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Bankhandi

2026-05-07T15:34:31Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: added info.

{{Short description|Udasi saint and founder of Sadh Belo}}

{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| honorific prefix = Baba
| honorific suffix = Maharaj
| name = Bankhandi
| sect = [[Udasi]]
| image = Depiction of Bankhandi Maharaj, an Udasi saint who founded Sadh Belo, Sindh in 1823.jpg
| caption = Depiction of Bankhandi from ''Sakhar Soonharo'' (1940) by Parsram Veerumal Masand
| birthname = Balchand Sharma
| birth_date = 1763
| birth_place = Nepal or Kero Khetar near Delhi
| death_date = 1863
| death_place = Sadh Belo, Sukkur, Sindh
| office1 = [[Gaddi Nashin]] of [[Sadh Belo]]
| term1 = 1823 – 1863
| predecessor1 = ''none'' (position established)
| successor1 = Swami Achal Prasad
| subsect = Bakhshishāṅ (Mihanshahi branch)
}}
{{Udasi}}

'''Bankhandi''' (1763 – 1863), commonly referred to as '''Baba Bankhandi Maharaj''' [[honorific]]ally<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kalhoro |first=Zulfiqar Ali |date=26 May 2013 |title=The Sikhs of Sindh |url=https://sikhchic.com/history/the_sikhs_of_sindh |website=Originally published on The Friday Times, republished on SikhChic}}</ref>'','' also spelt '''Vankhandi''',<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Bharadwaj |first=Prakash |title=Sindhis Through the Ages: Far-East & South-East Asian countries |publisher=World-Wide Publishing Company |year=1988 |pages=58}}</ref> was an [[Udasi]] missionary and saint who founded [[Sadh Belo]] in 1823.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Memon |first=Sarfaraz |date=26 June 2022 |title=Sindh's Sadh Belo Temple |work=T-Magazine |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2363411/culture-and-hertiage}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rasheed |first=Shaikh Abdul |date=2017-09-18 |title=Sadh Belo Temple the most frequented religious site |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/116400/sadh-belo-temple-the-most-frequented-religious-site/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Daily Times |language=}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Sadhu Bela: Pakistan's temple island you won't forget |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/sadhu-bela-pakistans-temple-island-you-wont-forget-1.2177507 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref><ref name="auto32">{{Cite web |last=Jatt |first=Zahida Rehman |date=June 12, 2018 |title=Sadh Belo temple: an abode of Udasipanth in Sindh |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1413676 |website=dawn.com}}</ref> Bankhandi was a missionary and preacher of the Mihanshahi sub-sect of the Udasis.<ref name=":4" />

== Biography ==
[[File:Hindu Temple, Sadh Belo, Sukkur.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the temple at Sadh Belo, Sukkur, Sindh]]
Bankhandi, who was born as Balchandra, was originally a [[Gaur Brahmins|Gaur Brahmin]] said to hail from [[Kurukshetra]] (in [[Haryana]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=eGangotri |url=https://archive.org/details/rTnV_gurusakhi-suryodaya-charitamrit-i-e-guru-bankhadi-yogsidhi-by-harinam-das-ji-mah/page/n53/mode/1up?q=%22Gaur+Brahman%22 |title=Gurusakhi Suryodaya Charitamrit I E Guru Bankhadi Yogsidhi By Harinam Das Ji Maharaj Gadidhar Mahant Sadguru Bankhandi Ashram, Sukkur Sind}}</ref> Other sources claim he was born as Balchand Sharma, and was originally said to hail from either [[Nepal]] or Kero Khetar near [[Delhi|Dehli]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> According to Sarmukh Singh Amole, he was born in 1763 whilst other sources give a year of birth ranging from 1807–1808.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Amole |first=Sarmukh Singh |title=PRĪTAM DĀS, MAHANT |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRITAM%20DAS%20MAHANT%20(1752-1831).html |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition) |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala}}</ref>

He became an Udasi missionary and belonged to the ''Bakhshishāṅ'' subsect (specifically the ''Mihanshahi'' branch).<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2004 |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |edition=2nd |volume=4 |location= |pages=6, 377 |oclc=29703420}}</ref> He moved to a heavily forested island in [[Sukkur District|Sukkur]], [[Sindh]] on the [[Indus River]] called Menak Parbat in 1823 at the age of 15.<ref name=":0" /> He took a liking to his newfound environment, where he established a ''dhuni'' (location for a [[Yajna|sacred fire]]).<ref name="auto32" /> There he founded Sadh Belo, which grew to become a major centre of spirituality and learning for the Udasi sect.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Partition and the practice of memory |date=2018 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-319-64516-2 |editor-last=Mahn |editor-first=Churnjeet |location=Cham, Switzerland |pages=47 |editor-last2=Murphy |editor-first2=Anne}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> He established a hut (''kutiya'') there on the mound.<ref name=":5" /> Bankhandi established places of worship for various Indic deities, such as [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annuparna]], [[Ganesha]], [[Shiva]], and [[Hanuman]].<ref name="auto32" /> He also constructed places where the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] was kept.<ref name="auto32" /> It is believed that Bankhandi had been bestowed with a bowl (''[[kamandalu]]'') by the goddess Annapoorna that had divine properties.<ref name=":5" /> He is said to have died in 1863.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> A temple dedicated to him was constructed in 1899 by the eight successor (''[[Gaddi Nashin|gaddi nashin]]''), Sant Harnam Das.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It remains a popular pilgrimage site today.<ref name=":12" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:1800s births]]
[[Category:1863 deaths]]

Palashipara Assembly constituency

2026-05-01T05:24:49Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palashipara
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Palashipara.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Palashipara Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Manik Bhattacharya]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| constituency_no = 79
| established = 1977
| electors = 244,867
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Palashipara Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Nadia district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 79 Palashipara Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Chanderghat]] and Patharghata II gram panchayats of [[Tehatta I]] CD Block, [[Tehatta II]] CD Block, and Bikrampur, Bilkumari, Dhananjaypur and Haranagar gram panchayats of [[Nakashipara (Community development block)|Nakashipara]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Palashipara Assembly constituency is part of [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|12. Krishnanagar Lok Sabha Constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|Madhabendu Mahanta
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="3"|Kamalendu Sanyal
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Biswanath Ghosh
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|S. M. Saadi
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|Tapas Kumar Saha
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Dr. Manik Bhattacharya
|}

For MLAs in the area prior to 1977 see [[Tehatta Assembly constituency]]

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Palashipara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rukbanur Rahaman|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Anima Dutta|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Samsur Ali Mallick|party=Indian Secular Front|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Hamidul Haque |party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Palashipara constituency<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2579.htm?ac=79| title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2021| work = Palashipara| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 9 June 2016| archive-date = 5 February 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170205213151/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2579.htm?ac=79| url-status = dead}}</ref>|Bharatiya Janata Party=Anima Dutta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Dr. Manik Bhattacharya|votes=110274|percentage=54.17|change=+9.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bibhas Chandra Mandal|votes=58,938|percentage=28.95|change=+21.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[S. M. Saadi]]|votes=26,228|percentage=12.88|change=-29.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Maniruzzaman Mondal|votes=1696|percentage=0.83|change=-0.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ratikanta Thakur|votes=1690|percentage=0.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Panchanan Mandal
|votes = 301
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bijoy Dutta
|votes = 916
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramesh Barman
|votes = 1688
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[None of the above#India|NOTA]]
|candidate =
|votes = 1654
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=203652|percentage=83.17|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016 election]], Tapas Kumar Saha of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITMC]] defeated previous [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A.]] [[S. M. Saadi]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Palashipara constituency<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2579.htm?ac=79| title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2016| work = Palashipara| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 9 June 2016| archive-date = 5 February 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170205213151/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2579.htm?ac=79| url-status = dead}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Tapas Kumar Saha]]|votes=82,122|percentage=44.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[S. M. Saadi]]|votes=76,568|percentage=41.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bibhash Chandra Mandal|votes=14,028|percentage=7.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Monoj Roy|votes=3,117|percentage=1.71|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Batshobha Sekh|votes=2,571|percentage=1.41|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dwijen Biswas|votes=1,576|percentage=0.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Fajlur Rahaman Sekh|votes=583|percentage=0.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[None of the above#India|NOTA]]
|candidate =
|votes = 1,990
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=182,560|percentage=83.67|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 election]], [[S. M. Saadi]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated his nearest rival Prof. Manik Bhattacharjee of [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Palashipara constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=79| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190726/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=79| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Palashipara| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[S. M. Saadi]]
|votes = 73,619
|percentage = 46.12
|change = -2.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Prof. Manik Bhattacharya
|votes = 71,967
|percentage = 45.09
|change = -1.39#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arjun Kumar Biswas
|votes = 8,145
|percentage = 5.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rati Kanta Thakur
|votes = 2,480
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Muslim League Kerala State Committee|MLKSC]]
|candidate = Shahjahan Mollick
|votes = 1,896
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Jelhak Mahalder
|votes = 1,513
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 159,620
|percentage = 86.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -1.69#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 August 2014}}</ref> Biswanath Ghosh of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Palashipara assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Tapas Kumar Saha of [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]. Contests in most years were multicornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Kamalendu Sanyal (Former Minister of State) of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Tapas Kumar Saha of [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]] in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 August 2014}}</ref> Ujjal Biswas of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and Kartic Chandra Biswas of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Madhabendu Mahanta of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Kumaresh Chandra of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and Kartic Chandra Biswas of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp70.htm |title =70 – Palashipara Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 5 October 2010}}</ref> Prior to that the constituency did not exist. [[Tehatta Assembly constituency]] existed in the area.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Nadia district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in West Bengal]]

Avinashipalayam

2026-04-30T23:29:09Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: added a details.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Avināshipāḷayam
| official_name = AvinashiPalayam
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Avinashipalayam.png
| image_alt =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Tamil Nadu|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| postal_code = 638660
| coordinates = {{coord|10|58|13|N|77|25|37|E}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| government_type = [[Town panchayat]]
| pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
| elevation_m = 297
| map_caption = Avinashi Palayam, [[Tiruppur District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal Code]]
| demographics2_title1 = Minority
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Indian English|English]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| named_for = Amman temples
| area_code = 0421
| utc_offset = +5.30
| native_name_lang = ta
| subdivision_type4 = Taluk
}}
'''Avinashipalayam''' ''(Avināsipāḷaiyam)'' is a small town in [[Tiruppur District]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It comes under [[Pongalur block]] and [[Tiruppur taluk|Tiruppur South taluk]].

==Geography==
Avinashipalayam is located 7 km from [[Pongalur]], 18 km from [[Palladam]], 19 km from [[Kangeyam]], 22 km away from [[Tiruppur]] and 32 km from [[Dharapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=S.AVINASHIPALAYAM Village in TIRUPPUR {{!}} eTamilNadu.org |url=http://www.etamilnadu.org/s-avinashipalayam-village-12568.html |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=www.etamilnadu.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Avinashipalayam: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Avinashipalayam {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/avinashipalayam |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Transport==
The town is located along the junction of the [[National Highway 81 (India)|National Highway 81]] connecting [[Coimbatore]] and [[Tiruchirapalli]] and [[List of state highways in Tamil Nadu|Tamilnadu State Highway-37]], which connects [[Madurai]] and [[Tiruppur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2021-12-07 |title=அவிநாசிபாளையம் அருகே ஆக்கிரமிக்கப்பட்ட குட்டையை மீட்க விவசாயிகள் கோரிக்கை |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/district/2021/12/07121116/3271469/Farmers-demand-reclamation-of-occupied-pond-near-Avinashipalayam.vpf |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

==Major religious spots==
* Bhagavathyamman Temple
* Chellandiamman Temple
* Mariamman Temple

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruppur district]]

{{Tirupur-geo-stub}}

N. Shreenivasaiah

2026-04-28T15:02:41Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: starting the details w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''N. Shreenivasaiah''' (born 1987) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nelamangala Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Bangalore Rural district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shreenivasaiah N in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/shreenivasaiah-n-nelamangala-candidate-s10a181c003/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Bangalore Rural Election Results 2023: Check the complete list of winners in district |url=https://www.news9live.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/bangalore-rural-hosakote-devanahalli-doddaballapur-nelamangala-election-results-2138626 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shreenivasaiah is from Yeshwanthapur, [[Bengaluru]]. His father is Nagarajaiah. He completed his Master of Arts in 2009 from [[Bangalore University]]. He later did his Post Graduation Diploma in Ambedkar Studies, also at Bangalore University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shreenivasaiah N(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- NELAMANGALA (SC)(BANGALORE RURAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7619 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shreenivasaiah won from [[Nelamangala Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 84,229 votes and defeated his nearest rival, K. Srinivasamurthy of [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] by a margin of 31,978 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Nisha |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka assembly election 2023: Congress candidates winning list updates |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-election-results-2023-live-updates-know-how-many-seats-bjp-congress-jds-won-in-karnataka-winning-candidates-101683947446358.html |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Nelamangala Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Shreenivasaiah N Wins From Nelamangala |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/nelamangala-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601899 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shreenivasaiah, N.}}

[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Bangalore Rural district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Indumathi (film)

2026-04-26T19:40:37Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: New stub

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language comedy thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Indumathi
| image = Indumathi film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Harsha P Reddy
| writer = Harsha P Reddy
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Harsha P Reddy
| starring = {{plainlist|
[[Shweta Bhardwaj]]
*[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]]
*[[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]]
*[[Harsha Vardhan]]
*[[Vennela Kishore]]
*[[Satyam Rajesh]]
*[[Vijay Sai]]
*[[Noel Sean]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Vasu
| editing = Shankar
| music = Anand
| studio = Geomedia Arts
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|1|1}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Indumathi ''''' is a 2009 Indian Telugu-language comedy thriller film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-indumathi.html|title=Indumathi press meet|date=28 December 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213105513/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-indumathi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> directed by Harsha P Reddy and starring [[Shweta Bhardwaj]] and [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] with [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]], [[Harsha Vardhan]], [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Satyam Rajesh]], [[Vijay Sai]] and [[Noel Sean]] in important roles. The film is inspired by the American film ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' (1960).

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Shweta Bhardwaj]] as Honey
*[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Chandu
*[[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Raj
*[[Harsha Vardhan]] as Anand
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Kishore
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Rajesh
*[[Vijay Sai]] as Banti
*[[Noel Sean]] as Sheshi
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]] as [[Reliance Group|Reliance]] worker
*[[Shankar Melkote]] as Honey's boss
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Police officer
*[[Giri Babu]] as Police officer
*[[Ravi Prakash]] as Investigating officer
* Harsha as Private detective
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
The director, a [[non-resident Indian|NRI]], previously produced ''[[Andaru Dongale Dorikite]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/harshareddy.html|title=Interview with Harsha P Reddy|date=4 November 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213105511/https://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/harshareddy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Vennela Kishore learned about the role through his friend [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/kishore.html|title=Interview with Kishore (Khadir of Vennela)|date=4 November 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213105512/https://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/kishore.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-shwetabharadwaj.html|title=Chitchat with Shweta Bharadwaj|date=31 October 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213105513/https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-shwetabharadwaj.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Anand, who composed the music for the 2007 film ''[[Mantra (2007 film)|Mantra]]'', in which Sivaji also starred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-indumathi.html|title=Indumathi audio function|date=10 November 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213105513/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-indumathi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "''Indumathi'' is a kind of film that is made with the purpose of entertainment by leaving the basic plot aside".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-indumathi.html|title=Telugu Movie review - Indumathi|date=1 January 2009|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213105511/https://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-indumathi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "''Indumathi'' is a disaster from the word go".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/indumathi/telugu/indumathi-movie-reviews-2693-2.html?sort=positive|title=Indumathi Review|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=2022-12-13|archive-date=2022-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213105534/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/indumathi/telugu/indumathi-movie-reviews-2693-2.html?sort=positive|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic form ''Indiaglitz'' wrote that "Though there are a few pits in the story and screenplay department, ''Indumathi'' undisputedly has the potential to thrill audiences".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/indhumathi-review-telugu-movie-10622|title=Indhumathi Review|date=2 January 2009|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213105512/https://www.indiaglitz.com/indhumathi-review-telugu-movie-10622|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]

Bishnupriya people

2026-04-19T23:10:21Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: Creating first pg w/ infobox

{{short description|Ethnic group in India and Bangladesh}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Distinguish|Bangladeshi Manipuris|Burmese Manipuris|Assamese Manipuris|Tripura Manipuris}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bishnupriya Manipuri (Bishnupriya Meitei)
| image = Bishnupriya Manipuri.svg
| image_caption = [[Bengali-Assamese script|Bengali-Assamese]] [[transliteration]]s of the terms "Bishnupriya Manipuri" and its synonym "Bishnupriya Meitei"
| population = 119,646<ref name="Abstract"/><ref name="Ethnologue"/>
| regions = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]
| region1 = {{Flag|India}}
| pop1 = 79,646 (2011)<ref name="Abstract">{{cite web |title=Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues - 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220172325/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]
| pop2 = 40,000 (2003)<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web |title=Bishnupuriya |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bpy |website=Ethnologue |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| genealogy =
| religions = [[Hinduism]] ([[Vaishnavism]])<ref name="Ved"/>
| languages = [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]] ([[first language|L1]]) [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[second language|L2]])<ref name="Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue">{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724203234/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |language=en |quote=Used as L2 by Bishnupuriya [bpy].}}</ref> [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (significantly used)
| related = Other [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]-speaking peoples, [[Meitei people|Meiteis]]
}}

The '''Bishnupriyas''', also known as the '''Bishnupriya Manipuris''' or '''Bishnupriya Meiteis''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahoo |first=Ajaya K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ&dq=bishnupriya+meiteis&pg=PA109 |title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development |date=30 March 2021 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-36686-0 |pages=109 |language=en |quote=The Bishnupriya Meiteis from Bangladesh, Myanmar, Tripura and Assam used the Bengali script and speak their own language, which is influenced by Meiteilon (Manipuri).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm|title=FAMILY-WISE GROUPING OF THE 122 SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED LANGUAGES – 2001|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124150415/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm|archive-date=24 November 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an ethnic group found in parts of the [[Northeast India]]n states of [[Assam]], [[Tripura]], [[Manipur]] and in northeastern [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Kalī Prasad |title=The Bishnupriya Manipuris: Their Language, Literature & Culture |date=2017 |publisher=Bishnupriya Manipuri Sahitya Sabha | url=https://archive.org/details/the-bishnupriya-manipuris-dr.-kali-prasad-sinha/page/n4/mode/1up?q=The+Bishnupriya+Manipuris+live+in+parts+of+Assam%2C+Manipur%2C+Tripura.and+Bangladesh}}</ref> They speak [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]], a language belonging to the [[Bengali-Assamese languages|Bengali-Assamese branch]]. Initially regarded as a [[creole language|creole]] of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Meitei language]]s, later studies found that it retains its pre-Bengali features and is closer to both Bengali and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bishnupriya+bengali+dialect&pg=PA481 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |pages=481 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haokip |first=Pauthang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnYShQ7TryMC&dq=Bishnupriya+bengali+dialect&pg=PA8 |title=Socio-linguistic Situation in North-East India |date=2011 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-760-9 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=R. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bishnupriya+bengali+dialect&pg=PR97 |title=Atlas of the World's Languages |last2=Moseley |first2=Christopher |date=19 April 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-85108-0 |pages=97 |language=en}}</ref> The most distinctive feature of the language is it is replete with [[Tibeto-Burman]] elements.{{Dubious|date=April 2026|reason=The phylogenetic unity of Tibeto-Burman is highly disputed and seen as unlikely.}} The culture of the Bishnupriya people is strongly influenced by that of the [[Meitei people]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahoo |first=Ajaya K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ&dq=bishnupriya+meiteis&pg=PA109 |title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development |date=30 March 2021 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-36686-0 |pages=109 |language=en |quote=The Bishnupriya Meiteis from Bangladesh, Myanmar, Tripura and Assam used the Bengali script and speak their own language, which is influenced by Meiteilon (Manipuri).}}</ref> They follow [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name="Ved">{{cite book |last1=Prakash |first1=Col Ved |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0706-9 |pages=1519-1525 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_North_East_India/wxkC9S2jYCkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1519}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zehol |first1=Lucy |title=Ethnicity in Manipur: Experiences, Issues, and Perspectives |date=1998 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-86030-51-6 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ethnicity_in_Manipur/1qTRz27T_UcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Bishnupriya+Manipuri+Vaishnavism |language=en}}</ref>

==Status==
In the 2020s, the Bishnupriya asked be given the status of an [[indigenous people]] of Assam and treated like other indigenous communities of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plea for indigenous status |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/plea-for-indigenous-status-of-bishnupriya-manipuris/cid/1732111 |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
The [[Government of Assam]] categorises them as an [[Other Backward Class]], but otherwise, they have no legal recognition or official status. The [[Tripura Government]] categorised their language under the Tribal Language Cell of the State Council of Educational Research and Training.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2020 |title=Bishnupriya Manipuris demand satellite autonomous council |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/bishnupriya-manipuris-demand-satellite-autonomous-council-512954 |access-date=19 July 2022 |quote=The Tripura government has categorized and placed the Bishnupriya Manipuri language under the Tribal Language Cell of the State Council of Educational Research and Training, while in Assam they are considered among Other Backward Classes (OBC), whereas in Manipur from where these people originated remains status-less}}</ref>

==Language==
The [[Meitei language in Bangladesh]] is used as a [[second language]] by the Bishnupriya people.<ref name="Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue">{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724203234/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |language=en |quote=Used as L2 by Bishnupuriya [bpy].}}</ref>

== References and notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

{{Tribes of Bangladesh}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Other Backward Classes| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Assam]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Tripura]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Manipur]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Birendra Nath Tudu

2026-04-19T00:10:36Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: Creating some stub and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Birendra Nath Tudu
| image = Birendra Nath Tudu.jpg
| caption = Birendra Nath Tudu
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| constituency = [[Raipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raipur]]
| predecessor = Upen Kisku
| successor = [[Mrityunjoy Murmu]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician, Ex-servicemen
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Birendra Nath Tudu''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Raipur, as a member of the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BIRENDRA NATH TUDU (Winner) RAIPUR (ST) (BANKURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=54|access-date=2025-06-20|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2016|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html|access-date=2025-06-20|website=Elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Election 2022: Raipur Assembly Seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/raipur-754596915 |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Bankura district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Prabodh Kumar Bhowmick

2026-04-18T11:14:59Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: created basic bio nd citations

{{Short description|Indian anthropologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prabodh Kumar Bhowmick
| image = File:Professor Prabodh Kumar Bhowmik.jpg
| birth_date = 6 September 1926
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|02|05|1926|df=y}}
| education = [[Bangabasi College]] (I.Sc.)
[[University of Calcutta]] (B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc)
| occupation = Anthropologist, social work
}}
'''Prabodh Kumar Bhowmick''' (6 September 1926 – 5 February 2003) was an Indian [[anthropologist]] from [[West Bengal]]. He conducted his work on the [[Lodha people|Lodha tribe]] of West Bengal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Professor P.K. Bhowmick: a legendary leader in Indian anthropology |date=2021 |isbn=978-81-950909-2-1 |language=English |oclc=1261773448|last1=Bhowmick |first1=Pradip Kumar |last2=Manna |first2=Samita |last3=Coomar |first3=Palash Chandra |publisher=Abhijeet Publications }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Legacy of Midnapore - Bidisha : A social laboratory within an Ashramic fold |url=https://www.midnapore.in/bidisha/bidisha.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.midnapore.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614134012/https://www.midnapore.in/bidisha/bidisha.html|archive-date=14 June 2025}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sahay |first=Vijoy S |date=July 2003 |title=Dramatis Personae of Indian Anthropology Messiah of the Lodhas: Professor P K Bhowmick M.Sc. Ph.D., D.Sc. (1926- 2003) |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0976343020030211 |journal=The Oriental Anthropologist |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=184–199 |doi=10.1177/0976343020030211 |s2cid=203381047 |issn=0972-558X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Bhowmick, P. K. Overview |url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81062277/ |access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126225710/http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81062277/|archive-date=26 January 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bhowmick was born on 6 September 1926, in Amdabad village. He was the third of eight children born to Jogendranath and Swaryamoyee Devi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Duary |first=Nabakumar |title=Professor Probodh Kumar Bhowmick: A Relentless Activist for the Uplift of the Lodhas of West Bengal |url=https://www.arfjournals.com/image/catalog/Journals%20Papers/SAAN/2020/No%201%20(202)/10-Nabakumar%20Duary.pdf |journal=South Asian Anthropologist |year=2020 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=87–92 [88]}}</ref>

== Education ==
Bhowmick's early education took place at ''Kalagachia Jagadish Vidyapith'', an early national school established in the [[Midnapore district]] in 1921. He pursued higher education in [[anthropology]], completing his ''Indian School Certificate'' in 1949 from the [[Bangabasi College]] ([[Kolkata]]) and his [[Bachelor of Science]] and [[Master of Science]] in 1951 from the [[University of Calcutta]]. His teachers included anthropologists [[Tarak Chandra Das]] and [[Nirmal Kumar Bose]]. He later earned his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in 1961, focusing on the socio-economic life of the [[Lodha people|Lodha tribe]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Manna |first=Professor Samita |date=2024-02-06 |title=Legacy Of a Legendary Field Anthropologist |url=https://www.anthropologyindiaforum.org/post/legacy-of-a-legendary-field-anthropologist |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=UIAF |language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317010312/https://www.anthropologyindiaforum.org/post/legacy-of-a-legendary-field-anthropologist|archive-date=17 March 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Biswas |first1=Subir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHNjEQAAQBAJ&dq=birendranath+sasmal&pg=PA39 |title=Writings on Indian Anthropology and Anthropologists |last2=Mukhopadhyay |first2=Barun |last3=Das |first3=Rajat Kanti |date=2023-01-01 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-93-5594-517-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Contributions and legacy ==
Bhowmick's work in applied [[anthropology]] focused on [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] communities. He was awarded [[Doctor of Science]] in social anthropology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/ |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=search.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> His Doctor of Philosophy research examined the [[Lodha people|Lodhas]], a [[Denotified Tribes|denotified]] tribe in [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

He founded BIDISA ''(Bureau for Integrated Development of Indigenous and Sub-Human Aided Groups)'', a non-governmental organization in West Bengal.<ref name=":2" />

He taught anthropology at the [[University of Calcutta]], and other institutions, as a professor. He later served as Head of the Post-graduate Department of Anthropology and Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Calcutta.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> During his tenure, he published journal articles and edited volumes on tribal studies, rural development, and applied anthropology.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

== Death ==
Bhowmick died on 5 February 2003, at the age of 76, after being injured when a person fell on him from a moving bus.<ref name=":5"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian ethnographers]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}
[[Category:People from Midnapore]]
[[Category:Bangabasi College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]

Prince of Wales riots

2026-04-18T09:13:02Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: created the data more to come

{{Short description|1921 riots in Bombay, British India}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Prince of Wales riots
| subtitle =
| partof = the [[Indian independence movement]]
| image = Prince of wales in bombay 1921.webp
| caption = Edward, Prince of Wales, shortly after his arrival in Bombay, 17 November 1921
| date = 17-20 November 1921
| place = Bombay, British India
| causes = Minority support for the visit of [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]] during a boycott called for by the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]]
| goals =
| methods =
| status =
| result =
| side1 = Mainly members of the Hindu and Muslim majority
| side2 = European, Anglo-Indian and Parsi minorities
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| fatalities = 58
| injuries = Several hundred
| arrests =
| damage = 2.5 million [[Indian rupee|rupee]]s (equivalent to {{Inflation|IN|2.5|1921|r=0}} million rupees in {{Inflation/year|IN}})
| buildings =
| detentions =
| charged = 400
| fined =
| effect =
| notes =
| sidebox =
}}
The '''Prince of Wales riots''' occurred in Bombay (now also known as [[Mumbai]]), [[British Raj|British India]], between 17 and 20 November 1921 during the visit of [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]]. The visit came during the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]] protests for Indian self-rule, led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and the [[Indian National Congress]]. Gandhi had allied the mainly-Hindu Congress with the Muslim [[Khilafat Movement]], who were concerned about the possibility that the British might depose the [[Ottoman Caliph]]. Gandhi called for his supporters to boycott the prince's visit and carry out a general strike ([[hartal]]).

The Prince was welcomed by members of the [[Parsis|Parsi]], [[History of the Jews in India|Jewish]] and [[Anglo-Indian]] minorities. They were attacked by a Hindu and Muslim mob who also burnt shops, trams and cars. Parsi-owned liquor shops were a particular target. Anglo-Indian and Parsi mobs formed in response to the violence and attacked those they suspected of supporting the non-cooperation movement. Gandhi was shocked by the violence and declared he would undertake a hunger strike until peace was restored. The violence abated on 20 November, at least 58 lives having been lost. After the riots the British imprisoned thousands of non-cooperation movement supporters and Gandhi attempted to rebuild the movement with support from the minorities as well as the Hindu-Muslim majority.

== Background ==
In July 1918 [[George V]], [[King of the United Kingdom]] and [[Emperor of India]], announced that his son, [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]], would carry out a tour of the [[British Empire]] to thank its people for their contributions to the Allied effort in the [[First World War]]. The Prince began his tour in 1919 in Australia and Canada but the itinerary proved exhausting and his trip to [[British Raj|British India]] was postponed to late 1921 to allow his health to recover.{{sfn|Woods|2000|p=217}} The four-month visit to India was to commence in Bombay and include stops in Calcutta, Madras, New Delhi, and Karachi, as well as a visit to [[British Burma]].{{sfn|Woods|2000|p=217}}
[[File:The Crore Exceeeded (cropped to gandhi).jpg|thumb|Gandhi pictured in the ''[[Bombay Chronicle]]'' on 1 July 1921]]
The visit came in the middle of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]] protests for [[self-governance]] by the Indian people.{{sfn|Patel|2018|pp=221,231,242}} The non-cooperation movement had been started by pro-independence campaigner [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in September 1920.{{sfn|Carter|1995|p=16}} He had allied his mainly Hindu [[Indian National Congress]] with the Muslim [[Khilafat Movement]] to broaden the campaign.{{sfn|Patel|2021}} In the years following the First World War, the Khilafat supporters were concerned that the British would depose the [[Ottoman Caliph]], the spiritual leader of Islam.{{sfn|Patel|2021}} Indian historian Dinyar Patel has described the Hindu-Muslim alliance as the greatest threat to British rule since the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 Indian Rebellion]].{{sfn|Patel|2021}}

[[Hinduism in India|Hindus]] and [[Islam in India|Muslims]] together comprised a majority of the Indian population and minorities such as [[Christianity in India|Christians]], [[Sikhism in India|Sikhs]], [[Parsis]] and [[History of the Jews in India|Jews]] felt threatened by the alliance.{{sfn|Patel|2021}} Gandhi sought to assuage these worries, particularly within the Parsi community. In speeches he made in 1921 he said that "the Hindu-Muslim entente does not mean that big communities should dominate small communities" and that it was "impossible for the country to make a move forward without taking all the different communities with it and India could not afford to leave a single community behind".{{sfnm|2a1=Patel|2y=2021|1a1=Patel|1y=2018|1p=230}}

The non-cooperation movement advocated that Indians should use only Indian-made goods and [[boycott]]ed imported products, particularly cloth.{{sfnm|1a1=Carter|1y=1995|1p=16|2a1=Patel|2y=2021}} The movement also supported the [[Tax resistance|withholding of taxes]] and [[strike action|strikes]] by students.{{sfn|Carter|1995|p=16}} The Parsi minority in [[Bombay Province]] were particularly affected by the anti-import stance. The Parsis were heavily involved in the liquor trade; they accounted for 21% of alcohol dealers in the province, despite making up only 5% of the population.{{sfn|De|2020|p=64}} Gandhi was opposed to the liquor trade, particularly that involving the import of foreign liquor which was seen as a marker of wealth and colonial attitudes. In an open letter of March 1921 Gandhi advised the Parsis to leave it and support a [[Alcohol prohibition in India|prohibition on alcohol]].{{sfnm|1a1=Chandavarkar|1y=1998|1p=312|2a1=De|2y=2020|2p=64|3a1=Patel|3y=2018|3p=222}} Bombay had previously seen inter-religious violence including Hindu-Muslim violence in 1893 and Parsi-Muslim riots in 1851 and 1874.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=222}}
[[File:1921 bombay foreign cloth bonfire.webp|thumb|A pamphlet calling for hartal and attendance at the bonfire]]
Gandhi called for a boycott of the Prince of Wales' visit and for a general strike ([[hartal]]) to be held.{{sfn|Kapoor|2018|p=118}} The Bombay Provincial Committee of the Indian National Congress agreed on 7 October to support the hartal and arranged bonfires of foreign-made cloth to be lit during the visit. Nationalist speakers, including [[Sarojini Naidu]] and [[Jamnadas M. Mehta]], spoke to crowds in the city on 16 November to encourage Indians to stay away from the ceremonies planned to welcome the Prince to Bombay.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=232}} Prince Edward hoped that his visit would raise Loyalist sentiment in India and counter the non-cooperation movement.{{sfn|Patel|2021}}

The British government of India had imposed repressive measures against public assembly earlier in 1921. The [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]], [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|Lord Reading]], was keen to negotiate with Gandhi over the prince's visit to [[Calcutta]] in December but was prevented by the [[India Office]], which ordered that there would be no negotiations or concessions.{{sfn|Matthews|2021|p=303}}

== Riots ==
[[File:PoW procession bombay 1921.png|thumb|The procession through Bombay]]
From the early hours of 17 November policemen and soldiers were assembled between the [[Wellington Pier, Mumbai|Apollo Bunder]], where Prince Edward was due to arrive via the [[Royal Navy]] battlecruiser [[HMS Renown (1916)|''Renown'']], and the [[Cross Maidan]], to which he was to travel in procession. From 8 am supporters of the hartal used force to prevent a number of trams, carrying Parsi, European and Anglo-Indian people from reaching the welcoming ceremony. The Prince landed at the [[Wellington Pier, Mumbai|Apollo Bunder]] at around 10.30 am. Congress and Khilafat supporters stayed at home and closed their businesses, while crowds of Parsis, Jews and Anglo-Indians turned out to support him. A journalist for the ''Bombay Chronicle'' considered the crowds assembled for the Prince to be less than 10% of that who had turned out to welcome his father, [[George V]], for his 1911 visit ahead of the [[Delhi Durbar]].{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=233}}

At around the same time as the Prince's arrival, Gandhi set light to the first bonfire of foreign-made cloth. Soon afterwards a crowd of striking millworkers from the [[Redevelopment of Mumbai mills|Elphinstone Mills]] set fire to a number of trams and cars.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=233}} As attendees of the procession left the protective ring of soldiers and police they were attacked by Hindu and Muslim supporters of the hartal. Some of the first victims were female European, Anglo-Indian and Parsi tram passengers.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=234}} Pro-hartal rioters moved to the Parsi [[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]] district and the Anglo-Indian areas of [[Byculla]], targeting those wearing Parsi and European clothing. By dusk, rioters had killed a European person and the British began to deploy soldiers into the troublespots.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=234}}
[[File:Codd-bottle necks (cropped).jpg|thumb|A glass bottle with marble stopper (blue)]]
While the violence of 17 November had largely been perpetrated by the pro-hartal faction, from the next day it became a more two-sided affair with Hindus and Muslims on one side and Parsis and Anglo-Indians on the other.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=234}} Parsis and Anglo-Indians armed themselves with [[Baton (law enforcement)#Indian subcontinent|lathis]] and guns and sought to engage the Congress-Khilafat groups. Those wearing homespun [[khadi]] cloth, which had become a symbol of the anti-import campaign, were targeted. One of the Parsi and Anglo-Indian calls was "Down with the Gandhi caps", relating to the [[Gandhi cap|type of sidecap]] favoured by Gandhi and his supporters. Anglo-Indians and Parsis who supported the National Congress were at risk of attack from both sides of the riot.{{sfn|Patel|2021}} Seven-year-old [[Homai Vyarawalla]] witnessed the violence and recalled pitched battles in the streets with the [[Codd-neck bottle|marble stoppers of soda bottles]] and stones used as deadly projectiles against the minorities.{{sfnm|1a1=Patel|1y=2018|1p=222|2a1=Patel|2y=2021}}

At mid-day on 18 November the Hindu-Muslim faction were joined by striking millworkers from [[Parel]] and rioters attacked three Parsi [[Zoroastrian]] temples, including the site of the most-holy [[Atash Behram]].{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=234}} In addition to the violence, crowds set fire to shops, trams and cars.{{sfn|Kapoor|2018|p=118}} Parsi-owned liquor shops were particular targets; one store and the owner's attached home were only saved when he emptied his entire stock of alcohol into the gutter.{{sfnm|1a1=De|1y=2020|1p=64|2a1=Patel|2y=2018|2p=236}} On 20 November a mob of 500 Parsis, armed with lathis, harassed Hindus and Muslims on [[Princess Street (Mumbai)|Princess Street]].{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=235}} An American teacher at [[St Stanislaus College]], Herbert J. Parker, noted that there was little effort exerted by the authorities to restore order outside of the European stronghold and central business district of [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|the Fort]]. He recorded that here was no disorder in the Fort but the riots led to the cancellation of a gathering of schoolchildren at the Cross Maidan on 21 November and a delay in the Prince's review of the Bombay Boy Scouts.{{sfn|Parker|1922|pp=5-6}}

As Gandhi drove around the city trying to halt the violence, he was aggrieved to hear the Congress mob shouting "Mahatma Gandhi ki jai" ([[Hindi]] for: "Glory to Mahatma Gandhi").{{sfn|Kapoor|2018|p=118}} At one point he came across two policemen dying from stab wounds inflicted by the mob.{{sfn|Kapoor|2018|p=118}} Mehta and [[M. R. Jayakar]] were attacked by Parsis while trying to persuade a mob to disperse.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=235}} In response to the violence Gandhi began the first [[hunger strike]] of his political career at 3:30 am on 19 November, vowing to neither eat nor drink until peace was restored.{{sfnm|1a1=Kapoor|1y=2018|1p=118|2a1=Patel|2y=2018|2p=237}}

Gandhi knew that there had been violence on both sides of the conflict but worried that assigning blame to the Parsis would drive them away from the nationalist cause. In a speech on 20 November, he said that "certainly the Parsi Mavalis [hooligans] are less to blame" and later said he could "excuse the aggrieved Parsis and Christians" for their "pardonable wrath".{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=238}} Order was restored in most parts of Bombay by 20 November, and Gandhi broke his fast on the following day after his representatives reported the city was peaceful.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=240}} On 22 November he met with 150 civic and community leaders including both supporters and opponents of the non-cooperation movement, to try to broker peace. He also ordered an end to the picketing of liquor stores and made arrangements for the payment of compensation to Parsi victims of the riots.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=240}}

During the riots at least 58 people were killed (including five police officers, three Europeans, an American and two Parsis) and hundreds were injured.{{sfnm|1a1=Kapoor|1y=2018|1p=118|2a1=Patel|2y=2018|2pp=222,242|3a1=Patel|3y=2021}} Of the city's 600 licensed alcohol outlets, four were destroyed and 135 damaged. Some 2.5 million [[Indian rupee|rupee]]s (equivalent to {{Inflation|IN|2.5|1921|r=0}} million rupees in {{Inflation/year|IN}}) of claims for property damage and personal injury were made, the majority by Parsis.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=242}} The British press largely chose not to report on the riots or to minimise their impact, though Sir Percival Phillips of the ''[[Daily Express]]'' was an exception with his reports, made after a tour of the city by armoured car, noting "constant rioting and attacks on Europeans" in the "Bombay Battle Zone".{{sfn|Kaul|2006|p=476}}

==Aftermath ==
[[File:Edward, Prince of Wales in Calcutta.jpg|thumb|The Prince of Wales at the inauguration of the Victoria Memorial in Calcutta, January 1922]]
Gandhi was shocked that his hartal had led to riots.{{sfn|Kapoor|2018|p=118}} He was particularly disappointed that the Hindu-Muslim majorities had focused their violence upon Indian minorities, which served to confirm their fears that an independent India would be subject to a violent [[tyranny of the majority]]. To allay their fears Gandhi spoke about providing political spaces for minorities and introduced a new slogan "Hindu-Muslim-Sikh-Parsi-Christian-Jew unity", which he used often during the remainder of the non-cooperation movement campaign.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=241}}

The riots marked the start of a shift in Gandhi's view for a post-independence India in which he saw that the Hindi and Muslim communities would have to play a role as guarantors of the rights of the minorities.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=239}} The British Christian priest and friend of Gandhi, [[Charles Freer Andrews]], wrote in 1930 that "probably no greater shock has ever come in recent years to any national leader, in the midst of an heroic struggle, than that from which Mahatma Gandhi suffered at Bombay in 1921". Gandhi himself considered it "possible to isolate Malabar [where a Khilafat-inspired movement had [[Malabar rebellion|risen in rebellion against the British]]]. It was also possible to disregard Malegaon [where three police officers had been killed by nationalists in April 1921] but it is not possible to ignore Bombay".{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=243}} He considered, but decided against, ordering a pause in the activity of the non-cooperation movement because of the riots.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=244}}

Some in the Parsi and Anglo-India communities in Bombay responded to the riots with calls for the establishment of self-defence organisations. However, the Parsis in particular appreciated Gandhi's comments expressing regret and there continued to be significant support for the nationalist cause in the community.{{sfn|Patel|2018|pp=244-245}} The 1921 riots marked the last occasion of significant Parsi involvement in communal violence in India.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=245}}

The Prince of Wales' opinion on the riots is not known; he spent much of the time at [[Raj Bhavan, Mumbai|Government House]], isolated from events.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=242}} During the rest of his tour of India he visited [[Allahabad]], Benares, Calcutta and Peshawar. At Allahabad the boycott was almost absolute, just 1,000 Indians attended the procession out of an expected 120,000. Similar scenes during a visit to the [[Banaras Hindu University|Banares Hindu University]] were covered up by filling seats left empty by Indian students with Europeans and children. Rumours of an assassination attempt in Peshawar led to the procession being redirected down back streets while order in Calcutta had been secured pre-emptive mass detention of thousands of nationalist supporters.{{sfnm|1a1=Patel|1y=2018|1pp=242-243|2a1=Sapire|2y=2012|2p=46}} The Prince considered the tour as a whole to be unsuccessful and a waste of money. Writing to his father he noted that "the crowds if there ever are any lining the routes through the European quarters are herded together into pens like sheep and guarded by constables". In correspondence with Lord Reading he said "the ostensible reason for my coming to India was to see as many of the natives as possible and to get as near to them as I could ... I am afraid that I have not had many opportunities of doing this" and expressed his concern that a failed tour would be worse for the Empire than if he had stayed away. The Prince blamed the unrest on the 1919 [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] that had introduced a measure of self-government in British India.{{sfn|Gifford|2025|pp=153-154}}

The British authorities prosecuted 400 people for involvement in the riots. More than 100 of those convicted were imprisoned, two were transported for life and two executed.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=242}} By January 1922 thousands of Indians were imprisoned over the civil disobedience campaign, including hundreds of nationalist leaders. The campaign continued until the 4 February [[Chauri Chaura incident]] where nationalists killed 22 police officers who had attempted to intervene in a non-cooperation movement procession.{{sfnm|1a1=Carter|1y=1995|1p=17|2a1=Dalton|2y=2012|2p=48}} When Gandhi received news of the attack on 8 February he called an end to the non-cooperation movement.{{sfn|Dalton|2012|p=48}} The campaign was terminated despite opposition from fellow nationalist leaders [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], with Gandhi citing the Prince of Wales riots and the Chauri Chaura incident as examples of how the movement had diverged from his creed of non-violence.{{sfnm|1a1=Carter|1y=1995|1p=17|2a1=Patel|2y=2018|2p=223}} Gandhi began a five-day fast in penance for the violence at Chauri Chaura on 12 February.{{sfn|Wolpert|2001|p=114}}

Lord Reading considered that the events had weakened Gandhi's political standing and the Governor of Bombay, [[George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd|George Lloyd]], ordered the police Special Branch to compile evidence to allow for the arrest of Gandhi.{{sfnm|1a1=Patel|1y=2018|1p=244|2a1=Wolpert|2y=2001|2p=114}} His statements made in the aftermath of the riots, in which he accepted partial responsibility for the events, proved sufficient.{{sfn|Patel|2018|p=244}} Gandhi was arrested in March and, after [[Great Trial of 1922|pleading guilty at trial]], was sentenced to six years' imprisonment for [[Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code|sedition]], though he was released on health grounds in 1924.{{sfn|Carter|1995|p=17}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book |last1=Carter |first1=April |title=Mahatma Gandhi: A Selected Bibliography |date=1995 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-28296-6 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6NYLzMC3ZIC |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Chandavarkar |first1=Rajnarayan |title=Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India, 1850-1950 |date=11 June 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-59692-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTOBfqjoyyoC |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Dalton |first1=Dennis |title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action |date=2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-15959-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxUp1igCL_0C |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=De |first1=Rohit |title=A People's Constitution: The Everyday Life of Law in the Indian Republic |date=4 August 2020 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-21038-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3TTDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Gifford |first1=Jayne L. |title=The Politics of Pageantry: Royal Tours and Imperial Pomp on the Periphery of Empire |journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft |date=2 January 2025 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=139–163 |doi=10.1080/09592296.2024.2432102 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/09592296.2024.2432102 |issn=0959-2296|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite book |last1=Kapoor |first1=Pramod |title=Gandhi: An Illustrated Biography |date=8 February 2018 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-81-936009-1-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2EuEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kaul |first1=Chandrika |title=Monarchical Display and the Politics of Empire: Princes of Wales and India 1870-1920s |journal=Twentieth Century British History |date=13 December 2006 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=464–488 |doi=10.1093/tcbh/hwl025 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=Roderick |title=Peace, Poverty and Betrayal: A New History of British India |date=1 July 2021 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-78738-618-1 |page=303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cxs3EAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Dinyar |title=Beyond Hindu–Muslim unity: Gandhi, the Parsis and the Prince of Wales Riots of 1921 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |date=23 April 2018 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=221–247 |doi=10.1177/0019464618760451 |s2cid=150088024 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0019464618760451|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite news |last1=Patel |first1=Dinyar |title=Viewpoint: When Hindus and Muslims joined hands to riot |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-59174930 |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117172921/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-59174930|archive-date=17 January 2022|work=BBC News |date=19 November 2021}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=Herbert J. |title=Gandhi and the Bombay Riots |journal=America |date=22 April 1922 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=5–7 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/NZT19220622.2.13}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sapire |first1=Hilary |title=Ambiguities of Loyalism: the Prince of Wales in India and Africa, 1921-2 and 25 |journal=History Workshop Journal |date=1 April 2012 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=37–65 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbr019 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Wolpert |first1=Stanley |title=Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-515634-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBy6BCupe4C |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Woods |first1=Judith |title=Edward, Prince of Wales's Tour of India, October 1921-March 1922 |journal=The Court Historian |date=1 December 2000 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=217–221 |doi=10.1179/cou.2000.5.3.002 |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/cou.2000.5.3.002 |issn=1462-9712|url-access=subscription }}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite web |last1=Last |first1=John |title=The Prince of Wales' 1921 Trip to India Was a Royal Disaster |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-prince-of-wales-1921-trip-to-india-was-a-royal-disaster/ |website=JSTOR Daily |date=2 February 2022 }}
*{{cite news |last1=Ganesan Ram |first1=Sharmila |title=Mumbai: A century ago, an unwelcome royal guest left a trail of riots in Bombay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-a-century-ago-an-unwelcome-royal-guest-left-a-trail-of-riots-in-bombay/articleshow/87692227.cms |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=14 November 2021}}
*{{cite news |last1=Whitaker |first1=Mark |title=How not to save an empire: the most disastrous royal tour ever |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/long-reads/prince-of-wales-india-1921-empire-b1936999.html |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=The Independent}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

[[Category:1921 in British India]]
[[Category:1921 riots]]
[[Category:Mass murders in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Edward VIII]]
[[Category:20th century in Mumbai]]
[[Category:November 1921]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century political riots]]
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[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Mumbai]]

Simmakkal, Madurai

2026-04-15T00:57:37Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: creating initial post needs work.

