan, a mutant Bengal tiger captured in 1951 by Maharaja Martand Singh of Rewa. These type of tiger are found in [[White Tiger Safari &amp; Zoo Mukundpur]]<br /> <br /> === Genetics ===<br /> * [[Amrapali (mango)|Amrapali]] mango – A named mango cultivar introduced in 1971 by Dr. Pijush Kanti Majumdar at the Indian Agriculture Research Institute in Delhi.<br /> * Asmon, is a plant based drug that is used to treat bronchial asthma developed by [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.csir.res.in/csir-milestones | title=CSIR Milestones &amp;#124; Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Mynvax – The world's first &quot;warm&quot; COVID-19 vaccine, developed by [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]], capable of withstanding {{convert|37|°C}} for a month and neutralise all coronavirus variants of concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Petrus Jansen van Vuren, et al (2022)|year= 2022|last1= Van Vuren|first1= Petrus Jansen|last2= McAuley|first2= Alexander J.|last3= Kuiper|first3= Michael J.|last4= Singanallur|first4= Nagendrakumar B.|last5= Bruce|first5= Matthew P.|last6= Riddell|first6= Shane|last7= Goldie|first7= Sarah|last8= Mangalaganesh|first8= Shruthi|last9= Chahal|first9= Simran|last10= Drew|first10= Trevor W.|last11= Blasdell|first11= Kim R.|last12= Tachedjian|first12= Mary|last13= Caly|first13= Leon|last14= Druce|first14= Julian D.|last15= Ahmed|first15= Shahbaz|last16= Khan|first16= Mohammad Suhail|last17= Malladi|first17= Sameer Kumar|last18= Singh|first18= Randhir|last19= Pandey|first19= Suman|last20= Varadarajan|first20= Raghavan|last21= Vasan|first21= Seshadri S.|journal= Viruses|volume= 14|issue= 4|page= 800|doi= 10.3390/v14040800|pmid= 35458530|pmc= 9031315|doi-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[ZyCoV-D]] vaccine – The world's first DNA-based vaccine for humans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mallapaty |first1=Smriti |title=India's DNA COVID vaccine is a world first – more are coming |journal=Nature |date=9 September 2021 |volume=597 |issue=7875 |pages=161–162 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02385-x |pmid=34475553 |bibcode=2021Natur.597..161M |s2cid=237401121 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Metrology ===<br /> [[File:Crescograph - Jagadish Chandra Bose Museum - Bose Institute - Kolkata 2011-07-26 4040 Cropped.JPG|thumb|150px|Crescograph, Bose Institute, Kolkata]]<br /> * [[Crescograph]] – The crescograph, a device for measuring growth in plants, was invented in the early 20th century by the Bengali scientist Sir [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.edsanders.com/bose|title=Jagadis Bose Research on Measurement of Plant Growth|access-date=5 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Geddes, pages 173{{ndash}}176&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Shearing interferometer]] – Invented by M.V.R.K. Murty, a type of Lateral [[Shearing Interferometer]] utilises a laser source for measuring refractive index.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Definition of Murty interferometer|url=http://www.photonics.com/EDU/Term.aspx?TermID=5627|website=Photonics.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Riley|first1=M. E.|last2=Gusinow|first2=M. A.|title=Laser beam divergence utilizing a lateral shearing interferometer|journal=Applied Optics|date=1 October 1977|volume=16|issue=10|pages=2753{{ndash}}6|doi=10.1364/AO.16.002753|pmid=20174226|bibcode=1977ApOpt..16.2753R}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rocket science and jet propulsion===<br /> * [[Advanced Technology Vehicle|Advanced Technology Vehicle - Scramjet]], the ISRO has twice successfully test fired a modified Rohini 560 rocket, with added, 2nd stage, air-breathing, [[Scramjet]] engines.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISROflightexperimentAirBreathingPropulsionSystem.html | title=ISRO conducts flight experiment of Air Breathing Propulsion System }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-successfully-conducts-second-test-of-air-breathing-propulsion-technology-2570706-2024-07-23 | title=Isro successfully conducts second test of Air Breathing Propulsion Technology | date=23 July 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-conducts-experimental-flight-of-air-breathing-propulsion-system/article68432854.ece | title=ISRO conducts experimental flight of air-breathing propulsion system | newspaper=The Hindu | date=23 July 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle]], is a multi-stage solid propellent rocket that is cost-effective and very less complex used to deliver micro-satellites less than 500&amp;nbsp;kg weight. it is innovative as its three stages are solid propellent making it very efficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/space-to-learn-the-hindu-editorial-on-the-failure-of-isros-maiden-small-satellite-launch-vehicle-mission/article65750371.ece | title=Space to learn: The Hindu Editorial on the failure of ISRO's maiden small satellite launch vehicle mission | newspaper=The Hindu | date=9 August 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet]], is a jet propulsion technology which uses solid propellant, developed by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]].<br /> <br /> === Weapon systems ===<br /> [[File:DRDO_AIP_(Air_Independent_Propulsion)_model_for_Kalvari-class_submarine.jpg|200px|thumb|A diagram of the fuel-cell AIP module developed by the DRDO of India, it can power ships or any other marine transport]]<br /> <br /> * [[Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System|ATAGS]] – Bharat Forge and the DRDO has developed world's first electric artillery gun&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/can-atags-give-indias-military-a-muchneeded-boost-the-answer-is-yes/85813/1 | title=Can ATAGS Give India's Military a Much-needed Boost? The Answer is Yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[Bhargavastra (counter drone system)|Bhargavastra]], is the world's first kind of multi-micro-missile system to counter swarm drones, low-cost portable system developed by Solar Defence and Aerospace.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/nagpur-based-solar-group-develops-worlds-first-guided-micro-missile-counter-drone-system/articleshow/117276446.cms | title=Nagpur-based Solar Group develops world's first guided micro-missile counter-drone system | work=The Times of India | date=16 January 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-bhargavastra-india-low-cost-and-indigenous-micro-missile-air-defence-system-1747226428-1 | title=What is Bhargavastra? India's Low Cost and Indigenous Micro-Missile Air Defence System | date=14 May 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Critical Situation Response Vehicle (CSRV) – The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) has made and inducted a bomb/bulletproof armoured vehicle. The latest all-terrain highly sophisticated vehicle 'CSRV' has given a shot in the arm to the Central Reserve Police Force engaged in counter-terror operations.<br /> * E-bomb – The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has been developing an e-bomb which will emit electromagnetic shock waves that destroy electronic circuits and communication networks of enemy force.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-developing-e-bomb-to-paralyze-networks/articleshow/22127411.cms | title='India developing E-bomb to paralyze networks' | newspaper=The Times of India | date=29 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The tow bodies in Lakshya-2 Weapon Delivery Configuration carry High Energy Weapon Payload.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/lakshya-2 | title=LAKSHYA-2 &amp;#124; Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell air-independent propulsion (PAFC AIP) is a 270 kilowatt phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) air-independent propulsion (AIP) system to power the Kalvari-class submarines is developed by the [[Naval Materials Research Laboratory]] of Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation in collaboration with [[Larsen &amp; Toubro]] and [[Thermax]]. The patent is owned by [[DRDO]]. Its application is considered to be wide and it can also power ships in future.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017145068A1/en | title=Air independent propulsion system for submarines based on phosphoric acid fuel cell with onboard hydrogen generator }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Photonic radar]], On 29 June 2025, DRDO announced that it has completed building the photonic radar for fighter jets, which will replace AESA Radar, such type of radars cannot be easily jammed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thedefensenews.com/news-details/DRDO-Develops-First-Indigenous-Photonic-Radar-Trials-Soon/ | title=DRDO Develops First Indigenous Photonic Radar, Trials Soon | date=29 June 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The radar is made out of multiple Photonic Transmit Receive modules. In 2022, they tested the radar which was able to image small objects, measuring just 3 x 4&amp;nbsp;cm (1.2 x 1.6 in).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://raksha-anirveda.com/drdo-makes-significant-progress-in-photonic-radar-development/ | title=DRDO Makes Significant Progress in Photonic Radar Development | date=22 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ramjet]] [[artillery shells]], IIT Madras with support of Army Technology Board(ATB) has developed world's first ramjet-powered shells for 155m artillery guns.&lt;ref&gt;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-a-1st-in-world-army-set-to-deploy-ramjet-powered-shells-for-155mm-artillery-guns/articleshow/126330397.cms&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://thedefensepost.com/2026/01/05/india-ramjet-powered-artillery/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Combat helmet|Rifle-rated ballistic helmet]], [[MKU (company)|MKU]] has developed what it bills as &quot;a first-of-its-kind rifle-rated ballistic helmet&quot;, MKU states that the Kavro Doma 360 is &quot;the first anti-rifle helmet in the world that does not have bolts or any metal parts&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://euro-sd.com/2023/11/news/35083/mku-unveils-rifle-rated-helmet/ | title=Milipol Paris 2023: MKU unveils 'first-of-its-kind' rifle-rated ballistic helmet - European Security &amp; Defence | date=16 November 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Automotive innovations ===<br /> * [[CNG]] car/vehicle – [[Bajaj Auto]] launched the first 'commercial' lot of its CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) autorickshaws in Delhi on 29 May 2000. By 1 December 2002, the last diesel bus had disappeared from Delhi's roads, all buses were running on CNG. At the beginning of 2005, 10,300 CNG busses, 10,000 CNG taxis and 10,000 CNG cars run on Delhi's roads.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.product-life.org/en/archive/cng-delhi | title=CNG Delhi – the world's cleanest public bus system running on CNG }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bajaj Discover|DTS-Si]], stands for ‘Digital Twin Spark-Swirl induction’ system. Some of Bajaj’s bike engines have the patented ‘DTS Si’ (Digital Twin Spark-Swirl induction) technology. Bajaj Auto claims that new engine with swirl induction gives better mileage under ideal (standard) test conditions that are higher than some of the 100cc motorcycles offer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Bajaj Auto's DTS-Si engine offers 109km/L | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-bajaj-auto-s-dts-si-engine-offers-109kml-1114552 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=DTS Si: How Digital Twin Spark-Swirl Induction System Works? Read This | date=5 May 2017 | url=https://carbiketech.com/dts-si-tecchnology/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Air conditioning|Helmet AC]] - Featuring a plastic top and built-in-fan-like structure, the AC helmets are powered by a battery pack, which is worn by the traffic police officials on their waist. These helmets work for around 8 hours on a single full charge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/ac-helmet-what-is-it-and-how-is-it-different-from-a-riding-helmet/articleshow/102934911.cms | title=AC Helmet: What is it and how is it different from a riding helmet | newspaper=The Times of India | date=22 August 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Man Mohan Suri|Suri Transmission]], is a hydromechanical transmission unit for diesel locomotives developed by Man Mohan Suri.<br /> <br /> === Mathematics ===<br /> {{See also|Indian mathematics}}<br /> <br /> * [[AKS primality test]] and [[Agrawal's conjecture]]– The AKS primality test is a [[deterministic algorithm|deterministic]] [[primality test|primality-proving]] [[algorithm]] created and published by three [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] computer scientists, [[Manindra Agrawal]], [[Neeraj Kayal]], and [[Nitin Saxena]] on 6 August 2002 in a paper titled [http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/manindra/algebra/primality_v6.pdf ''PRIMES is in P''].&lt;ref name=CrandallPomerance200&gt;Crandall &amp; Pomerance (2005), pages 200{{ndash}}201&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=WeissteinAKSpt&gt;{{MathWorld|urlname=AKSPrimalityTest|title=AKS Primality Test}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commenting on the impact of this discovery, [[Paul Leyland]] noted: &quot;One reason for the excitement within the mathematical community is not only does this algorithm settle a long-standing problem, it also does so in a brilliantly simple manner. Everyone is now wondering what else has been similarly overlooked&quot;.&lt;ref name=WeissteinAKSpt/&gt;&lt;ref name=Crandall03&gt;Crandall &amp; Papadopoulos (2003), page 2&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Basu's theorem]] – The Basu's theorem, a result of [[Debabrata Basu]] (1955) states that any complete sufficient statistic is independent of any ancillary statistic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nitis325&quot;&gt;Nitis (2000), page 325&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boos1&quot;&gt;Boos &amp; Oliver (1998)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Dattaraya Ramchandra Kaprekar|Kaprekar Constants]]: Numbers 495 and 6174. The Indian mathematician [[Dattaraya Ramchandra Kaprekar|D.R.Kaprekar]] discovered the number 6174 is reached after repeatedly subtracting the smallest number from the largest number that can be formed from any four digits not all the same. The number 495 is similarly reached for three digits number.<br /> * [[Kosambi–Karhunen–Loève theorem]] (also known as the [[Karhunen–Loève theorem]]) The Kosambi-Karhunen-Loève theorem is a representation of a stochastic process as an infinite linear combination of [[orthogonal function]]s, analogous to a [[Fourier series]] representation of a function on a bounded interval. Stochastic processes given by infinite series of this form were first&lt;ref name=&quot;Raju&quot;&gt;{{Citation |first=C.K. |last=Raju |title=Kosambi the Mathematician |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=44 |year=2009 |issue=20 |pages=33{{ndash}}45 }}&lt;/ref&gt; considered by [[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kosambi&quot;&gt;{{Citation |first=D. D. |last=Kosambi |title=Statistics in Function Space |journal=Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society |volume=7 |year=1943 |pages=76{{ndash}}88 |mr=9816 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Kosaraju's algorithm]] is a linear time algorithm to find the strongly connected components of a directed graph. Aho, Hopcroft and Ullman credit it to S. Rao Kosaraju and Micha Sharir. Kosaraju suggested it in 1978.<br /> * [[Multivariate statistics|Multivariate Statistical Theory]], is one of the base foundational concept of statistics was developed by [[C. R. Rao]] in 1952 when he was in [[Indian Statistical Institute]], Kolkata.<br /> * [[Parthasarathy–Ranga Rao–Varadarajan determinants]] or PRV determinants,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://math.iisc.ac.in/~khare/papers/KRP-tribute.pdf | title=KRP'S contributions in lie theory | website=math.iisc.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)|K. R. Parthasarathy]] along with [[R. Ranga Rao (mathematician)|R. Ranga Rao]] and [[Veeravalli S. Varadarajan]] discovered these class of determinants in ''Representations of Complex Semi-Simple Lie Groups and Lie Algebras'', the paper has subsequently often been referred to as the “PRV paper”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Parthasarathy | first1=K. R. | last2=Rao | first2=R. Ranga | last3=Varadarajan | first3=V. S. | title=Representations of Complex Semi-Simple Lie Groups and Lie Algebras | journal=Annals of Mathematics | date=1967 | volume=85 | issue=3 | pages=383–429 | doi=10.2307/1970351 | jstor=1970351 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1970351 | url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Parthasarathy's theorem]]. is a generalization of Von Neumann's minimax theorem created by [[Thiruvenkatachari Parthasarathy]].<br /> * [[block design|Partial Balanced Incomplete Block Designs (BIBD)]] was developed by [[Raj Chandra Bose]] and Kesavan Raghavan Nair in 1939.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bose_Raj/ | title=Raj Chandra Bose - Biography }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ramanujan theta function]], [[Ramanujan prime]], [[Ramanujan summation]], [[Ramanujan graph]] and [[Ramanujan's sum]] – Discovered by the Indian mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] in the early 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;Berndt &amp; Rankin (2001)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Score test|Rao's Score Test]] was first published in 1948 in ''Sankhya: The Indian Journal of Statistics'' titled ''On Distributions of the Maximum Likelihood Estimates'' by [[C. R. Rao]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite arXiv | eprint=2406.19956 | last1=Bera | first1=Anil K. | last2=Bilias | first2=Yannis | title=Three Scores and 15 Years (1948-2023) of Rao's Score Test: A Brief History | date=2024 | class=econ.EM }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Samarendra Nath Roy|Roy’s Largest Root Test]], proposed the test in 1953 as part of his &quot;union-intersection principle&quot;, a unified approach to multivariate hypothesis testing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~nadler/Roys_Largest_Root/Distribution_Roy.html | title=On the Distribution of Roy's Largest Root }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Samarendra Nath Roy|Roy-Hotelling Theorem]], is used to connects the eigenvalues of matrices in multivariate statistics proposed in 1953.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&amp;type=pdf&amp;doi=706a588d834e03bc3380a00c54931f087c052637 | title=Simultaneous test procedures in multivariate analysis of variance | website=citeseerx.ist.psu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Seshadri constant]] – In [[algebraic geometry]], a Seshadri constant is an invariant of an ample line bundle L at a point P on an [[algebraic variety]].The name is in honour of the Indian mathematician [[C. S. Seshadri]].<br /> * [[Sieve of Sundaram]], is a prime number generation algorithm that was developed by Indian math student S. P. Sundaram.<br /> * [[Shrikhande graph]] – [[Graph (discrete mathematics)|Graph]] invented by the Indian mathematician [[S.S. Shrikhande]] in 1959.<br /> * [[Standard monomial theory]], C. S. Seshadri introduced a concept named ''Standard Monomials'' in 1978.<br /> <br /> === Sciences ===<br /> [[File:Ammonium Nitrite 3D.JPG|thumb|Bengali Chemist [[Prafulla Chandra Roy]] synthesised NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in its pure form.]] [[File:Ramaplot.png|thumb|A [[Ramachandran plot]] generated from the protein [[PCNA]], a human [[DNA clamp]] [[protein]] that is composed of both [[beta sheet]]s and [[alpha helix|alpha helices]] ([[Protein Data Bank|PDB]] ID 1AXC). Points that lie on the axes indicate [[N-terminus|N-]] and [[C-terminus|C-terminal]] residues for each subunit. The green regions show possible angle formations that include [[Glycine]], while the blue areas are for formations that don't include Glycine.]]<br /> * [[Ammonium nitrite|Ammonium nitrite, synthesis in pure form]] – [[Prafulla Chandra Roy]] synthesised NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in its pure form, and became the first scientist to have done so.&lt;ref name=vigyanprasar_pcray/&gt; Prior to Ray's synthesis of Ammonium nitrite it was thought that the compound undergoes rapid thermal decomposition releasing nitrogen and water in the process.&lt;ref name=vigyanprasar_pcray/&gt;<br /> * [[Bhabha scattering]] – In 1935, Indian nuclear physicist [[Homi J. Bhabha]] published a paper in the ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A]]'', in which he performed the first calculation to determine the cross section of electron-positron scattering.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penneyp39&quot;/&gt; Electron-positron scattering was later named Bhabha scattering, in honour of his contributions in the field.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penneyp39&quot;&gt;Penney (1967), page 39&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Bhatnagar-Mathur Magnetic Interference Balance: Invented jointly by [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] and K.N. Mathur in 1928, the so-called 'Bhatnagar-Mathur Magnetic Interference Balance' was a modern instrument used for measuring various magnetic properties.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vigyan_prasar_Shanti_Swaryp&quot;&gt;[http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/ssbhatnagar/ShantiSwarupBhatnagar.htm ''Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018015234/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/ssbhatnagar/ShantiSwarupBhatnagar.htm |date=18 October 2013 }}. Vigyan Prasar: Government of India.&lt;/ref&gt; The first appearance of this instrument in Europe was at a [[Royal Society]] exhibition in London, where it was later marketed by British firm Messers Adam Hilger and Co, London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vigyan_prasar_Shanti_Swaryp&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Bose–Einstein statistics]], [[Bose–Einstein condensate|condensate]] – On 4 June 1924 the Indian physicist [[Satyendra Nath Bose]] mailed a short manuscript to [[Albert Einstein]] entitled [http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/jaa/15/3-7.pdf ''Planck's Law and the Light Quantum Hypothesis''] seeking Einstein's influence to get it published after it was rejected by the prestigious journal ''[[Philosophical Magazine]]''.&lt;ref name=Rigden143&gt;Rigden (2005), pages 143{{ndash}}144&lt;/ref&gt; The paper introduced what is today called ''Bose statistics'', which showed how it could be used to derive the Planck blackbody spectrum from the assumption that light was made of [[photons]].&lt;ref name=Rigden143/&gt;&lt;ref name=Fraser238&gt;Fraser (2006), page 238&lt;/ref&gt; Einstein, recognizing the importance of the paper translated it into German himself and submitted it on Bose's behalf to the prestigious ''[[Zeitschrift für Physik]]''.&lt;ref name=Rigden143/&gt;&lt;ref name=Fraser238/&gt; Einstein later applied Bose's principles on particles with mass and quickly predicted the ''Bose-Einstein condensate''.&lt;ref name=Fraser238/&gt;&lt;ref name=Dauxois297&gt;Dauxois &amp; Peyrard (2006), pages 297{{ndash}}298&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Boson]]: Satyendra Nath Bose's research led to the discovery of the [[Boson]], one of the [[elementary particles]] on the [[Standard Model]] of [[Particle Physics]].<br /> * [[Braunstein-Ghosh-Severini Entropy]] – This modelling of entropy using network theory is used in the analysis of [[quantum gravity]] and is named after Sibasish Ghosh and his teammates, [[Samuel L. Braunstein]] and Simone Severini.<br /> * [[Dual-phase steel]], was publicly first described in &quot;Microstructure and tensile properties of high strength duplex ferrite–martensite (DFM) steels&quot; by P.C. Chakraborti and M.K. Mitra.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chakraborti |first1=P.C. |last2=Mitra |first2=M.K. |title=Microstructure and tensile properties of high strength duplex ferrite–martensite (DFM) steels |journal=Materials Science and Engineering: A |date=September 2007 |volume=466 |issue=1–2 |pages=123–133 |doi=10.1016/j.msea.2007.02.042 |bibcode=2007MSEnA.466..123C }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Galena|Galena, applied use in electronics of]] – Bengali scientist Sir [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] effectively used Galena crystals for constructing radio receivers.&lt;ref name=tifr&gt;[http://www.tifr.res.in/~outreach/biographies/scientists.pdf &quot;Indian Scientists&quot;] (November 2004), Science Popularisation and Public Outreach Committee, [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]].&lt;/ref&gt; The Galena receivers of Bose were used to receive signals consisting of [[shortwave]], [[Electromagnetic spectrum#Visible radiation (light)|white light]] and [[ultraviolet light]].&lt;ref name=tifr/&gt; In 1904 Bose patented the use of Galena Detector which he called ''Point Contact Diode using Galena''.&lt;ref name=Sarkar94&gt;Sarkar (2006), page 94&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Mahalanobis distance]] – Introduced in 1936 by the Indian (Bengali) statistician [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]] (29 June 1893 – 28 June 1972), this distance measure, based upon the correlation between variables, is used to identify and analyze differing pattern with respect to one base.&lt;ref&gt;Taguchi &amp; Jugulum (2002), pages 6{{ndash}}7&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Nitrite|Mercurous nitrite]] – The compound mercurous nitrite was discovered in 1896 by the Bengali chemist Prafulla Chandra Roy, who published his findings in the ''[[Asiatic Society|Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal]]''.&lt;ref name=vigyanprasar_pcray&gt;[http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/pcray/PCRay.htm &quot;Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173458/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/pcray/PCRay.htm |date=27 September 2007 }}, Viyan Prasar, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.&lt;/ref&gt; The discovery contributed as a base for significant future research in the field of chemistry.&lt;ref name=vigyanprasar_pcray/&gt;<br /> * [[Ramachandran plot]], Ramachandran map, and Ramachandran angles: The Ramachandran plot and Ramachandran map were developed by [[Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran]], who published his results in the ''[[Journal of Molecular Biology]]'' in 1963. He also developed the Ramachandran angles, which serve as a convenient tool for [[communication]], representation, and various kinds of [[data analysis]].&lt;ref name=Ramakrishnan&gt;Ramakrishnan (2001)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Raman effect]] – The Encyclopædia Britannica (2008) reports: &quot;change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules. The phenomenon is named for [[Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]], who discovered it in 1928. When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming) beam. Most of this scattered light is of unchanged wavelength. A small part, however, has wavelengths different from that of the incident light; its presence is a result of the Raman effect.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Raman effect&quot;.''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2008)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Raychaudhuri equation]] – Discovered by the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] physicist [[Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri]] in 1954. This was a key ingredient of the [[Penrose-Hawking singularity theorems]] of [[general relativity]].&lt;ref&gt;Naresh (2005)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Saha ionization equation]] is an expression that relates the ionization state of a gas in thermal equilibrium to the temperature and pressure.<br /> * Periodicity in Nuclear Properties: A sharp pattern is discovered by an Indian researcher regarding the nuclear properties of chemical elements. The remarkable deviations are noticed near the magic numbers.&lt;ref name=ShadabKAS20&gt;{{cite journal|title=PERIODICITY IN NUCLEAR PROPERTIES|journal=International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences|author=Shadab,K. A.|volume=7|issue=5|pages=18–61|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Process of formation of the E layer of the ionosphere and night sky luminiscence: Discovered by the Indian physicist, Sisir Kumar Mitra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Awakening Indians to India|date=2003|publisher=Central Chinmaya Mission Trust|others=All India Chinmaya Yuva Kendra|isbn=81-7597-175-4|edition=1st|location=Mumbai, India|oclc=296288988}}{{page needed|date=August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Space ===<br /> [[File:Direct evidence of lunar water.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Direct evidence of lunar water in the Moon atmosphere obtained by the Chandrayaan-1's Altitudinal Composition (CHACE) output profile]]<br /> * [[Chandrasekhar limit]]: [[Subramanyan Chandrasekhar]] discovered the maximum mass of a stable [[white dwarf]] star.<br /> * [[Lunar water]] – Although the presence of water ice on the Moon has been conjectured by various scientists since the 1960s, inconclusive evidence of free water ice had also been identified. The first incontrovertible evidence of water on the Moon was provided by the payload Chace carried by the [[Moon Impact Probe]] released by [[Chandrayaan-1]] in 2009,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=MIP detected water on Moon way back in June: ISRO Chairman|url=http://m.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mip-detected-water-on-moon-way-back-in-june-isro-chairman/article24854.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 September 2009|author=Staff Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Did India beat NASA to find water on moon?|url=http://m.ndtv.com/sci-tech/did-india-beat-nasa-to-find-water-on-moon-402138|work=m.ndtv.com|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130035434/http://m.ndtv.com/sci-tech/did-india-beat-nasa-to-find-water-on-moon-402138|archive-date=30 November 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-1 {{!}} Indian space probe|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chandrayaan-1|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; confirmed and established by [[NASA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Chandrayaan first discovered water on moon, but… {{!}} Latest News &amp; Updates at Daily News &amp; Analysis|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report-chandrayaan-first-discovered-water-on-moon-but-1292942|work=dna|date=25 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Quasi-normal mode]]s of [[black holes]] – [[C. V. Vishveshwara]] discovered the [[quasi-normal mode]]s of black holes.&lt;ref&gt;Vishveshwara, C.V., Nature, 1970, 227, 936&lt;/ref&gt; These modes of black hole vibrations are one of the main targets of observation using the gravitational wave detector.<br /> * [[Saha ionisation equation]] – The Saha equation, derived by the Bengali scientist [[Meghnad Saha]] (6 October 1893 – 16 February 1956) in 1920, conceptualises [[ionisation]]s in context of stellar atmospheres.&lt;ref&gt;Narlikar (2002), page 188&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Timeline of Indian innovation]]<br /> * [[History of science and technology in India]]<br /> * [[Timeline of historic inventions]]<br /> * [[List of Indian mathematicians]]<br /> * [[List of Indian scientists]]<br /> * [[List of Indian physicists]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * Adas, Michael (January 2001). ''Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History''. Temple University Press. {{ISBN|1-56639-832-0}}.<br /> * Addington, Larry H. (1990). ''The Patterns of War Through the Eighteenth Century'' (Illustrated edition). Indiana: Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|0-253-20551-4}}.<br /> * Alter, J. S. in &quot;Kabaddi, a national sport of India&quot;. Dyck, Noel (2000). ''Games, Sports and Cultures''. Berg Publishers: {{ISBN|1-85973-317-4}}.<br /> * [[T.A. Sarasvati Amma|Amma, T. A. Sarasvati]] (1999) [1979]. ''Geometry in Ancient and Medieval India''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publication. {{ISBN|81-208-1344-8}}.<br /> * Arensberg, Conrad M. &amp; Niehoff, Arthur H. (1971). ''Introducing Social Change: A Manual for Community Development'' (second edition). 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England: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-52958-1}}.<br /> * {{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0950473700001221 |last=Whish |first=Charles |year=1835 |title=On the Hindu Quadrature of the Circle, and the infinite Series of the proportion of the circumference to the diameter exhibited in the four shastras: the Tantra Sangraham, Yukti-Bhasa, Carana Padhati, and Sadratnamala |journal=Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=509{{ndash}}523|title-link=Sadratnamala }}<br /> * {{cite journal | last1 = White | first1 = Lynn Townsend Jr. | author-link = Lynn Townsend White Jr. | year = 1960 | title = Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology | journal = The American Historical Review | volume = 65 | issue = 3| pages = 522{{ndash}}526 | doi=10.2307/1849619| jstor = 1849619 }}<br /> * Whitelaw, Ian (2007). ''A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement''. 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Minnesota: Twenty-First Century Books. {{ISBN|0-8225-2993-9}}.<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.themysteriousindia.net/ancient-india-inventions-science-technology/ Ancient India's Inventions In Science And Technology]<br /> * [http://www.indianscience.org/essays/essays.shtml Essays on Indian Science and Technology.]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140224120624/http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/html/pdf/e-book/oct-nov-2012.pdf P. K. Ray, SCIENCE, CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT – A CONNECTED PHENOMENA, Everyman's Science Vol.]<br /> * ''History of Science in South Asia'' ([http://hssa-journal.org hssa-journal.org]). HSSA is a peer-reviewed, open-access, online journal for the history of science in India.<br /> <br /> {{Inventions|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Indianscience|state=uncollapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{South Asian topics}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Inventions And Discoveries}}<br /> [[Category:Science and technology in India|Inventions]]<br /> [[Category:Indian inventions| ]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of inventions or discoveries]]<br /> [[Category:India science and technology-related lists]]<br /> [[Category:India history-related lists|Inventions and discoveries]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023%E2%80%9325_Canada%E2%80%93India_diplomatic_row&diff=476644 2026-03-22T05:01:20Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: Started basic article needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Period of diplomatic crisis between Canada and India}}<br /> {{For|overall relationship between Canada and India|Canada–India relations}}<br /> {{use British English|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> The '''Canada–India diplomatic row'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Timeline&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Nijjar's killing to Trudeau's allegations: A timeline of how the India-Canada diplomatic row escalated |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nijjars-killing-to-trudeaus-allegations-a-timeline-of-how-the-india-canada-diplomatic-row-escalated/3250567/ |work=Financial Express |date=21 September 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Livemint&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India-Canada row: Diplomatic standoff continues over Nijjar killing {{!}} 10 points |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indiacanada-row-diplomatic-standoff-continues-experts-say-relationship-in-deep-crisis-10-points-11699255375049.html |work=Livemint |date=6 November 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; was a [[Diplomacy|diplomatic]] dispute [[Canada–India relations|between Canada and India]] that started in September 2023, with periodic escalation throughout the following year. While the diplomatic row was initially triggered due to Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]]'s allegations that the [[Indian government]] was involved in the assassination of [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]], the ongoing tensions between India and Canada have been largely fuelled by disagreements over the [[Sikh]] separatist [[Khalistan movement]] and its active supporters.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBC1023&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 October 2023 |title=Tensions are high between Canada and India. Here's why |url=https://www.cbc.ca/kidsnews/post/tensions-are-high-between-canada-and-india-heres-why |work=CBC |language=en |quote=&quot;Trudeau accused India’s government of potentially being involved in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar..The tensions are also fuelled by a larger disagreement over how Canada deals with supporters of the Khalistan movement. Indian officials have been concerned for a very long time that there are active advocates of an independent Khalistan homeland who reside in Canada&quot; }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ALJ0927&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Duggal |first=Hanna |last2=Chughtai |first2=Alia |date=27 September 2023 |title=What is the Khalistan movement? How is it linked to India-Canada tensions? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/27/what-is-the-khalistan-movement-how-is-it-linked-to-india-canada-tensions |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote=&quot;A row between India and Canada surrounding Sikh independence, commonly referred to as the Khalistan movement, continues to cause tensions.. Last week, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accused India of playing a role in the killing of Sikh separatist leader Hardeep Singh Nijjar, who was shot dead in June in British Columbia state.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> This led to a prolonged [[diplomatic crisis|diplomatic stand-off]] between the countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mogul|first1=Rhea|last2=Newton|first2=Paula|title=India expels Canadian diplomat in tit-for-tat move as row over assassinated Sikh activist deepens|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/18/americas/canada-hardeep-singh-nijjar-india-intl/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=19 September 2023|date=18 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918214822/https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/18/americas/canada-hardeep-singh-nijjar-india-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=23 October 2023|title=Tensions are high between Canada and India. Here's why|url=https://www.cbc.ca/kidsnews/post/tensions-are-high-between-canada-and-india-heres-why|work=CBC|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231142334/https://www.cbc.ca/kidsnews/post/tensions-are-high-between-canada-and-india-heres-why/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Landale |first=James |author-link=James Landale |date=19 September 2023 |title=Hardeep Singh Nijjar: Why Western nations fear India-Canada row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66856568 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617094115/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66856568 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both the countries expelled diplomatic staff, claiming interference in the other's internal affairs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Rana |first=Uday |date=19 September 2023 |title=Canada has expelled a 'top' Indian diplomat. Who is Pavan Kumar Rai? |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9971043/canada-has-expelled-a-top-indian-diplomat-who-is-pavan-kumar-rai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119004924/https://globalnews.ca/news/9971043/canada-has-expelled-a-top-indian-diplomat-who-is-pavan-kumar-rai/ |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=Global News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Pathi |first=Krutika |last2=Gillies |first2=Rob |date=19 September 2023 |title=India expels Canadian diplomat, escalating tensions after Trudeau accuses India in Sikh's killing |url=https://apnews.com/article/canada-india-sikh-diplomat-trudeau-modi-3c5572d9027769ea6adbd047ec6f462a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919215637/https://apnews.com/article/canada-india-sikh-diplomat-trudeau-modi-3c5572d9027769ea6adbd047ec6f462a |archive-date=19 September 2023 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=In tit-for-tat move, India asks Canada diplomat to leave country in 5 days|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/19/india-expels-canada-diplomat-after-india-envoy-expelled-in-sikh-killing-row|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=19 September 2023|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-date=22 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922014252/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/19/india-expels-canada-diplomat-after-india-envoy-expelled-in-sikh-killing-row|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, both countries expelled members of each other's diplomatic staff and advised their citizens against traveling to the other; Canada closed three consulates in India. In October 2024, Canada expelled Sanjay Kumar Verma, the [[Indian High Commissioner]] to Canada, along with five other diplomats. India retaliated with six expulsions of its own.<br /> <br /> Leaders of various nations released statements expressing concern on the stand-off.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title='Deeply Concerned': US, UK &amp; Australia React After Canada Accuses India Of Killing Khalistani Leader Nijjar|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/deeply-concerned-us-uk-australia-react-after-canada-accuses-india-of-killing-khalistani-leader-nijjar|work=Free Press Journal|date=19 September 2023|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-date=14 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614102121/https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/deeply-concerned-us-uk-australia-react-after-canada-accuses-india-of-killing-khalistani-leader-nijjar|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=21 October 2023 |title=After U.K., U.S. expresses concern over departure of Canadian diplomats from India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uk-us-express-concern-over-canadian-diplomats-departure-from-india/article67447385.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304083608/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uk-us-express-concern-over-canadian-diplomats-departure-from-india/article67447385.ece |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=15 October 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Kanishka|last2=Pitas|first2=Costas|title=US and UK back Canada in dispute with India over diplomats|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-backs-canada-dispute-with-india-over-diplomats-2023-10-20/|work=[[Reuters]]|date=21 October 2023|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107020309/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-backs-canada-dispute-with-india-over-diplomats-2023-10-20/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Haidar|first1=Suhasini|title=After U.S., U.K., Australia, Five eyes member New Zealand too criticises India on order expelling Canadian diplomats|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/after-us-uk-australia-five-eyes-member-new-zealand-too-criticises-india-on-order-expelling-canadian-diplomats/article67459393.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 October 2023|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323131414/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/after-us-uk-australia-five-eyes-member-new-zealand-too-criticises-india-on-order-expelling-canadian-diplomats/article67459393.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, under Prime Minister [[Mark Carney]], relations have cooled and the two countries have restored diplomatic relations since 2025.<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> {{further|Khalistan movement|2023 Sikh protests|Hardeep Singh Nijjar}}<br /> <br /> Canada has the largest [[Sikh diaspora|Sikh population outside India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;19 Sep NYT&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |last3=Raj |first3=Suhasini |title=Canada's Startling Claim Punctuates Tension With India Over Separatists |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/19/world/asia/trudeau-canada-india-separatists.html |work=The New York Times |date=19 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sikh]]s who number 770,000, account for nearly 2 percent of Canada's population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pietsch |first1=Bryan |title=How Canada got caught up in the Sikh struggle in India |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/20/canada-india-tensions-sikh-population/ |newspaper=Washington Post |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Sikhs living in Canada are prominent members of the [[Khalistan movement]], which advocates for a separation from India to create an independent Sikh homeland. <br /> <br /> India has since increasingly accused Canada of giving free rein to Khalistani activists in Canada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2023, Canada's [[High commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commissioner]] was summoned by India to convey strong concern over [[2023 Sikh protests|Sikh protesters]] in Canada and the security breach of India's diplomatic mission and consulates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=26 March 2023|title=India summons Canada High Commissioner, concerned over anti india protesters|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-summons-canada-high-commissioner-concerned-over-sikh-protesters-2023-03-26/|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123101720/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-summons-canada-high-commissioner-concerned-over-sikh-protesters-2023-03-26/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In June 2023, [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]] was assassinated in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nijjar's killing to Trudeau's allegations: A timeline of how the India-Canada diplomatic row escalated|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nijjars-killing-to-trudeaus-allegations-a-timeline-of-how-the-india-canada-diplomatic-row-escalated/3250567/|newspaper=[[Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=21 September 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=23 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023205216/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nijjars-killing-to-trudeaus-allegations-a-timeline-of-how-the-india-canada-diplomatic-row-escalated/3250567/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=India-Canada row: Diplomatic standoff continues over Nijjar killing|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indiacanada-row-diplomatic-standoff-continues-experts-say-relationship-in-deep-crisis-10-points-11699255375049.html|work=[[Livemint]]|date=6 November 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323131416/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indiacanada-row-diplomatic-standoff-continues-experts-say-relationship-in-deep-crisis-10-points/amp-11699255375049.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2023, on the sidelines of the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|G20 summit]] in [[New Delhi]], the Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] conveyed concerns about the protests in Canada to Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=11 September 2023 |title=Modi scolds Trudeau over Sikh protests in Canada against India |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/aircraft-glitch-delays-canada-pm-trudeaus-departure-india-2023-09-10/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207200819/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/aircraft-glitch-delays-canada-pm-trudeaus-departure-india-2023-09-10/ |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Tasker|first1=John Paul|title=Trudeau accuses India's government of involvement in killing of Canadian Sikh leader|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-indian-government-nijjar-1.6970498|work=CBC News|access-date=1 October 2024|date=19 September 2023|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919041846/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-indian-government-nijjar-1.6970498|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, Canada paused talks on a [[Canada–India Free Trade Agreement|proposed trade treaty]] with India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trade&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=1 September 2023 |title=In surprise move, Canada pauses talks on trade treaty with India |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/canada-says-it-has-paused-talks-trade-treaty-with-india-2023-09-01/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230901204412/https://www.reuters.com/world/canada-says-it-has-paused-talks-trade-treaty-with-india-2023-09-01/ |archive-date=1 September 2023 |work=Reuters |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2023, Canada announced it had postponed an October trade mission to India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Canada hits pause on trade mission to India after tensions at G20 summit |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/15/canada-hits-pause-on-trade-mission-to-india-after-tensions-at-g20-summit |work=Al Jazeera |date=15 September 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 18 September 2023, Prime Minister Trudeau addressing the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] said that &quot;Over the past number of weeks, Canadian security agencies have been actively pursuing credible allegations of a potential link between agents of the [[government of India]] and the killing of a Canadian citizen, [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;FP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ling |first1=Justin |date=19 September 2023 |title=Trudeau Says India Likely Behind Murder of Canadian Sikh Leader |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/09/19/canada-india-trudeau-modi-hardeep-singh-nijjar-assassination-sikh-leader/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230919230650/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/09/19/canada-india-trudeau-modi-hardeep-singh-nijjar-assassination-sikh-leader/ |archive-date=19 September 2023 |work=Foreign Policy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trudeau stated that he had presented the accusations directly to Prime Minister Modi &quot;in no uncertain terms&quot; during the [[G20]] summit in New Delhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FP&quot;/&gt; Trudeau further added that &quot;Any involvement of a foreign government in the killing of a Canadian citizen on Canadian soil is an unacceptable violation of our sovereignty&quot; while urging the Indian government to cooperate in the ongoing investigation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Ministry of External Affairs]] rejected Trudeau's allegations in a statement saying that claims of India's &quot;involvement in any act of violence in Canada are absurd and motivated&quot;. It added that similar accusations made earlier by Trudeau to Prime Minister Modi had been &quot;completely rejected&quot;. The statement further said that &quot;Such unsubstantiated allegations seek to shift the focus from Khalistani terrorists and extremists, who have been provided shelter in Canada and continue to threaten India's sovereignty and territorial integrity&quot;. India urged Canada &quot;to take prompt and effective legal action against all anti-India elements operating from their soil&quot;. It said that Canada's inaction has been &quot;a long-standing and continuing concern&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rajesh |first1=Y. P. |last2=Dayal |first2=Sakshi |date=19 September 2023 |title=India rejects Canada's suspicions on role in Sikh leader's murder |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-dismisses-absurd-canadas-accusation-sikh-leaders-murder-2023-09-19/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241206133009/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-dismisses-absurd-canadas-accusation-sikh-leaders-murder-2023-09-19/ |archive-date=6 December 2024 |work=Reuters |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Coletta |first1=Amanda |last2=Shih |first2=Gerry |last3=Mehrotra |first3=Karishma |date=20 September 2023 |title=India expels Canadian diplomat as dispute over alleged assassination escalates |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/19/india-expels-canada-diplomat-sikh-assassination/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230922121651/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/19/india-expels-canada-diplomat-sikh-assassination/ |archive-date=22 September 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The tensions between the countries were fueled by disagreements over the separatist [[Khalistan movement]] and its active supporters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Duggal |first=Hanna |last2=Chughtai |first2=Alia |date=27 September 2023 |title=What is the Khalistan movement? How is it linked to India-Canada tensions? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/27/what-is-the-khalistan-movement-how-is-it-linked-to-india-canada-tensions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601034936/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/27/what-is-the-khalistan-movement-how-is-it-linked-to-india-canada-tensions |archive-date=1 June 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Indian government claimed that Canada has not provided any evidence linking the Indian government to Nijjar's death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Why Canada is getting muted support from allies on allegation against India|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/21/why-canada-lacks-allies-support-on-claim-india-killed-hardeep-singh-nijjar|access-date=22 September 2023|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921230438/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/21/why-canada-lacks-allies-support-on-claim-india-killed-hardeep-singh-nijjar|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canada contended that it was provided intelligence on the same by US intelligence agencies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Barnes|first1=Julian E.|last2=Austen|first2=Ian|date=23 September 2023|title=U.S. Provided Canada With Intelligence on Killing of Sikh Leader|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/23/us/politics/canada-sikh-leader-killing-intelligence.html|issn=0362-4331|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-date=6 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906174911/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/23/us/politics/canada-sikh-leader-killing-intelligence.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==Diplomatic row==<br /> On 18 September 2023, Canadian [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Melanie Joly]] announced that Canada had expelled Pavan Kumar Rai — a &quot;senior Indian diplomat&quot;. According to Joly, Rai was the [[Station chief]] of the Canada station of India's foreign intelligence agency — [[Research and Analysis Wing]]. The High Commission of India in Ottawa lists Rai as the minister responsible for &quot;eco, coordination, community affairs&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In her statement, Joly said that Canada &quot;will not tolerate any form of foreign interference&quot;. She added that such action &quot;is not only troubling but it is completely unacceptable&quot;. She further said that India's involvement if proven true would be &quot;a great violation of our sovereignty and of the most basic rule of how countries deal with each other&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 19 September 2023, India expelled a top diplomat of Canada with five days' notice to leave the country amid &quot;growing concern at the interference of Canadian diplomats&quot; in India's &quot;internal matters and their involvement in anti-India activities&quot;, according to a statement from Indian [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The expelled diplomat was later identified as the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service|CSIS]]'s [[Station chief]] in India - Olivier Sylvestere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Expelled diplomat headed Canadian intelligence in India: Sources |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/expelled-diplomat-headed-canadian-intelligence-in-india-sources-101695134292063-amp.html |work=Hindustan Times|date=19 September 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 20 September 2023, India warned its citizens due to &quot;growing anti-India activities and politically condoned hate crimes and criminal violence&quot; to &quot;exercise utmost caution&quot; in Canada.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Clement |title=India urges 'utmost caution' in Canada travel advisory as bilateral crisis escalates |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/20/india-travel-advisory-canada.html |work=CNBC |date=20 September 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India warns travellers to Canada of 'politically-condoned' violence as diplomatic row worsens |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/india-canada-travel-warning-1.6972377 |work=CBC News |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dominic LeBlanc]], Canadian public safety minister, responded to the travel alert saying &quot;Canada is a safe country&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Canada rejects Indian travel advisory amid probe of Sikh leader killing |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/20/canada-rejects-indian-travel-advisory-amid-probe-of-sikh-leader-killing |work=Al Jazeera |date=20 September 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 21 September 2023, Indian external affairs ministry spokesperson [[Arindam Bagchi]] announced that India has suspended &quot;temporarily the issuance of visas or providing visa services&quot; for all Canadian nationals in all categories, including [[e-visa]]s and for Canadian citizens applying from third countries, due to &quot;security threats&quot; against its diplomats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |last2=Suri |first2=Manveena |date=21 September 2023 |title=India suspends visas for Canadian nationals as diplomatic spat deepens |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/21/india/india-canada-travel-advisory-assassination-row-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |date=21 September 2023 |title=India suspends 'all categories' of visas for Canada citizens amid diplomatic row |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-suspends-visa-canada-citizens-relations-b2415652.html |work=The Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 24 September 2023, Canada updated its [[travel advisory]] for India, advising its citizens there to &quot;remain vigilant and exercise caution&quot; due to &quot;calls for protests and some negative sentiment towards Canada on social media&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Alisha Rahaman |date=26 September 2023 |title=Canada warns its citizens to 'remain vigilant' in India travel advisory |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/canada-india-travel-advisory-nijjar-b2418527.html |work=The Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It urges travellers to &quot;exercise a high degree of caution in India due to the threat of terrorist attacks throughout the country&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=DeLaire |first=Megan |date=25 September 2023 |title=Canada travel advisory to India updated to include protests, 'negative sentiments' |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/canada-travel-advisory-to-india-updated-to-include-protests-negative-sentiments/ |work=CTVNews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In early October, India asked Canada to withdraw 41 of its 62 diplomats from the country and threatened to revoke the [[diplomatic immunity]] of diplomats who would remain after a certain date.&lt;ref name=&quot;FT&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sevastopulo |first1=Demetri |date=3 October 2023 |title=India tells Canada to withdraw dozens of diplomatic staff |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9663a97e-9ee3-4b70-a804-38ccbe432203 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231003171638/https://www.ft.com/content/9663a97e-9ee3-4b70-a804-38ccbe432203 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |work=Financial Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Gillies |first=Rob |date=3 October 2023 |title=India tells Canada to remove 41 of its 62 diplomats in the country, an official says |url=https://apnews.com/article/canada-india-diplomats-090f136eebed1dd50c9a199e40360826 |work=AP News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 18 October 2023, 41 Canadian diplomats along with 42 of their family members left India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Coletta |first1=Amanda |date=20 October 2023 |title=Canada withdraws diplomats after India threatens to revoke immunity |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/19/canada-india-diplomats-nijjar/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231020132334/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/19/canada-india-diplomats-nijjar/ |archive-date=20 October 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mélanie Joly]], the Canadian foreign minister, said that Canada will temporarily close three consulates in India and concentrate services at its high commission in [[Delhi]], with 21 diplomats remaining in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Austen |first1=Ian |title=Canada Pulls 41 Diplomats as India Threatens to Revoke Their Immunity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/19/world/canada/canada-india-diplomats-withdraw.html |work=The New York Times |date=19 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canada's immigration minister, [[Marc Miller (politician)|Marc Miller]] said that the situation would cause delays in the immigration applications and processing of visas for people in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 20 October 2023, India's Ministry of External Affairs issued a statement stating that &quot;Their continued interference in our internal affairs warrant a parity in mutual diplomatic presence in New Delhi and Ottawa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India rejects Canada's accusation that it violated international norms in their diplomatic spat |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-canada-sikh-separatist-diplomatic-spat-72a00d3fbb315f2d424a48cfb422d6dd |work=AP News |date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2023, at the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] in [[Geneva]], India availed the [[Universal Periodic Review]] of the human rights records of Canada to request Canada to “prevent misuse of freedom of expression for inciting violence and disallow activities of groups which are promoting extremism”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bhaumik |first1=Anirban |title=India calls upon Canada to stop attacks on places of worships of minorities, stop 'misuse of freedom of expression' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-calls-upon-canada-to-stop-attacks-on-places-of-worships-of-minorities-stop-misuse-of-freedom-of-expression-2768843 |work=Deccan Herald |date=13 November 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2024, the Canadian deputy high commissioner was summoned by India after separatist slogans supporting a Sikh homeland were allegedly raised at a [[Vaisakhi]] event addressed by Prime Minister Trudeau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India protests alleged Sikh separatist slogans at event attended by Trudeau |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/30/india-protests-alleged-sikh-separatist-slogans-at-event-attended-by-trudeau |work=Al Jazeera |date=30 April 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Concerns were voiced within Canada with members such as the Premier of British Columbia [[David Eby]] voicing out suspicion that the federal government is holding back information.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=B.C. Premier calls for federal transparency regarding Indian foreign interference|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9980237/eby-federal-indian-foreign-interference/#:~:text=British%20Columbia%20Premier%20David%20Eby,to%20India%20from%20foreign%20interference|work=Global News|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924014822/https://globalnews.ca/news/9980237/eby-federal-indian-foreign-interference/#:~:text=British%20Columbia%20Premier%20David%20Eby,to%20India%20from%20foreign%20interference|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Seth |first=Harshit |date=24 September 2023 |title=British Columbia Premier Calls Out Canada PM Trudeau For 'Holding Back' Info On Nijjar |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/british-columbia-premier-david-eby-calls-out-canada-pm-justin-trudeau-for-holding-back-info-on-hardeep-singh-nijjar-article-103898309 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924134118/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/british-columbia-premier-david-eby-calls-out-canada-pm-justin-trudeau-for-holding-back-info-on-hardeep-singh-nijjar-article-103898309 |archive-date=24 September 2023 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=India-Canada tension: Info I got on Nijjar killing available on internet, frustrating, claims Canada leader|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/world/story/india-canada-tension-info-i-got-on-nijjar-killing-available-on-internet-frustrating-claims-canada-leader-399447-2023-09-23|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|date=23 September 2023|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924134138/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/world/story/india-canada-tension-info-i-got-on-nijjar-killing-available-on-internet-frustrating-claims-canada-leader-399447-2023-09-23|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Balraj Singh, son of Hardeep Nijjar, said his father had been meeting with Canadian Security Intelligence Service officers before the murder and according to a report by ''[[The Economic Times]]'', Nijjar was suspected to be an asset for Canadian security services.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=India-Canada row: Hardeep Singh Nijjar met Canadian intelligence officers every week before death, says son|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/india-canada-row-hardeep-singh-nijjar-met-canadian-intelligence-officers-every-week-before-death-says-son/articleshow/104025615.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=28 September 2023|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-date=17 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617212641/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/india-canada-row-hardeep-singh-nijjar-met-canadian-intelligence-officers-every-week-before-death-says-son/articleshow/104025615.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=29 September 2023 |editor-last=Biswas |editor-first=Sayantani |title=Khalistani extremist Nijjar was an 'asset of Canada's Intelligence Services'? |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/india-canada-row-khalistani-extremist-hardeep-singh-nijjar-was-an-asset-of-canada-s-intelligence-services-11695978172987.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206174933/https://www.livemint.com/news/world/india-canada-row-khalistani-extremist-hardeep-singh-nijjar-was-an-asset-of-canada-s-intelligence-services-11695978172987.html |archive-date=6 December 2023 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[Livemint]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2024, RRM Canada examined a number of Indian media outlets and named organisations such as [[Asian News International]] (ANI), [[WION]], [[Aaj Tak]], and journalists like Smita Prakash, Palki Sharma, and Anand Ranganathan and noted their potential influence on Canadian public opinion in order to promote narratives related to [[Justin Trudeau]], [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]], and Canada–India relations. The report added the emergence of these activities since the Canadian government has accused Indian involvement in the [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar#Criminal investigation in Canada|murder of Nijjar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;i245&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Mago | first=Shivani | title=Month-old Canadian report flagged posts, news from 'Modi-aligned media' as 'foreign interference' | website=ThePrint | date=2024-10-18 | url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/month-old-canadian-report-flagged-posts-news-from-modi-aligned-media-as-foreign-interference/2317844/ | access-date=2024-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;j202&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Seli | first=Yeshi | title=Canada's RRM report claims Indian media shaped negative narratives about Trudeau | website=The New Indian Express | date=2024-10-20 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2024/Oct/20/canadas-rrm-report-claims-indian-media-shaped-negative-narratives-about-trudeau | access-date=2024-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Speaking at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], India's [[Minister of External Affairs]] [[S. Jaishankar]] raised concern over the incidents of threats to Indian diplomats and attacks on Indian consulates, stating that these are very permissive because of political reasons. He assured that the Indian side will take action if the Canadian side provides specific information in connection with Nijjar's killing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=&quot;Organised Crime, Extremism...&quot;: S Jaishankar's Sharp Attack On Canada|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/s-jaishankar-hits-back-at-canada-over-allegation-against-india-4427099|work=[[NDTV]]|date=27 September 2023|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106000758/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/s-jaishankar-hits-back-at-canada-over-allegation-against-india-4427099|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Lakshman|first1=Sriram|title=Told Canada it is not government policy: Jaishankar on Nijjar killing|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/told-canada-it-is-not-government-policy-jaishankar-on-nijjar-killing/article67350744.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 September 2023|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615080427/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/told-canada-it-is-not-government-policy-jaishankar-on-nijjar-killing/article67350744.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; There were further statements by leaders of the Khalistan movement threatening Indo-Canadian Hindus to leave Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Khalistani leader Pannun threatens Indo-Canadian Hindus, asks them to leave|date=20 September 2023|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/world/khalistani-leader-pannun-threatens-indo-canadian-hindus-asks-them-to-leave-1503223821.html|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-date=21 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621094310/https://www.thestatesman.com/world/khalistani-leader-pannun-threatens-indo-canadian-hindus-asks-them-to-leave-1503223821.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Bhaumik|first=Anirban|title=Khalistanis threaten Indo-Canadian Hindus, plan huge protest to shut down India's missions in Canada|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=20 September 2023|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/khalistanis-threaten-indo-canadian-hindus-plan-huge-protest-to-shut-down-indias-missions-in-canada-2694543|access-date=15 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Indian government also instructed its investigative agencies to identify all Khalistan supporters in Canada, and canceled their [[Overseas Citizenship of India]] card to prevent them from entering India, in addition to confiscating their assets in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Bhavatosh |date=24 September 2023 |title=In India's Big Crackdown On Khalistan Radicals, Sympathisers To Lose OCI Cards |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/indias-big-move-against-khalistan-radicals-abroad-includes-suspension-of-oci-cards-article-103905626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924134422/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/indias-big-move-against-khalistan-radicals-abroad-includes-suspension-of-oci-cards-article-103905626 |archive-date=24 September 2023 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[Times Now]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Pandey|first1=Devesh K.|title=NIA confiscates properties of SFJ's Gurpatwant Singh Pannun|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nia-confiscates-properties-of-sfjs-gurpatwant-singh-pannun/article67337643.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 September 2023|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923192538/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nia-confiscates-properties-of-sfjs-gurpatwant-singh-pannun/article67337643.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Ghazali |first=Mohammed |last2=Sharma |first2=Neeta |date=24 September 2023 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=Akhil |title=Big Crackdown On Khalistani Terrorist Who Threatened Hindus In Canada |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/canada-based-khalistani-terrorist-gurpatwant-singh-pannus-punjab-property-seized-by-anti-terror-agency-nia-4416527 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923192022/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/canada-based-khalistani-terrorist-gurpatwant-singh-pannus-punjab-property-seized-by-anti-terror-agency-nia-4416527 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NIA seizes assets of Khalistani extremist Gurpatwant Singh Pannun in Punjab|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-seizes-chandigarh-property-of-khalistani-extremist-gurpatwant-singh-pannun-101695455689590.html|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=23 September 2023|access-date=15 October 2024|archive-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924074005/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-seizes-chandigarh-property-of-khalistani-extremist-gurpatwant-singh-pannun-101695455689590.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On October 29 2024 [[David Morrison]], Canada's Minister of Deputy Foreign Affairs, shared with Parliament members that he had provided Indian home minister [[Amit Shah| Amit Shah's]] name to the Washington Post, which first reported the allegations of the Indian government's involvement in 2023. Morrison did not explain how Canada knew about Shah's alleged involvement. In response, India issued a formal protest calling the claims of Shah's involvement 'absurd and baseless', with a spokesperson from the Indian Foreign Ministry further stating &quot;such irresponsible actions will have serious consequences for bilateral ties”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29 |title=Canada alleges Indian Home Minister Amit Shah ordered campaign targeting Sikh separatists |url=https://apnews.com/article/canada-india-amit-shah-sikh-c86c66930302357e3159688bede3e4e6 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=AP News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-02 |title=India protests Ottawa's allegation its home minister ordered targeting of Sikh activists in Canada |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-canada-killing-amit-shah-sikh-row-84f1a126fb92e6bbc40dbfdbc1f5fd98 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=AP News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On November 22, 2024, Nathalie G. Drouin from the [[Privy Council Office (Canada)|Privy Council Office]] stated that the Canadian Government is “not aware of evidence, linking Prime Minister Modi, Minister Jaishankar, or NSA Doval to the serious criminal activity within Canada&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-21 |title=Statement from the Deputy Clerk of the Privy Council and National Security and Intelligence Advisor to the Prime Minister, Nathalie G. Drouin |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/privy-council/news/2024/11/statement-from-the-deputy-clerk-of-the-privy-council-and-national-security-and-intelligence-ad-visor-to-the-prime-minister-nathalie-g-drouin.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=www.canada.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> {{POV section|talk=NPOV|date=October 2024}}<br /> In June 2024, Modi and Trudeau met briefly at the [[50th G7 summit]] in Italy, signaling a resumption of dialogue and a reduction in diplomatic tensions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Platt |first=Brian |last2=Wingrove |first2=Josh |date=2024-06-14 |title=Modi Seizes Center Stage at G-7 to Ambush Biden, Trudeau |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-06-14/murder-plot-furor-fades-as-modi-emerges-from-spurned-status |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240616013216/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-06-14/murder-plot-furor-fades-as-modi-emerges-from-spurned-status |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=Bloomberg |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=15 June 2024 |title=Committed to working together on key issues: Trudeau after meeting with PM Modi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pm-modi-justin-trudeau-meeting-g7-summit-committed-working-together-khalistan-nijjar-dimplomatic-row-2553789-2024-06-16 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616015752/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pm-modi-justin-trudeau-meeting-g7-summit-committed-working-together-khalistan-nijjar-dimplomatic-row-2553789-2024-06-16 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; International relations experts have called for Canada and India to find a way forward in their relations due to their engagement in a broad range of geopolitical issues and India's importance for the United States and Canada in their [[Indo-Pacific]] strategy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Sands |first=Christopher |last2=Goldfarb |first2=Danielle |last3=Sanders |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Deanna |last5=Norton |first5=Roy |last6=Delgado |first6=Xavier |date=27 September 2023 |title=Canada Institute Experts React to the India-Canada Dispute |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/canada-institute-experts-react-india-canada-dispute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103103259/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/canada-institute-experts-react-india-canada-dispute |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 12 October 2024, Canadian officials informed [[Ajit Doval]], India's [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]], that the Indian High Commissioner Sanjay Kumar Verma, and five other diplomats were [[Person of interest|persons of interest]] in the Nijjar murder and asked for their diplomatic and consular immunity to be removed so as to cooperate in the investigation.&lt;ref name=&quot;WaPo24-10-15&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Greg |last2=Shih |first2=Gerry |date=14 October 2024 |title=Canada alleges much wider campaign by Modi government against Sikhs |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/14/canada-modi-sikhs-violence-india/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241017053315/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/14/canada-modi-sikhs-violence-india/ |archive-date=17 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TorStar24-20-14&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/canada-and-india-each-expel-six-diplomats-amid-murder-investigation-of-sikh-activist-in-b/article_d17db700-8a4b-11ef-bc06-3b4aeb86095c.html|date=14 October 2024|title=Canada and India each expel six diplomats amid murder investigation of Sikh activist in B.C.|work=[[Toronto Star]]|access-date=15 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canadian minister of Foreign Affairs [[Mélanie Joly]] said that India did not agree to this, and the diplomats were served with notices of expulsion.&lt;ref name=&quot;TorStar24-20-14&quot; /&gt; India released a conflicting statement saying that it had instead already withdrawn the diplomats out of safety concerns,&lt;ref name=&quot;WaPo24-10-15&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-10-17 |title=26 extradition requests pending with Canada: India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-canada-row-india-says-26-extradition-requests-pending-with-canada/article68765573.ece |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; but later announced a tit-for-tat expulsion of six Canadian diplomats.&lt;ref name=&quot;TorStar24-20-14&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WaPo24-10-15&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Canadian officials said they had evidence of the involvement of the Indian government in various home invasions, drive-by shootings, arson and two homicides, those of Nijjar and of Sukhdool Singh, shot in [[Winnipeg]] on 20 September 2023. They said that Indian diplomats intimidated and coerced Canadians, who were seeking immigration documents and/or had family ties in India, to gather intelligence for the Indian Intelligence agency [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] and to surveil targets, who were then attacked by a gang led by [[Lawrence Bishnoi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/news/2024/rcmp-statement-violent-criminal-activity-occurring-canada-connections-agents-the|title=RCMP statement on violent criminal activity occurring in Canada with connections to agents of the Government of India|date=14 October 2024|work=[[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]|access-date=15 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Walsh |first=Marieke |last2=Fife |first2=Robert |date=14 October 2024 |title=Indian government officials allegedly linked to homicides, extortions and coercion in Canada, pose threat to public safety, says RCMP |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-india-diplomats-expelled-rcmp/ |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] said they had arrested several people in connection with the case, some of whom they alleged to have had links to the Government of India. They also said to have alerted twelve Canadian residents of Indian descent based on credible evidence that they could be targeted by Indian agents and encouraged people with information to come forward to help with the investigation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Tunney |first=Catharine |last2=Rafique |first2=Racy |date=14 October 2024 |title=Canada expels 6 Indian diplomats, RCMP alleges 'serious criminal activity' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-expels-6-indian-diplomats-rcmp-alleges-serious-criminal-activity-1.7351837 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Tunney|first=Catharine|date=15 October 2024|title=Top Mountie urges Sikh community to come forward as RCMP pushes ahead on India probe|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/india-violence-alelgations-rcmp-1.7352396 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=15 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After Verma's expulsion, he alleged there being a significant presence and infiltration of pro-Khalistan elements in Canada's law and order institutions, defense forces, and the Canadian Parliament.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Sahil |date=October 24, 2024 |title=Pro-Khalistan elements in Canadian defence, Parliament: Recalled Indian envoy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-canada-row-envoy-sanjay-kumar-verma-on-khalistani-terrorist-hardeep-singh-nijjar-murder-2622628-2024-10-24 |work=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2025 ===<br /> In June 2025, [[David Eby]], the [[Premier of British Columbia]], asked Prime Minister [[Mark Carney]] to list the Lawrence Bishnoi gang as a [[designated terrorist group]]. Later that year, an RCMP report on the Lawrence Bishnoi gang assessed that it had been &quot;acting on behalf of the Indian government&quot; and that its criminal enterprise in Canada was growing. In September 2025, the government listed the gang as a terrorist entity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bell |first=Stewart |date=13 January 2026 |title=RCMP report says Bishnoi gang ‘acting on behalf of’ Indian government |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/11609940/rcmp-report-bishnoi-gang-acting-on-behalf-of-indian-government/ |access-date=14 January 2026 |newspaper=[[Global News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2026===<br /> While on a trade mission to India in January 2026, Eby stated the report was not an intelligence report but a &quot;summary of publicly available reports from more than a year ago.&quot; Eby also underscored that while the investigation is ongoing, closer ties with India regarding trade and resources are also critical in response to the [[Tariffs in the second Trump administration|tariffs imposed by President Donald Trump]]. His response drew strong reactions from the Sikh community in Canada who said they were &quot;misleading and dangerous&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Manoj |date=January 12, 2026 |title=British Columbia seeks closer ties on trade and resources with India |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/canadas-british-columbia-seeks-closer-ties-trade-resources-with-india-2026-01-12/ |access-date=January 19, 2026 |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=B.C. premier downplays RCMP report linking Indian government to Bishnoi gang {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/11615310/bc-premier-downplays-rcmp-report-india-bishnoi-gang/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Canadian Prime Minister [[Mark Carney]] made a state visit to India in early 2026, where he met with Indian officials, including Prime Minister Modi; the two nations signed multiple MOUs worth billions of dollars, relating to energy, minerals, pharmaceuticals, academics, and more. Carney's openness towards restoring ties with India has received criticism from some Sikh rights organizations within Canada, in the wake of allegations of foreign interference. In addition, in February 2026, a senior Canadian official told the ''[[Toronto Star]]'' that India was no longer linked to violent crime in Canada, a claim disputed by others.&lt;ref&gt; {{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/carney-modi-canada-india-deal-9.7110805|title= Carney signs deals worth billions in diplomatic breakthrough with India's Modi|date=2 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; This claim was later affirmed by RCMP commissioner [[Michael Duheme]] in March.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/rcmp-says-no-current-clandestine-activities-in-canada-linked-to-government-of-india/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reactions==<br /> A spokesperson for [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)|Australia's Foreign Minister]], [[Penny Wong]], stated that “Australia is deeply concerned by these allegations and notes ongoing investigations into this matter. Australia believes all countries should respect sovereignty and the rule of law”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; In 2024, the Australian Foreign Minister stated she raised allegations with her Indian counterpart, [[S. Jaishankar]] during his visit to Australia in November.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McGuirk |first=Rod |date=2024-11-05 |title=Australian foreign minister raises allegations of India targeting Sikhs in Canada |url=https://apnews.com/article/australia-india-canada-sikh-foreign-minister-4aa2d7dfdc83212fcb77c3f38fe5f1bb |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=AP News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A spokesperson for the United Kingdom's [[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]] said that they &quot;do not agree with the decisions taken by the Indian government that have resulted in a number of Canadian diplomats departing India&quot;. The statement added that they &quot;continue to encourage India to engage with Canada on its independent investigation into the death of [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[United States Department of State]] spokesperson [[Matthew Miller (spokesperson)|Matthew Miller]] said that they &quot;urged the Indian government not to insist upon a reduction in Canada's diplomatic presence and to cooperate in the ongoing Canadian investigation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kanishka |last2=Pitas |first2=Costas |date=21 October 2023 |title=US and UK back Canada in dispute with India over diplomats |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-backs-canada-dispute-with-india-over-diplomats-2023-10-20/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231020221143/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-backs-canada-dispute-with-india-over-diplomats-2023-10-20/ |archive-date=20 October 2023 |work=Reuters |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)|New Zealand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] expressed concern in a statement saying “Now seems the time for more diplomacy, not less,” adding that it expects &quot;all states to uphold their obligations under the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, including in relation to the privileges and immunities of accredited staff”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasini |date=26 October 2023 |title=After U.S., U.K., Australia, Five eyes member New Zealand too criticises India on order expelling Canadian diplomats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/after-us-uk-australia-five-eyes-member-new-zealand-too-criticises-india-on-order-expelling-canadian-diplomats/article67459393.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231026174241/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/after-us-uk-australia-five-eyes-member-new-zealand-too-criticises-india-on-order-expelling-canadian-diplomats/article67459393.ece |archive-date=26 October 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Gaurav |date=27 October 2023 |title=New Zealand joins Five Eyes partners in criticising India over threat to revoke diplomatic privileges |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/indonz/501108/new-zealand-joins-five-eyes-partners-in-criticising-india-over-threat-to-revoke-diplomatic-privileges |work=RNZ |language=en-nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[Michael Kugelman]], director of the South Asia Institute at the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|Wilson Center]] think-tank, &quot;this may be the lowest level to which this relationship has sunk. It won't be easy to return to the old normal anytime soon&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajvanshi |first=Astha |date=2023-09-19 |title=How Canada-India Relations Crumbled |url=https://time.com/6315731/canada-india-relationship-trudeau-modi/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=TIME |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Canada|India|Politics}}<br /> * [[2024 India–Maldives diplomatic row]]<br /> * [[Assassination of Kim Jong-nam]]<br /> * [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{cite web |title=PM Trudeau {{!}} 'Credible allegations' that India was involved in killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=SEhJR3S58zc |publisher=CTV News |language=en |date=18 September 2023}}<br /> <br /> {{Foreign relations of Canada}}<br /> {{Foreign relations of India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Canada-India diplomatic row}}<br /> [[Category:2023 controversies]]<br /> [[Category:2023 in Canada]]<br /> [[Category:2024 in Canada]]<br /> [[Category:2025 in Canada]]<br /> [[Category:2025 in India]]<br /> [[Category:2023 in India]]<br /> [[Category:2024 in India]]<br /> [[Category:2023 in international relations]]<br /> [[Category:Diplomatic crises of the 2020s]]<br /> [[Category:Canada–India relations|Diplomatic row]]<br /> [[Category:Khalistan movement]]<br /> [[Category:Sikhism in Canada]]<br /> [[category:High commissioners of India to Canada| ]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four_Seasons_Private_Residences_Mumbai&diff=499303 2026-03-22T04:50:35Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: added stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Residential tower building in Mumbai, India}}<br /> {{distinguish|Four Seasons Hotel Mumbai}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> |logo = <br /> |name = Four Seasons Private Residences<br /> |image = Four Seasons Hotel Mumbai.jpg<br /> |location = [[Worli]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|18.99426|N|72.82028|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> |address = 1H/136, Dr Elijah Moses Rd, Gandhi Nagar, Upper Worli, Worli, Mumbai<br /> |status = Complete<br /> |architectural_style = <br /> |topped_out = <br /> |building_type = [[Luxury apartment|Luxury]] [[Residential]] [[Skyscraper]]<br /> |floor_count = 55<br /> |construction_start_date = 2014<br /> |topped_out_date = <br /> |completion_date = 2021<br /> |references = <br /> |roof = {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on}}&lt;ref&gt;{{ctbuh|18836|Four Seasons Private Residences|23 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |top_floor = <br /> |antenna_spire = <br /> |material = [[Glass]] / [[Concrete| Reinforced Concrete]]<br /> |floor_area = <br /> |elevator_count = <br /> |owner = [[Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts]]<br /> |developer = Provenance Land Pvt. Ltd.<br /> |cost = <br /> |architect = [[Gensler]]<br /> |structural_engineer = Magnusson Klemencic Associates (Structure)&lt;br&gt;J. Roger Preston Limited (MEP)<br /> |main_contractor = <br /> |website = {{URL|https://www.fourseasons.com/residences/private_residences/mumbai/|Four Seasons Mumbai Residences}}<br /> }}<br /> The '''Four Seasons Private Residences''' is a [[Luxury apartment|Luxury]] [[Residential building|Residential]] [[skyscraper]] in the [[Worli]] district of [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. Built between 2014 and 2021, the tower stands at {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall with 55 floors and is the current [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|22nd tallest building in Mumbai]] as well as the [[List of tallest buildings in India|22nd tallest in India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1234641/four-seasons-residences-mumbai-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111182921/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1234641/four-seasons-residences-mumbai-india |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 November 2017 |title=Four Seasons Private Residences |website=Emporis}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> ===Architecture===<br /> The tower was designed by the American studio [[Gensler]] for its architecture and Canadian studio [[Yabu Pushelberg]] for its interior.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title = Four Seasons Completes New Residential Tower in Mumbai's Worli District | newspaper = Hotel News Resource | date = 31 July 2025 | access-date = 29 September 2025 |url = https://www.hotelnewsresource.com/article137485.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is located in the [[Worli]] district of [[Mumbai]]. It is part of the same building complex alongside [[Four Seasons Hotel Mumbai]] and the proposed Four Seasons Serviced Apartments building. The tower houses a total of 26 luxury apartment units under hotelier tenancy owned by the [[Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts]] franchise. The tower's architectural design has a slenderness ratio of 1:10 (floor to height ratio). This, according to ''RP Realty Plus'', is the only slender tower in Mumbai. Residents were also allowed to customize their bedroom facades.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rprealtyplus.com/realty-spotlight/four-seasons-private-residences-7651.html|title=Four Seasons Private Residences|work=rprealityplus.com|publisher=Reality Plus|date=14 October 2016|access-date=23 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Glenn Pushelberg of Yabu Pushelberg stated that the building concept focused on the interaction between the interior and exterior. For this project, his firm took a minimalist approach in the space, with &quot;bold statements&quot; coming from pops of color or specific finishes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/a-first-look-inside-the-yabu-pushelberg-designed-four-seasons-private-model-residence/|title=A first look inside the Yabu Pushelberg-designed Four Seasons private model residence|work=architecturaldigest.in|publisher=[[Architectural Digest]]|date=6 April 2016|access-date=23 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of tallest buildings in India]]<br /> * [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai]]<br /> * [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Indian subcontinent]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/four-seasons-private-residences/18836 Four Seasons Private Residences] at [[CTBUH]]<br /> * [https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=107748 Four Seasons Private Residences] at [[SkyscraperPage]]<br /> <br /> {{Four Seasons Hotels}}<br /> {{Skyscrapers in Mumbai}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Portal bar|India|Architecture|Hotels}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Four Seasons hotels and resorts]]<br /> [[Category:Residential skyscrapers in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2024]]<br /> [[Category:Residential buildings completed in 2024]]<br /> [[Category:Hotels in India]]<br /> [[Category:Hotels established in 2024]]<br /> [[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 2024]]<br /> [[Category:Skyscraper hotels in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:2024 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Pencil towers]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-hotel-stub}}</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thar_language&diff=540327 2026-03-21T05:48:56Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: added the page initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Bengali, Rakhine and Hindustani-based slang spoken by Bede people}}<br /> {{Distinguish|text=the [[Tharu languages]] of Nepal and India}}<br /> {{Infobox language<br /> | name = Thar<br /> | nativename = ঠার, ঠের, ঠেট<br /> | pronunciation = <br /> | states = [[Languages of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] and [[Languages of India|India]]<br /> | region = The rivers and coasts of [[East India]] and [[Bengal]]<br /> | ethnicity = [[Bede people|Bede]], [[Buno people|Buno]] and other river gypsies from [[Bengal]] and [[East India]]<br /> | speakers = 40,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://alpha.rtvonline.com/english/others/13874|date=5 Jul 2023|title=Preserving the Thar language of the Bede community|website=[[RTV Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | date = <br /> | ref = <br /> | speakers2 = <br /> | speakers_label = Speakers<br /> | familycolor = Mixed<br /> | family = [[Argot]]<br /> | dia1 = <br /> | script = Mostly oral; the [[Bengali-Assamese script]] is sometimes used<br /> | sign = <br /> | nation = <br /> | agency = <br /> | iso1 = <br /> | iso2 = <br /> | iso3 = none<br /> | lingua = <br /> | image = Thar language.png<br /> | imagescale = 0.8<br /> | imagecaption = The word &quot;Thar&quot; in the [[Bengali-Assamese script]]<br /> | map = <br /> | mapcaption = <br /> | notice = <br /> | glotto = <br /> | glottorefname = <br /> }}<br /> '''Thar''' (Thar: ঠার ''Ṭhar''), also known as '''Ther''' or '''Thet''' (Thar: ঠের ''Ṭher'' or ঠেট ''Ṭheṭ'') , is the traditional language of the [[Bede people]], a semi‑nomadic riverine community of [[Bangladesh]] and parts of [[India]]. The language is predominantly oral,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://dailyasianage.com/news/282274/habibur-rahmans-drive-to-preserve-thar-language|date=22 Feb 2022|title=Habibur Rahman's drive to preserve 'Thar' language|website=[[The Asian Age]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; lacking a standardized writing system and is spoken within Bede communities across various districts, upazilas and towns including [[Savar Upazila|Savar]], [[Kaliganj Upazila, Jhenaidah|Kaliganj]], [[Munshiganj District|Munshiganj]], [[Sunamganj District|Sunamganj]], [[Joydebpur|Joydevpur]], [[Mirsharai Upazila|Mirsarai]], [[Comilla District|Cumilla]] and [[Sonagazi Upazila|Sonagazi]]. Most speakers are bilingual in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/unpacking-the-language-the-bede-community-3097661|date=18 Aug 2022|title=Habibur Rahman's &quot;Thar&quot;: Unpacking the language of the Bede community|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The total number of Thar speakers is not well documented due to the community's mobility, internal dispersion and limited linguistic surveys, some say it is around 40,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://alpha.rtvonline.com/english/others/13874|date=5 Jul 2023|title=Preserving the Thar language of the Bede community|website=[[RTV Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some say it is an [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan]] language of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Thar |website=Multiling Bangladesh |url=https://multiling.cloud/language/thar |publisher=EBLICT Project |access-date=1 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Luish languages|Chak-Luish]] or [[Burmish languages|Burmish]] branch of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] family.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.chintasutra.com/article/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD/|title=বেদে জনগোষ্ঠীর ভাষা (&quot;Bede Jongoshthir Bhasha&quot; – The Language of the Bede Community)|website=[[ChintaSutra]]|date=29 Oct 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; But most of the time, it is considered an [[argot]] because it is a &quot;secret language&quot; used to prevent outsiders from understanding.<br /> {{Contains special characters|Indic}}<br /> <br /> ==Grammar==<br /> Thar exhibits distinct linguistic features, including [[syntax]], [[phonology]], [[Phonetic transcription|phonetic]] transformations, verb changes, [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], [[Grammatical tense|tenses]], moods, [[Grammatical gender|genders]], sentence structure, and [[vocabulary]]. The language contains thousands of basic words, as well as synonyms and antonyms, and shows patterns in how social, economic, cultural and environmental terms are expressed and transformed in its [[lexicon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Quadir |first=Serajul Islam |title=The story of a people through the story of their language |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/panorama/story-people-through-story‑their‑language‑496046 |website=The Business Standard |date=14 September 2022 |accessdate=31 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thar exhibits nominal gender and inflects verbs for tense and mood. The language marks three tenses, present, past, and future and employs verb conjugation to express mood. Structurally, Thar follows a [[subject-object-verb]] (SOV) word order, similar to neighboring [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] languages. Verbs typically take suffixes to indicate tense and mood, a feature also found in Bengali. Thar uses [[postpositions]] to mark grammatical relations and maintains a clear distinction between present and past forms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Quadir |first=Serajul Islam |title=The story of a people through the story of their language |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/panorama/story-people-through-story‑their‑language‑496046 |website=The Business Standard |date=14 September 2022 |accessdate=31 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The language's known vocabulary comprises approximately 2,131 words.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Thar |website=Multiling Bangladesh |url=https://multiling.cloud/language/thar |publisher=EBLICT Project |access-date=1 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Phonology===<br /> Thar utilizes the sounds, phonemes and letters of [[Bengali language|Bengali]], though their pronunciation may vary.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ঠার বেড়ো জঙ্গৌশলীর ভাষা গ্রন্থ/পাঠ্যত্তর ধারনা |url=https://samakal.com/sahitto-o-sangskriti/article/175398/%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE |website=সমকাল |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some sounds are retained with identical pronunciation, while others undergo modification.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ঠার বেড়ো জঙ্গৌশলীর ভাষা গ্রন্থ/পাঠ্যত্তর ধারনা |url=https://samakal.com/sahitto-o-sangskriti/article/175398/%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE |website=সমকাল |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Phonetic analysis indicates that Thar is based on the fifty letters of the [[Bengali alphabet]]. Among these, ten letters ঙ (ṅa), ঞ (ña), ণ (ṇa), ড় (ṛa), ঢ় (ṛha), য় (ya), ৎ (ta), ং (ṅa), ঃ (ḥa) and ঁ (m̐a) are never used as the initial letter of a word. Of the remaining forty letters, thirty-six of them—ক (ka), খ (kha), গ (ga), ঘ (gha), চ (ča), জ (ja/za) , ট (ṭa), ঠ (ṭha), ড (ḍa), ঢ (ḍha), ত (ta), থ (tha), দ (da), ধ (dha), ন (na), প (pa), ফ (pha/fa), ব (ba), ভ (bha), ম (ma), য (ja), র (ra), ল (la), হ (ha), অ (a/ô), আ (ā), ই (i), ঈ (ī), উ (u), ঊ (ū), ঋ (r̥i), এ (e), ঐ (ai), ও (o), ঔ (au), and ৱ (wa/va)—are typically transformed into the sound ঝ (jha/zha) in Thar speech. For example, the Bengali word &quot;চশমা&quot; (čôšma, &quot;glasses&quot;) becomes ঝশমা (jhôšma), and বায়ান্ন (bāyānnô, &quot;fifty-two&quot;) becomes ঝায়ান্ন (jhāyānnô).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ঠার বেড়ো জঙ্গৌশলীর ভাষা গ্রন্থ/পাঠ্যত্তর ধারনা |url=https://samakal.com/sahitto-o-sangskriti/article/175398/%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE |website=সমকাল |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some words begin with ঝ (jha/zha) instead of replacing the first letter completely, this only happens for vowel letters. Such as the word আমি (āmi, &quot;I am&quot;) would become ঝামি (jhāmi).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Word 319/15 – Thar Language |url=https://multiling.cloud/language/thar/word/319/15 |website=Multiling Cloud |publisher=EBLICT Project |access-date=1 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The language uses Bengali's all eleven vowels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ঠার বেড়ো জঙ্গৌশলীর ভাষা গ্রন্থ/পাঠ্যত্তর ধারনা |url=https://samakal.com/sahitto-o-sangskriti/article/175398/%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE |website=সমকাল |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |+Vowels<br /> |-<br /> ! ||[[Front vowel|Front]]||[[Central vowel|Central]]||[[Back vowel|Back]]<br /> |-<br /> ![[Close vowel|Close]]<br /> |ই~ঈ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|i}}&lt;br /&gt;i|| ||উ~ঊ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|u}}&lt;br /&gt;u<br /> |-<br /> ![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]<br /> |এ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|e}}&lt;br /&gt;e|| ||ও&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|o}}&lt;br /&gt;o<br /> |-<br /> ![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]<br /> | || ||অ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|ɔ }}&lt;br /&gt;ô<br /> |-<br /> ![[Open vowel|Open]]<br /> | ||আ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|ɐ|a}}&lt;br /&gt;a ||<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |+Consonants<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |<br /> ![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br /> ![[Dental consonant|Dental]]<br /> ![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br /> ![[Palatoalveolar consonant|Palato-&lt;br /&gt;alveolar]]<br /> ![[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br /> ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br /> |ম&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|m}}&lt;br /&gt;ma|| ন&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|n}}&lt;br /&gt;na|| ||&amp;nbsp;||ঙ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|ŋ}}&lt;br /&gt;ṅa||&amp;nbsp;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Plosive]]/&lt;br /&gt;[[Affricate]]<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[voicelessness|voiceless]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;unaspirated&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |প&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|p}}&lt;br /&gt;pa||ত&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|t̪|}}&lt;br /&gt;ta||ট&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|ʈ}}&lt;br /&gt;ṭa||চ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|[[Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|tʃ]]}}&lt;br /&gt;ča||ক&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|k}}&lt;br /&gt;ka||<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |ফ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|pʰ}}&lt;br /&gt;pha/fa||থ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}&lt;br /&gt;tha||ঠ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}&lt;br /&gt;ṭha||ছ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}&lt;br /&gt;čha||খ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|kʰ}}&lt;br /&gt;kha||<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;unaspirated&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |ব&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|b}}&lt;br /&gt;ba||দ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|d̪|}}&lt;br /&gt;da||ড&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|ɖ}}&lt;br /&gt;ḍa||জ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|[[Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|dʒ]]}}&lt;br /&gt;ja/za||গ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|ɡ}}&lt;br /&gt;ga||<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;[[Breathy voice|aspirated]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |ভ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|bʱ}}&lt;br /&gt;bha||ধ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}&lt;br /&gt;dha||ঢ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}&lt;br /&gt;ḍha||ঝ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}&lt;br /&gt;jha/zha||ঘ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}&lt;br /&gt;gha||<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Fricative]]<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;voiceless&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |ফ&lt;br /&gt;({{IPA link|ɸ}})&lt;br /&gt;fa||স&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|s}}&lt;br /&gt;sa||ষ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|ʂ}}&lt;br /&gt;ṣa||শ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|ʃ}}&lt;br /&gt;ša/śa||||হ&lt;br /&gt;({{IPA link|h}})&lt;br /&gt;ha<br /> |-<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |ভ&lt;br /&gt;({{IPA link|β}})&lt;br /&gt;bha/va||জ&lt;br /&gt;({{IPA link|z}})&lt;br /&gt;za|| || || ||ঃ&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|ɦ}}&lt;br /&gt;ḥa<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Approximant]]<br /> |ৱ&lt;br /&gt;({{IPA link|w}})&lt;br /&gt;wa/va||ল&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|l}}&lt;br /&gt;la|| ||য&lt;br /&gt;({{IPA link|j}})&lt;br /&gt;ja/ya|| ||<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;unaspirated&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | ||র&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|r}}&lt;br /&gt;ra||ড়&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA link|ɽ}}&lt;br /&gt;ṛa|| || ||<br /> |-<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;aspirated&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | || ||ঢ়&lt;br /&gt;({{IPA link|ɽʱ}})&lt;br /&gt;ṛha|| || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Conversely, the letters শ (ša/śa), ষ (ṣa), স (sa), ছ (čha), and ঝ (jha/zha) (not always for ঝ) tend to be replaced with ন (na) in Thar. For instance, শরৎকাল (šôrôtkāl, &quot;autumn&quot;) becomes নরৎকাল (nôrôtkāl), and সবুজ (sôbuj, &quot;green&quot;) becomes নবুজ (nôbuj). Despite these phonetic transformations, Thar also contains a number of unique, indigenous words not derived from Bengali. Besides ঝ (jha/zha) and ন (na), Sometimes some letters are replaced with খ (kha). &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ঠার বেড়ো জঙ্গৌশলীর ভাষা গ্রন্থ/পাঠ্যত্তর ধারনা |url=https://samakal.com/sahitto-o-sangskriti/article/175398/%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE |website=সমকাল |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Morphology===<br /> The morphology of Thar has been examined to describe its structure and word formation. The language exhibits distinct patterns in the composition of words and morphemes, indicating both influence from Bengali and the presence of original grammatical features.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ঠার বেড়ো জঙ্গৌশলীর ভাষা গ্রন্থ/পাঠ্যত্তর ধারনা |url=https://samakal.com/sahitto-o-sangskriti/article/175398/%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE |website=সমকাল |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Thar language may have derivation from Middle Indo‑Aryan [[Prakrit]] forms, suggesting a long history of linguistic formation rather than a recent invention,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indraprasthalawreview.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/ILR_Summer2020_Vol-1_Iss.1-1.pdf|title=ILR Summer 2020 Vol 1 Issue 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ethnographically, Thar shows influence from older Eastern Indo-Aryan forms and from the dialects of [[Rakhine language|Rakhine]] and [[Sak language|Chak]] speakers in [[Myanmar]], [[Mizoram]] and the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Bedey|title=Bedey}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of its words originate from the early Prakrit form of Bengali. It was also influenced by [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[English language|English]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] besides [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Rakhine people|Arakanese]].<br /> <br /> ==Status and usage==<br /> The Thar language is spoken by Bede or other river gyspy people only, not in mainstream society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/panorama/story-people-through-story-their-language-496046|title=People Through Story: Their Language |date=14 September 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/opinion/prygz8ek42|title=Reviving a language, rescuing a community, and an extraordinary Habibur Rahman |date=30 October 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Thar language developed as a &quot;community code&quot; to be used internally. The language has no formal recognition or use in government activities. It is listed among &quot;ethnic languages&quot; in a digitisation project of Bangladesh's government (for 40 endangered ethnic languages) including &quot;Thar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bangladesh to digitally preserve 40 ethnic languages |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/tech-startup/news/bangladesh-digitally-preserve-40-ethnic-languages-3313571 |website=The Daily Star |date=7 May 2023 |access-date=30 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over time, modern developments have altered the Bede way of life, which in turn impacts the language. For example, more Bede children speak Bengali and fewer speak Thar regularly. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/479488|title=Preserve cultural heritage of our Bede community}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because the language is spoken in scattered communities across the [[Ganges Delta]] and plains, it has many dialects, subdialects and variations, some of which are unintelligible to one another.<br /> <br /> Today Thar is endangered, the language is used by fewer people, transmission to younger generations is weak and mainstream Bangla (Bengali) dominates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docslib.org/doc/3021644/everyday-challenges-and-overall-social-impact-of-the-bede-community-in-a-quest-for-equality-in-the-society-of-bangladesh|title=Everyday Challenges and Overall Social Impact of the Bede Community: In a Quest for Equality in the Society of Bangladesh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/479488|title=Preserve cultural heritage of our Bede community}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Comparison==<br /> Thar is close to [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Rakhine language|Arakanese]], [[Sak language|Chak]] and nearby [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] languages. Here is a comparison between [[Bengali language|Standard Bengali]], Thar (Dhaka) and [[Romani language|Romani]] ([[Vlax Romani language|Vlax]]):<br /> <br /> ===Words===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! English !! Standard Bengali !! Thar (Dhaka) !! Romani (Vlax)<br /> |-<br /> | Smile || হাসি (Hāsi) || ঝাসি (Jhāsi) || Ásal<br /> |-<br /> | Cry || কান্না (Kānnā) || গেন্ডোই (Gendōi) || Ról<br /> |-<br /> | Mouth || মুখ (Mukh) || ঝুক (Jhuk) || Muj <br /> |-<br /> | Eye || চোখ (Čokh) || গুনারী (Gunārī) || Jakh<br /> |-<br /> | Beautiful || সুন্দর (Sundôr) || নন্দোর/নুন্দর (Nôndōr/Nundôr) || Šukár<br /> |-<br /> | Ugly || কুৎসিত (Kutsit) || নাদ্দিনা (Nāddinā) || Žungalo<br /> |-<br /> | Small || ছোট (Čhōṭô) || নোট (Nōṭô) || Duduči<br /> |-<br /> | Big || বড় (Bôṛô) || ঝড় (Jhôṛô) || Baro<br /> |-<br /> | Boat || নৌকা (Nōuka) || বিরকি (Birki) || Hajó<br /> |-<br /> | Snake || সাপ (Sāp) || মৌরো (Mōurō) || Sãp<br /> |- <br /> | Milk || দুধ (Dudh) || বোমকাই (Bōmkāi) || Thud<br /> |-<br /> | Water || জল/পানি (Jāl/Pāni) || নিরানী/নিরেনী (Nirānī/Nirenī) || Pani<br /> |-<br /> | Papaya || পেঁপে (Pem̐pe) || ঝাঁপা (Jhām̐pā) || Papaya<br /> |-<br /> | Slaughterhouse || গোয়াল ঘর (Gōal Ghōr) || লোগুরুর্টশিওদি (Lōgururtšiōdi) || Kasherkher<br /> |- <br /> | Door || দরজা (Dôrjā) || খরজা (Khôrjā) || Udar<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Sentences===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! English !! Standard Bengali !! Thar (Dhaka) !! Romani (Vlax)<br /> |-<br /> | Do you like to eat spicy food? || আপনি কি মশলাদার/ঝাল খাবার খেতে পছন্দ করেন? (Āpni ki môšlādār/jhāl khābār khete pôčhôndô kôren?)|| তুই কি পিলপিলে তাগদি ঝশন্দো করফাইশ? (Tui ki pilpile tāgdi jhôšondo kôrfaiš?)|| Ći tu laro khǒrňi tšhipa khanav?<br /> |-<br /> | Will you come today?|| আপনি কি আজ আসবেন? (Āpni ki āj āsben?) || তুই কি ঝাইজগো খাইলফোবি? (Tui ki jhāijgō khāilfōbi?)|| Ka av tu aćostante?<br /> |-<br /> | Your house is beautiful|| আপনাদের বাড়িটি সুন্দর (Āpnāder bāṛiṭi sundôr) || ঝাপনোইদের চেউরিতা নন্দোর/নুন্দর (Jhāpnōider čeuritā nôndōr/nundôr) || Tiri kher si šukár <br /> |-<br /> | It is very cold today || আজ বেশ শীত পড়েছে (Āj beš šīt pôṛečhe) || ঝাইজগো ঝনেক নীত পরফাইশে (Jhāijgō jhônek nīt pôrfāiše) || Ame abaškar dure džanes<br /> |-<br /> | My dog is very loyal || আমার কুকুরটি খুবই প্রভুভোক্ত (Āmār kukurṭi khubi prôbhubhōktô) || ঝামার ঝতিল নাদ্দি (Jhāmār jhôtil nāddi) || Miri džukel si khanato baro phralimos<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> The Thar language is the subject of a book by [[Habibur Rahman (police officer)|Habibur Rahman]], titled &quot;Thar: Bede Jonogoshthhir Bhasha&quot; (2022), which describes its grammar, vocabulary and use among native speakers. The book also examines the social and cultural context of the language, including traditional expressions, oral stories, and everyday communication practices. As one of the few sources documenting the language in detail, it has been used in linguistic studies, educational materials and initiatives aimed at promoting awareness and preservation. Through this publication, the language has reached a wider audience beyond its native-speaking community, helping to highlight its distinctive features and the cultural heritage of its speakers. The book has also encouraged interest in further research and documentation of the language, providing a foundation for future works on its structure and usage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/unpacking-the-language-the-bede-community-3097661|date=18 Aug 2022|title=Habibur Rahman's &quot;Thar&quot;: Unpacking the language of the Bede community|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Thar - Bede Jonogoshthhir Bhasha (ঠার বেদে জনগোষ্ঠির ভাষা).jpg|thumb|Cover of the book &quot;Thar: Bede Jonogoshthhir Bhasha&quot;]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Romani people]]<br /> *[[Bede people]]<br /> *[[Buno people]]<br /> *[[Romani language]]<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book <br /> |last=Rahman <br /> |first=Habibur <br /> |title=Thar: Bede Jonogoshthhir Bhasha <br /> |year=2022 <br /> |publisher=Panjeri Publications <br /> |language=bn <br /> |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/unpacking-the-language-the-bede-community-3097661 <br /> |quote=The first monograph to document the grammar, vocabulary, and sociolinguistic traits of the Thar language. <br /> }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Languages of Bangladesh}}<br /> {{Languages of India}}<br /> {{Indo-Aryan languages}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bengali dialects]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammayi_Kaapuram&diff=454990 2026-03-20T10:02:39Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: improve layout further</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[List of programmes broadcast by Sun Gemini]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chawinda&diff=467670 2026-03-19T07:00:31Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: further reworked structure per sources and cleaned formatting for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Battle in the Indo–Pakistani War of 1965}}<br /> {{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=October 2012}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox military conflict<br /> | width = 380px<br /> | image = File:Sculpture showing Indo-Pak war.jpg<br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> | caption = Sculpture showing the Indo-Pakistani War<br /> {{clear}}<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | coord = {{coord|32.3|N|74.7|E}} &lt;!-- Map center --&gt;<br /> | float = center<br /> | zoom = 8<br /> | width = 290 &lt;!-- width and height of the frame. numeric input - do not add px --&gt;<br /> | height = 300<br /> | caption = {{center|Chawinda and surroundings}}<br /> | nolabels = 1<br /> | minimap = <br /> | mini-file = <br /> | mini-width = <br /> | mini-height = <br /> | minipog-x = <br /> | minipog-y = <br /> | scalemark = <br /> | shape = <br /> | map-data-light = Q6754702<br /> &lt;!-- Marala Headworks --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord1 = {{Coord|32|40|24|N|74|27|50|E}}<br /> | mark1 = Blue pog.svg<br /> | mark-size1 = 7<br /> | label1 = Marala Headworks<br /> | label-size1 = 10<br /> | label-color1 = blue<br /> | label-pos1 = top<br /> | mark-title1 = [[Marala Headworks]]<br /> | mark-description1 = Beginning of the Marala Ravi Link Canal<br /> &lt;!-- Maral-Ravi Link Canal 1 --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord2 = {{coord|32.3746|N|74.4153|E}}<br /> | mark2 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br /> | mark-size2 = 10<br /> | label2 = MRL<br /> | label-size2 = 10<br /> | label-color2 = blue<br /> | label-pos2 = right<br /> | mark-title2 = Marala-Ravi Link Canal<br /> | mark-description2 = Stated objective of the Indian campaign<br /> &lt;!-- Maral-Ravi Link Canal 2 --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord3 = {{coord|32.2308|N|74.6031|E}}<br /> | mark3 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br /> | mark-size3 = 10<br /> | label3 = MRL<br /> | label-size3 = 10<br /> | label-color3 = blue<br /> | label-pos3 = right<br /> | mark-title3 = Marala-Ravi Link Canal<br /> | mark-description3 = Stated objective of the Indian campaign<br /> &lt;!-- Ravi river --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord4 = {{coord|31.89798|N|74.62616|E}}<br /> | mark4 = Blue pog.svg<br /> | mark-size4 = 7<br /> | label4 = Ravi river<br /> | label-size4 = 10<br /> | label-color4 = blue<br /> | label-pos4 = right<br /> | mark-title4 = Ravi river<br /> | mark-description4 = Bottom of the Marala Ravi Link Canal<br /> &lt;!-- Sialkot --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord5 = {{Coord|32|29|33|N|74|31|52|E}}<br /> | mark5 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size5 = 8<br /> | label5 = Sialkot<br /> | label-size5 = 10<br /> | label-color5 = black<br /> | label-pos5 = bottom<br /> | mark-title5 = [[Sialkot]]<br /> | mark-description5 = [[Sialkot]]<br /> &lt;!-- Wazirabad --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord6 = {{Coord|32.4417427|74.1182117}}<br /> | mark6 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size6 = 8<br /> | label6 = Wazirabad<br /> | label-size6 = 10<br /> | label-color6 = black<br /> | label-pos6 = bottom<br /> | mark-title6 = [[Wazirabad]]<br /> | mark-description6 = Town in Pakistani Punjab on the [[Grand Trunk Road]]<br /> &lt;!-- Gujranwala --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord7 = {{Coord|32|9|24|N|74|11|24|E}}<br /> | mark7 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size7 = 8<br /> | label7 = Gujranwala<br /> | label-size7 = 10<br /> | label-color7 = black<br /> | label-pos7 = bottom<br /> | mark-title7 = [[Gujranwala]]<br /> | mark-description7 = [[Gujranwala]]<br /> &lt;!-- Chawinda --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord8 = {{coord|32.3495|N|74.7075|E}}<br /> | mark8 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size8 = 7<br /> | label8 = Chawinda<br /> | label-size8 = 10<br /> | label-color8 = black<br /> | label-pos8 = bottom<br /> | mark-title8 = Chawinda<br /> | mark-description8 = Chawinda<br /> &lt;!-- Akhnur --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord10 = {{coord|32.9019451|74.7347398}}<br /> | mark10 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size10 = 7<br /> | label10 = Akhnur<br /> | label-size10 = 10<br /> | label-color10 = black<br /> | label-pos10 = right<br /> | mark-title10 = [[Akhnur]]<br /> | mark-description10 = Town in Indian-administered Kashmir, the target of Pakistan's [[Operation Grand Slam]]<br /> &lt;!-- Jammu --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord11 = {{coord|32.73|N|74.87|E}}<br /> | mark11 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size11 = 9<br /> | label11 = Jammu<br /> | label-size11 = 10<br /> | label-color11 = black<br /> | label-pos11 = right<br /> | mark-title11 = [[Jammu]]<br /> | mark-description11 = City in Indian-administered Kashmir<br /> &lt;!-- Samba --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord12 = {{coord|32.57|N|75.12|E}}<br /> | mark12 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size12 = 8<br /> | label12 = Samba<br /> | label-size12 = 10<br /> | label-color12 = black<br /> | label-pos12 = right<br /> | mark-title12 = [[Samba, Jammu and Kashmir|Samba]]<br /> | mark-description12 = Town in Indian-administered Kashir, the base for the 1st Armoured Division<br /> &lt;!-- Degh river --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord13 = {{coord|32.3863|74.8988}}<br /> | mark13 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br /> | mark-size13 = 10<br /> | label13 = Degh<br /> | label-size13 = 10<br /> | label-color13 = blue<br /> | label-pos13 = right<br /> | mark-title13 = Degh river<br /> | mark-description13 = <br /> }}<br /> | conflict = Battle of Chawinda<br /> | partof = the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]]<br /> | map_type = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|32|23|03|N|74|43|30|E|type:event|display=inline}}<br /> | map_caption = Location of [[Chawinda]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]]##Location of [[Chawinda]] in [[Pakistan]]<br /> | map_label = Chawinda<br /> | date = 14 September 1965,&lt;br /&gt;18–19 September 1965&lt;br /&gt;({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=9|day1=18|year1=1965|month2=9|day2=19|year2=1965}})&lt;ref name=&quot;Jogindar Singh&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite book |author1=Jogindar Singh |title=Behind the Scene: An Analysis of India's Military Operations, 1947–1971 |year=1993 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=1-897829-20-5 |pages=217–219 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=toheLRVgjLsC&amp;pg=PA217 |access-date=12 January 2015}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Chakravorty|1992a}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Abrar Hussain&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite book |author1=Abrar Hussain |title=Men of Steel: 6 Armored Division in the 1965 War |date=2005 |publisher=Army Education Publishing House |isbn=969-8125-19-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvttAAAAMAAJ |pages=36–52}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Nawaz|2008|pp=227–230}}{{sfn|Krishna Rao|1991}}<br /> | place = [[Chawinda]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]<br /> | result = Inconclusive&lt;ref&gt;<br /> Sources assessing stalemate:<br /> * {{cite book |title=Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond |author=Manus I. Midlarsky |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |page=256 |isbn=978-1139500777 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1WwvQYawZEC&amp;pg=PA256}}: &quot;Several major tank battles would be fought, one at Khem Karan in Punjab yielding a major Pakistani defeat, and another at Chawinda involving over 600 tanks, the outcome of which was inconclusive.