{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Simmakkal, Madurai
|native_name = Simmakkal
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline = சிம்மக்கல்.jpg
|image_alt =
|image_caption = Statue of a lion, Simmakkal, Madurai
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|9|55|34.0|N|78|07|17.4|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag | India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai district]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 158
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language]], [[English language]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language]], [[English language]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 625001
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code = 0452
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = Neighbourhoods
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Madurai]], [[Sellur]], [[Tallakulam (Madurai)|Tallakulam]], [[Goripalayam]], Shenoy Nagar, [[Yanaikkal, Madurai|Yanaikkal]], Nelpettai, East Gate, [[Arappalayam]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Corporation]]
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]]
|blank3_name_sec1 =
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 =
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 =
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 =
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Simmakkal'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simmakkal, Madurai - Find link |url=https://edwardbetts.com/find_link/Simmakkal%252C_Madurai |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=edwardbetts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=dr S. K. Asok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jld3XX1SlBAC&q=Simmakkal%252C%2520Madurai&pg=PA96 |title=Public Library System and Services in Tamil Nadu |date=2008 |publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam |isbn=978-81-89909-86-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Madhyastha |first=M. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IVB9GqhFisC&dq=simmakkal&pg=PA81 |title=Prospects and Problems of Environment Across the Millennium |date=2003 |publisher=Daya Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7035-299-0 |language=en}}</ref> is a neighbourhood in [[Madurai district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. Simmakkal as meant in the language of Tamil, 'Stone statue of Lion', has a statue at the heart of the neighbourhood. During the British period, out of the four giant walls on East Veli Street, West Street, North Veli Street and South Veli Street already existed, three of them except on West Veli Street were demolished by 'Marret', the then Collector of Madurai. The landmark at the entrance gate of North Veli Street was simply replaced by a 'Stone statue of Lion' found near Thirumalai Naicker Mahal. It is that area surrounding the statue is called as 'Simmakkal'.

== Location ==
Located at an elevation of 158 m above the mean sea level, Simmakkal has the geographical coordinates of: 9°55'34.0"N, 78°07'17.4"E (i.e. 9.9261°N, 78.1215°E).

== Neighbourhoods ==
[[Madurai]], Yanaikkal, Sellur, Goripalayam, Nelpettai, East Gate, Arappalayam are some of the important places nearby.

== Education ==
=== Schools ===
Athimoolam Corporation Primary School is located in Simmakkal, where the Tamil Nadu CM Stalin, on 15 September 2022, launched 'School breakfast programme' in government schools, for students studying in class 1 to class 5.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-16 |title=TN's breakfast scheme for school kids not expenditure but govt's duty: CM Stalin |language=en |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-s-breakfast-scheme-school-kids-not-expenditure-govt-s-duty-cm-stalin-167939 |access-date=2022-10-17}}</ref> The scheme commemorated the 115th birth anniversary of former CM of Tamil Nadu, C. N. Annadurai, who founded the DMK.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why the Stalin government's 'Breakfast Scheme' for schoolchildren is an inspiring model |language=en |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-the-stalin-government-s-breakfast-scheme-for-schoolchildren-is-an-inspiring-model-2002491-2022-09-20 |access-date=2022-10-17}}</ref> Umarupulavar Corporation School is also in Simmakkal. [[Sethupathi Higher Secondary School]] where [[Subramania Bharati]] taught students, is situated at a reachable distance of 1 km from Simmakkal.

=== Colleges ===
[[American College, Madurai]] in Goripalayam, Sri Meenakshi Government Arts College for Women in Goripalayam and [[Madurai Medical College]] near Anna Bus Stand are some of the important colleges that benefit students from Simmakkal area.

== District Central Library ==
There is a Government district central library in Simmakkal. The state government allotted a fund of ₹36 lakh for procuring books on traditional art forms such as 'Kavadiyattam', 'Mayilattam', 'Kolattam' and 'Karagattam'. And an exclusive wing is established for keeping books mentioned above.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-11-15 |title=District Central Library at Madurai to have exclusive wing for books on folk arts |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/library-to-have-exclusive-wing-for-books-on-folk-arts/article29988714.ece |access-date=2022-10-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Transport ==
=== Road transport ===
Simmakkal is very well connected to various places of Madurai and other districts by roads. North Veli Street, East Veli Street, Masi streets, Marret streets are some of the important nearby streets that are filled with commodity businesses. It has a ground level bridge that was constructed across the Vaigai river which goes flooded with rain water when it rains heavily. During such times, the vehicle traffic is considerably affected.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Sukshma Ramakrishnan|date=16 May 2022 |title=Traffic Regulation Causing Bottleneck Near Yanaikkal > Madurai News - Times of India |language=en |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/traffic-regulation-causing-bottleneck-near-yanaikkal/articleshow/91583656.cms |access-date=2022-10-17}}</ref>

=== Rail transport ===
[[Madurai Junction railway station]] is just 2 km from Simmakkal.

=== Air transport ===
From Simmakkal, [[Madurai International Airport]] at Avaniyapuram is located at about 10 km.

== Medical facilities ==
[[Government Rajaji Hospital]] which is located at a km from Simmakkal serve the community better.

== Religion ==
=== Temples ===
Pechi Amman temple and Adhi Chokkanathar temple are the important temples in Simmakkal. Adhi Chokkanathar temple is said to be the basic temple of [[Meenakshi Temple, Madurai]] which is located at a walkable distance from Simmakkal. It has the main deities as Chokkanathar and Meenakshi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adhi Chokkanathar Temple : Adhi Chokkanathar Temple Details > Adhi Chokkanathar - Simmakkal > Tamilnadu Temple > ஆதிசொக்கநாதர் |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=637 |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref> With the Viruksha as Kadamba tree and Theertha as Pottamarai Theertha, it is also called as North Alavai.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods and suburbs of Madurai]]

Bhagwantnagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:17Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: added new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhagwantnagar
| map_image = 166-Bhagwantnagar.svg
| mla = [[Ashutosh Shukla]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Unnao district|Unnao]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,17,945
| constituency_no = 166
}}
'''[[Bhagwant Nagar]]''' Vidhan Sabha seat is one of the constituencies of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It covers the city of Bhagwantnagar in [[Unnao district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.

Bhagwantnagar is one of six assembly constituencies in the [[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 166 amongst 403 constituencies of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

== Members of Vidhan Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Bhagwant Nagar Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bhagwant-nagar.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Bhagwati Singh Visharad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Dev Dutt
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bhagwati Singh Visharad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Devaki Nandan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhagwati Singh Visharad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Devaki Nandan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Bhagwati Singh Visharad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Devaki Nandan
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Kripa Shankar Singh
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Natthu Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Kripa Shankar Singh
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Kuldeep Singh Sengar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Hriday Narayan Dikshit]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ashutosh Shukla]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhagwantnagar<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashutosh Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:127118}}
|percentage = 51.28
|change = {{increase}}7.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ankit Singh Parihar
|votes = {{formatnum:84108}}
|percentage = 33.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Brij Kishor
|votes = {{formatnum:28441}}
|percentage = 11.47
|change = {{decrease}}10.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jang Bahadur Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2580}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change = {{decrease}}20.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2319}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change = {{decrease}}0.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:43010}}
|percentage = 17.35
|change = {{decrease}}5.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:247886}}
|percentage = 59.31
|change = {{increase}}2.11
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
* Hriday Narayan Dikshit (BJP) : 103,698 votes
* Shashank Shekhr Singh[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] : 50,332<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Bhagwantnaga<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Hriday Narayan Dikshit
|votes = {{formatnum:103698}}
|percentage = 44.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shashank Shekhar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:50332}}
|percentage = 21.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ankit Parihar
|votes = {{formatnum:49605}}
|percentage = 21.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Kripa Shankar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:18988}}
|percentage = 8.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2730}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:53366}}
|percentage = 22.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:234335}}
|percentage = 57.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
* Devaki Nandan (Janata Party) : 36,428 votes
* Bhagwati Singh Visharad (INC) : 25,817 <ref name="election1977">{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bhagwantnagar-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency#1977|title=Assembly result 1977|website=resultuniversity.com|access-date=2020-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.22|80.76|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Unnao district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Dholera Special Investment Region

2026-04-08T22:10:53Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: Creating basic entry more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Dholera Special Investment Region
| other_name = DSIR
| settlement_type = [[Suburb]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.213099|N|72.218230|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dholera]]
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 920
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| established_date = {{Start date and age|1998|11|22|df=yes/no}}
| established_title =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 382455
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| founder =
| leader_title = Key People
| leader_name = S. S. Rathore (Chairman) Kuldeep Arya (Managing Director)<ref>{{cite web |title=Dholera |url=https://dholera.gujarat.gov.in/contactus_of_dsirda |website=Dholera Industrial City Development Ltd. |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| name =
| website = {{URL|https://dholera.gujarat.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Dholera Special Investment Region (DSIR)''' is a [[Greenfield project|greenfield]] industrial planned city near [[Dholera]] in [[Gujarat]]'s [[Ahmedabad district]], around 100 kilometers to the south-west.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 July 2021 |title=Gujarat ACS Rajiv Gupta leads push to promote Dholera special investment region |language=en |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/acs-leads-push-to-promote-dholera-sir/articleshow/84304059.cms |accessdate=29 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2021 |title=Deputy Deputy CM Nitin Patel says the Dholera Special Investment Region will be bigger than Singapore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/deputy-deputy-cm-nitin-patel-says-the-dholera-special-investment-region-will-be-bigger-than-singapore-7253426/ |language=en |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> spread over more than 920 km2, it is a new industrial city being jointly developed by the [[Government of India]] and [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat]]. Dholera is strategically located, well connected with trade gateways and falls in the influence zone of proposed Delhi – Mumbai Industrial Corridor project (DMIC), a joint initiative by the Government of India and Japan.

A legal framework known as the Special Investment Region Act 2009 was made by the [[Government of Gujarat]]. A regional development authority for DSIR has been constituted in accordance with the act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Explained: What is the Dholera Special Investment Region, why is it significant? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-dholera-special-investment-region-and-why-it-is-significant-5860799/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |language=en |date=30 July 2019}}</ref> The Dholera Special Investment Region Development Authority (DSIRDA) would be in charge of managing government land within DSIR in addition to planning and developing DSIR. The Central Government (NICDC Trust) and the State Government (DSIRDA) of Gujarat have formed an [[Special-Purpose Vehicle|SPV]] called Dholera Industrial City Development Limited (DICDL) to carry out the project.<ref>{{cite web |title=NICDC - THE VISION AND PLAN |url=https://dpiit.gov.in/sites/default/files/DHOLERA_Brochure.pdf |website=dpiit.gov.in}}</ref> A special purpose business called the National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation Limited (NICDC) was founded in order to create, support, and facilitate the development of the DMIC Project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industrial Corridor Projects |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1697021 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
In 2013, the project was announced by [[Narendra Modi]] when he was the [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]].<ref name='mint'>{{cite web |last1=Pathak |first1=Maulik |title=India's first industrial city at Dholera takes shape as firms line up investments |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/5zCT8s4ZHeiQdbGdn4uqaJ/Indias-first-industrial-city-at-Dholera-takes-shape-as-firm.html |website=mint |language=en |date=9 January 2019}}</ref>

In 2019, a [[List of planning agencies in India#Gujarat|regional development authority]] 'Dholera Special Investment Region Development Authority (DSIRDA)' has been established under Special Investment Region Act 2009, India. DSIRDA is responsible for planning and development of DSIR and maintain the function of administering government land.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seth |first1=Dilasha |title=Smart cities: Gujarat's Dholera zone sets pace for the flagship programme in new year |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/smart-cities-gujarats-dholera-zone-sets-pace-for-the-flagship-programme-in-new-year/articleshow/45755113.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=5 January 2015 }}</ref>

Design and Planning Counsel Private Limited (DPC), Ahmedabad was appointed for preparation of Development Plan for Dholera Special Investment Region Development Authority (DSIRDA) through a tendering process. The initial concept plan prepared by Halcrow, DPC was critically evaluated and developed further through satellite image and site verification, base map preparation, matching existing land use maps and cadastral maps. Preparation of Detail land-use and road network plan, development control regulations, and preparing the design of trunk infrastructure. Along with this, DPC was involved in bringing all stakeholders on a common platform by having a number of consultations with Government departments and the public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development Plan For Dholera Special Investment Region, Gujarat {{!}} Design and Planning Counsel |url=https://www.dpc.co.in/development-plan-dholera-special-investment-region-gujarat |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=www.dpc.co.in}}</ref>

Future DPC was also involved in preparation of Town Planning Scheme No.5, which spreads across an area of approx. 75 km2 and Town Planning Scheme No.6 spreads across an area of approx. 67 km2. Both of these are among the 6 town planning schemes proposed to implement the Development Plan of Dholera SIR. T.P. Scheme No.5 covers approximately 853 plots and spans over 5 villages and T.P. Scheme No.6 covers approximately 612 plots and spans over 5 villages. The sprawl around the gamtal is reserved under the green buffer zone. There has been an effort to create large plot appropriations for the authority so as to enable it to raise resources to provide public infrastructure in the area to support industrial development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Town Planning Schemes for Dholera Special Investment Region, Gujarat {{!}} Design and Planning Counsel |url=https://www.dpc.co.in/town-planning-schemes-dholera-special-investment-region-gujarat |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=www.dpc.co.in}}</ref>

== DICDL ==
On 28 January 2016, the governments of India and Gujarat established a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) called "Dholera Industrial City Development Ltd." (DICDL) for the development of the Dholera SIR. The Gujarat government owns 51% of the SPV through DSIRDA, and the Indian government owns 49% through DMIC Trust.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dholera Industrial City Development Ltd. |url=https://dholera.gujarat.gov.in/ |website=dholera.gujarat.gov.in |language=en-IN |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128034301/https://www.dholera.gujarat.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dholera Industrial City Development Limited Information - Dholera Industrial City Development Limited Company Profile, Dholera Industrial City Development Limited News on The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/dholera-industrial-city-development-limited/U45209GJ2016SGC085839 |work=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>

The DMIC Trust initially issued cash to DICDL in exchange for equity contributions for activities in the Activation Area. Through DSIRDA, the Gujarat government is contributing equity in the form of land that is given to SPV DICDL. The infrastructure project for the activation trunk has already received approval from the National Industrial Development & Implementation Trust (NICDIT).<ref>{{cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |title=DICDL invites domestic, global firms to set up biz in Dholera |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dicdl-invites-domestic-global-firms-to-set-up-biz-in-dholera-117101300962_1.html |work=[[Business Standard India]] |date=13 October 2017}}</ref>

== Projects ==
*Ultra-Mega Solar Park of 4400 MW capacity: Out of the 4400 MW, Phase-1 of 1000 MW is under implementation; 300 MW of work has already been commissioned by [[Tata Power]].<ref>{{cite web |title=300 MW Solar Plant in Dholera, Gujarat |url=https://www.tatapowersolar.com/project/300-mw-solar-plant-in-dholera-gujarat/ |website=Tata Power}}</ref>
*[[Ahmedabad–Dholera Expressway]], a {{cvt|109|km}} long, four-lane wide (expandable to eight) access-controlled under-construction expressway in the state of [[Gujarat]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-dholera-expressway-gets-green-signal-tenders-issued/articleshow/67330169.cms |title=Ahmedabad–Dholera Expressway gets green signal, Tenders issued |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 January 2019 }}</ref>
*Bhimnath – Dholera Freight Rail Network, a proposed railway line from Bhimnath to Dholera.<ref>{{cite web |title=DMIC:Bhimnath-Dholera rail line, Dahej water projects approved |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2013/09/12/dmicbhimnath-dholera-rail-linedahej-water-projects-approved/ |work=DeshGujarat |date=12 September 2013}}</ref>
*[[Dholera International Airport]], is a [[greenfield airport]] project that will be built near Navagam in the Dholera taluka of [[Ahmedabad district]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Dholera-airport-work-to-take-off-in-Q3-of-FY16/articleshow/47807868.cms|title=Dholera airport work to take off in Q3 of FY'16|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| accessdate= 25 June 2015| date=25 June 2015}}</ref>
*In 2023, South Korean firms visited Dholera SIR to explore business opportunities, indicating growing international interest in the region.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023 |title=South Korea firms visit Dholera SIR to explore business potential |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/south-korea-firms-visit-dholera-sir-to-explore-business-potential-8937314/ |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref>
*The region is also ready to kickstart its plug-and-play infrastructure, aimed at attracting both national and international investments.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Dholera SIR all ready to kickstart its plug-and-play infrastructure |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/dholera-sir-all-ready-to-kickstart-its-plug-and-play-infrastructure-123091301154_1.html |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>
*[[Vedanta Limited|Vedanta Group]] is in talks with three partners for setting up a semiconductor and display fab in Dholera SIR, with a proposed $5 billion investment for the first phase.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023 |title=In Talks With Three Partners For Dholera Project: Vedanta Chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/in-talks-with-three-partners-for-dholera-project-vedanta-chief/articleshow/102221846.cms |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
*The government has allocated a 12,095 square meter plot for the first 5-star hotel in the region, with the e-auction for the plot scheduled for 8 June 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Dholera SIR gets first 5-star |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/dholera-sir-gets-first-5-star/81857163.html |publisher=Ahmedabad Mirror}}</ref>
*Tata to Set Up India's First Chip Fab Unit In Gujarat's [[Dholera]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-29 |title=Tata, Taiwan's PSMC To Set Up India's First Chip Fab Unit In Gujarat's Dholera |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/tata-taiwans-psmc-to-set-up-indias-first-chip-fab-unit-in-gujarats-dholera |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

* Between 2009 and 2022, farmers from about 22 villages in Gujarat's Bhal region staged protests against the Gujarat SIR Act, 2009's land pooling for the DSIR, which includes projects like the Ahmedabad–Dholera Expressway and the airport.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhan |first=Rohit |date=22 January 2014 |title=Farmers to intensify protest against land acquisition for Narendra Modi's pet project |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/farmers-to-intensify-protest-against-land-acquisition-for-narendra-modis-pet-project-548599 |access-date=13 March 2026 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> They opposed the 2013 Land Acquisition Act's requirement for consent, the plan to take 50% of their land and return smaller or flood-prone plots, the loss of productive farmland, and compensation based on antiquated ''jantr''i rates.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sampat |first=Preeti |date=2 May 2022 |title=Protests Over Land Mount Against Ahmedabad-Dholera Expressway |url=https://science.thewire.in/politics/rights/protests-land-against-ahmedabad-dholera-expressway-special-investment-region/ |access-date=13 March 2026 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> Rallies, sit-ins, threats of hunger strikes, arrests, and the creation of organizations like Bhal Bachao Samiti were all part of the protests, but the government persisted in surveying land and sending out notices in spite of the opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dholera Smart City Project in Gujarat Nears Completion Despite Farmers' Protest, Stay Order {{!}} Ahmedabad,Gujarat |url=https://www.landconflictwatch.org/conflicts/dholera-smart-city |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=landconflictwatch.org}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dholera]]
*[[Dholera Airport]]
*[[Dholera Solar Park]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://investindholerasir.in/ Invest Near Dholera]

[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Planned communities in India]]

Pallavi Patil

2026-04-01T16:51:56Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pallavi Patil
| image = Pallavi patil actress 1.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 4 November
| birth_place = [[Dhule]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| birth_name =
| occupation = Actress
| years active = 2015–present
| parents = Yashwantrao Bhimrao Patil, Surekha Yashwantrao Patil
}}

'''Pallavi Patil''' is an Indian actress. She debuted with the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film ''[[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=I am serious about pursuing a career in Marathi Entertainment : Pallavi Patil |url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/i-am-serious-about-pursuing-a-career-in-marathi-entertainment-pallavi-patil.html |website=zeetalkies |date=November 2014 |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200408/http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/i-am-serious-about-pursuing-a-career-in-marathi-entertainment-pallavi-patil.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="clsmt1">{{cite web |title=रिव्ह्यू : 'क्लासमेट्स' |url=https://abpmajha.abplive.in/movies/review-of-classmates-28781 |website=abpmajha |access-date=19 September 2018 |language=MR |date=17 January 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Patil has starred in several Marathi films including ''702 Dixit's'',<ref name="702dxt" /> ''Shentimental,''<ref name="Loksatta">{{Cite news |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/ashok-saraf-shentimental-official-trailer-1495694/ |title=VIDEO : अशोक सराफ यांच्या हसून हसून मेंटल करणाऱ्या 'शेंटीमेंटल'चा ट्रेलर |date=19 June 2017 |work=Loksatta |access-date=19 September 2018 |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://marathi.eenaduindia.com/Entertainment/MarathiEntertainment/2017/06/20135916/Shentimental-films-first-teaser-release.vpf |title='शेंटीमेंटलचा' तडकेदार 'टीजर' प्रदर्शित ! |work=Eenadu English Portal |access-date=19 September 2018 |language=mr |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171632/http://marathi.eenaduindia.com/Entertainment/MarathiEntertainment/2017/06/20135916/Shentimental-films-first-teaser-release.vpf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''Tu Tithe Asave''<ref>{{cite news |title=Pallavi Patil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Pallavi-Patil |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and [[John Abraham]]'s Marathi film production ''[[Savita Damodar Paranjpe (film)|Savita Damodar Paranjpe]].''<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/savita-damodar-paranjpe-become-superhit/ |title='सविता दामोदर परांजपे' चित्रपटाला प्रेक्षकांची पसंती |date=4 September 2018 |work=Lokmat |access-date=19 September 2018 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/usa-savita-damodar-paranjape-release-304061.html |title='सविता दामोदर परांजपे'ची परदेशवारी! |website=News18 Lokmat |date=7 September 2018 |language=mr-IN |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Patil was born on 4 November in [[Dhule]], [[Maharashtra]] and brought up in [[Jalgaon]]. She completed schooling from ''Sarvoday Madhyamik Vidyalaya, Ghude'' near [[Bhadgaon, Maharashtra|Bhadgaon]] and has a degree from D.Y. Patil College of Architecture Pune.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://bolkyaresha.in/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A5%A8-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8/ |title="बॉईज २" चित्रपटातील ह्या सुंदर अभिनेत्रीची सगळीकडे होतीये चर्चा..तिचे एकापाठोपाठ एक असे तब्बल ५ चित्रपट होतायेत रिलीज |website=bolkyaresha.in |language=mr |access-date=19 September 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211223/http://bolkyaresha.in/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A5%A8-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8/ |archivedate=19 September 2018 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

== Career ==
Patil participated in a beauty pageant organized by [[9X Jhakaas]] channel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/marathi/gossip/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7!.html |title=झक्कास हिरॉईनचा शोध! |website=ZEE Talkies |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171856/http://www.zeetalkies.com/marathi/gossip/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7!.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Patil was the runner-up and consequentially landed the role of 'Heena'<ref name="clsmt1" /> in Aditya Sarpotdar's multi-starrer ''[[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]]'' alongside [[Ankush Chaudhari]], [[Sai Tamhankar]], and [[Sonalee Kulkarni]]. Her performance in ''[[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]]'' landed here a role in Director Shankh Rajadhyaksha's Marathi suspense thriller ''702 Dixits.''<ref name="702dxt" /> Patil has also appeared in [[Abhinay Deo]]'s Hindi TV series ''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]],'' starring [[Anil Kapoor]], where she portrayed the character of Mitali.<ref name="24tv">{{Cite web |url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/press-releases/pallavi-patil-adds-one-more-film-to-her-list.html |title=Pallavi Patil Adds One More Film To Her List |date=March 2016 |website=zeetalkies.com |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305071125/http://www.zeetalkies.com/press-releases/pallavi-patil-adds-one-more-film-to-her-list.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2017, Pallavi starred alongside [[Ashok Saraf]], [[Raghubir Yadav]] and [[Pushkar Shrotri]] in the Marathi comedy film [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7108912/?ref_=ttfc_fc_tt Shentimental].

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !!class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2015 ||''[[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]]'' || Heena ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanage |first1=Mihir |title=Classmates Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/classmates/movie-review/45909889.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2016 || ''702 Dixits'' || Riya ||<ref name="702dxt">{{cite web |title=७०२ दीक्षित सिनेरिव्ह्यू |url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/702-dixits/moviereview/50584032.cms |work=Maharashtra Times |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429030752/https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/702-dixits/moviereview/50584032.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2017 || ''Shentimental''|| Sunanda ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/first-time-with-pallavi-patil-your-duty-as-responsible-for-first-time-shentimental.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721223725/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/first-time-with-pallavi-patil-your-duty-as-responsible-for-first-time-shentimental.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2017 |title=First Time With Pallavi Patil Your duty as Responsible for First Time Shentimental |date=20 July 2017 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=14 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018 || ''[[Savita Damodar Paranjpe (film)|Savita Damodar Paranjpe]]''|| Neetu || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Paranjpe |first1=Savita Damodar |title=Savita Damodar Paranjpe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/savita-damodar-paranjpe/movieshow/61984053.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Boyz 2]]''
|| Devika ||<ref>{{Citation |title=Boyz 2 Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/boyz-2/movieshow/65867356.cms |access-date=21 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''Tu Tithe Asave''|| Gauri ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Pallavi Patil to pair opposite Aniket Vishwasrao |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/pallavi-patil-to-pair-opposite-aniket-vishwasrao/articleshow/59208520.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 June 2017 |access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2019 ||''[[Triple Seat]]''||Vrunda
||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021 ||''[[Basta (film)|Basta]]''|| Vidya||
|-
| ''Grey''|| Gayatri||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/vaibhav-tatwawaadi-kick-starts-the-shooting-for-abhishek-jawkars-grey/articleshow/65551163.cms |title=Vaibhav Tatwawaadi kick-starts the shooting for Abhishek Jawkar's 'Grey' |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}} || ''Chakravyuh''|| ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2016
|''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]''
|Mitali
|[[Colors TV]]
|<ref name="24tv" />
|-
|2017
|''Prem He''
|Pallavi
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lokmat.com/television/pallavi-patil-and-siddharth-menon-will-be-seen-love/ |title=प्रेम हेमध्ये झळकणार पल्लवी पाटील आणि सिद्धार्थ मेनन |date=8 April 2017 |work=Lokmat |access-date=19 September 2018 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Jigarbaaz''
|Dr.Suhani
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|
|-
|2022-2023
|''[[Nava Gadi Nava Rajya]]''
|Anandi Parab Karnik
|[[Zee Marathi]]
||<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lokmat.com/television/pallavi-patil-and-siddharth-menon-will-be-seen-love/|date=7 August 2022 |work=Lokmat |access-date=27 September 2022 |language=mr |title=प्रेम हेमध्ये झळकणार पल्लवी पाटील आणि सिद्धार्थ मेनन }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Platform
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''Gondya Ala Re''
|Durgabai
|[[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |title=New Web Series on Freedom Fighters Chapekar Brothers to Premiere on Aug. 15 |url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/new-web-series-on-freedom-fighters-chapekar-brothers-to-premiere-on-aug-15/article_77f059b0-b880-11e9-a46d-178763923565.html |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=India West |language=en |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614164300/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/new-web-series-on-freedom-fighters-chapekar-brothers-to-premiere-on-aug-15/article_77f059b0-b880-11e9-a46d-178763923565.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1127071}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Pallavi}}
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Dhule district]]
[[Category:People from Dhule]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}

Dimapur

2026-03-29T07:53:10Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dimapur
| settlement_type = [[City]] and [[municipality]]
| other_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Dimapur Town.jpeg
| photo2a = Dimapur Approach.jpg
| photo2b = Kachari Ruins (a piece of history waiting to be explored).jpg
| size = 270
| spacing = 2
| position = center
| border = 0
| color = #F2F2F2
}}
| image_caption = '''From Top {{small|(Clockwise)}}:''' Dimapur street; Aerial view of Dimapur; [[Ruins of Kachari Rajbari]];
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Dimapur in Nagaland
| coordinates = {{coord|25.909174|N|93.726602|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dimapur district|Dimapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = Dimapur Municipal Council
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Hukheto Yepthomi
| leader_party = [[Naga People's Front]]
| leader_title2 = Deputy Chairperson
| leader_name2 = Imlinaro Stephanie Ezüng ([[Naga People's Front]])
| leader_title3 = Police Commissioner
| leader_name3 = Kevithuto Sophie, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| leader_title4 = Administrator
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Dimapur City|url=https://dmc.nagaland.gov.in/dmc-administration/dimapur-city-at-a-glance/}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 18.13
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite news|title=Dimapur Info|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/Sep/18/assam-mp-wants-dimapur-from-nagaland-1521358.html}}</ref>
| area_metro_km2 = 70
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 145
| population_total = 122,834
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011census"/>
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank = 1st in [[Nagaland]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other major spoken languages
| demographics1_info2 = {{Flatlist|
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* [[Hindi]]
* [[Angami language|Angami]]
* [[Ao language|Ao]]
* [[Chakhesang language|Chakhesang]]
* [[Lotha language|Lotha]]
* [[Nagamese creole|Nagamese]]
* [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
* [[Sümi language|Sümi]]
* [[Zeliang Language|Zeliang]]
}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_code = 91 - (0) 03862
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = NL-07
| website = {{URL|dimapur.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dimapur''' ({{IPAc-en|d|i|m|ə|ˈ|p|ʊər}}) is the largest [[city]] and [[municipality]] in the Indian state of [[Nagaland]]. As of 2024 , the municipality had a population of 172,000. The city is the main gateway and commercial centre of Nagaland. It is located near the border with [[Assam]], along the banks of the [[Dhansiri River]]. Its [[Dimapur railway station|main railway station]] is the second busiest station in [[Northeast India]]. It was an important logistics and supply hub for the Allied forces during the Second World War.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |date=2012 |title=Review of Road of Bones: The Siege of Kohima, 1944. The Epic Story of the Last Great Stand of Empire |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26098337 |journal=War in History |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=113–114 |issn=0968-3445}}</ref>

==Etymology==

Many historians explain the name 'Dimapur' as the city of the [[Dimasa people]]. The compound word is derived from the Dimasa Kachari words: di (water), ma (big), and pur (settlement).{{sfn|Bathari|2014|pp=17-18}}

In the [[Ahom people|Ahom]] [[Buranji]]s, Dimapur is referred to sometimes as ''Che-din-chi-pen'' (town-earth-burn-make) meaning "Brick-town" and its rulers as ''khun timisa''<ref name=":0">{{harvcol|Ramirez|2007|p=93}}</ref> (distorted word for Dimasa).<ref name="donboscodimapur">{{cite web |title=SALESIAN PROVINCE OF DIMAPUR |url=http://www.donboscodimapur.org/history/ |publisher=donboscodimapur.org |access-date=18 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324102418/http://www.donboscodimapur.org/history/ |archive-date=24 March 2014 }}</ref>

==History==
Situated on the banks of the [[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri]] (originally known as ''Dong-siri'' meaning a ravine of peaceful habitation), Dimapur was described as the 'Brick City' by the European scholars and by the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bodo |first=Phirmi |date=15 October 2021 |title=Dimapur: Memories of a brick city |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/dimapur-memories-of-a-brick-city/article37002014.ece |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Medieval period===
====Capital of the Kachari Kingdom====
In the 13th century, the city was the capital of the [[Dimasa Kingdom]].<ref>District Dimapur, [https://dimapur.nic.in/history/ History], dimapur.nic.in, India, retrieved 12 February 2021</ref> In the heart of the city there is an old relic of the Dimasa Kingdom which speaks about the once prosperous era.<ref>{{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=63}}</ref>

The city of Dimapur is said to have been founded by a Kachari king Mahamanipha (1330-1370) and it remained as the capital of the Kacharis until it was captured by the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] ruler [[Suhungmung]] in 1526 A.D.<ref>"This city is probably the one mentioned in the Ahom Buranji, which records that Ahom king Suhungmung (alias Dihingia Rāja) and his son reached the city by ascending the river Timā (Dima or Dhansiri) in 1526 when the Ahoms attacked Dimapur."{{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=63}}</ref>

==== With the Ming dynasty and kingdom of Ava (1400-1500) ====

[[File:Mong Mao-the detail map.svg|thumb|left|Dimapur under the kingdom of [[Mong Mao]] (yellow) in the heyday of the [[Si Kefa]] period (1360)]]

It appears that Chinese [[Ming dynasty]] had political contacts with the Dimasa and other neighbouring kingdoms between 1406 and 1439.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Rila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA147|title=Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism|date=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-20-7|pages=147|language=en}}</ref> The [[Ming dynasty]] canonised the Dimasa kingdom as a [[tusi]] in 1406.<ref>{{harvcol|Laichen|2000|p=79}}</ref> A Pacification superintendency was established in the Dimasa kingdom and Lawangpa was appointed as the Di-ma-sa Pacification Superintendent.<ref>"As the regions of Da Gu-la and Di-ma-sa were broad, pacification superintendencies were established there, while in Xiao Gu-la, Cha-shan, Di-ban, Meng-lun and Ba-jia-ta, Chief's Offices were established. Po-di-na-lang was appointed as Da Gu-la Pacification Superintendent, and La-Wang-pa was appointed as Di-ma-sa Pacification Superintendent"{{harvcol|Wade|1994|pp=301–302}}</ref> The Ming court sent Zhou Rang, a Supervising Secretary to bestow Imperial orders, patent, seals, paper money, silks etc. to the kingdom<ref>"Patents, seals, Imperial tallies and red warrants engraved with gold characters were conferred upon all of them. The Supervising Secretary Zhou Rang was sent to take the Imperial orders and go and confer them upon these people. Further, paper money and silks as appropriate, were conferred upon them all."{{harvcol|Wade|1994|pp=302}}</ref> and in return, the chieftain of Dimasa sent horses and local products as a sign of tribute.<ref>The chieftains sent separately by Po-di-na-lang, the pacification superintendent of Da Gu-la; La-wang-pa, the pacification superintendent of Di-ma-sa; Bai-zhang, the chief of Xiao Gu-la; and Zao-zhang, the chief of Cha-shan, offered tribute of horses and local products in gratitude for the Imperial grace manifested in the conferring of posts upon them."{{harvcol|Wade|1994|p=432}}</ref> In 1425, paper money, ramie-silks, silk gauzes and thin silk were conferred to Mazhiasa who was sent to the Ming court by Diedaomangpa, the acting head of Di-ma-sa Pacification Superintendency.<ref>"Paper money, ramie- silks, silk gauzes and thin
silks as appropriate, were conferred upon ...the monk Hui Yuan from Yun-nan Prefecture; the chieftain Ma-zhi-a-sa, who had been sent by Die-dao Mang-pa, the husband of the younger sister of the deceased pacification superintendent of the Di-ma-sa Pacification Superintendency and acting head of the superintendency;"{{harvcol|Wade|1994|p=862}}</ref>

[[File: Chinese plate for Dimasa of the era of Empero Yong-le.png|thumb|Chinese plate for Dimasa of the era of Emperor Yong-le (1407 AD.){{Refn|Plate was discovered in Jorhat Assam from Ahom royal family.
① 永樂五年: Yong-le emperor 5 years: 1407 AD.
② 信符: Plate.
③ 底馬撒宣慰司: Di-ma-sa Xuanwei Si
④ 皇帝聖旨: Imperial edict
⑤ 合當差發: “合當” means must or should, "差發" is a commercial form in the early Ming dynasty that frontier ethnic groups or tribes exchange horses for tea with Ming officials. "合當差發" could be understood as if you have this plate then you can exchange horses for tea with a Ming official. The Ming dynasty prohibits the folk tea trade with frontier ethnics and tribes. "合當差發" is the only way they can get tea from Ming.
⑥ 不信者斬: If somebody does not comply, he should be killed.}}|alt=① 永樂五年: Yong-le emperor 5 years: 1407 AD. ② 信符: Plate ③ 底馬撒宣慰司: Di-ma-sa Xuanwei Si ④ 皇帝聖旨: Imperial edict ⑤ 合當差發: “合當” means must or should, "差發" is a commercial form in the early Ming dynasty that frontier ethnic groups or tribes exchange horses for tea with Ming officials. "合當差發" could be understood as if you have this plate then you can exchange horses for tea with a Ming official. The Ming dynasty prohibits the folk tea trade with frontier ethnics and tribes. "合當差發" is the only way they can get tea from Ming. ⑥ 不信者斬: If somebody does not comply, he should be killed.]]

It is speculated that Dimasa kingdom is referred to as ''Timmasala'' in the [[Yan Aung Myin Shwe Lett Hla Pagoda|Yan-anng-myin pagoda]] inscription of [[Myanmar|Burma]] in 1400 A.D.<ref>"The Yan-anng-myin pagoda inscription at Themaungan, south of Pinya, claims that in 1400 A.D. the rule of the king extended beyond the Kandu (Kadu, an ethnic group
in northern Burma) and the “Palaung who grow tails,” to the “heretic kingdoms of the naked Nagas on the borders of Khamti Khun kyuiw, as far as the heretic kingdom called Timmasala where they kill people and turn into spirits.” This Timmasala should be
identified with the Dimasa Kacharis of Upper Assam."{{harvcol|Laichen|2000|pp=21–22}}</ref><ref>"The ''Khaṁtī'' mentioned after ''Muiwkon'' (Mogaung) and ''Muin Can'' (Maing Zin) in the Kyankse Hill inscription (List 1084a 5, 955 s.), is doubtless Singkaling Khamti. The recently discovered Yan-aung-myin pagoda inscription at Thèmaunggan, south of Pinya (Obverse, line 8, 762 s.), claims that in 1400 A.D. the rule of the king extended beyond the ''Kandu'' (Kadu) and the ''Ponlon amri yols'' ("Palaungs who grow tails"), to the "heretic kingdoms of the Naked Nagas on the borders of ''Khamti Khun lcyviw (?)'', as far as the heretic kingdom called ''Timmasàla'' where they kill people and turn into spirits," i.e., the Dimasa Kacharis of Upper Assam."{{harvcol|Luce|1958|p=174}}</ref> In this inscription by [[Minkhaung I]], the kingdom of [[Kingdom of Ava|Ava]] is said to extend on the east to Shan Pyi, northwest to Timmasala, west to Kula Pyi, and south to Talaing Pyi.<ref>"At, or shortly after, his formal ascension, Mingaung the First claimed in the same inscription noted above that “Myanma Pyi” extended on the east to “Shan Pyi,” on the northwest to “Timmasala” (Assam?), on the west to “Kula Pyi,” and on the south to “Talaing Pyi.” What these entities might have been depends on the word pyi. Since Pagan times, the Old Burmese word pran (pyi) has been used in both a concrete, geopolitical
and cultural sense (as it is here), as well as in an abstract way, such as in the phrase nibban pyi (the state of nirvana)."{{harvcol|Aung-Thwin|2017|p=71}}</ref>

[[File:Burma in 1450.png|thumb|Ava in 1400s]]

In a 1442 inscription from [[Bagan|Pagan]] of [[Myanmar|Burma]] mentions Timmasala (Hill Kacharis) to be one of the 21 principalities under [[Mong Mao]] ruler [[Mong Mao#List of Monarchs|Thonganbwa]] (1413–1445/6),<ref>"On Tuesday the [5th] waxing of Tagu he captured the capital of Suiw Khut called Kale. On Thursday the 7th waxing of the month, he captured the ''Mo''[Mong Mao] king Suiw Nam Phwa, own grandson of the lord of Nine Hundred Thousand, Suiw Khan Phwa (Thonganbwa), ruler of the 21 Umbrellas:- Muin Mo, Muin Nan; the ocean-ordered anklet wearing Kula (Indians) and Timmasala (Hill Kacharis); Muin Kale; Kasan (Manipur); Kakran (Kachin); Muin Tin; Muin Pran; Muin Ti; Muin Na; Muin Myan; Kyra Uiw; Muin Nuiw; Muin Luiw; Muin Saou; Muin Ya; Muin Khruin; Muin Khun; Muin Yuiw;........Many of these 'Umbrellas', i.e independent states can be identified :- Maw (Lu-ch'uan); Mohnyin (Mengyang); Kula and Dimasa; Kalemyo; Manipur; Kachin - these are unmistakeable"{{harvcol|Luce|Htway|1976|p=214}}</ref> who was later captured by the Governor of [[Taungdwingyi|Taungdwin]] and presented to King [[Narapati I of Ava]].<ref>"Thonganbwa and the chief of Kale were soon afterwards taken by the governor (of Taungdwin) to the presence of King Narapadi, who was then sojourning in a temporary palace on Minwun hill, and on Sunday, the 12th waxing of Kason, several elephants and ponies and a quantity of jewellery obtained from Kale were presented to the king."{{harvcol|Nyein Maung|1998|p=38}}</ref>

The ruins of Dimasa Kingdom in Dimapur include a brick wall of the length of nearly 2 miles and 2 tanks about 300 yards square, are indicative of a city of considerable size.<ref>"However, no clear trace of temples and images in the Dimapur ruins raises doubt about the scale and intensity of Brahmanisation in the early history of the Dimasas. The ruins of Dimapur, which include a brick wall of the aggregate length of nearly 2 miles and 2 tanks about 300 yards square, are indicative of a city of considerable size." {{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=63}}</ref>

===19th century Sanskritisation===

During the early 19th century, the Dimasa chiefs with the assistance of Brahmins claim themselves to be descendent of Hidimba. According to the legend constructed in the court, During their exile, the [[Pandava]]s came to the Kachari Kingdom where [[Bhima]] fell in love with [[Hidimbi]] (sister of [[Hidimba]]). Bhima married princess Hidimbi according to the [[Gandharva marriage|Gandharva system]] and a son was born to princess Hidimbi, named Ghatotkacha. He ruled the Kachari Kingdom for many decades. Thereafter, kings of his lineage ruled over the vast land of the "''Dilao''" river ( which translates to "long river" in English), now known as [[Brahmaputra River]] for centuries until 4th century AD.<ref>{{harvcol|Shin|2020|pp=68–70}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Bathari|2014|pp=17–18}}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
==== World War II ====
During [[World War II]], Dimapur was the centre of action between [[British India]] and [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]]. It was the staging post for the Allied offensive. The Japanese could reach [[Kohima]] where a siege was laid. Allied reinforcement came through Dimapur by rail and road for the push against the Japanese. An airport at Dimapur was also in use for supplies to the allied forces in [[Myanmar|Burma]]. The [[Battle of Kohima]] about 77 km from Dimapur is considered the turning point for the Japanese retreat from [[Southeast Asia]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

[[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]] in his ''[[Defeat into Victory]]'' mentions that three all-weather roads were prepared by the Allied forces during World War II: Ledo Road in the north:Central Front road from Dimapur to [[Imphal]]; and a southern road from [[Dohazari]] to [[Rakhine State|Arakan]](Even though a road from Dimapur from Imphal already existed, a new road was made in 1942-43 with assistance from the pioneers of The [[7th Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment|7th Battalion Worcestershire Regiment]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - WW2 People's War - THE ROAD FROM DIMAPUR TO KOHIMA |url=https://www.bbc.com/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/18/a5325518.shtml |access-date=10 November 2025 |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref>). Out of these, the Dimapur- Imphal Road proved to be the most critical as the events unfolded.<ref>''[[Defeat into Victory]]'' by Field Marshal Sir William Slim; Originally published 1956.</ref>

==== Assam lease Dimapur to Nagaland ====
In 1918, Dimapur was leased to then [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]] (Now [[Nagaland]]) by then erstwhile [[Assam Province]] of [[British Raj|British of India]] for 30 years for construction of Railways lines (unclear from which district).<ref>NP, [https://nagalandpage.com/return-dimapur-to-assam-demand-grows/ Return Dimapur To Assam Demand Grows]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, nagalandpage.com, India, 18 July 2018</ref> In 1963, it was again leased to now state of [[Nagaland]] for 99 years.<ref>EMN, [https://easternmirrornagaland.com/assam-politician-wants-dimapur-and-merapani-from-nagaland/ Assam politician wants Dimapur and Merapani from Nagaland], easternmirrornagaland.com, India, 19 September 2016</ref> There is controversy surrounding this claim, as both state governments have not come forward to comment on the matter.<ref>Nagaland Post, [http://www.nagalandpost.com/paying-the-price-of-silence/181641.html Paying the Price of Silence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122034850/http://www.nagalandpost.com/paying-the-price-of-silence/181641.html |date=22 January 2021 }}, nagalandpost.com, India, 15 September 2018</ref>

=== 21st century ===
==== 2004 Dimapur bombings ====
{{main|2004 Dimapur bombings}}
On 2 October 2004, two powerful bombs were set off—one at the [[Dimapur railway station|Dimapur Railway Station]] and the other at the Hong Kong Market killing 30 and injuring over 100 others.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vinayak|first=G|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2004/oct/02naga.htm|title=At least 30 killed in Nagaland blast|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=2 October 2004|access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/10/3/india-reels-after-deadly-blasts|title=India reels after deadly blasts|website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=3 October 2004|access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Dimapur is located in the southwest of Nagaland. The vast majority of this area is flat with the [[Dhansiri River]], a tributary of the [[Brahmaputra River]] flowing east of the city.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===Climate===
Dimapur is hot and humid in summers and moderately cold in winters.<ref name=myweather2>{{cite web|title=February Climate History for Dimapur|url=http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/India/Dimapur/climate-profile.aspx|publisher=myweather2.com|access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location= Dimapur
|metric first= yes
|single line= yes
|Jan high C= 21.3
|Feb high C= 24.0
|Mar high C= 27.5
|Apr high C= 28.5
|May high C= 29.2
|Jun high C= 29.7
|Jul high C= 29.5
|Aug high C= 29.4
|Sep high C= 28.9
|Oct high C= 27.3
|Nov high C= 24.8
|Dec high C= 22.0

|Jan low C= 10.6
|Feb low C= 12.6
|Mar low C= 15.6
|Apr low C= 18.7
|May low C= 21.4
|Jun low C= 22.9
|Jul low C= 24.3
|Aug low C= 24.1
|Sep low C= 23.1
|Oct low C= 20.0
|Nov low C= 15.5
|Dec low C= 12.0

|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm =24
| Feb precipitation mm =45
| Mar precipitation mm =96
| Apr precipitation mm =214
| May precipitation mm =241
| Jun precipitation mm =259
| Jul precipitation mm =247
| Aug precipitation mm =239
| Sep precipitation mm =199
| Oct precipitation mm =105
| Nov precipitation mm =26
| Dec precipitation mm =15
| Jan rain days =4
| Feb rain days =5
| Mar rain days =7
| Apr rain days =12
| May rain days =17
| Jun rain days =17
| Jul rain days =17
| Aug rain days =18
| Sep rain days =16
| Oct rain days =10
| Nov rain days =3
| Dec rain days =2

| Jan humidity =78
| Feb humidity =72
| Mar humidity =66
| Apr humidity =76
| May humidity =82
| Jun humidity =84
| Jul humidity =85
| Aug humidity =85
| Sep humidity =86
| Oct humidity =85
| Nov humidity =81
| Dec humidity =80
|source =<ref>[https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/nagaland/dimapur-24641/] Climate data</ref>
}}Dimapur has been ranked 28th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 3 population under 3 lakhs cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 census, the city-population of the old Town Committee area (up to the old dhansiri bridge) at 122,834. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Dimapur has an average literacy rate of 86% male literacy is 88% and, female literacy is 84%.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web|title=Dimapur City Population Census 2011 {{!}} Nagaland|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/183-dimapur.html|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> In Dimapur, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Unlike other places in the state, this city has a heterogeneous mix of people from all over India, and for which it is also known as "Mini India".{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Besides the dominant [[Naga people|Naga]] ethnic groups, who comprise about 50% of the city's population, other prominent groups include [[Bengali people|Bengalis]], [[Assamese people|Assamese]], [[Oriya people|Oriyas]], [[Nepalis|Nepalese]], [[Bihari people|Biharis]], [[Meitei people|Meiteis]], [[Marwar]]is, [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] and also [[Tamil people|Tamils]], [[Telugus]] and [[Kerala|Keralites]]. In the last two decades [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] traders have also settled in the city.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===Religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Dimapur City (2011)<ref name="Dimapur City Religious Population">{{cite web|title=Dimapur City religious population|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/nagaland/dimapur/dimapur-sadar/dimapur-mc-population.html|work=Census India 2011|accessdate=4 September 2022}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Karnataka|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|45.10}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|41.11}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|11.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|1.73}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.85}}
}}

[[Christianity]] is the most followed religion in the city making up 45.10% of the city's population, closely followed by [[Hinduism]] at 41.11%.
[[Islam]] is followed by 11.21%, [[Jainism]] by 1.73%, Buddhist by 0.48% and Sikhs by 0.19% respectively.<ref name="2011census"/>

{{Pie chart
|caption=Languages in Dimapur City
|value1 = 25.47 |color1 = orchid |label1 = Bengali
|value2 = 18.70 |color2 = orange |label2 = Hindi
|value3 = 14.30 |color3 = royalblue |label3 = Ao
|value4 = 6.52 |color4 = powderblue |label4 = Lotha
|value5 = 3.76 |color5 = lightcoral |label5 = Nepali
|value6 = 2.45 |color6 = purple |label6 = Angami
|value7 = 2.30 |color7 = goldenrod |label7 = Manipuri
|value8 = 2.11 |color8 = aquamarine |label8 = Zeliang
|value9 = 2.01 |color9 = cornflowerblue |label9 = Assamese
|value10 = 1.91 |color10 = red |label10 = Sema
|value11 = 1.77 |color11 = lightgreen |label11 = Kabui
|value12 = 1.07 |color12 = sandybrown |label12 = Sangtam
|value13 = 0.81 |color13 = pink |label13 = Chakhesang
|value14 = 16.83 |color14 = grey |label14 = Others
}}

==Tourism==
===Religious and historical sites===
*'''Ruins of Kachari Rajbari'''
{{main|Ruins of Kachari Rajbari}}

[[File:Kachari Ruins (a piece of history waiting to be explored).jpg|center|thumb|Kachari Rajbari Ruins]]
Although is left in ruins after centuries of abandonment, after facing conflict with the Ahom King in 18th century and with the settlement of township occupying almost half of its former glorious fortress, is still a national heritage site. It signifies great historical importance for the region of North-East. It also gives great value to the state of Nagaland.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

*'''Dimapur City Tower'''
The Dimapur City Tower is a major landmark of the city. It is located at Circular Road in the heart of Dimapur. Also known as the Clock Tower, the tower is decorated with [[Christmas Lights]] during the [[Christmas]] season.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

*'''Dimapur Jain Temple'''
{{main|Dimapur Jain Temple}}

The Dimapur Jain Temple was built in 1947. The temple has some intricate glass work. The temple is considered very auspicious by the people of Dimapur. The temple was built by the tireless effort of Shri Jethmal Sethi, Shri Phulchand Sethi, Shri Udayram Chabra, Shri Chunnilal Kishanlal Sethi, Shri Kanhaiyal Sethi, Shri Mangilal Chabra, Motilal Patni, Subhkaran Sethi and other Jain families present in Dimapur at that time.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===Parks and other highlights===
Dimapur has several places where tourist can visit such as Nagaland Science Center, Stone Park, Hazi Park, Shiv Mandir and [[Dimapur Kalibari|Kali Temple]].<ref name=holidayiq>{{cite web|title=Dimapur Places to Visit|url=http://www.holidayiq.com/Dimapur-Sightseeing-1066.html|publisher=holidayiq.com|access-date=18 February 2014|archive-date=22 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922090148/http://www.holidayiq.com/Dimapur-Sightseeing-1066.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Rangapahar Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Nagaland Zoological Park]], [[Green Park (Chümoukedima)|Green Park]], [[Niathu Resort]], [[Noune Resort]], The Triple Falls, Nagaland Science Centre, Aqua Mellow Park and Agri Expo site in the neighbouring [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] can be easily accessible from Dimapur.