&quot;<br /> * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA600 |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015|edition=4th |first=Micheal |last=Clodfelter |date=2017 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1476625850 |page=600}}: &quot;Up to 600 tanks were engaged in the battle, primarily fought around Phillora and Chawinda, September 11–12, but the results were indecisive, largely because neither side properly supported their armor with infantry units.&quot;<br /> * {{citation |title=The India-Paktstan War – A summary account |first=Zubeida |last=Hasan |journal=Pakistan Horizon |volume=18 |number=4 |date=Fourth Quarter 1965 |pages=344–356 |jstor=41393247}}: &quot;After a few days of intense fighting, in which each side claimed to have inflicted heavy losses on the other, the war reached a stalemate on this front.&quot;<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | combatant1 = {{flag|Pakistan}}<br /> | combatant2 = {{flag|India}}<br /> | commander1 = {{plainlist|<br /> * {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Bakhtiar Rana]]<br /> * {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Abrar Hussain (General)|Abrar Hussain]]{{efn|&quot;[Abrar Hussain] had fought in the World War II and won the [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] due to his bravery as a young army lieutenant. Later in the 1965 War, he was awarded the gallantry award, [[Hilal-i-Jurat]], for leading an infantry brigade as part of the 6th Armoured Division that fought the famous tank battle with the Indian Army at Chawinda in Sialkot and halted the advance of the invading Indian troops in Pakistan’s territory.&quot;{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}}}<br /> * {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Sardar M. Ismail<br /> * {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Amjad Ali Chaudhri|Amjad Chaudhry]]<br /> * {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} S. M. Hussain<br /> * {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Abdul Ali Malik<br /> * {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Muzzafaruddin<br /> * {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Nisar Ahmed Khan<br /> }}<br /> &lt;!-- Commenting out: What does &quot;Later&quot; mean? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- ---- --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- '''Later''': {{plainlist| -\-&gt; --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- * {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Maj. Gen. [[Tikka Khan]] --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- * {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Maj. Gen. Sahibzada Yaqub Ali Khan --&gt;| commander2 = {{plainlist|<br /> *{{flagicon|India|army}} [[Harbakhsh Singh]]<br /> *{{flagicon|India|army}} [[Patrick Dunn (Indian Army general)|Patrick Dunn]]<br /> *{{flagicon|India|army}} Rajinder Singh<br /> *{{flagicon|India|army}} [[Siri Kanth Korla|S.K. Korla]]<br /> *{{flagicon|India|army}} M. L. Thapan<br /> *{{flagicon|India|army}} [[Ardeshir Tarapore]]{{KIA}}<br /> }}<br /> | units1 = '''[[I Corps (Pakistan)|Pakistan's I Corps]]'''&lt;br/&gt;''Cavalry units'': {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Guides Cavalry|10th Cavalry]] (44x [[M48 Patton]]s)<br /> * [[11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)|11th Cavalry]] (44x M48 Pattons)<br /> * 22nd Cavalry (44x M48 Pattons)<br /> * 25th Cavalry (44x M48 Pattons)<br /> * 33rd TDU Sqdn. (15x [[M4 Sherman|Shermans]])<br /> * [[19th King George's Own Lancers|19th Lancers]] (44x M48 Pattons)<br /> }}<br /> | units2 = '''[[I Corps (India)|India's I Corps]]'''&lt;br/&gt;''Cavalry units'':{{sfn|Zaloga|1980|p=19}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Barua 191&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Barua|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&amp;pg=PA191 191]}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{plainlist|<br /> * [[4th Duke of Cambridge's Own Hodson's Horse|4th Horse]] (45x [[Centurion (tank)|Centurions]])<br /> * [[Poona Horse|17th Poona]] (45x Centurions)<br /> * [[16th Light Cavalry|16th Cavalry]] (45x Centurions)<br /> * 2nd Lancers (45x [[M4 Sherman|Shermans]])<br /> * 62nd Cavalry (45x Shermans)<br /> }}<br /> | strength1 = {{plainlist|<br /> * 30,000–50,000 infantry<br /> * 132 tanks {{small|(plus reinforcements)}}&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2019-08-12 |title=How Pakistani Lt Col Nisar Ahmed won over Indian peers after stalling their advance in 1965 |url=https://theprint.in/india/how-pakistani-lt-col-nisar-ahmed-won-over-indian-peers-after-stalling-their-advance-in-1965/275748/ |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> | strength2 = {{plainlist|<br /> * 80,000–150,000 infantry<br /> * 260 tanks&lt;ref name=MajorAH&gt;<br /> {{cite web |last=Amin |first=Major A.H. |title=Battle of Chawinda Comedy of Higher Command Errors |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/mar/chawinda.htm |work=Military historian |publisher=Defence journal(pakistan) |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719144243/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/mar/chawinda.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> | casualties1 = {{plainlist|<br /> * '''Tank losses:'''<br /> ** ''Neutral claims:'' 60&lt;ref name=Clodfelter&gt;<br /> {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA600 |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015|edition= 4th |first=Micheal |last=Clodfelter |date=2017 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1476625850 |page=600}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** ''Indian claims:'' 155{{sfn|Chakravorty|1992a|p=221}}&lt;br/&gt;(144 put out, 11 captured)<br /> ** ''Pakistani claims:'' 44{{sfn|Zaloga|1980|p=35}}<br /> }}<br /> | casualties2 = {{plainlist|<br /> * '''Tank losses:'''<br /> ** ''Neutral claims:'' 100&lt;ref name=Clodfelter/&gt;<br /> ** ''Indian claims:'' 70{{sfn|Chakravorty|1992a|p=221}}&lt;br/&gt;(29 destroyed, 41 damaged)<br /> ** ''Pakistani claims:'' 120{{sfn|Zaloga|1980|p=35}}<br /> }}<br /> | territory = <br /> }}<br /> {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}<br /> {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}<br /> <br /> The '''Battle of Chawinda''' was a major engagement between [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]] as part of the [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]] campaign. It is well known as being one of the largest [[tank]] battles in history since the [[Battle of Kursk]], which was fought between the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Nazi Germany]] in [[World War II]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Haskew2015&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite book |author=Michael E. Haskew |title=Tank: 100 Years of the World's Most Important Armored Military Vehicle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8JQCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA201 |year= 2015 |publisher=Voyageur Press |isbn=978-0-7603-4963-2 |pages=201–}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The initial clashes in [[Chawinda]] coincided with the [[Battle of Phillora]], and the fighting here intensified once the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani forces]] at Phillora retreated. The battle came to an end shortly before the [[United Nations Security Council]] mandated an immediate [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965#Ceasefire|ceasefire]], which would formally end the hostilities of the 1965 war.{{sfn|Pradhan|2007}}&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalSecurity.org - Indo-Pakistan War of 1965&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |title=Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 |access-date=2012-06-02}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sialkot campaign ==<br /> The Sialkot campaign was part of the strategy of [[riposte]] that India had devised to counter Pakistan's advances into [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (J&amp;K).&lt;ref name=MajorAH/&gt; It called for relieving Jammu by advancing from either [[Samba, Jammu and Kashmir|Samba]] (in J&amp;K) or [[Dera Baba Nanak]] (in Indian Punjab) with a view to encircling the city of [[Sialkot]] along the [[Marala–Ravi Link Canal]] (MRL).&lt;ref name=&quot;Barua 190&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Barua|2005|p=190}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Singh|2013|loc=Part 1, paragraphs 32–33}}{{efn|Pakistani military has long held a theory that the Indian objective was to cut the [[Grand Trunk Road]] at [[Wazirabad]]. The Grand Trunk Road is a major north–south highway that links, for example, Islamabad and Lahore.{{sfn|Bajwa|2013|pp=254–255}}{{sfn|Krishna Rao|1991|p=129}} Some western military analysts also reproduce this theory.{{sfn|Zaloga|1980|pp=22–23}}}}<br /> <br /> The canal starts from the Marala Headworks on the [[Chenab River]] close to Pakistan's border with J&amp;K, and runs to the west and south of Sialkot, eventually draining into the [[Ravi River]] near the town of Narang Mandi.<br /> <br /> The GOC Western Command Gen. [[Harbakhsh Singh]] favoured launching the campaign from Dera Baba Nanak using the [[1st Armoured Division (India)|1st Armoured Division]]. But he was overridden by the Chief of Army Staff Gen. [[J. N. Chaudhuri]], who created a new [[I Corps (India)|I Corps]] under the command of Lt. Gen. Pat Dunn for the purpose. It would operate from Samba.{{sfn|Pradhan|2007|pp=49–50}}<br /> <br /> Gen. Dunn was given an assortment of units. In addition to the [[1st Armoured Division (India)|1st Armoured Division]] under Maj. Gen. Rajinder Singh, he had:{{sfn|Pradhan|2007|p=50}}{{sfn|Bajwa|2013|pp=252–253}}<br /> * the 6th Mountain Division under Maj. Gen. [[Siri Kanth Korla|S. K. Korla]]<br /> * the 14th Infantry Division under Maj. Gen. Ranjeet Singh and<br /> * the 26th Infantry Division under Maj. Gen. M. L. Thapan.<br /> The new corps was still in the process of formation when the hostilities broke out in September 1965. Some of the units were also under-strength because of their forces being tied up elsewhere.{{sfn|Chakravorty|1992a|p=194}} According to the Indian official history, the force contained 11 infantry brigades and 6 tank regiments.{{sfn|Chakravorty|1992a|p=223}}{{efn|However, the history lists only 5 tank regiments in the composition: 4 Horse, 16 Cav, 17 Horse, 2 Lancers and 62 Cav.{{sfn|Chakravorty|1992a|p=194}}}}<br /> <br /> === Pakistani defence ===<br /> The Pakistani forces opposing the Indian thrust were part of [[I Corps (Pakistan)|Pakistan's I Corps]] under Lt. Gen. [[Bakhtiar Rana]]. Included in it were:{{sfn|Bajwa|2013|pp=253–254}}<br /> * the [[6th Armoured Division (Pakistan)|6th Armoured Division]] commanded by Maj. Gen. [[Abrar Hussain (general)|Abrar Hussain]], <br /> * the 4th Artillery Corps under Brig. Amjad Ali Khan Chaudhury (affiliated to the 6th Armoured Division), and<br /> * the 15th Infantry Division under Brig. S. M. Ismail.<br /> The 15th Infantry Division was a mixed infantry and armour force, with four pairs of a brigade and an armoured regiment each. However, only one out of the four pairs (the 24th Brigade and 25th Cavalry) was in the conflict area when the Indian campaign started.{{sfn|Bajwa|2013|pp=253–254}} They were based in and around Chawinda. The 24th Brigade was commanded by Brig. Abdul Ali Malik and the 25th Cavalry was led by Lt. Col. Nisar Ahmed Khan.{{sfn|Nawaz|2008|pp=224,&amp;nbsp;225}}<br /> <br /> The 6th Armoured Division, normally based at [[Gujranwala]], was moved to [[Pasrur]] in preparation for the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nawaz|2008|p=224}}: &quot;When news of the Indian attack came, he was told to move his troops to Pasrur on the night of 6/7 September as reserve for the 1 Corps. The move occurred during the night. Then at midnight, the division’s staff were told to return to their previous position around Gujranwala by 05:00 hours on 7 September! ... GHQ seemed to be making decisions quite arbitrarily.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; It had three cavalry regiments: [[Guides Cavalry|10th Cavalry]] (also called the Guides Cavalry), the [[22nd Cavalry (Pakistan)|22nd Cavalry]] and the [[11th Cavalry (Frontier Force)|11th Cavalry]].{{sfn|Higgins|2016|p=46}}&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bajwa|2013|pp=253–254}}. Bajwa does not list 11th Cavalry as being part of the 6th Armoured Division. But it is said to have came under its command from 8 September.&lt;/ref&gt; The 11th Cavalry, along with the 4th Artillery Corps, was in Chamb as part of [[Operation Grand Slam]] when the operations started. The units were recalled and deployed in the vicinity of [[Battle of Phillora|Phillora]] by 8 September.<br /> <br /> Later reinforcements included the 8th Infantry Division and 1st Armoured Division.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}<br /> <br /> ==The battle==<br /> The main striking force of the [[Indian Army|Indian]] [[I Corps (India)|I Corps]] was the [[1st Armoured Division (India)|1st Armoured Division]], which was supported by the 14th Infantry and 6th Mountain divisions. [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian forces]] seized the [[India–Pakistan border|border]] area on 7 September 1965. This was followed by a short engagement at Jassoran in which the Pakistanis suffered losses in the form of about 10 tanks, consequently ensuring complete Indian dominance over the Sialkot-Pasrur railway.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta_1965&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=India-Pakistan war, 1965, Volume 1 |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |year=1946 |publisher=Haryana Prakashan, 1967 |pages=181–182 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.111576/page/n209/mode/2up |via=archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|date=April 2021}}<br /> <br /> Realizing the severe threat posed by the Indians in Sialkot, the Pakistanis rushed two regiments of the [[6th Armoured Division (Pakistan)|6th Armoured Division]] from Chamb, Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (located today in Pakistani-administered [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]) to the [[Sialkot District|Sialkot sector]] to support the Pakistani [[7th Infantry Division (Pakistan)|7th Infantry Division]] fighting there. These units, supported by an independent tank destroyer [[Squadron (army)|squadron]], amounted to about 135 tanks; 24 [[M47 Patton|M47]] and [[M48 Patton]]s, about 15 M36B1s and the rest [[M4 Sherman|Shermans]]. The majority of the [[United States|American]] Pattons belonged to the new 25th Cavalry under the command of [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]] Nisar Ahmed Khan, which was sent to [[Chawinda]]. Intense fighting around the village of [[Gadgor]] between the Indian 1st Armoured Division and the Pakistani 25th Cavalry Regiment resulted in the Indian advance being stopped.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}<br /> <br /> The Indian plan was to drive a wedge between Sialkot and the Pakistani 6th Armoured Division. At the time, only one Pakistani regiment was present in the area, and it was wiped out by the Indian 1st Armoured Division's thrust, spearheaded by the 43rd Lorried Infantry Brigade and a tank regiment attacking Gat. The bulk of the Indian 1st Armoured Brigade was [[Battle of Phillora|hurled towards Phillora]]. [[Pakistan Air Force|Pakistani air attacks]] caused significant damage to the Indian tank columns and exacted a heavy toll on the [[Motorized infantry|truck columns]] and [[infantry]]. The terrain of the area was very different from that of the area surrounding [[Lahore]], being quite dusty, and therefore the Indian offensive's advance was evident to the Pakistani 25th Cavalry by the rising dust columns on the Charwah-Phillora road.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}<br /> <br /> Indian forces resumed their offensive on 10 September 1965 with multiple [[corps]]-sized assaults and succeeded in pushing the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani forces]] back to their base at Chawinda, where the Indian advance was eventually stopped. A Pakistani counterattack at Phillora was repulsed with heavy losses, after which the Pakistanis took up defensive positions. The situation for the Pakistanis at this point was highly perilous; the Indians outnumbered them ten to one.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}<br /> <br /> However, the Pakistani situation improved as reinforcements arrived, consisting of two independent [[brigade]]s from [[Kashmir]]: the 8th Infantry Division, and more crucially, the 1st Armoured Division.{{Clarify|reason=two brigades or two divisions?|date=April 2021}} For the next several days, Pakistani forces repulsed Indian attacks on Chawinda. A major Indian assault involving India's 1st Armoured and 6th Mountain divisions on 18 September was repelled, with the Indians suffering heavy losses. Following this, on 21 September, the Indians withdrew to a defensive position near their original bridgehead,{{Where|date=April 2021}} with the retreat of India's advancing divisions, all the offensives were effectively halted on that front.{{sfn|Barua|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&amp;pg=PA192 192]}}<br /> <br /> Pakistani [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]] vetoed the proposed counterattack, dubbed &quot;Operation Windup&quot;, in light of the Indians' retreat. According to the Pakistani [[commander-in-chief]], the operation was cancelled due to the fact that &quot;both sides had suffered heavy tank losses.… would have been of no strategic importance....&quot; and, above all: &quot;the decision... was politically motivated as by then the [[Government of Pakistan]] had made up their mind to accept [the] ceasefire and foreign-sponsored proposals&quot;.&lt;ref name=MajorAH/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Outcome==<br /> [[File:Battle of Chawinda.jpg| Burnt out [[Centurion (tank)|Indian Centurion]] being inspected by Pakistani soldiers|thumb]]<br /> The battle has widely been described as one of the largest tank battles since [[World War II]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gbook&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HESVAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=the+biggest+tank+Battle+of+Chawinda&amp;pg=PA490 |title=Nothing But! Book Three What Price Freedom |page=490 |year=2013 |isbn=978-1482816259 |access-date=19 December 2014 |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Brigadier Samir|publisher=Partridge }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; On 22 September 1965, the [[United Nations Security Council]] unanimously passed a resolution that called for an immediate and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965#Ceasefire|unconditional ceasefire from both nations]].{{sfn|Pradhan|2007}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Midlarsky&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite book |last=Midlarsky |first=Manus I. |title=Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond |url=https://archive.org/details/originspolitical00midl |url-access=limited |year=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521700719 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/originspolitical00midl/page/n269 256]}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; The war ended the following day. The international military and economic assistance to both countries had stopped when the war started. [[Pakistan]] had suffered [[Attrition warfare|attrition]] to its military might and serious reverses in the [[Battle of Asal Uttar]] and Chawinda, which made way for its acceptance of the United Nations ceasefire.{{sfn|Krishna Rao|1991}}<br /> <br /> Following the end of hostilities on 23 September 1965, [[India]] claimed to have held about {{Convert|518|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of Pakistani territory in the [[Sialkot District|Sialkot sector]] (although neutral analyses put the figure at around {{Convert|460|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of territory), including the towns and villages of [[Battle of Phillora|Phillora]], Deoli, Bajragarhi, Suchetgarh, Pagowal, Chaprar, Muhadpur and Tilakpur. These were all returned to Pakistan after the signing of the [[Tashkent Declaration]] in January 1966.{{sfn|Chakravorty|1992b}}&lt;ref name=Harbaksh&gt;{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Lt. Gen.Harbaksh |title=War Despatches |year=1991 |publisher=Lancer International |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7062-117-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p54cAAAAIAAJ |page=159}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Chakravorty|1992a}}<br /> <br /> ==Published accounts==<br /> ===Documentaries===<br /> ''Battle of Chawinda − Indo Pak War 1965 − Lieutenant Colonel Ardeshir Tarapore'' (2018) is an Indian [[Television documentary|TV documentary]] which premiered on [[Veer by Discovery|Veer by Discovery India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;VeerTV_AsalUttar&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web |title=Battle of Chawinda -Indo Pak War 1965 - Lieutenant Colonel Ardeshir Tarapore |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZZjfbyswL0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/wZZjfbyswL0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Veer by Discovery |access-date=6 May 2018}}{{cbignore}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VeerTV&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite news |title=This R-Day, get ready for Discovery channel's 'Battle Ops' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/discovery-channels-new-series-battle-ops-on-indias-iconic-military-operations/article22520490.ece |access-date=22 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 January 2018}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{citation |last=Bajwa |first=Farooq |title=From Kutch to Tashkent: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a0NAQAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-84904-230-7}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |title=The State at War in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&amp;pg=PA190 |year=2005 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=0-8032-1344-1 |page=190}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Chakravorty |first=B. C. |title=History of the Indo-Pak War, 1965 |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Defence, History Division |year=1992a |chapter=Operations in Sialkot sector |chapter-url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1965War/PDF/1965Chapter07.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609073555/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1965War/PDF/1965Chapter07.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}<br /> ** {{citation |last=Chakravorty |first=B. C. |title=History of the Indo-Pak War, 1965 |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Defence, History Division |year=1992b |chapter=War diplomacy, ceasefire, Tashkent |chapter-url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1965War/PDF/1965Chapter11.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609073753/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1965War/PDF/1965Chapter11.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Higgins |first=David R. |title=M48 Patton vs Centurion: Indo-Pakistani War 1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tx_DCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA52 |year=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-1093-9}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Kalyanaraman |first=S. |chapter=The sources of military change in India: An analysis of evolving strategies and doctrines towards Pakistan |editor1=Jo Inge Bekkevold |editor2=Ian Bowers |editor3=Michael Raska |title=Security, Strategy and Military Change in the 21st Century: Cross-Regional Perspectives |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20ysCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA96 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-56534-5 |pages=89–114}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Krishna Rao |first=K. V. |title=Prepare or Perish: A Study of National Security |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&amp;pg=PA59 |year=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7212-001-6}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Nawaz |first=Shuja |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547660-6}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Pradhan |first=R. D. |title=1965 War, the Inside Story: Defence Minister Y.B. Chavan's Diary of India-Pakistan War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymYCJQjEGBUC&amp;pg=PA50 |year=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0762-5}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Singh |first=Lt Gen Harbakhsh |title=War Despatches: Indo–Pak Conflict 1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQknTVv0AT0C |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-935501-59-6}}<br /> * {{citation |first=Steven J. |last=Zaloga |title=The M47 &amp; M48 Patton Tanks |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=London |year=1980 |isbn=0-85045-466-2}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite book |last=Fricker |first=John |title=Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965 |year=1979 |publisher=I. Allan |pages=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPttAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=+chawinda |isbn=978-0-71-100929-5}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719144243/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/mar/chawinda.htm Battle of Chawinda – Comedy of Higher Command Errors]<br /> *[http://www.dawn.com/2004/07/12/fea.htm#2 In Memory of Martyrs] (first-hand account of the battle)<br /> <br /> {{Military of India}}<br /> {{Military of Pakistan}}<br /> {{Tank battles|style=wide}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chawinda 1965}}<br /> [[Category:Battles of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]]<br /> [[Category:Tank battles involving India]]<br /> [[Category:Tank battles involving Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:History of Sialkot]]<br /> [[Category:1960s in Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:September 1965 in Asia]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Mumbai_boat_accident&diff=483249 2026-03-12T06:33:10Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: started a entry!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mid-sea accident off the coast of Mumbai}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> <br /> The '''2024 Mumbai boat accident''' was a mid-sea collision on 18 December 2024, that killed 15 people when an [[Indian Navy|Indian naval]] boat collided with a passenger [[ferry]] which then capsized off the coast of [[Mumbai]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mumbai boat accident: Naval craft driver lost control during engine trials causing collision with ferry, say police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mumbai-boat-accident-naval-craft-driver-lost-control-during-engine-trials-causing-collision-with-ferry-says-police/article69008881.ece |work=The Hindu |date=20 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mumbai ferry crash: Man and child still missing after ferry-navy craft collision |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mumbai-boat-accident-man-and-child-still-missing-after-ferry-navy-craft-collision/article69003504.ece |work=The Hindu |date=19 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Express&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mumbai Boat Accident Highlights: 13 killed after Navy craft hits ferry boat with 110 on board off Mumbai's Gateway of India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-news-live-updates-maharashtra-cabinet-assembly-winter-session-weather-9728940/ |work=The Indian Express |date=17 December 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Collision==<br /> On 18 December 2024, around 04:00 pm (local time), ''Neel Kamal'', a privately owned passenger [[ferry]], was headed towards the [[Elephanta Caves]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] on [[Elephanta Island]], from the [[Gateway of India]] in [[Mumbai]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al Jazeera&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=At least 13 dead after naval vessel hits passenger boat off Mumbai |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/18/at-least-13-dead-after-naval-vessel-hits-passenger-boat-off-indias-mumbai |work=Al Jazeera |date=18 December 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An [[Indian Navy]] craft with six persons on board was undergoing engine trials when it lost control and collided with the passenger ferry.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu3&quot;/&gt; At least 13 people were killed, including three navy personnel, while two more were missing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Thirteen dead after naval speedboat hits ferry off Mumbai |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gpkzggydjo |work=BBC |date=18 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ferry was permitted to carry up to 90 people, including six crew members and 84 passengers. However, at the time of the collision, the ferry was overcrowded, carrying over 110 passengers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mumbai boat accident: Overcrowding on passenger boat and not enough jackets say Mumbai Police sources – CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/mumbai-boat-accident-police-probe-safety-lapses-as-survivors-allege-insufficient-life-jackets-on-board-19527358.htm |work=CNBCTV18 |date=20 December 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 19 December 2024, the body of a 43-year-old man was found close to the ferry taking the death toll to 14.&lt;ref name=&quot;Economic Times&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mumbai ferry accident: One more body recovered, toll rises to 14; Navy orders probe |url=https://economictimes.com/news/mumbai-news/mumbai-ferry-accident-one-more-body-recovered-toll-rises-to-14-navy-orders-probe/articleshow/116479360.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=20 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 21 December 2024, the body of a missing 7-year-old child was found within [[Mumbai harbour]], increasing the death toll to 15.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mumbai boat accident: Body of missing boy found off Mumbai coast; toll rises to 15 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mumbai-boat-accident-body-of-missing-boy-found-off-mumbai-coast-toll-rises-to-15/article69012138.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Responses==<br /> By the evening, 101 people were rescued by the [[Indian Navy]], [[Indian Coast Guard]] and police, with eleven naval craft and four helicopters taking part in the [[search and rescue]] mission, according to the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stockwell |first1=Esha Mitra, Billy |title=At least 13 dead after navy boat and passenger ferry collide near popular Mumbai tourist destination |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/18/asia/elephanta-caves-navy-boat-collision-mumbai-intl-latam/index.html |work=CNN |date=18 December 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 19 December 2024, the Indian Navy formed a '[[Board of Inquiry]]' into the collision to establish the facts of the case.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Indian Navy Constitutes &quot;Board Of Inquiry&quot; To Probe Mumbai Ferry Accident |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-navy-constitutes-board-of-inquiry-to-probe-ferry-accident-7287148 |work=NDTV |date=19 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Mumbai Police]] also registered a [[first information report]] against the Navy craft driver at [[Colaba]] police station.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced an [[ex-gratia]] payment of INR 200,000 (USD 2,356.63) from the [[Prime Minister's National Relief Fund]] for the [[next of kin]] of each killed in the boat collision and INR 50,000 for the injured.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mumbai boat accident: Thirteen dead after naval vessel hits passenger ferry |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/boat-with-around-56-people-capsizes-off-mumbai-coast-2024-12-18/ |work=Reuters |date=19 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the collision, the [[Maharashtra Maritime Board]] introduced new regulation that requires all ferry passengers in [[Maharashtra]] to wear [[life jacket]]s during their trip.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=After Mumbai boat accident, life jackets for ferry passengers made mandatory |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ferry-passengers-life-jacket-compulsory-mumbai-boat-accident-9737585/ |work=The Indian Express |date=21 December 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}{{Disasters in India in 2024}}{{2024 shipwrecks}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|18|55|33|N|72|51|53|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 disasters in India]]<br /> [[Category:2024 in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:December 2024 in India|Mumbai boat accident]]<br /> [[Category:Maritime incidents in 2024]]<br /> [[Category:Transport disasters in India]]<br /> [[Category:Boating accident deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Shipwrecks of India]]<br /> [[Category:Ferry boat disasters]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajni_Tilak&diff=446531 2026-03-10T08:55:18Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: revised</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Dalit rights activist and writer (1958–2018)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Rajni Tilak<br /> | image = File:Rajni Tilak.jpg<br /> | caption = Rajni Tilak at Savitribai Phule Pune University in 2017{{efn|Rajni Tilak with her translated work of Savitribai Phule's poems at Savitribai Phule Pune University in 2017, where she also received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Dalit Women Speak Out Conference.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=Rajni Tilak (1958–2018)|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/17/commentary/rajni-tilak-1958%E2%80%932018.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=53|issue=17|pages=7–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1958|5|27|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = Old Delhi, India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2018|3|30|1958|5|27|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = Delhi, India<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Activist|writer|poet}}<br /> | known_for = {{hlist|Dalit rights activism|Dalit feminism}}<br /> | notable_works = * ''Apni Zameen Apna Aasman'' {{small|(autobiography)}} <br /> * ''Samkalin Bharthiya Dalit Mahila Lekhan'' (3 volumes)<br /> | organizations =<br /> | awards =<br /> }}<br /> '''Rajni Tilak''' (27 May 1958 – 30 March 2018) was one of the most prominent Indian [[Dalit]] rights activists and a leading voice of [[Dalit feminism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&amp;Type=text/html&amp;Locale=english-skin-custom&amp;Path=TOIH/2011/06/05&amp;ID=Ar01801|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202834/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&amp;Type=text/html&amp;Locale=english-skin-custom&amp;Path=TOIH/2011/06/05&amp;ID=Ar01801|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 17, 2018|title=Who will clean up the lives of manual scavengers?|website=epaper.timesofindia.com|access-date=2018-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; and writing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://roundtableindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6155:need-to-redefine-dalit-movement-rajni-tilak&amp;catid=119:feature&amp;Itemid=132|title=An Interview with Rajni Tilak|date=17 January 2013|website=Roundtable India}}&lt;/ref&gt; She served as the executive director of the [http://www.cadam.org.in/ Centre for Alternative Dalit Media],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cadam.org.in/aboutus.html|title=About Us - Centre for Alternative Dalit Media|website=www.cadam.org.in|access-date=2018-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; co-founded the National Association of Dalit Organisations,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/National-Association-of-Dalit-Organisations-NADO/505489719488846|title=National Association of Dalit Organisations-NADO - Local Business {{!}} Facebook|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; and served as President of the Dalit Lekhak Sangh (Dalit Writers' Group).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/rajni-tilak-leading-voice-dalit-activism-passes-away/|title=Rajni Tilak – Leading Voice of Dalit Activism Passes Away|date=31 March 2018|website=She The People}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Tilak was born in Old [[Delhi]], India on 27 May 1958 in a family with limited means. Her father was a tailor whose ancestors had migrated to Delhi from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Being the first of seven children, she had to give up on her aspiration of becoming a nurse due to lack of financial support and took up a job to aid her family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/04/26/rajni-tilak-leading-dalit-feminist/|title=Rajni Tilak: A Leading Dalit Feminist Of Our Times|last=Angmo|first=Deachen|date=2018-04-25|website=Feminism In India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; She had an early interest in writing, expressed by writing a poem called “''Ka Se Kahu Dukh Apna”'' as her first poem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.museindia.com/Home/ViewContentData?arttype=articles&amp;issid=72&amp;menuid=7161|title=Museindia|website=www.museindia.com|access-date=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; After completing her higher education in 1975, she joined ITI (Industrial Training Institute) for vocational courses like stenography, cutting and tailoring.<br /> <br /> == Activism and career ==<br /> While in college at ITI in Delhi, she organised a union for girls protesting the gender based discrimination faced by them. She found her strength as a leader, merging this group with the Progressive Students' Union (PSU). She later split from them citing ideological and political differences. She also went on to organise a 4000-strong organisation of [[anganwadi]] workers, to address demands of regularization of pay scale.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/04/26/rajni-tilak-leading-dalit-feminist/|title=Rajni Tilak: A Leading Dalit Feminist Of Our Times|last=Angmo|first=Deachen|date=2018-04-25|website=Feminism In India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the years Tilak became involved in Dalit activism and also made her mark by also challenging patriarchy within the caste dimension.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://roundtableindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6155:need-to-redefine-dalit-movement-rajni-tilak&amp;catid=119:feature&amp;Itemid=132|title=An Interview with Rajni Tilak|date=17 January 2013|website=Roundtable India}}&lt;/ref&gt; She organised agitations over the [[Mathura rape case]] in 1972 all over Delhi and became associated with ''Saheli'', an autonomous women's group. There onward she began working on issues of health, sanitation, counselling for family planning, rape, molestation, etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://roundtableindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6155:need-to-redefine-dalit-movement-rajni-tilak&amp;catid=119&amp;Itemid=132|title=Need to redefine Dalit Movement: Rajni Tilak|last=kuffir|website=Round Table India|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1980s, Tilak started a union with ''Bharthiya Dalit Panthers'' in Delhi. They opened a Dalit theatre group called ''Ahahwan'' and started a students' awareness programme by establishing a youth study circle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/04/26/rajni-tilak-leading-dalit-feminist/|title=Rajni Tilak: A Leading Dalit Feminist Of Our Times|last=Angmo|first=Deachen|date=2018-04-25|website=Feminism In India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She was associated with multiple organisations, such as {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170611035623/http://nacdaor.org/ NACDAOR]}} (National Confederation of [[Dalit]] and [[Adivasi]] Organizations), CADAM (Center for Alternative Dalit Media), NFDW ([[National Federation of Dalit Women]]), Rashtriya Dalit Mahila Andolan (RDMA), and many more.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/874154/rajni-tilak-1958-2018-was-an-activist-and-poet-who-fought-tirelessly-against-caste-and-patriarchy|title=Rajni Tilak (1958-2018) was an activist and poet who fought tirelessly against caste and patriarchy|last=Thakur|first=Sandali|website=Scroll.in|date=3 April 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2011, the [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Aarakshan]]'' (directed by [[Prakash Jha]]) caused controversy, as the director was alleged to have insulted Dalits. Tilak was asked to view the film before its release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/HC-asks-for-home-depts-views-on-quota-movie/articleshow/9473515.cms|title=HC asks for home dept's views on quota movie - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-17|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012, she was part of a coalition of Dalit and non-Dalit writers, scholars, and activists who petitioned the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) to correctly represent the role of Dr. [[B.R. Ambedkar]] in school textbooks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/humour-is-by-no-means-exempt-from-prejudice/article3501903.ece|title=Humour is by no means exempt from prejudice|date=8 June 2012|newspaper=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Literary work ==<br /> <br /> *''Bharat Ki Pehli Shikshika - Savitribai Phule'' (1998)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediavigil.com/document/savitri-bai-phule-was-first-woman-teacher-of-india/|title=सावित्रीबाई फुले: मनुवादी अंधकार में किरण की तरह फूटी युगनायिका !|last=MediaVigil|date=2019-01-03|website=MediaVigil|language=Hi-IN|access-date=2019-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Padchaap'' (2000) - volume of poetry<br /> *''Buddha Ne Ghar Kyon Chhoda'' (2005)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://samkaleenjanmat.in/%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%94%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b2/|title=कर्मकर्ता और कवि रजनी तिलक ने पूरी ज़िंदगी मेहनतकशों की शोषण मुक्ति और सम्मान के नाम कर दिया- जसम|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-19|date=2018-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Samkalin Bharthiya Dalit Mahila Lekhan Vol. 1'' (2011) - compiled and edited anthology of Dalit women writing<br /> * ''Samkalin Bharthiya Dalit Mahila Lekhan Vol. 2'' (2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hindibook.com/index.php?p=sr&amp;Uc=HB-28960|title=hindibook.com: SAMKALIN BHARATIYA DALIT MAHILA LEKHAN RAJNI TILAK HB 9789383513468|website=hindibook.com|access-date=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Hawa se Bechain Yuvtiyan'' (2015) - volume of poetry<br /> * ''Dalit Stree Vimarsh Avum Patrakarita'' (2016)<br /> * ''Samkalin Bharthiya Dalit Mahila Lekhan Vol. 3'' (2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hindibook.com/index.php?p=sr&amp;Uc=HB-415562|title=hindibook.com: SAMKALIN BHARTIYA DALIT MAHILA LEKHAN-V.3 (ATMKATHA VISHESH) RAJNI TILAK (Ed.) HB 9789383515042|website=hindibook.com|access-date=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Savitribai Phule Rachna Samagra'' (2017) - compiled and translated works of Dalit activist [[Savitribai Phule]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hindibook.com/index.php?p=sr&amp;Uc=HB-417536|title=hindibook.com: SAVITRIBAI PHULE RACHNA SAMAGRA RAJNI TILAK (Ed.) HB 9788193381526|website=hindibook.com|access-date=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Apni Zameen Apna Aasman'' (2017) - autobiography&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hindibook.com/index.php?p=sr&amp;Uc=HB-412756|title=hindibook.com: APNI JAMIN APNA ASMAN RAJNI TILAK HB 9789382543848|website=hindibook.com|access-date=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Dr. Ambedkar Aur Stree Chintan Ke Dastavez'' (2018) - compiled and edited&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hindibook.com/index.php?p=sr&amp;Uc=HB-415561|title=hindibook.com: DR. AMBEDKAR AUR STRI CHINTAN KE DASTAVEZ RAJNI TILAK (Comp. &amp; Ed.) HB 9789383515103|website=hindibook.com|access-date=2019-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> * Outstanding Woman Achievers Award by [[National Commission for Women]] (2013)<br /> * Lifetime Achievement Award at the Dalit Women Speak Out Conference (2017)<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Tilak died on 30 March 2018 at the age of 59 at [[St Stephen's Hospital, Delhi]]. She had been taken to the hospital for treatment for an illness of the spine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/dalit-writer-rajni-tilak-passes-away/India/news/1185200.html|title=Dalit writer Rajni Tilak passes away|date=31 March 2018|website=United News of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is survived by her daughter- actor, artist, activist and writer Jyotsna Siddharth.<br /> <br /> Her death was mourned by several scholars and activists. Condolence meetings were held around the country and tributes were paid on social media websites including by her friend Kavita Srivastava, leader of [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] (PUCL).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/obituary/the-sceptical-dalit-left-feminist-my-dear-friend-rajni-tilak|title=The sceptical Dalit, Left feminist: my dear friend Rajni Tilak|date=1 April 2018|website=National Herald India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> ===Footnote===<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tilak, Rajni}}<br /> [[Category:1958 births]]<br /> [[Category:2018 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Dalit writers]]<br /> [[Category:Dalit activists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]<br /> [[Category:Dalit women writers]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meghe_Dhaka_Tara_(1960_film)&diff=517266 2026-03-08T08:07:37Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: new new pg.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1960 Indian film by Ritwik Ghatak}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film <br /> | name = Meghe Dhaka Tara<br /> | image = Meghe_Dhaka_Tara_Original_Poster.jpg<br /> |caption = A poster for ''Meghe Dhaka Tara''<br /> |director = [[Ritwik Ghatak]] <br /> | producer = Chitrakalpa<br /> | writer = Ritwik Ghatak (screenplay), [[Shaktipada Rajguru]] (the original novel) <br /> | starring = [[Supriya Choudhury]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Anil Chatterjee]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Niranjan Ray]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Gita Ghatak]],&lt;br/&gt; [[Bijon Bhattacharya]], &lt;br/&gt; [[Gita Dey]],&lt;br/&gt; [[Dwiju Bhawal]], &lt;br/&gt; [[Gyanesh Mukherjee]],&lt;br/&gt; [[Ranen Ray Choudhury]]<br /> |cinematography =[[:bn:দীনেন_গুপ্ত|Dinen Gupta]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title =The cloud-capped star|url =https://www.criterion.com/films/29059-the-cloud-capped-star|publisher=Criterion|date = 27 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |editing = Ramesh Joshi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title =The cloud-capped star|url =https://www.criterion.com/films/29059-the-cloud-capped-star|publisher=Criterion|date = 27 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | music = '''Composer:'''&lt;br/&gt;Jyotirindra Moitra&lt;br/&gt;'''Assistant:'''&lt;br/&gt;Anil Chandra Sengupta<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|1960|04|14}}<br /> | runtime = 127 minutes<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> | budget = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Meghe Dhaka Tara''''' ({{langx|bn|মেঘে ঢাকা তারা}} ''Mēghē Ḍhākā Tārā'', [[Literal translation|lit.]] ''The Cloud-Capped Star'') is a 1960 film written and directed by [[Ritwik Ghatak]], based on a [[social novel]] by [[Shaktipada Rajguru]] with the same title. It stars [[Supriya Choudhury]], [[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Gita Dey]], [[Bijon Bhattacharya]], Niranjan Roy, and [[Gyanesh Mukherjee]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Cloud Capped Star (1960) NY&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Cloud Capped Star (1960)|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/295953/The-Cloud-Capped-Star/details|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322025418/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/295953/The-Cloud-Capped-Star/details|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2013|department=Movies &amp; TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2013|access-date=3 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was part of a trilogy consisting of ''Meghe Dhaka Tara'' (1960), ''[[Komal Gandhar]]'' (1961), and ''[[Subarnarekha (film)|Subarnarekha]]'' (1962), all dealing with the aftermath of the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]] during the [[Partition of India]] in 1947 and the refugees coping with it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Global Art Cinema: New Theories and Histories|author=Rosalind Galt|author2=Karl Schoonover|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-538562-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkmrQYWaYTYC&amp;q=Komal+Gandhar+film&amp;pg=PT431 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot outline==<br /> The film revolves around Nita (played by [[Supriya Choudhury]]), a young girl who lives with her family, refugees from [[East Pakistan]], in the suburbs of [[Calcutta]]. Nita is a self-sacrificing person who is constantly exploited by everyone around her, even her own family, who take her goodness for granted. Her father, who had had an accident, is unable to make a living. Her elder brother Shankar (played by [[Anil Chatterjee]]) believes that his craft (singing) needs to be perfected before he can make any income from it and therefore the burden of taking care of the family falls on Nita. Her life is ridden with personal tragedy: her lover Sanat leaves her for her sister Geeta, her younger brother is injured while working in a factory and finally she herself becomes a burden to her family when she contracts [[tuberculosis]]. Her mostly absent would-be singer brother is the only person who cares about her in the end. At the end of the film, she screams out her agony, throwing herself into her brother's arms. She utters her last words: &quot;Elder Brother, I want to live (দাদা,আমি বাঁচবো!).&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{castlist|<br /> * Supriya Choudhury as Nita<br /> * Anil Chatterjee as Shankar (brother)<br /> * [[Gyanesh Mukherjee]] as Banshi Dutta (seller)<br /> * [[Bijon Bhattacharya]] as Taran (the father)<br /> * [[Gita Dey]] as Mother<br /> * [[Gita Ghatak]] as Gita (sister)<br /> * Dwiju Bhawal as Mantu (younger brother)<br /> * Niranjan Ray as Sanat <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> This film was directed by independent filmmaker [[Ritwik Ghatak]] in [[Kolkata]] (then [[Calcutta]]). In contrast to many [[Bollywood]] films made in [[Mumbai]], India's main film center, Ghatak's films are formally elaborate and somber, and often address issues related to the [[Partition of India]]. Although Partition is never explicitly mentioned in ''Meghe Dhaka Tara,'' the film takes place in a refugee camp in the outskirts of Calcutta, and concerns an impoverished genteel Hindu [[bhadralok]] family and the problems they face because of Partition.<br /> <br /> The film is perhaps the most widely viewed film among Ghatak's works; it was his greatest commercial success at home, and coincided with an international film movement towards personal stories and innovative techniques (the so-called 'new wave'). After Ghatak's death, his work (and this film in particular) began to attract a more sizable global audience, via film festivals and the subsequent release of DVDs both in India and in Europe.<br /> <br /> ''Meghe Dhaka Tara'' is strongly melodramatic in tone, especially as concerns the sufferings heaped on the protagonist. As in many of his other films, Ghatak also uses [[surrealism|surrealistic]] sound effects, such as sounds of a [[Flagellation|lashing]] as the heroine suffers yet another tragic twist of fate.<br /> <br /> === Music ===<br /> Jyotirindra Moitra composed the film score. He used classical Indian musical forms and included a song by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], sung to Nita by her brother, Shankar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dasgupta|first=Chidananda|date=1985|title=Cinema, Marxism, and the Mother Goddess|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|volume=12|issue=3|pages=260|jstor=23001400}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moitra also wrote the film music for Ritwik Ghatak's Komalgandhar.<br /> <br /> ==Credits==<br /> *'''Story:''' [[Shaktipada Rajguru]]<br /> *'''Screenplay: ''' Ritwik Ghatak<br /> *'''Cinematography:''' Dinen Gupta<br /> *'''Assistant:''' Soumendu Ray, Sunil Chakraborty, Sukhendu Dasgupta, Krishnadhan Chakraborty, Shankar Guha, Mahendra Kumar, Agnu<br /> *'''Editing:''' Ramesh Joshi<br /> *'''Assistant: '''Gobinda Chattopadhay, Punu Sen<br /> *'''Sound:''' Satyen Chatterjee<br /> *'''Art Direction''': Rabi Chatterjee<br /> *'''Music:''' Music Director:Jyotirindra Moitra &lt;br&gt; Assistant(s):&lt;br&gt; [[Ustad Bahadur Khan]]<br /> *'''Production:''' Chitrakalpa<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> <br /> === Ghatak on the film ===<br /> The title 'Meghe Dhaka Tara' was given by me, original story was published in a popular newspaper by the name of 'Chenamukh'. Something in this story stirred me. And that is why Shakespeare's 'The Cloud Capped Star' struck my mind and I decided to pen a new script all together. It could be a bit sentimental, but to throw overtones out of it came to mind gradually. Here I made use of Indian mythology which is a part of my life. 'Meghe Dhaka Tara' expressed my thoughts.<br /> <br /> ===Screening of ''Meghe Dhaka Tara'' in different festivals===<br /> *1968: Ritwik Film Festival by Calcutta Cine Institute<br /> *1968: Ritwik Film Festival by [[Jadavpur University]]<br /> *1974: Ritwik Film Festival by Bengali club of Delhi<br /> *1976: Ritwik Ghatak Retrospective at Society Theatre by Federation of Film Society<br /> *1978: International Film Festival, Madras (Chennai)<br /> *1982: Ritwik Film Festival by London film and Theatre Festival<br /> *1983: Ritwik Film Festival, France<br /> *1985: Ritwik Ghatak Retrospective at India International Centre, Delhi<br /> *1985: 25 anniversary by Ritwik Memorial Trust at the [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]]<br /> *1985: Festival of India Celebration, US<br /> *1986: Major Retospective of Indian Cinema, Lisbon, Portugal<br /> *1987: Film section of Festival of India, Switzerland<br /> *1987: Festival of India in Japan<br /> *1987: Celebrating Ghatak's birthday at Nandan celebration<br /> *1987: Ritwik Festival by the Bombay Screen Unit<br /> *1988: Ritwik Festival at Gorky Sadan jointly organised by Ritwik Memorial Trust and Eisenstein Cine Club, Calcutta<br /> *1990: Ritwik Retrospective at Rotterdam Film Festival, Netherlands<br /> *1990: Ritwik Retrspective organised by Chennai Film Society, Madras<br /> *1990: Locarno Film Festival, [[Locarno]], Switzerland<br /> *1991: Ritwik Film Festival, [[Zürich]], Switzerland<br /> *1992: Film Festival titled 'Amader Bhalobasar Ritwik' at Ganabhaban, organised by Uttarapara Cine Club<br /> *1997: New York film festival<br /> *1998: Part of 'Classic Film Classic Directors' category', Calcutta International Film Festival<br /> *1999: Best Masterpiece Film, Pusan Film Festival, South Korea<br /> *1999: Barcelona, Madrid, Spain<br /> *2012: Toronto International Film Festival, Canada&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dearcinema.com/news/ritwik-ghataks-meghe-dhaka-tara-to-screen-at-toronto-2012/4806#.UHJLpJjMifU |title=Ritwik Ghatak's &quot;Meghe Dhaka Tara&quot; to screen at Toronto 2012 |publisher=DearCinema.com |date=2012-08-01 |access-date=2012-10-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *2012: Kolar Hills Film Festival, [[Bangalore]] (Bettadalli Ghatak: A Festival of Ritwik Ghatak's Films)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kendasampige.com/article.php?id=5694 |title=ಆದಿಮ ಬೆಟ್ಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಋತ್ವಿಕ್ ಘಟಕ್: ಪ್ರಕಾಶ್ ಬಾಬು ಬರಹ - ಪ್ರಕಾಶ್ ಬಾಬು - ಕೆಂಡಸಂಪಿಗೆ |publisher=Kendasampige.com |access-date=2012-10-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127174430/http://kendasampige.com/article.php?id=5694 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *2012: 10th Pune International Film Festival, [[Pune]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.puneinternationalfilmfestival.com/pdf/piff-10/schedule.pdf PIFF Schedule] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131043525/http://www.puneinternationalfilmfestival.com/pdf/piff-10/schedule.pdf |date=31 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *2017: Ritwik Ghatak Retrospective UK, at Dundee Contemporary Arts, Dundee, Scotland, UK, Programme curated by Sanghita Sen, Department of Film Studies, St Andrews University, UK &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dca.org.uk/whats-on/films/ritwik-ghatak |title=What's on at DCA - Dundee Contemporary Arts |access-date=2017-04-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506041452/http://www.dca.org.uk/whats-on/films/ritwik-ghatak |archive-date=6 May 2017 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> <br /> === Accolades ===<br /> In 2012, ''Meghe Dhaka Tara'' was ranked at #235 and #322 on the ''[[Sight &amp; Sound]]'s'' critics' and directors' poll of &quot;The Greatest Films of All Time&quot; respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b03201f/sightandsoundpoll2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229212857/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b03201f/sightandsoundpoll2012|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2018|title=Votes for Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960) {{!}} BFI|website=www.bfi.org.uk|access-date=2019-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, it was ranked #152 on the Sight &amp; Sound's critics' poll of &quot;The Greatest Films of All Time.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/film/d045be76-313c-5d66-8d25-6ed04f0f1183/-meghe-dhaka-taratitle=Votes|website=www.bfi.org.uk|access-date=2023-07-25 |title=Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960) }}{{dead link|date=October 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; The movie is also listed in the book ''[[1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die]]'', which praises &quot;the grace of Ghatak's [[mise en scène]], his expressionist sound design, and the enormous sense of loss.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Schneider, Steven Jay, ed. ''1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die.'' New York: Quintessence, 2008. p. 378.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Releases ==<br /> <br /> === The Criterion Collection ===<br /> The [[Criterion Collection]] released the latest and definitive restoration of the film on Blu-ray, DVD, and on their streaming platform the Criterion Channel in 2019.<br /> <br /> === Adaptations ===<br /> In 2016, [[Bratya Basu]] made a Bengali drama based on the plot of this film. The drama was first staged on 2 January 2016 at University Institute Hall at Kolkata.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Ididn't cast Poulomi as Neeta in 'Meghe Dhaka Tara' to take sweet revenge: BratyaBasu - The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Ididnt-cast-Poulomi-as-Neeta-in-Meghe-Dhaka-Tara-to-take-sweet-revenge-BratyaBasu/articleshow/50398689.cms?from=mdr|access-date=3 January 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ananadabazar Patrika Ek Bidhayak, EK Mantri&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=সিংহ|first1=সঞ্জয়|title='মেঘে ঢাকা তারা'র সন্ধানে এক বিধায়ক এবং এক মন্ত্রী|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/one-mla-and-one-minister-will-make-meghe-dhaka-tara-as-a-drama-1.275027#|access-date=3 January 2016|work=Ananadabazar Patrika}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of works of Ritwik Ghatak]]<br /> *[[Dhaka University Film Society]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|0054073}}<br /> *[https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/6580-the-cloud-capped-star-a-cry-for-life ''The Cloud-Capped Star: A Cry for Life''] – an essay by Ira Bhaskar at the [[Criterion Collection]]<br /> <br /> {{Ritwik Ghatak}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1960 films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Ritwik Ghatak]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in the partition of India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about poverty in India]]<br /> [[Category:1960 Bengali-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on works by Shaktipada Rajguru]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1960 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samhita_Vinya&diff=532313 2026-03-06T16:51:41Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Samhita Vinya<br /> | image = <br /> | birth_name = Manasa<br /> | birth_date =<br /> | birth_place = [[Sakleshpur]], [[Karnataka]], India<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Samhita Vinya''' is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in [[Kannada]] films.&lt;ref name='TNIE'&gt;{{cite web |title=I'm interested in village-centric films: Samhita Vinya |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/25/im-interested-in-village-centric-films-1916025.html |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=From 'Shivaji Surathkal' to 'Popcorn Monkey Tiger' – Here are the movies releasing this Mahashivratri - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-shivaji-surathkal-to-popcorn-monkey-tiger-here-are-the-movies-releasing-this-mahashivratri/articleshow/74221648.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Samhita Vinya: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography &amp; Birthday {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Samhita-Vinya |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Watch Breaking News Actress Samhita Vinya reacts on Sandalwood drug mafia {{!}} ZEE5 Latest News |url=https://www.zee5.com/news/details/actress-samhita-vinya-reacts-on-sandalwood-drug-mafia/0-0-newsauto_1c31bk5k6qi8 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and career==<br /> Samhita Vinya was born in [[Sakleshpur]] town of [[Karnataka]] state. Later she moved to [[Bangalore]]. In 2014, Samhita was crowned as Miss Karnataka and Miss Glamour Diva in the year 2015.&lt;ref name='TNIE'/&gt;<br /> <br /> Samhita Vinya made her acting debut with the [[Kannada]] film [[Haalu Thuppa]] in 2017, where she played a social activist village girl role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Halutuppa Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Halutuppa by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/halutuppa/movie-review/61484796.cms |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, She got her second film released [[Amrutha Ghalige]] and played a role of an infertility women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Amrutha Ghalige Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/amrutha-ghalige/movieshow/65945573.cms |website=TOI}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019 Samhita Vinya worked as a lead role in [[Kannada]] film &quot;Vishnu Circle&quot;.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br /> <br /> In 2020, she played a role of a widow in Seethamma Bandalu Sirimallige Thottu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Seethamma Bandalu Sirimallige Thottu Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/seethamma-bandalu-sirimallige-thottu/movieshow/64630989.cms |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Seethamma Bandalu Sirimallige Thottu {{!}} Song Lyrical - 'Seethamma Bandalu' {{!}} Kannada Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/kannada/seethamma-bandalu-sirimallige-thottu-song-lyrical-seethamma-bandalu/videoshow/74208532.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> | Denotes films that have not yet been released<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ <br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Note <br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''[[Haalu Thuppa]]'' || Lacchi || rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Kannada]] || <br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''Amrutha Ghalige'' || Dhakshayaini ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''[[Vishnu Circle]]'' || Aakruthi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2020 || ''Seethamma Bandalu Sirimallige Thottu'' ||Seethamma ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2025 || ''[[GST (film)|GST]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2026 || ''Magestic 2'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | TBA || ''Goudhara Dharbar'' {{dagger|alt=The film has not yet been released}} || Lakshmi ||Kannada ||Filming <br /> |-<br /> | TBA || ''You Are My Hero'' {{dagger|alt=The film has not yet been released}} || Anamika|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Hindi]] || Filming<br /> |-<br /> | TBA || ''Karab Duniya'' {{dagger|alt=The film has not yet been released}} ||Sindu || Kannada || Filming<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Short Movies===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;|}<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language <br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || Suthradhari || Preethi || [[Kannada]] <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=10180658}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vinya, Samhita}}<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquilegia_%C3%97_emodi&diff=487201 2026-03-03T21:34:49Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: started a details!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}<br /> {{Speciesbox<br /> | genus = Aquilegia<br /> | species = × emodi<br /> | authority = [[Andrey Erst|Erst]]&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Aquilegia × emodi''''' is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Ranunculaceae]], native to the [[Western Himalayas]]. It is a natural [[Hybrid speciation|hybrid]] of ''[[Aquilegia bashahrica]]'' and ''[[Aquilegia pubiflora]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> ''Aquilegia × emodi'' is a perennial [[herbaceous plant]] growing to {{cvt|20–80|cm|in|0}} in height. The leaves are thick and [[Glossary of leaf morphology#ternate|ternate]]. It produces 4–7 large, nodding, bicoloured flowers with oblong purple or violet [[sepal]]s {{cvt|2–3|cm|in|1}} in length and rounded oblong yellow or greenish-white [[petal]]s. The petals have purple or violet [[nectar spur]]s that are straight or hooked with a blackish tip. The [[stamen]]s are the same length as the petals, and the [[anther]]s are yellow, or occasionally black or mixed in colour.&lt;ref name=&quot;Erst-2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> ''Aquilegia × emodi'' is a natural hybrid of ''Aquilegia bashahrica'' and ''Aquilegia pubiflora''. It was formally described by Andrey Erst in 2020 from a [[Type (biology)|type specimen]] collected near [[Narkanda]] in [[Shimla District]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] on 10 May 1890.&lt;ref name=&quot;Erst-2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular phylogenetic]] studies suggest ''A. × emodi'' and its parent species belong to a [[monophyly|monophyletic]] West Asian group of columbines, which separated from its closest relatives around 3.37 million years ago in the mid-[[Pliocene]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fior-2013&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Etymology===<br /> The [[Binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''emodi'' derives from the Sanskrit ''[[wikt:हिम#Sanskrit|hima]]'', meaning &quot;snow&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gledhill-2006&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Distribution and habitat==<br /> ''Aquilegia × emodi'' is native to the Western Himalayas in northern India and western Nepal. It grows in mountainous forests at altitudes of {{cvt|2000–2600|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Erst-2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Conservation==<br /> {{As of|2025|January}}, the species has not been assessed for the [[IUCN Red List]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCN&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> ''Aquilegia × emodi'' flowers from April to May, and fruits from May to August.&lt;ref name=&quot;Erst-2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em|refs=<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Erst-2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Erst |first1=Andrey S. |last2=Pendry |first2=Colin A. |last3=Erst |first3=Tatyana V. |last4=Ikeda |first4=Hiroshi |last5=Xiang |first5=Kunli |date=2020 |title=Two new taxa and one new record of Aquilegia (Ranunculaceae) from India and Pakistan |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=439 |issue=2 |pages=108–118 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340665677 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.439.2.1 |access-date=1 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Fior-2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Fior|first1= Simone|last2= Li|first2= Mingai|last3= Oxelman|first3= Bengt|last4= Viola|first4= Roberto|last5= Hodges|first5= Scott A.|last6= Ometto|first6= Lino|last7= Varotto|first7= Claudio|title= Spatiotemporal reconstruction of the ''Aquilegia'' rapid radiation through next-generation sequencing of rapidly evolving cpDNA regions|journal= New Phytologist|year= 2013|volume= 198|issue= 2|pages= 579–592|doi=10.1111/nph.12163 |pmid= 23379348|doi-access= free|bibcode= 2013NewPh.198..579F}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Gledhill-2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gledhill |first1=David |title=The names of plants |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0521866456 |edition=4th. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC |accessdate=6 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;IUCN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Aquilegia - genus |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?taxonomies=105408&amp;searchType=species |date=2024 |website=IUCN Red List |access-date=3 January 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;POWO&quot;&gt;{{cite POWO |title=''Aquilegia × emodi'' Erst |id=77209799-1 |accessdate=3 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q106897926}}<br /> {{Portal bar|Biology|Plants|India|Nepal}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Aquilegia|emodi]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of West Himalaya]]<br /> [[Category:Plant nothospecies]]<br /> [[Category:Plants described in 2020]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by Andrey Sergeevich Erst]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadavu_(film)&diff=452710 2026-03-03T21:22:41Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: basic update structure per standard format and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Kadavu&lt;br/&gt;(The Ferry)<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]<br /> | producer = M. T. Vasudevan Nair<br /> | screenplay = M. T. Vasudevan Nair<br /> | based_on = {{based on|''Kadathuthoni''|[[S. K. Pottekkatt]]}}<br /> | starring = Santhosh Antony&lt;br&gt;[[Balan K. Nair]]&lt;br&gt;[[Monisha Unni|Monisha]]<br /> | music = [[Rajeev Taranath]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]<br /> | editing = [[B. Lenin]]<br /> | studio = Novel Films<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991||}}<br /> | runtime = 104 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''Kadavu''''' (English: ''The Ferry Slip'') is a 1991 [[India]]n [[Malayalam]] film scripted, directed and produced by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] based on [[S. K. Pottekkatt]]'s story ''Kadathuthoni''. The film won numerous awards at state, national and international levels, including awards at the [[Singapore International Film Festival]] and [[Tokyo International Film Festival]].&lt;ref name=Master&gt;M. G. Radhakrishnan (15 February 1996). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19960215-madathu-thekkeppattu-vasudevan-nair-a-masters-of-post-independence-indian-literature-834831-1996-02-14 &quot;Winner all the way&quot;]. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 30 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Film critic [[Kozhikodan]] included the film on his list of the 10 best Malayalam movies of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Kozhikodan |author-link=Kozhikodan |year=2001 |title=മലയാള സിനിമയിലെ എക്കാലത്തെയും മികച്ച പത്ത് ചിത്രങ്ങൾ [Malayala Cinemayile Ekkalatheyum Mikacha Pathu Chithrangal: 10 Best Films of All Time in Malayalam Cinema] |location=[[Calicut]], India |publisher=Poorna Publications }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Deserted by his mother, teenaged Raju is adopted by Beeranikka, a Muslim ferryman. Raju soon starts accompanying Beeranikka in ferrying people. One day, he meets a young girl who is returning to her native town Kozhikode after the death of her mother. The girl invites Raju to Kozhikode where she would be staying with her father and uncle. Not interested in leaving the ferrying job, Raju rejects the invitation. A few days later, he finds himself in possession of an ornament which he thinks belongs to the girl. He travels to Kozhikode to return the ornament and finds the girl after many days of search. The girl says she does not recognise Raju and says the ornament does not belong to her. Disheartened, Raju returns to the ferry.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * Santhosh Antony as Raju. The lead character Raju was portrayed by Santhosh Antony. A native of [[Koodaranhi]] in Kozhikode district, this was Santhosh's only film.<br /> * [[Balan K. Nair]] as Beeran<br /> * [[Monisha Unni|Monisha]] as Devi<br /> * Sreedevi Unni as Amina<br /> * [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Rahman<br /> * [[Thilakan]] as Krishnettan<br /> * [[Ravi Vallathol]] as Maash<br /> * [[Nedumudi Venu]] as the anchorite<br /> * [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as the hawker<br /> *[[Savithri Sreedharan]]<br /> * R. K. Nair as the goon<br /> * [[Kunjandi]] as Taxi driver<br /> * Bhagya Roopa as the girl<br /> * [[Biyon]] as Appu<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> ; International awards<br /> * Special Jury Award at [[Singapore International Film Festival]]&lt;ref name=Master/&gt;<br /> * Asia Future Prize at [[Tokyo International Film Festival]]&lt;ref name=Master/&gt;<br /> ; [[National Film Awards]]<br /> * [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br /> * [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]<br /> ; [[Kerala State Film Awards]]<br /> * [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br /> * [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br /> * [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]] - Santhosh Antony<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0102179|Kadavu}}<br /> * [http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?195 ''Kadavu''] at the Malayalam Movie Database<br /> <br /> {{KeralaStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}<br /> {{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1991 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]<br /> [[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award]]<br /> [[Category:Best Malayalam Feature Film National Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y_(2017_film)&diff=545899 2026-03-03T20:35:46Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: added first article needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{advert|date=April 2018}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Y<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = [[Sunil Ibrahim]]<br /> | producer = Vibezon Movies<br /> | screenplay = Sunil Ibrahim<br /> | story = <br /> | starring = [[Alencier Ley Lopez]]&lt;br&gt;[[Jins Baskar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Yahia Kader]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | music = Promod Bhaskar (songs)&lt;br&gt;[[Mejo Joseph]] (score)<br /> | cinematography = Jayesh Mohan<br /> | editing = V.Saajan<br /> | studio = &lt;!-- or: | production companies = --&gt;<br /> | distributor = &lt;!-- or: | distributors = --&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|11|17|}}<br /> | runtime = 106 Mins<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Malayalam]]<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Y''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language suspense-[[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Sunil Ibrahim]]. The film was released on 17 November 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-sunil-ibrahim-s-y-release-november-17-71672|title=Director Sunil Ibrahim's 'Y' to release on November 17|date=2017-11-15|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> <br /> Arun and Teena, a young couple, were walking down the street, laughing and clicking pictures when some auto-rickshaw drivers mocked them. A few minutes later, a few thugs take illicit photographs of Teena, which angers Arun, and he incites a fight. At Teena's request, Arun stops fighting and walks back while the thugs warn him that they will kidnap Teena in front of him. At the same time, a speeding van kidnaps Teena, taking her to a flat nearby where many prominent personalities live. A distraught Arun is unable to find her.<br /> <br /> With the help of a few auto-rickshaw drivers, they find the flat but cannot go inside as the watchman does not allow them to enter, fearing that it will create chaos for the residents. They decide to call the police.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, in the flat, Mohan and his family, consisting of a wife and their daughter, are planning to move to [[Bangalore]]. Salim runs an illicit business and is desperate to make a thirty-crore rupee transaction with the help of a [[Goonda]] leader. While the Goonda cannot go down as a few other men are waiting for him down the road, he chit-chats with a woman working for Salim. Down the road, a police [[Sub-inspector]] questions Arun and others who witnessed Teena's kidnapping. The thugs are waiting for the Goonda leader, and two journalists are secretly watching the drama of the crime and reporting it. Arun does not disclose to the police the nature of his and Teena's relationship. <br /> <br /> Salim calls the woman working for him and instructs her to release the Goonda leader as he is of no use anymore and to leave him to the thugs waiting for him down the road. In turn, Salim asks another guy, a friend of the Goonda to conduct the transaction on his behalf. He reluctantly accepts. Mohan and his family are packing bags and about to leave. While Arun is helplessly sitting, unable to do anything. The CCTV cameras are turned off on the instructions by Salim, which makes Teena unlocatable.<br /> <br /> Later, Arun reveals that Teena is an online friend of Jeevan, an old police commissioner who has come to investigate the case. On his order, the police search the flats but find nothing.<br /> <br /> After a few more hours, Mohan goes down the road and creates a scene that alarms the thugs, who promise him that they will find Teena, to locate the Goonda leader. Mohan, Arun, and the thugs forcefully enter the flat, pushing the watchman. The Sub-inspector witnesses the break-in but doesn't interfere, thinking it to be the only way to locate Teena.<br /> <br /> The leader of the thugs waiting down meets the woman with The Goonda leader and apologizes to her as they cannot track the leader, which reveals that the woman was the one who ordered The thugs to beat and Kill The Goonda leader.<br /> <br /> Arun finds Teena Unconscious in the basement. With the help of Mohan, Teena, and Arun, and gets into the car with SI and speeds toward Hospital.<br /> <br /> Then the story is revealed. Teena, Arun, and Mohan, with the help of the woman who is Arun's sister has made this kidnapping plan. It was done to extract money from Salim, who has harassed them all at some point in their life. They have robbed the money, which is ploy as to teach Salim a lesson. The woman has hidden Teena in a room, and when all the people enter the flat, Arun finds the guy who was assigned to carry out the transaction unconscious, and robbed the money. Mohan Kept the Money in the bag and took the car. The woman reveals the plan to the Goonda leader, who finds that the thugs waiting for him are part of the plan.<br /> <br /> They initially angered the SI but later learn that what they have done is right because they have just robbed the money, earned in illicit ways. The SI asks them to leave and happily calls his wife, walking down the road.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as Sub-Inspector<br /> * Dheeraj Denny as Arun<br /> * [[Jins Baskar]] as Goonda leader in the flat<br /> * Yahiya as Mohan<br /> * Shini Ambalathodi as Mohan's wife<br /> * Sruthi Susan Sam as Teena <br /> * Reshma Shenoy as Arun's sister<br /> * [[Justin Varghese]] as one of the local thugs <br /> * Abhiram Suresh as Shaiju, an autorickshaw driver <br /> * Anoop Ramesh as Pop<br /> * Safeer Sait as the former [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]]<br /> * Rajagopalan P as Salim<br /> * Khalfan as the Freak Boy<br /> * Anand Manmadhan as Subhair<br /> * Diljit Gore as Lawrence, the Facility Manager<br /> * Abhiram Suresh Unnithan as Shaiju<br /> * Gibin G Nair as Manu<br /> * Rahul Nair as Benoy<br /> * Asna as Mohan's daughter <br /> * Santhosh Varghese as the Special Investigation Officer<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film was produced by Vibezon Movies and released on 17 November 2017. <br /> Shooting took place in March 2016, at a single location, Keston road, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], over a 25-day (night) schedule, as the story unfolds predominantly during nighttime.<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> <br /> The songs were composed by Pramod Bhaskar and background score of the film was composed by [[Mejo Joseph]] respectively. The lyrics were penned by [[M R Vibin]] and the promo song was written by Lawrence Fernandez. The songs featured in the film are sung by Deepak, Prashanth Prabhakar, Sangeetha Anand, and Varsha S Nair. The soundtrack was officially released on 13 August 2018. The music for the Promo song was provided by Assan Nidheesh SD and sung by Sithara Krishnakumar and Abhilash Kallayam.<br /> <br /> ===Tracks===<br /> <br /> * Ee Theruvil : Prasanth Prabhakar, Sangeetha Ananth<br /> * Hey Thandanane : Sithara Krishnakumar, Abhilash Kallayam<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The film was released on 17 November 2017 in 34 theaters across [[Kerala]].<br /> <br /> == Reviews ==<br /> <br /> ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewed the film with 3.5/5, as a &quot;convincing thriller with a line-up of mostly fresh faces.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/y/movie-review/61783768.cms | title=Y Movie Review | newspaper=The Times of India | date=24 November 2017 | access-date=16 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Deccan Chronicle|The ''Deccan Chronicle'']] rated it 3.5/5 noting the film was &quot;A freshly brewed formula&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/191117/y-movie-review-a-freshly-brewed-formula.html | title= Y movie review: A freshly brewed formula | first=Meera | last=Manu | date=19 November 2017 | newspaper=Deccan Chronicle | access-date=16 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2017 films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Sunil Ibrahim]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language thriller films]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mugguru_Monagallu_(1994_film)&diff=518739 2026-03-03T18:24:35Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: new a article.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Mugguru Monagallu<br /> | image = MegaStar-Chiranjeevi's Mugguru Monagallu Poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical poster<br /> | director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]<br /> | producer = [[Nagendra Babu]]<br /> | writer = <br /> | starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Ramya Krishna]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Nagma]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]<br /> | music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> | studio = [[Anjana Productions]]<br /> | cinematography = K. S. Hari<br /> | editing = Vellaiswamy<br /> | distributor = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | released = {{film date|df=y|1994|1|7}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Mugguru Monagallu''''' ({{translation|''Three Courageous Men''}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action comedy film|action comedy]] film directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] and produced by [[Chiranjeevi]]'s younger brother [[Nagendra Babu]]. This film stars Chiranjeevi in a triple role, [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Nagma]] and [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]. The music and background score were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. The film was released on 7 January 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=TelanganaToday|title=Koratala to cast Chiru in a dual role?|url=https://telanganatoday.com/koratala-to-cast-chiru-in-a-dual-role|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Telangana Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; This movie is dubbed in Hindi as ''Trishul''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=I4SmU_Zt3uY&amp;list=PLDoJsInNHUJahaPYyvZtiiRW0bGKFNExG&amp;index=10&amp;t=24s&amp;pp=gAQBiAQB | title=Trishul Hindi Dubbed Full Movie &amp;#124;&amp;#124; Chiranjeevi, Ramya Krishna, Bramhanandam &amp;#124;&amp;#124; Hindi Comedy Movies | website=[[YouTube]] | date=19 May 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> <br /> Prudhvi, Vikram and Dattatreya (Chiranjeevi in a triple role) are the sons of [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] and [[Srividya]] living in a village. Ranganath goes against Sarath Saxena in an incident and is killed by him. Srividya, who is pregnant with twins, is separated from Prudhvi. She thinks that he is killed while escaping from the goons and delivers the twins in a temple. The priest who is childless adopts one son and names him Dattatreya. Srividya is left with Vikram, who becomes an Assistant Commissioner of Police. Dattatreya is a Dance master. The story revolves on how the brothers unite with one another and also with their mother and take revenge on the villains.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Chiranjeevi]] as Prudhvi, Vikram and Dattathreya<br /> * [[Ramya Krishna]] as Nagamani, Dattathreya's girl friend (voice over by [[Roja Ramani]])<br /> * [[Nagma]] as Rani, Vikram's lover (Voice over by [[Roja Ramani]])<br /> * [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Seeta, Pruthvi's wife (Voice over by [[Roja Ramani]])<br /> * [[Srividya]] as Vikram, Dattathreya, Prudhvi's mother<br /> * [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Vikram, Dattathreya, Prudhvi's father<br /> * [[Sharat Saxena]] as Banerjee<br /> * [[Salim Ghouse]] as Chinna Banerjee<br /> * [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]<br /> * [[Babu Mohan]]<br /> * [[Brahmanandam]] as Sarva Mangalam<br /> * [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]<br /> * [[Kantharao]] as Dattatreya's foster father<br /> * [[Betha Sudhakar|Sudhakar]]<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The music and background score for the movie were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<br /> <br /> ===Telugu version===<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Track list&lt;ref name = &quot;Mugguru Monagallu Songs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/5dWC1C3PwT3E3N8T0yf3wR | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Mugguru Monagallu | date = August 2014 | access-date = 12 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 32:15<br /> | title1 = Kottu Kottu Kobbarikaya<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]<br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> | length1 = 4:09<br /> | title2 = Aaja Aaja<br /> | lyrics2 = Bhuvana Chandra<br /> | extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra<br /> | length2 = 4:40<br /> | title3 = Chamanthi Puvva Puvva<br /> | lyrics3 = Bhuvana Chandra<br /> | extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra<br /> | length3 = 4:40<br /> | title4 = Nuvvokkasari Ante Okays<br /> | lyrics4 = Bhuvana Chandra<br /> | extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra<br /> | length4 = 4:16<br /> | title5 = Rajasekhara<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Vennelakanti]]<br /> | extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]<br /> | length5 = 4:48<br /> | title6 = Rara Swamy Rara<br /> | lyrics6 = Bhuvana Chandra<br /> | extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra<br /> | length6 = 6:02<br /> | title7 = Amma Ante<br /> | lyrics7 = [[Veturi]]<br /> | extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra<br /> | length7 = 3:37<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Tamil version===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot;<br /> ! Song title !! Singers<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Roja&quot; || Mano, [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Saamanthi Poove&quot; || Mano, K. S. Chitra<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Rajasekara&quot; || Mano, K. S. Chitra<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Swamy Va Va&quot; || Mano, K. S. Chitra<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Amma Endral&quot; || Mano, K. S. Chitra<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kuthu Kuthu&quot; || Mano, K. S. Chitra<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> The film was dubbed and released in Tamil as ''Alex Pandian''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Nandamuri Kalyan Ram to Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao: 10 Telugu actors who have played Triple roles in films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandamuri-kalyan-ram-to-nandamuri-taraka-rama-rao-10-telugu-actors-who-have-played-triple-roles-in-films/photostory/97766281.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328022422/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandamuri-kalyan-ram-to-nandamuri-taraka-rama-rao-10-telugu-actors-who-have-played-triple-roles-in-films/photostory/97766281.cms |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=10 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0246090|title=Mugguru Monagallu}}<br /> * http://musicmazaa.com/telugu/audiosongs/movie/Mugguru+Monagallu.html<br /> * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=I4SmU_Zt3uY&amp;list=PLDoJsInNHUJahaPYyvZtiiRW0bGKFNExG&amp;index=10&amp;t=24s&amp;pp=gAQBiAQB] at [[YouTube]]<br /> <br /> {{K. Raghavendra Rao}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1994 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1994 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]<br /> [[Category:Twins in Indian films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delhi-Topra_pillar&diff=496096 2026-03-02T20:40:57Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: added a page.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Series of edicts on the teachings of Buddha}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Historic building<br /> |name= Delhi-Topra pillar<br /> |image = Delhi-Topra pillar.jpg<br /> |caption= The Ashokan Pillar on top of the ruined palace of [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], Delhi. It was transferred in the 14th century from [[Topra Kalan]] in [[Yamunanagar district]], [[Haryana]] to [[Delhi]].<br /> |pushpin_map= India#India New Delhi <br /> | pushpin_relief = yes<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|28.6358346|77.2456407|region:IN-DL|display=inline, title}}<br /> |location_town = [[Delhi]]<br /> |location_country = India<br /> |architect = [[Ashoka]] <br /> |client = <br /> |engineer = <br /> |construction_start_date = 3rd century BC<br /> |completion_date = 3rd century BC<br /> |demolished_date = <br /> |cost =<br /> |structural_system = <br /> |architectural_style = Edicts on [[sandstone]] pillars and on in-situ rocks <br /> |size =<br /> }}<br /> The '''Delhi-Topra pillar''' is one of the [[pillars of Ashoka]], inscribed with the moral edicts promulgated by [[Ashoka]], the Mauryan Emperor who ruled in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the 3rd century BCE. The [[Edicts of Ashoka]] were either carved on in-situ rocks or engraved on pillars erected throughout the empire. The pillar, originally erected in [[Topra Kalan]], was transferred to Delhi in the 14th century by [[Feroz Shah Tughlaq]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhandarkar pp.206–207&quot;&gt;Bhandarkar pp. 206–207&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Pillar edicts in Delhi==<br /> {{see also|Pillars of Ashoka|Major Pillar Edicts}}<br /> All of the Ashokan pillar or column edicts were made out of [[Chunar stone|Chunar sandstone]] quarried from [[Chunar]] in the [[Mirzapur District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. They were chiseled at the quarry and then transported to various places in the country. They were chiseled from massive rock blocks of {{convert|1.22|m|ft}} square and {{convert|15.2|m|ft}} long, which were extracted from the quarry. They were chiseled as monolith pillars of size between {{convert|12.2|m|ft}} and {{convert|15.2|m|ft}} in length with an average diameter of {{convert|0.785|m|ft}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhandarkar p.206&quot;&gt;Bhandarkar p.206&lt;/ref&gt; The pillars were cut, dressed, finely polished into circular columns, and carved with edicts, before being transported to various locations in the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhandarkar pp.206–207&quot;&gt;Bhandarkar pp. 206–207&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The two pillar edicts are still in Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhis-Air-pollution-behind-corrosion-of-Ashoka-Pillar/articleshow/55811910.cms|title=Delhi's air pollution behind corrosion of Ashoka Pillar?|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 December 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The one on the Delhi ridge opposite the entrance of Bara Hindu Rao Hospital, close to the [[Delhi University]] campus, is popularly known as the Delhi-Meerut Pillar. The other, in the grounds of Feroz Shah Kotla, is known as the Delhi-Topra Pillar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Kotlas-Ashoka-pillar-over-2000-years-old-suffers-heavy-damage/articleshow/55763120.cms|title=Kotla's Ashoka pillar, over 2,000 years old, suffers heavy damage|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 December 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Singh&gt;{{Cite book|last=Singh|first= Upinder|title= Delhi&lt;!--|pages=227--&gt;|work=Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|pages =120–131|access-date=2009-07-22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C&amp;q=Ashokan+Pillar,+Delhi&amp;pg=PA120|publisher= Berghahn Books|year=2006|isbn=81-87358-29-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Feroz Shah Tughlaq]], who ruled from Delhi as [[Sultan]] during the medieval period between 1351 and 1388, was a keen historian, architect, game hunter, and with deep sense of commitment to build public utilities related to irrigation works and establishing urban towns. Feroz Shah, during one of his campaigns, was enthralled by the two spectacular monoliths – inscribed Ashokan pillars he saw, one at Topra near Ambala and the other near Meerut, till then undeciphered – and decided to shift them to his palatial Feruzabad palace in Delhi as &quot;totemic embellishments&quot;. He shifted the pillars from these places and got them erected in Delhi; the former in his new capital and the latter on the ridge, near Pir-Ghaib, his hunting palace. The first pillar was erected in the 1350s, next to the Friday mosque in the new city of Feruzabad.).&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma, pp. 1, 10-11&quot;&gt;Sharma, pp. 1, 10–11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Singh/&gt;&lt;ref name=john&gt;{{Cite book|last=Keay|first= John|title=India: A History|work=The Arm of the Guptas|page=136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC&amp;q=Ashokan+Pillar,+Delhi&amp;pg=PA136|publisher= Grove Press|year=2001|isbn=0-8021-3797-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Flood p. 248&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Near the gate of the building that holds the Ashokan pillar, every Thursday afternoon is a kind of ''djinns date'', as a large number of people visit the place to either mollify or revere the ''djinns'' or genies (said to be a pre-Islamic belief) that are believed to prowl there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peck p.82&quot;&gt;Peck p. 82&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Delhi-Topra Pillar was moved from [[Topra Kalan]] in [[Yamunanagar district]] of [[Haryana]] (original location at {{coord|30.12889|N|77.15965|E|display=inline}}), and was erected above the palace building at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]]. It is {{convert|13|m|ft}} high (with one metre below the platform) and made of sandstone.<br /> <br /> The inscription in Brahmi script, which was deciphered by James Princep, a renowned scholar in [[India]]n [[antiquarian]] [[Study (art)|studies]] in 1837, conveys the same message as the other Ashokan Pillars erected such as &quot;code of dharma:virtue, social cohesion and piety&quot; but with one difference that on this pillar there is also a reference to issues related to taxation. The building that houses the pillar is a three-storied structure built in rubble masonry. It has a large number of small domed rooms in the first and second floors, with links to the roof. Rooms on each floor have arched entrances, which are now stated to be used for ''pujas'' (worship). It is a pyramidal-shaped structure with reducing size at each level with the pillar installed on the terrace of the building. It is conjectured that originally the pillar had a lion capital (similar to the Ashoka Emblem), which is the [[National Emblem of India]]. Feroz Shah is said to have embellished the top of the pillar with frescoes in black and white stone topped with a gilded copper cupola. But at present, what is visible is the smooth polished surface of the pillar, and an elephant carving added much later.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma p.131&quot;&gt;Sharma p.131&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peck p.85&quot;&gt;Peck p.85&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hort&gt;{{Cite book|last=Horton|first= Patrick |author2=Richard Plunkett |author3=Hugh Finlay|title= Delhi|work=Feroz Shah Kotla|page=104|access-date=2009-07-22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&amp;q=Ashokan+Pillar,+Delhi&amp;pg=PA104|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2002|isbn=978-1-86450-297-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Visaladeva inscription on Delhi Topra 12th century.jpg|thumb|[[Vigraharaja IV|Visaladeva]] inscription on the Delhi-Topra pillar, 12th century.]]<br /> [[File:Delhi-Topra Nagari inscription of 1524 CE.jpg|thumb|Delhi-Topra inscription of 1524 CE, mentioning Sultan [[Ibrahim Lodhi]] (ruled 1517–1526).]]<br /> This pillar, apart from the Ashokan edicts, has another set of text inscribed in Sanskrit &quot;below and around Ashokan edict&quot;, in ''nagari'' script. These are three inscriptions of the 12th century AD, by [[Vigraharaja IV|Visala Deva Vigraharaja IV]] of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;US208&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=Delhi: Ancient History |date=2006 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-81-87358-29-9 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C&amp;pg=PA208 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> These inscriptions record the conquests of [[Vigraharaja IV|Visala Deva Vigraharaja IV]] of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan dynasty]], which was still ruling over Delhi at the time of Ghurid conquests in the 1190s, and his victories over a Mlechha enemy (presumably [[Ghaznavid]] or [[Ghurid]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;US208&quot;/&gt; With this finding, it has been inferred that Visala Deva reused this pillar to record his triumphs in wars.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flood pp.249–250&quot;&gt;Flood pp.249–250&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are also two 16th century inscriptions: a short Sanskrit one by a writer named Ama, and a longer one in a mix of Sanskrit and Persian, mentioning the ruler [[Ibrahim Lodhi]] (ruled 1517–1526) of the [[Lodhi dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;US208&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot; perrow=&quot;4&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> File:Delhi-Topra Ashoka pillar.jpg|Delhi-Topra Ashoka pillar<br /> File:Delhi-Topra pillar Brahmi and Nagari.jpg|1800 years separate these two inscriptions: [[Brahmi script]] of the 3rd century BCE ([[Edict of Ashoka]]), and its derivative, 16th century CE [[Devanagari]] script (1524 CE, [[Ibrahim Lodi]] inscription), on the Delhi-Topra pillar.<br /> File:Delhi-Topra pillar Ashoka inscriptions.jpg|Delhi-Topra pillar Ashoka inscriptions (Edicts I to VII)<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transportation techniques==<br /> [[File:Sirat i-Firuz Shahi 14th century illustration of the transportation of the Topra pillar to Delhi.jpg|thumb|Transportation of the Topra pillar to Delhi. Sirat i-Firuz Shahi, 14th century illustration.]]<br /> The transportation of the massive pillars to Delhi, planned under the direction of Sultan Feruz Shah, was documented by contemporary historian Shams-i-Siraj.&lt;ref name=john/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;Bhandarkar&quot;&gt;Bhandarkar pp. 207–209&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The truncated pillar now at the ruined palace of Feruz Shah came from Khizrabad, in the upstream reaches of the [[Yamuna River]], about {{convert|90|km|mi}} from Delhi. The transportation of the pillar was highly demanding, requiring soldiers (both cavalry and foot) to pitch in with all tools and tackles to transport it to Delhi. Silk cotton from the [[Bombax|Silk cotton tree]], the ''simal'', was gathered in large quantities to surround the pillar before it was lowered horizontally to the ground. The covering was then removed, and replaced by reeds and raw hide to protect the pillar. A 42-wheeled cart was used to transport it to the river bank, where it was loaded onto a large boat. The cart required 8,400&amp;nbsp;men to move it, 200 to each wheel.&lt;ref name=john/&gt; A purpose-built palatial building was constructed out of stone and lime mortar to house the pillar. The square base stone was placed at the base of the pillar before the task was completed. The building is now in a ruined state, but the pillar still stands as it was erected.&lt;ref name=john/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;Bhandarkar&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=15em}}<br /> * [[Topra Kalan#Topra Ashokan Pillar|Topra Ashokan Pillar]]<br /> * Related topics<br /> ** [[Ancient iron production]]<br /> ** [[Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts]]<br /> ** [[Dhar iron pillar]]<br /> ** [[History of metallurgy in South Asia]]<br /> ** [[Iron pillar of Delhi]]<br /> ** [[List of Edicts of Ashoka]] <br /> ** [[Pillars of Ashoka]]<br /> ** [[Stambha]]<br /> * Other similar topics<br /> ** [[Early Indian epigraphy]]<br /> ** [[Hindu temple architecture]]<br /> ** [[History of India]] <br /> ** [[Indian copper plate inscriptions]]<br /> ** [[Indian rock-cut architecture]] <br /> ** [[List of rock-cut temples in India]] <br /> ** [[Outline of ancient India]]<br /> ** [[South Indian Inscriptions]]<br /> ** [[Tagundaing]]<br /> {{col div end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Bhandarkar|first= R. G|author2=D.R. Bhandarkar|title= Asoka|work=Social and Religious life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhlfSZLDjRsC&amp;q=Ashokan+Pillar,+Delhi&amp;pg=PA207|publisher= Asian Educational Services|year= 2000|isbn=81-206-1333-3}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Flood|first=Finbarr B.|title=Objects of Translation|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2009|isbn= 978-0-691-12594-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&amp;q=Ashokan+Pillar,+Delhi&amp;pg=PA248}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Peck|first=Lucy|title=Delhi -A thousand years of Building|work=Rock edicts &amp; Ashokan Pillars|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd.|location=New Delhi|year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|archive-date=12 March 2006|access-date=13 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060312215021/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Y.D.|title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood|work=Rock edicts and Ashokan pillars|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|location=New Delhi|year=2001|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=87|access-date=31 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216054938/http://indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=87|archive-date=16 February 2010|url-status=dead}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Edicts of Ashoka|Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:History of Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian inscriptions]]<br /> [[Category:Monuments and memorials in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Memorials to Ashoka]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dholera&diff=461737 2026-02-28T16:45:08Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: further added details as per guidelines and updated info to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the village in Gujarat|the village in Haryana|Dholera, Mahendragarh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Dholera<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.248|N|72.195|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 382455<br /> | registration_plate = GJ<br /> | website = {{URL|dholera.gujarat.gov.in|Dholera}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dholera''' is a town in [[Ahmedabad district]] of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;village&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> ===Background===<br /> Dholera was also an ancient port-city in [[Gulf of Khambhat]], 30&amp;nbsp;km. from [[Dhandhuka]] village of [[Ahmedabad district]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}<br /> <br /> [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera]] is one of the nine temples built by [[Swaminarayan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Raymond |year=2001 |title=Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism |url=https://www.cambridge.org/jp/universitypress/subjects/religion/buddhism-and-eastern-religions/introduction-swaminarayan-hinduism-3rd-edition?format=HB&amp;isbn=9781108421140 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=29 |isbn=978-0-521-65422-7 |access-date=21 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Smart city===<br /> Since 2011, the Government of Gujarat has been making plans to develop a [[smart city]] at Bhal area.&lt;ref name=&quot;waterlog&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;village&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Gujarat elections: Modi's Dholera dream is a tale of delay, progress and resistance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/gujarat-elections-modi-s-dholera-dream-is-a-tale-of-delay-progress-and-resistance/story-HKH2aY9U8BprFx4u2F1WbP.html |access-date=27 January 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 November 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The economic viability of the project has been questioned by farmer organisations.&lt;ref name=&quot;waterlog&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Guardian2014 /&gt; Several investors who initially signed the Memorandum of Understanding to develop the project, have withdrawn and refused to invest.&lt;ref name=Guardian2014 /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> The region is located in a low lying area and is flood prone.&lt;ref name=&quot;waterlog&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Guardian2014&gt;{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Ayona |title=India's smart city craze: big, green and doomed from the start? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/apr/17/india-smart-city-dholera-flood-farmers-investors |access-date=3 December 2020 |work=the Guardian |date=17 April 2014 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2019, the area was waterlogged and remained cut off from other cities for three days.&lt;ref name=&quot;waterlog&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dholera waterlogged, reconsider Smart City project: Farmers |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-dholera-waterlogged-reconsider-smart-city-project-farmers-2781345 |access-date=5 January 2021 |work=DNA India |date=13 August 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Planned infrastructure ==<br /> Gujarat Government has proposed a new [[Dholera International Airport|International Airport]] for [[Ahmedabad]] city at [[Fedara]]. The proposed international airport is to be strategically located near the planned [[SEZ]] project of the [[Adani Group]] at Dholera. A new seaport was initially proposed, but the plans have been abandoned.&lt;ref name=Guardian2014 /&gt; <br /> <br /> In January 2021 a monorail project to link [[Ahmedabad]] and the [[Dholera Special Investment Region]] '''(DSIR)''' was approved. The {{INRConvert|60|b}} [[Mass Rapid Transit System]] (MRTS) will run parallel to the expressway and have seventy stations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ahmedabad-Dholera SIR monorail gets green signal - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-dholera-sir-monorail-gets-green-signal/articleshow/80126746.cms|access-date=2021-06-29|website=The Times of India|date=6 January 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ahmedabad Dholera Mono Rail project approved for seacle at Dholera Airport: PM Modi |url=https://www.dholeraprime.com/ahmedabad-dholera-mono-rail-project-approved-for-connectivity-at-dholera-airport-pm-modi/ |access-date=29 June 2021 |publisher=Dholera Prime |date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512122504/https://www.dholeraprime.com/ahmedabad-dholera-mono-rail-project-approved-for-connectivity-at-dholera-airport-pm-modi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2025, Dholera, along with [[Kutch district|Kutch]], was identified as a suitable site for setting up launchpads for space exploration institutions by the government of Gujarat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=21 April 2025 |title=Gujarat zeroes in on Kutch, Dholera for launchpad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-zeroes-in-on-kutch-dholera-for-launchpad/articleshow/120462263.cms |work=The Times of India |location=Gandhinagar |access-date=21 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Tata Group]] is constructing a [[Semiconductor fabrication plant|semiconductor chip fabrication plant]] in the town.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Aryan |first=Aashish |date=25 March 2025 |title=Tata group seeks 80 acres more to expand Dholera semiconductor chip plant |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/companies/news/tata-group-seeks-80-acres-more-to-expand-dholera-semiconductor-chip-plant-125032501268_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=21 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Dholera International Airport===<br /> [[Dholera International Airport]], a [[greenfield airport]] is under construction near Navagam in the Dholera taluka of [[Ahmedabad district]]. The project site is spread over 1,426 hectares near Navagam village in Dholera taluka,&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Dholera-airport-work-to-take-off-in-Q3-of-FY16/articleshow/47807868.cms|title=Dholera airport work to take off in Q3 of FY’16|work=[[The Times of India]]| access-date= 25 June 2015| date=25 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; about 80 km from Ahmedabad and around 20 km from the Dholera Special Investment Region (DSIR).&lt;ref name=&quot;FE&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/pm-narendra-modigovt-grants-site-clearance-to-gujarats-dholera-airport/1272163|title=PM Narendra Modi-govt grants 'site clearance' to Gujarat's Dholera airport|work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|access-date= 28 July 2014|date=21 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) inspected the site in January 2010 to carry out a techno-economical feasibility study&lt;ref name=&quot;DNA&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aai-team-inspects-site-for-greenfield-airport-in-ahmedabad-1338455|title=AAI team inspects site for greenfield airport in Ahmedabad|work=[[Daily News &amp; Analysis]]|access-date= 28 July 2014|date=23 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; and gave its technical clearance.&lt;ref name=&quot;DNA1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Federa-airport-gets-AAI-nod/articleshow/5558624.cms|title=Federa airport gets AAI nod|work=[[Daily News &amp; Analysis]]|access-date= 28 July 2014|date=11 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dholera International Airport Company Ltd (DIACL) was founded in 2013 to develop the airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=6 years on, ground work on Dholera airport yet to start |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/6-years-on-ground-work-on-dholera-airport-yet-to-start-5595661/ |access-date=3 December 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=22 February 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> The central government approved the site in July 2014,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Site Clearance for Dholera Airport Project|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=107084 |work= [[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=28 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the Environment Ministry gave its approval in December 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;BS1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gujarat-s-dholera-airport-project-gets-centre-s-green-nod-115121000537_1.html|title=Gujarat's Dholera airport project gets Centre's green nod |work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date= 12 May 2018|date=10 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, the Airport Authority of India released a Rs. 987 crore tender for Phase 1 of airport project. The airport will have a 3,200 metre long runway suitable for 4E category aircraft. The airport is expected to cater to not only DSIR and its hinterland, but also to traffic overflow from the Ahmedabad international airport. The Gujarat government has allocated 1427 hectares of land for the said project and 75 hectares of government land, has been allocated for commercial development.&lt;ref name=&quot;OL1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/71247/dholera-special-investment-region-dsir-to-host-gujarats-largest-airport|title=Coming up: Gujarat's Largest airport |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date= 3 March 2021|date=2 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Ahmedabad district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]<br /> [[Category:Villages in Ahmedabad district]]<br /> [[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Planned communities in India]]<br /> [[Category:Settlements in Gujarat]]<br /> <br /> {{Ahmedabad-geo-stub}}</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadawas&diff=539254 2026-02-27T08:20:19Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: added the page and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = &lt;!--India Rajasthan#India--&gt;<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.9512|73.4306}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 2306<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tadawas''' is a village in [[Jaipur district]], [[Rajasthan]], India. According to the [[2011 census of India]], it had a population of 2306.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=POPULATION FINDER 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=censusindia.gov.in |quote=TADAWAS VILLAGE Population: 2306 State: Rajasthan District: Jaipur Subdistrict: Amber Town/village: Tadawas}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Jaipur district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Jaipur district]]<br /> <br /> {{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rewa_Municipal_Corporation&diff=530411 2026-02-24T03:52:11Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: created first post nd citations - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Madhya Pradesh administrative body, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Rewa Municipal Corporation<br /> | coa_pic = Rewa_Municipal_Corporation_Embelem.jpg<br /> | foundation = {{Start date and age|1950}}<br /> | house_type = [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]<br /> | jurisdiction = Rewa, Madhya Pradesh<br /> | leader1_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal commissioner]]<br /> | leader1 = Dr. Saurabh Sanjay Sonawane, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title= पहले दिन से एक्टिव हुईं रीवा नगर निगम की नवनियुक्त निगमायुक्त संस्कृति जैन, शाखाओं का किया भ्रमण, लिया फीडबैक|url=https://www.rewariyasat.com/rewa/newly-appointed-corporator-sanskriti-jain-of-rewa-municipal-corporation-took-charge-visited-branches-took-feedback-102056|date =7 February 2023|access-date =11 February 2023|language= Hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader2_type = [[Mayor]]<br /> | leader2 = Ajay Mishra<br /> | party2 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=रीवा में 23 साल बाद बना कांग्रेस का मेयर, अजय मिश्रा बाबा जीते |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/rewa-mp-local-body-election-result-2022-congress-ajay-mishra-baba-won-in-rewa-municipal-corporation-chunav-cgpg-4405156.html|date=20 July 2022|access-date=7 November 2022|language= Hindi }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | seats = 45<br /> | structure1 = Indian Rewa, MP Municipal election 2025.svg<br /> | political_groups1 = <br /> {{Legend|#FF9933|[[BJP]]: 18 seats}}<br /> {{Legend|#D7D2DA|[Independent]: 10 seats}} &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.amarujala.com/live/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/mp-municipal-corporation-election-results-2022-live-katni-ratlam-dewas-rewa-morena-news-updates-in-hindi | title=रीवा में 24 साल बाद कांग्रेस का महापौर, देवास-रतलाम में भाजपा की जीत | website=www.amarujala.com|language= Hindi }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Legend|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 17 seats}}<br /> | budget = <br /> | last_election1 = 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url= https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/check-madhya-pradesh-local-body-polls-results-2022-live-news-mp-municipal-election-result-phase-2/2599618|title= Madhya Pradesh Municipal Election Phase 2 Result 2022 HIGHLIGHTS: Why are they celebrating, asks Kamal Nath after BJP loses 7 Municipal Corporations|date=21 July 2022|access-date=7 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website = {{URL|https://mcrewa.com }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rewa Municipal Corporation''' is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state of India. The organization is known as '''Nagar Palik Nigam Rewa''' and in short as RMC. It was established in 1950. This civic administrative body administers an area of 69 &amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. RMC is headed by Mayor of Rewa.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> The governing structure of RMC consists of political and administrative wings. The political wing is an elected body of councilors headed by a mayor. The [[Municipal commissioner (India)|municipal commissioner]] from the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] cadre heads the administrative wing and is responsible for strategic and operational planning and management of the corporation. The commissioner takes decisions on behalf of the board or the standing committee formed from the elected councilors to perform the duties of the corporation.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Rewa Municipality Corporation was formed in the form of a municipal corporation in the year 1950, in January 1981, the status of Nagar Palik Nigam was given by the Madhya Pradesh government. At present, Rewa has a total of 45 wards in the city, in which 6 wards are reserved for Schedule Castes and Scheduled Tribes, in which ward number 1 and 43 belong to Scheduled Tribes and ward number 28, 38, 39, 40 is reserved for Schedule Castes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://rewa.nic.in/en/history|website= rewa.nic.in|access-date=7 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Services ==<br /> The RMC is responsible for administering and providing basic infrastructure to the city.<br /> <br /> * City bus service - RCTSL &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| url= https://www.patrika.com/rewa-news/rewa-city-transport-service-limited-city-bus-rewa-4778099 |title=रीवा शहर में सिटी बसों की संख्या बढ़ाने में आ रही अड़चनें, यहां जानिए कब तक करना पड़ेगा इंतजार|website= www.patrika.com|access-date= 8 November 2022|language=hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Water Purification and Supply<br /> * Sewage treatment and Disposal<br /> * [[Garbage disposal]] and Street Cleanliness<br /> * Solid Waste Management<br /> * Disaster Management<br /> * Building and Maintenance of Roads, Streets and Flyovers.<br /> * Street Lighting<br /> * Maintenance of Parks, Gardens and Open Plots (Spaces)<br /> * Cemeteries and Crematoriums<br /> * Registering of Births and Deaths<br /> * Conservation of Heritage Sites<br /> * Disease control, including Immunization<br /> * Maintaining (Public) Municipal managed schools.<br /> <br /> ==List of mayors==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|No. <br /> ! rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|Name<br /> ! colspan = &quot;2&quot;|Term <br /> ! rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|<br /> ! rowspan = &quot;2&quot;|Party name<br /> |-<br /> ! Start<br /> ! End<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |Ameer Ullah Khan<br /> |1995<br /> |1997<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Savitri Pandey<br /> |1997<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Kamaljeet Singh Dang<br /> |1997<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |Rajendra Tamrakar<br /> |1998<br /> |1999<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party |rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |Asha Singh<br /> |1999<br /> |2005<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |Virendra Gupta<br /> |2005<br /> |2010<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |[[Shivendra Singh Patel]]<br /> |2010<br /> |2015<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |Mamta Gupta<br /> |2015<br /> |2022<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |Ajay Mishra<br /> |2022<br /> | Incumbent <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress }}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> <br /> === Awards and recognition ===<br /> * On 13 January 2017, Municipal Corporation created '''World Record''' by creating '''Largest Human Depiction of Dustbin under Swacchta Survekshan 2017''' to create awareness among the people regarding use of dustbin. Approx 6574 students from various school participated in this event. Event was inaugurated by Shri Rajendra Shukla Minister Commerce, Industry and Employment Government of Madhya Pradesh along with mayor Smt. Mamta Gupta, Commissioner Municipal corporation Rewa. Shri karmveer sharma (IAS).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url= https://swachhbharat.mygov.in/activities/largest-human-depiction-dustbin-dustbin-world-record-created-nagar-nigam-rewa-under|title=LARGEST HUMAN DEPICTION OF DUSTBIN OF DUSTBIN WORLD RECORD|website=www.swachhbharat.mygov.in|date= 13 January 2017|access-date= 8 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In the survey 2017 of the Ministry of Urban Administration, Government of India, the city of Rewa has made its 38th place in the country, while it is on the '''Third place in the Progress towards Cleanliness'''. Due to which the Union Minister of Urban Administration, Wakaiah Naidu has given the cleanliness award to Rewa during a program on Thursday.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url= https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/rewa-rewa-news-1141690|title=Clean city award in Delhi, celebration in Rewa|website=www.naidunia.com|date= 5 May 2017|access-date= 8 November 2022|language= Hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.mcrewa.gov.in Official website]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}<br /> {{<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Municipal corporations in Madhya Pradesh]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adbhutanath_Mahadev_Mandir&diff=484547 2026-02-23T18:38:00Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: started info</p> <hr /> <div>{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Short description|13th century Shiva temple in Mithila}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Adbhutanath Mahadev Mandir|native_name=अद्भुतनाथ महादेव मंदिर|native_name_lang=mai|deity=Lord Shiva|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|festivals=Mahashivratri, Sawan Sombari|location=Anahari Dham, Mithila region|district=Sitamarhi district|state=Bihar|country=India|established=1288 AD|coordinates={{Coord|26.5692199|N|85.4262808|E}}}}<br /> <br /> '''Adbhutanath Mahadev Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: अद्भुतनाथ महादेव मंदिर) is a 13th century temple dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is located at ''Anahari Dham'' in the [[Sitamarhi district]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=अद्भुतनाथ महादेव मंदिर - अद्भुतनाथ महादेव मंदिर - Bihar Sitamarhi General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-adbhutnath-mahadev-temple-22918893.html |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was built during the period of the 13th century CE. The [[Lingam|Shivalinga]] of the temple was made by joining two celestial stones fallen from the sky at two different villages near the present temple. Since the divine stones came from the sky, so the Shivalinga is also known as ''Baba Adbhutanath Aakash Margi Mahadev''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=अन्हारी के बाबा अद्भूतनाथ शिव मंदिर सज धज कर तैयार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/sitamarhi/story-baba-adbhutnath-shiva-temple-of-anhari-is-all-decorated-and-ready-10505519.html |work=Hindustan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-03-20 |title=मान्यता: इस गांव में आकाश मार्ग से धरती पर उतरे थे अद्भुत नाथ महादेव, तब इलाके में छा गया था अंधेरा |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/sitamarhi/interesting-story-of-anhari-village-of-sitamarhi/bh20200320131158347 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> According to the priest ''Roshan Jha'' of the temple and the villager ''Ramesh Kumar'', Once a day in the year 1288 CE at morning, it rained with thunder. Then a celestial stone was seen falling towards the earth and soon the celestial stone broke into two parts before it fell on the earth. One part of the celestial stone fell in Anahari village and the other part in the fields of Rewasi village in the Sitamarhi district. After that it became dark during the day. It is said that Lord Shiva appeared in the dream of a [[Brahmin]] of ''Ransambha''. And Lord Shiva said to join the two pieces of the celestial stone. After that the villagers joined the two pieces of the celestial stone and started worshipping the joined celestial stone as [[Lingam|Shivalinga]]. The village was earlier known as ''Ujiarpur'' but during the fall of the celestial stone, the day became dark, so later it was called Anahari village. The term Anahari is associated with the darkness, so the village was later called as Anahari. The worship in the temple started from the year 1288 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt; <br /> <br /> [[Category:Shiva temples in Sitamarhi district]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Joseph%27s_Anglo-Indian_Higher_Secondary_School&diff=537363 2026-02-22T08:34:18Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: added first page w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = St. Joseph's Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School<br /> | native_name =<br /> | seal_image = <br /> | image = St. Joseph's Block, Perambur.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | motto = ''Pro Fide et Moribus''<br /> | motto_translation = For Faith and Morals<br /> | established = 1883<br /> | grades = 12<br /> | enrollment = 1700 ''(approx.)''