==Transportation==

===Airport===
{{main|Dimapur Airport}}

[[file:Dimapur Airport in 2011.jpg|thumb|Dimapur Airport]]
Dimapur is served by the [[Dimapur Airport]] located at 3rd Mile (AH1), [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]. It is the only civil airport in the state and operates routes to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]],
[[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Imphal Airport|Imphal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/alliance-air-confirms-plans-to-commence-guwahati-dimapur-imphal-service-in-dec-2019-959869|title=Alliance Air confirms plans to commence Guwahati-Dimapur-Imphal service in Dec-2019|work=CAPA|access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref> and [[Dibrugarh Airport|Dibrugarh]].

Bangladesh Air Force is born in Dimapur on 28 September 1971.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210831173720/https://baf.mil.bd/website/baf-history.php "BAF History]". ''Bangladesh Air Force''. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2025.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2021 |title=Fifty years ago, remote Dimapur airstrip gave wings to fledgling Bangladesh Air Force |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/fifty-years-ago-remote-dimapur-airstrip-gave-wings-to-fledgling-bangladesh-air-force/articleshow/86580036.cms |access-date=10 November 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

===Roadways===
====Highways passing through Dimapur====
* [[File:Tabliczka AH1.svg|30px]] [[Asian Highway 1]]
* [[File:Tabliczka AH2.svg|30px]] [[Asian Highway 2]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|29}}: [[National Highway 29 (India)]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|129}}: [[National Highway 129 (India)]]
*{{jct|country=IND|NH|129A}}: [[National Highway 129A (India)]]

===Railway===
{{main|Dimapur railway station}}

Dimapur has direct train services to cities like [[Guwahati]], [[Kolkata]], [[Patna]], [[New Delhi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Amritsar]], [[Dibrugarh]] and [[Chennai]] from the [[Dimapur railway station]]. The station is categorised as an A category railway station which lies on the [[Lumding-Dibrugarh section]] under the [[Lumding railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]].

It is one of the two railway stations in Nagaland. The other railway station is [[Shokhüvi railway station]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Nagaland gets second Railway station after over 100 years {{!}} Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/nagaland-gets-second-railway-station-after-over-100-years/ |access-date=23 October 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Sports==
The Dimapur District Sports Council Stadium is multi-purpose sports stadium in the city while the [[Nagaland State Stadium]] is another multi-disciplinary sports stadium currently under construction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nagasconnect.com/editors-picks/14524/state-stadium-dimapur-why-is-it-taking-so-long-to-complete/amp|date=10 May 2020|title=State Stadium Dimapur – Why is it taking so long to complete?|website=Nagas Connect|access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[file:Dimapur Town.jpeg|thumb|Market Area, Dimapur]]
Dimapur is the commercial centre of Nagaland. It also acts as a transit hub for trading goods brought in from trains at [[Dimapur railway station]] and by road via [[National Highway 29 (India)|National Highway 29]] to other parts of [[Nagaland]]. Many private and central banks are also located in the city. Some major hotels are Hotel Acacia (3-star hotel), Hotel Saramati, Hotel Lake Shiloi among many others.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===Commerce===
A number of shopping centers and markets have sprung up in Dimapur, with the HongKong Market, Central Plaza, New Market, Bank colony (Super Market Area) and Circular and NL roads serving as the main commercial areas in the city. The Complexes and shopping centres have sprung up to Notun Bosti.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

The stretch from Purana Bazaar to [[Chümoukedima]] along the AH-1 is also rapidly developing into commercial areas.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

The city's Hong Kong Market is well known for imported goods from Thailand, China, and Burma and is the main Shopping Attraction for Tourists visiting Nagaland. The wholesale foodgrain items are available at KL Sethi Market Complex, Jasokie Market, etc. at GS Road, Dimapur.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Education==
{{unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}

===Colleges===
*[[Dimapur Government College]]
*[[Public College of Commerce]]
*[[Salesian College of Higher Education]]
*Sakus Mission College
*[[Trinity Theological College, Dimapur|Trinity Theological College]]
*Unity College
*Pranab College
*S D Jain Girls College
*Cornerstone College
*Ngullie Memorial College
*School of Engineering & Technology, Nagaland University
*[[Yemhi Memorial College]]
*St. John College

===Schools===
*Assam Rifles Public School
*Assembly Of God Higher Secondary School
*[[Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Dimapur|Don Bosco Higher Secondary School]]
* Government Higher Secondary School
*Greenwood School
*Holy Cross School
*Christian Higher Secondary School
*Little Star Higher Secondary School
*Living Stone Foundation Higher Secondary School
*N. N. Nagi School
*Pranab Vidyapith Higher Secondary School
*St. John Higher Secondary Residential School
*King David School, Kushiabill
*Hollotoli school

== Notable people ==
* [[Kevichüsa Angami]] (1903–1990), Politician
* [[Zhokhoi Chüzho]], Actor
* [[Zuboni Hümtsoe]] (1990–2017), Entrepreneur
* [[Hekani Jakhalu Kense]], Politician
* [[Chalie Kevichüsa]] (1943–1992), Journalist
* [[Razhukhrielie Kevichüsa]] (1941–2022), Bureaucrat and Musician
* [[Tubu Kevichüsa]] (1948–1996), Nationalist Leader
* [[Dolly Kikon]], Anthropologist
* [[James Kithan]], Sportsperson
* [[Viseyie Koso]], Sportsperson
* [[Alobo Naga]], Musician
* [[Phulchand Sethi]] (1911–1976), Businessperson
* [[Kihoto Hollohon|Kihoto Hollohon Yepthomi]] (1932–2021), Politician

==See also==
* [[Chümoukedima]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{citation |editor=Nyein Maung |date=1998 |title=Shay-haung Myanma Kyauksa-mya |trans-title=Ancient Burmese Stone Inscriptions |language=my |volume=V |location=Yangon |publisher=Archaeological Department}}
* {{cite journal |last=Luce |first=Gordon H. |author-link=Gordon Luce |title=The Early ''Syam'' in Burma's history |journal=Journal of the Siam Society |date=1958 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=123–214 |url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1958/03/JSS_046_2b_Luce_EarlySyamInBurmasHistory.pdf }}
*{{citation|last1=Luce|first1=G.H|last2= Htway|first2=Tin|contribution=A 15th Century Inscription and Library at Pagán, Burma|year=1976|title= Malalasekera Commemoration Volume. Colombo: The Malalasekera Commemoration Volume Editorial Committee|pages =203–256|publisher=Dept of Pali and Buddhist Studies, University of Ceylon}}
* {{cite book | last=Aung-Thwin | first=Michael A. | title=Myanmar in the Fifteenth Century | publisher=University of Hawai'i Press | year=2017 | location=Honolulu | isbn=978-0-8248-6783-6}}
* {{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |first=Uttam |last=Bathari |title=Memory History and polity a study of dimasa identity in colonial past and post colonial present |publisher=Gauhati University |year=2014|hdl=10603/115353 }}
* {{Citation|last=Laichen|first=Sun|title=Ming -Southeast Asian overland interactions, 1368--1644.|year=2000}}
* {{citation |last=Ramirez |first=Philippe |year=2007 |chapter=Politico-ritual variations on the Assamese fringes: Do social systems exist? |pages=91–107 |title=Social Dynamics in the Highlands of Southeast Asia Reconsidering Political Systems of Highland Burma |editor-first=Mandy |editor-last=Sadan |editor-first2=François |editor-last2=Robinne. |place=Boston |publisher=Brill}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=Jae-Eun|year=2020|title=Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas|journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review|volume=57|issue=1|pages=49–75|doi=10.1177/0019464619894134|s2cid=213213265}}
* {{Citation |last=Wade |first=Geoffrey |title=The Ming Shi-lu (Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty) as a Source for Southeast Asian History -- 14th to 17th Centuries |place=Hong Kong |year=1994}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050705075208/http://dimapur.nic.in/files/profile.htm Official district link]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090127012521/http://www.mydimapur.com/ My Dimapur, city portal]
* [http://indiamapsite.com/nagaland/dimapur/ Satellite map of Dimapur]

[[Category:Dimapur| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Dimapur district]]

Bhamakalapam 2

2026-03-28T15:01:46Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: added page

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhamakalapam 2
| image = Bhamakalapam 2.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Abhimanyu Tadimeti
| writer = Abhimanyu Tadimeti
| producer = Bhogavalli Bapineedu Sudheer Edara
| starring = {{ubl|[[Priyamani]]|[[Sharanya Pradeep]]|[[Raghu Mukherjee]]|[[Seerat Kapoor]]}}
| cinematography = Deepak Yaragera
| editing = Viplav Nyshadam
| music = Prashanth R Vihari
| studio = Dream Farmers
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|02|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Bhamakalapam 2''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[dark comedy film|dark crime comedy]] [[thriller film]] directed by Abhimanyu Tadimeti. A sequel to ''[[Bhamakalapam (film)|Bhamakalapam]]'' (2022), the film features [[Priyamani]], [[Sharanya Pradeep]], [[Raghu Mukherjee]], and [[Seerat Kapoor]].

Like the film's predecessor, the title and the central theme of the film is inspired from [[Bhamakalapam]], a traditional dance form of [[Andhra Pradesh]] which refers to the story of a headstrong, proud [[Satyabhama]]. ''Bhamakalapam'' 2 was premiered on 16 February 2024 on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Ltd |first=Arha Media & Broadcasting Pvt |title=Watch Bhamakalapam 2 2024 (Telugu) Full Movie Online - Download Now |date=2018-04-30 |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/bhamakalapam2 |access-date=2024-03-14 |language=en}}</ref> two years after the previous film.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Priyamani]] as Anupama Mohan, an ambitious homemaker who runs cookery channel on [[YouTube]]
* [[Sharanya Pradeep]] as Shilpa, a maid in Anupama's apartment; trusted aid of Anupama.
* [[Raghu Mukherjee]] as Sadanand, an intelligence officer
* [[Seerat Kapoor]] as Zubeida, an actress
* Pradeep Rudra as Mohan, Anupama's husband
* [[Anuj Gurwara]] as Antony Lobo, the CEO of an hotel chain
* Nanda Gopal
* Rakesh Rachakonda
* Sundeep Ved
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Prashanth R Vihari.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dangerous House Wife - Theme Song (From "Bhamakalapam-2") Song: Dangerous House Wife - Theme Song (From "Bhamakalapam-2") MP3 Telugu Song by Prashanth R Vihari Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/dangerous-house-wife-theme-song-from-bhamakalapam-2 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=19 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219061543/https://gaana.com/album/dangerous-house-wife-theme-song-from-bhamakalapam-2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Swapna Sundari (From "Bhamakalapam-2") Song: Swapna Sundari (From "Bhamakalapam-2") MP3 Telugu Song by Prashanth R Vihari Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/swapna-sundari-from-bhamakalapam-2 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=19 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219061528/https://gaana.com/album/swapna-sundari-from-bhamakalapam-2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Paruge Vintha Paruge (From"Bhamakalapam-2") Song: Paruge Vintha Paruge (From"Bhamakalapam-2") MP3 Telugu Song by Prashanth R Vihari Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/paruge-vintha-paruge-frombhamakalapam-2 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=19 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219061412/https://gaana.com/album/paruge-vintha-paruge-frombhamakalapam-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dangerous Housewife
| length1 = 2:12
| lyrics1 = Rehman, Aaqueel
| extra1 = [[Yazin Nizar]], Prashanth R Vihari, Ritesh G Rao, Aaqueel
| title2 = Paruge Vintha Paruge
| length2 = 3:26
| lyrics2 = Rehman
| extra2 = Ritesh G Rao
| title3 = Swapna Sundari
| length3 = 4:40
| lyrics3 = Rehman
| extra3 = Damini Bhatla, Lakshmi Meghana, Manisha Maganti
| total_length = 10:18
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "After a point, it becomes clear that ''Bhamakalapam'' is simply going for cheap thrills, and that logical consistency is not its strong suit, or even a major concern".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Feb/17/bhamakalapam-2-film-review-lacks-the-high-stakes-and-dark-humour-of-its-predecessor|title='Bhamakalapam 2' film review: Lacks the high stakes and dark humour of its predecessor|date=16 February 2024|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=18 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218100257/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Feb/17/bhamakalapam-2-film-review-lacks-the-high-stakes-and-dark-humour-of-its-predecessor|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "''Bhamakalapam 2'' shines because it is aware of its limitations. It understands that it is a low-stakes heist drama and within that framework, manages to keep us invested almost till the final segment".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhamakalapam-2-movie-review-priyamani-sharanya-pradeep-amp-up-the-fun/article67852137.ece|title='Bhamakalapam 2' movie review: Priyamani, Sharanya Pradeep amp up the fun|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|date=16 February 2024 |url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216123556/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhamakalapam-2-movie-review-priyamani-sharanya-pradeep-amp-up-the-fun/article67852137.ece|archive-date=16 February 2024|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|28755712}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original films]]
[[Category:Films set in apartment buildings]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]

Gone Benjamin Devasahayam

2026-03-26T07:10:38Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: Creating first article w/ refs

{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = [[Bishop]]
| honorific-prefix = [[Bishop]]
| name = G. B. Devasahayam
| honorific-suffix = [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| title = [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Bishop]] – in – [[Karimnagar Diocese|Karimnagar]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = మహ గనుడు గొనె బెంజమిన్ దేవసహాయం అయ్యాగారు
| native_name_lang = te
| church = [[Protestant]] [[Church of South India]] ''(comprising [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]], [[Congregational]] and [[Anglican]] missionary societies - [[United Society|SPG]], [[English Wesleyan Mission|WMMS]], [[London Missionary Society|LMS]], [[Church Missionary Society|CMS]], and the [[Church of England]])''
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Karimnagar Diocese|Karimnagar]]
| see = [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Wesley Cathedral, [[Karimnagar]]
| elected = 1982<ref name="George"/>
| term = 1982 - 1987<ref name="George"/>
| quashed =
| predecessor = [[B. Prabhudass]]
| successor = [[K. E. Swamidass]]
| opposed =
| other_post =

| ordination =
| ordained_by = [[Frank Whittaker]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Bishop]] - in - [[Medak Diocese|Medak]]
| consecration = 1982, [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Wesley Cathedral, [[Karimnagar]]
| consecrated_by = The Most Reverend [[I. Jesudasan]], Moderator, The Right Reverend Sundar Clarke, Deputy Moderator<ref name="George">K. M. George, ''Church of South India: life in union, 1947–1997'', Jointly published by Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and Christava Sahitya Samithi, Tiruvalla, 1999, p.108. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=]</ref>
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = [[Bishop]]

| birth_name = Gone Benjamin Devasahayam
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|08|23}}<ref name="Hindu"/>
| birth_place = [[Telangana]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|08|20|1925|08|23}}<ref name="Hindu"/>
| death_place = [[Secunderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| buried = [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Wesley Cemetery, Bhoiguda, [[Secunderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| religion = [[Christianity]]
| parents = [[Smt.]] Lydia (Mother) and [[Sri]] G. Benjamin (Father)
| occupation = [[Priesthood]]
| previous_post =[[Pastor]], [[Diocese of Medak]], [[Church of South India]] {{small|(1956-1982)}}
| education =[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]],<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[Master of Arts|M.A.]],<ref name="Who"/>
| alma_mater = [[United Theological College, Bangalore]],<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[McCormick Theological Seminary]], [[Chicago]]<ref name="Minutes"/>
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| shrine =
| suppressed_date =

| module =
| other =
}}

'''Bishop G. B. Devasahayam''' ''(born 23 August 1925; died 20 August 1996)<ref name="Hindu">''[[The Hindu]]'', Hyderabad Edition, ''Death Anniversaries'' August 20, 2016, p.4.</ref>'' was the second<ref name="George"/> elected [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Bishop - in - [[Karimnagar Diocese of the Church of South India]] who occupied the ''[[Cathedra]]'' from 1982 through 1987<ref name="George"/> placed in the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Wesley Cathedral in [[Karimnagar]] Town in [[Telangana]], [[India]]

Devasahayam hailed from the [[Protestant]] [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Diocese of Medak]] which was predominantly a [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]] congregation initiated by the [[English Wesleyan Mission|Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society]]<ref>P. Y. Luke, J. B. Carman, ''Village Christians and Hindu Culture'' (first published by Lutterworth Press in 1968) ISPCK, New Delhi, 2009, pp.16-17.[https://books.google.com/books?id=YTqM8gCpXI0C&dq=Wesleyan+Methodist+Missionary+Society+medak&pg=PA17]</ref> which unionized itself into the [[Church of South India]] that was inaugurated on 20 September 1947<ref>Charles Yrigoyen Jr., Susan E. Warrick (Edited), ''Historical Dictionary of Methodism'' (Third edition), Scarecrow, Lanham, 2013, p.197.[https://books.google.com/books?id=aWUYAgAAQBAJ&dq=20+september+1947+CSI&pg=PP1]</ref> at the [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[St. George's Cathedral, Chennai]]. After Devasahayam discerned his avocation towards priesthood, then Bishop, [[Frank Whittaker]] sent him to the [[Protestant]] Regional Theologiate in [[Bangalore]] for ministerial formation during 1952–1956 after which Devasahayam was ordained and began ministering in the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the [[Diocese of Medak]] during the successive bishoprics of [[Frank Whittaker]], [[Eber Priestley]], [[H. D. L. Abraham]] and [[B. G. Prasada Rao]]. After nearly 25 years of pastoral ministry, Devasahayam contested the bishopric in the adjoining [[Diocese of Karimnagar]] and was declared elected by the [[Church of South India Synod]] resulting in his appointment as the second<ref name="George"/> [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Bishop]] - in - [[Karimnagar Diocese|Karimnagar]] where he began his bishopric from 1982<ref name="George"/> and continued to build up the ministry and evangelism<ref name="Surya">[[P. Surya Prakash]], ''Karimnagar Diocese 133 years and Beyond: Church of South India Karimnagar Diocese - A Story of Transformation (1879-2012)'', 2012, p.5.[https://oimts.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/2013-2-prakash.pdf]</ref> in the diocese following the precedent set by his predecessor [[B. Prabhudass]].<ref name="Surya"/>

In 1987,<ref name="George"/> after shepherding the bishopric for nearly six years, Devasahayam announced his resignation from the ecclesiastical office of the Bishop citing health reasons and vacated the ''[[Cathedra]]'' resulting in ''[[sede vacante]]''. The sudden turn of events took the ecclesiastical circles by storm making the [[Church of South India Synod]] led by Moderator [[I. Jesudason]]<ref name="George"/> and Deputy Moderator [[Victor Premasagar|P. Victor Premasagar]]<ref name="George"/> to huddle and take steps to fill the ''[[sede vacante]]'' caused by the resignation of Devasahayam.

==Ministerial formation==

===Graduate===
Devasahayam pursued spiritual studies at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] affiliated to India's first<ref>Sankar Ray, The Hindu (Business Line), 11 April 2008 ''Almost a century later, the charter was endorsed officially under the Bengal Govt Act IV of 1918. '' Internet, accessed 30 November 2008. [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150100400.htm]</ref> University, the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]'' {a University under Section 2 (f) of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Act, 1956}''<ref>The [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] is a University within the meaning of Section 2 (f) of the UGC Act, 1956 under which a University means a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act, and includes any such institution as may, in consultation with the University concerned, be recognised by the Commission in accordance with the regulations made in this behalf under this Act. The UGC took the opinion that the Senate fell under the purview of Section 2 (f) of the said Act since ''The Serampore College Act, 1918'' was passed by the Government of West Bengal.</ref> with degree-granting authority validated by a Danish Charter and ratified by the [[Government of West Bengal]]. Devasahayam studied at the seminary for four years from 1952 to 1956<ref name="Hiwale">K. M. Hiwale (Compiled), ''Directory of the United Theological College 1910-1997'', Bangalore, 1997. p.26</ref> during the Principalships<ref name="Hiwale"/> of [[Max Hunter Harrison]] and [[Joshua Russell Chandran]] leading to award of [[Bachelor of Divinity]] during the annual convocation of the university held in 1957 during the Registrarship of William Stewart.

===Postgraduate===
After a decade and half of ecclesiastical ministry, the [[Diocese of Medak]] led by [[H. D. L. Abraham]] sent Devasahayam to the [[McCormick Theological Seminary]],<ref name="Minutes">''Minutes of the General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America'', Part 1, United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. General Assembly Office of the General Assembly, 1972, p.1201. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kcMcAQAAMAAJ&q=gone+benjamin+devasahayam]</ref> [[Chicago]]<ref name="Minutes"/> in 1971<ref name="Minutes"/> to upgrade his academics where he enrolled for a [[Master of Arts]]<ref name="Hiwale"/><ref name="Who">[[Mar Aprem Mooken]], ''Indian Christian Who is Who'', Bombay Parish Church of the East, Bombay, 1983, p.41. [https://books.google.com/books?id=u2s5AAAAMAAJ&q=g.b.devasahayam]</ref> programme leading to the award of the [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] by the seminary.

==Ecclesiastical ministry==

===Pastorate===
After a 4-year ministerial formation at the [[Protestant]] Regional Theologiate in [[Bangalore]] during 1952–1956,<ref name="Hiwale"/> Devasahayam was ordained as a [[Pastor]] by [[Frank Whittaker]], the first [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Bishop]] - in - [[Medak Diocese|Medak]] following which he began to minister parishes in the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the [[Diocese of Medak]] pastoring in [[Secunderabad]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], Dudgaon in Telangana region of the erstwhile [[Andhra Pradesh]] state.

===Bishopric===
In 1982<ref name="George"/> when the first [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Bishop]] - in - [[Karimnagar Diocese|Karimnagar]], [[B. Prabhudass]] vacated the ''[[Cathedra]]'' on attaining superannuation, the [[Church of South India Synod]] announced the conduction of fresh elections to fill in the ''[[sede vacante]]'', following which Devasahayam from the adjoining [[Diocese of Medak]] was declared elected and appointed to the bishopric leading to his consecration in 1982 by [[I. Jesudasan]] then Moderator of the [[Church of South India Synod]] who principally consecrated Devasahayam as [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Bishop]] - in - [[Karimnagar Diocese|Karimnagar]] in the presence of Sundar Clarke, the Deputy Moderator and co-consecrator.<ref name="George"/>

As Bishop, Devasahayam took part in the biennial conclaves of the [[Church of South India Synod]]s of 1984 and 1986 held at [[Secunderabad]] and [[Trivandrum]] respectively.<ref name="George"/>

In 1987,<ref name="George"/> Devasahayam vacated the Bishopric on account of health reasons resulting in an unexpected ''[[sede vacante]]'' very much similar to the present papacy of [[Pope Benedict XVI]] who resigned citing health reasons in 2013. The [[Church of South India Synod]] filled the ''[[sede vacante]]'' by announcing the appointment of [[K. E. Swamidass]], who incidentally was a companion of Devasahayam during his seminary studies in Bangalore.<ref name="Hiwale"/>

==Governor==
As [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Bishop]] - in - [[Karimnagar Diocese|Karimnagar]], Devasahayam was ''[[ex officio]]'' member of the Board of Governors of the near-[[ecumenical]] [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], a [[Protestant]] Regional Theologiate situated in [[Hyderabad]] comprising a few [[Protestant]] societies, the [[Wesleyans]], [[Methodists]], [[Lutherans]], [[Baptists]], [[Congregationalists]], and the [[Anglicans]]. Devasahayam represented the [[Karimnagar Diocese]] which was again a [[Wesleyan]] congregation from 1982 through 1987 on the Board of Governors coinciding with the successive cycle of Principalships held by [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]] and the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]] led by [[Reverend|The Rev.]] K. David, [[Ph.D.]] ([[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]]) and [[Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Suppogu Joseph|S. Joseph]], [[D.Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]) respectively.

==Retirement and death==
After Devasahayam sought early retirement from the bishopric in 1987<ref name="George"/> on account of health reasons,<ref name="George"/> he returned to the [[Diocese of Medak]] and resided in [[Secunderabad]]. In 1992<ref name="NCCI"/> Devasahayam took part in the consecration of the [[Old Testament]] Scholar [[S. John Theodore]] as the fourth [[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Bishop]] - in - [[Karimnagar Diocese|Karimnagar]] along with his predecessor [[B. Prabhudass]] as well as [[K. E. Swamidass]] his successor.<ref name="NCCI">''National Council of Churches Review'', Volume 113, National Christian Council of India, 1993, p.193. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PgrZAAAAMAAJ&q=t.b.d.prakasa+rao]</ref>

Devasahayam continued to minister in the [[Diocese of Medak]] until his death on 20 August 1996.<ref name="Hindu"/>
{{S-start}}
{{S-rel}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[B. Prabhudass]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] 1978-1982| title=[[Church of South India|CSI]]-[[Bishop]] - in - [[Karimnagar Diocese|Karimnagar]] [[Church of South India]]
|after=[[K. E. Swamidass]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] 1987-1992
| years=1982-1987
}}
{{S-other}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[B. Prabhudass]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] 1978-1982| title=Member, Board of Governors [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Hyderabad]]
|after=[[K. E. Swamidass]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] 1987-1992
| years=1982-1987
}}
{{S-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal
| author=[[Mar Aprem Mooken]]
| title=''Indian Christian Who is Who''
| year=1983
| volume=
| issue=
| isbn=
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Madathethu Abraham Thomas
| title=''A Leap Into the Unknown: Autobiographical Anecdotes''
| year=1992
| volume=
| issue=
| isbn=
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=[[The Church of England]]
| title=''[[The Church of England]] Yearbook''
| year=1992
| volume=108-111
| issue=
| isbn=
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=[[National Council of Churches in India]]
| title=[[National Council of Churches in India|''National Council of Churches in India Review'']]
| year=1993
| volume=113
| issue=
| isbn=
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=[[The Church of England]]
| title=''[[The Church of England]] Yearbook''
| year=1999
| volume=115
| issue=
| isbn=
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Anantha Sudhaker Bobbili
| title=''The Road from Poodur in Biographical Passages: Essays in Victorian and Modernist Biography : Honouring Mary M. Lago, University of Missouri, North America''
| year=2000
| volume=
| publisher=University of Missouri Press
| isbn=978-0-8262-1256-6| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qfXSKIo4fDoC&dq=diocese+of+karimnagar&pg=PA133
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gone Benjamin Devasahayam}}
[[Category:20th-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Karimnagar]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:McCormick Theological Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]

N. R. Anil Kumar

2026-03-25T19:31:40Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: starting some bio needs work

{{short description|Indian chess player (born 1957)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox chess player
| image =
| caption =
| country = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|5|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ayyanthole]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| title = ICCF [[Senior International Master]] (2002)
| FideID = 5000190 
| rating = [https://ratings.fide.com/profile/5000190/chart 2306] (November 2018)
| peakrating = [https://www.olimpbase.org/Elo/player/Anilkumar,%20N.%20R..html 2340] (July 1997)
| ICCF_rating = [https://www.iccf.com/player?id=280115&tab=3 1959] (October 2004)
| ICCF_peakrating = 2499 (April 2002)
}}

'''N. R. Anil Kumar''' (born 30 May 1957), also known as '''N. R. Anilkumar''', is an [[Indian people|Indian]] chess player who participated in the [[25th Chess Olympiad]] in 1982. He is the first Indian chess player to achieve International Master title from the [[International Correspondence Chess Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=40423 |title=N R Anilkumar |website=Chessgames.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://chesstempo.com/gamedb/player/8724 |title=N R Anilkumar Results |website=Chesstempo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iccf.com/Titles.aspx |title=ICCF Titles |website=ICCF.com |access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref>

==Career==
Anilkumar learned chess at a relatively late age of 15 in 1972 and soon developed into a strong chess player. He won the Kerala State Junior title in 1977 and became Kerala Senior Champion 1979. Anilkumar made history by becoming the first player from Kerala to qualify for the National A Chess Championship in 1981. In the National A Championship at Kanpur in 1981, Anilkumar was placed 4th and thus became the first Keralite to secure a place in the Indian team. He represented the Indian men's team in the World Chess Olympiad in Lucerne Switzerland in 1982.
Anilkumar's other achievements include 3rd place in International Tournaments Colombo 1982 & 2006, 3rd place International Tournament Singapore 1985, Board Prize in Asian Cities Invitation Championship Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 1990, 6th in International Tournament St Denis Reunion Island, 5th in Chess Train International Tournament Prague.
Anilkumar is also the only Kerala player to have won the National B Chess Championship (1988 Kozhikode).
In 2003, Anilkumar turned to correspondence chess and won the All India Correspondence Championship twice. He created history by becoming the first Indian player to win the International Master and Senior International Master titles in correspondence chess awarded by the International Correspondence Chess Federation (2003 Rimini Italy, 2004 Seixal Portugal).
Anilkumar is also the only player from Kerala to be awarded the FIDE Trainer title by the World Chess Federation (FIDE).

He started the first private chess academy in Kerala in 1993, Kasparov Chess Academy in Thrissur.
Anilkumar's contributions have also come as a chess organizer. He organized the first ever Rapid Chess Tournament in Thrissur in 1986 in which 5 IMs participated. He was instrumental in organizing a record participation one day tournament in Thrissur in 2017 in which over 840 players participated.
The NC Chummar Fide Rated events of which he was the main organizer set a new trend by charging the players a very low entry fees.
Anilkumar initiated the organizing of the first ever chess tourism event in India, Chess Houseboat 2020.
He is the President of Chess Kerala and a founder member of Chess Players Forum.
Anil Kumar is an [[English studies|English]] professor and was the head of the department. [[English studies|English]] in [[Sree Kerala Varma College|Sree Kerala Varma College, Thrissur]].<ref name="mathrubhumi-1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/self-finance-malayalam-news-1.1511410 |title=സമ്പൂര്ണ സ്വകാര്യവല്കരണം: വേണമെന്നും വേണ്ടെന്നും വിദ്യാര്ത്ഥികള് |publisher=mathrubhumi |access-date=2016-11-17 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125195146/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/self-finance-malayalam-news-1.1511410 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also an author about [[Chess|Chess game]] and published '''നിങ്ങൾക്കുമാകാം ചെസ്സ്‌ ചാമ്പ്യൻ''', a book for chess training course in [[Malayalam]]. The book was published by [[D.C. Books]].<ref name="pusthakakada-1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusthakakada.com/dcbooks/i/6884-ningalkkumaakaam-chess-champion-sampoorna-chess-kozhs.html |title=നിങ്ങൾക്കുമാകാം ചെസ്സ്‌ ചാമ്പ്യൻ |publisher=pusthakakada |access-date=25 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125193641/http://www.pusthakakada.com/dcbooks/i/6884-ningalkkumaakaam-chess-champion-sampoorna-chess-kozhs.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also a [[Columnist]] of [[Mathrubhumi]] daily for their Youth column.<ref name="mathrubhumi-2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/youth/chess-time/gary-kasparov-anatoly-karpov-vladimir-kramnik-viswanathan-anand-world-chess-championship-1.2127448 |title=ഗാരി കാസ്പറോവ്; ആയിരം കണ്ണുകളുടെ ഉടമ തിരിച്ചുവരുന്നു |publisher=mathrubhumi |access-date=2017-08-22 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823003948/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/youth/chess-time/gary-kasparov-anatoly-karpov-vladimir-kramnik-viswanathan-anand-world-chess-championship-1.2127448 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Reception to N.R. Anil Kumar.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Sathish Kalathil|Sathish Kalathil]], Red Star Club president, Sankarayya Road, Thrissur arrays Shawl to N. R. Anilkumar for the achievement of International Correspondence Chess Master on 12 November 2000.]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|N.R. Anil Kumar}}
* {{ICCF|280115|N. R. Anil Kumar}}
* {{FIDE|5000190|N R Anilkumar}}
* {{365Chess.com player|NR._Anilkumar}}
* [http://www.olimpbase.org/1982/1982in.html 25th Chess Olympiad: Lucerne 1982] OlimpBase
* [http://www.mathrubhumi.com/youth/chess-time/language-for-chess-checkmate-prof-n-r-anilkumar--1.1685932 ചെസ്സിന്റെ ഭാഷ പഠിക്കാം, കളിക്കാം] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126015450/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/youth/chess-time/language-for-chess-checkmate-prof-n-r-anilkumar--1.1685932 |date=26 January 2018 }}
* [http://www.mathrubhumi.com/youth/chess-time/chess-game-checkmate-prof-n-r-anilkumar-1.1639297 വെറും അഞ്ച്‌ നീക്കങ്ങളിലൊരു കൊടുങ്കാറ്റോ?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126013923/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/youth/chess-time/chess-game-checkmate-prof-n-r-anilkumar-1.1639297 |date=26 January 2018 }}
* [http://www.mathrubhumi.com/youth/chess-time/british-chess-championship-winston-churchill-queen-mary-history-of-chess-1.2023877 ഇവര്‍ വാഴ്ത്തപ്പെടാത്തവര്‍] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126013921/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/youth/chess-time/british-chess-championship-winston-churchill-queen-mary-history-of-chess-1.2023877 |date=26 January 2018 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anil Kumar, N. R.}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Thrissur]]

Cricket World Cup

2026-03-22T06:59:28Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: updated page

{{Short description|Men's One Day International (ODI) event}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{about|the men's ODI tournament|the women's tournament|Women's Cricket World Cup|other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = ICC Men's Cricket World Cup
| image = File:ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[One Day International]]
| tournament format = [[#Format|see below]]
| first = {{ubl|[[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]]|England}}
| last = {{ubl|[[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]]|India}}
| next = {{ubl|[[2027 Cricket World Cup|2027]]|South Africa|Zimbabwe|Namibia}}
| participants = 14
| champions = {{cr|AUS}} (6th title)
| most successful = {{cr|AUS}} (6 titles)
| most runs = {{cricon|IND}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (2,278)
| most wickets = {{cricon|AUS}} [[Glenn McGrath]] (71)
| website = {{URL|https://www.cricketworldcup.com|cricketworldcup.com}}
| current =
}}{{Season sidebar
| image =
| caption = The ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Trophy
| title = Editions
| list =
* [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]]
* [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]]
* [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]]
* [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]]
* [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]
* [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
* [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]]
* [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]]
* [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]]
* [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]]
* [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]
* [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]]
* [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]]
* ''[[2027 Cricket World Cup|2027]]''
* ''2031''
}}
{{International cricket competitions sidebar}}

The '''ICC Men's Cricket World Cup''' is a quadrennial [[world cup]] for [[cricket]] in [[One Day International]] (ODI) format, organised by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). The tournament is one of the [[List of most-watched television broadcasts#List|world's most viewed sporting events]] and considered the flagship event of the international cricket calendar by the ICC.<ref name="cwc">{{cite web |title=Official ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2023 Website |url=http://www.cricketworldcup.com/about |website=icc |access-date=9 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[1975 Cricket World Cup|first Cricket World Cup]] was organised in England in June 1975, with the first ODI cricket match having been played only four years earlier. However, a separate [[Women's Cricket World Cup]] had been held two years before the first men's tournament, and a tournament involving multiple international teams had been held as early as 1912, when a [[1912 Triangular Tournament|triangular tournament]] of [[Test cricket|Test matches]] was played between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], [[England national cricket team|England]] and [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]. The first three World Cups were held in England. From the [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987 tournament]] onwards, hosting has been shared between countries under an [[Cricket World Cup hosts#Unofficial rotation system|unofficial rotation system]], with 14 ICC members having hosted at least one match in the tournament.

The current format involves a [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualification|qualification phase]], which takes place over the preceding three years, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase. In the tournament phase, 10 teams, including the automatically qualifying host nation, compete for the title at venues within the host nation over about a month. In the 2027 World Cup, the format will be changed to accommodate an expanded 14-team final competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27384084/how-teams-secure-qualification-rank-no-1-32 |title=The road to World Cup 2023: how teams can secure qualification, from rank No. 1 to 32 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref>

A total of [[#Overview|twenty teams]] have competed in the 13 editions of the tournament, with ten teams competing in the [[2023 Cricket World Cup|recent 2023 tournament]]. Australia has won the tournament six times, [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] twice each, while [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and [[England cricket team|England]] have won it once each. The best performance by a non-full-member team came when [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] made the semi-finals of the [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 tournament]].

Australia are the current champions after winning the [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 World Cup]] in India. The subsequent [[2027 Cricket World Cup|2027 World Cup]] will be held jointly in [[South Africa]], [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Namibia]].

==History==
{{main|History of the Cricket World Cup}}

The [[Canadian cricket team in the United States in 1844|first international cricket match]] was played between Canada and the United States, on 24 and 25 September 1844.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/141170.html |title=The oldest international contest of them all |author=Martin Williamson |publisher=ESPN |access-date=5 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605032043/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/141170.html |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the first credited [[Test cricket|Test match]] was played in 1877 between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[England cricket team|England]], and the two teams competed regularly for [[The Ashes]] in subsequent years. [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] was admitted to Test status in 1889.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/australia/content/match/62396.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=15 March 1877|title=1st Test Scorecard|access-date=28 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212191405/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/australia/content/match/62396.html|archive-date=12 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Representative cricket teams were selected to [[International structure of cricket|tour]] each other, resulting in bilateral competition. Cricket was also included as an [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] sport at the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Paris Games]], where [[Great Britain and Ireland at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Great Britain]] defeated [[France at the 1900 Summer Olympics|France]] to win the [[Gold medal#Olympic Games|gold medal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/columns/engine/match/320838.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=19 August 1900|title=Olympic Games, 1900, Final|access-date=9 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226014434/http://www.espncricinfo.com/columns/engine/match/320838.html|archive-date=26 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> This was the only appearance of cricket at the [[Summer Olympic Games|Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Purohit|first=Abhishek|title=Will Cricket Bat Again at the Olympics? Know Process for Inclusion at LA28|publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=10 August 2021|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/cricket-olympics-los-angeles-2028-games-icc|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref>

The first multilateral competition at international level was the [[1912 Triangular Tournament]], a Test cricket tournament played in England between all three Test-playing nations at the time: England, Australia and South Africa. The event was not a success: the summer was exceptionally wet, making play difficult on damp uncovered pitches, and crowd attendances were poor, attributed to a "surfeit of cricket".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/207248.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|title=The original damp squib|date=23 April 2005|access-date=29 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016161938/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/207248.html |archive-date=16 October 2007}}</ref> Since then, international Test cricket has generally been organised as bilateral series: a multilateral Test tournament was not organised again until the triangular [[Asian Test Championship]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/483619.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|title=The run-out that sparked a riot|date=30 October 2010|access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022194822/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/483619.html |archive-date=22 October 2014}}</ref>

The number of nations playing Test cricket increased gradually over time, with the addition of [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in 1928,<ref>{{Cite web |title=England vs West Indies Scorecard 1928 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-tour-of-england-1928-61871/england-vs-west-indies-1st-test-62559/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] in 1930,<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand vs England Scorecard 1929/30 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-new-zealand-1929-30-61781/new-zealand-vs-england-1st-test-62572/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> [[India national cricket team|India]] in 1932,<ref>{{Cite web |title=England vs India Scorecard 1932 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-england-1932-62281/england-vs-india-only-test-62605/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in 1952.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan vs India Scorecard 1952/53 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-tour-of-india-1952-53-61529/india-vs-pakistan-4th-test-62744/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> However, international cricket continued to be played as bilateral Test matches over three, four or five days.

In the early 1960s, English [[county cricket]] teams began playing a shortened version of cricket which only lasted for one day. Starting in [[1962 English cricket season|1962]] with a four-team [[single-elimination tournament|knockout competition]] known as the Midlands Knock-Out Cup,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/510124.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|title=The low-key birth of one-day cricket|date=9 April 2011|access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919032251/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/510124.html |archive-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> and continuing with the inaugural [[Friends Provident Trophy|Gillette Cup]] in [[1963 English cricket season|1963]], [[Limited overs cricket|one-day cricket]] grew in popularity in England. A national [[National League (cricket)|Sunday League]] was formed in [[1969 English cricket season|1969]]. The first One-Day International match was played on the fifth day of a rain-aborted Test match between England and Australia at Melbourne in [[English cricket team in Australia in 1970–71|1971]], to fill the time available and as compensation for the frustrated crowd. It was a forty [[over (cricket)|over]] game with eight balls per over, and saw Australia win by 5 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newicc.cricket.org/icc/odi/what_is_one-day_cricket.html |publisher=newicc.cricket.org |title=What is One-Day International cricket? |access-date=10 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119054342/http://newicc.cricket.org/icc/odi/what_is_one-day_cricket.html |archive-date=19 November 2006 }}</ref> The success and popularity of the domestic one-day competitions in England and other parts of the world, as well as the early One-Day Internationals, prompted the ICC to consider organizing a Cricket World Cup.<ref name="WCHistory">{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/264535.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|title=The World Cup – A brief history|access-date=7 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328095116/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/264535.html|archive-date=28 March 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Prudential World Cups (1975–1983)===
{{main|1975 Cricket World Cup|1979 Cricket World Cup|1983 Cricket World Cup}}

[[File:Prudential Cup.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The Prudential Cup trophy]]
The [[1975 Cricket World Cup|inaugural Cricket World Cup]] was hosted in 1975 by England, the only nation able to put forward the resources to stage an event of such magnitude at the time. The first three tournaments were held in England and officially known as the Prudential Cup after the sponsors [[Prudential plc]]. The matches consisted of 60 six-ball overs per team, played during daytime in the traditional form, with the players wearing [[cricket clothing and equipment|cricket whites]] and using red [[cricket ball]]s.<ref>Browning (1999), pp. 5–9</ref>

Eight teams participated in the first tournament: Australia, England, [[India national cricket team|India]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], Pakistan, and the [[West Indies]] (the six Test nations at the time), together with Sri Lanka and a composite team from [[East African cricket team|East Africa]].<ref name=cricket>Browning (1999), pp. 26–31</ref> One notable omission was [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], who were [[Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era#Cricket|banned from international cricket]] due to [[apartheid]]. The tournament was won by the West Indies, who defeated Australia by 17 [[run (cricket)|runs]] in the final at [[Lord's]].<ref name=cricket/> Roy Fredricks of West Indies was the first batsmen who got hit-wicket in ODI during the 1975 World Cup final.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/69522/icc-cricket-world-cups-fascinating-facts-part-1|title=50 fascinating facts about World Cups – Part 1|website=Cricbuzz|date=22 January 2015 |language=en|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221174220/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/69522/icc-cricket-world-cups-fascinating-facts-part-1|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979 World Cup]] saw the introduction of the [[ICC Trophy]] competition to select non-Test playing teams for the World Cup,<ref name="ICCTROPHY">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT2005/ARTICLES/history.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|title=ICC Trophy – A brief history|access-date=29 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061126054556/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT2005/ARTICLES/history.html|archive-date=26 November 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> with Sri Lanka and [[Canadian cricket team|Canada]] qualifying.<ref name=history>Browning (1999), pp. 32–35</ref> The West Indies won a second consecutive World Cup tournament, defeating the hosts England by 92 runs in the final. At a meeting which followed the World Cup, the International Cricket Conference agreed to make the competition a quadrennial event.<ref name=history/>

The [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983 event]] was hosted by England for a third consecutive time. By this stage, Sri Lanka had become a Test-playing nation, and [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] qualified through the ICC Trophy. A [[Fielding restrictions (cricket)|fielding circle]] was introduced, {{convert|30|yd|m}} away from the [[stump (cricket)|stumps]]. Four [[fielding (cricket)|fieldsmen]] needed to be inside it at all times.<ref>Browning (1999), pp. 61–62</ref> The teams faced each other twice, before moving into the knock-outs. [[India national cricket team|India]] was crowned champions after upsetting the West Indies by 43 runs in the final.<ref name="WCHistory"/><ref>Browning (1999), pp. 105–110</ref>

=== Various champions (1987–1996) ===
{{main|1987 Cricket World Cup|1992 Cricket World Cup|1996 Cricket World Cup}}

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India and Pakistan jointly hosted the [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987 tournament]], the first time that the competition was held outside England. The games were reduced from 60 to 50 overs per innings, the current standard, because of the shorter daylight hours in the [[Indian subcontinent]] compared with England's summer.<ref>Browning (1999), pp. 111–116</ref> Australia won the championship by defeating England by 7 runs in the final, the closest margin in the World Cup final until the 2019 edition between England and New Zealand.<ref>Browning (1999), pp. 155–159</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/cworldcup/history.htm|publisher=A.Srinivas|title=Cricket World Cup 2003|access-date=28 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002053148/http://www.geocities.com/cworldcup/history.htm|archive-date=2 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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The [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 World Cup]], held in Australia and New Zealand, introduced many changes to the game, such as coloured clothing, white balls, [[Day/Night ODI|day/night]] matches, and a change to the fielding restriction rules. The South African cricket team participated in the event for the first time, following the fall of the apartheid regime and the end of the [[Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era|international sports boycott]].<ref>Browning (1999), pp. 160–161</ref> Pakistan overcame a dismal start in the tournament to eventually defeat England by 22 runs in the final and emerge as winners.<ref>Browning (1999), pp. 211–214</ref>

The [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996 championship]] was held in the Indian subcontinent for a second time, with the inclusion of Sri Lanka as host for some of its group stage matches.<ref>Browning (1999), pp. 215–217</ref> In the semi-final, Sri Lanka, heading towards a crushing victory over India at [[Eden Gardens]] after the hosts lost eight [[wicket]]s while scoring 120 runs in pursuit of 252, were awarded victory by default after crowd unrest broke out in protest against the Indian performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketfundas.com/wc96indslsf1march13.html|publisher=cricketfundas|title=1996 Semi-final scoreboard|access-date=28 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107001514/http://www.cricketfundas.com/wc96indslsf1march13.html|archive-date=7 November 2006|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Sri Lanka went on to win their maiden championship by defeating Australia by seven wickets in the final at [[Lahore]].<ref>Browning (1999), pp. 264–274</ref>

===Australian treble (1999–2007)===
{{main|1999 Cricket World Cup|2003 Cricket World Cup|2007 Cricket World Cup}}

In 1999, the [[1999 Cricket World Cup|event]] was hosted by England, with some matches also being held in Scotland, Ireland, Wales and the Netherlands.<ref>Browning (1999), p. 274</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZq8BAAAQBAJ&q=1999+cricket+world+cup+host&pg=PA7 |title=Cricket World Cup: A Summary of the Tournaments Since 1975 |author=French Toast |publisher=Smashwords |year=2014 |isbn=9781311429230 |format=e-book |access-date=11 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626181716/https://books.google.com/books?id=iZq8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&dq=1999+cricket+world+cup+host&hl=en&sa=X&ei=d2qJVJyDMYuzUembgYgJ&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=1999%20cricket%20world%20cup%20host&f=false |archive-date=26 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Twelve teams contested the World Cup. Australia qualified for the semi-finals after reaching their target in their Super 6 match against South Africa off the final over of the match.<ref>Browning (1999), pp. 229–231</ref> They then proceeded to the final with a tied match in the semi-final also against South Africa where a mix-up between South African batsmen [[Lance Klusener]] and [[Allan Donald]] saw Donald drop his bat and stranded mid-pitch to be [[run out]]. In the final, Australia dismissed Pakistan for 132 and then reached the target in less than 20 overs and with eight wickets in hand.<ref>Browning (1999), pp. 232–238</ref>
[[File:Australian World Cup treble.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|A crowd of over 10,000 fans welcome the Australian team on completing the first World Cup [[Hat-trick#Cricket|hat-trick]] – [[Martin Place]], Sydney.]]
South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya hosted the [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]]. The number of teams participating in the event increased from twelve to fourteen. [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]]'s victories over Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe, among others – and a forfeit by the New Zealand team, which refused to play in Kenya because of security concerns – enabled Kenya to reach the semi-finals, the best result by an associate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wctimeline/content/current/story/795703.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|title=Washouts, walkovers, and black armband protests|access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830100350/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wctimeline/content/current/story/795703.html |archive-date=30 August 2015}}</ref> In the final, Australia made 359 runs for the loss of two wickets, the largest ever total in a final, defeating India by 125 runs.<ref name="AUS2003">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/cwc2003/hi/newsid_2870000/newsid_2875100/2875135.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |title=Ruthless Aussies lift World Cup |date=23 March 2003 |access-date=29 January 2007 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328120655/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/cwc2003/hi/newsid_2870000/newsid_2875100/2875135.stm |archive-date=28 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Full tournament schedule |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/cwc2003/hi/fixturesresults/default.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=23 March 2003 |access-date=22 February 2007 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218103234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/cwc2003/hi/fixturesresults/default.stm |archive-date=18 February 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]], the tournament was hosted by the [[West Indies]] and expanded to sixteen teams.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wchistory/content/story/314997.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|title=Australia triumph in a tournament to forget|access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206124910/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wchistory/content/story/314997.html |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> Following Pakistan's upset loss to World Cup debutants Ireland in the group stage, Pakistani coach [[Bob Woolmer]] was found dead in his hotel room.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/285953.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|title=Bob Woolmer's death stuns cricket world|access-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025092541/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/285953.html |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> Jamaican police had initially launched a murder investigation into Woolmer's death but later confirmed that he died of heart failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/woolmer/content/story/286045.html|publisher=Cricinfo|title=Bob Woolmer investigation round-up|access-date=6 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516215421/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/woolmer/content/story/286045.html|archive-date=16 May 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia defeated Sri Lanka in the final by 53 runs [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|(D/L)]] in farcical light conditions, and extended their undefeated run in the World Cup to 29 matches and winning three straight championships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/292773.html|publisher=Cricinfo|title=Australia v Sri Lanka, World Cup final, Barbados|date=28 April 2007|access-date=6 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324035211/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/292773.html|archive-date=24 March 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Hosts triumph (2011–2019) ===
{{main|2011 Cricket World Cup|2015 Cricket World Cup|2019 Cricket World Cup}}

[[File:Autographed bat of ODI World Cup winning captains at Blades of Glory Cricket Museum, Pune.jpg|thumb|Autographed bat of the World Cup winning captains till 2015 at the [[Blades of Glory Museum]], Pune, India]]
India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh together hosted the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 World Cup]]. Pakistan was stripped of its hosting rights following the [[2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team|terrorist attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in 2009]], with the games originally scheduled for Pakistan redistributed to the other host countries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/pakistan/8004684.stm |title=No World Cup matches in Pakistan |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=15 July 2014 |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418013231/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/pakistan/8004684.stm |archive-date=18 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The number of teams participating in the World Cup was reduced to fourteen.<ref name="2011WC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/659953.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|title=India end a 28-year-long wait|access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825010536/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/659953.html |archive-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> Australia lost their final group stage match against Pakistan on 19 March 2011, ending an unbeaten streak of 35 World Cup matches, which had begun on 23 May 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/03/19/cricket.australia.pakistan.bangladesh/|title=Pakistan top group after ending Australia's unbeaten World Cup streak|publisher=CNN|date=20 March 2011|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213185518/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/03/19/cricket.australia.pakistan.bangladesh/|archive-date=13 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> India won their second World Cup title by beating Sri Lanka by 6 wickets in the final at Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai, where the Indian captain M.S. Dhoni along with the spinning all-rounder Yuvraj Singh chased 275 with notable performances from Gautam Gambhir and Virat Kohli, making India the first country to win the World Cup at home.<ref name="2011WC"/> This was also the first time that two Asian countries faced each other in a World Cup Final.<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC Cricket World Cup|publisher=ESPN|url=https://www.espn.com/extra/cricket/topics/_/page/icc-cricket-world-cup|access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref>

Australia and New Zealand jointly hosted the [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015 World Cup]]. The number of participants remained at fourteen. Ireland was the most successful Associate nation with a total of three wins in the tournament. New Zealand beat South Africa in a thrilling first semi-final to qualify for their maiden World Cup final. Australia defeated New Zealand by seven wickets in the final at Melbourne to lift the World Cup for the fifth time.<ref name="AUS2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/32105654 |title=Cricket World Cup 2015: Australia crush New Zealand in final |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=29 March 2015 |date=29 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329232637/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/32105654 |archive-date=29 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Englandvictorylap.png|thumb|right|England perform a lap of honour around Lord's after their victory on 14 July 2019.]]
The [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019 World Cup]] was hosted by England and Wales. The number of participants was reduced to 10. New Zealand defeated India in the first semi-final, which was pushed over to the reserve day due to rain.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-world-cup/india-vs-new-zealand-live-score-world-cup-2019-semi-final/articleshow/70139254.cms|title=India vs New Zealand Highlights, World Cup 2019 semi-final: Match defers to reserve day|work=The Times of India|date=9 July 2019|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711180216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-world-cup/india-vs-new-zealand-live-score-world-cup-2019-semi-final/articleshow/70139254.cms|archive-date=11 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> England defeated the defending champions, Australia, in the second semi-final. Neither finalist had previously won the World Cup. In the [[2019 Cricket World Cup Final|final]], the scores were tied at 241 after 50 overs and the match went to a [[super over]], after which the scores were again tied at 15. The World Cup was won by England, whose boundary count was greater than New Zealand's.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/report/1144530/england-vs-new-zealand-final-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019/ |title=Epic final tied, Super Over tied, England win World Cup on boundary count |date=14 July 2019 |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715032534/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/report/1144530/england-vs-new-zealand-final-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019/ |archive-date=15 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/48985109|title=England win Cricket World Cup: A golden hour ends in a champagne super over|date=14 July 2019|last=Fordyce|first=Tom|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714235602/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/48985109|archive-date=14 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Australian win (2023) ===
{{main|2023 Cricket World Cup}}

The 2023 Cricket World Cup was hosted by India. The number of teams in the tournament remained at 10, including the Netherlands, which returned to the tournament after a 12-year absence and excluding the inaugural and two-time champions the West Indies; they failed to qualify for the World Cup for the first time in history. India were unbeaten in the group stage, as they won all of their matches and defeated New Zealand to advance to the final; Australia lost twice during the group stage before rebounding and going on an eight-game winning streak, including a defeat of South Africa in the semi-finals. Afghanistan had their most successful World Cup, with four wins during the group stage, including over defending champions England and former champions Pakistan; they also came close to defeating Australia before [[Glenn Maxwell]]'s double century steered the Aussies to victory. In the final, Australia defeated the 10-match unbeaten India to clinch their record-extending 6th World Cup.

The 2027 World Cup is coming up. It will be hosted in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Namibia. [[Namibia]] will still have to go through the qualification process.

==Format==

===Qualification===
{{main|Cricket World Cup qualification}}

From the [[1975 Cricket World Cup|first World Cup in 1975]] up to the [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019 World Cup]], the majority of teams taking part qualified automatically. Until the [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015 World Cup]] this was mostly through having [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|Full Membership of the ICC]], and for the [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019 World Cup]] this was mostly through ranking position in the [[ICC ODI Championship]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Cricket World Cup 2019 to stay at only 10 teams|publisher=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/33296828|access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref>

Since the [[1979 Cricket World Cup|second World Cup in 1979]] up to the [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019 World Cup]], the teams that qualified automatically were joined by a small number of others who qualified for the World Cup through the qualification process. The first qualifying tournament being the [[ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifier|ICC Trophy]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT2005/ARTICLES/history.html|title=Cricinfo – 2005 ICC Trophy in Ireland|website=static.espncricinfo.com|accessdate=6 April 2023}}</ref> later the process expanding with pre-qualifying tournaments. For the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 World Cup]], the [[ICC World Cricket League]] replaced the past pre-qualifying processes; and the name "ICC Trophy" was changed to "[[ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifier]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/development/wcl/ |publisher=ICC |title=World Cricket League |access-date=28 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119011351/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/development/wcl/ |archive-date=19 January 2007 }}</ref> The World Cricket League was the qualification system provided to allow the [[ICC associate membership|Associate]] and [[List of International Cricket Council members#Affiliate Members|Affiliate]] members of the ICC more opportunities to qualify. The number of teams qualifying varied throughout the years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/533e6b7de4b0d84a3bd7c4be/t/5c3a7f7288251b8b3c637260/1547337591744/Cricket.pdf|title=International Cricket Council February 2019|website=static1.squarespace.com}}</ref>

From the [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 World Cup]] onwards, only the host nation(s) will qualify automatically. All countries will participate in a series of leagues to determine qualification, with automatic [[promotion and relegation]] between divisions from one World Cup cycle to the next.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27384084/how-teams-secure-qualification-rank-no-1-32 |title=The road to World Cup 2023: how teams can secure qualification, from rank No. 1 to 32 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref>

===Tournament===
[[File:Autographed bats of ODI World Cup winning teams at Blades of Glory Cricket Museum, Pune.jpg|thumb|Autographs of the winning teams of each edition of the tournament at the [[Blades of Glory Cricket Museum]], Pune, India.]]
The format of the Cricket World Cup has changed greatly over the course of its history. Each of the first four tournaments was played by eight teams, divided into two groups of four.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icc.cricket.org/icc/events/summaries/icc_world_cup_1975.html|publisher=[[icc.cricket.org]]|title=1st tournament|access-date=19 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217093647/http://icc.cricket.org/icc/events/summaries/icc_world_cup_1975.html |archive-date=17 December 2007}}</ref> The competition consisted of two stages, a group stage and a [[single-elimination tournament|knock-out]] stage. The four teams in each group played each other in the [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] group stage, with the top two teams in each group progressing to the semi-finals. The winners of the semi-finals played against each other in the final. With South Africa returning in the fifth tournament in 1992 as a result of the end of the apartheid boycott, nine teams played each other once in the group phase, and the top four teams progressed to the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icc.cricket.org/icc/events/summaries/icc_world_cup_199192.html|publisher=[[icc.cricket.org]]|title=92 tournament|access-date=19 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217093653/http://icc.cricket.org/icc/events/summaries/icc_world_cup_199192.html |archive-date=17 December 2007}}</ref> The tournament was further expanded in 1996, with two groups of six teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icc.cricket.org/icc/events/summaries/icc_world_cup_199596.html|publisher=[[icc.cricket.org]]|title=96 tournament|access-date=19 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217093658/http://icc.cricket.org/icc/events/summaries/icc_world_cup_199596.html |archive-date=17 December 2007}}</ref> The top four teams from each group progressed to quarter-finals and semi-finals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wills World Cup, 1996 schedule, live scores and results |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/653/wills-world-cup-1996 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref>

A distinct format was used for the [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]] and [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]] World Cups. The teams were split into two pools, with the top three teams in each pool advancing to the ''Super 6''.<ref name="super6">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC99/WC99_TABLE.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|title=Super 6|access-date=19 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222100838/http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC99/WC99_TABLE.html|archive-date=22 February 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Super 6'' teams played the three other teams that advanced from the other group. As they advanced, the teams carried their points forward from previous matches against other teams advancing alongside them, giving them an incentive to perform well in the group stages.<ref name="super6"/> The top four teams from the ''Super 6'' stage progressed to the semi-finals, with the winners playing in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC World Cup, 1999 schedule, live scores and results |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/718/icc-world-cup-1999 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cricket World Cup History 2003: Winners, Runners-up, Stats of World Cup 2003 |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/world-cup-2019/history/2003-cricket-world-cup |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:ICC CWC 2007 team captains.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The captains of the 2007 Cricket World Cup.]]
The format used in the [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007 World Cup]] involved 16 teams allocated into four groups of four.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketworldcup.com/TeamGroupings.html|publisher=cricket world cup|title=World Cup groups|access-date=28 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126002928/http://www.cricketworldcup.com/TeamGroupings.html|archive-date=26 January 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Within each group, the teams played each other in a round-robin format. Teams earned points for wins and half-points for ties. The top two teams from each group moved forward to the ''Super 8'' round. The ''Super 8'' teams played the other six teams that progressed from the different groups. Teams earned points in the same way as the group stage, but carried their points forward from previous matches against the other teams who qualified from the same group to the ''Super 8'' stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketworldcup.com/pdfs/event-overview.pdf|publisher=cricketworldcup.com|title=About the Event|access-date=2 September 2006|page=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905225042/http://www.cricketworldcup.com/pdfs/event-overview.pdf|archive-date=5 September 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> The top four teams from the ''Super 8'' round advanced to the semi-finals, and the winners of the semi-finals played in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC World Cup, 2007 schedule, live scores and results |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/905/icc-world-cup-2007 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref>

The format used in the [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] and [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricknews.net|publisher=cricknews.net|title=2015 Cricket World Cup|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203120741/http://www.cricknews.net/|archive-date=3 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> World Cups featured two groups of seven teams, each playing in a [[round-robin tournament|round-robin format]]. The top four teams from each group proceeded to the knock out stage consisting of quarter-finals, semi-finals and ultimately the final.<ref>{{cite news |first=K.R. |last=Nayar |title=International Cricket Council approves 14-team cup |url=http://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/international-cricket-council-approves-14-team-cup-1.829620 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=29 June 2011 |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701153544/http://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/international-cricket-council-approves-14-team-cup-1.829620 |archive-date=1 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]] and [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]] editions of the tournament, the number of teams participating dropped to 10. Each team is scheduled to play against each other once in a round robin format, before entering the semifinals,<ref>{{cite web|last=Smale|first=Simon|title=The Cricket World Cup 2019 has shrunk to exclude the minnows, but why? And how come it's still so long?|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=4 June 2019|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-05/cricket-world-cup-minnows-where-have-they-gone/11176128|access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref> a similar format to the [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 World Cup]]. The 2027 and 2031 World Cups will have 14 teams, with the format same as the 2003 edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sixsports.in/icc-announces-world-cup-schedule-14-teams-in-2027-and-2031/|title=ICC announces World Cup schedule; 14 teams in 2027 And 2031|website=Six Sports|date=2 June 2021|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401040539/https://sixsports.in/icc-announces-world-cup-schedule-14-teams-in-2027-and-2031/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricinfo.pro/cricket-world-cup-2023-date-teams-stadiums-tickets/|title=Mark your calendars for the Cricket World Cup 2023 as the tournament is set to begin on October 5, 2023. The matches will continue until November 19, 2023 |website=Cricinfo |date=7 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=7|Summary of tournament formats
|-
!Ed.
!Year
!Host(s)
!Teams
!Matches
!Preliminary stage
!Final stage
|-
| style="text-align:center" |1
| style="text-align:center" |[[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]]
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|England}}
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" |8
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" |15
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 2 groups of 4 teams: 12 matches
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | Knock-out of 4 teams (group winners and runners-up): 3 matches
|-
| style="text-align:center" |2
| style="text-align:center" |[[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]]
|-
| style="text-align:center" |3
| style="text-align:center" |[[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]]
|{{flag|England}} {{flag|Wales}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |27
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 2 groups of 4 teams: 24 matches
|-
| style="text-align:center" |4
| style="text-align:center" |[[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]]
|{{flag|India}} {{flag|Pakistan}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" |5
| style="text-align:center" |[[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]
|{{flag|Australia}} {{flag|New Zealand}}
| style="text-align:center" | 9
| style="text-align:center" | 39
| style="text-align:center" | 1 group of 9 teams: 36 matches
| style="text-align:center" | Knock-out of 4 teams (top 4 in group): 3 matches
|-
| style="text-align:center" |6
| style="text-align:center" |[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
|{{flag|India}} {{flag|Pakistan}} {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 12
| style="text-align:center" | 37
| style="text-align:center" | 2 groups of 6 teams: 30 matches
| style="text-align:center" | Knock-out of 8 teams (top 4 in each group): 7 matches
|-
| style="text-align:center" |7
| style="text-align:center" |[[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]]
|{{flag|England}} {{flag|Wales}} {{flag|Scotland}} {{flag|Ireland}} {{flag|Netherlands}}
| style="text-align:center" | 42
| style="text-align:center" | 2 groups of 6 teams: 30 matches
| style="text-align:center" rowspan=2 | Super Sixes (top 3 in each group): 9 matches Knock-out of 4 teams (top 4 in Super Sixes): 3 matches
|-
| style="text-align:center" |8
| style="text-align:center" |[[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]]
|{{flag|South Africa}} {{flag|Zimbabwe}} {{flag|Kenya}}
| style="text-align:center" | 14
| style="text-align:center" | 54
| style="text-align:center" | 2 groups of 7 teams: 42 matches
|-
| style="text-align:center" |9
| style="text-align:center" |[[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]]
|{{flag|West Indies|cricket}}
| style="text-align:center" | 16
| style="text-align:center" | 51
| style="text-align:center" | 4 groups of 4 teams: 24 matches
| style="text-align:center" | Super Eights (top 2 in each group): 24 matches Knock-out of 4 teams (top 4 in Super Eights): 3 matches
|-
| style="text-align:center" |10
| style="text-align:center" |[[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]]
|{{flag|India}} {{flag|Sri Lanka}} {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 14
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 49
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 2 groups of 7 teams: 42 matches
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | Knock-out of 8 teams (top 4 in each group): 7 matches
|-
| style="text-align:center" |11
| style="text-align:center" |[[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]
|{{flag|Australia}} {{flag|New Zealand}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" |12
| style="text-align:center" |[[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]]
|{{flag|England}} {{flag|Wales}}
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 10
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 48
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1 group of 10 teams: 45 matches
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | Knock-out of 4 teams (top 4 in group): 3 matches
|-
| style="text-align:center" |13
| style="text-align:center" |[[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]]
|{{flag|India}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" |14
| style="text-align:center" |[[2027 Cricket World Cup|''2027'']]
|{{flag|South Africa}} {{flag|Zimbabwe}} {{flag|Namibia}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |''14''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |''54''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |''2 groups of 7 teams: 42 matches''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |''Super Sixes (top 3 in each group): 9 matches Knock-out of 4 teams (top 4 in Super Sixes): 3 matches''
|-
| style="text-align:center" |15
| style="text-align:center" |''2031''
|{{flag|India}} {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|}

==Trophy==
[[File:ICC Cricket World Cup Trophy.jpg|thumb|The [[Cricket World Cup Trophy]].]]
{{main|Cricket World Cup Trophy}}

The [[ICC Cricket World Cup Trophy]] is presented to the winners of the World Cup. The current trophy was created for the 1999 championships, and was the first permanent prize in the tournament's history. Prior to this, different trophies were made for each World Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricket-worldcup2015.net/2015/02/trophy-is-first-permanent-prize-in-cricket-world-cup.html|publisher=cricket-worldcup2015.net|title=Trophy is first permanent prize in Cricket World Cup|access-date=9 November 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203150018/http://www.cricket-worldcup2015.net/2015/02/trophy-is-first-permanent-prize-in-cricket-world-cup.html|archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> Before introducing the permanent ICC Cricket World Cup Trophy in 1999, individual trophies were designed and [[Awarded (cricket)|awarded]] for each edition of the [[tournament]]. For example, the Prudential Cup trophies were used for the first three editions (1975, 1979, and 1983) when Prudential plc was the sponsor. Similarly, subsequent tournaments used different designs until the permanent [[trophy]] was introduced. This shift to a permanent design was intended to establish a consistent and iconic representation of the [[World cup|World Cup]]'s legacy. The trophy was designed and produced in London by a team of craftsmen from [[Garrard & Co]] over a period of two months.<ref name=guardian_2015 /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trophies {{!}} Famous Trophies |url=https://garrard.com/en/trophies/famous-trophies/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Garrard |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The current trophy is made from silver and [[gilding|gilt]], and features a golden globe held up by three silver columns. The columns, shaped as [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] and [[bail (cricket)|bails]], represent the three fundamental aspects of cricket: [[batting (cricket)|batting]], [[bowling (cricket)|bowling]] and [[fielding (cricket)|fielding]], while the globe characterises a [[cricket ball]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webindia123.com/Sports/cricket/iccworldcup/history.htm|publisher=webindia123.com|title=Cricket World Cup- Past Glimpses|access-date=31 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323235801/http://www.webindia123.com/Sports/cricket/iccworldcup/history.htm|archive-date=23 March 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> The seam is tilted to symbolize the [[axial tilt]] of the Earth. It stands {{Convert|60|cm}} high and weighs approximately {{Convert|11|kg}}. The names of the previous winners are [[engraving|engraved]] on the base of the trophy, with space for a total of twenty inscriptions. The ICC keeps the original trophy. A replica differing only in the inscriptions is permanently awarded to the winning team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/about|publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]|title=About the Tournament|access-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625075114/http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/about |archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref>

==Media coverage==
The tournament is one of the world's most-viewed sporting events,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totalsportek.com/news/cricket-world-cup-third-most-watched-sports-event/|title=Cricket World Cup 2015 3rd Most Watched Sports Event In The World|publisher=Total Sportek|date=11 January 2015|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325171256/http://www.totalsportek.com/news/cricket-world-cup-third-most-watched-sports-event/|archive-date=25 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Alison |date=2022-07-25 |title=The Most Watched Sporting Events in The World |url=https://www.roadtrips.com/blog/the-most-watched-sporting-events-in-the-world/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Roadtrips |language=en-US}}</ref> and successive tournaments have generated increasing media attention as One-Day International cricket has become more established.{{Dubious|date=December 2021}} The [[2011 Cricket World Cup]] was [[broadcasting|televised]] in over 200 countries to over 2.2 billion viewers.<ref name=guardian_2015>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2015/feb/12/cricket-world-cup-icc-50-overs|title=More money, more viewers and fewer runs in prospect for intriguing World Cup|newspaper=The Guardian|date=12 February 2015|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304022954/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2015/feb/12/cricket-world-cup-icc-50-overs|archive-date=4 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CWC">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketworldcup.com/icc-marketing.html|publisher=cricketworldcup.com|title=World Cup Overview|access-date=29 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124001408/http://www.cricketworldcup.com/icc-marketing.html|archive-date=24 January 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=December 2021}}{{Dubious|date=December 2021}} [[Sports television broadcast contracts|Television rights]], mainly for the 2011 and 2015 World Cup, were sold for over US$1.1 billion,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/current/story/271994.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|author=Cricinfo staff|title=ICC rights for to ESPN-star|access-date=30 January 2007|date=9 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201130926/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/current/story/271994.html|archive-date=1 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> and sponsorship rights were sold for a further US$500 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/276853.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|author=Cricinfo staff|title=ICC set to cash in on sponsorship rights|access-date=30 January 2007|date=18 January 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201130947/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/276853.html|archive-date=1 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> The ICC claimed a total of 1.6 billion viewers for the 2019 World Cup as well as 4.6 billion views of digital video of the tournament.<ref name="2019 ICC viewership">{{Cite web|title=ICC Men's Cricket World Cup gives GDP 350 million boost to UK economy|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1634008|access-date=2021-04-08|website=www.icc-cricket.com|language=en}}</ref> The most-watched match of the tournament was the group game between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], which was watched by more than 300 million people live.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1346930|title=2019 Men's Cricket World Cup most watched ever|date=16 September 2019|access-date=15 October 2022|website=www.icc-cricket.com}}</ref>

==Attendance==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Hosts !! Total attendance !! References
|-
| [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]] || South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya || 626,845 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/news/quarterly/quarterly_3.pdf |publisher=ICC |title=Cricket World Cup 2003 |page=12 |access-date=29 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321201920/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/news/quarterly/quarterly_3.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2006 }}</ref>
|-
| [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]] || West Indies || 672,000 || <ref name="Content-usa.cricinfo.com">{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/westindies/content/current/story/301516.html |title=World Cup profits boost debt-ridden Windies board |publisher=Content-usa.cricinfo.com |access-date=24 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324094443/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/westindies/content/current/story/301516.html |archive-date=24 March 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketworld.com/world_cup_2007/article/?aid=11055|publisher=cricketworld.com|title=ICC CWC 2007 Match Attendance Soars Past 400,000|access-date=25 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071404/http://www.cricketworld.com/world_cup_2007/article/?aid=11055 |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] || India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh || 1,229,826 || <ref name="Content-usa.cricinfo.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketworld.com/world_cup_2007/article/?aid=11055|publisher=cricketworld.com|title=ICC CWC 2007 Match Attendance Soars Past 400,000|access-date=25 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071404/http://www.cricketworld.com/world_cup_2007/article/?aid=11055 |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]] || Australia, New Zealand || 1,106,420 || <ref name="Content-usa.cricinfo.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketworld.com/world_cup_2007/article/?aid=11055|publisher=cricketworld.com|title=ICC CWC 2007 Match Attendance Soars Past 400,000|access-date=25 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071404/http://www.cricketworld.com/world_cup_2007/article/?aid=11055 |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]] || England & Wales || 752,000 || <ref>{{cite web |title=2019 Cricket World Cup delivers UK£350m boost for UK economy |first=Sam |last=Carp |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/2019-cricket-world-cup-uk-economy-impact-england-wales/?zephr_sso_ott=mabKiL |date=4 March 2020 |access-date=18 May 2023 |publisher=SportsPro Daily}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]] || India || 1,250,307 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Record-Breaking 1.25 million spectators turn out for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2023|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/3790838 |date=21 November 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=cricketworldcup.com}}</ref>
|}

==Selection of hosts==
{{main|Cricket World Cup hosts}}

The International Cricket Council's executive committee votes for the hosts of the tournament after examining the bids made by the nations keen to hold a Cricket World Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/245789.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|title=Asia to host 2011 World Cup|date=30 April 2006|access-date=9 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928205442/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/245789.html|archive-date=28 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{location map+|Earth
| float = center
| width = 900
|caption=Host countries of Cricket World Cup
|places=
{{Location map~|Earth|position=bottom|lat=51.300000|long=00.07000|label='''[[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]]''', '''[[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]]''','''[[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]]''', '''[[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]]''','''[[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=bottom|lat=28.363600|long=77.13480|label='''[[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]]''', '''[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]''','''[[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]]''', '''[[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]]''','''2031'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=left|lat=33.360000|long=73.02000|label='''[[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]]''','''[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=23.455000|long=90.23200|label='''[[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]]''','''2031'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=bottom|lat=06.540400|long=79.50340|label='''[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]''','''[[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=left|lat=17.581700|long=-76.47350|label='''[[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=bottom|lat=-18.261700|long=130.50280|label='''[[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]''','''[[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=left|lat=-43.314800|long=172.37130|label='''[[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]''','''[[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=right|lat=01.16000|long=36.48|label='''[[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=bottom|lat=-26.121600|long=28.02440|label='''[[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]]''','''[[2027 Cricket World Cup|2027]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=top|lat=-17.494500|long=31.03080|label='''[[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]]''','''[[2027 Cricket World Cup|2027]]'''}}
{{Location map~|Earth|position=left|lat=-22.340000|long=17.05000|label='''[[2027 Cricket World Cup|2027]]'''}}
}}

[[File:Civic Centre-2003 CWC.jpg|thumb|A [[civic centre]] lit up to mark the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] in [[South Africa]] ]]
England hosted the first three competitions. The ICC decided that England should host the first tournament because it was ready to devote the resources required to organising the inaugural event.<ref name="ENGHOST">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricworld.com/news/wchistory03feb.htm|publisher=cricworld.com|title=The History of World Cup's|access-date=19 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313181419/http://www.cricworld.com/news/wchistory03feb.htm|archive-date=13 March 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> India volunteered to host the third Cricket World Cup, but most ICC members preferred England as the longer period of daylight in England in June meant that a match could be completed in one day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC_HISTORY/WC79_HISTORY.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|title=The 1979 World Cup in England – West Indies retain their title|access-date=19 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523160232/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC_HISTORY/WC79_HISTORY.html|archive-date=23 May 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[1987 Cricket World Cup]] was held in India and Pakistan, the first hosted outside England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC_HISTORY/WC87_HISTORY.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|title=The 1987 World Cup in India and Pakistan – Australia win tight tournament|access-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716040704/http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC_HISTORY/WC87_HISTORY.html|archive-date=16 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many of the tournaments have been jointly hosted by nations from the same geographical region, such as South Asia in 1987, 1996 and 2011, [[Australasia]] (in Australia and New Zealand) in 1992 and 2015, Southern Africa in 2003 and [[West Indies]] in 2007.

In November 2021, ICC published the name of the hosts for ICC events to be played between 2024 and 2031 cycle. The hosts for the 50-over World Cup along with T20 World Cup and Champions Trophy were selected through a competitive bidding process.<ref>{{cite news |title=India to host three ICC events in 2024–31 cycle |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/119866/india-to-get-three-icc-events-in-next-cycle |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024–2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Results==
{{Main|List of Cricket World Cup finals}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:2%;|{{abbr|Ed.|Edition}}
! rowspan="2" style="width:4%;|Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:14%;|Hosts
! rowspan="2" style="width:15%;|Final Venue
|width="1%" rowspan=30 style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top-style:hidden; border-bottom-style:hidden;"|
! colspan=3|Final
|width="1%" rowspan=30 style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top-style:hidden; border-bottom-style:hidden;"|
! rowspan=2|{{abbr|No. of teams|Number of teams}}
|-
! style="width:15%; |Champions
! style="width:30%; |Result
! style="width:15%; |Runners-up
|-
!1
|[[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{Flag|England}}
|[[Lord's]], [[London]]
|'''{{cr|WIN}}''' 291/8 (60 overs)
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[1975 Cricket World Cup final|West Indies won by 17 runs]]''' [http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC75/WI_AUS_WC75_ODI-FINAL_21JUN1975.html (scorecard)]
|{{cr|AUS}} 274 all out (58.4 overs)
| rowspan="4" |8
|-
!2
|[[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{Flag|England}}
|[[Lord's]], [[London]]
|'''{{cr|WIN}}''' 286/9 (60 overs)
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[1979 Cricket World Cup final|West Indies won by 92 runs]]''' [http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC79/WI_ENG_WC79_ODI-FINAL_23JUN1979.html (scorecard)]
|{{cr|ENG}} 194 all out (51 overs)
|-
!3
|[[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{ubl|{{flag|England}} |{{flag|Wales}}}}
|[[Lord's]], [[London]]
|'''{{cr|IND}}''' 183 all out (54.4 overs)
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[1983 Cricket World Cup final|India won by 43 runs]]''' [http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC83/IND_WI_WC83_ODI-FINAL_25JUN1983.html (scorecard)]
|{{cr|WIN}} 140 all out (52 overs)
|-
!4
|[[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{ubl|{{flag|India}} |{{flag|Pakistan}} }}
|[[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
|'''{{cr|AUS}}''' 253/5 (50 overs)
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[1987 Cricket World Cup final|Australia won by 7 runs]]''' [http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC87/AUS_ENG_WC87_ODI-FINAL_08NOV1987.html (scorecard)]
|{{cr|ENG}} 246/8 (50 overs)
|-
!5
|[[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{ubl|{{flag|Australia}}|{{flag|New Zealand}} }}
|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
|'''{{cr|PAK}}''' 249/6 (50 overs)
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[1992 Cricket World Cup final|Pakistan won by 22 runs]]''' [http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC92/PAK_ENG_WC92_ODI-FINAL_25MAR1992.html (scorecard)]
|{{cr|ENG}} 227 all out (49.2 overs)
|9
|-
!6
|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{ubl|{{flag|India}}|{{flag|Pakistan}}|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}}}
|[[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]
|'''{{cr|SRI}}''' 245/3 (46.2 overs)
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[1996 Cricket World Cup final|Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets]]''' [http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC96/WC96-MATCHES/AUS_SL_WC96_ODI-FINAL_17MAR1996.html (scorecard)]
|{{cr|AUS}} 241/7 (50 overs)
| rowspan="2" |12
|-
!7
|[[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{ubl|{{flag|England}} {{efn|England was the sole designated host, but matches were also played in Wales, Scotland, Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands.}}|{{flag|Wales}} |{{flag|Scotland}} |{{flag|Ireland}} |{{flag|Netherlands}} }}
|[[Lord's]], [[London]]
|'''{{cr|AUS}}''' 133/2 (20.1 overs)
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[1999 Cricket World Cup final|Australia won by 8 wickets]]''' [http://aus.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC99/SCORECARDS/FINALS/AUS_PAK_WC99_ODI-FINAL_20JUN1999.html (scorecard)]
|{{cr|PAK}} 132 all out (39 overs)
|-
!8
|[[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{ubl|{{flag|South Africa}} {{efn|[[South Africa]] was the sole designated main host, but matches were also played in Zimbabwe and Kenya.}}|{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |{{flag|Kenya}} }}
|[[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
|'''{{cr|AUS}}''' 359/2 (50 overs)
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[2003 Cricket World Cup final|Australia won by 125 runs]]''' [http://aus.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC2003/SCORECARDS/FINALS/AUS_IND_WC2003_ODI-FINAL_23MAR2003.html (scorecard)]
|{{cr|IND}} 234 all out (39.2 overs)
|14
|-
!9
|[[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{Flag|West Indies}}{{efn|Eight member countries of the [[Cricket West Indies|West Indies Cricket Federation]] hosted matches – Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago.}}
|[[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]
|'''{{cr|AUS}}''' 281/4 (38 overs)
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[2007 Cricket World Cup final|Australia won by 53 runs (D/L)]]''' [http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247507.html (scorecard)]
|{{cr|SRI}} 215/8 (36 overs)
|16
|-
!10
|[[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{ubl|{{flag|India}} |{{flag|Sri Lanka}} |{{flag|Bangladesh}} }}
|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|'''{{cr|IND}}''' 277/4 (48.2 overs)
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[2011 Cricket World Cup final|India won by 6 wickets]]''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/current/match/433606.html (scorecard)]
|{{cr|SRI}} 274/6 (50 overs)
| rowspan="2" |14
|-
!11
|[[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{ubl|{{flag|Australia}} |{{flag|New Zealand}} }}
|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
|'''{{cr|AUS}}''' 186/3 (33.1 overs)
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[2015 Cricket World Cup final|Australia won by 7 wickets]]''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/engine/match/656495.html (scorecard)]
|{{cr|NZ}} 183 all out (45 overs)
|-
!12
|[[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{ubl|{{flag|England}} |{{flag|Wales}} }}
|[[Lord's]], [[London]]
|'''{{cr|ENG}}''' 241 all out (50 overs) 15/0 ([[super over]]) 24 fours, 2 sixes
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[2019 Cricket World Cup final|Match tied (England won on boundaries countback)]]''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/engine/match/1144530.html (scorecard)]
|{{cr|NZ}} 241/8 (50 overs) 15/1 ([[super over]]) 14 fours, 3 sixes
| rowspan="2" |10
|-
!13
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{Flag|India}}
|[[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
|'''{{cr|AUS}}''' 241/4 (43 overs)
| style="text-align:center" |'''[[2023 Cricket World Cup final|Australia won by 6 wickets]]''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/india-vs-australia-final-1384439/full-scorecard (scorecard)]
|{{cr|IND}} 240 all out (50 overs)
|-
!14
|[[2027 Cricket World Cup|2027]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{ubl|{{flag|South Africa}} |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |{{flag|Namibia}} }}
|TBA
|
|
|
| rowspan="2" |14
|-
!15
|2031
| style="text-align:left" |{{ubl|{{flag|India}} |{{flag|Bangladesh}} }}
|TBA
|
|
|
|}

;Notes
{{Notelist}}
===Titles summary===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
!style="width:40%;| Titles
!style="width:40%;| Runners-up
|-
|style="background:gold"|{{cr|AUS}}
|style="background:gold"|'''6''' ([[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]], [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]], [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]], [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]], [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]], [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]])
|style="background:#C0C0C0"|2 ([[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]], [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]])
|-
|style="background:gold"|{{cr|IND}}
|style="background:gold"|'''2''' ([[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]], [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]])
|style="background:#C0C0C0" |2 ([[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]], [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]])
|-
|style="background:gold"|{{cr|WIN}}
|style="background:gold"|'''2''' ([[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]], [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]])
|style="background:#C0C0C0"|1 ([[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]])
|-
|style="background:gold"|{{cr|ENG}}
|style="background:gold"|'''1''' ([[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]])
|style="background:#C0C0C0"|3 ([[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]], [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]], [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]])
|-
|style="background:gold"|{{cr|SL}}
|style="background:gold"|'''1''' ([[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]])
|style="background:#C0C0C0"|2 ([[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]], [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]])
|-
|style="background:gold"|{{cr|PAK}}
|style="background:gold"|'''1''' ([[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]])
|style="background:#C0C0C0"|1 ([[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]])
|-
|style="background:#C0C0C0"|{{cr|NZ}}
|{{NA}}
|style="background:#C0C0C0"|2 ([[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]], [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]])
|}

==Tournament summary==
Twenty nations have qualified for the Cricket World Cup at least once. Six teams have competed in every tournament, five of which have won the title.<ref name="WCHistory"/> The [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]] won the first two tournaments, [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] has won six, [[India national cricket team|India]] has won two, while [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and [[England national cricket team|England]] have each won once. The West Indies ([[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]] and [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]]) and Australia ([[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]], [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]] and [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]]) are the only teams to have won consecutive titles.<ref name="WCHistory"/> Australia has played in eight of the thirteen finals ([[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]], [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]], [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]], [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]], [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]], [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]], [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]] and [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]]). [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] has yet to win the World Cup, but has been runners-up two times ([[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]] and [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]]). The best result by a non-Test playing nation is the semi-final appearance by [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] in the [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]] tournament; while the best result by a non-Test playing team on their debut is the Super 8 (second round) by [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] in [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]].<ref name="WCHistory"/>

Sri Lanka, as a co-host of the [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996 World Cup]], was the first host to win the tournament, though the final was held in Pakistan.<ref name="WCHistory"/> India won in 2011 as host and was the first team to win a final played in their own country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/9444277.stm|title=India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 April 2011|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403035451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/9444277.stm|archive-date=3 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Australia and England repeated the feat in 2015 and 2019 respectively.<ref name="AUS2015"/> Other than this, England in 1979 and India in 2023 made it to the final which was hosted by their country. Other countries which have achieved or equalled their best World Cup results while co-hosting the tournament are Sri Lanka and New Zealand as finalists in 2011 and 2015 respectively, Zimbabwe who reached the Super Six in 2003, and Kenya as semi-finalists in 2003.<ref name="WCHistory"/> In 1987, co-hosts India and Pakistan both reached the semi-finals, but were eliminated by England and Australia respectively.<ref name="WCHistory"/> Australia in 1992, England in 1999, South Africa in 2003, and Bangladesh in 2011 have been host teams that were eliminated in the first round.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2019-05-24 |title=World Cup, 11 editions: How host countries fared |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup/cricket-world-cup-host-countries-england-wales-lords-india/article27228795.ece |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Teams' performances===
An overview of the teams' performances in every World Cup is given below. For each tournament, the number of teams in each finals tournament (in brackets) are shown.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2" {{diagonal split header 2| Team|No. of teams/ Seasons Host(s)}}
!{{small|(8)}} [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]]
!{{small|(8)}} [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]]
!{{small|(8)}} [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]]
!{{small|(8)}} [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]]
!{{small|(9)}} [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]
!{{small|(12)}} [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
!{{small|(12)}} [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]]
!{{small|(14)}} [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]]
!{{small|(16)}} [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]]
!{{small|(14)}} [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]]
!{{small|(14)}} [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]
!{{small|(10)}} [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]]
!{{small|(10)}} [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]]
!{{small|(14)}} [[2027 Cricket World Cup|2027]]
! rowspan="2" |{{tooltip|Apps.|Appearances}}
|-
!{{flagicon|England}}
!{{flagicon|England}}
!{{flagicon|England}} {{flagicon|Wales}}
!{{flagicon|India}} {{flagicon|Pakistan}}
!{{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|New Zealand}}
!{{flagicon|India}} {{flagicon|Pakistan}} {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}}
!{{nobr|{{flagicon|England}} {{flagicon|Wales}}}} {{nobr|{{flagicon|Scotland}} {{flagicon|Ireland}}}} {{flagicon|Netherlands}}
!{{flagicon|South Africa}} {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} {{flagicon|Kenya}}
!{{flagicon|West Indies}}
!{{flagicon|India}} {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} {{flagicon|Bangladesh}}
!{{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|New Zealand}}
!{{flagicon|England}} {{flagicon|Wales}}
!{{flagicon|India}}
!{{flagicon|South Africa}} {{flagicon|Namibia}} {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|AFG|2013}}|| || || || || || || || || || ||GP||10th||6th|| TBD
| 3
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|AUS}}||style="background: silver"|'''RU'''||GP||GP||style="background: gold"|'''W'''||style="border: 3px solid red" | 5th||style="background: silver"|'''RU'''|| style="background: gold" |'''W'''||style="background: gold"|'''W'''|| style="background: gold" |'''W'''||style="background:#ffebcd;"|'''QF'''||style="border: 3px solid red; background: gold"|'''W'''||style="background-color: #cc9966"|'''SF'''|| style="background: gold" |'''W'''|| TBD
| 13
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|BAN}}|| || || || || || ||GP||GP|| 7th ||style="border: 3px solid red" |GP||style="background:#ffebcd;"|'''QF'''||8th||| 8th|| TBD
| 7
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|BER}}|| || || || || || || || ||GP|| || |||| ||
| 1
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|CAN}}|| ||GP|| || || || || ||GP||GP||GP|||||| || TBD
| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|ENG}}|| style="border: 3px solid red; background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="border: 3px solid red; background: silver" |'''RU'''|| style="border: 3px solid red; background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="background: silver" |'''RU'''|| style="background: silver" |'''RU'''|| style="background:#ffebcd;" |'''QF'''||style="border: 3px solid red | GP|| GP || 5th || style="background:#ffebcd;" |'''QF'''||GP|| style="border: 3px solid red; background: gold" |'''W''' || 7th || TBD
| 13
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|IND}}||GP||GP|| style="background: gold" |'''W'''|| style="border: 3px solid red; background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''||7th|| style="border: 3px solid red; background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| 6th|| style="background:silver" |'''RU'''||GP|| style="border: 3px solid red; background: gold" |'''W'''|| style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="border: 3px solid red;background: silver"|'''RU''' || TBD
| 13
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|IRE}}|| || || || || || || || || 8th ||GP||GP|| || || TBD
| 3
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|KEN}}|| || || || || ||GP||GP|| style="border: 3px solid red; background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''||GP||GP|| || || || TBD
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|NAM}}|| || || || || || || ||GP|| || || || || || TBD
| 1
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|NED}}|| || || || || ||GP|| ||GP||GP||GP|| || || 10th || TBD
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|NZ}}|| style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''||GP||GP|| style="border: 3px solid red; background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="background:#ffebcd;" |'''QF'''|| style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| 5th || style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="border: 3px solid red; background: silver" |'''RU'''|| style="background: silver" |'''RU'''|| style="background-color: #cc9966"|'''SF''' || TBD
| 13
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|PAK}}||GP|| style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="border: 3px solid red; background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="background: gold" |'''W'''|| style="border: 3px solid red; background:#ffebcd;" |'''QF'''|| style="background: silver" |'''RU'''||GP||GP|| style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="background:#ffebcd;" |'''QF'''||5th||5th || TBD
| 13
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|SCO}}|| || || || || || ||GP|| ||GP|| ||GP|| || || TBD
| 3
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|SA}}{{efn|name=SAfr}}|| || || || || style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="background:#ffebcd;" |'''QF'''|| style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''||style="border: 3px solid red; |GP|| style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="background:#ffebcd;" |'''QF'''|| style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''||7th|| style="background-color: #cc9966"|'''SF''' || style="border: 3px solid red" | Q
| 9
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|SRI}}||GP||GP||GP||GP||8th|| style="border: 3px solid red; background: gold" |'''W'''||GP|| style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''|| style="background: silver" |'''RU'''|| style="border: 3px solid red; background: silver" |'''RU'''|| style="background:#ffebcd;" |'''QF'''||6th|| 9th || TBD
| 13
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{nobr|{{cr|UAE}}}}|| || || || || ||GP|| || || || ||GP|| || || TBD
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|WIN}}|| style="background: gold" |'''W'''|| style="background: gold" |'''W'''|| style="background: silver" |'''RU'''||GP||6th|| style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''SF'''||GP||GP||style="border: 3px solid red; |6th || style="background:#ffebcd;" |'''QF'''|| style="background:#ffebcd;" |'''QF'''|||9th|| || TBD
| 12
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|ZIM}}|| || ||GP||GP||9th||GP|| 5th || style="border: 3px solid red; |6th ||GP||GP||GP|| || || style="border: 3px solid red" | Q
| 9
|-
! colspan="16" |Defunct teams
|-
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|East Africa}}{{efn|name=EAfr}}|||GP|| || || ||colspan=10 {{n/a}}
| 1
|}