<br /> | colours = Green and Gold&lt;br&gt;{{colour box|green}} {{colour box|gold}}<br /> | publication = ''Campus Chronicle''&lt;br/&gt;''Extrovert''<br /> | address = 62, Siruvallur High Road<br /> | location = [[Perambur]]<br /> | city = [[Chennai]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | postal_code = 600011<br /> | country = [[Republic of India|India]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.108402|N|80.239873|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | fundingtype = <br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]<br /> | affiliations = [[Presentation Sisters]]<br /> | denomination = Non-denominational<br /> | patron = [[Saint Joseph]]<br /> | founded = <br /> | founder = Fr. J. Allen ([[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]])<br /> | principal = Sr. amala jothi ([[Presentation Sisters|PBVM]])<br /> | free_label1 = Correspondent<br /> | free_text1 = Sr. Ann Teresa (PBVM)<br /> | closed = <br /> | language = [[English language|English]]<br /> | free_label2 = Former pupils<br /> | free_text2 = Josephites<br /> | website = {{URL|stjosephperambur.com}} <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''St. Joseph's Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School''' is an all-girls day school, located on Siruvallur High Road at [[Perambur]] in the city of [[Chennai]] that was founded in 1883 by Fr. J. Allen, initially as an attachment to ' Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine '. It is now managed by the [[Presentation Sisters]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> In the year 1842, the [[Presentation Sisters]] established their congregation on Indian soil. In 1883, it was found imperative to bring into being an institution to cater to the educational requirements of the children. The erstwhile Archbishop of Madras cum parish priest of the ' Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes ', Rev. Fr. J. Allen was the first manager of the school.<br /> <br /> In the year 1895, Fr. P. O. Carroll assumed the administrative role in collaboration with a trio of lay teachers. Recognition was granted by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in the year 1903.<br /> <br /> In 1911, the management of the institution was consigned to the [[Presentation Sisters]] under Mother Angela Curtin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stjosephperambur.com/index.php?page=history|title=ST JOSEPH ANGLO INDIAN HSC SCHOOL|publisher=|accessdate=20 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Academics==<br /> The school initially educated boys up to Class IV and girls up to Class X. Following a revision of admission in 2007, the school identified as an all-girls school. In 2011, the school was upgraded to higher secondary level, offering a total of four alternative streams:<br /> <br /> * Computer Science, Physics, Chemistry and General Mathematics<br /> * Biology, Physics, Chemistry and General Mathematics<br /> * Commerce, Economics, Accountancy and Computer Science<br /> * Commerce, Economics, Accountancy and Business Mathematics<br /> <br /> The medium of instruction is [[English language|English]]. The second languages incorporated in the curriculum are [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[French language|French]] for higher secondary level and Tamil for high school. [[Hindi]] continued to be a second language alternative for high school, prior to a syllabus revision that witnessed its withdrawal. Currently, the ''Samacheer Kalvi'' (Equity Education) system is adhered to.<br /> <br /> Public Examinations for Classes X and XII are conducted and the answer booklets are evaluated by select staff assigned by the Government of Tamil Nadu.<br /> <br /> ==Infrastructure and Facilities==<br /> [[File:Nagle Block, Perambur.jpg|thumb|100px|The Nagle Block]] [[File:Anne Caffrey Block.JPG|thumb|100px|The Anne Caffrey Block]]<br /> <br /> Three buildings, namely the Anne Caffrey Block, the Nagle Block and the neoteric Saint Joseph's block constitute the plan of the school. Each block is two levels high.<br /> <br /> Amenities include an [[auditorium]], a [[library]], an audio-visual sector, a [[solar power plant]], a [[reverse osmosis plant]], two air-conditioned computer laboratories along with laboratories for physics, chemistry and biology, an assembly stage and a canteen. Two independent vehicle stands, for the teaching and supportive staff and the student body, exist.<br /> <br /> The convent with a chapel on the zero level are on the premises. Diverse plants are bought and gifted by the students on special occasions which are maintained along with avifauna such as [[lovebird]]s, [[Columbidae|pigeons]], a [[green parakeet]] and a [[Rooster|cockerel]]. A couple of [[Aquarium|aquaria]] are maintained and a warren of [[rabbit]]s is also bred.<br /> <br /> Private and unaffiliated St. John's Nursery and Primary School is also on-campus.<br /> <br /> ==Athletics==<br /> The school endorses various sports such as [[basketball]] (that has seen players rise to international ranks), [[table tennis]], [[karate]], [[kabaddi]], [[kho-kho]], [[throwball]] and [[track and field]] events whose players have also bagged multiple laurels and acclaim.<br /> <br /> The school hosts the Nano Nagle Interschool Basketball Tournament annually, effective since 2010, and also an annual Table Tennis Tournament since 2014.<br /> <br /> There is an outdoor basketball court and an indoor table tennis court.<br /> <br /> A day in the scholastic year is allotted for the manifestation of sportsmanship and the pertaining events of sport are conducted in the neighboring Railway Stadium.<br /> <br /> ==Houses==<br /> The students are assigned to one invariable house out of four that are namesakes of the saints [[Saint Anne|Anne]], [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]], [[Saint Patrick|Patrick]] and [[Teresa of Ávila|Teresa]], each of which bear an exclusive aphorism.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !House!!Motto!!Color<br /> |-<br /> |Saint Anne's<br /> |&quot;Let Your Light Shine.&quot;<br /> |{{colour box|blue}}<br /> |-<br /> |Saint Joseph's<br /> |&quot;To Love is to Serve.&quot;<br /> |{{colour box|pink}}<br /> |-<br /> |Saint Patrick's<br /> |&quot;Faster, Higher, Stronger.&quot;<br /> |{{colour box|green}}<br /> |-<br /> |Saint Teresa's<br /> |&quot;Knowledge is Power.&quot;<br /> |{{colour box|red}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Activities==<br /> Weekly, the high school students assort themselves into their respective ''clubs'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stjosephperambur.com/index.php?page=co_curricular_activities|title=ST JOSEPH ANGLO INDIAN HSC SCHOOL|publisher=|accessdate=20 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; all of which endeavor to promote their all-round development. The functional clubs of the school include:<br /> {{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br /> * [[Art]] and Craft Club<br /> * [[Marching band]]<br /> * [[The Bharat Scouts and Guides|Girl Guides]]<br /> * [[Children's Rights]] Club<br /> * [[English Literature]] Club<br /> * [[National Green Corps|Environment Club]]<br /> * [[Music]] Club<br /> * [[Nano Nagle|Nagle]] Club<br /> * [[Needlework]] Club<br /> * [[Red Ribbon]] Club (RRC)<br /> * [[Junior Safety Patrol|Road Safety Patrol]] (RSP)<br /> * [[Tamil Literature]] Club<br /> * [[Student activism|Young Students' Movement]] (YSM) <br /> * [[Bharata Natyam]]}}<br /> <br /> Aside from the aforementioned activities, the pupils are assigned projects and are encouraged to partake in the annual dramatics, carol-singing contests, occasional debates, creative writing, elocutions and a variety of similar external competitions.<br /> <br /> ==Faith Formation==<br /> [[File:SJAIHSS Convent.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Frontal view of the convent]]<br /> <br /> Thrice a week, a time slot is given to religious instruction- [[Catechism]] for Roman Catholics along with voluntary Christians of other denominations and [[Values education]] for non-Christians. The text material for Catechism is issued by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore]] wherein the Catechism examination evaluations are carried out.<br /> <br /> [[Mass (liturgy)|Holy Mass]] is attended by the [[Religious sisters|sisters]], Catholic teachers, high school and higher secondary students every first Friday of the month and on special occasions. Masses are animated by the Catechism students of a particular class each month in combination with the Catechism teacher(s) concerned. The chapel affixed to the convent is open to the sisters, the staff, and the students during school hours.<br /> <br /> Retreats are orchestrated over a period of two or three months for both students and teachers.<br /> <br /> ==Events==<br /> Notable events/feasts that ( take place in ) are celebrated within the school include:<br /> <br /> * Sports Day (June/July)<br /> * [[Teachers' Day]] (5 September)<br /> * [[Children's Day]] (14 November)<br /> * [[Presentation of Mary|Presentation Day]] (21 November)<br /> * [[Christmas]] (beforehand: week 1 December)<br /> * Prize Day / Annual Day (January/February)<br /> * Farewell Day (mid-February)<br /> * [[Saint Joseph's Day|Feast of Saint Joseph]] (19 March)<br /> <br /> ==Notable alumni==<br /> * [[Andrea Jeremiah]], actress, playback singer, musician and dancer<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Joseph%27s_Anglo-Indian_Higher_Secondary_School&amp;params=13.108402_N_80.239873_E_type:edu Geohack]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School}}<br /> [[Category:Presentation Sisters schools]]<br /> [[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]<br /> [[Category:Christian schools in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Girls' schools in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1883]]<br /> [[Category:1883 establishments in British India]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Mumbai&diff=448969 2026-02-21T00:04:11Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: Revised content for better accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|None}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=November 2023}}<br /> [[File:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|alt= Bombay is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of Salsette Island, which lies between the Arabian Sea to the west, Thane Creek to the east, and Vasai Creek to the north. Bombay's suburban district occupies most of the island. Navi Mumbai is east of Thane Creek, and the Thane District is north of Vasai Creek.|thumb|upright|Mumbai consists of two revenue districts.]]<br /> <br /> The city of '''[[Mumbai]]''' consists of two distinct regions: [[Mumbai City district]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district]], forming two separate revenue districts under Maharashtra.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Mumbai Suburban |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] (Maharashtra State Centre) |url=http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf<br /> |access-date=2013-07-17|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513120309/http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf<br /> |archive-date=2012-05-13 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> The city district region is also commonly called ''Island City'' or [[South Mumbai]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;mmrda muip gdp&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm<br /> |title=Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) |access-date=2013-07-17 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226031015/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm<br /> |archive-date=26 February 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> Mumbai Suburban district lies north Mumbai City district and includes all Mumbai suburbs. Western portion forms [[Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|Western Suburbs]], while eastern side forms [[Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)|Eastern Suburbs]].<br /> Suburbs [[Chembur]], [[Govandi]], [[Mankhurd]], and [[Trombay]] lie of the south-east Eastern Suburbs. These suburbs generally not considered part Eastern Suburbs and sometimes referred as &quot;Harbour Suburbs&quot;.<br /> <br /> The total area of Mumbai is 603.4&amp;amp;nbsp;km&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; (233 sq mi).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Area and Density – Metropolitan Cities |url=http://urbanindia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF |publisher=Ministry of Urban Development ([[Government of India]]) |page=33 |access-date=2013-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410000104/http://urbanindia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Of this, the island city spans 67.79&amp;amp;nbsp;km&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; (26 sq mi), while the suburban district spans 370&amp;amp;nbsp;km&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; (143 sq mi), together accounting for 437.71&amp;amp;nbsp;km&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; (169 sq mi) under the administration of [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC). The remaining area belongs to Defence, Mumbai Port Trust, Atomic Energy Commission and [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park|Borivali National Park]], which are out of the jurisdiction of the BMC.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;trf&quot;&amp;gt;{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.2 Area and Divisions|Ref=plan}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Mumbai lies at the mouth of the [[Ulhas River]] on the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the [[Konkan]]. It sits on [[Salsette Island]], partially shared with the [[Thane district]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;geo&quot;&amp;gt;{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=2|Ref=bom}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Mumbai is bounded by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;mloc&quot;&amp;gt;{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.1 Location|Ref=plan}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Sanjay Gandhi National Park is located partly in the [[Mumbai suburban district]], and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09&amp;amp;nbsp;km&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; (39.80 sq mi).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Harvnb|Bapat|2005|pp=111–112}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Western suburbs==<br /> [[File:Skyscrapers_of_Mumbai_viewed_from_'National_Park,_Borivili.jpg|thumb|[[Borivali]]]]<br /> [[File:Amboli Sunset Point.JPG|thumb|[[Amboli, Mumbai|Amboli]]]]<br /> [[File:Juhu Aerodrome and JW Marriott Mumbai Juhu P 20181005 161601 2.jpg|thumb|[[Juhu]]]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Andheri]]===<br /> *[[Aram Nagar]]<br /> *[[Amboli, Mumbai|Amboli]]<br /> *[[Chakala]]<br /> *[[D.N. Nagar]]<br /> *[[Four Bungalows]]<br /> *[[JB Nagar]]<br /> *[[Kajuwadi]]<br /> *[[Lokhandwala Complex]] <br /> *[[Marol]]<br /> *[[Mogra Village]]<br /> *Model Town<br /> *Poonam Nagar<br /> *[[Saki Naka]]<br /> *[[Seven Bungalows]]<br /> *[[Versova (Mumbai)|Versova]]<br /> *[[SEEPZ]]<br /> *[[Sahar Village, Mumbai|Sahar]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Bandra]]===<br /> *[[Bandra Kurla Complex]]<br /> *[[Bandstand Promenade]]<br /> *Gandhi Nagar<br /> *M I G Colony<br /> *[[Kherwadi]]<br /> *Bharat Nagar<br /> *[[Land's End, Bandra|Land's End]]<br /> *[[Pali Hill]]<br /> *Old Town<br /> *[[Bandra reclamation]]<br /> *Chapel Avenue<br /> *KC Marg<br /> *Carter Road<br /> *Kala Nagar<br /> *Naupada<br /> *Nirmal Nagar<br /> *WEH Western Express Highway<br /> *Valmiki Nagar<br /> *Sadguru Colony<br /> *Bharam Nagar<br /> *Subhash Nagar<br /> *Sanjay Nagar<br /> *Sant Dnyaneshwar Nagar<br /> *Bairam Naupada<br /> *Patkar Blocks<br /> *Vaidya Nagar<br /> *Santosh Nagar<br /> *Saint Martin Road<br /> *Saint Andrew Road<br /> *[[Bandra Fort]]<br /> *Saint Paul Road<br /> *Guru Nanak Road<br /> *Mount Mary Road<br /> *Saint Josephs Road<br /> *Rizvi Complex <br /> *Ranwar<br /> *D'Monte Park Road<br /> *Perry Cross Road<br /> *Tata Blocks<br /> *Indiraji Nagar<br /> *Somnath lane<br /> *[[Bandra Terminus]]<br /> *28th Road<br /> *1st Road<br /> *9th Road<br /> *Saint Cyril Road<br /> *SG Joshi Marg<br /> *B Block BKC<br /> *National Library Road<br /> *Bandra Worli Sea Link<br /> *Manuel Gonsalves Road<br /> *Pandurang Ashram Marg<br /> *Chimbai Road<br /> *Hill Road<br /> *Pereira Road<br /> *BJ Road<br /> *DR. Ambedkar Road<br /> *St. Sebastian Road<br /> *Mount Carmel Road<br /> *Vastu<br /> *Galaxy Apartment<br /> *Pali Mala Road<br /> <br /> ===[[Borivalii]]===<br /> * [[I.C. Colony]]<br /> * L.I.C. Colony aka Jeevan Bhima Nagar<br /> * Eksar Colony<br /> * [[Shimpoli]]<br /> * [[Gorai]]<br /> * Kora Kendra<br /> * [[Vazira Naka]]<br /> * Babhai<br /> * Chikuwadi<br /> * Yogi Nagar<br /> * [[Devipada]]<br /> * Magathane<br /> * Nancy Colony<br /> * Sukurwadi<br /> <br /> ===[[Dahisar]]===<br /> * NL Complex<br /> * Mandapeshwar Caves<br /> * Northern heights<br /> * Shakti Nagar<br /> * Anand Nagar<br /> * Ketkipada<br /> * Anand Park<br /> * Krishna Colony<br /> * Rawalpada<br /> * Ashok Van<br /> * Balaji Colony<br /> * Ekta Colony<br /> * Maratha Nagar<br /> * Konkani pada<br /> * CS Complex<br /> * Avdhut Nagar<br /> * Narendra Complex<br /> * Shanti Nagar<br /> * Yadav Nagar<br /> * Gavde Nagar<br /> * Ganpat Patil Marg<br /> * Navagaon<br /> * Mhatre Wadi Tadwe Wadi<br /> <br /> ===[[Goregaon]]===<br /> *Best Nagar<br /> *[[Jawahar Nagar]]<br /> *[[Aarey Milk Colony]]<br /> *Motilal Nagar<br /> *[[Bangur Nagar]]<br /> *[[Gokuldham]]<br /> *Jayprakash Nagar<br /> *Pandurang Wadi<br /> *NESCO Colony<br /> *[[Oshiwara]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Jogeshwari]]===<br /> *Amrut Nagar<br /> *Kevni Pada<br /> *Behram Baug<br /> *Malcolm Bau<br /> *Patliputra Nagar<br /> *Vahatuk Nagar<br /> *Vaishali Nagar<br /> *Sainik Nagar<br /> *Patilwadi<br /> *Dnyaneshwar Marg<br /> *Shastri Nagar <br /> *Azad Nagar<br /> *Khan Estate<br /> *Pratiksha Nagar<br /> *BR Nagar<br /> *Momin Nagar<br /> *Prabhat Nagar<br /> *Kadam Nagar<br /> *Ambivali<br /> *Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Nagar<br /> *Patel Estate<br /> *Prathmesh Complex<br /> *Somani Gram<br /> *Gautam Nagar <br /> *Adarsh Nagar<br /> *Balasaheb Thackeray Flyover<br /> *JVLR <br /> *Gupha Tekdi<br /> *Poonam Nagar<br /> *Squatters Colony<br /> *Samarth Nagar<br /> *Shyam Nagar<br /> *Seetawadi<br /> *Janata Colony<br /> *Kranti Nagar<br /> *Rup Nagar<br /> *Majas Wadi<br /> *Morga Pada<br /> *Natwar Nagar<br /> *Samarth Nagar<br /> *Namesingh Chawl<br /> *Oberoi Splendor<br /> *Anand Nagar<br /> *Shankar Wadi<br /> *Pratap Nagar<br /> *Sunder Nagar<br /> *Jijamata Colony<br /> <br /> ===[[Kandivali]]===<br /> * Dahanukarwadi<br /> * BunderPakhadi (Koliwada)<br /> * [[Charkop]]<br /> * [[Poisar]]<br /> * Hindustan Naka<br /> * [[Mahavir Nagar (Kandivali)|Mahavir Nagar]]<br /> * Samta Nagar<br /> * Damu Nagar<br /> * [[Thakur complex]]<br /> * [[Thakur village]]<br /> * Akurli road<br /> * Janupada<br /> * Hanuman Nagar<br /> * Kranti Nagar<br /> * Laxmi Nagar<br /> * Dattani<br /> * Jivali Pada<br /> <br /> ===[[Khar, Mumbai|Khar]]===<br /> * [[Pali Naka]]<br /> * [[Khar Danda]]<br /> * 21st Road<br /> * 18th Road<br /> * 16th Road<br /> * 14th Road<br /> * Ambedkar Road<br /> <br /> ===[[Malad]]===<br /> * Dindoshi<br /> * [[Sunder Nagar]]<br /> * Pathanwadi<br /> * Rani Sati Marg<br /> * Malvani<br /> * [[Orlem]]<br /> * Ambujwadi<br /> * Evershine Nagar<br /> * Liliya Nagar<br /> * [[Jankalyan Nagar]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]] ===<br /> * Kalina<br /> * Vakola<br /> * Prabhat colony<br /> * Anand Nagar<br /> * Agripada<br /> * New Agripada<br /> * Chaitanya Nagar<br /> * Davri Nagar<br /> * Shivaji Nagar<br /> * Vakola Pipeline<br /> * Yashwant Nagar<br /> * Khira Nagar<br /> * Juhu Koliwada<br /> * Pothohar Nagar<br /> * Gazdhar Bandh<br /> <br /> === [[Vile Parle]] ===<br /> *Irla<br /> *Nehru Nagar<br /> ===[[Juhu]]===<br /> <br /> ==Eastern suburbs==<br /> === [[Bhandup]] ===<br /> *Bhattipada Road<br /> *Shivaji Talav<br /> *Hanuman Nagar<br /> *Pratap Nagar<br /> *Maharashtra Nagar<br /> *Jamil Nagar<br /> *Kokan Nagar <br /> *Jamin Nagar <br /> *Utkarsh Nagar<br /> *Samarth Nagar<br /> *Tulshet Pada<br /> *Sonapur<br /> *Sahyadri Nagar<br /> *Sarvoday Nagar<br /> <br /> ===[[Ghatkopar]] ===<br /> *[[Amrut Nagar]]<br /> *[[Asalfa]]<br /> *Garodia Nagar<br /> *Jagdusha Nagar<br /> *[[Pant Nagar]]<br /> *Barve Nagar<br /> <br /> === [[Kurla]] ===<br /> * [[Nehru Nagar]]<br /> * Kasaiwada<br /> * Quresh Nagar<br /> * Tashilanagar<br /> * Umerwadi<br /> * Ali dada estate<br /> * Takiya wad<br /> * Machi market<br /> * Kapadia nagar<br /> * Khadi<br /> * Court<br /> * Taximen colony<br /> * Halav pool<br /> * Makad wali chawal<br /> * MIG<br /> * LIG<br /> * Bachan tabela<br /> * Pipe road<br /> * Buddha Colony<br /> * Ambedkar Nagar<br /> * Sambhaji chowk<br /> * Machis factory<br /> * Bharti Nagar<br /> * New mill road<br /> * Mubarak complex<br /> * Vinobha bhave <br /> * Kohinoor City<br /> * Christian Gaon<br /> * Jagruti Nagar<br /> * 9 number<br /> * Rajiv Gandhi Nagar<br /> * Lal Taki<br /> * Charbi Gali<br /> * Kamela<br /> * Taxi Stand<br /> * Diamond<br /> * Galaxy<br /> * Bail Bazar<br /> * Kaju Pada<br /> * Ghafoor Khan Estate<br /> * Kurla Depot <br /> * Patel Wadi<br /> * Teacher's Colony<br /> * Dhobi Ghat<br /> * New Hall Road<br /> * Kamaani<br /> * Jari Mari <br /> * Achanak Nagar <br /> * Imam Ahmed Raza Marg<br /> * Huzoor Tajushsharia Chowk <br /> * Father Peter Pereira Chowk<br /> * “L” Ward<br /> <br /> === [[Mulund]] ===<br /> * Bombay Colony<br /> * Paach Rasta<br /> * Xavier Street<br /> * [[Nahur]]<br /> * Mulund Runwals<br /> <br /> ===[[Powai]]===<br /> *[[Chandivali]]<br /> *[[Hiranandani Gardens]]<br /> *[[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] campus<br /> *BSNL Colony<br /> *Passpoli<br /> *Mhada Colony 19<br /> *Morarji Nagar<br /> *Nitie<br /> *Chandshah Wali Dargah<br /> *Nitie<br /> <br /> ===[[Vidyavihar]]===<br /> * [[Rajawadi]]<br /> * Pipeline Road<br /> * Kirol<br /> * Khalai <br /> <br /> ===[[Vikhroli]]===<br /> *[[Kanjur Marg]]<br /> *Gandhi Nagar<br /> *Surya Nagar<br /> *[[Kannamwar Nagar]]<br /> *Tagore Nagar<br /> *[[Park Site]]<br /> *Godrej Station Colony<br /> *Godrej Hillside Colony<br /> *Godrej Creek<br /> <br /> ==Central suburbs==<br /> ===[[Chembur]]===<br /> * [[Chembur Causeway]]<br /> * Union Park (Chembur)|Union Park<br /> * Aloysius Soares Road<br /> * Central Avenue<br /> * St Anthony's Road<br /> * St Gregorious Path<br /> * Golf Club Road<br /> * St Sebastian's Marouli village<br /> * Pestom sagar<br /> * Basant Park<br /> * Diamond Garden<br /> * Chedda Nagar<br /> * Indian Oil Nagar<br /> * St Francis of Assisi Nagar<br /> * Swastik Park<br /> * Maitri Park<br /> * Atur Park<br /> * Sindhi Society<br /> * Punjabwadi<br /> * Chembur Camp<br /> * Ghatla village<br /> * Borla village<br /> * Deonar Farm Road<br /> * Subhash Nagar<br /> * Sion Trombay Road<br /> * Wadavali village<br /> * Maravali<br /> * Julianwadi<br /> * P L Lokhande Marg<br /> * Thakkar Bappa Colony<br /> * Suman Nagar<br /> * Postal Colony<br /> * Shell Colony<br /> * Sahakar Nagar<br /> * [[Tilak Nagar (Mumbai)|Tilak Nagar]]<br /> * New Tilak Nagar<br /> * Mahul<br /> * Vashinaka<br /> * Mahul Village<br /> * Panjarpol<br /> * Siddharth Colony<br /> * Ramakrishna Chemburkar Marg<br /> * Bhakti Park<br /> * RCF<br /> * Mysore Colony<br /> * Collector Colony<br /> * Anushakti Nagar<br /> * Vishnu Nagar<br /> * HP nagar<br /> * BPCL<br /> * [[Deonar]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Mankhurd]]===<br /> * Mandala<br /> <br /> === [[Govandi]]===<br /> *[[Baiganwadi]]<br /> *[[Deonar]]<br /> * Shivaji Nagar<br /> * Gautam Nagar<br /> * Lallubhai Compound<br /> <br /> ===[[Wadala]]===<br /> * Sangam Nagar<br /> * BPT Colony<br /> * Sahakar Nagar<br /> * Madhav Nagar<br /> * Kidwai Nagar<br /> * [[GTB Nagar]]<br /> * [[Chunabhatti]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Trombay]]===<br /> * Trombay Koliwada<br /> * Cheetah Camp<br /> <br /> ==South Mumbai==<br /> * [[Agripada]]<br /> * [[Chinchpokli]]<br /> * [[Chor Bazaar]]<br /> * [[Churchgate]]<br /> * [[Cuffe Parade]]<br /> * [[Dava Bazaar]]<br /> * [[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]]<br /> * [[Kemps Corner]]<br /> * [[Lower Parel]]<br /> * [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalaxmi]]<br /> * [[Mahim]]<br /> * [[Masjid Bunder]]<br /> * [[Marine Drive, Mumbai]]<br /> * [[Marine Lines]]<br /> * [[Mumbai Central]]<br /> *[[Nagpada]]<br /> * [[Nariman Point]]<br /> * [[Prabhadevi]]<br /> * [[Worli]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Antop Hill]]===<br /> *[[C.G.S. colony]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Bhuleshwar]]===<br /> *[[Zaveri Bazaar|Zaveri Baazar]]<br /> *[[ Bhendi Bazaar]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Byculla]]===<br /> *[[Dagdi Chawl]]<br /> *[[Ghodapdeo]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Colaba]]===<br /> *[[Navy Nagar]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Cumbala Hill]]===<br /> * [[Breach Candy]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Dadar]]===<br /> *[[Hindu colony]]<br /> *[[Shivaji Park Residential Zone]]<br /> *[[Dadar Parsi Colony|Parsi Colony]]<br /> *Naigaon<br /> <br /> ===[[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]]===<br /> *[[Ballard Estate]]<br /> * [[Dhobitalao]]<br /> * [[Kala Ghoda]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Girgaon]]===<br /> *[[Charni Road]]<br /> *[[Khotachiwadi]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Kalbadevi]]===<br /> *Abdul Rehman Street<br /> *Agiary Lane<br /> *Anant Wadi<br /> *Arthur Road Junction<br /> *Saleem road<br /> *Balaji Mandir <br /> *Bhuleshwar Road<br /> * [[Cavel]]<br /> *Cavel Cross Lane<br /> *Champa Wadi<br /> *Chandanwadi Road <br /> *[[Chira Bazaar]]<br /> *Clive Road<br /> *Cotton Exchange <br /> *Dadasaheb Parulekar Marg<br /> *Dadiseth Agiary Lane<br /> *Dhanji Street <br /> *Dhirubhai Parekh Marg<br /> *Dr. Atmaram Merchant Road<br /> *Dr. M.B. Velkar Street <br /> *Dr. Viegas Street <br /> *Fanas Wadi <br /> *Fofal Wadi <br /> *Gaiwadi Lane<br /> *Gaushala <br /> *Gulal Wadi <br /> *Haines Road<br /> *Hollvard Road<br /> *Jagannath Shankarseth (JSS) Road <br /> *Kalbadevi Road<br /> *Kavi Nirav Lane<br /> *Kazi Syed Street<br /> *Khodad Circle<br /> *Kika Street<br /> *Kolbhat Lane <br /> *Lohar Chawl<br /> *M.J. Market<br /> *Malharrao Wadi<br /> *Mangaladevi Marg <br /> *Mirza Street <br /> *Nagdevi Cross Street<br /> *Narayan Dhuru Street<br /> *Old Satta Gully <br /> *Panjrapole Lane <br /> *Pophalwadi <br /> *Premkumar Sharma Road <br /> *Ram Wadi<br /> *Shaikh Memon Street <br /> *Shrikant Palekar Marg <br /> *Sitaram Poddar Marg <br /> *Swadeshi Market <br /> *Tambakata <br /> *Tatya Gharpure Marg <br /> *Thakurdwar Road<br /> *Vithal Wadi <br /> *Vithoba Lane<br /> <br /> ===[[Kamathipura]]===<br /> === [[Malabar Hill]]===<br /> * [[Walkeshwar]]<br /> ===[[Matunga]]===<br /> King Circle<br /> <br /> ===[[Parel]]===<br /> *[[Cotton Green]]<br /> * [[Lalbaug]]<br /> ===[[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]]===<br /> *[[Chunabhatti]]<br /> ===[[Tardeo]]===<br /> * [[Carmichael Road]]<br /> *[[Gowalia Tank]]<br /> **[[Altamount Road]]<br /> *[[Nana Chowk]]<br /> ===[[Umarkhadi]]===<br /> *Dongri<br /> <br /> ==Other==<br /> * [[Dharavi]]<br /> * [[Koliwada]]<br /> * [[Koombarwara]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Works cited===<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |title=Mumbai Plan |publisher=Department of Relief and Rehabilitation ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |ref=plan |access-date=29 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |archive-date=10 March 2009}}<br /> * {{Cite book |title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer |series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |volume=v. 27, no. 1 |year=1960 |publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |ref=bom}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Bapat |first=Jyotsna |year=2005 |title=Development projects and critical theory of environment |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa |url-access=limited |isbn=978-0-7619-3357-1 |publisher=Sage}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai}}<br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai| ]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of neighbourhoods in Indian cities|Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Mumbai-related lists]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rathwa&diff=461699 2026-02-11T19:10:36Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: general cleanup details based on references and improved wording for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Rathwa people]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rishi_(Kannada_actor)&diff=530549 2026-02-10T03:04:22Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: created the pg v1 - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Kannada actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Rishi<br /> | image = File:Image of Rishi portfolio.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = Rishi at [[Operation Alamelamma]] (2017) success press meet<br /> | birth_name = Monish Nagaraj<br /> | birth_date = 21 June 1988<br /> | birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | othername = <br /> | yearsactive = 2014–present<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Swathi Parasuraman|2019}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/love-fame-and-cinema-newlyweds-actor-rishi-and-content-writer-swathi-open-tnm-112970 | title=Love, fame and cinema: Newlyweds actor Rishi and content writer Swathi open up to TNM | publisher=The NewsMinute | work=Ikyatha Yerasala | date=26 November 2019 | accessdate=11 June 2021 | archive-date=11 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611021358/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/love-fame-and-cinema-newlyweds-actor-rishi-and-content-writer-swathi-open-tnm-112970 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | children = <br /> | relatives = RJ Nethra (sister)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=R. |first1=Shilpa Sebastian |title=From mike to the camera |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/from-mike-to-the-camera/article24338957.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=30 November 2021 |language=en-IN |date=5 July 2018 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130023319/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/from-mike-to-the-camera/article24338957.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Monish Nagaraj''', known by his [[Stage name|screen name]] '''Rishi''', is an Indian actor, who works mainly in [[Kannada cinema]]. An engineering graduate, he was an active theatre artist before venturing into the Kannada film industry. He rose to fame with the 2017 blockbuster film ''[[Operation Alamelamma]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/230717/operation-alamelamma-movie-review-get-abducted-for-fun-and-entertainment.html|title=Operation Alamelamma movie review: Get abducted for fun and entertainment|date=2017-07-23|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-12-15|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Rishi was born in [[Bangalore]] and brought up in [[Mysore]], Karnataka. His father K. C. Nagaraj was a bank official working in [[Kaveri Grameena Bank]] and his mother Anala Nagaraj, is a home maker. His birth name is Monish Nagaraj.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite video |title=Rishi's Remuneration After #Kavaludari {{!}} Star Express Kannada |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jSYk1JscG4 |publisher=Radio City India |access-date=30 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130023318/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jSYk1JscG4 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He did his schooling from St Joseph's Primary School, Mysore and Pre - University course from [[Marimallappa High School|Marimallappa 's College, Mysore]]. He went on to attend Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore, pursuing a Bachelor’s in Civil Engineering.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/as-an-actor-you-are-forced-to-be-on-your-toes-at-all-times-rishi/articleshow/59618385.cms|title=As an actor, you are forced to be on your toes at all times: Rishi|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-15|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215170924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/as-an-actor-you-are-forced-to-be-on-your-toes-at-all-times-rishi/articleshow/59618385.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During his engineering days, Rishi developed a keen interest in acting and started performing with various amateur theatre groups in Mysore. He was in charge of the dramatics team at his college and also worked as a Radio Jockey outside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/280617/thriller-nights-for-rishi.html|title=Thriller nights for Rishi|date=2017-06-28|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-12-15|language=en|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225154049/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/280617/thriller-nights-for-rishi.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Through campus placement upon graduation, Rishi got a job in a company and entered a brief corporate stint. Following this, he quit his job to become an entrepreneur in the retail interiors and merchandising field.<br /> <br /> He then got an opportunity to appear in [[T. N. Seetharam]]'s ''Mahaparva''. Rishi continued to perform with established theatre groups in Bangalore until he got an opportunity to appear in a television daily, ''Anuroopa'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/rishi-speaks-about-being-a-tv-boy/articleshow/56047232.cms|title=TV has a reach that even films aspire to garner: Rishi|last=Daithotal|first=Madhu|date=19 December 2016|newspaper=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was telecast on [[Star India|Star Suvarna]]. His character portrayal in the serial won him Best Actor consecutively for two years at the Star Suvarna Parivar awards.<br /> <br /> === Debut and recognition ===<br /> <br /> In 2016, director [[Suni (director)|Suni]] of ''[[Simple Agi Ondh Love Story]]'' fame cast Rishi for his thriller comedy film [[Operation Alamelamma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manish-rishi-set-make-sandalwood-debut-operation-alamelamma-64439|title=Rishi set to make Sandalwood debut with 'Operation Alamelamma'|date=2017-06-30|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-12-15|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221302/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manish-rishi-set-make-sandalwood-debut-operation-alamelamma-64439|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.desimartini.com/news/kannada/rishi-all-set-for-operation-alamelamma/article55723.html|title=Rishi All Set For 'Operation Alamelamma'|work=Desimartini|access-date=2017-12-15|language=en}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film became one of the major blockbuster hits of 2017,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sunis-operation-alamelamma-emerges-victorious-sandalwood-box-office-736679|title=Suni's Operation Alamelamma emerges victorious at the Sandalwood box office|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2017-12-15|language=en|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221214/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sunis-operation-alamelamma-emerges-victorious-sandalwood-box-office-736679|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; also releasing in countries like USA and Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-thriller-operation-alamelamma-theatrical-rights-bagged-makers-raajakumara-61965|title=Kannada thriller 'Operation Alamelamma' theatrical rights bagged by makers of 'Raajakumara'|date=2017-05-13|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-12-15|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221321/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-thriller-operation-alamelamma-theatrical-rights-bagged-makers-raajakumara-61965|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/130817/namma-global-invasion.html|title=Namma global invasion!|date=2017-08-13|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-12-15|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rishi gained wide acclaim for his debut lead role of Purmy,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-suni-s-operation-alamelamma-release-next-month-63750|title=Director Suni's 'Operation Alamelamma' to release next month|date=2017-06-16|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-12-15|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221300/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-suni-s-operation-alamelamma-release-next-month-63750|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; a vegetable vendor. His next release was in 2019 named ''[[Kavaludaari]]'' which was directed by [[Hemanth Rao]] of [[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu|Godhi Banna Sadharna Maykattu]] fame and produced by [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] under his production house ''[[PRK Productions]].'' The film became a blockbuster hit and Rishi gained huge appreciation for his role as Inspector K.S.Shyam from both critics and as well as by audience.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/rishi-bags-second-film-before-his-first-is-out/articleshow/59274486.cms|title=RISHI BAGS SECOND FILM BEFORE HIS FIRST IS OUT|last=Prasad S|first=Shyam|date=23 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/14/rishi-as-police-officer-in-thrilling-kavalu-daari-1616752.html|title=Rishi as police officer in thrilling Kavalu Daari|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rishi has finished shooting for ''Sakalakala Vallabha'' which is being directed and co produced by Jacob Verghese along with Tamil actor and producer [[Dhanush]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/oct/07/rishi-to-lead-in-dhanushs-sandalwood-debut-1667901.html|title=Rishi to lead in Dhanush's Sandalwood debut|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-12-15|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216233552/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/oct/07/rishi-to-lead-in-dhanushs-sandalwood-debut-1667901.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/12/after-malayalam-dhanush-eyes-the-kannada-industry-1671500.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221225/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/12/after-malayalam-dhanush-eyes-the-kannada-industry-1671500.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2017|title=After Malayalam, Dhanush eyes the Kannada industry|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishis-next-will-see-dhanushs-backing/articleshow/60982628.cms|title=Rishi's next will see Dhanush's backing|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-ropes-operation-alamelamma-star-sandalwood-debut-69781|title=Dhanush ropes in 'Operation Alamelamma' star for Sandalwood debut|date=2017-10-10|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-12-15|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221318/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-ropes-operation-alamelamma-star-sandalwood-debut-69781|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also acting in ''Sarvajanikarige Suvarnavakaasha'' and ''Ramana avatara''<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Key<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> | Denotes films that have not yet been released<br /> |}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Role<br /> !Notes<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 ||''Money Honey Shani''|| Shekar || Credit as Monish Nagaraj || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/money-honey-shani/movie-review/21169442.cms |title=Money Honey Shani Movie Review &amp;#123;3/5&amp;#125;: Critic Review of Money Honey Shani by Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 January 2025 |archive-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105082242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/money-honey-shani/movie-review/21169442.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 2014 ||''KA''|| Charle || || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ka/movie-review/45402471.cms |title=Ka Movie Review &amp;#123;2/5&amp;#125;: Critic Review of Ka by Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 January 2025 |archive-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105082242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ka/movie-review/45402471.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 <br /> |''[[Aatagara]]'' <br /> | Siddharth Mayya <br /> | Cameo appearance ||<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> | ''[[Operation Alamelamma]]''<br /> | Paramesh &quot;Purmy&quot;<br /> | Debut as lead actor <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/may/10/operation-alamelamma-by-simple-suni-934981.html|title=Operation alamelamma by simple Suni|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019<br /> |''[[Kavaludaari]]''<br /> |Shyam<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/14/rishi-as-police-officer-in-thrilling-kavalu-daari-1616752.html|title=Rishi as police officer in thrilling Kavalu Daari|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-23|archive-date=21 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221173546/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/14/rishi-as-police-officer-in-thrilling-kavalu-daari-1616752.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sarvajanikarige Suvarnavakasha]]''<br /> |Vedanth ||<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/oct/14/dhanya-balakrishna-to-make-kannada-debut-opposite-rishi-8319.html|title=Dhanya Balakrishna to make Kannada debut opposite Rishi|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=2019-12-20|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220132629/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/oct/14/dhanya-balakrishna-to-make-kannada-debut-opposite-rishi-8319.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021|| ''[[Mugilpete]]'' || Gowtham || Cameo appearance ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022<br /> |''[[One Cut Two Cut]]''<br /> |Groom <br /> |Cameo appearance <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nodi Swamy Ivanu Irode Heege]]'' <br /> |Sai<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rishi's next titled Nodi Swamy Ivanu Irode Heege|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/jun/21/rishis-next-titled-nodi-swamy-ivanu-irode-heege-25086.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Thurthu Nirgamana]]''<br /> |Actor Vikram <br /> |Cameo appearance <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2024<br /> |''[[Ramana Avatara]]''<br /> |Rama<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pranitha Subhash and Rishi mesmerised by the beauty of Mangaluru locales |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/pranitha-subhash-and-rishi-mesmerised-by-the-beauty-of-mangaluru-locales/articleshow/71393683.cms |access-date=2019-12-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2025<br /> | ''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]''|| Bablu Singh Thakur<br /> | Telugu film<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/adityamusicindia/reel/DDgtc8eS5RJ/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 January 2025 |archive-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105082039/https://www.instagram.com/adityamusicindia/reel/DDgtc8eS5RJ/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rudra Garuda Purana]]'' <br /> |Inspector Rudra<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rishi returns as detective in mystery thriller 'Rudra Garuda Purana' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Aug/21/rishi-returns-as-detective-in-mystery-thriller-rudra-garuda-purana |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822010358/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Aug/21/rishi-returns-as-detective-in-mystery-thriller-rudra-garuda-purana |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot; |''Sakalakala Vallabha'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> |{{TBA}}<br /> |''Post-production''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/jun/10/sakalakala-vallabha--is-the-title-of-rishis-upcoming-film-directed-by-jacob-varghese-1988480.html|title=Sakalakala Vallabha is the title of Rishi's upcoming film directed by Jacob Varghese|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-12-20|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220132624/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/jun/10/sakalakala-vallabha--is-the-title-of-rishis-upcoming-film-directed-by-jacob-varghese-1988480.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot; |''Seere''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> |{{TBA}}<br /> |''Filming''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishi-and-rachita-ram-team-up-for-a-new-film/articleshow/71876805.cms|title=Rishi and Rachita Ram team up for a new film|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogaraj-bhat-and-shashank-to-back-rishis-next/articleshow/68046869.cms|title=Yogaraj Bhat and Shashank to back Rishi's next|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Television<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> | ''Mahaparva''<br /> |<br /> | [[ETV News Kannada|ETV Kannada]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> | ''Anuroopa''<br /> | Rishi<br /> | [[Star India|Star Suvarna]]<br /> | Credited as Rishi<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | ''[[Shaitan (TV series)|Shaitan]]''<br /> | Bali<br /> | [[Disney+Hotstar]]<br /> | Telugu web series<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Award <br /> !Category <br /> !Result<br /> !Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> |''[[Operation Alamelamma]]''<br /> |[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|7th SIIMA Awards]]<br /> |[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Debut Actor]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 Kannada winners list|website=International Business Times|date=16 September 2018|access-date=19 January 2020|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920070403/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2020<br /> |rowspan=2|''[[Kavaludaari]]''<br /> |Critics Choice Awards 2020<br /> |Best Actor - Kannada<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-winners-list-6336210/|title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete winners list|website=Indian Express|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014141903/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-winners-list-6336210/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> |[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|9th SIIMA Awards]]<br /> |[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actor]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name | id=8740731}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rishi}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:1988 births]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anuradha_N._Naik&diff=487031 2026-02-06T05:45:19Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: started new post!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Anuradha N. Naik<br /> | image = Anuradha N. Naik receiving the Nari Shakti Puraskar (sq cropped).jpg<br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | birth_date = 20th century<br /> | birth_place =<br /> | death_date =<br /> | death_place =<br /> | death_cause =<br /> | other_names =<br /> | known_for = creating the Khola Canacona Chilli Cultivators Group<br /> | education = [[Goa University]]<br /> | employer = [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]] (NIO) &amp; [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]'s Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute (CCARI)<br /> | occupation = Researcher<br /> | spouse =<br /> | partner =<br /> | children =<br /> | parents =<br /> | relatives =<br /> | signature =<br /> | website =<br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> '''Anuradha N. Naik''' is an Indian researcher working at the Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute (CCARI) in [[Goa]]. She received the 2018 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] for her work supporting tribal women in cultivating [[Khola chilli]]es.<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Anuradha N. Naik comes from [[Goa]] and studied in the department of Botany at [[Goa University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Times-130319&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Goan botanist helps tribals conserve, promote Khola chilli, gets nat'l award |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68382920.cms |access-date=11 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=13 March 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Congrats&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Congratulations |url=https://www.unigoa.ac.in/uploads/confg_docs/20190311.103432~Anuradha-Naik.pdf |website=unigoa.ac.in |publisher=University of Goa |access-date=11 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Naik worked as a researcher at the [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]] (NIO) and then at the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]'s Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute (CCARI).&lt;ref name=&quot;Times-130319&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spicy&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pawaskar |first1=Bharati |title=The spicy side of Goan heritage |url=https://www.thegoan.net//the-spicy-side-of-goan-heritage/50035.html |access-date=11 December 2020 |work=The Goan |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whilst at CCARI, she noticed the red Khola chillies lying in the sun to dry when visiting [[Cabo de Rama]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Spicy&quot; /&gt; The chillies take their name from the village of Khola and are only grown on hillsides in the [[Canacona]] region during the monsoon season.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times-060720&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sayed |first1=Nida |title=Agri dept to try growing Khola chillies on flat land|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/agri-dept-to-try-growing-khola-chillies-on-flat-land/articleshow/76804361.cms |access-date=11 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=6 July 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The tribal women cultivating the chillies were at first reluctant to discuss their growing techniques with Naik, but she persuaded them of the value of scientific research.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spicy&quot; /&gt; She helped the women to form a community organisation, the Khola Canacona Chilli Cultivators Group, which packages and sells the chillies at market.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spicy&quot; /&gt; The group was awarded the Plant Genome Saviour Community Award and Naik received the 2018 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Times-060720&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Times-130319&quot; /&gt; The latter is India's highest civilian award only for women and Naik was the first Goan to win it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times-130319&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2020, the Khola chili was given [[List of geographical indications in India|geographical indication]] status and trials were announced aiming to broaden its cultivation area, although Naik expressed concerns about growing it on flatlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;Times-060720&quot; /&gt; She had turned her attention to other local crops such as [[Harmal chilli]]es from [[Agaçaim]] and [[Taleigão]], and okra from St Estevav island.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spicy&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Anuradha N.}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]<br /> [[Category:Women scientists from Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar 2018 winners]]<br /> [[Category:Botanists active in India]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arunachal_Pradesh_women%27s_football_team&diff=487691 2026-01-27T13:33:51Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: </p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the women's team|the men's team|Arunachal Pradesh football team}}<br /> {{Infobox football club<br /> | clubname = Arunachal Pradesh<br /> | current = <br /> | image = Arunachal Pradesh Football Association logo.png<br /> | image_size = 220px<br /> | fullname = Arunachal Pradesh women's football team<br /> | nickname = <br /> | motto = <br /> | founded = <br /> | ground = Various<br /> | capacity = <br /> | owner = [[Arunachal Pradesh Football Association]]<br /> | chrtitle = <br /> | chairman = <br /> | mgrtitle = Head coach<br /> | manager = Kipa Bharat<br /> | league = [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]<br /> | season = [[2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2025–26]]<br /> | position = First round<br /> | pattern_la1 = <br /> | pattern_b1 = _whitebow<br /> | pattern_ra1 = <br /> | pattern_sh1 =<br /> | pattern_so1 = <br /> | leftarm1 = 0018A8<br /> | body1 = 0018A8<br /> | rightarm1 = 0018A8<br /> | shorts1 = 0018A8<br /> | socks1 = 0018A8<br /> | pattern_la2 = <br /> | pattern_b2 = _darkbluewhitevertical<br /> | pattern_ra2 = <br /> | pattern_sh2 = <br /> | pattern_so2 = <br /> | leftarm2 = FFFFFF<br /> | body2 = FFFFFF<br /> | rightarm2 = FFFFFF<br /> | shorts2 = FFFFFF<br /> | socks2 = FFFFFF<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Arunachal Pradesh women's football team''' is an Indian women's [[association football|football]] team representing [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/504|title=Arunachal Pradesh Football Association |website=AIFF }}&lt;/ref&gt; Their best performance at the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]] was the quarter-final appearance at the [[2019–20 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2019–20]] edition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-wom2020.html |title=India (Women) 2019/20 |publisher=Rsssf.com |access-date=2021-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=25th Senior Women's National Football Championship 2019–20: Odisha v Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/5547 |website=AIFF |publisher=the-aiff.com |accessdate=21 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Arunachal Pradesh's sub-junior team were the runners-up of the National Sub-Junior Girls’ Football tournament 2019–20 held at Cuttack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/5211 |title=Hero Sub-Junior Girls National Football Championship 2019-20, Jharkhand vs Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=2021-12-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hero Sub-Junior Girls’ NFC: With silver, Arunachal makes history |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/06/21/hero-sub-junior-girls-nfc-with-silver-arunachal-makes-history/ |website=EastMojo |last1=Sonowal Lepcha |first1=Irani |accessdate=21 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> ===State (youth)===<br /> * '''[[Sub–Junior Girl's National Football Championship]]'''<br /> ** Runners-up (1): 2019–20<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Rajmata Jijabai Trophy}}<br /> {{Indian state football teams}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Football in Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rajmata Jijabai Trophy teams]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-footyclub-stub}}</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathabari&diff=467922 2026-01-26T10:48:12Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: small changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the village in West Bengal, India|its namesake Vidhan Sabha constituency|Mothabari}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Mothabari<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per Wikipedia:INDISCRIPT policy --&gt;<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = Mothabari<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Sub-Urban<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24.934611|N|88.042544|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Malda district|Malda]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 9,884<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 732207<br /> | area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]]/ Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 03512<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Malda Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda Dakshin]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mothabari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|52. Mothabari]]<br /> | website = {{URL|malda.nic.in/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> '''Mothabari''' is a village in the [[Kaliachak II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Malda Sadar subdivision]] of [[Malda district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=350| height=350| zoom=10<br /> | coord={{coord|24|57|0|N|88|1|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the southern portion of Malda district (including Kaliachak I, Kaliachak II, Kaliachak III, Manikchak and English Bazar CD blocks)'''&lt;br/&gt; M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility, H: historical centre&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|25|0|54|N|88|7|0|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Bagbari | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bagbari]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|24|52|46|N|88|2|5|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Baliadanga| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Baliadanga]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|24|51|4|N|88|1|51|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Alipur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Alipur, Malda]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|24|53|37|N|88|5|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Bamangram| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Bamangram]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|24|54|16|N|88|5|57|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Bara Suzapur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bara Suzapur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|24|55|10|N|88|4|56|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chaspara| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Chaspara]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|24|55|55|N|88|5|37|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Chhota |labela7= Suzapur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Chhota Suzapur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|24|53|30|N|88|2|54|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Jadupur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Jadupur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|44|N|87|56|43|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Jagannathpur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Jagannathpur, Malda]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|24|54|18|N|88|3|50|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Jalalpur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Jalalpur, Malda]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|24|50|4|N|88|0|40|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Karari Chandpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Karari Chandpur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|24|47|34|N|87|59|40|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Krishnapur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Krishnapur, Malda]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|25|1|7|N|87|59|59|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Milki| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Milki Town]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|24|55|10|N|88|6|29|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Nazirpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Nazirpur, Malda]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|24|52|45|N|88|1|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silampur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Silampur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|24|59|14|N|88|7|2|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonatala| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Sonatala, Malda]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|25|0|42|N|88|8|35|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Malda| numbered17=M| mark-title17=[[Malda, West Bengal]] (M) | shape-color17= #800000<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|25|3|26|N|88|8|11|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Old Malda| numbered18=M| mark-title18=[[Old Malda]] (M) | shape-color18= #800000<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|24|48|16|N|87|55|59|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Farakka Barrage| numbered19=F| mark-title19= [[Farakka Barrage]] (F) |shape-color19=#967117<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|24|50|30|N|87|58|39|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Baisnabnagar| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Baisnabnagar, Malda]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|24|58|35|N|88|0|9|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Bangitola| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Bangitola]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|24|48|40|N|87|59|43|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Bedrabad| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bedrabad]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|25|7|50|N|87|52|15|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bhutni| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Bhutni, Malda]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|24|49|23|N|87|59|19|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Dariapur| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Dariapur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|24|52|5|N|88|1|29|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Kaliachak| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Kaliachak]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord26={{coord|24|50|47|N|88|8|26|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Mahadipur|labela26= checkpoint| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Mahadipur]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord27={{coord|25|4|53|N|87|53|56|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Manikchak| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Manikchak, Malda]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord28={{coord|24|56|4|N|88|2|33|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Mothabari| numbered28=R| mark-title28= Mathabari (R) |shape-color28=black| label-size28=13|label-color28=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br /> |mark-coord29={{coord|25|6|37|N|87|53|24|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Mathurapur| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Mathurapur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord30={{coord|24|56|55|N|87|58|39|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= Panchanandapur| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Panchanandapur]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord31={{coord|24|49|0|N|87|57|17|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31= Pubarun| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Pubarun]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord32={{coord|24|59|37|N|88|2|24|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Sattari| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Sattari, West Bengal]] (R) |shape-color32=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord33={{coord|24|51|17|N|88|0|2|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Sultanganj| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Sultanganj, Malda]] (R) |shape-color33=#C40000<br /> |mark-coord34={{coord|24|52|0|N|88|8|0|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Gauda | mark-title34= [[Gauḍa (city)]] (H)| numbered34=H |shape-color34=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord35={{coord|25|5|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|label35=Mahananda|labela35= River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35=45| label-pos35=top| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none<br /> |mark-coord36={{coord|25|1|30|N|87|55|0|E}}|label36= Ganges River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36=30| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none<br /> |mark-coord37={{coord|25|3|0|N|88|14|0|E}}|label37= Tangon River| label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-60| label-pos37=top| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none<br /> |mark-coord38={{coord|25|3|20|N|88|2|0|E}}|label38= Kalindri |labela38= River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-10| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none<br /> |mark-coord39={{coord|24|57|33|N|87|59|30|E}} | label-pos39=right|label39= Birodhi| numbered39=CT| mark-title39=[[Birodhi]] (CT)<br /> |arc-coordA={{coord|24|55|0|N|88|11|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35<br /> |arc-coordB={{coord|24|50|0|N|87|51|0|E}}|arc-textB= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-120| arc-gapB=5.5| arc-radiusB=0.35}}<br /> <br /> ===Location===<br /> Mothabari is located at {{coord|24.934611|N|88.042544|E|}}.<br /> <br /> ===Area overview===<br /> The area shown in the adjoining map is the physiographic sub-region known as the ''diara''. It &quot;is a relatively well drained flat land formed by the [[Fluvial processes|fluvial]] deposition of newer [[alluvium]].&quot; The most note-worthy feature is the [[Farakka Barrage]] across the Ganges.