'''Legend'''

*{{bg|gold|W}} – Winner
*{{bg|silver|RU}}– Runner up
*{{bg|#cc9966|SF}}– Semi-finals
*{{bg|#BBF3BB|S6}}– Super Six (1999–2003)
*{{bg|#ffebcd|QF}}– Quarter-finals (1996, 2011–2015)
*{{bg|#ffebcd|S8}}– Super Eight (2007)
*GP – Group stage / First round
*Q – Qualified, Still in Competition
*{{border|width=3px|color=red|   }} — Hosts

===Debutant teams===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Year
!Teams
!Total
|-
|[[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]]
|{{cr|AUS}}, {{cr|East Africa}},{{efn|name=EAfr}} {{cr|ENG}}, {{cr|IND}}, {{cr|NZ}}, {{cr|PAK}}, {{cr|WIN}}, {{cr|SL}}
|8
|-
|[[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]]
|{{cr|CAN}}
|1
|-
|[[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]]
|{{cr|ZIM}}
|1
|-
|[[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]]
|''none''
|0
|-
|[[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]
|{{cr|SA|}}{{efn|name=SAfr}}
|1
|-
|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
|{{cr|KEN}}, {{cr|NED}}, {{cr|UAE}}
|3
|-
|[[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]]
|{{cr|BAN}}, {{cr|SCO}}
|2
|-
|[[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]]
|{{cr|NAM}}
|1
|-
|[[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]]
|{{cr|BER}}, {{cr|IRE}}
|2
|-
|[[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]]
|''none''
|0
|-
|[[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]
|{{cr|AFG|2013}}
|1
|-
|[[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]]
|''none''
|0
|-
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]]
|''none''
|0
|}

===Overview===
The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams over past World Cups, as of the end of the [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 tournament]]. Teams are ordered by best result then by appearances, then by winning percentage, then by total number of wins, total number of number of games, and then alphabetically:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"style="width:150px;"|Team
! colspan=7 | Statistics
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Best performance
|-
!width=30|Apps
!width=30|{{abbr|Mat.|Matches Played}}
!width=30|Won
!width=30|Lost
!width=30|Tie
!width=30|NR
!width=30|Win%*
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Australia}}
|13||105||78||25||1||1||75.48||style="background:gold;" | Champions {{small|([[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]], [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]], [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]], [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]], [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]], [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|India}}
|13||95||63||30||1||1||67.55||style="background:gold;" | Champions {{small|([[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]], [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|West Indies}}
|12||80||43||35||0||2||55.12||style="background:gold;" | Champions {{small|([[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]], [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|England}}
|13||93||52||39||1||1||57.14||style="background:gold;" | Champions {{small|([[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Pakistan}}
|13||88||49||37||0||2||56.97||style="background:gold;" | Champions {{small|([[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Sri Lanka}}
|13||89||40||46||1||2||46.55||style="background:gold;" | Champions {{small|([[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|New Zealand}}
|13||99||59||38||1||1||60.71||style="background-color: silver" | Runners-up {{small|([[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]], [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|South Africa}}
|9||74||45||26||2||1||63.01||style="background-color: #cc9966" | Semi-finals {{small|([[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]], [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]], [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]], [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]], [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Kenya}}
|5||29||6||22||0||0||21.42||style="background-color: #cc9966"| Semi-finals {{small|([[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Zimbabwe}}
|9||57||11||42||1||3||21.29||{{sort|5.4|Super 6s}} {{small|([[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]], [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Bangladesh}}
|7||49||16||32||0||1||33.33||{{sort|7.4|Super 8s}} {{small|([[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]])}} & {{sort|7.4|Quarter-finals}} ([[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]])
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Ireland}}
|3||21||7||13||1||0||35.71||{{sort|7.5|Super 8s}} {{small|([[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Netherlands}}
|5||29||4||25||0||0||13.79||{{sort|9.2|Group stage}} {{small|([[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]], [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]], [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]], [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]], [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Canada}}
|4||18||2||16||0||0||11.11||{{sort|9.2|Group stage}} {{small|([[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]], [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]], [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]], [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]])}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{Cr|AFG|2013}}}}
|3||24||5||19||0||0||20.83||{{sort|9.5|Group stage}} {{small|([[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]], [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]], [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Scotland}}
|3||14||0||14||0||0||0.00||{{sort|9.3|Group stage}} {{small|([[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]], [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]], [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{nowrap|{{Cr|UAE}}}}
|2||11||1||10||0||0||9.09||{{sort|9.4|Group stage}} {{small|([[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]], [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Namibia}}
|1||6||0||6||0||0||0.00||{{sort|9.5|Group stage}} {{small|([[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]])}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Bermuda}}
|1||3||0||3||0||0||0.00||{{sort|9.5|Group stage}} {{small|([[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]])}}
|-
! colspan="11" |Defunct teams
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{cr|East Africa}}{{efn|name=EAfr}}
|1||3||0||3||0||0||0.00||{{sort|9.5|Group stage}} {{small|([[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]])}}
|-
!colspan=11|{{smalldiv|1={{Updated|19 November 2023}} Source: [http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?id=12;type=trophy ESPNcricinfo]}}
|}

''Note:''
* {{small|The Win percentage excludes no results and counts ties as half a win.}}
* {{small|Teams are sorted by their best performance, then winning percentage, then (if equal) by alphabetical order.}}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=EAfr|Disbanded in 1989}}
{{efn|name=SAfr|Before the 1992 World Cup, South Africa were banned due to [[apartheid]]}}
}}

==Tournament records==
{{main|List of Cricket World Cup records|Cricket World Cup awards}}

[[File:Sachin Tendulkar at MRF Promotion Event.jpg|right|thumbnail|[[Sachin Tendulkar]], most runs in World Cup history]]
[[File:Glenn McGrath in Circular Quay, Sydney, Australia, 2018-02-03.jpg|thumbnail|[[Glenn McGrath]], most wickets in World Cup history]]
[[File:Kumar Sangakkara bat in hand.JPG|thumbnail|[[Kumar Sangakkara]], most dismissals in World Cup history]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+World Cup records<ref>All records are based on statistics at [[Cricinfo]].com's list of [http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/index.html?id=12;type=trophy World Cup records] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103091603/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/WC/ |date=3 January 2007 }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="3" | Batting
|-
|Most runs
|{{cricon|India}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|2,278 ([[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]–[[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]])
|-
|Highest individual score
| {{cricon|New Zealand}} [[Martin Guptill]] v {{Flag|West Indies}}
|237[[not out|*]] ([[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]])
|-
|Highest [[partnership (cricket)|partnership]]
| {{cricon|West Indies}} [[Chris Gayle]] & [[Marlon Samuels]] (2nd wicket) v {{cr|Zimbabwe}}
|372 ([[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]])
|-
|Most runs in a single world cup
|{{cricon|India}} [[Virat Kohli]]
|765 ([[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]])
|-
|Most hundreds
|{{cricon|India}} [[Rohit Sharma]]
|7 ([[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]–[[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]])
|-
|Most hundreds in a single world cup
|{{cricon|IND}} [[Rohit Sharma]]
|5 ([[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]])
|-
! colspan="3" | Bowling
|-
|Most wickets
|{{cricon|Australia}} [[Glenn McGrath]]
|71 ([[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]–[[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]])
|-
|Best bowling figures
|{{cricon|Australia}} [[Glenn McGrath]] v {{cr|Namibia}}
|7/15 ([[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]])
|-
|Most wickets in a single world cup
|{{cricon|Australia}} [[Mitchell Starc]]
|27 ([[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]])
|-
! colspan="3" | Fielding
|-
|Most dismissals ([[wicket-keeper]])
|{{cricon|Sri Lanka}} [[Kumar Sangakkara]]
|54 ([[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]]–[[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]])
|-
|Most catches ([[fielding (cricket)|fielder]])
|{{cricon|Australia}} [[Ricky Ponting]]
|28 ([[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]–[[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]])
|-
! colspan="3" | Team
|-
|Highest score
|{{cr|South Africa}} v {{cr|Sri Lanka|srilanka}}
|428/5 vs 326/10 ([[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]])
|-
|Lowest score
|{{cr|Canada}} v {{cr|Sri Lanka}}
|36 ([[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]])
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book
| last=Browning
| first=Mark
| title=A complete history of World Cup Cricket
| publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]
| year=1999
| isbn=0-7318-0833-9 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{official website|https://www.cricketworldcup.com/}}
* {{ESPNcricinfo 2|trophy|id=world-cup-12}}

{{Navboxes|title=Cricket World Cup |list=
{{Cricket World Cup}}
{{Countries at the Cricket World Cup}}
{{ICC Cricket World Cup winners}}
{{Man of the Match in ICC Cricket World Cup Final}}
{{Player of the Series in ICC Cricket World Cup}}
}}
{{International cricket}}
{{Main world cups}}
{{Main world championships}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cricket World Cup|*]]
[[Category:International Cricket Council events|ODI]]
[[Category:World championships in cricket|ODI]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1975]]

Ethnic relations in India

2026-03-22T02:41:01Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
'''Ethnic relations in India''' have historically been complex. It refers to attitudes and behaviours toward peoples of other [[ethnicity|ethnicities]] or [[Race (human categorization)|races]]. India is ethnically diverse, with more than 2,000 different ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite web|title=Background Note: India |author=US Department of State |date=17 April 2012 |url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618165336/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm |archive-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> There is also significant diversity within regions, and almost every [[States and union territories of India|state]] and several [[List of districts in India|districts]] has its own distinct mixture of ethnicities, traditions, and culture. Throughout the history of India, ethnic relations have been both positive (as with mutual cultural influences) and negative (as with [[discrimination]] against other ethnicities).

==Public attitudes==

Usually, people in different regions respect each other's cultures and traditions. According to local sources, [[unity in diversity]] has been growing in India, making the country more tolerant.<ref>{{cite news|title=Unity in diversity is basis for India|url= https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ldquoUnity-in-diversity-is-basis-for-Indiardquo/article15958467.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 January 2010|location=[[Dindigul]], India}}</ref>

In 2013, [[World Values Survey]] reported 43.5% of Indians responded that they would prefer not to have neighbors of a different race.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WVS Database (2005-2009, Question V35)|url=http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp?WAVE=5|access-date=2020-11-26|website=World Values Survey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 May 2013|title=A fascinating map of the world's most and least racially tolerant countries|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/05/15/a-fascinating-map-of-the-worlds-most-and-least-racially-tolerant-countries/|access-date=2020-11-26|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The most recent survey, however, in 2016, conducted by the World Values Survey, found that 25.6% of the people living in India would not want a person of a different race to be their neighbour.<ref>[http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp World Values Survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908124210/http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp |date=2019-09-08 }}, CERRSE, Jain University on behalf of Institute for Comparative Survey Research, Table V37</ref>

== Ethnic discrimination among Indian groups ==

===Racism against North-East Indians in other states of India===
In recent years discrimination against people from [[North-East India]] has been reported. In 2007, the ''North East Support Centre & Helpline (NESC&H)'' was started as a separate wing of All India Christian Council. Its stated goal is to increase awareness regarding prejudice and attacks against people from North-East India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nehelpline.net/?page_id=193|title=About NE Support Centre & Helpline|date=5 January 2011|publisher=North East Support Centre & Helpline|access-date=14 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016110755/http://nehelpline.net/?page_id=193|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many North-Eastern Indians face discrimination; are refused living accommodations when they travel to urban areas to study;<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi won't lend a home to students from northeast|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-won-t-lend-a-home-to-students-from-northeast/Article1-1105466.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809065540/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-won-t-lend-a-home-to-students-from-northeast/Article1-1105466.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=9 August 2013|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> and are subjected to racial slurs<ref>{{cite news|title=Students from North East tired of discrimination|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/students-from-north-east-tired-of-discrimination-10607|access-date=14 August 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=26 October 2009|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> in reference to the appearance of their eyes. A spokesman for the NESC&H has stated that abuse and harassment of North-Easterners is increasing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaedunews.net/in-focus/June_2009/Northeast_students_question_%27racism%27_in_India_8316|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625063342/http://indiaedunews.net/In-Focus/June_2009/Northeast_students_question_%27racism%27_in_India_8316/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 June 2009|title=Northeast students question 'racism' in India|date=6 June 2009|publisher=India edunews|access-date=13 August 2013}}</ref> Instances of [[Discrimination and sexual violence against Northeastern Indians]] have also been documented, particularly against women migrating to metropolitan areas.

===Racism in Assam and other North-Eastern States===
In Assam India, there have been many attacks on those from outside the region. In 2007, thousands of [[Hindi]]-speaking labourers fled from Assam after a series of massacres and bomb attacks. In May 2007, nine of them were killed and another 20 injured in violent attacks.<ref>Subir Bhaumik (23 May 2007). "[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6683767.stm Persecution of Assam's Hindi speakers]". BBC</ref> The next month, 26 people from other parts of India were killed in a series of attacks over a period of six days. The police blamed [[United Liberation Front of Assam]] (ULFA) and the [[Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front|Karbi Longri National Liberation Front]] for the violence.<ref>[[Wasbir Hussain]] (12 August 2007). "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/11/AR2007081100464_pf.html 30 Killed in Northeast Violence in India]". Washington Post.</ref> In response, the members of Purvottar Hindustani Sammelan (PHS) staged a [[hunger strike]] in [[Dispur]] to protest against the "merciless killings of innocent and defenceless Hindi-speaking people."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140611044217/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1321800621.html Hindustani Sammelan stages fast-unto-death]". Hindustan Times. 17 August 2007.</ref> Overall, 98 non-locals were killed in Assam during 2007.<ref>"[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/data_sheets/militenetattack.htm Militant Attacks on Non-Locals in Assam]". SATP. Retrieved 4 February 2014.</ref>

In March and April 2008, a banned [[Meitei people|Meitei]] outfit killed 16 non-locals in Manipur.<ref>"[http://www.upi.com/Emerging_Threats/2008/04/18/Manipur-rebels-kill-Hindi-speakers/UPI-20441208560399/#ixzz2sIa9ZyjG Manipur rebels kill Hindi speakers]". UPI. 18 June 2008.</ref> PHS alleged that anti-social groups in Assam were carrying out a continuous hate campaign against the Hindi speakers in the region.<ref>"[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-allegation-of-harrassment-of-hindi-speaking-people-1171553 Allegation of harassment of Hindi-speaking people]". DNA. 16 June 2008.</ref>

In May 2009, nine Hindi speakers were killed in Assam and Manipur, after the attackers set around 70 houses on fire.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140313013833/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nine-hindi-speaking-people-among-12-killed-in-northeast/article1-409905.aspx Nine Hindi-speaking people among 12 killed in Northeast]". Hindustan Times. 12 May 2009.</ref>

During 8–10 November 2010, 21 Hindi, [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Nepali language|Nepali]] speakers were killed by a faction of the NDFB in Assam.<ref>"[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/nine-attacks-since-monday-toll-now-22/708839/ Nine attacks since Monday, toll now 22]". Indian Express. 10 November 2010.</ref>

In [[Meghalaya]], the non-indigenous people (who are collectively called ''Dkhars'') are often targets of militant groups.<ref>T. Haokip, "[https://www.academia.edu/2227014/Inter-Ethnic_Relations_in_Meghalaya Inter-Ethnic Relations in Meghalaya]", ''Asian Ethnicity'', 15:3, 302-316, DOI: 10.1080/14631369.2013.853545</ref>

On 3 May 2023, [[2023–2024 Manipur violence|ethnic violence erupted]] in India's north-eastern state of [[Manipur]] between the [[Meitei people]], a majority that lives in the [[Imphal Valley]], and the [[Kuki people|Kuki-Zo]] tribal community from the surrounding hills, resulting in 60,000 people displaced from their homes and hundreds more dead and hospitalized.<ref>
{{cite news |date=22 July 2023 |first=Patricia |last=Mukhim |title=Can Manipur ever trust India again? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/7/22/can-manipur-ever-trust-india-again |work=Al Jazeera}}
</ref>

'''Racism against Biharis'''

Biharis migrants working to study in India faced severe discrimination. Delhi and Punjab had the highest rates of discrimination against Biharis following [[Maharashtra|Maharastra]].

== Racism against foreigners ==
=== Background ===
India has emerged as a growing destination for [[higher education]] among students from various African countries owing to a shortage of universities in many African countries, the English medium education provided by many Indian universities and the relative affordability of higher education in India as compared to developed countries of the West. In addition the Indian government has launched programmes such as "Study in India" to promote more African International students to study in India, and announced 50,000 scholarships for African students over a period of 5 years in 2016. In 2014 there were over 10,000 African students in India, mostly of Sudanese, Nigerian, and Kenyan origin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Sandip |date=4 April 2017 |title=The Ugly Side Of Being An African Student In India |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/04/04/522453520/the-ugly-side-of-being-an-african-student-in-india |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> These African students face widespread discrimination from their Indian peers, threat of violence, workplace discrimination with them getting a lower pay and struggling to find part-time jobs despite the rules making internships mandatory, and many face difficulty finding housing and have to pay far higher for it than native residents.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='Study in India' and India's African Dilemma |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/06/study-in-india-and-indias-african-dilemma/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Violence and discrimination ===
Incidents of violence against African students in North, South and West India are widespread with some being widely covered by local, national and international media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-30 |title=A grim reality |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/attack-on-african-students-congolese-delhi-government-editorial-a-grim-reality-2824881/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-06-10 |title='We are scared' _ Africans in India say racism is constant |url=https://apnews.com/article/16e59225cccd4e1c9ed9d0f664c2cdc4 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> These include the murder of a 29 year old Congolese national, Masonda Ketada Olivier, in May 2016, who was beaten to death by 3 men in [[South Delhi]] over a fight about hiring an [[auto rickshaw]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-21 |title=29-year-old Congolese man killed in Delhi, police probe racism angle |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/23-year-old-african-national-beaten-to-death-in-delhi-s-vasant-kunj/story-zwkp2CXlI5yE2DQfOdDSCM.html |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> This incident triggered widespread condemnation from African students in India, the African Heads of Mission in New Delhi, along with local backlash against Indian minorities in [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-26 |title=Shops of Indians in Congo attacked after murder of African man in Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shops-of-indians-in-congo-attacked-after-murder-of-congolese-man-in-delhi/story-NTdcUONGNwFpRJ4MCcgmnN.html |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2015, 4 men from the [[Ivory Coast]] were assaulted by a mob in the city of [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Africans Allegedly Attacked by Mob in Bengaluru |url=https://www.ndtv.com/bangalore-news/4-africans-allegedly-attacked-by-mob-in-bengaluru-745924 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In 2020, in [[Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand's]] [[Roorkee Institute of Technology]], 2 African students, Ibrahim a Nigerian-Guinean and Benjamin a Ghanaian were attacked by a group of security guards, with Ibrahim being dragged from the second to the ground floor and Benjamin being hit by bamboo sticks. This incident led to the arrest of the Director of the institution along with 7 other individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2020-07-16 |title=2 African Students Brutalised in Roorkee College, Director Nabbed |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/2-african-students-brutalised-in-roorkee-college-director-nabbed |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

Following incidents of violence, the [[Delhi Police|Delhi police]] in 2017 created a special helpline for Africans residing in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] as part of their outreach program to assure them of their safety and security.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-30 |title=Police launch special helpline for Africans living in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/police-launch-special-helpline-for-africans-living-in-india-attack-noida-assault-4591739/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

African students in North, South anf West India are stereotyped as drug dealers, prostitutes, or even cannibals.<ref name=":1" /> In one incident in [[Greater Noida]] in 2017, the African students in the city faced violence and hostility following the death of Manish Khari, a class 12 student. The locals suspected the students of cannibalism and blamed them for his death, police arrested 5 students following local pressure, however released them subsequently as no evidence was found against them. The police had to request the students to stay indoors until their safety could be guaranteed and made arrests for the racial violence, however the local unit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Hindu Yuva Vahini]] petitioned the police to stop making any further arrests among those booked for the incidents.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Africans Are Cannibals,' and Other Toxic Indian Tales |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/african-cannibals-says-indians |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

=== Causes ===
The racist attitude of many Indians towards Africans has been attributed to the widespread ignorance about the continent in the country, with many Indians being unaware of the existence of many African countries and the true extent of the diversity across the continent. Cultural attitudes and differences in clothing and language along with widespread skin colour-based discrimination have also contributed to xenophobic attitudes among many in the country.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhushan |first=Shambhavi |date=2021-08-11 |title=Africans in India: When Will Racism, Violence, and Discrimination End? |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/africans-in-india-when-will-racism-violence-and-discrimination-end-opinion |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Racial Prejudice Is Jeopardising Ties With African Nations |url=https://thewire.in/rights/india-racism-african-foreign-students |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

=== Discrimination by police and government authorities ===
African students are routine targets of deportation by various police forces in Northern, Southern and Western states due to purported overstaying of their visas. In July 2016, the Bangalore Police prepared a list of 1500 African students who were reported to be overstaying in the country and had no valid visas, and intended to deport them by the month's end. The students however contended that they are forced to overstay owing to bureaucratic hurdles in extending their visas or getting bona fide certificates from their colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-06 |title=Bengaluru Police May Deport Over 1500 African Students for Overstaying |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bengaluru-police-plans-to-deport-over-1500-african-students-for-overstaying-1266317.html |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The Banglore Police sent 14 Africans to a detention center in December 2022 due to them overstaying their visas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-22 |title=Bengaluru police send 14 overstaying Africans to detention centre |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-crime/bengaluru-police-send-14-overstaying-africans-to-detention-centre-1173941.html |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The police also further spread the stereotype of African students being drug dealers by conducting routine narcotic searches and handling their deportation through their anti-drugs departments. In January 2023, in Delhi a mob of 150-200 nationals of African countries surrounded and managed to free 2 out of the 3 Nigerian nationals who were going to be deported by the anti-narcotics cell for overstaying their visas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huge Mob Attacks Delhi Cops After 3 Nigerians Detained For Overstaying |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/africans-attack-police-in-delhi-delhi-cops-arrest-3-on-drug-charge-foreigners-mob-brings-them-back-3673261 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In 2020, the [[Director general of police|DGP]] of [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] issued a circular prohibiting the use of racial terms in official records, after the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] took objection to the use of the term "negro" in the records and ordered the DGP to sensitize police officers about racial issues to prevent the use of such terms in official records.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-04 |title=HC appreciates Punjab Police decision prohibiting use of racial terms in records |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/hc-appreciates-punjab-police-prohibiting-racial-terms-records-6489601/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2014, the then Law Minister of the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government]], [[Somnath Bharti|Somnath Bharati]] conducted a midnight raid on the homes of African nationals living in Khirki Extension in South Delhi. The raids were conducted over alleged drug and sex trafficking, following the raids 100 out of the 300 students residing there left the locality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi: After Somnath Bharti's midnight raid, Africans live in fear, move to other areas |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-after-somnath-bhartis-midnight-raid-africans-live-in-fear-move-to-other-areas-548816 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==See also==

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Anti-Muslim sentiment]]
* [[Anti-Bihari sentiment]]
* [[Caste system in India]]
* [[Communalism (South Asia)]]
* [[Human rights in India]]
* [[Nido Taniam]]
* [[1991 anti-Tamil violence in Karnataka]]
* [[2008 attacks on Uttar Pradeshi and Bihari migrants in Maharashtra]]
*[[2023-2025 Manipur violence]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Asia topic|Racism in}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Discrimination}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Society of India]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Racism by country|India]]
[[Category:Racism in India| ]]
[[Category:Racism in Asia|India]]

Emblem of Assam

2026-03-20T12:02:30Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: cleanup

{{Infobox coat of arms
| name = Emblem of Assam
| image = File:Seal of Assam.svg
| image_width = 250
| middle =
| middle_width =
| middle_caption =
| lesser =
| lesser_width =
| lesser_caption =
| armiger = The [[Government of Assam]]
| year_adopted =
| crest =
| torse =
| shield = [[Emblem of India]]
| supporters =
| compartment =
| motto = "Oxom Sorkar" and "Government of Assam"
| orders =
| other_elements =
| earlier_versions =
| use =
}}
{{short description|Seal of Assam state}}
At present the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Assam]] in [[India]] has not adopted a distinctive emblem for government use and instead uses the national [[emblem of India]] with the words "Oxom Sorkar" above and "Government of Assam" below.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaAssam.htm|title=ASSAM|website=www.hubert-herald.nl}}</ref> In February 2022, the Government of Assam decided to form a committee to consider the design for a distinctive emblem for the state.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/assam/assam-cabinet-constitutes-committee-to-finalise-state-emblem | title=Assam Cabinet Constitutes Committee to Finalise State Emblem }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.time8.in/breaking-assam-to-have-distinctive-state-emblem-committee-formed/ | title=BREAKING: Assam to have distinctive 'State Emblem'; Committee formed | date=2 February 2022 }}</ref>

==Historical emblems==
[[Assam Province]] of [[British Raj|British India]] used an emblem that depicted a black rhinoceros on a gold background.

<gallery>
File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|Emblem of [[Ahom kingdom]] (1228–1826).
</gallery>

==Emblems of autonomous district councils in Assam==

Some of the [[autonomous district council]]s within Assam have adopted distinctive emblems to represent themselves.

<gallery>
File:Emblem of Bodoland.png|[[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodoland]]
File:Deori Autonomous Council emblem.png|[[Deori Autonomous Council|Deori]]
File:Kamatapur Autonomous Council logo.png|[[Kamatapur Autonomous Council|Kamatapur]]
File:Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council logo.jpg|[[Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council|Karbi Anglong]]
File:Matak Autonomous Council logo.png|[[Matak Autonomous Council|Matak]]
File:Mising Autonomous Council logo.png|[[Mising Autonomous Council|Mising]]
File:Emblem of North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council.png|[[North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council|North Cachar Hills]]
File:Emblem of Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council.png|[[Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council|Rabha Hasong]]
File:Sonowal Kachari Autonomous Council.png|[[Sonowal Kachari Autonomous Council|Sonowal Kachari]]
File:Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council.png|[[Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council|Thengal Kachari]]
</gallery>

==Government banner==
The government of Assam can be represented by a banner displaying the emblem of the state on a white field.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreamstime.com/assam-state-india-flag-textile-cloth-fabric-waving-top-sunrise-mist-fog-assam-state-india-flag-textile-cloth-fabric-image127909902|title=Assam State Of India Flag Textile Cloth Fabric Waving On The Top Sunrise Mist Fog Stock Illustration - Illustration of background, arms: 127909902|website=Dreamstime}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Assam state symbols]]
* [[National Emblem of India]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian state emblems}}

[[Category:Government of Assam]]
[[Category:Indian state seals|Assam]]
[[Category:Symbols of Assam]]

{{Assam-stub}}
{{Heraldry-stub}}

List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh

2026-03-17T14:12:14Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori:

{{Short description|None}}
[[File:India Andhra Pradesh location map (current).svg|alt=AP State Districts & Revenue Divisions|thumb|Andhra Pradesh State Districts and Revenue Divisions]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

Revenue Divisions are the administrative divisions in districts of some of the [[India]]n states. These divisions are sub-divided into [[mandal]]s. The mandals are in turn divided into [[villages]] and [[hamlets]]. There are 79 revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh. Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO) or [[Sub Collector]] is the head of the division.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tax administration|url=http://www.saiindia.gov.in/english/home/our_products/audit_report/government_wise/state_audit/recent_reports/Andhra_Pradesh/2014/Report_4/Chap_4.pdf|website=Comptroller and Auditor General of India|access-date=16 January 2015|page=63|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619204347/http://www.saiindia.gov.in/english/home/our_products/audit_report/government_wise/state_audit/recent_reports/Andhra_Pradesh/2014/Report_4/Chap_4.pdf|archive-date=19 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== List of revenue divisions ==

The below table details the revenue divisions with respect to their districts.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Mandals|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/1%20ADMINISTRATIVE%20AND%20GEOGRAPHICAL%20PROFILE.pdf|publisher=Andhra Pradesh State Portal|access-date=25 August 2014|page=8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603172005/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/1%20ADMINISTRATIVE%20AND%20GEOGRAPHICAL%20PROFILE.pdf|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:500px;"
|-
! No!! District !! No. of Divisions !! Revenue Divisions !! Revenue Divisions Map !! {{Tooltip | Ref | References}}
|-
|01
| [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] || style="text-align:center"|3 ||
[[Srikakulam revenue division|Srikakulam]], [[Palasa revenue division|Palasa]], [[Tekkali revenue division|Tekkali]]
|
|
|-
|02
| [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]] || style="text-align:center"|3 ||
[[Vizianagaram revenue division|Vizianagaram]], [[Bobbili revenue division|Bobbili]], [[Cheepurupalli revenue division|Cheepurupalli]]
|
|
|-
|03
| [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]] || style="text-align:center"| 2 ||
[[Parvathipuram revenue division|Parvathipuram]], [[Palakonda revenue division|Palakonda]]
|
|
|-
|04
| [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]] || style="text-align:center"| 1 ||
[[Paderu revenue division|Paderu]]
|
|
|-
|05
| [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] || style="text-align:center"|2 ||
[[Visakhapatnam revenue division|Visakhapatnam]], [[Bheemunipatnam revenue division|Bheemunipatnam]]
|
|
|-
|06
| [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]] || style="text-align:center"| 3 ||
[[Anakapalli revenue division|Anakapalli]],[[Adduroad Junction revenue division|Adduroad Junction]], [[Narsipatnam revenue division|Narsipatnam]]
|
|
|-
|07
| [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]] || style="text-align:center"| 2 ||
[[Kakinada revenue division|Kakinada]], [[Peddapuram revenue division|Peddapuram]]
|
|
|-
|08
| [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]] || style="text-align:center"| 3 ||
[[Amalapuram revenue division|Amalapuram]], [[Kothapeta revenue division|Kothapeta]], [[Ramachandrapuram revenue division|Ramachandrapuram]]
|
|
|-
|09
| [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]] || style="text-align:center"| 2 ||
[[Rajahmundry revenue division|Rajahmundry]], [[Kovvur revenue division|Kovvur]]
|
|
|-
|10
| [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]] || style="text-align:center"| 2 ||
[[Rampachodavaram revenue division|Rampachodavaram]], [[Chinturu revenue division|Chinturu]]
|
|
|-
|11
| [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] || style="text-align:center"| 3 ||
[[Bhimavaram Revenue Division|Bhimavaram]], [[Narasapuram revenue division|Narasapuram]], [[Tadepalligudem revenue division|Tadepalligudem]]
|
|
|-
|12
|[[Eluru district|Eluru]] || style="text-align:center"| 3 ||
[[Eluru revenue division|Eluru]], [[Jangareddygudem revenue division|Jangareddygudem]], [[Nuzividu revenue division|Nuzividu]]
|
|
|-
|13
| [[Krishna district|Krishna]] || style="text-align:center"| 3 ||
[[Gudivada revenue division|Gudivada]], [[Machilipatnam revenue division|Machilipatnam]], [[Vuyyuru revenue division|Vuyyuru]]
|
|
|-
|14
| [[NTR district|NTR]] || style="text-align:center"| 3 ||
[[Vijayawada revenue division|Vijayawada]], [[Nandigama revenue division|Nandigama]], [[Tiruvuru revenue division|Tiruvuru]]
| [[File:NTR district Revenue divisions.png|thumb|NTR district revenue divisions]]
|
|-
|15
| [[Guntur district|Guntur]] || style="text-align:center"| 2 ||
[[Guntur revenue division|Guntur]], [[Tenali revenue division|Tenali]]
|
|
|-
|16
| [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]] || style="text-align:center"| 3 ||
[[Narasaraopet revenue division|Narasaraopet]], [[Sattenapalle revenue division|Sattenapalle]], [[Gurazala revenue division|Gurazala]]
|
|
|-
|17
|[[Bapatla district|Bapatla]] || style="text-align:center"| 3 ||
[[Bapatla revenue division|Bapatla]], [[Chirala revenue division|Chirala]], [[Repalle revenue division|Repalle]]
|
|
|-
|18
| [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]] || style="text-align:center"| 2||
[[Markapur revenue division|Markapur]], [[Kanigiri revenue division|Kanigiri]]
|
|
|-
|19
| [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]] || style="text-align:center"| 3 ||
[[Ongole revenue division|Ongole]],[[Kandukur revenue division|Kandukur]],[[Addanki revenue division|Addanki]]
|
|
|-
|20
| [[Nellore district|Nellore]] || style="text-align:center"| 4 ||
[[Nellore revenue division|Nellore]], [[Atmakur revenue division, Nellore district|Atmakur]], [[Gudur revenue division|Gudur]], [[Kavali revenue division|Kavali]]
|
|
|-
|21
| [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]] || style="text-align:center"|3 ||
[[Kurnool revenue division|Kurnool]], [[Adoni revenue division|Adoni]], [[Pattikonda revenue division|Pattikonda]]
| [[File:Kurnool District Revenue Divisions.png|alt=Adoni Revenue Division, Pattikonda Revenue Division|thumb|Kurnool District Revenue Divisions]]
|
|-
|22
| [[Nandyal district|Nandyala]] || style="text-align:center"| 4 ||
[[Nandyal revenue division|Nandyala]], [[Atmakur revenue division, Nandyal district|Atmakur]],[[Banaganapalle revenue division|Banaganapalle]], [[Dhone revenue division|Dhone]]
|[[File:Nandyal District Revenue Divisions.png|alt=Nandyal district revenue divisions|thumb|Nandyala district revenue divisions]]
|
|-
|23
| [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]|| style="text-align:center" | 3 ||
[[Anantapuramu revenue division|Anantapuramu]], [[Guntakal revenue division|Guntakal]], [[Kalyandurg revenue division|Kalyandurg]]
|[[File:Anantapuram Revenue Divisions.png|alt=Anantapuram Revenue Division, Guntakal Revenue Division, Kalyanadurgam Revenue Division|thumb|Anantapuram Districts Revenue Divisions]]
|
|-
|24
| [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]] || style="text-align:center"|5 ||
[[Puttaparthi revenue division|Puttaparthi]],[[Madakasira revenue division|Madakasira]], [[Penukonda revenue division|Penukonda]], [[Dharmavaram revenue division|Dharmavaram]], [[Kadiri revenue division|Kadiri]]
|[[File:SSSDistrict.png|alt=Puttaparthi Revenue Division, Penukonda Revenue Division, Dharmavaram Revenue Division, Kadiri Revenue Division|thumb|Sri Sathya Sai District Revenue Divisions]]
|
|-
|25
| [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]] || style="text-align:center"|5 ||
[[Kadapa revenue division|Kadapa]], [[Jammalamadugu revenue division|Jammalamadugu]], [[Badvel revenue division|Badvel]], [[Pulivendula revenue division|Pulivendula]],[[Rajampeta revenue division|Rajampeta]]
|[[File:New Kadapa District Revenue Divisions.png|alt=Pulivendula Revenue Division, Badvel Revenue Division|thumb|Kadapa District Revenue Divisions]]
|
|-
|26
|[[Annamayya district|Annamayya]] || style="text-align:center"| 3 ||
[[Madanapalle revenue division|Madanapalle]], [[Pileru revenue division|Pileru]],[[Rayachoti revenue division|Rayachoti]]
|[[File:Revenue Divisions Of Annamayya.png|thumb|Annamayya District Revenue Divisions]]
|
|-
|27
| [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]] || style="text-align:center"|3 ||
[[Tirupati revenue division|Tirupati]], [[Srikalahasti revenue division|Srikalahasti]], [[Sullurupeta revenue division|Sulurupeta]]
| [[File:Revenue divisions in Tirupati district.jpg|alt=Tirupati District|thumb|Tirupati District Revenue Divisions]]
|
|-
|28
| [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] || style="text-align:center"| 4
|| [[Chittoor revenue division, Andhra Pradesh|Chittoor]], [[Palamaner revenue division|Palamaner]], [[Nagari revenue division|Nagari]], [[Kuppam revenue division|Kuppam]]
| [[File:Chittoor District Revenue Divisions Map.png|alt=Chittoor District, Kuppam Division, Palamaneru Division, Nagari Division|thumb|Chittoor District Revenue Divisions]]
|
|-
|
| '''''Total Revenue Divisions''''' || style="text-align:center"|79 || || ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}
{{Andhra Pradesh|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh-related lists|Divisions]]
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh| ]]

Robert Melville Grindlay

2026-03-14T20:49:13Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: expanded content

{{Short description|British soldier, banker and artist (1786–1877)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]]
| name = Robert Melville Grindlay
| post-nominals = [[Royal Society of Arts|FRSA]] [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|MRAS]] [[Zoological Society of London|FZS]] [[Royal Horticultural Society|FRHS]] [[Royal Botanic Society|FRBS]]
| image = Robert Melville Grindlay.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Engraving of Capt. R M Grindlay
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1786|10|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Marylebone]], London, England
| baptised = 17 November 1786
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1877|12|09|1786|10|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Nice]], [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], France
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Soldier|Artist|[[Drafter|Draughtsman]]|Banker|[[Shipping agent|Agent]]|Author|}}
| years_active =
| known_for = Banking to the [[British Empire]] 
Paintings of the [[Indian subcontinent]]
| title = *Founder of [[Grindlays Bank]]
*[[Aide-de-camp]] of the [[List of governors of Bombay Presidency|Governor]] of the [[Bombay Presidency]] ([[Evan Nepean|Sir Evan Nepean]])
*Captain of [[114th Mahrattas|2nd Battalion of the 7th Bombay Native Infantry]] ([[East India Company]] – [[Bombay Army]])
*Secretary of the Committee of [[Embarkation]] of [[Bombay]]
*London agent of the Steam Committees of [[Calcutta]] and [[Madras]]
| boards =
| spouse = Maria Susannah Grindlay (née [[Kommerell|Commerell]]) (m. 1821)
| children = Robert Melville Grindlay (son)
| mother = Elizabeth Grindlay
| father = The Rev. Dr John Grindlay
| relatives = [[#Footnotes|See footnotes]]
| family = [[Grindlay family|Grindlay]]
| awards =
| website =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
}}

[[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] '''Robert Melville Grindlay''' [[Royal Society of Arts|FRSA]] [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|MRAS]] [[Zoological Society of London|FZS]] [[Royal Horticultural Society|FRHS]] [[Royal Botanic Society|FRBS]]{{ref|RMG1|[a]}} (23 October 1786 – 9 December 1877) was a British soldier, artist, and banker during the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name="Tyson">{{Cite book |last=Tyson |first=Geoffrey |url=https://manfamily.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/GrindlaySBank.pdf |title=100 Years of Banking in Asia and Africa, 1863 – 1963 – A History of National and Grindlays Bank Limited: Chapter XV |publisher=National and Grindlays Bank Limited |year=1963 |isbn= |location=London |pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Capt. Robert Melville Grindlay (The Print Gallery)|url=https://prints.themaphouse.com/capt-robert-m-grindlay/|website=The Map House (www.themaphouse.com)|access-date=29 October 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029180821/https://prints.themaphouse.com/capt-robert-m-grindlay/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Grindlay|first=Robert Melville|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xmc9zQEACAAJ&q=robert+melville+grindlay|title=Scenery, Costumes and Architecture, Chiefly on the Western Side of India|publisher=Smith, Elder & Company|year=1830}}</ref> Born in London, England he served as an [[East India Company]] agent in the [[Bombay Army]], during which time he made a large collection of sketches and drawings of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Berry|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okhFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA10|title=County Genealogies: Pedigrees of the Families in the County of Sussex|publisher=Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper|year=1830|location=London|pages=93}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Grindlay|first=Robert Melville|title=North-west view of the fort of Bombay|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000400u00017000.html|website=British Library Online}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Arup K Chatterjee|title=Robert Melville Grindlay: The artist, Indophile and imperialist who founded Grindlays Bank|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/866960/robert-melville-the-artist-indophile-and-imperialist-who-founded-grindlays-bank|website=Scroll In}}</ref> Upon returning to England he founded the multinational commercial firm [[Grindlays Bank]] and various philanthropic initiatives.<ref name="Jones">Geoffrey Jones, British Multinational Banking 1830–1990, (1993)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=London Metropolitan Archives: City of London|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/ecffdfd9-33e1-4fc2-b743-91edbce45e9e|website=The National Archives|quote=Robert Melville Grindlay esq, and others of Leamington Priors, Warwickshire, appointed as trustees for Harriet Rokeby of Oxenden near Market Harborough, Northamptonshire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Grindlay|first=Robert Melville|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LadWAAAAcAAJ&dq=robert+melville+grindlay&pg=RA1-PA8|title=A View of the Present State of the Question as to Steam Communication with India: With a Map, and an Appendix, Containing the Petitions to Parliament, and Other Documents|publisher=Smith, Elder and Company|year=1837|location=London}}</ref>

== Early years and family ==
Grindlay was born on 23 October 1786, one of eight children,{{ref|RMG2|[b]}}{{ref|RMG3|[c]}} to [[Reverend|The Reverend]] Dr John Grindlay [[Doctor of Civil Law|DCL]] [[LL.D.|LLD]] (1756–1818) and his wife Elizabeth (d.1843) in the village of St. Mary-le-Bone (now [[Marylebone]]) near London,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |others=The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; Records of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, Series PROB 11; Class: PROB 11; Piece: 1836 |title=England & Wales, Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills, 1384–1858 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/395787:5111 |website= |quote=Will of Elizabeth Grindlay bequeathing her estate to her daughter Anna Maria Melville Grindlay, her son Robert Melville Grindlay and her youngest son William.}}
*{{Cite web |title=Image Viewer: Will and Testament |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/5111/images/40611_311510-00186?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=395787}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |others=The National Archives; Kew, Surrey, England; Records of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, Series PROB 11; Class: PROB 11; Piece: 1611 |title=England & Wales, Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills, 1384–1858 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/173433:5111?tid=&pid=&queryId=2ec14aaf34918068dd57d1a18325344f&_phsrc=IcH107&_phstart=successSource |website= |quote=Will of Reverend Dr John Grindlay bequeathing his estate to his wife Elizabeth Grindlay, his eldest daughter Caroline and another daughter Anna Maria Melville Grindlay.}}
*{{Cite web |title=Image Viewer: Will and Testament |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/5111/images/40611_310846-00303?usePUB=true&_phsrc=IcH107&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=173433}}</ref> and baptised on 17 November of that same year at [[St Marylebone Parish Church]].{{ref|RMG4|[d]}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNdgAAAAcAAJ&dq=reverend+john+grindlay&pg=PA3|title=An Account of the School for the Indigent Blinde in St. Georges' Fields|publisher=The Philanthropic Society|year=1818|location=London|quote=Acted as Chaplain; Committee Member; Auditor Member for the school.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |others=Venn, J. A., comp.. Alumni Cantabrigienses. London, England: Cambridge University Press, 1922–1954 |title=The Cambridge University Alumni, 1261–1900 |url=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?dbid=3997&h=119599&indiv=try&o_vc=Record:OtherRecord&rhSource=9841 |website= |quote=Name: The Rev. John. Grindlay; College: Emmanuel; Died: Dec. 12, 1818; More Information: Adm. sizar at Emmanuel, May 9, 1787. A 'Ten-year man.' From America. Ord. priest (Bristol) May 24, 1790, C. of Caundle Bishop, Dorset. Chaplain and Secretary to the Philanthropic Society. R. of Horne, Surrey. Died Dec. 12, 1818. (G. Mag., 1819, I. 90.)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |others=London Metropolitan Archives |title=London Metropolitan Archives: London, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538–1812 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/3382400:1624?tid=&pid=&queryId=8acfe0cda5d7261f03c45b366d45ed8d&_phsrc=HSi12&_phstart=successSource |website= |quote=Robert Melville Grindlay; Male; Baptism; Baptism 17 Nov 1786; St Marylebone, Westminster, Middlesex, England; (Father) John Grindlay; (Mother) Elizabeth Grindlay}}
*{{Cite web |title=Image Viewer: Baptism Registry |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/1624/images/31280_194651-00164?usePUB=true&_phsrc=HSi12&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=3382400}}</ref>

His grandparents James (died 1765) and Christina Grindlay (née Govan),<ref>{{Cite web |others=Hunting For Bears, comp.. South Carolina Marriage Index, 1641–1965. South Carolina marriage information taken from various sources. |title=South Carolina, U.S., Compiled Marriage Index, 1641–1965 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/335284:7840?tid=&pid=&queryId=acb1f804d48891526d2be1f6ed7dd4d5&_phsrc=IcH132&_phstart=successSource |website= |quote=Name: James Grindlay; Spouse: Christian Govan; Marriage Date: 11 Oct 1755; Source: South Carolina Marriages 1688–1799.}}</ref> [[Attorney at law|attorneys at law]], had emigrated to [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]] from [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] during the early 18th century, after previous generations had resettled in [[Lanarkshire]] from the [[North Midlands]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |others=DOBSON, DAVID. The Original Scots Colonists of Early America, 1612–1783. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1989. 370p. |title=U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s–1900s |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/851939:7486 |website= |quote=Name: John Grindlay; Arrival Year: 1612–1777; Arrival Place: Charleston, South Carolina; Primary Immigrant: Grindlay, Christian; Family Members: Husband James; Son John; Source Publication Code: 1640.7.5; Annotation: Date and port of arrival or date and place of settlement. Names of parents, date of birth or baptism, place of birth, occupation, place of education, place of former residence, port of embarkation, place of intended destination, and notation concerning immigration.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |others=Directory of Scottish Settlers in North America, 1625–1825. Vol. VII; Author:: David Dobson |title=U.S., Directory of Scottish Settlers in North America, 1625–1825 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/10014267:62215 |website= |quote=Govan, Mrs Christina, late widow of James Grindlay, attorney at law in Charleston, South Carolina, late in Glasgow}}
*{{Cite web |title=Image Viewer: Directory |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/62215/images/scotsettlersvii-002570-39?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=10014267}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |others=Wills and Miscellaneous Probate Records, 1671–1868; Author: Charleston County (South Carolina). Probate Judge; Probate Place: Charleston, South Carolina |title=South Carolina, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1670–1980 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/8326:9080?tid=&pid=&queryId=c05a80ba351e5104cc9cc5edf9a83ca9&_phsrc=IcH134&_phstart=successSource |website= |quote=Will of James Grindlay (d.1765) bequeathing his estate to his wife Christina, his son John and his brother Alexander who had who remained in 'North Brittain'.}}
*{{Cite web |title=Image Viewer: Will and Testament |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/9080/images/004753750_00728?usePUB=true&_phsrc=IcH134&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=8326}}</ref> However, his father returned to the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] and attended [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]], before taking up various [[Clergy|ecclesiastical]] positions at [[St Peter, Vere Street|Oxford Chapel, Marylebone]], [[Bishop's Caundle|Bishop's Caundle Church, Dorest]], and the [[Horne, Surrey|Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Horne, Surrey]], as well various charitable enterprises, including [[Catch22 (charity)|The Philanthropic Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clergy of the Church of England Database: Grindlay, John (1787–1818)|url=https://theclergydatabase.org.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?PersonID=52678|website=CCED}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3RjAAAAcAAJ&dq=bosanquet+grindlay&pg=PA1|title=An Account of the nature and views of the Philanthropic Society, instituted in ... 1788 for the prevention of crimes, etc. [With the annual report for 1798.]|publisher=Philanthropic Society|year=1799|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tucNAAAAQAAJ&dq=bosanquet+grindlay&pg=PA334|title=The Royal Kalendar and Court and City Register for England, Scotland, Ireland, and the Colonies for the Year 1819|publisher=Wm. H. Allen|year=1819|location=London|pages=334}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Whitten|first=Doreen Muriel|url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/137/1/Whitten_Protection,_prevention,_reformation_a_history_of_the_Philanthropic_Society,_1788-1848.pdf|title=Protection, Prevention, Reformation: A history of the Philanthropic Society, 1788–1848.|publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science|year=2001|quote=Reverend John Grindlay LL.D. as Chaplain, Superintendent and Secretary.}}</ref>

Grindlay was educated in London and left school at the age of 17, having secured a position as a cadet in the [[Honourable East India Company|Honourable East India Company (HEIC)]].<ref name="Tyson" />

== Military service ==
Grindlay served in the [[7th Bombay Infantry]] of the [[Bombay Army]], the military arm of the [[East India Company]], from 1804 to 1820. He was made a [[cadet]] in 1802 aged 17, following a nomination by E Parry Esq. secured for him by his father, and sailed to India the following year on the maiden voyage of the [[East Indiaman]], the [[Prince of Wales (1803 EIC ship)|''Prince of Wales'']], in 1803.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |others=University of London; London, England; The East India Register and Directory for 1804 Mathison, J. & Mason, A.W.; Reference Number: b1701902 1804 |title=Registers of Employees of the East India Company and the India Office, 1746–1939 |url=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=61468&h=631502&tid=&pid=&queryId=8acfe0cda5d7261f03c45b366d45ed8d&usePUB=true&_phsrc=HSi16&_phstart=successSource |website= |quote=Bombay Cadets – Robert Melville Grindla[y]}}
*{{Cite web |title=Image Viewer: Directory |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/61468/images/47593_83024005549_1481-00946?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=8acfe0cda5d7261f03c45b366d45ed8d&usePUB=true&_phsrc=HSi14&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.262603977.456283562.1634217603-75474171.1498588762&pId=631502}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Ralph |date=1906 |title=Notes and Queries: Capt. Grindlay |url=https://www.manfamily.org/PDFs/Grindlay%20Notes%20and%20Quries.pdf |journal=Pall Mall Gazette |pages=101–102}}
* {{cite news |date=13 August 1906 |title=Notes and Queries |newspaper=Pall Mall Gazette |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results/1900-01-01/1949-12-31?basicsearch=%22robert%20melville%20grindlay%22&exactsearch=false&dateaddedfrom=2017-02-20&dateaddedto=2017-03-22&retrievecountrycounts=false |url-access=subscription |via=The British Newspaper Archive}}</ref> He became a [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] in 1804, and reached the rank of [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] in 1817, before retiring from the military in 1820 at the age of 34.<ref name="Tyson" />

During his time in the military, Grindlay held several [[Staff (military)|staff]] positions in the [[Bombay Presidency]] of [[British India]] as well as acting Captain of [[114th Mahrattas|2nd Battalion of the 7th Bombay Native Infantry]], including Secretary of the Committee of Embarkation of Bombay and [[Aide-de-camp]] of [[Sir Evan Nepean, 1st Baronet]], the [[List of governors of Bombay Presidency|Governor]] of [[Bombay]].<ref name="Tyson" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":25">{{Cite news|date=1877|title=Board Arrow|work=Broad Arrow|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000587/18771222/068/0025|quote=Broad Arrow – Saturday 22 December 1877. Captain Robert Melville Grindlay who died at Nice on the morning of Sunday, December 9. He filled the position of aide-de-camp to Sir Evan Nepean, Governor of Bombay, and he also assisted on the survey of Guzerat and the Western Presidency under the late Colonel Monier Williams. He retired, ceasing at the same time to have any interest in the firm [Grindlays Bank]. He left England to spend the residue of this days under the shadow of the Maritime Alps.}}</ref>

Grindlay undertook numerous military expeditions while in India, including a diplomatic mission to the court of the [[Talpur dynasty|Talpur]] [[Emir|Amirs]] of [[Sindh]] in 1808, which formed part of the prelude to the [[British conquest of Sindh|Amir signature of a treaty of "friendship"]] with the British in 1809.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Burnes |first=Sir Alexander |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Travels_Into_Bokhara/y-Ow7Grk1U8C?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=Travels into Bokhara together with a narrative of a voyage on the Indus |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1834}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{Cite journal|last=Wallis|first=Frank H|date=2011|title=A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838 to 1849|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/victorianstudies.54.1.117|journal=Victorian Studies|volume=54|issue=1|pages=111|doi=10.2979/victorianstudies.54.1.117|jstor=10.2979/victorianstudies.54.1.117|s2cid=142641569|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Having taken an interest in the history and geography of north-western India, he kept a diary of his travels, including the journey from [[Lakhpat|Lukhpat]] in [[Cutch State|Cutch]], India to [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]] along the [[Kori Creek|Kori]] and [[Nara River (India)|Narra]] rivers by way of [[Sindhri (town)|Sindhri]], to meet with Mir Ghulam Ali Talpur, the ruling Amir.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Keller|first=Sara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDBuDwAAQBAJ&dq=Pauline+Rohatagi+grindlay&pg=PA144|title=Knowledge and the Indian Ocean: Intangible Networks of Western India and Beyond|publisher=Springer|year=2018|pages=144–145|isbn=9783319968391}}</ref> Several extracts of his journal were used to form part of the best selling memoir of [[Alexander Burnes|Captain Sir Alexander Burnes]], ''Travels into Bokhara'', first published in 1835''.<ref name=":12" />''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hirst|first1=Christopher|title=Travels into Bokhara, by Alexander Burnes|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/travels-into-bokhara-by-alexander-burnes-7660988.html|access-date=12 September 2016|website=The Independent|date=19 April 2012}}</ref>

In 1813, Grindlay was given leave to accompany [[Mary Elizabeth Frederica Mackenzie]], then Lady Hood, on a sketching expedition across [[Peninsular India|Peninsula India]].<ref name=":28">{{Cite web |last=Roy |title=New evidence for the style of the "Fraser artist" in Delhi: Portraits of Afghans 1808-10 |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2015/11/new-evidence-for-the-style-of-the-fraser-artist-in-delhi-portraits-of-afghans-1808-10.html |website=British Library - Asian and African Studies Blog: Dr Malini Roy, Head of Visual Arts at the British Library (London)}}</ref> They stopped for two months in [[Poona]], where he drew a number of portraits for [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], British [[Envoy (title)|Envoy]] to the Court of [[Kabul]], for his report on the expedition to [[Shah Shuja Durrani]], Emir of the [[Durrani Empire]], ''An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul, and its Dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India'', published in 1815.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Society for Asian Affairs (RSAA) - Grindlay, Robert Melville, 1786-1877, Lieutenant, artist |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/181438aa-ea21-4891-946f-3748226f61e4 |website=The National Archives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Elphinstone |first=Mountstuart |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_FOc-AAAAYAAJ/mode/2up |title=An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul,and its Dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India: Comprising a view of the Afghaun nation, and a history of the Dooraunee monarchy |publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. |year=1815 |edition=1st |language=English}}</ref> Grindlay later presented the original [[aquatint]]s to [[William Elphinstone, 15th Lord Elphinstone]] for his biography of Mountstuart following his death in 1859.<ref name=":28" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from Captain [R] Melville Grindlay to William Buller Fullerton-Elphinstone, 15th Lord Elphinstone |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/8194ea34-8291-3ce1-8996-f9caf03f0f6a?component=3be4e770-dd76-3613-8996-0c64912deae5 |website=Archive Hub |quote=This letter, as well as the ones in Mss Eur F88/306 and Mss Eur F88/308 relate to publishing a fuller account of Mountstuart Elphinstone's life to date. George Dempster's daughter had made the acquaintance of a Captain B Melville Grindlay, an old Indian friend of Mrs Mary Stewart Mackenzie, Lady Hood who has a diary that might be of use.}}</ref>

== Marriage ==

Grindlay returned to England from India in 1820 and married Maria Susannah Commerell on 20 July 1821 at [[St Marylebone Parish Church]].<ref name="odnb2">{{cite ODNB|title=John Edmund Commerell|year = 2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32520?docPos=1|access-date=29 December 2014|doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/32520}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=John Burke Esq. &|first=John Bernard Burke Esq.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FE4AQAAMAAJ&dq=robert+melville+grindlay&pg=PA249|title=A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland|publisher=Henry Colburn|year=1866|location=London|pages=249}}</ref> Maria was the daughter of John William Commerell, of Strood Green near [[Horsham]], a [[High Sheriff of Sussex|Sheriff of Sussex]], whose family originated from [[Heilbronn]] in [[Swabia]], Germany,{{ref|RMG5|[e]}} where they were [[privy council]]lors and confidents of the [[House of Württemberg|Dukes of Württemberg]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

The couple established themselves at their principle London home at North Bank, [[Regent's Park]], in the parish of St. Marylebone,<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=John Barrett. Theft: burglary. 2nd January 1834|url=https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18340102-53|website=Old Bailey Proceedings Online|quote=Transcript of a report of burglary at the home of Captain Robert Melville Grindlay, No. 35, North Bank, Regent's Park, on 2nd January 1834.}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqpWAAAAcAAJ&dq=alfred+robert+grindlay+fellow&pg=PA16|title=The Royal Botanic Society of London [List of Fellows, Etc.]|publisher=Richard and John E Taylor|year=1841|location=London}}</ref> and had a son, Robert Melville Grindlay, born on 12 September 1821 and baptised on 24 September 1821 at St Marylebone Parish Church, but who died in infancy later that same year.<ref name=":7" />

Grindlay was uncle-in-law to [[John Edmund Commerell|Sir John Edmund Commerell]], [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] and [[William Commerell|William Augustus Commerell]], a [[first-class cricket]]er.<ref name=":8" /><ref name="odnb2"/>

== Banking and commerce ==

=== Grindlays Bank ===
{{main|Grindlays Bank}}

After returning to England, Grindlay maintained his influential [[Anglo-Indian]] connections and his correspondence with friends and former colleagues. Drawing on his extensive knowledge and experience of the region he undertook a growing number of personal commissions of assistance, to the point where in 1828 he founded ''Leslie & Grindlay'', to provide similar services to the wider public on a permanent business basis.<ref name="Tyson" /> Initially the company arranged passage to and from India for customers and their baggage, but in time added private banking activities to their services, eventually becoming the principle bankers to the [[Presidency armies|Presidency Armies]] of the [[East India Company]], the [[British Indian Army]], and the business community in India.<ref name="Tyson" /><ref name=":11" />

The company was first based in Birchin Lane, off [[Lombard Street, London|Lombard Street]] in London and began by acting as agents to help secure the travel arrangements of its clientele, to and from India, procuring sea passages, clearing and shipping baggage, as well as providing advisory services including extensive kit lists, route maps and costings for East India Company employees and British officials.<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Brien|first=John|date=29 June 2021|title=Untold lives blog – Outfitting an East India Company employee|url=https://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2021/06/outfitting-an-east-india-company-employee-.html|website=British Library – India Office Records}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite book|url=https://www.manfamily.org/PDFs/Grindlay%2520Travel%2520Advice.pdf|title=Grindlay & Co.'s Overland Circular – Hints for Travellers to India, Detailing the Several Routes.|publisher=Smith, Elder & Co|year=1847|location=London}}</ref> Expansion saw the business open other offices in the [[City of London]] ([[Cornhill, London|Cornhill]] and [[Bishopsgate]]) and [[Westminster]] ([[Whitehall]] and [[St James's Square]]).

Under the guidance and direction of Grindlay, these services shifted over time towards financial operations, including banking, insurance, savings and encashment of cheques and drafts, and operational expansion to include the [[Indian subcontinent]], the Middle East and elements of Africa and Southeast Asia. During this same period various partner additions, mergers, and acquisitions resulted in the firm undergoing several name changes, being styled ''Grindlay, Christian & Matthews'' from 1839, ''Grindlay & Co'' from 1843, ''Grindlay & Co Ltd'' from 1924 and ''Grindlays Bank Ltd'' in 1947, until its merger with the National Bank of India in 1958 when it became ''National and Grindlays Bank''.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Royal Bank of Scotland – Heritage Archives|url=http://heritagearchives.rbs.com/companies/list/grindlays-bank-ltd.html}}</ref>

By 1842, when Grindlay retired, the firm had become "the most distinguished bankers and agents to the civil and military officials of the business community and the British army in India".<ref name=":11" />

==== Timeline ====
Key events during the tenure of Captain Grindlay:

* ''1828'' – Grindlay established ''Leslie & Grindlay'' in Birchin Lane, London (which included a [[Reference library|reading room]], where travellers could meet and discuss the latest developments in India)
* ''1830'' – Leslie left the firm
* ''1830'' – Firm headquarters moved to 16 Cornhill Street, London (next to [[Royal Exchange, London|The Royal Exchange]])
* ''1835'' – Additional offices and West End [[Reference library|reading room]] opened at 8 St. Martins Place, London (adjacent to [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] and [[Trafalgar Square]])
* ''1839'' – Restyled as ''Grindlay, Christian & Matthews'' after Grindlay took on additional partners
* ''1842'' – Grindlay retires from the firm aged 56

=== East India Company ===
Grindlay was a major "proprietor of East India stock" with a significant stake and considerable influence in the [[East India Company]] during the 19th century.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news|date=1833|title=The British Newspaper Archive (BNA)|work=The Morning Post|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18330430/004/0001|quote=The Morning Post – Tuesday 30 April 1833. East India House, April 25, 1833. – The Court of Directors of the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies do hereby give notice, that a General Court of the said Company will be held at their house, in Leadenhall street, on Friday, the 3rd of May next, from eleven o'clock in the forenoon until six in the evening, for the purpose of taking a ballot, in pursuance of the following requisition, viz.:– "We, the undersigned Proprietors of East India Stock, concurring generally in the terms of the resolution which it has now been agreed shall form the main question, consider it to be of moment that an opportunity should be afforded to the proprietors at large to pass their judgement upon it; and we therefore require that the same may be decided by ballot: Campbell Marjoribanks, William Wigram, William Astell, William Stanley Clarke, Thomas Povner (junior), Thomas Hallifax, Richard Twining, Joseph Kaye, John Shore, Robert Brown, Joseph Sellon, William Hull, Patrick Hadow, James Ritchie, John Hicks, W. Hobson, Thomas Vignew, James Brogden, Charles Mills, Robert Melville Grindlay, David Carruthers, Henry Heath, Francis M. Ommanney, Henry Shank, William Young, George Lyall, James R. Carnac, Richard Jenkins. April 25, 1833. The question upon which the ballot is to be taken being as follows, viz:– [end extract]}}</ref> He was a central actor in the debating and eventual approval of the [[Saint Helena Act 1833]], being named alongside 27 other stockholders, [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]], and [[List of East India Company directors|company directors and chairman]], including [[William Wigram]], [[William Astell]], [[Richard Twining (tea merchant, born 1772)|Richard Twining]], [[Sir Charles Mills, 1st Baronet|Sir Charles Mills]], [[Francis Molyneux Ommanney|Sir Francis Molyneux Ommanney]], [[George Lyall (1779–1853)|George Lyall]], [[Sir James Rivett-Carnac, 1st Baronet|Sir James Rivett-Carnac]] and [[Sir Richard Jenkins]], in formal [[East India House]] communications.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Eugen Maurice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1y--X4XQ1sC&pg=PA77|title=Codification in the British Empire and America |publisher=Lawbook Exchange Ltd|year=2005|isbn=1-58477-620-X|page=77, footnote 2|orig-date=1924}}</ref>

The Act provided a 20-year extension of the [[royal charter]] granted to the East India Company, allowing it to maintain its political and administrative duties in India, but with a number of additional provisions which continued the successive reduction in the company's commercial rights and trading monopolies,<ref>{{Cite web|title=East India Company and Raj 1785–1858|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/parliament-and-the-american-colonies-before-1765/east-india-company-and-raj-1785-1858/|website=UK Parliament}}</ref> seen in the charters of [[Charter Act of 1793|1793]], [[Charter Act of 1813|1813]], [[Saint Helena Act 1833|1833]] and 1853.<ref name=":24" />{{efn|name=st|The citation of this act by this [[short title]] was authorised by section 5 of, and the second schedule to, the [[Statute Law Revision Act 1948]]. Due to the repeal of those provisions, it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the [[Interpretation Act 1978]].}}

=== Freemasonry ===
On 20 May 1836, Grindlay was initiated into the [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]] and registered as a member of the [[United Grand Lodge of England]], continuing the association of the [[Grindlay family]] with the fraternal organisation and their collective charitable contributions and public works.<ref>{{Cite web |others=Library and Museum of Freemasonry; London, England; Freemasonry Membership Registers; Description: Register of Admissions: London 'B', #275–648 |title=United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registers, 1751–1921 |url=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=60620&h=1606440&tid=&pid=&queryId=8acfe0cda5d7261f03c45b366d45ed8d&usePUB=true&_phsrc=HSi15&_phstart=successSource |website= |quote=Robert Melville Grindlay; E India Agent; Initiated 20 May 1836.}}
*{{Cite web |title=Image Viewer: Membership Registry |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/60620/images/43970_ugl^ln^b^1813-00203?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&queryId=8acfe0cda5d7261f03c45b366d45ed8d&usePUB=true&_phsrc=HSi13&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.2117493.456283562.1634217603-75474171.1498588762&pId=1606440}}</ref>

== Artist and author ==

=== Artist and draftsman ===
[[File:The Rajah of Cutch with his vassalls.jpg|thumb|''The Rajah of Cutch with his vassals'', by Robert Melville Grindlay, 1826]]

Grindlay kept a detailed personal journal of his time in India, and made numerous sketches and paintings of his travels across the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Tyson" /><ref name=":11" /> Widely regarded as a "gifted amateur artist",<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oakley|first=Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAvfBAAAQBAJ&dq=People+in+finance+Robert+Melville+Grindlay&pg=PA242|title=A Critical Woman: Barbara Wootton, Social Science and Public Policy in the Twentieth Century.|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2011|isbn=9781849664691|quote=The bank's founder, Barbara Kyle's grandfather, Captain Robert Melville Grindlay, was also a gifted amateur painter. Painting ran in the family.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rohatgi|first=Pauline|title=Amateur artists in western India: James Forbes and Robert Melville Grindlay|publisher=MARG Publications|year=1989|pages=17–34}}</ref> he sketched hundreds of landscapes in [[Gujarat]], the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], and along the coast, with 24 of his works featuring in over 75 publications, and now held across 439 separate library holdings (as of 2021).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grindlay, Robert Melville|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n88096225/|website=www.worldcat.org}}</ref> These include the works of [[Alexander Burnes|Captain Sir Alexander Burnes]], [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], and [[Henry Pottinger|Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Pottinger, 1st Baronet]] and his ''Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde'', first published in 1816, along with many others.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shamsie |first=Muneeza |date=2015 |title=Review: Historical Portfolio - Representing Sindh: Images of the British Encounter by Rosemary Raza |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/amp/1218119 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>

The most famous and comprehensive of these collected works is the best selling ''Scenery, Costumes and Architecture chiefly on the Western Side of India''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 July 2018|title=Banker, soldier, artist, lover|url=https://sarmaya.in/spotlight/banker-soldier-artist-lover/|website=[[Sarmaya Trust]]}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TsgAAAAMAAJ&dq=robert+melville+grindlay&pg=PA2|title=The Byron Gallery: A Series of Historical Embellishments to Illustrate the Poetical Works of Lord Byron – Captain Grindlay's View in India|publisher=Smith, Elder & Co|year=1833}}</ref> This series was first published in 6 parts comprising 6 plates each, 36 in total, hand-coloured [[aquatint]]s with accompanying explanatory descriptions and annotations in 1830 by [[Smith, Elder & Co.|Smith, Elder & Co]], having been started by [[Rudolph Ackermann]] in 1826.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grindlay|first=Robert Melville|title=Scenery, Costumes and Architecture|url=https://www.baumanrarebooks.com/rare-books/grindlay-robert-melville/scenery-costumes-and-architecture-of-india/82957.aspx|website=Bauman Rare Books}}</ref> On completion of the serial issues, the book was also released as a whole by Smith, Elder & Co and issued in one or two volumes, folio copies of which have sold for upwards of £25,000.00.<ref name="Tyson" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Grindlay|first=Robert Melville|title=Scenery, Costumes and Architecture chiefly on the Western Side of India.|url=https://www.maggs.com/scenery-costumes-and-architecture-chiefly-on-the-western-side-of-india_208426.htm|website=www.maggs.com|quote=£9500.00. Captain Grindlay's book is one of the most appealing of the many colour plate books that depict the scenery of India. Grindlay's work and life are discussed at some length by Pauline Rohatgi in India and Pageant of Prints (pp177-194) London 1989. Abbey Travel, 442.}}</ref> The majority of his published works are engravings of original sketches then overpainted with oils.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grindlay|first=Robert Melville|date=1805|title=A Hindoo Female of the Deccan & Concane|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O136823/a-hindoo-female-of-the-oil-painting-grindlay-robert-melville/|website=Victoria and Albert Museum Online}}</ref>[[File:Map of India by Wyld James.jpg|left|thumb|''Map of India'' arranged and constructed under the direction of Capt. R.M. Grindlay, by [[James Wyld]], Geographer to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, 1840]]
Reviews of ''Scenery, Costumes and Architecture chiefly on the Western Side of India'' in ''The Byron Gallery'' (1833):<blockquote>"If there has been any foundation for the complaint, that the splendid scenery and gorgeous architecture of India have never yet been adequately {{sic|pou|rtrayed|hide=y}} [portrayed] by the pencil, it will vanish when this work shall be known, which certainly equals, if it does not transcend, any antecedent production of the graphic art. This work bids fair, not merely to establish the fame of Captain Grindlay, but to do honour to the British arts"<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjs9AQAAMAAJ&dq=scenery+costumes+and+architecture+chiefly+on+the+western+side+of+india&pg=PA758|title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies; Review – Scenery, Costumes, and Architecture of Western India|publisher=Black, Parbury, & Allen|year=1826|volume=21|pages=756}}</ref> – [[The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies|Asiatic Journal]]

"Captain Grindlay gives by this specimen of his labours, ample proof of genius, talent, and industry, exercised to high advantage during his service in the 'farther East;' the work will be appreciated as it deserves and admired for the fidelity as well as the spirit with which the scenes are brought before the eye. It embraces scenes and subjects from the Mahratta country to the banks of the Indus, and is as varied as it is undoubtedly beautiful. This splendid publication will be highly acceptable to all persons interested in Indian subjects and fully deserves the patronage already bestowed upon it"<ref name=":14" /> – Oriental Herald

"The fidelity of the representations is very striking; and all the plates are most acceptable, as illustrating an extremely interesting and important country, hitherto little known either literary or graphic means. The variety of views and the handsome style in which executed, will, together with the descriptions, recommend this only to persons connected with India, but the British public generally and collectors in the arts Literary Gazette"<ref name=":14" /> – [[Literary Gazette]]

"We consider it only just to a work of the highest class, to say, that having seen Captain Grindlay's Views on the Scenery, Costume, Architecture of the Western side of India, we cannot hesitate to pronounce its illustrations beautiful – they are admirable specimens of the art, and the manner in which they are coloured and gotten up, reflects infinite credit on spirited publishers"<ref name=":14" /> – [[John Bull (magazine)|John Bull]] </blockquote>Grindlay presented a copy of his ''Scenery, Costumes and Architecture chiefly on the Western Side of India'' to [[Thomas Lawrence|Sir Thomas Lawrence]], President of the [[Royal Academy of Arts|Royal Academy]] in 1829 and later to [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]] and his [[Groom in Waiting|groom-in-waiting]] [[Sir Francis Seymour, 1st Baronet|General Sir Francis Seymour]] in 1840.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1829|title=Autograph Letter from Sir Thomas Lawrence (1769–1830), portrait painter, President of the Royal Academy to Captain Robert Melville Grindlay (1786–1877)|url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=1887183153&searchurl=an%3DGRINDLAY%252C%2BCAPTAIN%2BROBERT%2BMELVILLE%2B%26sortby%3D17&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title2|website=AbeBooks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1840|title=Autograph Letter to Captain Robert Melville Grindlay (1786–1877), thanking him for presenting his book to Prince Albert (consort to Queen Victoria) from General Sir Francis Seymour (1813–1890), army officer, and Prince Albert's Groom-in-Waiting.|url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=1887183141&searchurl=an%3DGRINDLAY%252C%2BCAPTAIN%2BROBERT%2BMELVILLE%2B%26sortby%3D17&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1|website=AbeBooks}}</ref>

His artistic skills were also employed in overseeing the creation of various maps of India during the British occupation, most notable of which was the ''Map of India; constructed with great care and research from all the latest authorities and intended more particularly to facilitate a reference to the civil and military stations''. The map was drawn up by [[The Rt Hon.]] [[James Wyld]] MP [[FRGS]]'','' the [[Geographer Royal]] of England, under the direction of Grindlay and relying heavily on his detailed knowledge and experience of the region.

Grindlay also assisted Colonel Monier Williams, [[Surveyor general|Surveyor-General]] in the [[Bombay presidency]], on his surveying of [[Gujarat]] and the [[Western Presidency]].<ref name=":25" />

=== Author and pamphleteer ===

==== Steam Communication with India ====
Although likely initially motivated by classical imperial capitalism, Grindlay's experiences in South Asia lead to his becoming an ardent [[Indophile]], committed to the strengthening of the Indian economy and infrastructure.<ref name=":11" /> In his role as London agent to the Stream Committees of the [[Indian Presidencies]] during the [[Company Raj]], Grindlay advocated strongly for the establishment of regular and permanent communications by [[steam vessel]]s between Great Britain and India, for the benefit of both countries.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Grindlay|first=Robert Melville|url=http://www.manfamily.org/PDFs/Grindlay%20Steam%20Communication.pdf|title=Steam communication with India|edition=1st|location=London}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

Between 1834 and 1836, Grindlay published the first edition of his ''A view of the present state of the question as to steam communication with India'', in which he laments the slow government action following an enquiry by a committee of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] to investigate the "practicability and expediency of establishing, on a permanent footing, a system of steam communication with India" on 14 July 1834.<ref name=":15" /> The pamphlet details the economic benefits of the proposed route between England and India via the [[Red Sea]], incorporating detailed financial calculations, maps of proposed routes, and widely signed petitions from across the [[Indian Presidencies]] in support of its establishment.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" />

Reviews of ''A view of the present state of the question as to steam communication with India'' (1837):<blockquote>"For seven or eight years past the propriety of establishing a regular and permanent Steam Communication between the protecting and dependent country has been discussed. The advocates of such communication have now assumed a very determined attitude...The signal gun has already been discharged by Captain Grindlay. This gentleman having been appointed agent for all the Presidencies has commenced his duties by the issue of a Pamphlet on the state of the question as to Steam Communication with India"<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Grindlay|first=Captain Robert Melville|title=A view of the present state of the question as to steam communication with India. With Map, and an Appendix, contain the Petitions to Parliament, and other documents.|publisher=Smith, Elder & Co.|year=1837|edition=3rd|location=London|quote=Containing reviews of the first edition of the pamphlet}}</ref> – [[United Service Journal & Naval & Military Magazine|United Service Journal]] 

"This important subject is here handled in so masterly a manner by Captain Grindlay, the statements are so clear, the illustrations so lucid, and the arguments and inference so strong and legitimate, that we think we shall do most justice to the author by freely quoting from the Pamphlet itself...Captain Grindlay's observations on this point and sincerely trust that the ensuing Session of Parliament will not pass without some effective steps being taken by the legislature for the establishment of such a rapid and certain communication with India as our national interests and the cause of humanity and civilization demand...We feel the country to be deeply indebted to Captain Grindlay for his exertions and we trust the day will come when he will not go unrewarded."<ref name=":16" /> – Mining Railway and Steam Navigation Gazette</blockquote>Two further editions of the pamphlet were issued in 1837,<ref name=":15" /> and continued the drive for improved communications and reiterated Grindlay's belief that unexplored networks of cotton, jute, spices and tea in India could help Britain's ancillary industries in the east, and also overcome the expenditure of sustaining Britain's enmity with China. The political pressure of Grindlay's [[pamphleteering]] and outspoken support for steam communications via the Red Sea, helped to stimulate the creation of the [[Suez Canal]], opening as it did in 1869.<ref name=":11" />

==== Steamship Press ====
[[File:Hints For Travellers (IA HintsForTravellers).pdf|thumb|The Grindlay & Co. ''Overland Circular: Hints for Travellers to India, China, and Australia'', 1854]]
Towards the end of his time at ''Grindlay, Christian & Matthews'', Grindlay had begun to supply a weekly 'budget' or [[communiqué]] of home news for the Indian newspapers.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|url=https://www.manfamily.org/PDFs/GrindlaysBankPamphlet_1978.pdf|title=Grindlays 1828 – 1978|publisher=Grindlays Banking Group|year=1978|location=London}}</ref> The success of this bulletin prompted the partners to transfer printing to London and then dispatch the news sheets to India, thereby improving efficiency, and to expand the remit to include logistical advice for travellers.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":18" /> Printing the paper in England for a predominately British expatriate audience across the [[British Empire]], made it part of a nineteenth century publishing phenomenon, known as the "steamship press".<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|last=Staveley-Wadham|first=Rose|date=2020|title=Hot Off The Press – New Titles This Week: Home News for India, China and the Colonies|url=https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2020/03/30/new-titles-30-march-2020/|website=The British Newspaper Archive}}</ref> This more substantial [[Periodical literature|periodical]] attributed to Grindlay,<ref name=":10" /> became the ''Grindlay & Co's Overland Circulator'', and amassed a wide readership including military, medical, ecclesiastical, political and aristocratic personnel.<ref name=":17" />

On 7 January 1847, ''Grindlay & Co'' published the first edition of its ''The Home News: A Summary of European Intelligence for India and the Colonies'', a comprehensive journal, that further built on Grindlay's earlier work.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MsyAAAAMAAJ&dq=indian+news+paper+grindlay&pg=RA2-PT10|title=The India Office and Burma Office List|publisher=Harrison and sons|year=1847}}</ref> Considered a "first rank among the journals of India",<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BwYAAAAYAAJ&dq=the+home+news+a+summary+of+europe+intelligence+for+india&pg=PA808|title=Allen's Indian Mail, and Register of Intelligence for British and Foreign India, China, and All Parts of the East.|publisher=Allen & Co|year=1846|volume=4|location=London|pages=808}}</ref> and "resemble[ing] the [[The Spectator|Spectator]] in substance",<ref name=":20" /> ''The'' ''Home News'' hit peak circulation in 1862 with 15,000 copies sold, after which technological advance, principally [[Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom|electrical telegraphy]],<ref name=":10" /> meant it was no long required and publication ceased in 1898 with edition 2970.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> Its editors included [[Shirley Brooks|Charles 'Shirley' Brooks]], [[Thomas Hay Sweet Escott|Thomas Escott]], and [[George Augustus Sala|George Sala]].<ref name="Tyson" />

== Later years ==
Grindlay retired from banking and all other business activities in 1842, at the age of 56. He and his wife Maria afterwards moved to Nice, [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], France where he focused on his artistic passions in the "shadow of the [[Maritime Alps]]", and resided for the rest of his life, dying in 1877 at the age of 91.<ref name="Tyson" /><ref name=":25" /> Maria remained in Nice, later dying there herself.

== Cultural depictions ==
Grindlay has featured in a number of books, journals, and articles since his death in 1877, covering his life and achievements including ''100 Years of Banking in Asia and Africa'' by Geoffrey Tyson in 1963, ''British Multinational Banking 1830–1990'' by [[Geoffrey Jones (academic)|Geoffrey Jones]] in 1993, and ''A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India'' by Frank H Wallis in 2011.<ref name="Tyson" /><ref name="Jones" /><ref name=":27" />

Both he, and Grindlays Bank, appear in the [[Sherlock Holmes]] pastiche novel ''Sergeant Verity and the Blood Royal'' by [[Donald Serrell Thomas]], published under his pseudonym Francis Selwyn in 1979,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical & Fictional Characters in Sherlockian Pastiches|url=https://www.schoolandholmes.com/charactersgor.html|website=www.schoolandholmes.com|quote=Grindlay, Robert Melville (British Banker); Grindlays: "The Case of the Blood Royal" (Donald Thomas) p189}}</ref> which sees the protagonist policemen, [[Sergeant (police)|Sergeant]] William Clarence Verity, protect the [[Prince of Wales]] during a trip to America in the 1860s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Selwyn|first=Francis|date=1979|title=Sergeant Verity and the Blood Royal (Sergeant Verity #4)|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2476641.Sergeant_Verity_and_the_Blood_Royal|website=Goodreads}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Great Excavated Temple at Ellora," by Captain Grindlay.jpg|"Great Excavated Temple at Ellora" 1813
File:Great Excavated Temple at Ellora by Capt. Grindlay, 1813.jpg|"Great Excavated Temple at Ellora" 1813
File:Preparation for a Suttee, aquatint by Robert Melville Grindlay, 1816.jpg|"Preparation for a Suttee" 1816
File:*"The Great Triad in the Cave Temple of Elephanta near Bombay," by Robert Melville Grindlay, London, 1830* (BL).jpg|"The Great Triad in the Cave Temple of Elephanta near Bombay" 1830
File:A Nautch in the Palace of the Ameer of Sind.jpg|"A Nautch in the Palace of the Ameer of Sind" 1808
File:"The sacred town and temples of Dwarka," from Grindlay's 'Scenery, Costumes and Architecture chiefly on the Western Side of India', London, 1826-30.jpg|"The sacred town and temples of Dwarka" 1826
File:1835-37-The British Residency.png|"The British Residency" 1834
File:1836-7-A Suttee.png|"A Suttee" 1836
File:The Rajah of Cutch with his vassalls.jpg|"The Rajah of Cutch with his vassalls" 1826
File:Scene in Kattiawar, Travellers and Escort.jpg|"Scene in Kattiawar, Travellers and Escort" 1830
File:Saswad 019XZZ000000400U00031000(SVC2).jpg|"View of Sassoor in the Decan" 1813.
File:The Indian empire- history, topography, geology, climate, population, chief cities and provinces; tributary and protected states; military power and resources; religion, education, crime; land (14769566395).jpg|"Preparation for a Suttee, or the Immolation of a Hindoo Widow" 1858
File:The Indian empire - its history, topography, government, finance, commerce, and staple products - with a full account of the mutiny of the native troops (1858) (14802834913).jpg|"View of Sassoor in the Deccan, South East of Poonah" 1858
File:Maha Kali. Bhadra Kali. Sheoo Kali. (BM 1925,0106.5).jpg|"Maha Kali. Bhadra Kali. Sheoo Kali" 1824-1834
File:Bhadra. (BM 1925,0106.4).jpg|"Bhadra" 1824-1834
File:Mahadeo and Parvati, playing at the game of Chosur. - And the sacred Bull attended by Gana. (BM 1925,0106.1).jpg|alt="Mahadeo and Parvati, playing at the game of Chosur, and the sacred Bull attended by Gana"|"Mahadeo and Parvati" 1824-1834
File:Bhairava. (BM 1925,0106.3).jpg|"Bhairava" 1824-1834
File:The Indian empire- history, topography, geology, climate, population, chief cities and provinces; tributary and protected states; military power and resources; religion, education, crime; land (14746485226).jpg|"Scene in Kathiawar. Travellers & Escort" 1858
File:The Indian empire - its history, topography, government, finance, commerce, and staple products - with a full account of the mutiny of the native troops (1858) (14802847333).jpg|"Hindoo and Mahomedan Buildings" 1858
File:Views in India 0164a.jpg|"View of Sassoor, in the Deccan" 1813
File:Bowrie fortress.jpg|"Fortress of Bowrie in Rajpootana" 1858
File:Views in India 0164.png|"View of Sassoor, in the Deccan" 1838
File:Map of India by Wyld James.jpg|alt="Map of India; constructed with great care and research from all the latest authorities and intended more particularly to facilitate a reference to the civil and military stations"|"Map of India" 1840
File:Dwarka1.jpg|"The sacred town and temples of Dwarka" 1826-1830
File:Aurangzebs palace.jpg|"Aurangzebs Palace" 1830
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Grindlay]] ([[Grindley (disambiguation)]])
* [[Grindlays Bank]]
* [[Grindlay family]]
* [[List of banking families]]

== Footnotes ==
:{{Note|RMG1|a}}The full list of [[List of post-nominal letters (United Kingdom)|post-nominal letters]] for Robert Melville Grindlay used during his lifetime is as follows:<ref name="Tyson" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":21" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18JGAAAAcAAJ&dq=scenery+costumes+and+architecture+chiefly+on+the+western+side+of+india&pg=PA95|title=The Asiatic journal and monthly register for British and foreign India, China and Australasia; Critical Notices: Scenery Costumes and Architecture chiefly on the Western Side of India|publisher=Allen|year=1830|volume=2|pages=95}}</ref>
:# [[Royal Society of Arts|FRSA]] – Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts
:# [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|MRAS]] – Member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
:# [[Zoological Society of London|FZS]] – Fellow of the Zoological Society of London
:# [[Royal Horticultural Society|FRHS]] – Fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society
:# [[Royal Botanic Society|FRBS]] – Fellow of the Royal Botanical Society
:# [[East India Company|EICS]] – Member of the East India Company
:# [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] – Aide-de-camp of the Governor of Bombay
:{{Note|RMG2|b}}Although born in Marylebone, then a village near London, his distinctive middle name pays homage to his Scottish Grindlay ancestry and links between his forebears and the small but powerful noble [[Melville family]] of Midlothian and Fife (see [[Robert Melville, 1st Lord Melville]], [[Earl of Melville|Earl Melville]], [[Clan Melville]], etc.).<ref name="Tyson2">{{Cite book|last=Tyson|first=Geoffrey|url=http://www.manfamily.org/PDFs/GrindlaySBank.pdf|title=100 Years of Banking in Asia and Africa, 1863 – 1963 – A History of National and Grindlays Bank Limited: Chapter XV|publisher=National and Grindlays Bank Limited|year=1963|isbn=|location=London|pages=}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
:{{Note|RMG3|c}}The relations of Robert Melville Grindlay were:<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=My Descendant Chart|url=http://www.burningviolin.org/family/Boileau/BBC_modern.pdf|website=www.burningviolin.org|quote=Chart of the descendants of Charles (ii) Boileau (1673–1733) & Mary Magdalena Collot D'Escury (1679–1731)}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |others=Principal Probate Registry. Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England. London, England |title=England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1995 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/1212470:1904 |website= |quote=The will of Anna Maria Melville Imbert (née Grindlay), died on 5th June 1889 was proved at the principle registry by Henry Robert Grindlay of 22 Colville Terrace, Notting Hill in the county of Middlesex, a lieutenant-colonel in Her Majesty's Army the sole executor.}}
*{{Cite web |title=Image Viewer: Will and Testament |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/1904/images/31874_221847-00269?usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=1212470}}</ref><ref name=":26">{{Cite book|last=Hart|first=Colonel H. G.|url=https://digital.nls.uk/dcn23/1056/9110/105691100.23.pdf|title=The New Annual Army List and Militia List and Indian Civil Service List for 1871|publisher=John Murray|year=1871|location=London|pages=60–61, 620}}</ref>
{{block indent|1=<nowiki />
{{Tree list}}
* James Grindlay (died 1765)
** [[The Reverend|Reverend]] Dr John Grindlay (1756–1818)
*** Alexander Grindlay (1785–1794)
*** '''Captain Robert Melville Grindlay''' (1786–1877)
**** Robert Melville Grindlay (12 September 1821 – 1821), died in infancy
*** John Whyte Grindlay (1790–1790), died in infancy
*** William Grindlay (b. 3 March 1791)
*** Charles George Grindlay (14 July 1793 – 26 August 1824)
**** [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]] Henry Robert Grindlay (born 1821)
***** Florence Melville Grindlay
***** Walter Grindlay
***** Robert Stoneleigh Grindlay
***** Harry Carter Grindlay
***** Guy Grindlay
*** Caroline Grindlay
*** Anna Maria Melville Imbert (née Grindlay) (1798 – 5 June 1889)
*** Samuel Grindlay (8 May 1803 – 1806)
** Alexander Grindlay}}{{Tree list/end}}

{{block indent|1=<nowiki />
Notable extended relations include:
*[[John Edmund Commerell|Sir John Edmund Commerell]], [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] (nephew-in-law)
*[[William Commerell|William Augustus Commerell]], first-class cricketer (nephew-in-law)}}

:{{Note|RMG4|d}}Grindlay and his siblings were predominately baptised at either [[St Marylebone Parish Church]] or the [[St Mary-at-Lambeth|Church of St. Mary-at-Lambeth]].
:{{Note|RMG5|e}}Fredrick William Commerell, grandfather of Maria, moved to England from Germany in 1732, and was naturalised by [[Letters Patent (United Kingdom)|Letters Patent]] in 1752.<ref name=":7" />

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* An engraving in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835 by [[William Miller (engraver)|William Miller]] of the painting, {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835/The Nizam's Daughter|British Residency in Hyderabad]]}} together with an associated poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] on ''The Nizam's Daughter''.
* An engraving in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836 by J Redaway of the painting {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836/Immolation of a Hindoo Widow|A Suttee, Preparing for the Immolation of a Hindoo Widow]]}} with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]].

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grindlay, Robert Melville}}
[[Category:1786 births]]
[[Category:1877 deaths]]
[[Category:British artists]]
[[Category:British bankers]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Zoological Society of London]]

Vijayawada–Gudur Intercity Express

2026-03-12T14:00:34Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: creating a place v1.

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Gudur–Vijayawada Vikramasimhapuri Amaravti Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2019|09|01}}
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| start = {{rws|Vijayawada}} (BZA)
| stops = 7
| end = {{rws|Gudur}} (GDR)
| distance = {{Convert|294|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 4 hours 45 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 12743 / 12744
| class = AC Chair Car, Second Class Seating, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = [[Broad Gauge]] {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| speed = {{convert|62|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
}}

The 12743 / 12744 '''Gudur-Vijayawada Vikramasimhapuri Amaravati Express''' is a daily [[Superfast trains in India|superfast express]] train that runs between [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada Junction]] and [[Gudur Junction railway station|Gudur Junction]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. This train belongs to [[Vijayawada railway division|Vijayawada Division]] of [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway Zone]].

== History ==
This train service was introduced in 2019, mainly for the convenience of localities of [[Nellore]], [[Ongole]] to visit state's [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region|Capital region]] of Andhra Pradesh. The Gudur Vijaywada Intercity Express was flagged off to a start on 1 September 2019 by Vice-president M Venkaiah Naidu, Union Minister of State for Railways Suresh Angadi and other South Central Railway officials.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Venkaiah Naidu to flag off Gudur-Vijayawada Express on Sunday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/venkaiah-naidu-to-flag-off-gudur-vijayawada-express-on-sunday/article29303264.ece}}</ref> Its name came from former king of nellore [[Vikramasimhapura|Vikrama Simhapura]]

== Route and Halts ==
{{routemap
| title = Route
| map = KBHFa~~ ~~[[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada Jn]] '''(BZA)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Tenali Junction railway station|Tenali]] '''(TEL)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Bapatla railway station|Bapatla]] '''(BPP)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Chirala railway station|Chirala]] '''(CLX)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Ongole railway station|Ongole]] '''(OGL)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Singarayakonda railway station|Singarayakonda]] '''(SKM)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Kavali railway station|Kavali]] '''(KVZ)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Nellore railway station|Nellore]] '''(NLR)'''
KBHFe~~ ~~[[Gudur Junction railway station|Gudur Jn]] '''(GDR)'''
}}

== Traction ==
It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vijayawada|Vijayawada Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

== See also ==
* [[Pinakini Express]]
* [[Satavahana Express]]
* [[Ratnachal Express]]
* [[Vijayawada-Lingampalli Intercity Express]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Vijayawada railway division]]

Anupam Tripathi

2026-03-04T13:25:22Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: added new page.

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Anupam Tripathi
| image = Anupam Tripathi (cropped).jpg
| caption = Tripathi in 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|11|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| alma_mater = [[Korea National University of Arts]]
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''Anupam Tripathi''' ({{Korean|hangul=아누팜 트리파티}}; born 2 November 1988) is an Indian actor based in South Korea. He has appeared in various South Korean television series and films. His first main role as [[Ali Abdul]] in [[Netflix]]'s South Korean survival drama series ''[[Squid Game]]'' (2021) garnered him worldwide recognition.