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-15: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The area is a part of the [[Malda Sadar subdivision]], which is an overwhelmingly [[Rural area#India|rural region]], but the area shown in the map has pockets of [[Urbanisation in India|urbanization]] with 17 census towns, concentrated mostly in the [[Kaliachak I]] CD block.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 9 November 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bank of the [[Ganges]] between [[Bhutni, Malda|Bhutni]] and [[Panchanandapur]] (both the places are marked on the map), is the area worst hit by [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|left bank erosion]], a major problem in the Malda area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | title = A Report on the Impact of Farakka Barrage on the Human Fabric, November 1999 | work = The social impact of erosion, pp 13-14 | first = Manisha | last = Banerjee | publisher = South Asia Network On Dams, Rivers and People, New Delhi: 110 088 India | access-date = 16 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808234303/http://sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | archive-date = 8 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The ruins of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]], capital of several empires, is located in this area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 3-4: Malda in Historical Perspective | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Civic administration==<br /> ===CD block HQ===<br /> The headquarters of Kaliachak II CD block is at Mothabari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Maldah, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Maldah with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 9 November 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2102 | title = BDO Offices under Malda District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension &amp; Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | accessdate = 8 November 2018 | archive-date = 12 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181012074655/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2102 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Mothabari had a total population of 9,884, of which 5,011 (51%) were males and 4,873 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,510. The total number of literate persons in Mothabari was 6,195 (73.98% of the population over 6 years).&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 11 November 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> Mothabari-Gangaprasad Road links it to [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]] (old number NH 34).&lt;ref&gt;Google maps&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Mothabari High School H.S., founded in 1949, is a Bengali-medium co-educational higher secondary school, with facilities for teaching from Class VI to Class XII. It has 18 computers, facilities for computer-aided education, 2,000 books in the library and a play ground etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.icbse.com/schools/mothabari-high-school/19060503202 |title = Mothabari High School |publisher= ICBSE | accessdate = 20 November 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Abbasganj High Madrasah H.S.,<br /> Mothabari, Malda<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare==<br /> Bangitola Rural Hospital at [[Bangitola]] (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Kaliachak II CD Block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centres]] at Mothabari (with 10 Beds) and Rajnagar (Hamidpur PHC) (with 5 Beds).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 14 November 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Malda District}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Malda district]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atul_Rai&diff=455569 2026-01-23T06:04:42Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date = September 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Atul<br /> | image = Atul Rai.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|07|05}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Ghazipur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | death_place = <br /> | party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br /> | residence = [[Birpur, Ghazipur]]<br /> | occupation = Politician and businessman<br /> | citizenship = {{flag|India}}n<br /> | signature = <br /> | website = <br /> | blank1 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Atul''' is an Indian politician and a former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of Parliament]] from the [[Ghosi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghosi]] constituency in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. According to his election filing he had assets worth more than 6 crore rupees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Atul Kumar Singh, BSP MP from Ghosi - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/atul-kumar-singh/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Atul Rai was born on 20 February 1982 in Birpur village of [[Ghazipur]] district in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in a Bhumihar family. His father, Bharat Singh Rai, was an employee of [[Diesel Locomotive Works]] in [[Varanasi]]. Atul got his early education from [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], DLW, Varanasi. He graduated from [[Harish Chandra Postgraduate College]], Varanasi. After graduation, he started his own business.<br /> <br /> His brother is Pawan Kumar Rai, and his wife is Priyanka Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/mau-news/know-about-ghosi-lok-sabha-bsp-candidate-atul-rai-4428544/|title=जानिए कौन हैं अतुल राय|publisher=patrika.com|accessdate=23 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Atul Rai joined [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] in 2015. He contested the assembly election of Uttar Pradesh in 2017 from [[Zamania (Assembly constituency)]] and garnered 67,559 votes. In his first election, he lost a close contest with 9,264 votes.<br /> <br /> In the 2019 General Lok sabha election, Atul Rai Contested the Parliament election from [[Ghosi Lok Sabha constituency|Ghosi Loksabha Constituency]] and won the election by a margin of 122000+votes.<br /> <br /> He was dropped in 2024.<br /> <br /> ==Rape allegations==<br /> <br /> In May 2019, a woman accused Atul Rai of rape at his home in Varanasi. Mr. Rai, who denied the accusation, was arrested a month later and has been in jail since then.<br /> <br /> In November 2020, Atul Rai's brother registered a police complaint accusing the victim of committing forgery. The woman called the accusations as harassment and an attempt to force her to withdraw the rape charge. However, the court, in August 2021, issued a non-bailable arrest warrant against her.<br /> <br /> In desperation, the woman and a male friend travelled from their state in Uttar Pradesh to the capital, Delhi, and on 16 August 2021, self-immolated themselves outside India's Supreme Court. They were live on Facebook as they sprinkled petrol on themselves and lit the fire. Before setting themselves alight, the duo named several police officials, including then SSP Varanasi Amit Pathak and CO Bhelupur Amrendra Singh, and a judge of MPMLA court Prayagraj, accusing them of conspiring with Mr. Rai.<br /> <br /> The man died at the hospital on Saturday, 21 August 2021. The woman succumbed to her death on the evening of Tuesday, 24 August 2021.<br /> <br /> After this incident, the [[Yogi Adityanath]] government registered an FIR against Rai and ex-[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] [[Amitabh Thakur]], who had announced to contest the election against Yogi Adityanath while leaving everyone else. Thakur was arrested immediately after the registration of the FIR in a highly contentious manner. Thakur called this a targeted and selective political vendetta. The case is presently in Court.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Woman, who accused BSP MP Atul Rai of rape &amp; set herself ablaze outside SC, breathes last|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/article/woman-bsp-mp-atul-rai-rape-set-herself-ablaze-outside-sc-breathes-last/803332|access-date=2021-08-26|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-25|title=‘Raped’ by BSP MP, woman who set herself on fire dies; family says was being harassed|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/woman-who-set-herself-ablaze-outside-supreme-court-dies-7468560/|access-date=2021-08-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UP Woman Who Accused MP Of Rape Dies Week After She Set Herself On Fire At Supreme Court Gate|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bsp-mp-atul-rai-raped-me-up-woman-dies-days-after-self-immolation-at-supreme-court-gate-2517830|access-date=2021-08-26|website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Woman who accused BSP MP of raping her dies a week after setting herself on fire|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1003665/woman-who-accused-bsp-mp-of-raping-her-dies-a-week-after-setting-herself-on-fire|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=2021-08-24|title=Woman who accused BSP MP Atul Rai of rape and set herself, friend on fire outside SC, dies|url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/woman-who-accused-bsp-mp-atul-rai-of-rape-and-set-herself-friend-on-fire-outside-sc-dies/721286/|access-date=2021-08-26|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/uttar-pradesh/zamania/|publisher=india.com|title=Zamania - Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2017|accessdate=26 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{17th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Atul}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Mau]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:1982 births]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Ghazipur]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Kerala_Blasters_FC_players&diff=463891 2026-01-15T18:15:45Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: basic adjust lead based on references additionally for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br /> <br /> [[Kerala Blasters FC]] is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club that competes in the [[Indian Super League]], the top-tier of [[Football in India|Indian football]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-05-28|title=About – Kerala Blasters FC|url=http://keralablastersfc.in/about/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528003055/http://keralablastersfc.in/about/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-05-28|access-date=2020-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The club was established on 27 May 2014 and began their first professional season a few months later in October 2014. They play their home matches at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi]].<br /> <br /> The following list includes all the appearances and goals scored by the Blasters' players across [[Durand Cup]], [[Super Cup]], and the [[Indian Super League]].<br /> <br /> ==Players==<br /> ''As of 25 November 2024''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - Kerala Blasters FC - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics, photos, videos and news - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/kerala-blasters/31407/squad/|access-date=2020-06-16|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702131509/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/kerala-blasters/31407/squad/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '' '''The List Includes All The Players Registered Under A Kerala Blasters FC Contract. Some Players Might Not Have Featured In A Professional Game For The Club''' ''<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;&quot; scope=col|Name<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;&quot; scope=col|Position<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;&quot; scope=col|Country<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;&quot; scope=col|Years<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;&quot; scope=col|Games<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;&quot; scope=col|Goals<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Andrew Barisic]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|Australia}}||2014||11||0<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Erwin Spitzner]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|Brazil}}||2014||0||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Erwin Spitzner|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/erwin-spitzner/282425/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204070301/https://int.soccerway.com/players/erwin-spitzner/282425/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Pedro Gusmão]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|Brazil}}||2014||7||1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pedro Gusmao|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pedro-adriano-veloso-gusmao/237840/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125170421/http://int.soccerway.com/players/pedro-adriano-veloso-gusmao/237840/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Iain Hume]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|Canada}}||2014, 2017–2018||29||10&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Iain Hume|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/iain-hume/10109/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=25 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025164733/http://int.soccerway.com/players/iain-hume/10109/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[David James (footballer, born 1970)|David James]]||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]||align=left|{{flag|England}}||2014||12||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=David James|url=https://int.soccerway.com/coaches/david-james/173/|website=Soccerway|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215225/https://int.soccerway.com/coaches/david-james/173/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Michael Chopra]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|England}}||2014, 2016||19||1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Michael Chopra|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/michael-chopra/15887/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108003147/http://int.soccerway.com/players/michael-chopra/15887/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Cédric Hengbart]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|France}}||2014, 2016||30||1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cedric Hengbart|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/cedric-hengbart/13646/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717102832/http://int.soccerway.com/players/cedric-hengbart/13646/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Raphaël Romey]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|France}}||2014||8||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Raphael Romey|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/raphael-romey/140454/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817170532/http://int.soccerway.com/players/raphael-romey/140454/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Avinabo Bag]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014||5||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Avinabo Bag|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/avinabo-bag/267283/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024180647/https://int.soccerway.com/players/avinabo-bag/267283/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Chinadorai Sabeeth]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014||8||1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Chinadorai Sabeeth|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/cs-sabeeth/100706/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326144957/https://int.soccerway.com/players/cs-sabeeth/100706/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|Duleep Menon||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014||0||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Duleep Menon|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/duleep-menon/383867/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=24 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024072328/http://int.soccerway.com/players/duleep-menon/383867/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Godwin Franco]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014||4||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Godwin Franco|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/godwin-diego-franco/72597/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703060645/http://int.soccerway.com/players/godwin-diego-franco/72597/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Gurwinder Singh]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014–2015||14||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Gurwinder Singh|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/gurwinder-singh/73531/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717190347/http://int.soccerway.com/players/gurwinder-singh/73531/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Ishfaq Ahmed]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014–2016||25||1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ishfaq Ahmed|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ishfaq--ahmed/68389/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703051548/http://int.soccerway.com/players/ishfaq--ahmed/68389/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Luis Barreto]]||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014||1||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Luis Barreto|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/luis-xavier-barreto/100143/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215149/https://int.soccerway.com/players/luis-xavier-barreto/100143/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Mehtab Hossain]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014–2016||38||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mehtab Hossain|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/methab-hussain/72896/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215073605/http://int.soccerway.com/players/methab-hussain/72896/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Milagres Gonsalves]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014||13||1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Milagres Gonsalves|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/milagres-gonsalves/132482/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703043627/http://int.soccerway.com/players/milagres-gonsalves/132482/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Nirmal Chettri]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014–2015||12||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nirmal Chettri|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nirmal-chetri/72872/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703054620/http://int.soccerway.com/players/nirmal-chetri/72872/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Ramandeep Singh (footballer)|Ramandeep Singh]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014–2015||1||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ramandeep Singh|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ramandeep--singh/267483/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215256/https://int.soccerway.com/players/ramandeep--singh/267483/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Renedy Singh]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014||2||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Renedy Singh|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/potsangbam-renedy-singh/72909/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023190340/https://int.soccerway.com/players/potsangbam-renedy-singh/72909/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Sandesh Jhingan]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014–2020||78||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sandesh Jhingan|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sandesh-jhingan/267433/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013215854/http://int.soccerway.com/players/sandesh-jhingan/267433/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Sandip Nandy]]||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014–2018||18||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sandip Nandy|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sandip-nandy/73495/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122000347/http://int.soccerway.com/players/sandip-nandy/73495/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Saumik Dey]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014–2015||18||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Saumik Dey|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/saumik-dey/72874/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703062310/http://int.soccerway.com/players/saumik-dey/72874/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Sushanth Mathew]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2014||4||1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sushanth Mathew|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sushanth-mathew/73511/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209201032/http://int.soccerway.com/players/sushanth-mathew/73511/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Penn Orji]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|Nigeria}}||2014||13||2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Penn Orji|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/penn-ikechukwu-orji/100038/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709170013/https://int.soccerway.com/players/penn-ikechukwu-orji/100038/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Colin Falvey]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|Ireland}}||2014||9||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Colin Falvey|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/colin-falvey/68820/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=23 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423070842/http://int.soccerway.com/players/colin-falvey/68820/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Jamie McAllister]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|Scotland}}||2014||6||0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jamie McAllister|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jamie-mcallister/848/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731180605/http://int.soccerway.com/players/jamie-mcallister/848/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Stephen Pearson]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|Scotland}}||2014||17||1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Stephen Pearson|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/stephen-pearson/798/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029205847/http://int.soccerway.com/players/stephen-pearson/798/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Pulga (footballer)|Pulga]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|Spain}}||2014–2015,2018||16||2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pulga|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/victor-herrero-forcada/62895/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=1 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901222720/https://int.soccerway.com/players/victor-herrero-forcada/62895/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Chris Dagnall]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|England}}||2015||13||6&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=England - C. Dagnall - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/chris-dagnall/50712/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804020346/https://int.soccerway.com/players/chris-dagnall/50712/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Josué Currais Prieto|Josu]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|Spain}}||2015–2016||25||1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Spain - Josu Currais - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/josue-currais-prieto/296040/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815081949/http://int.soccerway.com/players/josue-currais-prieto/296040/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Stephen Bywater]]||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]||align=left|{{flag|England}}||2015||12||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=England - S. Bywater - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/stephen-bywater/16003/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124170353/https://int.soccerway.com/players/stephen-bywater/16003/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Marcus Williams (footballer)|Marcus Williams]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|England}}||2015||5||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=England - M. Williams - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/marcus-williams/15547/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005205439/http://int.soccerway.com/players/marcus-williams/15547/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Rahul Bheke]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2015||12||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - R. Bheke - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/rahul-bheke/267503/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511181303/https://int.soccerway.com/players/rahul-bheke/267503/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2015–2016, 2019-2020||22||6&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - M. Rafi - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mohammed-rafi/72212/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528235537/https://int.soccerway.com/players/mohammed-rafi/72212/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Bruno Perone]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|Brazil}}||2015||10||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Brazil - Bruno Perone - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/bruno-caldini-perone/49355/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917232509/https://int.soccerway.com/players/bruno-caldini-perone/49355/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[C.K. Vineeth]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2015–2018||43||11&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - C. Vineeth - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/c-vineeth/214453/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430201605/https://int.soccerway.com/players/c-vineeth/214453/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Cavin Lobo]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2015||6||1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - C. Lobo - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/cavin-lobo/72602/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512042426/https://int.soccerway.com/players/cavin-lobo/72602/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Sanchez Watt]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|England}}||2015||9||2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=England - S. Watt - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sanchez-watt/97301/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505073757/https://int.soccerway.com/players/sanchez-watt/97301/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Carlos Marchena]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|Spain}}||2015||1||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Spain - Marchena - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/coaches/carlos-marchena-lopez/322/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=uk.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925061347/https://uk.soccerway.com/coaches/carlos-marchena-lopez/322/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Rodrigo Arroz]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|Brazil}}||2015||1||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Brazil - Rodrigo Arroz - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/rodrigo-antonio-magalhaes-alves-pereira/9068/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921191511/https://int.soccerway.com/players/rodrigo-antonio-magalhaes-alves-pereira/9068/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Peter Carvalho]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2015||2||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - P. Carvalho - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/peter-carvalho/72799/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703043840/http://int.soccerway.com/players/peter-carvalho/72799/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[João Coimbra]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|Portugal}}||2015||11||1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Portugal - João Coimbra - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/joao-carlos-amaral-marques-coimbra/17133/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625100344/https://int.soccerway.com/players/joao-carlos-amaral-marques-coimbra/17133/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Deepak Mondal]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2015||2||0<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Antonio German]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|Grenada}}||2015–2016||23||6&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Grenada - A. German - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/antonio-german/75152/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726071334/https://int.soccerway.com/players/antonio-german/75152/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Manandeep Singh]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2015||2||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - Manandeep Singh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/manandeep--singh/181099/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523113322/https://int.soccerway.com/players/manandeep--singh/181099/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Peter Ramage]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|England}}||2015||14||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=England - P. Ramage - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/peter-ramage/2891/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922055039/https://int.soccerway.com/players/peter-ramage/2891/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Shilton Paul]]||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2015||0||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - S. Paul - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/shilton-pal/72550/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=us.soccerway.com|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603094546/https://us.soccerway.com/players/shilton-pal/72550/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Shankar Sampingiraj]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2015||3||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - S. Sampingiraj - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/shankar-sampingiraj/314840/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830114542/https://int.soccerway.com/players/shankar-sampingiraj/314840/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2016||1||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - T. Haokip - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/thongkhosiem-haokip/314889/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529012501/https://int.soccerway.com/players/thongkhosiem-haokip/314889/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Pratik Chaudhari]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2016||8||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - P. Chaudhari - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pratik-chaudhari/267487/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508210001/https://int.soccerway.com/players/pratik-chaudhari/267487/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Kervens Belfort]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|Haiti}}||2016||15||3&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Haiti - K. Belfort - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/kervin-fils-belfort/75514/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508163849/https://int.soccerway.com/players/kervin-fils-belfort/75514/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Aaron Hughes]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|Northern Ireland}}||2016||11||1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Northern Ireland - A. Hughes - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/aaron-hughes/2795/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908215828/https://int.soccerway.com/players/aaron-hughes/2795/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Graham Stack (footballer)|Graham Stack]]||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]||align=left|{{flag|Ireland}}||2016||8||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Republic of Ireland - G. Stack - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/graham-stack/2565/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=us.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625100339/https://us.soccerway.com/players/graham-stack/2565/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Elhadji Ndoye]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|Senegal}}||2016||5||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Senegal - E. Ndoye - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/elhadji-ndoye/281033/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625100346/https://int.soccerway.com/players/elhadji-ndoye/281033/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2016||10||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - M. Rafique - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mohammed-rafique/171891/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522193353/https://int.soccerway.com/players/mohammed-rafique/171891/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Rino Anto]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2016–2018||16||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - R. Anto - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/rino-anto/72552/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404201306/https://int.soccerway.com/players/rino-anto/72552/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Didier Kadio]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|Ivory Coast}}||2016||12||1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire - D. Kadio - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/didier-boris-kadio/131651/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517015845/https://int.soccerway.com/players/didier-boris-kadio/131651/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Vinit Rai]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2016||2||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - V. Rai - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/vinit-rai-chamling/395903/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=3 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703022256/https://int.soccerway.com/players/vinit-rai-chamling/395903/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Duckens Nazon]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|Haiti}}||2016||13||2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Haiti - D. Nazon - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/duckens-nazon/264998/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417012757/https://int.soccerway.com/players/duckens-nazon/264998/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Azrack Mahamat|Azrak Mahamat]]||[[Midfielder|MF]]|| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Chad}}||2016||14||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chad - A. Mahamat - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/mahamat-azrack/89941/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=us.soccerway.com|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023203943/https://us.soccerway.com/players/mahamat-azrack/89941/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2016–2022||66||2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - P. Karuthadathkuni - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/prasanth-karuthadathkuni/464012/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507232917/https://int.soccerway.com/players/prasanth-karuthadathkuni/464012/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Farukh Choudhary]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2016||3||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - F. Choudhary - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/farukh-choudhary/464005/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510040350/https://int.soccerway.com/players/farukh-choudhary/464005/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Lalruatthara]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–2021||38||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - Lalruatthara - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/hmunhmeltha-lalruatthara/431519/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611085212/https://int.soccerway.com/players/hmunhmeltha-lalruatthara/431519/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Milan Singh]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–18||15||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - M. Singh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/milan-singh-ongnam/165339/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013194016/http://int.soccerway.com/players/milan-singh-ongnam/165339/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Arata Izumi]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–18||6||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - A. Izumi - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/izumi-arata/73509/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528232508/https://int.soccerway.com/players/izumi-arata/73509/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury]]||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–18||7||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - S. Chowdhury - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://ie.soccerway.com/players/subhashish-roy-chowdhury/73491/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=ie.soccerway.com|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217143237/https://ie.soccerway.com/players/subhashish-roy-chowdhury/73491/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Jackichand Singh]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–18||17||2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - Jackichand Singh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jackichand-singh/394642/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509185902/https://int.soccerway.com/players/jackichand-singh/394642/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Siam Hanghal]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–18||8||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - S. Hanghal - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/siam-hanghal/314839/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511040416/https://int.soccerway.com/players/siam-hanghal/314839/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Lalthakima]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–18||0||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - L. Ralte - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/khawzawl-lalthakima/431515/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215131823/http://int.soccerway.com/players/khawzawl-lalthakima/431515/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Pritam Kumar Singh|Pritam Singh]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–2020 ||7||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - P. Singh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pritam-kumar-singh/383759/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625100339/https://int.soccerway.com/players/pritam-kumar-singh/383759/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Samuel Shadap]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–18 ||4||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - S. Shadap - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/samuel-shadap/271552/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515140431/https://int.soccerway.com/players/samuel-shadap/271552/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Loken Meitei]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–2019||6||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - L. Meitei - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/loken-meitei/394646/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021114128/https://int.soccerway.com/players/loken-meitei/394646/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Karan Sawhney]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–2018||4||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - K. Sawhney - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/karan-atul-sahwney/274434/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130050923/https://int.soccerway.com/players/karan-atul-sahwney/274434/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|Ajith Sivan||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–2018 ||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Courage Pekuson]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|Ghana}}||2017–2019||30||2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana - C. Pekuson - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/courage-pekuson/456016/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625100341/https://int.soccerway.com/players/courage-pekuson/456016/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Nemanja Lakić-Pešić]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|Serbia}}||2017–2019||26||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Serbia - N. Lakić-Pešić - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nemanja-laki-pei/201848/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518153427/https://int.soccerway.com/players/nemanja-laki-pei/201848/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Wes Brown]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|England}}||2017–2018||14||1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=England - W. Brown - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/wesley-brown/2910/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=us.soccerway.com|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617025313/https://us.soccerway.com/players/wesley-brown/2910/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Paul Rachubka]]||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]||align=left|{{flag|England}}||2017–18||12||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=England - P. Rachubka - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/paul-rachubka/15942/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121181027/https://int.soccerway.com/players/paul-rachubka/15942/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Mark Sifneos]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|Netherlands}}||2017–18||12||4&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Netherlands - M. Sifneos - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mark-sifneos/401970/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022144117/https://int.soccerway.com/players/mark-sifneos/401970/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Dimitar Berbatov]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|Bulgaria}}||2017–18||9||1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bulgaria - D. Berbatov - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/dimitar-berbatov/2948/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=uk.soccerway.com|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028103446/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/dimitar-berbatov/2948/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Jishnu Balakrishnan]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–18||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Sahal Abdul Samad]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–2023||97||10&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - S. Samad - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sahal-abdul-samad/530454/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611092225/https://int.soccerway.com/players/sahal-abdul-samad/530454/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Deependra Negi]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2017–2019||3||1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - D. Negi - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/deependra-singh-negi/533154/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213643/https://int.soccerway.com/players/deependra-singh-negi/533154/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Kizito Keziron]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|Uganda}}||2017–2019||18||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uganda - K. Keziron - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/kizito-keziron/389757/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021112613/https://int.soccerway.com/players/kizito-keziron/389757/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Guðjón Baldvinsson]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|Iceland}}||2018||6||1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Iceland - G. Baldvinsson - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/gudhjon-baldvinsson/32253/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626114431/https://int.soccerway.com/players/gudhjon-baldvinsson/32253/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem|Dheeraj Singh]]||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2018–2019||14||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - D. Singh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/dheeraj-singh--moirangthem/513894/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430192128/https://int.soccerway.com/players/dheeraj-singh--moirangthem/513894/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Nikola Krčmarević]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|Serbia}}||2018–2019||13||2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Serbia - N. Krčmarević - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nikola-krcmarevic/90291/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901015128/https://int.soccerway.com/players/nikola-krcmarevic/90291/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Cyril Kali]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|Saint Martin}}||2018–2019||14||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Saint Martin - C. Kali - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/cyril-kali/18921/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123134907/https://int.soccerway.com/players/cyril-kali/18921/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Slaviša Stojanović (footballer, born 1989)|Slaviša Stojanović]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|Serbia}}||2018–2020||17||4&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Serbia - S. Stojanović - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/slavisa-stojanovic/90721/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=us.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625100344/https://us.soccerway.com/players/slavisa-stojanovic/90721/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Seiminlen Doungel]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2018–2019||19||2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - S. Doungel - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/semilen-dounge/239245/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802054336/https://int.soccerway.com/players/semilen-dounge/239245/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Matej Poplatnik]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|Slovenia}}||2018–2020||17||4&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Slovenia - M. Poplatnik - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/matej-poplatnik/251680/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625102057/https://int.soccerway.com/players/matej-poplatnik/251680/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Mohammad Rakip]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2018–2020||27||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - M. Rakip - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mohamad-rakip/573672/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221163905/https://int.soccerway.com/players/mohamad-rakip/573672/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Anas Edathodika]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2018–2019||9||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - A. Edathodika - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/anes-edathodika/72651/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619173156/https://int.soccerway.com/players/anes-edathodika/72651/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Halicharan Narzary]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2018–2020||25||2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - H. Narzary - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/holi-charan--narzary/190550/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212223326/http://int.soccerway.com/players/holi-charan--narzary/190550/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Zakeer Mundampara]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2018–2019||6||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - Z. Mundampara - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/zakeer-mundampara/169036/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703113623/http://int.soccerway.com/players/zakeer-mundampara/169036/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|Sujith Sasikumar||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2018–2019||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]]||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2018–19||5||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - N. Kumar - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/naveen-kumar/72556/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430190342/https://int.soccerway.com/players/naveen-kumar/72556/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Shaiborlang Kharpan]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2018–2021||0||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - S. Kharpan - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/shaiborlang-kharpan/280885/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516194458/https://int.soccerway.com/players/shaiborlang-kharpan/280885/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Suraj Rawat]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2018–2019||2||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - S. Rawat - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/suraj-rawat/573674/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=7 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307022210/https://int.soccerway.com/players/suraj-rawat/573674/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Abdul Hakku Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2018–2022||12||1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - A. Hakku - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/abdul-hakku/431738/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704040656/https://int.soccerway.com/players/abdul-hakku/431738/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Jithin M S]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2018–2019||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Jeakson Singh]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2018–2024||86||2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - J. Thaunaojam - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jeakson-singh-thaunaojam/513923/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511134052/https://int.soccerway.com/players/jeakson-singh-thaunaojam/513923/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Baoringdao Bodo]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2019||2||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - B. Bodo - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/boaringdao-bodo/471348/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=3 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703025315/https://int.soccerway.com/players/boaringdao-bodo/471348/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Nongdamba Naorem]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2018–2020||3||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - N. Naorem - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nongdamba-naorem/513924/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525044519/https://int.soccerway.com/players/nongdamba-naorem/513924/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Mario Arqués]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|Spain}}||2019–2020||6||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Spain - Mario Arqués - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mario-arques-blasco/207171/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625102059/https://int.soccerway.com/players/mario-arques-blasco/207171/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|Nigeria}}||2019–2020||16||15&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - B. Ogbeche - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/bartholomew-ogbeche/17940/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=uk.soccerway.com|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509005321/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/bartholomew-ogbeche/17940/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Rahul Kannoly Praveen|Rahul KP]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2019–2025||89||9&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - R. Praveen - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/rahul-kannoly-praveen/513925/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609141730/https://int.soccerway.com/players/rahul-kannoly-praveen/513925/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Sergio Cidoncha]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|Spain}}||2019–2021||18||2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Spain - Cidoncha - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/sergio-cidoncha-fernandez/205953/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=us.soccerway.com|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702131628/https://us.soccerway.com/players/sergio-cidoncha-fernandez/205953/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Gianni Zuiverloon]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|Netherlands}}||2019–2020||8||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Netherlands - G. Zuiverloon - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/gianni-zuiverloon/2299/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925013555/https://int.soccerway.com/players/gianni-zuiverloon/2299/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2019–2020||0||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - S. Kunniyil - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/shibin-raj/471278/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=us.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625100341/https://us.soccerway.com/players/shibin-raj/471278/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Bilal Khan (footballer)|Bilal Khan]]||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2019–2021||5||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - B. Khan - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/bilal-khan/524695/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827104543/https://int.soccerway.com/players/bilal-khan/524695/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Moustapha Gning]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|Senegal}}||2019–2020||13||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Senegal - M. Gning - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/mouhamadou-moustapha/206369/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=us.soccerway.com|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728122835/https://us.soccerway.com/players/mouhamadou-moustapha/206369/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Rehenesh TP]]||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2019–2020||13||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - R. Paramba - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/rehnesh-tp/272243/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625100344/https://int.soccerway.com/players/rehnesh-tp/272243/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Arjun Jayaraj]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2019–2020||0||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - A. Jayaraj - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://ca.soccerway.com/players/arjun-jayaraj/524730/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=ca.