== Early life ==
Tripathi was born in [[New Delhi]] on November 2, 1988.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko: 아누팜트리파티|trans-title=Anupam Tripathi, Actor|url=https://search.naver.com/search.naver?where=nexearch&sm=tab_etc&mra=bjky&x_csa=%7B%22fromUi%22:%22kb%22%7D&pkid=1&os=24620747&qvt=0&query=%EC%95%84%EB%88%84%ED%8C%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C%ED%8B%B0|access-date=10 October 2021|website=Naver People Search|language=ko|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314180542/https://search.naver.com/search.naver?where=nexearch&sm=tab_etc&mra=bjky&x_csa=%7B%22fromUi%22:%22kb%22%7D&pkid=1&os=24620747&qvt=0&query=%EC%95%84%EB%88%84%ED%8C%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C%ED%8B%B0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MB">{{cite web|last=Hicap|first=Jonathan|date=27 September 2021|title='Squid Game' player No. 199 Anupam Tripathi talks about role, pursuing career in Korea|url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/09/27/squid-game-player-no-199-anupam-tripathi-talks-about-role-pursuing-career-in-korea/|url-status=live|access-date=27 September 2021|website=Manila Bulletin|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927003059/https://mb.com.ph/2021/09/27/squid-game-player-no-199-anupam-tripathi-talks-about-role-pursuing-career-in-korea/ |archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref> He became interested in acting after playing a slave in a stage production of [[Spartacus]]. He was a part of the playwright Shahid Anwar's Behroop theater group from 2006 to 2010.<ref name="Variety">{{cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|date=8 October 2021|title='Squid Game' Star Anupam Tripathi on Netflix's Global Phenomenon: 'This Was Just The Starting Point'|url=https://variety.com/2021/global/news/squid-game-anupam-tripathi-netflix-interview-1235084158/|url-status=live|access-date=16 October 2021|work=Variety|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008154641/https://variety.com/2021/global/news/squid-game-anupam-tripathi-netflix-interview-1235084158/ |archive-date=8 October 2021 }}</ref>

Tripathi began training in singing and acting in 2006. He intended to attend the [[National School of Drama]] in New Delhi but moved to South Korea in 2010 to attend [[Korea National University of Arts]] on the Arts Major Asian scholarship. He has discussed the initial difficulty of adjusting to the cultural and language differences but then became fluent in Korean in less than two years.<ref name="MB" /><ref name="Variety" />

== Career ==
Tripathi began acting in Korean plays and commercials during his third year of university.<ref name="edaily">{{cite web |date=22 June 2015 |title=외국인·단신배우 "우릴 보는 낯선 시선…재밌잖아요!" |url=https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01180806609404344&mediaCodeNo=257 |access-date=27 September 2021 |website={{ill|Edaily|ko|이데일리}} |language=ko |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007191518/https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01180806609404344&mediaCodeNo=257 |url-status=live }}</ref> His first feature film credit was as an unnamed Sri Lankan man in ''[[Ode to My Father]]'' (2014).<ref name="MB" /> He had a minor role as a bomb expert fighting for Korean independence in the play 불량청년, which was selected for the 36th Seoul Theater Festival,<ref name="edaily" /> and had various minor unnamed roles in television series like ''[[Hospital Playlist]]'' (2020), ''[[Rain or Shine (TV series)|Rain or Shine]]'' (2017), and films such as ''[[Space Sweepers]]'' (2021) and ''[[Asura: The City of Madness]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web |title=Anupam Tripathi - Filmography |url=https://www.hancinema.net/korean_Anupam_Tripathi-filmography.html |website=[[HanCinema]] |access-date=18 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218161333/https://www.hancinema.net/korean_Anupam_Tripathi-filmography.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of his roles relate to being a [[migrant worker]] in Korean society.<ref name="MB" />

Tripathi's first main cast credit was as the [[Illegal immigration to South Korea|undocumented]] Pakistani worker Ali Abdul on the [[Netflix original series]] ''[[Squid Game]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite web |last=Kirkl |first=Justin |date=23 September 2021 |title='Squid Game's Cast Features a Mix of Korean Film Powerhouses and Up and Comers |url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a37706324/squid-game-cast-netflix/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=Esquire |language=en-US |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924003350/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a37706324/squid-game-cast-netflix/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Vice">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Heather |date=6 October 2021 |title=A Shout-Out to Ali, a Character Too Pure for the Dark Humanity in 'Squid Game' |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ali-netflix-squid-game-character-interview-anupam-tripathi/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2021 |work=Vice |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006124559/https://www.vice.com/en/article/5db74b/ali-netflix-squid-game-character-interview-anupam-tripathi |archive-date=6 October 2021 }}</ref> Director [[Hwang Dong-hyuk]] said that it was "hard to find good foreign actors in Korea" and that he cast Tripathi because of his emotional acting capabilities and fluency in Korean.<ref name="Vice" /> Following the series' international success, Tripathi's follower count on [[Instagram]] increased from 10,000 to over 2.5 million in a matter of days.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bautista |first=Rafael |date=6 October 2021 |title=Movies And TV Series You Should Watch If You Want To See More Of The Cast Of Squid Game |url=https://nylonmanila.com/movies-tv-series-featuring-squid-game-cast/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2021 |website=NYLON MANILA |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006121725/https://nylonmanila.com/movies-tv-series-featuring-squid-game-cast/ |archive-date=6 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sng |first=Suzanne |date=5 October 2021 |title=Squid Game actors gain millions of Instagram followers after hit show |language=en |work=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/squid-game-actors-gain-millions-of-instagram-followers-after-hit-show |access-date=7 October 2021 |issn=0585-3923 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026202031/https://variety.com/2021/global/news/squid-game-anupam-tripathi-netflix-interview-1235084158/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Tripathi is fluent in English, Hindi, and Korean.<ref name="Variety" />

He received his master's degree in acting at [[Korea National University of Arts]] in 2024.<ref name="MB" /><ref name="Variety" />

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2014
|''[[Ode to My Father]]''
|[[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] man
|
|<ref name="MB" />
|-
|2015
|[[The Phone (film)|''The Phone'']]
|Charles
|
|<ref name="SBS">{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Narin |date=1 October 2021 |title=[SBS Star] 'Squid Game' Anupam Tripathi Got a Scholarship to Korea's Top Arts University? |url=https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1006483522 |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2021 |website=SBS News |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001051027/https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1006483522 |archive-date=1 October 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Asura: The City of Madness]]''
|Indian labourer
|
|<ref name="chosun">{{cite web |date=26 September 2021 |title='오징어 게임' 외국인 노동자 '알리' 알고 보니 한예종 출신 |url=https://www.chosun.com/culture-life/broadcast-media/2021/09/26/6XR2ORQQS5FNZGMQBJ3V7LHFJU/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |language=ko |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927030847/https://www.chosun.com/culture-life/broadcast-media/2021/09/26/6XR2ORQQS5FNZGMQBJ3V7LHFJU/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Luck Key]]''
|Indian man
|
|<ref name="chosun" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Heart Blackened]]''
|Factory manager
|
|<ref name="SBS" />
|-
|''{{ill|The Heartbeat Operator|ko|심장박동조작극}}''
|Nepalese chief
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Miss & Mrs. Cops|Miss and Mrs. Cops]]''
|Arab subordinate
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Space Sweepers]]''
|Sullivan's assistant
|
|<ref name="MB" />
|-
|''[[The 8th Night]]''
|Preacher
|Voice
|<ref name="MB" />
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Vanishing (2022 film)|Vanishing]]''
| Foreign broker
| Special appearance
|<ref>{{cite web|author=Yoo Byung-chul|url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/now/article/215/0001024510|title=아누팜 트리파티 & 마이클 리, '배니싱: 미제사건' 깜짝 캐스팅 화제…신스틸러로 남다른 존재감 발산|trans-title=Anupam Tripathi & Michael Lee, 'The Vanishing: Unsolved Case' surprise casting topic... Exuding a unique presence as a scene stealer|work=Korea Economy TV|via=[[Naver]]|date=April 7, 2022|access-date=April 7, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407113242/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=215&aid=0001024510|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| ''Changhon: Night of Salvation''
| Anuat
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01761366635740448&mediaCodeNo=258|author=Yoon Ki-baek|title=아누팜→임도화·송승현, 오컬트 호러 '창혼: 구원의 밤' 캐스팅|trans-title=Anupam → Lim Do-hwa and Song Seung-hyun cast in occult horror 'Changhon: Night of Salvation'|website={{ill|Edaily|ko|이데일리}}|date=September 15, 2023|language=ko}}</ref>
|}

=== Television series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Hogu's Love]]''
|
|
|<ref name="edaily" />
|-
|''[[Let's Eat 2]]''
|Indian restaurant waiter
|Cameo (Episode 4)
|<ref name="edaily" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Descendants of the Sun]]''
|Man that gives the shoe to Dr. Kang
|Cameo (Episode 6–7)
|<ref>{{cite web |date=30 September 2021 |title=Squid Game's Indian actor Anupam Tripathi has an interesting connection with Song Joong-ki and Song Hye-kyo |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/squid-game-s-indian-actor-anupam-tripathi-has-an-interesting-connection-with-song-joong-ki-and-song-hyekyo-101632987104892.html |access-date=30 September 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930084743/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/squid-game-s-indian-actor-anupam-tripathi-has-an-interesting-connection-with-song-joong-ki-and-song-hyekyo-101632987104892.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[The K2]]''
|wounded man
|Cameo (Episode 2)
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Rain or Shine (TV series)|Just Between Lovers]]''
|Sook-hee's customer
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Hospital Playlist]]''
|The relative of a foreign patient
|Cameo (Episode 4, season 1)
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Squid Game]]''
|Ali Abdul (Pakistani guest worker)
|Main role (Episodes 1-6)
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Mouse (TV series)|Mouse]]''
|Student
|Cameo (Episode 1)
|
|-
|2023
| ''[[King the Land]]''
|Prince Samir
|Supporting (Episode 7–8)
|
|-
|2024
|''[[IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack]]''
|Ram
|Main role (Episodes 1-6)
|Hindi TV show
|-
|2025
|''[[Oh My Ghost Clients]]''
|Nimal
|Supporting role (Episodes 1-2)
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Anupam}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate male actors]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in South Korea]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Korea National University of Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]

Malamukalile Daivam

2026-03-03T21:43:02Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: add content after review and fixed typos for consistency

{{No footnotes|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Malamukalile Daivam (The God Atop the Hill)
| image = Malamukalile Daivam.jpg
| caption = The cover of the screenplay published by [[D. C. Books]]
| director = [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]]
| producer =
| writer = Kalpatta Balakrishnan
| based_on =
| starring = Gabril Suresh Sudharani Kunjandi [[Bala Singh]] Lakshmi Subramanian [[Unni Mary]] Sathindran Ranjith Kumar
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = Deviprasad
| editing = Sasi
| studio = Suriamudra Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1983|2|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Malamukalile Daivam''''' (''The God Atop the Hill'') is a 1983 [[Malayalam]] film directed by [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]]. The film is set in a tribal village in Kerala where religious superstition and ignorance reign supreme. A relatively intelligent boy escapes its oppressive confines and later returns, determined to bring enlightenment to the village. Gabril, Suresh, Sudharani, Kunjandi, [[Bala Singh]], Lakshmi Subramanian, [[Unni Mary]], Sathindran and Ranjith Kumar form the cast. Several critics consider the film as the most outstanding piece in Menon's filmography. The film won the [[National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Regional Film]] and [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]] (Suresh).

==Cast==
*[[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as Marie
* Gabril as Ramachandran
* Master Suresh as Kayama, younger Ramachandran
* Sudharani as Sujatha
* [[Kunjandi]] as Nambi
* [[Bala Singh]] as the landlord
* Sathindran as Nenchan
* Ranjith Kumar as Kayama, Marie's son
* Lakshmi Subramanian
* PR Menon as Madhavan Master
* Rani Abraham

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121023085219/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/273279 ''Malamukalile Daivam''] at the [[British Film Institute]] Movie Database
* {{IMDb title|0240708}}
* [http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?mid=4970 ''Malamukalile Daivam''] at the Malayalam Movie Database

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|url=http://www.dcbookshop.net/books/malamukalile-daivam|title=Malamukalile Daivam (Screenplay)|publisher=[[D. C. Books]]|isbn=81-300-0363-5}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120322151109/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/E00FEFD2399EE11365256940004B7BA5 From realistic cinema to the mythological (Interview with P. N. Menon)]. ''The Hindu''. 22 November 1999.

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}

[[Category:1983 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Best Malayalam Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. N. Menon (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Child Artist National Award–winning performance]]

History of Bombay under British rule (1661–1947)

2026-02-27T20:13:33Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: enhanced details to improve readability for clarity

{{Short description|none}}
{{See also|History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
[[File:General view of Bombay in the 1880s.jpg|thumb|[[Bombay]] in the 1880s]]Bombay, also called ''Bom baim'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], is the financial and commercial capital of [[India]] and one of the most [[List of cities proper by population|populous cities in the world]].

The city was once an archipelago of [[seven islands of Bombay|seven islands]], obtained by the Portuguese via the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)]], from the Sultan [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]].

The island group would later form part of the dowry of [[Catherine of Braganza]], daughter of [[King John IV of Portugal]]. Her 23 June 1661 [[Marriage Treaty]] gifted the islands to [[Charles II of England]], along with the port of [[Tangier]], trading privileges in Brazil and the [[Portuguese East Indies]], religious and commercial freedom for English residents in Portugal, and two million Portuguese crowns (about £300,000), on completion of the marriage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Army of Charles II|last=Childs|first=John|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-52859-2|location=Oxon|pages=17}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Nergish Sunavala|date=Mar 27, 2018|title=When Bombay went to East India Company for £10 rent {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/when-bombay-went-to-east-india-company-for-10-rent/articleshow/63473137.cms|access-date=2022-02-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The Islands of Bombay were regarded as a political and financial liability and were leased by Charles, to the [[English East India Company]], on 27 March 1668, for a nominal £10 rent.<ref name=":1" />

==Establishment of the Company Settlement (1661–1817)==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
[[File:Bombay 1672.jpg|thumb|upright|Bombay, 1672]]
[[File:Bombay Niebuhr's Map 1764.jpg|thumb|upright|Bombay, Niebuhr's Map, 1764]]
[[File:Bombay Fort 1771-1864.jpg|thumb|upright|Bombay Fort, 1771–1864]]
[[File:Plan of Bombay 1760.jpg|thumb|Plan of Bombay, 1760]]
[[File:St Thomas Church old.jpg|thumb|[[St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai|St. Thomas Cathedral]], constructed by Charles Boone in 1718, was the first [[Church of England|Anglican]] Church in Bombay.]]

=== 1660s ===
On 18 January 1665, [[King Charles II of England]] granted [[Humphrey Cooke]] the possession of Bombay. However, [[Salsette Island|Salsette]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Parel]], [[Worli]], [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]], [[Dharavi]], and [[Wadala Road|Wadala]] still remained under Portuguese possession. Later, Cooke managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala for the English. [[Sir Gervase Lucas, 1st Baronet]], who was appointed [[Governor of Bombay]] on 5 November 1666, reported that Bombay included all the islands except [[Colaba]] and [[Old Woman's Island]].

On 21 September 1668, the ''Royal Charter'' of 27 March 1668 led to the transfer of Bombay from [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] to the [[English East India Company]] for an annual rent of [[Pound (currency)|£]]10.<ref name=":1" /> [[George Oxenden (governor)|Sir George Oxenden]] became the first [[List of Governors of Bombay|Governor of Bombay]] under the regime of the English East India Company. [[Gerald Aungier]], who became Governor of Bombay in July 1669, established the mint and printing press in Bombay and developed the islands into a centre of commerce. He also offered various business incentives, which attracted various communities like [[Gujarati people|Gujuratis]], [[Parsi people|Parsis]], [[Dawoodi Bohras]], and [[Jew]]s.

=== 1670s ===
On 20 February 1673, [[Rijckloff van Goens]], the Governor-General of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch India]] attacked Bombay, but the attack was resisted by Aungier. The [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)]], concluded between England and Holland, relieved the English settlements in Bombay of further apprehension from the Dutch.

=== 1680s ===
In 1682, the Company fortified the [[Middle Ground Coastal Battery]] isle in the archipelago to curb the sea piracy in the area. Between 1678 and 1682, [[Yakut Khan]], the [[Siddi]] admiral of the [[Mughal Empire]], landed at [[Sewri]] and torched [[Mahim]]. By 15 February 1689, Khan conquered almost the whole island, and razed the [[Mazagon Fort]] in June 1690. After a payment made by the English to [[Aurangzeb]], the ruler of the Mughal Empire, Yakut evacuated Bombay on 8 June 1690.

Sidi Qasim, or Yakut Khan, who acted as [[Mughal Empire]] empire navy officer, wintered the Bombay port as in practice the Mughals, and Maratha sailors are treating Bombay as their own.<ref name="India Conquered Britain's Raj and the Chaos of Empire; Jon Wilson">{{cite book |author1=Jon Wilson |title=India Conquered Britain's Raj and the Chaos of Empire |date=August 25, 2016 |publisher=Simon & Schuster UK |isbn=9781471101274 |access-date=2 December 2023 |language=En |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHEQCwAAQBAJ |format=ebook |quote=. In theory, the English were sovereign over the island of Bombay in a way that they were....in a way that they were sovereign over nowhere in Bengal. In practice, such sovereignty meant little as the island}}</ref> The Siddi sailors under Yakut Khan dominance in Bombay even prevented [[Sir John Child, 1st Baronet|Sir John Child]] to seek retribution towards them when there is accident between Yakut Khan sailors with the english sailors in 1683.<ref name="India Conquered Britain's Raj and the Chaos of Empire; Jon Wilson" />

=== 1710s ===
In 1715, the construction of [[Bombay Castle]] was finished, which fortified the island of Bombay from sea attacks by the Portuguese and Mughals. By 26 December 1715, Charles Boone assumed the Governorship of Bombay, and constructed the [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai|St. Thomas Cathedral]] in 1718, which was the first [[Church of England|Anglican]] Church in Bombay.

=== 1730s ===
In 1737, [[Salsette Island|Salsette]] was captured by the [[Maratha Empire]] and most of the Portuguese provinces in Bombay was ceded to the Marathas in 1739. In 1753, the [[Bombay Dockyard (Royal Navy)|Naval Dockyard]] was opened which remains the oldest docks in the city. The first land-use laws were also enacted in Bombay during this period. The British occupied Salsette in 1774, which was formally ceded to the [[British East India Company]] by the [[Treaty of Salbai]] signed in 1782.

=== 1780s ===
In 1782, [[William Hornby (governor)|William Hornby]] assumed the office of Governor of Bombay, and initiated the [[Hornby Vellard]] engineering project of connecting the isles in 1784. However, the project was rejected by the British East India Company in 1783. The construction of the Sion Causeway commenced in 1798 and was completed in 1803.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2004-09-11 |title=Mumbai / Bombay - a geographical history |url=http://www.dancewithshadows.com/mumbai_history.asp |access-date=2022-02-25 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040911080938/http://www.dancewithshadows.com/mumbai_history.asp |archive-date=11 September 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 1800s ===
In 1803, Bombay was hit by a severe famine, which led to a large-scale emigration. On 5 November 1817, the British East India Company defeated [[Bajirao II]], the [[Peshwa]] of the Maratha Empire, in the [[Battle of Khadki|Battle of Kirkee]] which took place on the [[Deccan Plateau]]. The success of the British campaign in the Deccan witnessed the freedom of Bombay from all attacks by native powers.

==City development (1817–1886)==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header = Tanna railway viaducts
| image1 = Tanna Village and Smaller Viaduct (12671597053).jpg
| image2 = Tanna Railway Viaduct (9142699593).jpg
| footer = The smaller railway viaduct (top) and the longer railway viaduct (bottom) near Tanna (circa 1855)
}}

=== 1810s ===
[[File:Rajabai under Const.jpg|thumb|A file photo of [[University of Bombay]]'s Campus (circa 1870)]]

The encouragement of the trade of Bombay with Jeshwanth combined with the company's military successes in the Deccan paved the way for the educational and economic progress which characterized the city during the nineteenth century. The Hornby Vellard project gained momentum in 1817. One of the chief improvements to the north of [[Colaba]] was the construction of the Wellington Pier ([[Apollo Bundar]]) the present [[Gateway of India]] area, which was opened for passenger traffic in 1819. Bombay was hit by a water famine in 1824.

=== 1830s ===
In July 1832, the Parsi-Hindu riots took place in consequence of a Government order for killing of dogs. In 1838, the islands of [[Colaba]] and [[Old Woman's Island|Little Colaba]] were connected to Bombay by the [[Colaba Causeway]].<ref name=":2" />

=== 1840s ===
The [[Bank of Bombay]] was opened in 1840, which remains the oldest bank in the city. By 1845, all the seven islands had been connected to form a single island called [[Old Bombay]] having an area of {{convert|435|km2|sqmi|2|abbr=on}} by the Hornby Vellard project.

In 1845, the [[Mahim Causeway]], which connected [[Mahim]] to [[Bandra]] was completed. In 1845, the [[Grant Medical College]] and hospital, the third in the country, was founded by Governor [[Robert Grant (MP)|Robert Grant]].

=== 1850s ===
Riots broke out between Muslims and [[Parsi people|Parsis]] in October 1851, in consequence of an ill-advised article on [[Muhammad]] which appeared in the ''Gujarathi'' newspaper. On 16 April 1853 the first-ever Indian railway line began operations between Bombay and neighbouring Tanna, over a distance of 21 miles.

The first [[cotton mill]] in Bombay, the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company, was established on 7 July 1854. The foundation of the [[University of Bombay]] in 1857 made it the first modern institution of higher education in India, along with the [[University of Calcutta]].

=== 1860s ===
The [[Great Indian Peninsular Railway]] and the [[Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway]] (BB&CI) were started in 1860. The outbreak of the [[American Civil War]] in 1861 increased the demand for cotton in the West, and led to an enormous increase in cotton-trade.

In 1866, the British Government established the [[Bombay Coast and River Steam Navigation Company]] for the maintenance of steam ferries between Bombay and nearby islands; while the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 completely revolutionized the marine trade of Bombay.

=== 1870s ===
In 1870 the docks were consolidated under the [[Bombay Port Trust]], and the [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]] was established in 1872, providing a modern framework of governance for the rapidly growing city. Tramway communication was also instituted in 1872. Public gardens such as the [[Jijamata Udyaan|Victoria Gardens]] and Northbrook Gardens were opened in 1873 and 1874 respectively.

Violent Parsi-Muslim riots again broke out in February 1874, which were caused by an attack upon Muhammad published by a Parsi resident. The Bombay Gymkhana was formed in 1875 and soon organizations such as [[Bombay Quadrangular]] followed.

=== 1880s ===
Bombay became one of the few cities in the world to include a large [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park|national park]] within its limits, and the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] was founded in 1883. The Princess Dock was built in 1885 as part of a scheme for improving the whole foreshore of the Bombay harbour.

==Political consciousness and independence struggle (1885–1947)==
[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|thumb|First session of the [[Indian National Congress]] in Bombay (28–31 December 1885)]]
[[File:Bal Gangadhar Tilak.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] was a popular leader of the [[Indian Independence Movement]] in Bombay.]]
[[File:Island of Bombay Map 1812-16.jpg|thumb|upright|Map of Island of Bombay, 1812–16, re-published in 1893]]
[[File:Bombay (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|thumb|Map of Bombay, ca. 1914]]

=== 1885-88 ===
The growth of political consciousness started after the establishment of the Bombay Presidency Association by [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] on 31 January 1885. The Bombay Millowners' Association was formed in February 1875 in order to protect interests threatened by possible factory and tariff legislation by the British.

The foundation of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1885 was one of the most important political event in Bombay. The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay from 28 to 31 December 1885. In 1888, the Bombay Municipal Act was enacted, which gave the British Government wide powers of interference in civic matters. The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Victoria Terminus]] of the [[Great Indian Peninsular Railway]], one of the finest stations in the world, was also completed in 1888.

=== 1890s ===
On 11 August 1893, a very serious riot took place between the Hindus and Muslims in Bombay, which led to 1500 arrests. 80 were injured.

In 1896, Bombay was hit by [[Mumbai plague epidemic|bubonic plague]] which killed thousands of citizens. In a single week in 1897, over 10,000 persons fled Bombay. On 9 March 1898 there was a serious riot which started with a sudden outbreak of hostility against the measures adopted by Government for suppression of plague. The riot led to a strike of dock and railway workers which paralysed the city for a few days. The significant results of the plague was the creation of the [[Bombay City Improvement Trust]] in 1898 and the [[Haffkine Institute]] in 1899.

=== 1900s ===
The cotton mill industry was also adversely affected during 1900 and 1901 due to the flight of workers because of the plague. The years 1904-05, however, witnessed a reversion of this state of affairs.

The [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1905 initiated the [[Swadeshi movement]], which led to the boycotting of British goods, had a tremendous impact on Bombay. On 22 July 1908, [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Lokmanya Tilak]], the principal advocate of the Swadeshi movement in Bombay, was sentenced to six years imprisonment, which led to huge scale protests in the city.

=== 1910s ===
''[[The Bombay Chronicle]]'' was started by [[Pherozeshah Mehta]], the leader of the [[Indian National Congress]], in April 1913, which played an important role in the national movement till India's Independence. The most important event in Bombay early in 1915 was the visit of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to Bombay.

The All India Home Rule League was inaugurated by [[Annie Besant]] at [[Madras]] in September 1916. Meanwhile, Tilak had already started his own Home Rule League at Bombay in May 1916 to bid for support of the mill workers in Bombay. [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Lord Willingdon]] convened the Provincial War Conference at Bombay on 10 June 1918, whose objective was to seek the co-operation of the people in the [[World War I]] measures which the British Government thought it necessary to take in the Bombay Presidency. The conference was followed by huge rallies across the city.

The worldwide influenza epidemic raged through Bombay from September to December 1918, causing hundreds of deaths per day. The first important strike in the textile industry in Bombay began in January 1919. Bombay was the main centre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha movement started by Mahatma Gandhi from February to April 1919. The movement was started as a result of the [[Rowlatt Act]], which indefinitely extended emergency measures during the [[First World War]] in order to control public unrest.

=== 1920s ===
Following [[World War I]], which saw large movement of Indian troops, supplies, arms and industrial goods to and from Bombay, the city life was shut down many times during the [[Non-Cooperation Movement|Non-cooperation movement]] from 1920 to 1922.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|pp=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#23 404–433]|Ref=bom}}</ref> In 1926, the Back Bay scandal occurred, when the [[Bombay Development Department]] under the British reclaimed the [[Back Bay (Mumbai)|Back Bay]] area in Bombay after the financial crisis incidental to the post-war slump in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|p=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#24 435]|Ref=bom}}</ref>

In 1927, the first electric locomotives were put into service up to [[Poona]] and [[Igatpuri]] and later electric multiple rake commuter trains ran up to [[Virar]] on the [[Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway]]. In the late 1920s, many Persians migrated to Bombay from [[Yazd]] to escape the drought in Iran.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1167800
|title=A slice of Persia in Dongri
|author=Taran N Khan
|date=2008-05-31
|access-date=2008-10-09
|newspaper=[[Daily News & Analysis]]}}</ref>

=== 1930s ===
In the early 1930s, the nationwide [[Civil disobedience movement]] against the British Salt tax spread to Bombay. [[Vile Parle]] was the headquarters of the movement in Bombay under [[Jamnalal Bajaj]].<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|pp=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#26 443–451]|Ref=bom}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|pp=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#30 465–506]|Ref=bom}}</ref>

On 15 October 1932 industrialist and aviator [[J.R.D. Tata]] pioneered [[civil aviation]] in Bombay by flying a plane from [[Karachi]] to Bombay. Bombay was affected by the [[Great Depression]] of 1929, which saw a stagnation of mill industry and economy from 1933 to 1939.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|pp=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#31 508–512]|Ref=bom}}</ref> With [[World War II]], the movement of thousands of troops, military and industrial goods and the fleet of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] made Bombay an important military base for the battles being fought in [[West Asia]] and [[South East Asia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#35 Outbreak of the War]|Ref=bom}}</ref>

=== 1940s ===
The climactic [[Quit India]] rebellion was promulgated on 7 August 1942 by the Congress in a public meeting at [[Gowalia Tank]].<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|loc=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#36 Quit India Movement]|Ref=bom}}</ref> The [[Royal Indian Navy Mutiny]] of 18 February 1946 in Bombay marked the first and most serious revolt by the Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy against British rule.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|pp=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#37 580–583]|Ref=bom}}</ref> On 15 August 1947, finally India became independent. The last British troops to leave India, the First Battalion of the [[Somerset Light Infantry]], passed through the arcade of the [[Gateway of India]] in Bombay on 28 February 1948.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|pp=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#38 584–585]|Ref=bom}}</ref>

The 282-year-long period of the British domination in Bombay ended after India's Independence in 1947.

==See also==
* [[History of Mumbai]]
* [[History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)|History of Bombay under Portuguese rule]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References and Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Aspengren, Henrik C. "Sociological knowledge and colonial power in Bombay around the First World War", "British Journal for the History of Science", Dec. 2011, Vol. 44 Issue 4, pp. 533–548.
*{{cite book |title=Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta |last=Collins |first=Charles Dillard |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-88706-774-7 |ref=col}}
*{{cite book |title=History of Bombay, 1661–1708: 1661–1708 |last=David |first=M. D. |publisher=[[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]] |year=1973 |ref=dav}}
* Dobbin, Christine. ''Urban Leadership in Western India: Politics and Communities in Bombay City 1840-1885'' (Oxford University Press), 1972.
*{{cite book |title=Bombay: The Cities Within |last=Dwivedi |first=Sharada |author2=Rahul Mehrotra |publisher=Eminence Designs |year=2001 |ref=dm2001}}
*{{cite book |title=Maharashtra, a Profile |last=Khandekar |first=Vishnu Sakharam |author2=A. K. Bhagwat |author3=Acyuta Kesava Bhagavata |publisher=V. S. Khandekar Amrit Mahotsava Satkar Samiti |year=1977 |ref=k77}}
* Kidambi, Prashant. ''The Making of an Indian Metropolis. Colonial Governance and Public Culture in Bombay, 1890–1920'' (Hampshire: Ashgate), 2007, pp. 268
* Kosambi, Meera. ''Bombay in Transition: The Growth & Social Ecology of a Colonial City, 1880–1980'' (1986) 204pp
* Numark, Mitch. "Translating Dharma: Scottish Missionary-Orientalists and the Politics of Religious Understanding in Nineteenth-Century Bombay," ''Journal of Asian Studies,'' May 2011, 70#2, pp 471–500
*{{cite book |title=Bombay |last=Sheppard |first=Samuel Townsend |publisher=The Times of India Press |year=1932 |ref=shp}}
*{{cite book |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume3.html |title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer |series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |volume=III |year=1986 |access-date=2008-08-15 |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |ref=bom}}
*{{cite book |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteer |chapter=Portuguese Settlements on the Western Coast |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Medieval/chapter_4.pdf |access-date=2008-08-08 |year=1977 |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |ref=mah4}}
*{{cite book |title=Thana District Gazetteer |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-II/home.html |series=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |volume=XIII |orig-year=1882 |year=1986 |access-date=2008-08-15 |ref=tnad}}
*{{cite book |title=Thana — Places of Interest |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-III/home.html |series=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |volume=XIV |orig-year=1882 |year=2000 |access-date=2008-08-14 |ref=tna}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Bombay under British rule (1661-1947)}}
[[Category:History of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]

Amba Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-26T07:50:50Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori:

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2021}}

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Amba Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India Maharashtra#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Buldhana district]], Maharashtra, India
| nearest_city = [[Buldhana]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21|13|20.3|N|76|38|55.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 127.110
| established = 1997
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Maharashtra State Forest Department
| url =
}}
The '''Amba Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary''' is situated in [[Satpura Range]] of [[Buldhana district|Buldhana District]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Buldhan Dist">{{cite web |last1=District Administration |title=Anababarwa sanctuary |url=https://buldhana.nic.in/en/places-of-interest/ |website=www.buldhana.nic.in |publisher=District Administration, Buldhana |access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> It is a part of the [[Melghat Tiger Reserve]]. The sanctuary area includes Reserved forest 102.10sqkm, Protected forest 22.62 Sq. km.and remaining land is private cultivation and ''Abadi'' lands from ex-forest villages of ''Ambabarwa, Chunkhadi and Rohinkhidki o''f [[Sangrampur, Maharashtra|Sangrampur]] Taluka of [[Buldhana district|Buldhana District]].<ref name="Melghati">{{cite web |last1=CCF Melghat Tiger Reserve |title=Melghat Administrative control |url=http://www.melghattiger.gov.in/html_docs/admin.html |website=www.melghattiger.gov.in |publisher=CCF Melghat Tiger Reserve |access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref>

==Management==
The Sanctuary is under the Chief Conservator of forest and Field Director, Melghat Tiger Reserve with headquarters at [[Amravati]].<ref name="Melghati" />

==Tourist places==
The sanctuary is 65 km from [[Shegaon]]. The tourist zone of the sanctuary is 21.26 Sq. km comprising eight forest compartments.<ref name="Melghati" /> The other tourist attraction are ''Mangri Mahadev Mandir, Jalkakund, Pipladohkhora'', and ''Chimankhora''.<ref name="Loksatta">{{cite news |last1=Mule |first1=Dr. Surekha M. |title=वन पर्यटन : अंबाबरवा अभयारण्य |url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokbhramanti-news/amba-barva-wildlife-sanctuary-1526859/ |access-date=19 June 2021 |agency=Loksatta |publisher=Indian Express Group |date=9 August 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Maharashtra]]

S. P. Chakravarti

2026-02-10T03:12:17Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: created basic post first draft

{{short description|Indian engineer and educator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddheshwari Prasad Chakravarti
| image = File:S. P. Chakravarti.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1904|11|03}}
| birth_place = [[Rampurhat]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1981|07|15|1904|11|03}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Lucknow]] [[Imperial College, London]]
| occupation = Engineer, Researcher, Educator
| organisation = [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc Bangalore]] [[Jabalpur Engineering College|JEC Jabalpur]] [[University of Saugor]] [[University of Jabalpur]] [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
| years_active = 1930-'81
| known_for = Establishing Electronics & Telecommunication engineering education, research and training in India
| notable_works =
}}
Prof. '''Siddheshwari Prasad Chakravarti''' was an Indian engineer, researcher, and educator. He was known as the father of electronics and telecommunications engineering in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.1982.11452762|title=Prof. S.P. Chakravarti (1904–1981)|first=S. N.|last=Mitra|date=1 August 1982|journal=IETE Journal of Research|volume=28|issue=8|pages=385–390|via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM|doi=10.1080/03772063.1982.11452762|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=A survey of research and development in electronics and telecommunication in India over a century (1850-1950) | url=http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol24_4_5_MCMallik.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825163236/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol24_4_5_MCMallik.pdf | archive-date=2020-08-25}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://in.booksc.eu/book/53133498/850b31|title=Prof. S.P. Chakravarti (1904–1981) | Mitra, S.N. | download|website=in.booksc.eu}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Education ==
He was educated at the [[University of Lucknow]] and [[Imperial College London]].<ref name="auto"/>

== Career ==
=== Academia ===
[[File:Dr. S. P. Chakravarti's bust at the Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC), of which, he was the founding Principal.jpg|thumb|Dr. S. P. Chakravarti's bust at the [[Jabalpur Engineering College]] (JEC), of which, he was the founding Principal]]
He served as Head of the Electrical engineering department at [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ece.iisc.ac.in/images/ECE_History.pdf|title=IISc ECE History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031121257/https://ece.iisc.ac.in/images/ECE_History.pdf|archive-date=2021-10-31}}</ref> as the founding Principal of [[Government Engineering College, Jabalpur]], the oldest technical institution in central India, where he established the first Electronics & Telecommunications engineering department of India,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jecjabalpur.ac.in/aboutus/aboutus.aspx|title=JEC - Jabalpur Engineering College|website=www.jecjabalpur.ac.in}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and as the first Dean of the Faculties of Engineering of the [[University of Saugor]] and the [[University of Jabalpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ur.booksc.eu/book/57312765/b83d0a|title=Teaching and Research in Telecommunication Engineering in India During the First Five Year Plan Period (1951–56) | Chakravarti, S. P. | download|website=ur.booksc.eu|access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121201419/https://ur.booksc.eu/book/57312765/b83d0a|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Rajiv Gandhi Technical University|State Technological University of Madhya Pradesh]] has instituted a gold medal in his memory.<ref>{{Cite web | title=.:: Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal ::. | url=https://www.rgpv.ac.in/academics/EGM.aspx | access-date=2025-02-01 | website=www.rgpv.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Research ===
Post retirement from academia, he joined the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]], in 1959, upon request of the then [[Defence Minister of India]], [[V K Krishna Menon]], as Dy. Chief Scientific Officer.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Notifications regarding Appointments, Promotions, Leave, etc., of Officers issued by the Ministry of Defence | url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1960/O-1948-1960-0048-87707.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917052310/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1960/O-1948-1960-0048-87707.pdf | archive-date=2020-09-17}}</ref> During his tenure at DRDO, he was responsible for the founding of three major research laboratories of DRDO, viz., [[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment|Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) Bengaluru]], [[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory|Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL) Hyderabad]] and the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory|Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) Delhi]]. He served as the first Director of the [[Laser Science and Technology Centre|Laser Science and Technology Centre (LASTEC) Delhi]].<ref name="auto"/>

=== Professional===
He was the National Vice-President of the [[Institution of Engineers (India)]] and the [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers]].<ref name="auto"/> He was a distinguished fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1942003|title=Indian Academy of Sciences|website=fellows.ias.ac.in}}</ref> and the [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iete.org/distinguishedfellows.htm|title=Distinguished Fellows|website=www.iete.org|access-date=28 April 2021|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430075450/https://www.iete.org/distinguishedfellows.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Posts ==
During his career, he held the following posts:<ref name="auto"/>
* Lecturer, Department of Electrical Communication Engineering, [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]]
*Lecturer, Department of Applied Physics, [[University of Calcutta]]
*Officer on Special Duty (Radio), [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Department of Commerce, Govt. of India]]
* Radio Controller, [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Department of Industries and Supply, Govt. of India]]
*Professor and Head of the Department of Electrical Technology at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and Head of the Central Workshop
*Principal of [[Government Engineering College, Jabalpur]]
*Dean of the Faculties of Engineering of the [[University of Saugor]] and the [[University of Jabalpur]]
*Dy-Chief Scientific Officer (Electronics) [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
*Director of Electronics (Acting) R & D, [[Ministry of Defence (India)]].
*Technical Director, Scientific Research Cell, R & D, Ministry of Defence and Director Weapons Evaluation Est., R & D.
* Director, Scientific Liaison, Headquarters, Ministry of Defence.
*Director, [[Laser Science and Technology Centre|Defence Science Laboratory, Metcalfe House, Delhi]]
*Member of Electro Technical Council, [[Indian Standards Institution]] for 4 years.
*Chairman Electronics and Telecommunication Group, and then of DIVISION, for a total period of 9 years. During this period, he was responsible for raising Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Division to a major DIVISION.
*Member of Faculty of Engineering of [[Pune University]] for 3 years.
* Member of Faculty of [[IIT BHU]] for 4 years.
*Member of the Court of [[Nagpur University]] for 9 years.
*Member of the Court of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore for 8 years.
*Member of Radio Research Committee, Government of India, 1944–47 and again 1959-63.
*Member of Defence Electronics Research Committee for 5 years.
*Member of the Defence Electronics Development Panel for 5 years.
*Convenor of Study Panels of [[Institution of Engineers (India)]] on Instrumentation and Automation for 2 years.
*Paper Setter and Examiner of [[Union Public Service Commission]].
*National Vice-President of the [[Institution of Engineers (India)]] and the [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers]]

== Publications==
He contributed to more than half of India's total research in electronics and telecommunications engineering at the time <ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal | url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol24_4_5_MCMallik.pdf | title=A Survey of Research and Development in Electronics and Telecommunication in India Over a Century (1850-1950) | journal=Indian Journal of History of Science | volume=24 | issue=4 | pages=284–317 | date=1989 | last=Mallick | first=M. C. | via=insa.nic.in | accessdate=26 November 2022 }}</ref>

=== On Atmospherics & Electrical Interference in Radio Broadcasting in India ===
* 1. "Atmospherics at Bangalore during the Polar Year" by S.P. Chakravarti & B.H. Paranjpye (Published in Journal of Indian Institute of Science, 1934).
*2. "Field strength of Atmospherics on Wave-lengths from 10 to 500 metres at Calcutta" by S.P. Chakravarti (published in L'onde Electrique, March 1939).
*3. "Wave-form of Atmospherics at Calcutta" by S.P. Chakravarti. (Published in L'onde Electrique, April 1939).
*4. "Atmospherics at Radio Broadcasting Reception at Calcutta" by S.P. Chakravarti, P.B. Ghosh & H. Ghosh (Published in Proc. IRE, Dec. 1939).
*5. "Electrical Interference in Radio Broadcast Reception" by S.P. Chakravarti & N.L. Dutt. (Published in Indian Journal of Physics, October 1941).

=== On Radio Problems ===
*6. "Field Strength of Delhi 3 and Delhi 4 at Calcutta during Solar Eclipse on 21st September 1941" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Proc. IRE, June 1943).
*7. "On Possible Effect of Atomic Bomb Test at Bikini on Radio Reception on 25th July 1946" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Current Science, August 1946).
*8. "On Echo Suppression in Radio and Wire Telephony" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Electro-technics 1933).
*9. "Special Radio Test Transmissions on 12th and 13th March 1935" (In connection with Sullivan standard Frequency Equipment installed by the author at Bangalore Institute). Published in Electrotechnics, April 1935) by S.P. Chakravarti.
*10. "A New Secrecy Device for Communication Systems" by S.P. Chakravarti. (Published in Engineering Technics, November 1954). (Paper read at Indian Telegraph Centenary Convention, New Delhi, in November 1953).
*11. "On Jamming of Distant Radio Signals" by S.P. Chakravarti (being Chairman's address at Annual General Meeting of I.E., at New Delhi in February 1960). (Published in J. Institution of Engineers (I) in September 1960).
*12. "On Stability in Communication Apparatus or System and its Measurements" by S.P. Chakravarti. (Published in Engineering Technics, July 1951).

=== On VHF Microwave and Laser Communications ===
*13. "On Some measurements on Micro Radio Waves of Wavelengths from 15 to 19 cm" by P.N. Das & S.P. Chakravarti. (Published in Electra- Technics, 1945).
*14. "Investigations on the Possibility of Ultra-Short-wave FirstGrade Broadcasting in India" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Electro-technics, 1945).
*15. "Ultra Short Waves to Replace Medium Waves in Regional Broadcasting in India" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Electro-technics, No. 19, 1946).
*16. "On Propagation of Radio Waves beyond the Horizon" by S.P. Chakravarti. (Published in Engineering Technics, November 1954).
*17. "Some Recent Advances in Micro-wave Engineering" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in JIE(I), January 1962).
*18. "Modem Electronics Communication Techniques" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in JIE(l), August 1967).
*19. "Laser Communication" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in JIE(I), 1968).390 J. INSTN ELECTRONICS & TELECOM. ENGRS., Vol. 28, No. 8, 1982
*20. "Tropospheric Scatter Micro-Wave Links" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in JIE(I), 1969).
*21. "Development of Telecommunication Network in India since 1950" by S.P. Chakravarti & V.V.L. Rao, January 1970, Published in JIE(I).

=== On Transistor & Semiconductor Devices ===
*22. "Current Rectification at Metal Contacts" by S.P. Chakravarti and S.R. Kantabet (Published in Proc. IRE September 1932).
*23. "A Note on Internal Noise in Transistors" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Engineering Technics. 1956).
*24. "On Crystal Resonator with Transistor Negative Impedance Element" (Communicated for publication).

=== On Thermionic Negative Impedance Elements in Networks and with Wave Filters and Crystal Resonators Band-Pass and Wide-band Effects ===
*25. "On the Nature of Negative Resistance and Negative Resistance Sections" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Phi/. Magazine, October 1940).
*26 "On the Nature of Dynatron-type Negative Impedances at frequencies from 1 to 40 Mc/s" by S.P. Chakravarti & P.N. Das (Published in Proc. Ind. Assoc. for Cultivation of Sciences & Indian Journal of Physics, February 1943).
*27. "On Voltage Amplification by Wave-filters terminated in Negative Resistances" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Proc. Indian Academy of Sciences.. 1934).
*28. "On Wave-filters Terminated in Negative Resistances" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in L'onde Electrique, March 1935).
*29. "On Band-pass effect in Wave-filters Terminated in Negative Resistance" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Phi!. Mag., July 1938).
*30. "On the Nature of Band-pass effect in Wave-filters Terminated in Negative Impedances" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Wireless Engineer 1941).
*31. "Study of the Band-pass Effect by Cathode Ray Oscillograph" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Proc. Ind. Assoc. for Cultivation of Science & Indian Journal of Physics, Feb. 1943).
*32. "On the Extension of Band-pass Effect at High Frequencies" by Miss Rajeshwari & S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Electrotechnics, No. 18, 1946).
*33. "On Negative Resistance Equalizers for Transmission Systems", by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Phi!. Mag., May 1937).
*34. "On Some Calculations Relating to Band-pass Effect in Crystal Resonator Associated with Thermionic Negative Impedance" by S.P. Chakravarti & Miss Rajeshawari (Published in Electrotechnics, No. 19, 1946)
*35. "Wide Band-pass Effect in Crystals Associated with Negative Impedance Elements and Development of Wide-band Low-loss Crystal Band-pass Filter" by S.P. Chakravarti & N.L. Dutt (Published in Indian Journal of Physics, August 1940).
*36. "On Theory of Performance of Wide and Ultra-wide-band Lattice Type Crystal Band-pass Filters Containing Stabilised Negative Impedance Elements" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Proc. Ind. Assoc. for Cultivation of Sciences & Indian Journal of Physics, June 1943).
*37. "On the Sharpness of the Band-pass Effect" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Engineering Technics. June 1948).
*38. "On the Sharpness of the Band-pass Effect in Quartz Crystal resonators" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Engineering Technics, June 1948).
*39. "The Oscillating Band-pass Effect-A New Secrecy Device for Communication Systems" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Engineering Technics, June 1949).
*40. "On the Design of wide Band Lattice Type Crystal Band-pass Filters Containing Thermionic Negative Impedance Elements" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Engineering Technics, November 1950).
*41. "On the Transient Response in Band-pass Effect" by S.P. Chakravarti. (Published in Engineering Technics, October 1952).
*42. "The Band-pass Effect". by S.P. Chakravarti (Monograph published by Telegraph Communication Engineers Association (India), August 1949).