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625100341/https://ca.soccerway.com/players/arjun-jayaraj/524730/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Darren Caldeira]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2019–2020||1||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - D. Caldeira - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/darren-caldeira/100582/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625102054/https://int.soccerway.com/players/darren-caldeira/100582/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Jessel Carneiro]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2019–2023||66||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - J. Carneiro - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jessel-carneirou/269844/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609141738/https://int.soccerway.com/players/jessel-carneirou/269844/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Seityasen Singh]]||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2019–2022||28||1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - Seityasen Singh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/setyasen-singh/394638/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801003048/https://int.soccerway.com/players/setyasen-singh/394638/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Jairo Rodrigues Peixoto Filho|Jairo Rodrigues]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|Brazil}}||2019||4||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Brazil - Jairo - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/jairo-rodrigues-peixoto-filho/259260/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=us.soccerway.com|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028233356/https://us.soccerway.com/players/jairo-rodrigues-peixoto-filho/259260/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Raphaël Messi Bouli]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|Cameroon}}||2019–2020||17||8&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cameroon - R. Bouli - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/raphael-eric-messi-bouli/521930/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=us.soccerway.com|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706115224/https://us.soccerway.com/players/raphael-eric-messi-bouli/521930/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]]||[[Forward (association football)|FW]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2019–2020||5||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - S. Lalmuanpuia - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/samuel-lalmuanpuia/431821/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=us.soccerway.com|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706115142/https://us.soccerway.com/players/samuel-lalmuanpuia/431821/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Raju Gaikwad]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|India}}||2019–2020||12||0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - R. Gaikwad - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/raju-eknanth-gaikwad/165340/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710050607/http://int.soccerway.com/players/raju-eknanth-gaikwad/165340/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Vlatko Drobarov]]||[[Defender (association football)|DF]]||align=left|{{flag|North Macedonia}}||2019–2020||13||1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=North Macedonia - V. Drobarov - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/vlatko-drobarov/145174/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203193038/https://int.soccerway.com/players/vlatko-drobarov/145174/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Givson Singh]]<br /> |[[Midfielder|MF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2020–2024<br /> |8<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - Moirangthem Singh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/moirangthem-givson-singh/595676/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704040704/https://int.soccerway.com/players/moirangthem-givson-singh/595676/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Nishu Kumar]]<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2020–2024<br /> |40<br /> |2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - N. Kumar - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nishu-kumar-tashni/431458/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609141740/https://int.soccerway.com/players/nishu-kumar-tashni/431458/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Albino Gomes]]<br /> |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2020–2022<br /> |26<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - A. Gomes - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/albino-gomes/274439/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828142658/https://int.soccerway.com/players/albino-gomes/274439/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill|Prabsukhan Gill]]<br /> |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2020–2023<br /> |40<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - P. Gill - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/prabhushkan-singh-gill/513931/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611090719/https://int.soccerway.com/players/prabhushkan-singh-gill/513931/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Ayush Adhikari]]<br /> |[[Midfielder|MF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2020–2023<br /> |30<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - A. Adhikari - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ayush-adhikari/647555/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801003052/https://int.soccerway.com/players/ayush-adhikari/647555/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Ritwik Das]]<br /> |[[Midfielder|MF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2020–2021<br /> |4<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - R. Das - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ritwik-kumar-das/579114/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704040651/https://int.soccerway.com/players/ritwik-kumar-das/579114/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Denechandra Meitei]]<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2020–2023<br /> |10<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - Y. Meitei - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/yendrembam-denechandra-meitei/316592/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611092227/https://int.soccerway.com/players/yendrembam-denechandra-meitei/316592/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Rohit Kumar]]<br /> |[[Midfielder|MF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2020–2021<br /> |11<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - R. Kumar - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/rohit-kumar/471372/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609141747/https://int.soccerway.com/players/rohit-kumar/471372/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|'''[[Soraisam Sandeep Singh|Sandeep Singh]]'''<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2020–<br /> |67<br /> |1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - Sandeep Singh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sandeep-singh/290014/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520011115/https://int.soccerway.com/players/sandeep-singh/290014/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2020–2022<br /> |0<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - Naorem Mahesh Singh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/naorem-mahesh-singh/578920/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=30 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530231455/https://int.soccerway.com/players/naorem-mahesh-singh/578920/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Facundo Pereyra]]<br /> |[[Secondary striker|SS]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|Argentina}}<br /> |2020–2021<br /> |12<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Argentina - F. Pereyra - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/fernando-pereyra/52341/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203190110/https://int.soccerway.com/players/fernando-pereyra/52341/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|Gotimayum Muktasana<br /> |[[Midfielder|MF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2020–2021<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Lalthathanga Khawlhring|Puitea]]<br /> |[[Midfielder|MF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2020–2022<br /> |39<br /> |1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - L. Khawlhring - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/k-lalthathanga/471376/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508140530/https://int.soccerway.com/players/k-lalthathanga/471376/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Vicente Gómez Umpiérrez|Vicente Gómez]]<br /> |[[Midfielder|MF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|Spain}}<br /> |2020–2021<br /> |20<br /> |2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Spain - Vicente Gómez - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jose-vicente-gomez/148850/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609141728/https://int.soccerway.com/players/jose-vicente-gomez/148850/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Gary Hooper]]<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|England}}<br /> |2020–2021<br /> |18<br /> |5&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=England - G. Hooper - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/gary-hooper/50797/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=uk.soccerway.com|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801043046/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/gary-hooper/50797/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Costa Nhamoinesu]]<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}<br /> |2020–2021<br /> |16<br /> |2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe - C. Nhamoinesu - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/costa-nhamoinesu/86591/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=21 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121155409/http://int.soccerway.com/players/costa-nhamoinesu/86591/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|Muheet Shabir<br /> |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2020–2023<br /> |0<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - M. Shabir - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/muheet-shabir/677836/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704040658/https://int.soccerway.com/players/muheet-shabir/677836/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Jordan Murray (soccer)|Jordan Murray]]<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|Australia}}<br /> |2020–2021<br /> |19<br /> |7&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Australia - J. Murray - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jordan-murray/493486/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073558/https://int.soccerway.com/players/jordan-murray/493486/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Bakary Koné]]<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|Burkina Faso}}<br /> |2020–2021<br /> |14<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso - B. Koné - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/bakary-kone/55703/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704040702/https://int.soccerway.com/players/bakary-kone/55703/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Juande]]<br /> |[[Midfielder|MF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|Spain}}<br /> |2020–2021<br /> |10<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Spain - Juande - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/juan-de-dios-prados-lopez/3179/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302235344/https://int.soccerway.com/players/juan-de-dios-prados-lopez/3179/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Subha Ghosh]]<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2020–2022<br /> |0<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - S. Ghosh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/subha-ghosh/644536/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611092230/https://int.soccerway.com/players/subha-ghosh/644536/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Sanjeev Stalin]]<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2021–2022<br /> |9<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - S. Stalin - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/sanjeev-stalin/513906/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=us.soccerway.com|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418093945/https://us.soccerway.com/players/sanjeev-stalin/513906/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|'''[[Sachin Suresh]]'''<br /> |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2021–<br /> |30<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - S. Suresh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sachin-suresh/798844/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|'''[[Ruivah Hormipam]]'''<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> |align=left|{{flag|India}}<br /> |2021–<br /> |65<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - H. Ruivah - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/rv-hormipam/645960/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509085802/https://int.soccerway.com/players/rv-hormipam/645960/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Vincy Barretto]]<br /> |[[Midfielder|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2021–2022<br /> |19<br /> |2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - V. Barretto - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/vincy-barretto/685162/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=uk.soccerway.com|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221163847/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/vincy-barretto/685162/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Harmanjot Khabra]]<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2021–2023<br /> |28<br /> |2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - H. Khabra - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/68311/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511231833/https://int.soccerway.com/players/harmanjot--khabra/68311/|archive-date=11 May 2021|access-date=2021-07-19|website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Adrián Luna]]'''<br /> |[[Midfielder|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Uruguay}}<br /> |2021–<br /> |68<br /> |15&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uruguay - A. Luna - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/adrian-luna/103093/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729053104/https://int.soccerway.com/players/adrian-luna/103093/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Enes Sipović]]<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<br /> |2021–2022<br /> |17<br /> |1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bosnia and Herzegovina - E. Sipović - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/enes-sipovic/115702/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507091308/https://int.soccerway.com/players/enes-sipovic/115702/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz]]<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Argentina}}<br /> |2021–2022<br /> |21<br /> |8&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Argentina - J. Pereyra - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/jorge-rolando-pereyra-diaz/73810//|access-date=2021-09-01|website=us.soccerway.com|archive-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123064459/https://us.soccerway.com/players/jorge-rolando-pereyra-diaz/73810/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Álvaro Vázquez]]<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}<br /> |2021–2022<br /> |23<br /> |8&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Spain - Álvaro Vázquez - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/alvaro-garcia-vazquez/154869/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116053231/https://int.soccerway.com/players/alvaro-garcia-vazquez/154869/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Chencho Gyeltshen]]<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Bhutan}}<br /> |2021–2022<br /> |19<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bhutan - C. Gyeltshen - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/chencho-gyeltshen/243334/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731161342/https://int.soccerway.com/players/chencho-gyeltshen/243334/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Sreekuttan VS]]<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2021–2022<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Marko Lešković]]<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Croatia}}<br /> |2021–2024<br /> |53<br /> |1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Croatia - M. Lešković - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/marko-lekovi/134638/|access-date=2021-09-16|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627090346/https://int.soccerway.com/players/marko-lekovi/134638/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |Anil Gaonkar<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2021–2022<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Bijoy Varghese]]'''<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2021–<br /> |9<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - B. Varghese - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/bijoy-varghese/803880/|access-date=2021-11-27|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127171116/https://int.soccerway.com/players/bijoy-varghese/803880/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Karanjit Singh]]<br /> |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2021–2024<br /> |9<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India - K. Singh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/karanjit-singh/73526/|access-date=2021-12-21|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=14 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014153654/https://int.soccerway.com/players/karanjit-singh/73526/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Bryce Miranda]]'''<br /> |[[Midfielder#Winger|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2022–<br /> |20<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - B. Miranda - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/bryce-miranda/685153/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Saurav Mandal]]'''<br /> |[[Midfielder#Winger|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2022–<br /> |26<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - S. Mandal - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/saurav-mandal/686742/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Apostolos Giannou]]<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}<br /> |2022–2023<br /> |20<br /> |2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Australia - A. Giannou - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/apostolis-giannou/95175/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Víctor Mongil]]<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}<br /> |2022–2023<br /> |22<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Spain - Víctor Mongil - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/victor-mongil-adeva/207559/ |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Ivan Kalyuzhnyi]]<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Ukraine}}<br /> |2022–2023<br /> |19<br /> |4&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ukraine - I. Kalyuzhnyi - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/377509/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Bidyashagar Singh]]<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2022–2024<br /> |13<br /> |3&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - B. Singh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/vidyasagar-singh/578820/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Dimitrios Diamantakos]]<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}<br /> |2022–2024<br /> |44<br /> |28&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greece - D. Diamantakos - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/dimitrios-diamantakos/159047/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Vibin Mohanan]]'''<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2022–<br /> |36<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - V. Mohanan - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/vibin-mohanan/685310/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Nihal Sudeesh]]'''<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2022–<br /> |19<br /> |1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - N. Sudheesh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nihal-sudeesh/872818/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Mohammed Aimen]]'''<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2022–<br /> |37<br /> |6&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - M. Aimen - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mohammed-aimen/928475/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Mohammed Azhar]]'''<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2022–<br /> |28<br /> |1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - M. Azhar - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mohammed-azhar/928476/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''Sreekuttan MS'''<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2022–<br /> |1<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - M. Sreekuttan - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ms-sreekuttan/873963/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Danish Farooq Bhat]]'''<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2023–<br /> |45<br /> |3&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - D. Farooq - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/danish-farooq-bhat/579118/ |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Muhammed Saheef]]'''<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2023–<br /> |11<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - M. Saheef - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/muhammed-saheef/937910/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Jaushua Sotirio]]<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}<br /> |2023–2025<br /> |0<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Australia - J. Sotirio - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jaushua-sotirio/325270/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Prabir Das]]'''<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2023–<br /> |11<br /> |1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - P. Das - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/prabir-das/267287/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Sagolsem Bikash Singh]]'''<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2023–<br /> |0<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - Bikash Singh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sagolsem-bikash-singh/644530/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Naocha Singh]]'''<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2023–<br /> |33<br /> |1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - N. Singh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/naocha-huidrom-singh/578783/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Pritam Kotal]]<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2023–2025<br /> |39<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - P. Kotal - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pritam-kotal/267282/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Lara Sharma]]<br /> |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2023–2024<br /> |3<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - L. Sharma - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/-lara/530521/ |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''Muhammed Jaseen'''<br /> |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2023–<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Sukham Yoihenba Meitei|Yoihenba Meitei]]'''<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2023–<br /> |6<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - S. Meitei - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sukham-yoihenba-meitei/803878/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |Justine Emmanuel<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Nigeria}}<br /> |2023–2024<br /> |9<br /> |2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - E. Justine - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/emmanuel-justine/937935/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Ishan Pandita]]'''<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2023–<br /> |17<br /> |2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - I. Pandita - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ishan-pandita/610206/#:~:text=Midfielder%20Ishan%20Pandita%20plays%20for,have%20come%20as%20a%20substitute. |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Miloš Drinčić]]<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Montenegro}}<br /> |2023–2025<br /> |34<br /> |2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Montenegro - M. Drinčić - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/milo-drini/424235/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Kwame Peprah]]<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Ghana}}<br /> |2023–2025<br /> |26<br /> |11&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana - K. Peprah - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/kwame-peprah/694679/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Aibanbha Dohling]]'''<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2023–<br /> |8<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - A. Dohling - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/aibanbha-kupar-dohling/431818/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Freddy Lallawmawma]]'''<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2023–<br /> |20<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - F. Lallawmawma - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/freddy-lallawmawma/810610/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Daisuke Sakai]]<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}<br /> |2023–2024<br /> |24<br /> |3&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Japan - D. Sakai - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/daisuke-sakai/319230/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''Mohammed Arbaz'''<br /> |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2023–<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Fedor Černych]]<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}<br /> |2024<br /> |10<br /> |3&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lithuania - F. Černych - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/fedor-chernykh/143076/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Korou Singh]]'''<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2024–<br /> |5<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - K. Singh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/korou-singh-thingujam/911952/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |Aritra Das<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2024<br /> |2<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - A. Das - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/aritra-das/949680/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Som Kumar]]'''<br /> |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2024–<br /> |8<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - S. Kumar - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/som-kumar/876090/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Likmabam Rakesh Meitei|Likmabam Rakesh]]'''<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2024–<br /> |0<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - L. Rakesh - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/likmabam-rakesh/881036/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Lalthanmawia Renthlei|R. Lalthanmawia]]'''<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2024–<br /> |0<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - R. Lalthanmawia - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/r-lalthanmawia/809463/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Noah Sadaoui]]'''<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Morocco}}<br /> |2024–<br /> |11<br /> |10&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morocco - N. Sadaoui - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/283961/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Nora Fernandes]]'''<br /> |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2024–<br /> |1<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India - N. Fernandes - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nora-fernandes/685152/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Alexandre Coeff]]<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|France}}<br /> |2024–2025<br /> |13<br /> |0&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=France - A. Coeff - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/alexander-coeff/132634/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Jesús Jiménez (footballer)|Jesús Jiménez]]<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}<br /> |2024–2025<br /> |9<br /> |7&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Spain - Jesús Jiménez - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/jesus-jimenez-nunez/488314/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Dušan Lagator]]'''<br /> |DF<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|Montenegro}}<br /> |2025–<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Bikash Yumnam]]'''<br /> |DF<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2025–<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |'''[[Kamaljit Singh]]'''<br /> |GK<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flag|India}}<br /> |2025–<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Notable foreign internationals==<br /> <br /> *{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[David James (footballer, born 1970)|David James]]''' '''(2014)'''<br /> *{{flagicon|Canada}} '''[[Iain Hume]]''' '''(2014 &amp; 2017-2018)'''<br /> *{{flagicon|Spain}} '''[[Carlos Marchena]]''' '''(2015) '''<br /> *{{flagicon|Northern Ireland}} '''[[Aaron Hughes]]''' '''(2016–2017)'''<br /> *{{flagicon|Haiti}} '''[[Duckens Nazon]]''' '''(2016–2017)'''<br /> *{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Wes Brown]]''' '''(2017–2018) '''<br /> *{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} '''[[Dimitar Berbatov]]''' '''(2017–2018) '''<br /> *{{flagicon|NGR}} '''[[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]''' '''(2019–2020)'''<br /> *{{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} '''[[Bakary Koné]]''' '''(2020–2021) '''<br /> *{{flagicon|Uruguay}} '''[[Adrian Luna]]''' '''(2021-)'''<br /> *{{flagicon|Spain}} '''[[Álvaro Vázquez]]''' '''(2021–2022) '''<br /> *{{flagicon|Croatia}} '''[[Marko Lešković]]''' '''(2021–2024)'''<br /> *{{flagicon|Greece}} '''[[Dimitrios Diamantakos]]''' '''(2022–2024) '''<br /> *{{flagicon|LIT}} '''[[Fedor Černych]]''' '''(2024)'''<br /> <br /> ==By nationality==<br /> ''As of 31 January 2025''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> === All Players ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Country<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Number of players<br /> |-<br /> |'''{{flag|India}}'''|| align=&quot;center&quot; |124<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|England}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |10<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Spain}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |10<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Brazil}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |5<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Australia}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|France}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Nigeria}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Serbia}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Argentina}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Greece}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Haiti}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Ghana}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Netherlands}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Ireland}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Scotland}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Senegal}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Uruguay}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Ukraine}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Bhutan}}||align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}||align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Bulgaria}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Burkina Faso}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Cameroon}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Canada}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Chad}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Croatia}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Iceland}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Ivory Coast}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Japan}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Lithuania}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Macedonia}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Montenegro}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Morocco}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Northern Ireland}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Portugal}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Slovenia}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Uganda}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|Zimbabwe}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |1 <br /> |-<br /> !TOTAL|| align=&quot;center&quot; |200<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Club captains==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Captain<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Period<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|ENG}} [[David James (footballer, born 1970)|David James]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Cédric Hengbart]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Penn Orji]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2014<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Ramage]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2015 <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{flagicon|NIR}} [[Aaron Hughes]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2016<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2017–2019<br /> |- <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2019–2020<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jessel Carneiro]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Cidoncha]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Costa Nhamoinesu]] <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2020–2021<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jessel Carneiro]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2021–2022<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{flagicon|URU}} [[Adrián Luna]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2022–''present''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> *[[List of Kerala Blasters FC records and statistics]]<br /> *[[List of Kerala Blasters FC managers]]<br /> *[[Kerala Blasters FC results by opponent]]<br /> *[[List of Kerala Blasters FC Seasons]]<br /> *[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> {{Kerala Blasters FC}}<br /> &lt;!--{{ISL all-time rosters}}--&gt;<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:List of Kerala Blasters FC Players}}<br /> [[Category:Lists of footballers in India by club|Kerala Blasters FC]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players|*]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala Blasters FC-related lists|Players]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of Indian Super League players|Kerala Blasters FC]]<br /> [[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:WikiProject_Meghalaya&diff=545367 2025-12-21T19:49:43Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: added first info added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{WikiProject status|Defunct|parent=India|type=geo|sc1=WP:INML}}<br /> <br /> {| width=&quot;100%&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#e65e49; padding:2px; border-top:2px solid #000;border-bottom:2px solid #000; border-left:2px solid #000; border-right:2px solid #000; &quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;|<br /> __NOTOC__<br /> |- <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#faf18c;padding:10px&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> <br /> {{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}<br /> Some [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s have formed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] to improve organisation and standardised look and feel of articles related to the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Meghalaya]]. <br /> <br /> If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Meghalaya/to do|to-do list]] there.<br /> <br /> '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Meghalaya/New articles|New articles]]''' page contains articles that may be Meghalaya related. Please add this page your watchlist and monitor the articles.<br /> <br /> ==Scope==<br /> The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Meghalaya]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Meghalaya]] and [[:Category:India]]<br /> <br /> ==Goals==<br /> <br /> # Creation of a generally standard look and feel for all Meghalaya-related articles.<br /> # To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured Articles]] as possible related to Meghalaya.<br /> <br /> ==Participants==<br /> ===Active members===<br /> To join WikiProject Meghalaya, edit this section and add the [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] &lt;b&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#{{subst:me}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/b&gt; with your areas of interest to the bottom of the following list of members. Members should also place [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Meghalaya#Member identification|member identification]] on their user&amp;nbsp;page.<br /> #{{User|GDibyendu}}<br /> #{{User|Tinucherian}}<br /> <br /> ===Former members===<br /> Thank you for your help! Please move your username back to the active list when you can participate again.<br /> #{{User|Buaidh}} 19:06:06, 19 July 2019 (UTC)&amp;nbsp;– WikiProject templates and categories.<br /> #{{User|jay.233}} 31 August 2011.<br /> #{{User|NeverTry4Me}} 11 September 2022.<br /> <br /> ===Member identification===<br /> Members of WikiProject Meghalaya should place one of the following lines of [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] on their [[Special:MyPage|user&amp;nbsp;page]] to add it to '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:WikiProject Meghalaya participants]]}}'''.<br /> {{yytop}}<br /> {{yycat|WikiProject Meghalaya participants}}<br /> {{yy|Template:User WP Meghalaya}}<br /> {{yy|Template:User WP Meghalaya|invite}}<br /> {{yyend}}<br /> For other Meghalaya user&amp;nbsp;templates, see '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:Meghalaya user templates]]}}'''.<br /> <br /> ==Parentage==<br /> *[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India|WikiProject India]]<br /> **[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian states|WikiProject Indian states]]<br /> <br /> ==Descendant WikiProjects==<br /> No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.<br /> <br /> ==Similar WikiProjects==<br /> *[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Nagaland]]<br /> <br /> ==Portal==<br /> {{Pbox|Meghalaya|align=left}}{{clear}}<br /> <br /> == Discussion ==<br /> *[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Meghalaya]]<br /> <br /> ==Naming conventions==<br /> *[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> Refer to <br /> *[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles<br /> *[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles<br /> *[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles<br /> <br /> == WikiProject Meghalaya notice ==<br /> <br /> Place this WikiProject notice {{tl|WP India}} at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Meghalaya for guidelines.<br /> <br /> To use it, place <br /> '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{WP India|meghalaya=yes|meghalaya-importance=}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''<br /> at the top of an article's Talk page.<br /> It will produce:<br /> {{WP India|meghalaya=yes|category=no}}<br /> <br /> ==Stubs==<br /> For stubs about the geography of Meghalaya, use '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Meghalaya-geo-stub}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''. This will go into the [[:Category:Meghalaya geography stubs]] category.<br /> <br /> ==Templates==<br /> <br /> ===Hot articles===<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;float:right;margin-left:1em;font-size:79%;&quot;&gt;<br /> {{/Hot articles}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Featured articles==<br /> * none at the moment<br /> <br /> ===Featured lists===<br /> * none at the moment<br /> <br /> ==Good Articles==<br /> *[[Matrilineal society of Meghalaya]]<br /> <br /> ==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|FAC]]==<br /> * none at the moment<br /> <br /> ==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Peer review|PR]]==<br /> * none at the moment<br /> <br /> ==To-do list==<br /> * <br /> <br /> {{User:WolterBot/Cleanup listing subscription|wgcat=WikiProject Meghalaya articles}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:WikiProject Meghalaya| ]]<br /> [[Category:India-related WikiProjects|Meghalaya]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijaysinh_Mohite%E2%80%93Patil&diff=461147 2025-12-11T02:06:40Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1944)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Vijaysinh Shankarao Mohite-Patil<br /> | image = Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|06|12|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | education = <br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> | party = [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]<br /> | relatives = Rajsinh Mohite Patil, Jaysinh Mohite Patil, Madansinh Mohite Patil, Pratapsinh Mohite Patil, Udaysinh Mohite Patil<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start = 16 May 2014<br /> | term_end = 19 May 2019<br /> | predecessor = [[Sharad Pawar]]<br /> | successor = [[Ranjit Naik-Nimbalkar]]<br /> | constituency = [[Madha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madha]]<br /> | office1 = 6th [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]<br /> | 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister]]<br /> | 1namedata1 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]<br /> | governor1 = [[Mohammed Fazal]]<br /> | term_start1 = 27 December 2003<br /> | term_end1 = 19 October 2004<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Chhagan Bhujbal]]<br /> | successor1 = [[R R Patil]]<br /> | office2 = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister Government of Maharashtra]]<br /> | minister2 = *Rural Development<br /> *Tourism<br /> | term_start2 = 9 November 2004<br /> | term_end2 = 1 December 2008<br /> | 1blankname2 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata2 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> | governor2 = *[[Mohammed Fazal]]<br /> *[[S. M. Krishna]]<br /> *[[S. C. Jamir]]<br /> | predecessor2 = -<br /> | successor2 = -<br /> | minister3 = *Public Works Department<br /> | term_start3 = 19 October 1999<br /> | term_end3 = 16 January 2003<br /> | 1blankname3 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata3 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> | governor3 = *[[P. C. Alexander]]<br /> *[[Mohammed Fazal]]<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Nitin Gadkari]]<br /> | successor3 = [[Chhagan Bhujbal]]<br /> | office4 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council&lt;br/&gt;Maharashtra]]<br /> | term_start4 = 4 May 2012<br /> | term_end4 = 16 May 2014<br /> | predecessor4 = <br /> | constituency4 = Nominated by Governor<br /> | office6 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Maharashtra]]<br /> | constituency6 = [[Malshiras (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malshiras]]<br /> | term_start6 = (1980-1985), (1985-1990), (1990-1995), (1995-1999), (1999-2004), (2004<br /> | term_end6 = 2009)<br /> | predecessor6 = Shamrao Bhimrao patil<br /> | successor6 = [[Hanumant Dolas]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vijaysinh Shankarao Mohite-Patil''' (born 12 June 1944) is a politician from the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Madha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madha]] in Maharashtra since the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]] till the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]]. He is member of Nationalist Congress Party.<br /> <br /> Prior to that he served as the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]. He was also a Minister for Public Works Department (PWD) and Tourism and Rural Development for over 25 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=247136|title=Maharashtra sweats, its Energy Minister switches on 10 ACs|date=21 July 2007|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=29 August 2009}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Mohite-Patil started his career as [[Sarpanch]] of [[Akluj]] in [[Solapur district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-importance-of-the-mohite-patils-5636029/|title= Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil – His first stint in Akluj|website=www.indianexpress.com|date= 20 March 2019|access-date=2019-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; He served as President of Solapur [[District Councils of India|Zila Parishad]] from 1971 to 1979,<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vijaysinhmohitepatil.com/biography.php|title= Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil – President of Solapur Zila Parishad|website=www.vijaysinhmohitepatil.com/index.php|access-date=2019-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] representing [[Malshiras]] from 1980 to 2009. In that time he established sugar factories, milk dairies and processing industries, poultry farms, schools, nursing, engineering and D.Ed College&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20110901170513/http://vmpemded.org/&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Malshiras]]. On 25 December 2003 he was sworn in as the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031226/main5.htm|title=Mohite-Patil replaces Bhujbal<br /> |date=26 December 2003|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=18 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2004/oct/95701.htm|title=Mohite-Patil's fortune teeters on Shinde's|date=28 October 2004|publisher=[[MiD DAY]]|access-date=29 August 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911083452/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2004/oct/95701.htm|archive-date=11 September 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has served as a cabinet Minister of PWD, Tourism and Rural Development Ministry.<br /> <br /> In the [[2009 Maharashtra assembly elections]], his constituency Malshiras became a Reserved Seat, forcing him to shift to the neighbouring [[Pandharpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandharpur seat]]. He was defeated in the elections that followed by [[Bharat Bhalke]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4363114.cms|title=Testing times for Shinde in Solapur|date=5 April 2009|work=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=18 July 2018|author=Vishwas Kothari}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] president Sharad Pawar eventually named him president of the Maharashtra State Co-operative Sugar Factories Federation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-vijaysinh-mohite-patil-new-chief-of-sugar-co-ops-federation-1483103|title=Vijaysinh Mohite-Patil, new chief of sugar co-ops federation|author=Shailendra Paranjpe|work=Daily News &amp; Analysis|date=19 December 2010|access-date=18 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[2014 Lok Sabha election]], he was elected as Member of Parliament from [[Madha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madha constituency]].<br /> <br /> ==Positions held==<br /> {{prose|section|date=July 2022}}<br /> *Akluj Gram Panchayat- Member, Sarpanch<br /> *Solapur Zilla Parishad- Member, President (From 1971 to 1979)<br /> *Minister of PWD<br /> *Minister of Tourism<br /> *Minister of Rural Development<br /> *Chairman- Ethanol Manufacturers association of India.<br /> *Chairman- Maharashtra Rajya Sakhar Sangh (State Sugar Cooperatives Federation)<br /> <br /> * 1980-1985 - MLA, Independent (Malshiras)<br /> * 1985-1990 - MLA, INC (Malshiras)<br /> * 1990-1995 - MLA, INC (Malshiras)<br /> * 1995-1999 - MLA, INC (Malshiras)<br /> * 1999-2004 - MLA, NCP (Malshiras) DCM. (27 Dec 2003 – 19 Oct 2004)<br /> * 2004-2009 - MLA, NCP (Malshiras)<br /> * 2012-2014 - MLC, Nominated by Governor (4 May 2012 – 16 May 2014) <br /> * 2014-2019 - MP – NCP (Madha) (2014 – 2019)<br /> * 2024 - Director - National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories Limited<br /> <br /> ==Family==<br /> &lt;!--<br /> *Father – Shankarrao<br /> *Mother – Ratnaprabhadevi<br /> *Wife – Nandinidevi<br /> *Son – [[Ranjitsinh Mohite-Patil|Ranjitsinh]]<br /> *Daughter – Renuka Karnik<br /> *Brother – Rajsinh, Jaysinh, Madansinh, Pratapsinh, Udaysinh<br /> *Nephew – Dhairysheel, Sangramsinh, Satyasheel, Dhavalsinh, Arjunsinh, Shivtejsinh, Kirtidwajsinh<br /> *Grandchildren – Vishwatejsinh, Karan and Vaishnavi.<br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> He and his wife Nandinidevi have a son [[Ranjitsinh Mohite-Patil]] and a daughter Renuka Mohite Patil-Karnik.<br /> <br /> Vijaysinh's wedding in 1971 attracted a lot of controversy and criticism due to having Laksh Bhoj during a period of severe drought in Maharashtra.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Sundarrao Solanke|Sundarrao Solanke-Patil]]<br /> *[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> *[[Sharad Pawar]]<br /> *[[Bharat Bhalke]]<br /> *[[Hanumant Dolas]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{succession box|before=[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]|title=[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]|years=25 December 2003 &amp;ndash; 1 November 2004|after=[[R. R. Patil]]}}<br /> {{succession box|before=[[R. R. Patil]]|title=[[Rural Development]] [[Minister (government)|Minister]]|years=1 November 2004 &amp;ndash; 9 October 2009|after=[[Jayant Patil]]}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{16th LS members from Maharashtra}}<br /> {{Deputy Chief Ministers of Maharashtra}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mohite-Patil, Vijaysinh}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1944 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Solapur district]]<br /> [[Category:People from Akluj]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra district councillors]]<br /> [[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar politicians]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_Bank_of_Simla&diff=474518 2025-12-09T02:12:57Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: improve article after review also and corrected details per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Defunct bank of India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> <br /> The '''Alliance Bank of Simla''' was a British-run though [[India]]-registered bank that commenced operations in [[Shimla|Simla]] in 1874 under the management of [[Worplesdon Place Hotel, Guildford#Sir James Lewis Walker and Lady Catherine Featherston Walker|James Lewis Walker]]. The bank was established to take over the business of the '''[[United Bank of India (1866–1874)|United Bank of India]]''', established in 1866, which had operations in Simla and [[Umballa]]. Its board put the United Bank of India in voluntary liquidation on 21 March 1874, and Alliance Bank commenced operations two days later.&lt;ref name=Cyclo&gt;''The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial'', (1907), Volume 1, p.248.&lt;/ref&gt; After 49 years, Alliance Bank failed on 27 April 1923 due to speculation by its management. At the time that it failed it had 36 branches, including ones in [[Lahore]], [[Lucknow]], [[Peshawar]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Yangon|Rangoon]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Alliance Bank expanded by taking over the operations of other failed banks. By doing so it was able to extend its branch network and reduce the competition that some of its branches faced.<br /> <br /> It was the liquidator for [[Punjab Bank (1862–1877)|Punjab Bank]] (est. 1862), and subsequently opened branches at [[Murree]] (10 July 1877), Rawalpindi (6 August 1877), and Lahore (16 January 1878). Alliance Bank then opened branches at Umballa on 14 July 1885 and [[Cawnpore]] on 1 December 1887. Branches in [[Calcutta]] (15 October 1889), [[Ajmere]] (2 February 1891), [[Agra]] (1 February 1894), and [[Bombay]] (16 February 1903) followed.&lt;ref name=Cyclo/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Reserve Bank of India ZTC, Kolkata (Calcutta), Council House Street.JPG|thumb|upright|Alliance Bank, later the Reserve Bank of India, on [[Council House Street]], Kolkata (Calcutta)]]<br /> Alliance Bank opened its Calcutta branch on 15 October 1889 at 8, Council House Street in Central Kolkata's [[Dalhousie Square]] (now BBD Bagh). The firm [[Martin Burn|Martin &amp; Co.]], founded by Sir [[Rajendra Nath Mookerjee]] and Sir [[Thomas Acquin Martin]], built the building, which still exists. After Alliance Bank failed, the [[Imperial Bank of India]] took over the building. After the Imperial Bank became the [[Reserve Bank of India]] in 1935, the Reserve Bank took over the premises.<br /> <br /> Alliance was appointed the liquidator of '''[[Himalaya Bank]]''' (est. 1874), and opened a branch at [[Mussoorie]] on 21 August 1891. Next, it was the liquidator for [[Lloyd's Bank]]'s branch at [[Darjeeling]] and opened a branch there on 1 January 1896.&lt;ref name=Cyclo/&gt;<br /> <br /> Early In 1913, it acquired some of the assets and liabilities of '''[[The Bank of Upper India]]''', which had been founded in [[Meerut]] in 1862 and had been the first joint-stock bank in India. This bank had opened a branch in Agra after the failure of [[Agra and Masterman's Bank]]. It had short-lived branches in Cawnpore and [[Faizabad|Fyzabad]], and more successful ones in Simla (est. 1885), Lucknow, [[Allahabad]], [[Bareilly]], [[Naini Tal]], [[Delhi]] and Mussoorie.&lt;ref&gt;''The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial'', (1907), Volume 2, p.385.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Then in 1916 Alliance Bank acquired the Indian business and six Indian branches of '''[[Delhi and London Bank]]''' (est. 1844). Boulton Brothers, of London, acquired the London business of Delhi and London Bank.&lt;ref&gt;Jones (1995), p.407.&lt;/ref&gt; Alliance and Boulton Brothers had been associated since 1914.&lt;ref name=Jones157&gt;Jones (1995), pp.157–158.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Alliance Bank also acquired in 1916 '''[[Punjab Banking Company]]''', which Sir [[David Parkes Masson|David P. Masson]] had founded in Lahore in 1889. The bank had branches in [[Abbottabad]], [[Dalhousie, India|Dalhousie]], [[Ferozepore]], [[Jullundar]], [[Karachi]], Cantonment [sic], [[Multan]], [[Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Naushera]] (in the North-west Frontier province), [[Quetta]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]], Simla, and [[Srinagar]].<br /> <br /> In 1917 Alliance Bank acquired the '''[[Bank of Rangoon]]''' (est. 1906),&lt;ref name=Shirras&gt;[[George Findlay Shirras]] (1920) ''Indian finance and banking''. (Macmillan), p.363.&lt;/ref&gt; which had a branch in [[Madras]] in addition to its head office in Rangoon.<br /> <br /> In 1922, Alliance Bank moved its headquarters to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], shortly before the bank's collapse and closure in 1923.<br /> <br /> ==Failure==<br /> Boulton Bros. engaged in fraudulent transactions that brought them down, and Alliance Bank as well.&lt;ref name=Jones157/&gt;<br /> When Alliance Bank failed, the Imperial Bank took over its assets. For instance, Imperial Bank took over Alliance Bank's branch in Lahore and promised payment of 50% of the amount owed to creditors.&lt;ref&gt;[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/64309026/4569701 ''The Register'' (Adelaide, SA), 2 July 1923, p.12 &quot;INDIAN BANK'S DIFFICULTIES&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Banks}}<br /> <br /> * [[List of banks that have merged to form the State Bank of India]]<br /> <br /> ==Citations==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. (1987) ''The evolution of the State Bank of India, the roots, 1806-1876''. (Bombay &amp; New York: Oxford University Press). {{ISBN|978-0761996965}}<br /> *Jones, Geoffrey (1995) ''British Multinational Banking, 1830-1990''. (Clarendon Press). {{ISBN|978-0198206026}}<br /> <br /> {{Banking in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Defunct banks of India]]<br /> [[Category:Banks established in 1874]]<br /> [[Category:Banks disestablished in 1923]]<br /> [[Category:1923 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1874]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Olympic_Association&diff=466507 2025-11-27T07:35:15Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: expanded details after review and updated info based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|National Olympic committee}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox National Olympic Committee<br /> | title = Indian Olympic Association<br /> | logo = Indian Olympic Association logo.svg<br /> | size =<br /> | country = India<br /> | code = IND<br /> | created = {{Start date and age|1927| | |df=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://olympic.ind.in/ioa-organisation |title=Foundation |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112185629/https://olympic.ind.in/ioa-organisation |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | recognized = 1927<br /> | association = OCA<br /> | headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> | president = [[P. T. Usha]]<br /> | website = {{Official URL}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Indian Olympic Association''', abbreviated as '''IOA''', ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Bhāratīya Olaṃpika Saṃgha'') is responsible for selecting athletes to represent India at the [[Olympic Games]], [[Asian Games]] and other international sports competitions, and managing Indian teams at these events. It goes with the name of '''Team India'''. It also acts as the '''Indian Commonwealth Games Association''', responsible for selecting athletes to represent India at the [[Commonwealth Games]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=India at the Commonwealth Games|url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?countryid=28|publisher=[[Commonwealth Games Federation]]|access-date=17 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116072436/http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?countryid=28|archive-date=16 January 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:IndiaSportsAdministrators14.jpg|right|thumb|240px|alt=text|Indian Olympic Association, 1942]]<br /> <br /> The background behind the creation of the Indian Olympic Association was related to [[India at the Olympics|India's participation in the 1920 and 1924 Olympics]]. After the 1920 Games, the committee sending the team to these games met, and, on the advice of Sir Dorab Tata, invited Dr. Noehren (Physical Education Director of YMCA India) to be secretary, along with AS Bhagwat, of the provisional Indian Olympic Committee; Dorab Tata would serve as its president. Subsequently, in 1923–24, a provisional All India Olympic Committee was formed, and the All India Olympic Games (that later became the [[National Games of India]]) were held in Feb 1924. Eight athletes from these games were selected to represent India at the 1924 Paris Olympics, accompanied by manager [[Harry Buck|Harry Crowe Buck]]. This gave impetus to the development and institutionalization of sports in India, and, in 1927, the Indian Olympic Association (IOA), was created at the initiative of Harry Crowe Buck and Dr. A. G. Noehren (both of the Madras (YMCA) College of Physical Education).&lt;ref&gt;Dr A G Noehren was National Physical Education Director of the YMCAs in India, and H C Buck was Principal of the National YMCA school of physical education in Madras&lt;/ref&gt; Sir [[Dorabji Tata|Dorab Tata]] was important in financing and supporting the movement and became the first Indian Olympic Association president in 1927. Messrs Buck and Noehren travelled across India and helped many states organise their Olympic associations. Noehren was the first Secretary and [[Guru Dutt Sondhi]] was the first assistant secretary of the Indian Olympic Association, and after Noehren resigned in 1938, Sondhi and [[Moin-ul-Haq|S.M. Moinul Haq]] became the secretary and joint secretary of the Indian Olympic Association.<br /> <br /> The Indian Olympic Association was formed in 1927, and since that year was officially recognised by the [[IOC|International Olympic Committee]] as India's national Olympic organisation.{{ref|IOCIndia}} In 1928, [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Maharaja Bhupindra Singh]] took over as Indian Olympic Association president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hNADAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA57|title=Physical Education Class 12|last=Sharma|first=V. K.|publisher=Saraswati House Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5041-921-2|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Early tasks''': <br /> *''Sending teams to the Olympics'': In its first decade, the Indian Olympic Association selected sportspersons to represent India [[India at the Olympics#Early History|at the Olympic Games in 1928, 1932, and 1936]]. Subsequently, by 1946–47, the Indian Olympic Association took responsibility only to send the Indian team to the Olympics (principally, this meant arranging transport, board, and accommodation), while the separate federations for each sport were responsible for selecting and training competitors for their sport. Reflecting this, ahead of the [[India at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 Olympics]], the IOA Council agreed that a team representing athletics, swimming, weight lifting, wrestling, boxing, football, and hockey, with officials for each of these sports, and a Chief Manager, would be entered for the 1948 Olympics. And so, from 1948 onward, India began sending teams representing several sports – each selected by its respective sports federation – to the Olympics. <br /> <br /> *''Securing funding'': One of the Indian Olympic Association's main early challenges was to secure funding, so that it could send the national team to the Olympics and finance the related costs of transport, room, and board. It obtained funding from the Indian government, from the state governments, and from various state sports federations.<br /> Illustrating this, IOA President Yadavindra Singh's appeal for funding in 1948 stated: &quot;We need about 3 [[lakh]] of [[rupee]]s to finance&quot; the Indian Olympic team for the London Olympics; that &quot;the youth taking part in these games become ambassadors of goodwill&quot; for India; and that &quot;careful selection, intensive training and proper equipment is most essential&quot; to field a competitive team, but that the Indian Olympic Association is &quot;greatly handicapped for want of sufficient funds&quot; for these tasks.&lt;ref&gt;Appeal by Yadavindra Singh, President, Indian Olympic Association, 1948&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Indian Olympic Association thus undertook wider outreach with several national sports federations, and essentially became a clearing house that coordinated the sending of multiple sports teams – each selected by their respective sports federations – to the Olympics.<br /> <br /> *''The National Games'': The Indian Olympic Association had one other major responsibility, that of holding the biennial [[National Games of India|National Games]] (Indian Olympics). It recognised, in the 1920s-1940s, that the promotion of sports in India needed a National Games, because there was no overall national sports federation of India.<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> <br /> ===IOA executive council===<br /> Following is the IOA executive committee for the 2022–2026 term.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=INDIAN OLYMPIC ASSOCIATION EXECUTIVE COUNCIL|url=https://olympic.ind.in/executive-council|publisher=Indian Olympic Association|access-date=29 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Designation !! Name !! National sports federation / State olympic committee<br /> |-<br /> | '''President''' || [[P. T. Usha]] || Athletes Commission of the IOA<br /> |-<br /> | '''Senior Vice-President''' || [[Ajay Patel]] || [[National Rifle Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2| '''Vice-Presidents''' || Rajlaxmi Singh Deo || [[Rowing Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gagan Narang]] || Athletes Commission of the IOA<br /> |-<br /> | '''Treasurer''' || Sahdev Yadav || [[Indian Weightlifting Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> | '''CEO''' || Raghuram Aiyar|| {{center |''NA''}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2| '''Joint Secretaries''' || [[Kalyan Chaubey]] || [[ All India Football Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> | Alaknanda Ashok || [[Badminton Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=6| '''Executive Council Members''' || Amitabh Sharma || [[Ice Skating Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> | Bhupender Singh Bajwa || [[Wushu Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> | Lt. Gen. Harpal Singh || [[Indian Golf Union]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rohit Rajpal]] || Athletes Commission of the IOA<br /> |-<br /> | [[Dola Banerjee]] || Athletes Commission of the IOA<br /> |-<br /> | [[Yogeshwar Dutt]] || Athletes Commission of the IOA<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=6| '''Athletes' Commission Members''' || [[Mary Kom]] || {{center|''NA''}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sharath Kamal]] || {{center|''NA''}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==State Olympic Associations==<br /> # Andaman and Nicobar Olympic Association<br /> # Andhra Pradesh Olympic Association<br /> # Arunachal Pradesh Olympic Association<br /> # Assam Olympic Association<br /> # Bengal Olympic Association<br /> # [[Bihar Olympic Association]]<br /> # Chandigarh Olympic Association<br /> # [[Chhattisgarh Olympic Association]]<br /> # Delhi Olympic Association<br /> # Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Olympic Association<br /> # Goa Olympic Association<br /> # Gujarat State Olympic Association<br /> # Haryana Olympic Association<br /> # Himachal Pradesh Olympic Association<br /> # Jammu and Kashmir Olympic Association<br /> # Jharkhand Olympic Association<br /> # Karnataka Olympic Association<br /> # Kerala Olympic Association<br /> # Madhya Pradesh Olympic Association<br /> # Maharashtra Olympic Association<br /> # Manipur Olympic Association<br /> # Meghalaya State Olympic Association<br /> # Mizoram Olympic Association<br /> # Nagaland Olympic Association<br /> # [[Odisha Olympic Association]]<br /> # Pondicherry Olympic Association<br /> # Punjab Olympic Association<br /> # Rajasthan Olympic Association<br /> # Sikkim Olympic Association<br /> # Tamil Nadu Olympic Association<br /> # Olympic Association of Telangana<br /> # Tripura State Olympic Association<br /> # Uttarakhand Olympic Association<br /> # Uttar Pradesh Olympic Association<br /> <br /> ==National sports federations==<br /> {{Further|Category : sports governing bodies in India|label1=List of national sports governing bodies in India for various sports.}}<br /> National sports federations are categorized in two categories i.e. Olympic Sports and Other Recognized Sports<br /> <br /> The IOC's membership currently includes 38 National Sports Federations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Member Units |url=https://www.olympic.ind.in/member-units |website=Indian Olympic Association |access-date=12 July 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713012532/https://www.olympic.ind.in/member-units |archive-date=13 July 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Summer Olympic sports===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Sport !! National Federation<br /> |-<br /> |Aquatics || [[Swimming Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Archery || [[Archery Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Athletics || [[Athletics Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Badminton || [[Badminton Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Baseball]] || [[Amateur Baseball Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Basketball || [[Basketball Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Boxing || [[Boxing Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Canoeing || [[Indian Kayaking and Canoeing Association]]<br /> |-<br /> |Cricket || [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Cycling || [[Cycling Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Equestrian || [[Equestrian Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Fencing || [[Fencing Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Association Football|Football]] || [[All India Football Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |Golf || [[Indian Golf Union]]<br /> |-<br /> |Gymnastics || [[Gymnastics Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Handball || [[Handball Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Hockey || [[Hockey India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Judo || [[Judo Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Modern Pentathlon || [[Modern Pentathlon Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Rowing || [[Rowing Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Rugby || [[Indian Rugby Football Union]]<br /> |-<br /> |Skateboarding || [[Roller Skating Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Sailing || [[Yachting Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Shooting || [[National Rifle Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Softball]] || [[Softball Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Squash (sport)|Squash]] || [[Squash Rackets Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Surfing]] || [[Surfing Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Table Tennis || [[Table Tennis Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Taekwondo || [[Taekwondo Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Tennis || [[All India Tennis Association]]<br /> |-<br /> |Triathlon || [[Indian Triathlon Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |Volleyball || [[Volleyball Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Weightlifting || [[Indian Weightlifting Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |Karate || [[Karate Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Wrestling || [[Wrestling Federation of India]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Winter Olympic sports===<br /> These all sports are under the Winter Games Federation of India.<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable<br /> !Sport !! National Federation<br /> |-<br /> |Ice Hockey || [[Ice Hockey Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Ice Skating || [[Ice Skating Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Luge || [[Luge Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |Skiing || [[Ski and Snowboard India]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===IOC recognized sports===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Sport !! National Federation<br /> |-<br /> |[[Air sports]] || [[Aero Club of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bandy]] || [[Bandy Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bocce]] || [[Bocce Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Pétanque]] || [[Pétanque Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bowling]] || [[Tenpin Bowling Federation (India)|Bowling Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Contract bridge|Bridge]] || [[Bridge Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Cue sports|Billard]] || [[Billiards and Snooker Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Chess]] || [[All India Chess Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Dancesport]] || [[All India DanceSport Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Floorball]] || [[Indian Floorball Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Karate]] || [[Karate India Organisation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Korfball]] || [[India Korfball Committee]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Lifesaving]] || [[Rashtriya Life Saving Society]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Motorsport]] || [[Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mountaineering]] and [[Sport climbing]] || [[Indian Mountaineering Foundation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Netball]] || [[Netball Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Orienteering]] || [[Orienteering Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Basque pelota|Pelota Vasca]] || [[Indian Pelota Vasca Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Polo]] || [[Indian Polo Association]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Powerboating]] || [[Yachting Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Racquetball]] || [[Racquetball Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Roller sports]] || [[Roller Skating Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sumo]] || [[Indian Sumo Wrestling Association]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tug of war]] || [[Tug of War Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Underwater sports]] || [[Underwater Sports Association India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Wakeboarding]] and [[Water skiing]] || [[Wakeboard &amp; Water Ski Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]] || [[Wushu Association of India]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Others===<br /> Following are some sports which IOC does not recognise as a Sport.<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable<br /> !Sport !! National Federation<br /> |-<br /> |[[Arm Wrestling]] || [[Indian Arm Wrestling Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Atya Patya]] || [[Atya Patya Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ball badminton]] || [[Ball Badminton Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ball hockey]] || [[Indian Ball Hockey Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bodybuilding]] || [[Indian Body Builders Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Carrom]] || [[All-India Carrom Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Darts]] || [[All Indian Darts Association]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Esports]] || [[Esports Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Fishing]] || [[All India Game Fishing Association]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Fistball]] || [[Fistball Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Floor Tennis]] || [[Floor Tennis Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Futsal]] || [[All India Football Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ju-jitsu]] || [[Ju-jitsu Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kabaddi]] || [[Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kho Kho]] || [[Kho Kho Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mixed martial arts]]<br /> |[https://www.mma-india.com/ MMA India]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mallakhamb]] || [[Mallakhamb Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Pencak Silat]] || [[Indian Pencak Silat Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Powerlifting]] || [[Indian Powerlifting Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Professional boxing]]<br /> |[[Indian Professional Boxing Association]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Skipping rope]] || [[Indian Rope Skipping Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Petanque]] || [[Petanque India Association]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rollball]] || [[Roll Ball Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sepak Takraw]] || [[Sepaktakraw Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rollball]] || [[Roll Ball Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Soft tennis]] || [[Amateur Soft Tennis Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tennikoit]] || [[Tenni Koit Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Yachting]] || [[Yachting Association of India]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Multi-sport events hosted by IOA==<br /> * [[1951 Asian Games]]<br /> * [[1982 Asian Games]]<br /> * [[1987 South Asian Games]]<br /> * [[1995 South Asian Games]]<br /> * [[2003 Afro-Asian Games]]<br /> * [[2007 Military World Games]]<br /> * [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games]]<br /> * [[2010 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> * [[2011 South Asian Winter Games]]<br /> * [[2014 Lusophony Games]]<br /> * [[2016 South Asian Games]]<br /> * [[2030 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> <br /> ==Media image==<br /> The IOA debuted a new logo and new campaign tag #EkIndiaTeamIndia in 2020, this was celebrated on India's independence day 15 August 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ocasia.org/news/922-indian-olympic-association-reveals-new-logo.html|title=Indian Olympic Association reveals new logo|date=2020-07-06|website=Olympic Council of Asia|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-05}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; The previous logo was created in 1924 at the inception of the IOA, the logo emphasized the Star of India. Through symbols of the Tiraṅgā the new logo celebrates the pride, dignity and lifetime of determined hard work given by India's finest athletes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url= https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/ioa-adopts-new-identity-100-year-milestone-olympic-games/article32005734.ece#:~:text=The%20previous%20institutional%20logo%20which,of%20the%20IOA%20till%20date. |title= IOA adopts new identity on its 100-year milestone at Olympic Games |date= 2020-07-06 |website= Sportstar|language=en-US|access-date= 2020-09-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The logo was created by Smitten an international design firm founded in [[Chennai]] by Smita Rajgopal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/ioa-urges-nsfs-soas-to-update-websites-with-its-new-logo/articleshow/77562487.cms|title=IOA urges NSFs, SOAs to update websites with its new logo|date=2020-07-06|website=The Times of India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/smita-rajgopal-an-engineer-with-mba-degree-opts-for-graphic-designing-as-her-career/articleshow/10702511.cms|title=Smita Rajgopal, an engineer with MBA degree, opts for graphic designing as her career|date=2011-11-14|website=The Economic Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Recognition of athletes and coaches==<br /> From 2016, Olympic medallists and their coaches have been given advance consideration for the [[National Sports Awards]] if they have not already received one.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--&gt; |title=Olympic medallists to be considered for Khel Ratna: Sports Ministry |url=https://scroll.in/latest/808687/olympic-medallists-to-be-considered-for-khel-ratna-sports-ministry |work=Scroll.in |location= |date=24 May 2016 |access-date=4 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> As of 2021, the Indian Olympic Association recognises Olympic medallists with the following cash prizes: {{INRConvert|7.5|m}} for gold medallists, {{INRConvert|4|m}} for silver and {{INRConvert|2.5|m}} for bronze. Coaches of Olympic medallists receive {{INRConvert|1.25|m}}, {{INRConvert|1|m}} and {{INRConvert|0.75|m}}, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--&gt; |title=Tokyo Olympics: Coaches of gold winners to get ₹12.5 lakh from IOA, Chanu coach to get ₹10 lakh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/olympics/tokyo-olympics-coaches-of-gold-winners-to-get-rs-12-5-lakh-from-ioa-chanu-coach-to-get-rs-10-lakh-101627125333727.html |work=Hindustan Times |location= |date=24 July 2021 |access-date=4 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===National level===<br /> Olympic medallists are rewarded by the [[Government of India]] with the following cash prizes as of 2021: {{INRConvert|7.5|m}} for gold medallists, {{INRConvert|5|m}} for silver and {{INRConvert|3|m}} for bronze.&lt;ref name=&quot;cash_award&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===State and union territory level===<br /> At the state/territorial level, Olympians receive cash awards of various amounts, depending on their home region.<br /> <br /> ;Monetary awards for Olympians and coaches by state/territory (as of 2021):<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !State/Union Territory<br /> !Gold medal<br /> !Silver medal<br /> !Bronze medal<br /> !Olympic qualifier<br /> !Coach of gold medallist<br /> !Coach of silver medallist<br /> !Coach of bronze medallist<br /> !Refs<br /> |-<br /> |Andhra Pradesh<br /> |{{INRConvert|7.5|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|5|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|3|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|0.5|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--&gt; |title=Andhra Pradesh Government Announces Rs 30 Lakh Cash Reward for PV Sindhu |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/andhra-pradesh-government-announces-rs-30-lakh-cash-reward-for-pv-sindhu-4039883.html |work=News18 |location= |date=3 August 2021 |access-date=4 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Ashish |date=30 June 2021 |title=Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister YS Jagan Mohan Reddy gives Rs 5 lakh each to Olympic-bound athletes from state |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-ys-jagan-mohan-reddy-gives-rs-5-lakh-to-tokyo-bound-athletes-from-state-1821160-2021-06-30 |work=India Today |location= |access-date=4 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Assam<br /> |{{INRConvert|10|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|7.5|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|5|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|0.5|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|1|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|0.5|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|0.3|m}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dsyw.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/sports_medhassu_in_oid_5/menu/document/Sports%20Policy_Coloured-compressed.pdf |title=Integrated Sports Policy of Assam |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2018 |website= |publisher=Government of Assam |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804145423/https://dsyw.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/sports_medhassu_in_oid_5/menu/document/Sports%20Policy_Coloured-compressed.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Chandigarh<br /> |{{INRConvert|60|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|40|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|25|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;cash_award&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Basu |first=Hindol |date=23 July 2021 |title=Tokyo Olympics: Indians to get highest cash award for winning medals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/tokyo-olympics-indians-to-get-highest-cash-award-for-winning-medals/articleshow/84667399.cms |work=Times of India |location= |access-date=4 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Chhattisgarh<br /> |{{INRConvert|60|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|40|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|25|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;cash_award&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Delhi<br /> |{{INRConvert|30|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|20|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|10|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;cash_award&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Goa<br /> |{{INRConvert|10|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;home_state&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Gujarat<br /> |{{INRConvert|50|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |{{INRConvert|1|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;cash_award&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--&gt; |title=Gujarat: Women Tokyo Olympics participants to get Rs 10 lakh each from govt |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/other/gujarat-women-tokyo-olympics-participants-to-get-rs-10-lakh-each-from-govt-719339 |work=IndiaTV |location= |date=14 July 2021 |access-date=4 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Haryana<br /> |{{INRConvert|60|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|40|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|25|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|0.5|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;cash_award&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Saini |first=Manvir |date=10 February 2021 |title=Gujarat: Women Tokyo Olympics participants to get Rs 10 lakh each from govt|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-to-give-rs-5-lakh-to-olympic-qualifiers-for-preparation/articleshow/80790167.cms|work=Times of India|location= |access-date=4 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Himachal Pradesh<br /> |{{INRConvert|20|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;home_state&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Jammu and Kashmir<br /> |{{INRConvert|5|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;home_state&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Jharkhand<br /> |{{INRConvert|20|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;home_state&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Karnataka<br /> |{{INRConvert|50|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;cash_award&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Kerala<br /> |{{INRConvert|10|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;home_state&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Maharashtra<br /> |{{INRConvert|10|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|7.5|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|5|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;home_state&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Nitin |date=12 July 2021 |title=Rs 6 crore or Rs 25 lakh for Olympics gold? Home state key to cash prize|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/rs-6-crore-or-rs-25-lakh-for-olympics-gold-home-state-key-to-cash-prize-7400117/|work=The Indian Express|location= |access-date=4 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Manipur<br /> |{{INRConvert|12|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|10|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|7.5|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Leivon |first=Jimmy |date=28 June 2021 |title=Manipur govt announces Rs. 1.2 crore to athletes who win gold in Tokyo Olympics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/manipur-govt-announces-rs-1-2-crore-to-athletes-who-win-gold-in-tokyo-olympics-7379922/ |work=Indian Express |location= |access-date=4 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Meghalaya<br /> |{{INRConvert|7.5|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;home_state&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Odisha<br /> |{{INRConvert|60|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|40|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|25|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;cash_award&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Punjab<br /> |{{INRConvert|22.5|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |{{INRConvert|0.5|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;home_state&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Rajasthan<br /> |{{INRConvert|30|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;home_state&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Sikkim<br /> |{{INRConvert|30|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;home_state&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Tamil Nadu<br /> |{{INRConvert|30|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|20|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|10|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|0.5|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--&gt; |date=26 June 2021 |title=Chief Minister M.K. Stalin announces Rs 3 crore to Olympic gold medallists from Tamil Nadu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/chief-minister-mk-stalin-announces-rs-3-crore-to-olympic-gold-medallists-from-tamil-nadu/articleshow/83873318.cms|work=Times of India|location= |access-date=4 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Telangana<br /> |{{INRConvert|20|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;home_state&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Uttarakhand<br /> |{{INRConvert|15|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;home_state&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Uttar Pradesh<br /> |{{INRConvert|60|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|40|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|20|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;cash_award&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |West Bengal<br /> |{{INRConvert|2.5|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|1.5|m}}<br /> |{{INRConvert|1|m}}<br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> | - <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;home_state&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Past office bearers==<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-2}}<br /> <br /> ===Presidents===<br /> The following is a list of presidents of IOA:<br /> {| class=wikitable<br /> !S.No. !! Name !! Tenure<br /> |-<br /> |1 ||[[Dorabji Tata|Sir Dorabji Tata]] ||1927–1928<br /> |-<br /> |2 ||[[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Maharaja Bhupinder Singh]] ||1928–1938<br /> |-<br /> |3 ||[[Yadavindra Singh|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh]] ||1938–1960<br /> |-<br /> |4 ||[[Bhalindra Singh]] ||1960–1975<br /> |-<br /> |5 ||[[Om Prakash Mehra]] ||1975–1980<br /> |-<br /> |6 ||[[Bhalindra Singh]] ||1980–1984<br /> |-<br /> |7 ||[[Vidya Charan Shukla]] ||1984–1987<br /> |-<br /> |8 ||[[Sivanthi Adithan]] ||1987–1996<br /> |-<br /> |9 ||[[Suresh Kalmadi]] ||1996–2011<br /> |-<br /> |– ||[[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]] ''(acting )''|| 26 April 2011 – 5 December 2012<br /> |-<br /> |10 ||[[Abhay Singh Chautala]] ||5 December 2012 – 9 February 2014<br /> |-<br /> |11 ||[[Narayana Ramachandran]] ||9 February 2014 – 14 December 2017<br /> |-<br /> |12 ||[[Narinder Dhruv Batra]] || 14 December 2017 – 25 May 2022<br /> |-<br /> |– ||Anil Khanna ''(acting)''|| 25 May 2022 – 21 August 2022<br /> |-<br /> |– ||[[Adille Sumariwalla]] ''(acting)''|| 27 August 2022 – 10 December 2022<br /> |-<br /> |13 ||[[P. T. Usha]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-10 |title=Legendary athlete PT Usha elected as first woman president of IOA |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/legendary-athlete-pt-usha-elected-as-first-woman-president-of-ioa-11670672131571.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=livemint.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PT Usha becomes first woman president of IOA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/pt-usha-becomes-first-woman-president-of-indian-olympic-association/articleshow/96130753.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210183438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/pt-usha-becomes-first-woman-president-of-indian-olympic-association/articleshow/96130753.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.timesofindia.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 10 December 2022 – ''Incumbent''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Secretaries===<br /> The following is a list of Secretaries of IOA:<br /> {| class=wikitable<br /> ! S. No. !! Name !! Tenure<br /> |-<br /> |1. || A. G. Noehren || 1927–1938<br /> |-<br /> |2. || [[Guru Dutt Sondhi]] || 1938–1952<br /> |-<br /> |3. || [[Moin-ul-Haq]] || 1952–1956<br /> |-<br /> |4. || [[Ashwini Kumar (sports administrator)|Ashwini Kumar]]|| 1956–1960<br /> |-<br /> |5. || [[Pankaj Gupta (sports administrator)|Pankaj Gupta]] || 1960–1970<br /> |-<br /> |6. || [[Ashwini Kumar (sports administrator)|Ashwini Kumar]]|| 1970–1974<br /> |-<br /> |7. || J. C. Paliwal || 1974–1975<br /> |-<br /> |8. || Air Vice Marshal C. L. Mehta || 1976–1986<br /> |-<br /> |9. || [[Roshan Lal Anand]] || 1986–1987<br /> |-<br /> |10. || [[Randhir Singh (sport shooter)|Randhir Singh]] || 1987–2012<br /> |-<br /> |11. || Lalit Bhanot || 2012–2014<br /> |-<br /> |12. || Rajeev Mehta || 2014–2022<br /> |-<br /> |13. || [[ Kalyan Chaubey]] &amp; Alaknanda Ashok|| 2022-Incumbent<br /> |}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ==Disputes==<br /> On 26 April 2011, after the arrest of its president [[Suresh Kalmadi]], [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]] was the acting president of the IOA up to 5 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/157142/kalmadi-has-not-been-removed.html|title=Kalmadi has not been removed: Malhotra|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=27 April 2011|access-date=27 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430160453/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/157142/kalmadi-has-not-been-removed.html|archive-date=30 April 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The election of Lalit Bhanot as Secretary General was considered controversial by some due to his alleged involvement in the [[Commonwealth Games Scam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Abhay Chautala becomes IOA President, Lalit Bhanot named Secretary General|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/Sports/20121130/2111115.html|work=Webindia123.com|publisher=Suni System (Pvt) Ltd.|date=30 November 2012|access-date=30 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208042117/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/Sports/20121130/2111115.html|archive-date=8 December 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 4 December 2012, the [[International Olympic Committee]] suspended the IOA on the basis of corruption, government interference, and not following guidelines of the IOC. Several members of the IOA have been charged with crimes.&lt;ref name=BBC-2012-12-05&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20604739 |publisher= BBC News |title= India outrage over IOA suspension from Olympics |date= 5 December 2012 |access-date= 2012-12-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171221121316/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20604739 |archive-date= 21 December 2017 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=IOC wants fresh polls before it lifts ban on Indian Olympic Association |url=https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/ioc-wants-fresh-polls-lifts-ban-indian-olympic-071926697--oly.html |newspaper=[[Yahoo! Sports Canada]] |date=15 January 2013 |agency=[[The Canadian Press]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412060336/http://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/ioc-wants-fresh-polls-lifts-ban-indian-olympic-071926697--oly.html |archive-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The IOA was formally banned for not following the [[Olympic Charter]] in their elections, instead following the Indian government's Sports Code. The IOA held elections under the Indian Sports Code due to a directive from the [[Delhi High Court]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work= [[The Times of India]]|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-04/others/35594132_1_ioa-suspension-ioa-elections-abhay-singh-chautala |title= IOA suspension is an 'unfortunate decision', says Jitendra Singh |author= PTI |date= 4 December 2012 |access-date= 2012-12-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130910233800/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-04/others/35594132_1_ioa-suspension-ioa-elections-abhay-singh-chautala |archive-date= 10 September 2013 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 May 2013, International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to lift the ban on the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) as Indian representatives from the government and sports bodies reached an agreement with IOC officials.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Kamesh|title=IOC agrees to take India back in Olympic fold|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/ioc-agrees-to-take-india-back-in-olympic-fold/article4718636.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 May 2013|location=Chennai, India|access-date=16 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608141236/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/ioc-agrees-to-take-india-back-in-olympic-fold/article4718636.ece|archive-date=8 June 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; India still did not have its three competitors play under the national flag at the Winter [[2014 Winter Olympics|2014 Olympics]]. On 9 February, an election was held to choose a head of the IOA. [[Abhay Singh Chautala]] and Lalit Bhanot were ineligible due to having court charges against them. With the support of Abhay Singh Chautala, the president of the [[World Squash Federation]], [[Narayana Ramachandran]], was instead elected.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/IOA-polls-on-Sunday-India-likely-to-return-to-Olympic-fold/articleshow/30057710.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140209204858/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-02-08/others/47147931_1_clean-sports-india-ioa-polls-chautala-and-bhanot | url-status=live | archive-date=2014-02-09 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=IOA polls on Sunday, India likely to return to Olympic fold }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 11 February 2014, the International Olympic Committee revoked the ban enforced on Indian Olympic Association. As a result, India returned to the Olympic fold after 14-months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=India's Olympic exile ends as IOC revokes IOA's ban|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/india-back-in-olympic-fold-as-ioc-revokes-ban-on-ioa/articleshow/30209590.cms|newspaper=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=11 February 2014|agency=[[Times of India]]|access-date=11 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306173143/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Indias-Olympic-exile-ends-as-IOC-revokes-IOAs-ban/articleshow/30209590.cms|archive-date=6 March 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[India at the Olympics]]<br /> * [[India at the Commonwealth Games]]<br /> * [[India at the Asian Games]]<br /> * [[Paralympic Committee of India]]<br /> * [[Sport in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Official Website}}<br /> <br /> {{OCA}}<br /> {{Sports governing bodies in India}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:National Olympic Committees|India]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games Associations|India]]<br /> [[Category:Sports governing bodies in India|Olympic]]<br /> [[Category:India at the Olympics]]<br /> [[Category:Sports organizations established in 1927]]<br /> [[Category:1927 establishments in India]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akavoor_Narayanan&diff=485229 2025-10-30T04:13:03Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: started a stub!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian literary critic}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Akavoor Narayanan<br /> | image =<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Narayanan Nampoothirippad<br /> | birth_date = {{birth year|1929}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Aluva]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_place = [[New Delhi]], India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2009|12|2|1929}}<br /> | alma_mater = [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> | occupation = writer, scholar and critic<br /> | movement = <br /> | notableworks = ''Venmani Prasthanam'' (study)<br /> | spouse = Gowri Antharjanam<br /> | children = 3<br /> | awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Endowment<br /> | influences = <br /> | signature = <br /> }}<br /> '''Akavoor Narayanan''' was a [[Malayalam language]] writer, scholar and critic from [[Kerala]], India. His most important work is ''[http://opac.ernakulampubliclibrary.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=74089 Venmani Prasthanam]'', which is a study on the nineteenth century Malayalam poetry movement known as ''[[Venmani School|Venmani Movement]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;one&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=അകവൂര്‍ നാരായണന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/2009/12/02/india-akavoor-narayanan-obit.html |work=malayalam.oneindia.com |date=2 December 2009 |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has authored more than twenty books, including three [[Aattakatha (performance)|Aattakkathas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;one&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Narayanan Nampoothirippad was born in 1929 at Akavoor Mana in Vellarapilly, [[Aluva]] of present-day [[Ernakulam district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Keralaliterature&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=അകവൂര്‍ നാരായണന്‍ |url=http://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/ |website=Keralaliterature.com |date=14 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a child he studied [[Vedas]] and [[Sanskrit]]. After passing intermediate at [[Union Christian College, Aluva]], degree in chemistry from [[University College, Thiruvananthapuram]] and post graduate degree in Malayalam literature with first class, he became Malayalam lecturer at [[Sree Kerala Varma College]], Thrissur and worked there for nine years.&lt;ref name=&quot;Keralaliterature&quot;/&gt; Then in 1968, he became a lecturer of Malayalam in the Department of Modern Languages at the [[University of Delhi]] and continued there till he retired in 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;Keralaliterature&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Express&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Akavoor Narayanan is no more |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/dec/03/akavoor-narayanan-is-no-more-109497.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Narayanan has written reviews of Malayalam books in the Hindu daily since 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;one&quot;/&gt; He has also written several articles and books on [[Kathakali]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ഡോ: അകവൂർ നാരായണൻ {{!}} കഥകളി.ഇൻഫൊ {{!}} Kathakali.info {{!}} കളിയറിവുകളുടെ തിരമൊഴി {{!}} The internet Kathakali hangout |url=https://kathakali.info/ml/node/30 |website=kathakali.info |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215062257/https://kathakali.info/ml/node/30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He has also served as chairman of the International Center for Kathakali and editor of ''Pranavam'' magazine.&lt;ref name=&quot;one&quot;/&gt; He was appointed Malayalam Sub Editor of the Directorate of Audio Visual Publicity in Delhi in 1961 and later became the Malayalam Editor of the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR).&lt;ref name=&quot;Keralaliterature&quot;/&gt; Narayanan, who was a member of the Malayalam language advisory board of several institutions including [[Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh University]], Punjab University, [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]], [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] and [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], was also served as advisor at the [[Civil service|Civil Service]] Training Academy in [[Mussoorie]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mathrubhumi - ഡോ.അകവൂര്‍ നാരായണന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=69095 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=5 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205184310/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=69095 |archive-date=5 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Keralaliterature&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Personal life and death===<br /> He and his wife Gowri Antharjanam have 3 children.&lt;ref name=&quot;Keralaliterature&quot;/&gt; He died on 2 December 2009 at [[New Delhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Express&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> *{{cite book |title=Venmani Prasthanam |date=1982 |publisher=Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Sosciety |location=Kottayam |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/294370 |language=Malayalam}}&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;/&gt;<br /> *{{cite book |title=Akavoorinte lokam |date=2002 |publisher=Current Books |location=Kottayam |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/226553 |language=Malayalam}}&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;/&gt;<br /> *{{cite book |title=Kunhikkuttan Thampuran |date=2010 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |location=Delhi |isbn=9788126026944 |language=Malayalam}}<br /> *{{cite book |title=Vakathiriv |date=2001 |publisher=DC books |isbn=978-8126403165 |edition=2nd |language=Malayalam}}&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;/&gt;<br /> *{{cite book |title=Artharuchi |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/ch.11776|date=1995 |publisher=PK Brothers |location=Kozhokode |language=Malayalam}} Essays&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;/&gt;<br /> *{{cite book |title=Ilamkoompukal |date=1955 |publisher=Mangalodayam |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/214900 |language=Malayalam}}<br /> *{{cite book |title=Vyakthi vivekam |date=2004 |publisher=Poorna Publications |location=Kozhikode |url=http://103.135.131.71/vufind/Record/uok.130740 |language=Malayalam}}&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;/&gt;<br /> *{{cite book |title=Arivukal Anubhoothikal |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/207531 |date=1996 |publisher=DC books |location=Kottayam |language=Malayalam}}&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;/&gt;<br /> *{{cite book |title=Arangaliyavar |date=1989 |url=http://103.135.131.71/vufind/Record/mgu.27124 |language=Malayalam}}&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;/&gt;<br /> *''Kavi Kokilam'' (attakkatha)&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;/&gt;<br /> *''Uthara Ramayanam'' (attakkatha)&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;/&gt;<br /> *''Sreeramodantham''&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;/&gt;<br /> *''Krishi Bodhini''&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;/&gt;<br /> *{{cite book |title=Lakshminath Base Baruva |date=1974 |url=http://103.135.131.71/vufind/Record/mgu.26700}} (translation)&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;/&gt;<br /> *''Perspectives'' (essays in English)&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;/&gt;<br /> *{{cite book |title=Kathakali Rasayanam |date=2008 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |location=Kozhikode |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/229539 |language=Malayalam |isbn=9788182645691}}&lt;ref name=&quot;kathakali&quot;/&gt;<br /> *{{cite book |title=Sajjanasamsargam |date=2011 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=131156&amp;query_desc=pb%3AMathrubhumi%20Books%20and%20itype%3ALEN}} (memoirs)<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honors==<br /> *[[Kerala Sahithya Akademi]] Endowment Award 2005 for ''Akavoorinte Lokam''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=എൻഡോവ്മെന്റ് അവാർഡുകൾ – 2005 |url=https://keralasahityaakademi.in/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE-2005/ |website=Kerala Sahithya Academi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanan, Akavoor}}<br /> [[Category:1929 births]]<br /> [[Category:2009 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian literary critics]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Ernakulam district]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:University College Thiruvananthapuram alumni]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Gani_Bhat&diff=484174 2025-09-27T18:10:02Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: started data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Kashmiri academic and separatist leader (1932–2025)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Abdul Gani Bhat<br /> | image = Abdul Gani Bhat.jpg<br /> | caption = Bhat in 2016<br /> | birth_date = {{birth year|1932}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTObit&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Abdul Gani Bhat Dies at 93; Kashmiri Separatist Championed Dialogue |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/24/world/asia/abdul-gani-bhat-kashmir-dead.html |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Botingoo]],&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTObit&quot;/&gt; [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British Raj]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and given age|2025|9|17|93|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Sopore]], Jammu and Kashmir, India<br /> | occupation = Academic, politician<br /> | alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]<br /> | known_for = Co-founder of the [[Muslim United Front]] (1986); chairman of the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Abdul Ghani Bhat''' (1932 – 17 September 2025) was an Indian academic and [[Kashmiri separatism|Kashmiri separatist leader]]. He co-founded the [[Muslim United Front]] (MUF) in 1986, later served as chairman of the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]] (APHC), a coalition of separatist groups formed in 1993, and was president of the Muslim Conference, Jammu and Kashmir (MCJK), a [[political faction]] banned by the [[government of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;m103&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Ashiq | first=Peerzada | title=Hurriyat leader Abdul Ghani Bhat expelled for meeting Centre's representative | website=The Hindu | date=10 December 2017 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/prof-bhat-removed-as-muslim-conference-chief/article21385135.ece | access-date=22 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;s849&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=Government bans two factions of Jammu &amp; Kashmir outfit Muslim Conference, Jammu and Kashmir under UAPA | website=The Hindu | date=28 February 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-factions-of-muslim-conference-jk-banned-by-home-ministry/article67896485.ece | access-date=22 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education ==<br /> Bhat was born in 1932 in [[Botingoo]]. He studied at [[Sri Pratap College]] in [[Srinagar]], where he completed undergraduate degrees in Persian, Economics, and Political Science. He later obtained a postgraduate degree in Persian and a law degree from [[Aligarh Muslim University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTObit&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;s826&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Abdul Ghani Bhat | website=Al Jazeera | date=24 April 2003 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/4/24/abdul-ghani-bhat | access-date=22 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Bhat began his professional career as a lawyer in [[Sopore]] but left the practice after a short time. In March 1963, he was appointed a professor in [[Persian language|Persian]] at [[Shri Krishan Chander Government Degree College, Poonch|Government Degree College, Poonch]]. He served in the state education department for over two decades until 1986, when he was dismissed from service by the [[government of Jammu and Kashmir|state government]] on security grounds.&lt;ref name=&quot;s826&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;g510&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Life | first=Kashmir | title=Over to Professor | website=Kashmir Life | date=30 March 2016 | url=https://kashmirlife.net/over-to-professor-issue-02-vol-08-100506/ | access-date=23 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Activism ===<br /> In July 1986, Bhat co-founded the [[Muslim United Front]] (MUF), a political coalition of religious and social groups. The MUF contested the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]s, which were later alleged by observers and opposition groups to have been rigged. Following the elections, he was arrested and spent several months in jail.&lt;ref name=&quot;s826&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;g510&quot;/&gt; In the aftermath, the MUF fragmented, with Bhat reviving the Muslim Conference, Jammu and Kashmir (MCJK) as one of its successor factions, while the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] (JKNC) continued as the state's ruling party.&lt;ref name=&quot;u105&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Interview: Abdul Ghani Bhat, MG Vol. 1 No. 13 | website=milligazette.com | date=15 August 1947 | url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15-7-2000/Art18.htm | access-date=23 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2004, Bhat, as a leader of the Hurriyat Conference, took part in a delegation that met [[Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and deputy Prime Minister [[L. K. Advani]] in [[New Delhi]] for talks on the [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir issue]].&lt;ref name=&quot;j217&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Reshi | first=Haroon | title=Kashmir fondly remembers Atal Bihari Vajpayee | website=National Herald | date=17 August 2018 | url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/obituary/kashmir-fondly-remembers-atal-bihari-vajpayee | access-date=23 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also took up the Kashmir issue with the then prime minister of India, [[Manmohan Singh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;b091&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Lone | first=Sameer Showkin | title=With Geelani taking the backseat, will Professor now drive Hurriyat? | website=dailyO | date=30 June 2020 | url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/hurriyat-conference-sas-geelani-abdul-gani-bhat-kashmir-mirwaiz-umar-farooq-33217 | access-date=23 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the [[2016–2017 Kashmir unrest]] in aftermath of the killing of [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] leader [[Burhan Wani]], Bhat distanced himself [[Stone pelting in Kashmir|from the street protest]]s. He also criticised the Hurriyat's practice of issuing shutdown calendars, arguing that such tactics are ineffective and instead proposed alternative approaches to resolve the conflict.&lt;ref name=&quot;b091&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2017, Bhat was removed from his position as president of the MCJK amid internal disagreements over his reported meeting with India's interlocutor, [[Dineshwar Sharma]]. The removal was initiated by other party leaders, including Mohammad Sultan Magray, who was appointed acting president.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Ashiq | first=Peerzada | title=Hurriyat leader Abdul Ghani Bhat expelled for meeting Centre's representative | website=The Hindu | date=10 December 2017 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/prof-bhat-removed-as-muslim-conference-chief/article21385135.ece | access-date=23 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhat also mentored [[Mukhtar Ahmed Waza]] from his teen years into a Politician and intellectual.<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Bhat died on 17 September 2025, at the age of 93.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=17 September 2025|title=Prof Abdul Gani Bhat Passes Away at 89|website=Kashmir Life|url=https://kashmirlife.net/prof-abdul-ghani-bhat-passes-away-at-89-405709/|access-date=17 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 September 2025 |title=Abdul Gani Bhat, former Hurriyat chairman and 'voice of moderation', passes away at 93 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/abdul-gani-bhat-former-hurriyat-chairman-and-voice-of-moderation-passes-away-at-90-10256448/ |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Abdul Gani}}<br /> [[Category:1935 births]]<br /> [[Category:2025 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:People from Sopore]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri people]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmir separatist movement]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Muslim activists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Muslim politicians]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maravarman_Avanisulamani&diff=516441 2025-07-16T09:36:10Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: </p> <hr /> <div>{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | title = Maravarman<br /> | name = Avanisulamani<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | reign = c.590&amp;ndash;620 CE{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=370}}<br /> | predecessor = [[Kadungon]]<br /> | successor = [[Jayantavarman|Seliyan Sendan (Jayantavarman)]]<br /> | issue =<br /> | father = [[Kadungon]]<br /> | dynasty = [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Pandyan}}<br /> '''Maravarman Avanisulamani''' ([[IAST]]: Avaniśūlāmani; ''r. c.'' 590&amp;ndash;620 CE)(Tamil: அவனி சூளாமணி) was a [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]] ruler of early historic south India.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=50}} He was the son and successor of [[Kadungon]], who revived the Pandya dynastic power after the [[Kalabhra interregnum]]. Not much information is available about either of these kings.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=50}}<br /> <br /> [[Velvikkudi Grant]] (a later copper-plate inscription) is the only source information about Avanisulamani.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=41}}{{sfn|H. Krishna Sastri|1983|p=291}} The grant praises the Pandya, claiming that he removed the common ownership of the Earth (by making it his own) and married the goddess of the flower ([[Lakshmi]]).{{sfn|H. Krishna Sastri|1983|p=291}} <br /> <br /> Maravarman Avanisulamani was succeeded by his son [[Jayantavarman|Seliyan Sendan (Jayantavarman)]].{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=50}}{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=370}}<br /> <br /> ==Dates ==<br /> * [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] – c. 620&amp;ndash;645 CE.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=41}}{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1958|p=165}} <br /> * [[T. V. Sadasiva Pandarathar]] – c. 600&amp;ndash;625 CE.{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|p=116}}<br /> * [[Noboru Karashima]] – c. 590&amp;ndash;620 CE{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=370}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> * {{cite book |editor=H. Krishna Sastri|title=Epigraphica Indica|volume=XVII|year=1983|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|location=Calcutta}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=N. Subrahmanian |title=History of Tamilnad (To A. D. 1336) |url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/462306 |year=1962 |publisher=Koodal |location=Madurai |oclc=43502446 |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161123181101/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/462306 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}<br /> * {{cite book|author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar|year=1958|location=Madras|publisher=Oxford University Press}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|title=The Pandyan Kingdom|year=1929 |publisher= Luzac and Company|location=London}}<br /> * {{cite book |editor=Noburu Karashima|title= A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations|year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Pandyan kings]]<br /> [[Category:7th-century Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:6th-century Indian monarchs]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samdup_Tshering_Bhutia&diff=532291 2025-06-12T11:02:32Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Sikkim Assembly|Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 1 June 2024<br /> | term_end = <br /> | constituency = [[Tumin Lingee Assembly constituency|Tumin Lingee]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Ugyen Tshering Gyatso Bhutia]]<br /> | party = [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Samdup Tshering Bhutia''' is an Indian politician from [[Sikkim]] belonging from the [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Sikkim Assembly|11th Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]. He won over [[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]'s Norzong Lepcha with 8265 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Tumen-Lingi, Sikkim Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates: SKM's Samdup Tshering Bhutia wins Tumen-Lingi with 8265 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/tumen-lingi-sikkim-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546712-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-06-02 |title=Tumen-Lingi Assembly Election Result 2024: Samdup Tshering Bhutia of Sikkim Krantikari Morcha wins election |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tumen-lingi-assembly-election-result-2024-samdup-tshering-bhutia-of-sikkim-krantikari-morcha-wins-election/articleshow/110638641.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhutia, Samdup Tshering}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha politicians]]<br /> [[Category:People from Soreng district]]<br /> <br /> {{Sikkim-politician-stub}}</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seema_Alavi&diff=533897 2025-05-27T05:15:57Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: added new page initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian historian}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> <br /> '''Seema Alavi''' is an Indian historian. She is a [[professor]] of [[history]] at [[Ashoka University]], [[India]] and specializes in medieval and early modern South Asia.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Alavi completed her doctorate in history from the [[University of Cambridge]], and has been the recipient of a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright fellowship]], as well as fellowships at the [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute|Radcliffe Institute]], at [[Harvard University]], and the Centre of South Asian Studies at the University of Cambridge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Seema Alavi – Department of History, University of Delhi |url=http://history.du.ac.in/prof-seema-alavi/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was a professor of history at [[Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia Millia Islamia University]] in New Delhi, India, and has also taught at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] and the [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]]. She currently teaches at [[Ashoka University]], [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> She serves on the editorial board of several national and international journals, including ''[[Modern Asian Studies]]'', ''[[Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History]]'', ''[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]]'', and ''Biblio''.<br /> <br /> == Writing ==<br /> Alavi published ''Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition in Northern India'', 1770–1830 (Oxford University Press, 1995),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Alavi |first=Seema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F91OOwAACAAJ |title=The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition in Northern India, 1770–1830 |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564595-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; which studied the formation of the [[Bengal Army]] by the [[East India Company]] in India between 1770 and 1830. It was developed from her doctoral dissertation at Cambridge University, which was titled, ''North Indian military culture in transition''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=North Indian military culture in transition : c. 1770 – 1830 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272449 |publisher=University of Cambridge |date=1991-01-01 |degree=Thesis |doi=10.17863/cam.19458 |language=en |first=Seema |last=Alavi}}&lt;/ref&gt; The book was reviewed in [[Indian Economic and Social History Review|The Indian Economic and Social History Review]] by [[Michael H. Fisher]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Michael |date=1996 |title=Book Reviews : SEEMA ALAVI, The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition in Northern India, 1770–1830, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1995, pp. xvi + 315, Rs. 390 |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001946469603300207 |journal=The Indian Economic &amp; Social History Review |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |doi=10.1177/001946469603300207 |s2cid=144296220 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; and in the ''[[The Journal of Asian Studies|Journal of Asian Studies]]'', by [[Douglas M. Peers]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peers |first=Douglas M. |date=May 1997 |title=The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition in Northern India, 1770–1830. By Seema Alavi. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995. xvi, 315 pp. Rs. 390; $38.00 (cloth). |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/sepoys-and-the-company-tradition-and-transition-in-northern-india-17701830-by-alaviseema-delhi-oxford-university-press-1995-xvi-315-pp-rs-390-3800-cloth/33CB9027A431C66F0652A5BA322590CC |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=513–514 |doi=10.2307/2646290 |jstor=2646290 |s2cid=161440728 |issn=1752-0401|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, along with historian [[Muzaffar Alam]], she published ''A European Experience of the Mughal Orient: The I'jaz-i Arsalani'' (Oxford University Press), which was the first English translation of Persian letters written by [[Antoine Polier|Antoine-Louis-Henri Polier]], an 18th-century Swiss adventurer and traveler.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Antoine-Louis-Henri) |first=Polier (colonel de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubaCGQAACAAJ |title=A European Experience of the Mughal Orient: The Ijaz-I Arsalani (Persian Letters, 1773–1779) of Antoine-Louis Henri Polier |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-569187-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The letters were acquired by the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|Bibliotheque Nationale de France]], which commissioned the translation from Alam and Alavi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A European Experience of the Mughal Orient: The I'jaz-i Arsalani (Persian Letters, 1773–1779) of Antoine-Louis-Henri Polier {{!}} Reviews in History |url=https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/255 |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=reviews.history.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their translation was reviewed in ''[[Reviews in History]]'' by [[P. J. Marshall]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; in ''The Indian Historical Review'', by Raziuddin Aquil,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aquil |first=Raziuddin |date=2003 |title=A European Experience of the Mughal Orient, the I'jaz-i Arsalani (Persian Letters, 1773–1779) of Antoine-Louis Henri Polier, Translated and with an Introduction |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/037698360303000215 |journal=Indian Historical Review |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1–2 |pages=210–213 |doi=10.1177/037698360303000215 |s2cid=142427642 |issn=0376-9836|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; and in ''[[The International History Review]]'' by Robert Travers.<br /> <br /> In 2002, Alavi edited ''The Eighteenth Century in India,'' as part of [[Oxford University Press]]' series of ''Debates in Indian History and Society,'' consisting of key documents and debates in 18th-century Indian historiography.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Alavi |first=Seema |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-eighteenth-century-in-india-9780195692013?cc=au&amp;lang=en&amp;# |title=The Eighteenth Century in India |date=2007-09-27 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-569201-3 |series=Debates in Indian History and Society |location=Oxford, New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; It contained contributions from [[Irfan Habib]], [[Bernard S. Cohen|Bernard S. Cohn]], [[P. J. Marshall|P.J. Marshall]], and [[Christopher Bayly|C.A. Bayly]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; In 2008, Alavi published ''Islam and Healing: Loss and Recovery of an Indo-Muslim Medical Tradition, 1600–1900'' (Palgrave Macmillan), which studied the history of medicine and care in Islamic traditions in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230583771 |title=Islam and Healing |year=2008 |language=en |doi=10.1057/9780230583771|last1=Alavi |first1=Seema |isbn=978-1-349-36391-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The book was reviewed by Farhat Hasan in ''[[Contributions to Indian Sociology]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hasan |first=Farhat |date=2010 |title=Seema Alavi, Islam and Healing: Loss and Recovery of an Indo-Muslim Medical Tradition, 1600–1900. Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2007. xiii + 384 pp. Notes, glossary, bibliography, index. Rs 695 (hardback) |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/006996671004400210 |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1–2 |pages=183–185 |doi=10.1177/006996671004400210 |s2cid=144212822 |issn=0069-9667|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; by Projit Bihari Mukharji in ''Social History of Medicine'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mukharji |first=Projit Bihari |date=2009-08-01 |title=Islam and Healing: Loss and Recovery of an Indo-Muslim Medical Tradition, 1600–1900 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkp020 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=400–402 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkp020 |issn=0951-631X|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; by Francis Robinson in ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Francis |last2=Holloway |first2=Royal |date=2010-01-01 |title=Seema ALAVI. Islam and Healing: Loss and Recovery of an Indo-Muslim Medical Tradition, 1600–1900. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. xiii + 384 pp., {{text|ISBN:}} 81-7824-195-1 £55.00 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jesh/53/5/article-p770_4.xml |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |language=en |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=770–774 |doi=10.1163/156852010X539177 |issn=1568-5209|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Anne Marie Moulin in the ''[[International Journal of Asian Studies]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moulin |first=Anne Marie |date=2010 |title=Islam and Healing: Loss and Recovery of an Indo-Muslim Medical Tradition, 1600–1900. By Seema Alevi. Houndmills, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Pp. xiii + 384. {{text|ISBN}} 10: 0230554385; 13: 9780230554382. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/islam-and-healing-loss-and-recovery-of-an-indo-muslim-medical-tradition-16001900-by-aleviseema-houndmills-hampshire-palgrave-macmillan-2008-pp-xiii-384-isbn-10-0230554385-13-9780230554382/154FAAE4F04113103CBFE05247493F57 |journal=International Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=126–127 |doi=10.1017/S1479591409990350 |s2cid=143774767 |issn=1479-5922|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2015, Alavi published ''Muslim Cosmopolitanism in the age of Empire'' ([[Harvard University Press]]), which is a study of five [[Islam|Islamic]] scholars who were pursued by British colonial authorities after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], and their work in establishing a global network of scholarship subsequently, spanning [[Cairo]], [[Mecca]], and [[Istanbul]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Muslim Cosmopolitanism in the Age of Empire – Seema Alavi |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674735330 |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=www.hup.harvard.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The book received an honorable mention in the 2016 Albert Hourani Book Award, by the [[Middle East Studies Association of North America|Middle East Studies Association]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mesana.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Middle East Studies Association – MESA Book Awards – Seema Alavi |url=https://mesana.org/awards/awardee/mesa-book-awards/alavi-seema |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Middle East Studies Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Alavi has also published research in ''[[Modern Asian Studies]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;mesana.org&quot;/&gt; ''[[The Indian Economic and Social History Review]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alavi |first=Seema |date=2005 |title=Unani medicine in the nineteenth-century public sphere: Urdu texts and the Oudh Akhbar |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001946460504200104 |journal=The Indian Economic &amp; Social History Review |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=101–129 |doi=10.1177/001946460504200104 |s2cid=144886114 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the ''Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alavi |first=Seema |date=2020 |title=The 1852 Centaur Shipwreck: Law, politics and society in the Persian Gulf |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/775948 |journal=Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History |volume=21 |issue=3 |doi=10.1353/cch.2020.0034 |s2cid=229355982 |issn=1532-5768|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> <br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F91OOwAACAAJ |title=The sepoys and the company: tradition and transition in Northern India 1770–1830 |date=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0195645952 |language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5S2NHwAACAAJ |title=The eighteenth century in India |date=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195692013 |editor-last=Alavi |editor-first=Seema |editor-mask=1 |language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubaCGQAACAAJ |title=A European experience of the Mughal Orient: the Iʻjāz-i arsalānī (Persian letters 1773–1779) of Antoine-Louis Henri Polier |date=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195691870 |editor-last=Alavi |editor-first=Seema |editor-mask=with |editor-last2=Alam |editor-first2=Muzaffar |editor-link2=Muzaffar Alam}}<br /> * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ksWHDAAAQBAJ |title=Islam and Healing: Loss and Recovery of an Indo-Muslim Medical Tradition, 1600–1900 |date=2008 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan UK]] |isbn=9780230583771 |language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674735330 |title=Muslim Cosmopolitanism in the age of Empire |date=2015 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=9780674735330 |language=en}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Alavi, Seema}}<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Ashoka University]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Millia Islamia]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]<br /> [[Category:Historians of India]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Mohammed Sajib https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pumpwell&diff=455414 2025-05-15T15:04:33Z

<p>Mohammed Sajib: quick refined article for accuracy further and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Locality in Mangalore, Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Lead rewrite|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br /> '''Pumpwell''' is one of the busiest junctions in [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is just {{Convert|3|km|mi}} away from [[Hampankatta]], a major commercial centre, {{Convert|3|km|mi}} from [[Mangalore Central railway station]], and {{Convert|2.3|km|mi}} from [[Mangalore Junction railway station]]. [[Karnataka Bank]], one of the major public sector banks of India, has a head office at Pumpwell. The junction plays a significant role in city transport due to the number of important roads including [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]], [[Virajpet]]-[[Byndoor]] road that passes through this location. Mangalore - Bangalore highway [[National Highway 75 (India)|NH-75]], which connects two big cities of Karnataka, originates here. Additionally, there is a proposal to build new a bus stand under public-private-partnership (PPP) mode at this location.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/dk-to-seek-rs-10-crore-for-building-stadium/article9222458.ece|title=DK to seek Rs. 10 crore for building stadium|date=2016-10-15|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable places ==<br /> * Capitanio School<br /> * Indiana Hospital &amp; Heart institute<br /> *Karnataka Bank Head office<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Localities in Mangalore]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Karnataka-geo-stub}}</div>

Mohammed Sajib