=== On Multi-Channel Communication ===
*43. "Telephony by Carrier and One Side-band" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Journal of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 1932).
*44. "Carrier Current Telephony on Non-loaded Cable Circuits" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Revue General de' Electricite, May 1937).
*45. "Telephony by Partially Transmitted Carrier and One Sideband" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in L'onde Electrique, August 1937).
*46. "Improvement in Telephone Transmission over Phantom Circuits by Bi-band Telephony" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in L'onde Electrique, August 1935).
*47. "Two-wire Carrier Telephone System for Non-loaded Cable Circuits of Air Space. Paper Core-Type" by S.P. ChakravarU (Published in Electrical Review, July 1937).
*48. "Some Experiments on Bi-band Telephony" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Electro-Technique, 1935).
*49. "Audio-Frequency Constants of Circuits and Telephone Lines" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in JIEE, May 1933).
*50. "New Type of Telegraph Repeator Employing Carrier Currents" by S.P. Chakra\arti (Published in Nature, 6 October 1934).
*51. "On Dielectric Loss and Leakage in India-make Porcelain Insulator over Frequency Range-1-60 Mcjs" by R.N. Dewan and S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Engineering Technics. November 1950).
*52. "On Multi-channel Communication in Frequency Range 3 KC/s-3000 MC/s" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in Journal of Institution of Engineers, November 1958).

=== On Radio Industrial Problems ===
*53. "On the manufacture of Loudspeakers in India" by S.P. Chakravarti (Published in A.B. Patrika, Puia Number, 1942).
*54. "On the Manufacture of Wireless Apparatus in India" by S.P. Chakravarti (Contribution to Dictionary of Raw Materials and Industrial Resources, BSIR). (Published in the Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1945).
*55. "Instrumentation and Automation" by S.P. Chakravarti, A.K. Chatterjee & H.N. Rama Chandra Rao (Published in JIE(l), 1966).
*56. "Development of Electronic industry in India" by S.P. Chakravarti & (Brig) M.K. Rao (Published in Souvenir of the Seventh Commonwealth Engineering Conference, India, November 1969).

== Inventions==
List of inventions of Prof. Chakravarti:<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>
* Filter Converter and Width Adjuster & Band-pass Amplifier. "A band-pass filter for electrical communication systems". (British Patents No. 537439)
* "Ultra wide-band low-loss band-pass filter constructed from piezo-electrical crystal or crystals and stabilised negative impedance element or elements for radio and television systems". (British Patent No. 537797)
* "A new secrecy device for communication systems".

==Notable students==
Some of his notable students include:<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>
*B. V. Baliga - Former Managing Director of [[Bharat Electronics Limited]], and the father of [[B. Jayant Baliga]], the inventor of [[IGBT]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/innovation-special/jayant-baligas-invention-is-a-power-saver/32328/1 | title=Jayant Baliga's Invention is a Power Saver }}</ref>
*G. S. Sanyal - Former Director of [[IIT Kharagpur]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://web.scholarsavenue.org/remembering-prof-gs-sanyal-30988cc1da7c | title=Remembering Prof. GS Sanyal | date=3 May 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*Vasant Mulay - Established [[Doordarshan]]'s first TV station.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/how-puneite-scripted-doordarshans-success-story/articleshow/5011565.cms | title=How Puneite scripted Doordarshan's success story | Pune News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=15 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/army-chief-m-m-naravane-to-be-chief-guest-at-golden-jubilee-celebrations-of-ftiis-tv-wing-7440678/ | title=Army chief M M Naravane to be chief guest at golden jubilee celebrations of FTII's TV wing | date=6 August 2021 }}</ref>
*Rajeshwari Chatterjee- First female engineer from the state of [[Karnataka]], later went on to become the chairperson of the department of Electrical Communication Engineering at [[IISc Bangalore]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Imperial College London]]
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Rani Durgavati University Jabalpur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]

Rongmei people

2026-02-08T18:00:20Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: improved layout and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|Sino-Tibeto indigenous ethnic group in the northeast India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{for|the surname|Kabui (surname)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Rongmei
| native_name =
| image = File:Kabui Woman.jpg
| caption = Rongmei/Kabui woman
| population = 188,800 (2011 Census){{cn|date=September 2023}}{{vn|date=September 2023}}
| languages = [[Rongmei language]]
| regions = [[Northeast India]]
| religions = [[Christianity]],
Folk Religion ([[Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak]], [[Poupei Chapriak]], [[Heraka]]).{{cn|date=September 2023}}{{vn|date=September 2023}}
| related = [[Zeme people|Zeme]], [[Liangmai people|Liangmai]]
}}
{{Naga people}}

The '''Rongmeis''' (also known as '''Kabui''') are one of the [[Naga people|Naga]] ethnic communities of [[Northeast India|North-East India]]. They are recognised as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribe]] in the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes): Order, 1950|publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)]]|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm}}</ref>

They share similarity with their kindred tribes of [[Zeme people|Zeme]], [[Liangmai people|Liangmai]] and [[Inpui Naga people|Inpui]], which together are known as [[Zeliangrong]]. Some historians and [[anthropologist]]s have earlier recorded them as Kabui along with [[Inpui Naga people|Inpui people]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Festival ==
The [[Gaan-Ngai]] festival (post-harvest festival) is celebrated annually between December and January{{Clarify|reason=It can be in December "and" January, or it can be December "or" January. There's nothing "between December and January"|date=September 2025}}. It follows the lunar calendar and is celebrated on the 13th day of the Wakching or Gaan Ngai buh. It is celebrated to worship the Supreme God Haipou Tingkao Ragwang.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rongmei celebrates Chakaan Gaan Ngai 2024 in Kohima |url=https://morungexpress.com/rongmei-celebrates-chakaan-gaan-ngai-2024-in-kohima |access-date=6 July 2024 |agency=Morung Express |publisher=Morung Express |date=25 January 2024}}</ref>

== Rebellion ==
During the Colonial period, under the leadership of [[Haipou Jadonang Malangmei]]<ref name="Ghosh1992">{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=QwqBAAAAMAAJ}}|title=Tribals and Their Culture in Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram|author=G. K. Ghosh|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Ashish Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7024-455-4|access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> and his successor [[Rani Gaidinliu Pamei]],<ref name="Kusumlata2002">{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=6Mm6puVRqGAC}}|title=Rani Gaidinliu|author=Kusumlata Nayyar|publisher=Ocean Books|year=2002|isbn=978-81-88322-09-1|access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref> the Rongmeis along with other [[Zeliangrong]] tribes rebelled against British rule in the 1930s.

== See also ==
*[[Hill tribes of Northeast India]]
*[[Tamenglong]]
*[[Zeliangrong]]
*[[List of Naga tribes]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Folk Songs of Kabui (Rongmei) |editor=Ragongning Gangmei |publisher=The Directorate For The Development of Tribals and Backward Classes |location=Manipur |date=1991}}
* {{cite book |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |editor1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba Meitei |editor2=Sarit K. Chaudhuri |editor3=M.C. Arunkumar |publisher=Routledge |date=2021 |isbn=9780367677572 |chapter=The Kabui (Rongmei) Folk Song of Manipur |first=GAIHEMLU |last=KAMEI |pp=319-338}}
* {{cite book |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |editor1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba Meitei |editor2=Sarit K. Chaudhuri |editor3=M.C. Arunkumar |publisher=Routledge |date=2021 |isbn=9780367677572 |chapter=Cultural Heritage of Rongmei Tribe with Reference to Dance, Religion and Festival |first1=PETER |last1=PANMEI |first2=RABIKANTA |last2=SINGH |pp=395-414}}
* {{Cite thesis |title=A study on folktale of rongmei community of manipur with particular references to moral values |last=Thaimei |first=Cecilia |publisher=Mahatma Gandhi University |location=[[Meghalaya]] |date=2025 |hdl=10603/680443 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/680443 |type=PhD}}

{{Naga tribes}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Manipur]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]

Cession

2026-01-30T03:01:13Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: Updated and refined page content

{{Short description|Voluntary territorial transfer by treaty}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Cede|Retrocession|the financial institution|Cede and Company|the insurance market concept|Reinsurance}}
{{distinguish|Session (disambiguation){{!}}session|secession}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}

The act of '''cession''' is the assignment of [[property]] to another entity. In [[international law]] it commonly refers to [[List of countries and territories by land borders|land]] transferred by [[treaty]]. Ballentine's Law Dictionary defines cession as "a surrender; a giving up; a relinquishment of jurisdiction by a board in favor of another agency."<ref>''Ballentine's Law Dictionary'', p. 72.</ref> In contrast with [[annexation]], where property is forcibly seized, cession is voluntary or at least apparently so.

== Examples ==
In 1790, the U.S. states of [[Maryland]] and [[Virginia]] both ceded land to create the [[District of Columbia]], as specified in the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] of the previous year. The Virginia portion was [[Retrocession (District of Columbia)|given back]] in 1847, a process known as "retrocession".

Following the [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) and [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860), [[Hong Kong]] ([[Treaty of Nanking]]) and [[Kowloon]] ([[Convention of Peking]]) were ceded by the [[Qing dynasty]] government of [[China]] to the [[United Kingdom]]; and following defeat in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], [[Taiwan]] was ceded to the [[Empire of Japan]] in 1895.

[[Territory (country subdivision)|Territory]] can also be ceded for payment, such as in the [[Louisiana Purchase]] and [[Alaska Purchase]].

== Specific areas of law ==
=== Contract law ===
This is a yielding up, or release.<ref>''Balentine's Law Dictionary'', p. 72.</ref> [[France]] ceded [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]] to the [[United States]] by the treaty of Paris, of April 30, 1803, following the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. Spain made a cession of [[East Florida|East]] and [[West Florida]] by the treaty of February 22, 1819. Cessions have been severally made of a part of their territory by New York, Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia.

=== Civil law ===
Under the [[civil law system]], cession is the equivalent of [[assignment (law)|assignment]], and therefore, is an act by which a personal claim is transferred from the assignor (the ''cedent'') to the assignee (the ''cessionary''). Whereas [[ius in re|real right]]s are transferred by delivery, [[in personam|personal right]]s are transferred by cession. Once the obligation of the debtor is transferred, the cessionary is entirely substituted. The original creditor (cedent) loses his right to claim and the new creditor (cessionary) gains that right.

=== Ecclesiastical law ===
When an ecclesiastic is created [[bishop]], or when a [[parson]] or [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] takes another benefice without dispensation, the first benefice becomes void by a legal cession, or surrender.

== Retrocession ==
{{Wiktionary|retrocession}}
'''Retrocession''' is the return of something (e.g., land or territory) that was ceded in general or, specifically:

Examples:
* [[District of Columbia retrocession]], the retrocession to Virginia, and potentially to Maryland, of the land ceded to create the District of Columbia
*Retrocession of [[Louisiana (New Spain)]] from Spain to France, formally accomplished just three weeks before the U.S. received the Louisiana Purchase lands from France

=== Disputed case ===
* The claimed "Taiwan retrocession" refers to the view that the [[sovereignty]] over [[Taiwan]] has been handed over in 1945 from Japan to the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], the widely-recognized government of [[China]] at the time, following Japan's defeat in [[World War II|WWII]]. Whether this "retrocession" is legitimate under [[international law]] is a [[Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan|disputed issue]] in the complex [[political status of Taiwan]]. See also: [[Taiwan Retrocession Day]].

In [[insurance]], retrocessional arrangements generally are governed by a reinsurance or retrocessional agreement and the principles applicable to reinsurance also are applicable to retrocessional cover.

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Boundary dispute}}
* {{annotated link|Ecclesiastical ordinances}}
* {{annotated link|Escheat}}
* {{annotated link|Jurisdiction}}
* {{annotated link|Land back}}
* {{annotated link|List of territory purchased by a sovereign nation from another sovereign nation}}
* {{annotated link|State cessions}}

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Civil law (common law)]]
[[Category:International law]]
[[Category:Judicial remedies]]
[[Category:Political geography]]
[[Category:Property law]]
[[Category:Reinsurance]]
[[Category:Sovereignty]]

{{Autonomous types of first-tier administration}}

List of Shaurya Chakra award recipients (2020–2029)

2026-01-26T05:09:43Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: redirect

#REDIRECT[[List of Shaurya Chakra award recipients]]

Hiranagar Fort

2026-01-11T10:25:22Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori:

{{Short description|Fort in Hiranagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = Hiranagar Fort
|partof = [[Forts in India]]
|location = [[Hiranagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], India
|image = Remains of the Hiranagar Fort.jpg
|caption = A section of the fort
|map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
|map_size = 300
|map_caption = Fort in [[Hiranagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], India
|type = [[Fort]] & [[Temple]]
|coordinates = {{coord|32.4618|75.2582|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|code =
|built =
|builder = Raja Hira Singh
|materials = [[Lakhori bricks]]
|height =
|used =
|demolished =
|condition =
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlledby =
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|commanders =
|occupants = Temple
|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}

The '''Hiranagar Fort''', also known as '''Jasmergarh Fort''' is a historic [[fort]] located in the town of [[Hiranagar]] in the [[Kathua district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kashmirhills.com/forts/hiranagar-fort-in-jammu/|title=HIRANAGAR FORT- JAMMU|work=kashmirhills.com|access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>

Built in the mid-19th century by Raja Hira Singh, the fort served as an administrative and military center for the region during the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra rule]]. Positioned on a slight elevation, the fort overlooks the surrounding plains and houses remnants of royal architecture, including a palace and prison complex.<ref name=NMMA>{{cite web|url=https://nmma.nic.in/nmma/builtDetail.do?refId=876&state=01|title=Built Heritage/Site Detail of Hiranagar Fort or Jasmergarh Fort|work=NMMA (National Mission on Monuments & Antiquities)|access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Hills as seen from the fort.jpg|left|thumb|Shivalik hills and distant mountains as seen from the ramparts of the fort.]]
The fort was constructed in the mid-19th century by Raja Hira Singh, a prominent Dogra noble and the son of Raja Dhyan Singh, the brother of [[Gulab Singh|Maharaja Gulab Singh]]. The fort was built strategically atop a hillock to serve as both a military outpost and an administrative center during the Dogra reign in the [[Jammu division|Jammu region]]. Its establishment coincided with the founding of the town of Hiranagar, which was named after Raja Hira Singh himself.<ref name=NMMA/>

== Present condition ==
[[File:One of several temples within the fort complex.jpg|left|thumb|One of the several temples within the fort complex.]]
The fort is primarily constructed from [[lakhori bricks]] and currently stands partially in ruins. Despite this, its elevated ramparts and surviving walls still provide wide views of the surrounding plains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hiranagar.jkonline.in/guide/hiranagar-tourism|title=Hiranagar Tourism|work=jkonline.in|access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>

More recently, local authorities have undertaken beautification and restoration efforts, including wall repairs and pathway improvements, with work initiated under a local MLC's community development fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/khajuria-starts-beautification-work-hiranagar-fort|title=Khajuria starts beautification work of Hiranagar Fort|work=Daily Excelsior|date=23 August 2023|access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>

== Mahakali temple ==
[[File:Small temple located within the premises of Hiranagar Fort.jpg|left|thumb|A temple located within the premises of Hiranagar Fort.]]
Within the fort complex is a temple dedicated to [[Mahakali|Goddess Mahakali]]. The temple remains active and is visited by devotees, particularly during festivals such as [[Navratri]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Forts in India}}

{{Hindu Temples in Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Forts in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jammu district]]
[[Category:Kathua district]]

C. O. Anto

2026-01-08T00:02:04Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: Creating the entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = C. O. Anto<ref>[http://www.raaga.com/channels/malayalam/singers/CO_Anto.html Singers. C. O. Anto]raaga.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814055828/http://www.raaga.com/channels/malayalam/singers/CO_Anto.html |date=14 August 2014 }}</ref>
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], Kerala, India
| death_date =
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]], [[Carnatic music]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1963–2001
| label = Audiotracs
| website =
}}
'''C. O. Anto''' was an Indian film singer in [[Malayalam cinema]] during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>[http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=357 CO Anto]. Malayalachalachithram.com (24 February 2001). Retrieved 6 February 2019.</ref> His first film song was "Kummiyadikkuvin" for the movie ''Kadalamma'' in 1963.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/kudumbini-1964/article1577245.ece Kudumbini 1964 – Kochi]. The Hindu (28 March 2011). Retrieved 6 February 2019.</ref> He has sung 178 Malayalam songs from 160 films.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/in-tune-with-the-malayali/article5267701.ece In tune with the Malayali]. The Hindu (24 October 2013). Retrieved 6 February 2019.</ref> His popular songs were
"Madhurikkum Ormakale", "Kummiyadikkuvin", "Chingakkulirkatte Agnipushpam", "Kannillathoru Kadalppalam" (drama) and "Vasantharavin".

Anto received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 1998 for his overall contribution to light music.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Light Music |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/light-music/467 |access-date=26 February 2023 |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala}}</ref>

He died on 24 February 2001 due to age-related health issues.<ref>[http://en.msidb.org/songs.php?singers=CO%20Anto&singtype=duet&tag=Search&limit=138&page_num=6 List of Malayalam Songs by Singers CO Anto]. En.msidb.org (26 January 2009). Retrieved 6 February 2019.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140814041715/http://www.in.com/co-anto/profile-1967214.html Co Anto Latest News | Breaking News on Co Anto | Videos, Photos at]. In.com. Retrieved 6 February 2019.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Central |first=Biography |title=C. O. Anto |url=https://biographycentral.com/biography/c._o._anto |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=Biography Central |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As an actor===
* [[Odayil Ninnu (film)|Odayil Ninnu]] (1965)

===Partial Discography===
* Kummiyadikkuvin ... Kadalamma 1963
* Unnanam Uranganam ... Oraal Koodi Kallanaayi 1964
* Veedinu Ponmani ... Kudumbini 1964
* Thinthaare Thinthaare ... Kaattuthulasi 1965
* Pathupara Vithupaadu ... Inapraavukal 1965
* Padachavanundenkil ... Daaham 1965
* Kadukolam Theeyundengil ... Thirichadi 1968
* Kakkakkarumbikale ... Ezhu Raathrikal 1968
* Thedukayaanellaarum ... Pengal 1968
* Kunnathoru Kaavundu ... Asuravithu 1968
* Theyyam Theyyam ... Asuravithu 1968
* Kunkuma Maram Vetti ... Asuravithu 1968
* Panamoru Ballaatha ... Lakshaprabhu 1968
* Ice Cream ... Vidyaarthi 1968
* Pachilakkili ... Vidyaarthi 1968
* Sindabad ... Vidyaarthi 1968
* Bhoogolam Thiriyunnu ... Padunna Puzha 1968
* Amme Mahaakaaliyamme ... Love In Kerala 1968
* Madhurikkum ormakale

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1874893}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anto, C. O.}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

India's Karuna Quilt Movement

2025-12-31T23:23:35Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: New new page

{{Infobox event|title=India's Karuna Quilt Movement|patron=|website=|blank2_label=|blank1_label=|blank_label=|url=|awards=|participants=|organisers=|budget=|image=IndiaKaruna.jpg|cause=|theme=|type=[[Social movement]]|also known as=|location=[[India]]|date=|caption=|image_alt=|image_size=|notes=}}

'''India's Karuna Quilt Movement''', started in July 2020 by Taruna Gandotra-Sethi, is an initiative to support the overlooked front line workers by gifting them handmade patchworked quilts. Taruna referred to them as <nowiki>''</nowiki>Invisible Hands.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2020-11-24|title=Karuna Quilt Movement uses crowd-sourced blocks to make patchwork quilts for the frontline workers|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/karuna-quilt-movement-uses-crowdsourced-blocks-to-make-patchwork-quilts/article33168734.ece|access-date=2021-07-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Karuna translates to gratitude/compassion in [[Hindi]]. The movement partners with textile and garment manufacturers who could give them the surplus fabrics that can be upcycled to make quilts to remain sustainable.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-05|title=Meet an enterprising woman and her team weaving quilts to gift frontline workers on I-Day|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/feelings/weaving-quilts-taruna-sethi-initiative-frontline-workers-pandemic-independence-day-2021-7126068/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Taruna, while living in [[Florida]], started quilting as a hobby.<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web|title=A quilt India movement: Home décor venture owner gifts Covid warriors handmade quilts|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/jun/27/a-quilt-india-movement-home-d%C3%A9cor-venture-ownergifts-covid-warriorshandmade-quilts-2321016.html|access-date=2021-07-21|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721155932/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/jun/27/a-quilt-india-movement-home-d%C3%A9cor-venture-ownergifts-covid-warriorshandmade-quilts-2321016.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, she had also set up Simply Beautiful Always, an organization that was promoting patchwork quilting.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-25|title=How quilting, knitting brought people closer during covid-19|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//fashion/trends/how-to-make-a-stitch-of-that-warm-fuzzy-feeling-111619101342223.html|access-date=2021-07-21|website=Mintlounge|language=en}}</ref> But she realized that patchwork quilting was not just a hobby but also a social movement, such as [[NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt]]. She started inviting contributions in form of square blocks of (12.5X12.5 inches) in any form - stitched, painted, crochet, knitted or embroidered. The first goal of the movement was to receive 1500 blocks to create the first 100 quilts in November 2020. By December 2020, the movement had received 1870 blocks. The movement aims to distribute 1000 quilts by 75th Independence Day of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Taruna Sethi, The Dynamic Lady Behind India's Karuna Quilt Project|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/meet-taruna-sethi-the-dynamic-lady-behind-indias-karuna-quilt-project-181084.html|access-date=2021-07-21|website=femina.in|language=en}}</ref>

Taruna initially started with training her domestic help in quilting and stitching. She eventually started working with not for profit organizations and also hired tailors to stitch the contributed blocks in to quilts of size 54X84 inches. The team of tailors and others included underprivileged people along with hearing and speech impaired individuals, helping them with sustainable employment.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Creating financial independence opportunities through quilting - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/home-garden/creating-financial-independence-opportunities-through-quilting/articleshow/80336859.cms|access-date=2021-07-21|website=The Times of India|date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Apart from the fabric squares, the movement also received monetary donations to support the initiative. The pilot project was done in Naudega Ballah village in [[Darbhanga|Dharbhanga]] district when one of her staff members was able to mobilize others in his village to train in quilting.<ref name=":0" /> All coordination with the team members was done online and payments to the staff were made online considering the pandemic.<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Quilting]]
[[Category:2020 in India]]
[[Category:Social campaigns in India]]

Bibliography of Shibli Nomani

2025-12-04T16:04:54Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: added info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Dynamic list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox personal bibliography
| Author = [[Shibli Nomani]]
| Image = Shibli Nomani (1857 – 1914).jpeg
| ImageSize = 200px
| Caption = Shibli Nomani (1857–1914)
| alt = black and white picture
}}
This '''bibliography of Shibli Nomani''' is a selected list of generally available scholarly resources related to [[Shibli Nomani]], a poet, [[philosopher]], historian, educational thinker, author, orator, reformer, critic of [[Orientalism|orientalists]] and [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[British Raj]], regarded as the father of [[Urdu-language literature|Urdu]] [[historiography]].<ref name=":oxford">{{Citation |last=Esposito |first=John L. |title=Shibli Numani, Muhammad |date=2003 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-2188 |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |editor-last= |editor-first= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yeaqub |first=Md |date=2018 |title=Analytical Study Of Allamah Shibli's Persian Poetry |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Analytical_Study_Of_Allamah_Shibli%27s_Persian_Poetry.pdf |journal=Global Journal for Research Analysis |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=88|issn=2277-8160}}</ref> His disciple [[Sulaiman Nadvi]] wrote his biography, ''[[Hayat-e-Shibli]]'', in 1943.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Islam |first=Md. Baharul |title=Contribution of Syed Sulaiman Nadvi to Urdu Literature |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[University of Dhaka]] |year=2019 |location=Bangladesh |language=bn |url=http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/888/Baharul.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |type=PhD |page=133 |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019032829/http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/888/Baharul.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead }}</ref> This list will include his [[Biography|biographies]], [[Thesis|theses]] written on him and articles published about him in various journals, newspapers, encyclopedias, [[seminar]]s, websites, etcetera in [[APA style]].

== Encyclopedias ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Citation |last=Abdullah |first=Mohammad |title=Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/IslamicOthersBooks/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%20%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%20%20%E0%A7%A8/page/n383 |pages=383–384 |year=1982 |edition=5th |location=Sherbangla Nagar, Dhaka |publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]] |language=bn |isbn=984-06-0252-7}}
* {{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam |first1=Anis |last1=Ahmad |first2=M.Sait |last2=Özervarli |title=ŞİBLÎ NU‘MÂNÎ |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sibli-numani |language=tr |volume=39 |pages=126-129}}
* {{Citation |last=Esposito |first=John L. |title=Shibli Numani, Muhammad |date=2003 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-2188 |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |editor-last= |editor-first= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |access-date=|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Citation |last=Zaman |first=Maheen |title=Shibli Numani |date=2018 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_877 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions: Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |pages=635–636 |editor-last=Kassam |editor-first=Zayn R. |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_877 |isbn=978-94-024-1267-3 |access-date= |editor2-last=Greenberg |editor2-first=Yudit Kornberg |editor3-last=Bagli |editor3-first=Jehan|url-access=subscription }}
{{refend}}

== Biographies ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Abdurraḥmān |first=Ṣabāḥuddīn. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003854055 |title=Maulānā Shiblī Nuʻmānī par ek naẓar |date=1985 |publisher=Dārulmuṣannifīn |location=Aʻẓamgaṛh|language=ur |oclc=214967639}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Furqan |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26263/ |title=Towards the Renaissance : Shibli and Maulana Thanvi on Sharia |date=2018 |publisher=Indian Law Institute |isbn=978-81-927926-3-7 |location=New Delhi |language=en |oclc=1081102909}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aḥmad |first=Maftūn |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002214251 |title=Maulānā Shiblī Nuʻmānī: ek mut̤ālaʻah |date=1986 |publisher=Maktabah-yi Uslūb |location=Karācī|language=ur |oclc=20492948}}
* {{Cite book |last=Akhtar Rahi |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002213052 |title=Kitāb nāmah-yi Shibl |date=1981 |publisher=Muslim Akaiḍmī |location=Lāhaur|language=ur |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Al-Azami
|first=Mohammad Ilyas
|title=Shibli Sukhanwaron Ki Nazar Mein
|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shibli-sukhanwaron-ki-nazar-mein-mohammad-ilyas-al-azami-ebooks
|publisher=
|year=2012
|location=Adabi Daera, Azamgarh
|language=ur
}}
* {{Cite book |last=Anṣārī |first=ʻAbdurraḥīm |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002866551 |title=Shiblī Nuʻmānī ke maqālāt kā tanqīdī jāʾizah |date=1990 |publisher=ʻAbdurraḥīm Anṣārī |location=Rahlah, Zilaʻ Pilāmūṉ|language=ur |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Anṣārī. Muʻīnuddīn Aḥmad |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000998774 |title=Shiblī makātib ki raushnī men. |date=1967|publisher=Urdū akeḍamī Sindh |language=ur |oclc= 20715079}}
* {{Cite book |last=ʻArshī |first=Jamīlah |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003260327 |title=Maulānā Shiblī kī shāʻirī kā tanqīdī mut̤ālaʻah |date=1996 |publisher=Rājasthān Urdū Akādmī |location=Jaipūr|language=ur |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book |last1=As̲arī |first1=Abū ʻAlī |url= |title=ʻAllāmah Shiblī aur Maulānā Abūlkalām Āzād |last2=Aʻẓamī |first2=Arshad ʻAlī Anṣārī. |date=2002 |publisher=Qāsimī Pres |location=Āʻẓamgaṛh |language=ur |oclc=756377247}}
* {{Cite book |last=ʻAz̤īm |first=Ak̲h̲tar Vaqār |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001329727 |title=Shiblī baḥaisiyyat-i muʾarrikh. |date=1968 |publisher=Taṣnīfāt; milne kā patah:Urdū Markaz |location=Lāhaur|language=ur |oclc=583382770}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aʻz̤amī |first=Muḥammad Ilyās |title=Ās̲ār-i Shiblī |date=2013 |others=Majmaʻ Dār al-Muṣannifīn |isbn=978-93-82201-03-8 |location=Aʻz̤amgaṛh |language=ur |oclc=876368039}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aʻz̤amī |first=Muḥammad Ilyās |title=Shiblī k̲h̲ūdnavishtaun̲ men̲ |date=2018 |isbn=978-81-938821-0-8 |edition= |location=Aʻz̤amgaṛh |language=ur |oclc=1135913928}}
* {{Cite book |last=Badāyūnī |first=Shams |title=Shiblī aur Āzād : (marāsim o taʻlluq kā avvalīn daur) |date=2014 |isbn=978-93-83239-11-5 |location=Naʼī Dihlī |language=ur |oclc=1154008782}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bhajiwalla |first1=Rustom Pestonji |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001005955 |title=Mauláná Shibli & Ûmar Khayyám |last2=Modi |first2=Jivanji Jamshedji |last3=Shiblī Nuʻmānī |date=1932 |publisher=I. P. i.e. Irish Presbyterian mission press |location=Surat, The|language=ur |oclc=7223174}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bhaṭṭī |first=ʻAbduljalīl. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002789649 |title=Shiblī kā naẓariyah-yi tārīḵẖ: ek jāʾizah: sīrat, savāniḥ, tārīḵẖ, tahẕīb, jadaliyyāt |date=1989 |publisher=Taurīḵẖ; Isṭākisṭ, ʻIlmī Kutubḵẖānah |location=Bahāvalpūr : Lāhaur|language=ur |oclc=614906965}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Bī
|first=Ṣafīyah
|title=ʻAllāmah Shiblī Nuʻmānī baḥais̲iyat savāniḥ nigār
|publisher=Je. Em. Prāsis
|year=2000
|location=Cīnnāʼī
|language=ur
|oclc=694080524
}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cug̲h̲tāʼī |first=Muḥammad Ikrām |title=Shibli Numani : life and works |date=2017 |publisher=Pakistan Writers' Co-operative Society |isbn=978-969-8460-59-4 |edition= |location=Lahore |language=en |oclc=1001251239}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dasnavī |first=Sayyid Shahābuddīn. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002215080 |title=Shiblī, muʻānidānah tanqīd kī raushnī me |date=1987 |publisher=Anjuman Taraqqī-yi Urdū, Hind |series=Silsilah-yi mat̤būʻāt-i Anjuman Taraqqī-yi Urdū, Hind; 522 |location=Naʾī Dihlī|language=ur |oclc=21196770}}
* {{Cite book |last=Devā |first=Muḥammad Fārūq. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003442409 |title=Sar Sayyid aur Shiblī: taʻlīmī aur samājī ḵẖidmāt kā taqābulī mut̤ālaʻah |date=1999 |publisher=Gulshan Pablisharz |location=Srīnagar|language=ur |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Farḥat Iḥsās
|first=Ak̲h̲tarulvāsi
|title=Shiblī Nuʻmānī : māz̤ī āgāh, mustaqbil nigāh
|publisher=al-Balāg̲h̲ Pablīkeshanz
|year=2009
|location=Naʼī Dihlī
|language=ur
|oclc=467929962
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Farruk̲h̲ī
|first=Aslam
|title=Maulānā Shiblī Nuʻmānī
|publisher=Maktabah-yi Jāmiʻah
|year=2011
|location=Naʼī Dihlī
|language=ur
|oclc=789643011
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=G̲h̲āsiq
|first=Mut̤īʻurraḥmán
|title=ʻAllāmah Shiblī Nuʻmānī : shak̲h̲ṣiyat aur shāʻirī
|publisher=Maʼū Nāth Bhanjan
|year=2012
|location=Alīgaṛh
|language=ur
|oclc=843124293
}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hāshmī |first=Sayyid Sak̲h̲ī Aḥmad |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003203878 |title=Shiblī kā zahnī irtiqā': taḥqiqī maqālah |date=1997|publisher=Majlis Yādgār Hāshmī |location=Karācī|language=ur |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ḥifnāwī |first=Jalāl al-Saʻīd. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003346138 |title=Fann al-sīrah fī al-adab al-Urdī ʻinda Shiblī al-Nuʻmān |date=1998 |publisher=Dār al-Nashr lil-Jāmiʻāt |isbn=978-977-5526-96-0 |series=880-05Dirāsāt fī al-adab al-Urdī; 1 |location=al-Qāhirah|language=ur |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Ikram
|first=S. M.
|title=Shiblī nāmah, Ek fann kār kī dāstān ḥayāt
|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000998775
|publisher=Maktabah-yi urdū
|year=1966
|location=Lakhnʻau
|language=ur
|oclc=20398005
}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ikram |first=S. M. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001329728 |title=Yādgār-i Shiblī|date=1971 |publisher=Adarah-yi S̲aqāfat Islāmiah |location=Lāhaur|language=ur |oclc=19912650}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Islahi
|first=Kaleem Sefat
|title=ʻIrfān-i Shiblī
|publisher=
|year=2014
|location=Aʻz̤amgaṛh
|language=ur
|oclc=945401656
}}
* {{Cite book |last1=K̲h̲alīq Anjum |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003173605 |title=Shiblī kī ʻilmī va adabī ḵẖidmāt |last2=Anjuman Taraqqī-yi Urdū (Hind) |date=1996 |publisher=Anjuman Taraqqī-yi Urdū, Hind |isbn=978-81-7160-080-9 |series=880-03Silsilah-yi mat̤būʻāt-i Anjuman Taraqqī-yi Urdū, Hind; 1459 |location=Naʾī Dihlī|language=ur |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Javed Ali |title=Muhammad Shibli Nomani : life and contributions |date=2014 |isbn=978-93-82201-40-3 |edition= |location=Azamgarh (U.P.) |language=en |oclc=1159642160}}
* {{Cite book |last=K̲h̲ān̲ |first=Alāʼuddīn |title=Bayād-i Shiblī |date=2017 |publisher=Institute of Objective Studies |isbn=978-93-84973-12-4 |location=Naʼī Dihlī |language=ur |oclc=1010712713}}
* {{Cite book |last=Khān |first=ʻUbaidullāh. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006613434 |title=Maqālāt yom-i Shiblī. |date=1961|language=ur |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Murad |first=Mehr Afroz |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000257050 |title=Intellectual modernism of Shibli Nuʾmani: an exposition of his religious and socio-political ideas |date=1976 |publisher=Institute of Islamic Culture |location=Lahore|language=en |isbn=81-7151-216-X |oclc=42892790}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Nadīm
|first=K̲h̲ālid
|title=Shiblī kī āp bītī
|publisher=Nashriyāt
|year=2014
|location=Lāhaur
|language=ur
|oclc=899138071
}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Azmatullah |title=Shaikh Shibli Nomani: His Contribution to The Production of Arabic Language and Its Culture |year=2015 |isbn=978-9383322848 |language=ar}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Nadvi |first1=Syed Sulaiman |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000998776 |title=Khulāṣah-yi ḥayāt-i Shiblī. |last2=Quraishī |first2=ʻAbdurrazzāq. |date=1965|language=ur |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadvi |first=Syed Sulaiman |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001329732 |title=Ḥayāt Shibli |date=1970 |publisher=Dar Mat̤baʻ Muʾārif, Dārul Muṣannifīn T̤abaʻ Gardīd |series=Silsilah-yi Dārul Muṣannifīn66 |location=ʻĀzam Gaṛh|language=ur |oclc= 37282205}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadwī |first=Muḥammad Akram |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003708677 |title=Shiblī al-Nuʻmānī: ʻallāmat al-Hind al-adīb wa-al-muʾarrikh al-nāqid al-arīb |date=2001 |publisher=Dār al-Qalam |series=880-05Aʻlam al-Muslimīn; 83 |location=Dimashq|language=ur |oclc= 756181303}}
* {{Cite book |last=Qādrī |first=Mushtāq |title=Shiblī baḥais̲iyat-i sīrat nigār : al-Fārūq ke tanāz̤ir men̲ |date=2015 |isbn=978-93-5073-486-5 |location=Dihlī |language=ur |oclc=900314786}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ṣafīyah Bī |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003530462 |title=Jahān-i Shiblī: taṣānīf kī raushnī me |date=2000 |publisher=Taqsīmkār, Maktabah-yi Jāmiʻah |location=Naʾī Dihlī|language=ur |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Saʻīd
|first=Anṣārī
|title=Maulānā Shiblī, Urdū ke bihtarīn inshā pardāz
|publisher=Al-Nāẓir Pres
|year=1934
|location=Lakhnaʼū, Uttar Pradesh
|language=ur
|oclc=44756809
}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shāh |first=Sayyid Iftik̲h̲ār Ḥusain |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002216225 |title=Iqbāl aur pairavī-yi Shibl |date=1977 |publisher=Sang-i Mīl Pablīkeshanz |location=Lāhaur|language=ur |oclc=563116032}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shaukat |first=Saad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_z9uQEACAAJ |title=Shibli Nomani's Contribution to Kalam |date=2016 |publisher=Graduate Theological Union |language=en |oclc=1041123831}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Shiblī Nuʻmānī |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002878041 |title=Ḵẖut̤ūt̤-i Shiblī banām Āzād: baqalam Shibl |last2=Ḥasnain |first2=Sayyid Muḥammad |last3=Āzād |first3=Abūlkalām |date=1988 |publisher=Bihār Urdū Akādmī |series=Correspondence |location=Paṭnah|language=ur |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Shiblī Nuʻmānī |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003203905 |title=G̲ẖazaliyāt-i Shibl |last2=K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibrerī |date=1995 |publisher=Kẖudā0 Bakẖsh Oriyantal Pablik Lāʾibrerī; TaqsīmKār Maktabah-yi Jāmiʻah |series=Shibli's ghazals |location=Patnah : Naʾī Dihlī|language=ur |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Shiblī Nuʻmānī |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102866894 |title=Makātīb-i Shibli |last2=Nadvī |first2=Sayyid Sulaimān |date=1916 |publisher=Dārulmuṣannifīn |series=Correspondence |location=Āʻẓamgaṛh|language=ur |oclc=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ṣiddīqī |first=Nāz. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003103072 |title=Shiblī naqqādoṉ kī naẓar me |date=1976 |publisher=Ilyās Ṭraiḍarz : Milne ke pate, Adabī Buk Ḍipū |location=Ḥaidarābād|language=ur |oclc=557436232}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ṣiddīqī |first=Āftāb Aḥmad |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000998777 |title=Shiblī. |date=1957|publisher=Maktaba-e Arefin|location=Dhaka|language=ur |oclc=573988807}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ṣiddīqī |first1=Ẓafar Aḥmad |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002213231 |title=Shibl |last2=Sahitya Akademi |date=1988 |publisher=Sāhitiyah Akādmī |series=Hindustānī adab ke miʻmār |location=Naʾī Dihlī|language=ur |oclc=18816366}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Suhail
|first=Iqbāl
|title=Sīrat-i Shiblī
|publisher=Dārulmuṣannifīn Shiblī Akaiḍmī
|year=2014
|location=Aʻz̤amgaṛh
|language=ur
|oclc=905801607
}}
* {{Cite book |last1=ʻUs̲mānī |first1=Muḥammad Vāṣil |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001076220 |title=Shiblī bilād-i Islāmiyyah me |last2=Shiblī Nuʻmānī |date=1982|publisher=Khurshid Publishers |location=Karachi|language=ur |oclc=1059575579}}
* {{Cite book
|last=
|first=
|title=Yaum-i Shiblī
|publisher=Anjuman Taraqqī Urdū
|year=1944
|location=Bambaʼī
|language=ur
|oclc=1027166753
}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zaidī |first=Mah Jabīn |title=ʻAllāmah Shiblī Nuʻmānī : ṣadī ke āʼīne men̲ |date=2014 |isbn=978-969-9640-17-9 |edition= |location=Karācī |language=ur |oclc=945434600}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Zubairī
|first=Muḥammad Amīn
|title=Tabṣirah-yi ḥayāt-i Shiblī
|publisher=
|year=1946
|location=Bhūpāl
|language=ur
|oclc=42974122
}}
{{refend}}

== Theses ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Aboobacker
|first=M.C
|title=Urdu Mein Sawaneh Nigari Hali Aur Shibli Ke Khusoosi Hawale Se
|publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Sri Venkateswara University]]
|year=2014
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/106639
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Ahrari
|first=Mohd Jafar
|title=The renaissance of Urdu literature and Shibli : Urdu adab ki Nashat-e-Sania aur Shibli
|publisher=School of Language Literature and Culture Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
|year=1999
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/16762
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Ahmad
|first=Md. Faiz
|title=Mazameen Shibli ka tanquidi motala
|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/371903
|publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Delhi University]]
|year=2017
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/371903
|type=PhD
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Ahmad
|first=Wakar
|title=Maqalaat e Shibli Ka Tanqidi Mutalea
|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/543845
|publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|year=2023
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/543845
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Akbar
|first=Shabnam
|title=Shibli nomani bahaisiyat shayr
|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/599142
|publisher=University of Lucknow, [[University of Lucknow]]
|year=2007
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/599142
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Akhtar |first=Md Jamil |title=Maulana Shibli Noamani As A Biographer And Historian |type=PhD |publisher=University Department of Urdu, [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/496281 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921220545/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/496281 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |year=1988 |location=India |hdl=10603/496281 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Akhtar
|first=Shahnaz
|title=Hali aur shibli ke tanqeedi nazaryat ka taqabuli mutala
|publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|year=1996
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/57818
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Alam |first=Aftab |title=Biography of Shibli Nomani (with special reference to Al Farooq) |date=2021 |url=http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/79256 |place=New Delhi |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] |type=MA |language=ur }}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Aziz
|first=Shahid
|title=Comparative Study of Biographical Writings of Muhammad Hussain Haikal and Shibli Noumani
|publisher=School of Islamic Studies, [[Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University]]
|year=2016
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/294809
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Bano
|first=Parveen
|title=Hali Aur Shibli ke tanqeedi nazaryat ka taqaabli mutalaa
|publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]]
|year=2007
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/179176
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Fatima
|first=Shaheen
|title=Talamiza E Shibli Ki Ilmi Khidmaat
|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/376255
|publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
|year=2021
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/376255
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Gasman
|first=Fejri
|title=Shibli Numanis contribution to revitalization of ilm al-kalam
|url=https://studentrepo.iium.edu.my/entities/publication/f81cc928-6269-46b9-b8ec-bc272952deb2
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716164655/https://studentrepo.iium.edu.my/handle/123456789/6854
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=16 July 2022
|publisher=[[International Islamic University Malaysia]]
|year=2012
|location=Malaysia
|language=en
|hdl=
|type=MA
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Hai
|first=Ammar Abdul
|title=Unneeswin wa beeswin sadi ke Hindustan mein muslim mufakkirin ka tasawwur e talim Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Mohd Qasim Nanautvi Shibli Nomani Abul Kalam Azad Manazir Ahsan Geelani Syed Abu al Ala Maududi Khwaja Ghulam Sayyedain ke Hawale se
|publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
|year=2017
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/313157
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Haq
|first=Sirajul
|title=Maqalat e Shibli ka adbi aur tanqeedi jaiza
|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/439484
|publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Delhi University]]
|year=2021
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/439484
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Haq |first=Taqwim ul |title=Shibli Na'umani ki Seerat al-Nabi (Jild Awal aur Dauam) ka Usloobi Mutala |url=https://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/19599 |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[University of Peshawar]] |year=2011 |location=Pakistan |language=ur |type=PhD |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024015241/https://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/19599 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=İmancı
|first=Sena
|title=On dokuzuncu yüzyıl siyer yazıcılığında Hz. Muhammed algısı: Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ve Mevlânâ Şiblî örneği
|url=https://acikerisim.erbakan.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12452/4092
|publisher=Necmettin Erbakan University
|year=2019
|location=Turkey
|language=tr
|type=PhD
|access-date=17 October 2022
|archive-date=18 October 2022
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018160145/https://acikerisim.erbakan.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12452/4092
|url-status=dead
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Khatoon
|first=Aisha
|title=Urdu Tanqueed Nigari Ke Irteqa main Shibli Nomani Ka Hisaa
|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/385277
|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|year=2002
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/385277
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Khatoon
|first=Shaista
|title=Allama Shibli ka kirdar Muslim khawatin ki talimi wa samaji taraqqi men
|publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]]
|year=2013
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/128335
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Mahmud
|first=Minhaj Uddin
|title=Contribution of Allama Shibli Nu'mani to Urdu Literature
|url=http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/886/Minhaj%20Uddin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
|publisher=[[University of Dhaka]]
|year=2016
|location=Bangladesh
|language=bn
|type=PhD
|access-date=17 October 2022
|archive-date=31 May 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531151106/http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/886/Minhaj%20Uddin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
|url-status=dead
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Malik
|first=Javeed Ahmad
|title=Urdu Sirah Writing in India A Study of Allamah Shibli Numani and Maulana Idris Kandhalwi
|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/633416
|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Islamic University of Science & Technology]]
|year=2024
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/633416
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Mehr Arroz
|first=Murad
|title=Intellectual Modernism of Shibli Nu'mani: an Exposition of His Religious & Political Ideas
|url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/q237hw72b
|publisher=[[McGill University]]
|year=1973
|location=Canada
|language=en
|hdl=
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Mushtaq
|first=Nabeel
|title=A comparative review of academic and literary services of Hali and Shibli (research and criticism)
|publisher=[[University of the Punjab]]
|year=2020
|location=Pakistan
|language=ur
|url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/20888
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Nusba
|first=Parveen
|title=Muslim educational reforms in nineteenth century India: an analysis of Shibli Nu'mani's thought & practice
|url=https://studentrepo.iium.edu.my/entities/publication/d546910c-4d58-42af-9e30-7412dab50e1d
|publisher=[[International Islamic University Malaysia]]
|year=2005
|location=Malaysia
|language=en
|hdl=
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Nasir |first=Md |title=Allama Shibli Nomani Ki Nasri Khidmat |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/648649 |language=ur |pages=202–206 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923000459/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/648649 |archive-date=23 September 2025 |year=1986 |page= |location=India |hdl=10603/648649 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Onbasi
|first=Alparslan
|url=https://studentrepo.iium.edu.my/entities/publication/8e9c7906-ce52-4138-9c86-6355d07bf15b
|title=Shibli Nu'mani and modernism
|publisher=[[International Islamic University Malaysia]]
|year=2020
|location=Malaysia
|type=MA
|language=en
|access-date=17 October 2022
|archive-date=19 October 2022
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019045816/http://studentrepo.iium.edu.my/handle/123456789/10101
|url-status=dead
}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Mirza Hifzur |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/469878 |title=Understanding Shibli Nomani A Realm of Conflict |publisher=School of Language Literature and Culture Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] |type=PhD |year=2017 |location=India |hdl=10603/469878 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921224709/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/469878 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite thesis
|title=Maulana Shibla Numani : a study of Islamic modernism and romanticism in India, 1882–1914
|url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670871
|publisher=[[University of Oxford]]
|date=1969
|degree=PhD
|first=Zaitun
|last=Umer
|place=England
|oclc=45572730
|access-date=17 October 2022
|archive-date=29 May 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529100719/https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670871
|url-status=dead
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Yeaqub
|first=Md
|title=Writings of Allama Shibli Nomani In Arabic edition and annotation
|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|year=2019
|location=India
|language=ar
|hdl=10603/355062
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Zafar
|first=Talat
|title=Shibli nomani bahaisiyat Sawaneh Nagar
|publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]]
|year=2017
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/201138
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Zahid Hussain
|first=Mir
|title=Shibli Ki Tasaneef Mein Sawanehi Aur Tareekhi Anasir
|publisher=Department of Urdu, [[University of Kashmir]]
|year=2019
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/310407
|type=PhD
}}
{{refend}}

== Journals ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Muneer |date=2017 |title=A Critical Analysis of Manlana Numani's Uniquenesses (Tafarrudat) in The Light of Sirat-Al-Nabi(PBUH) |url=https://archive.org/details/03albaseera12vol.6issue.2dec2017 |journal=Al Basirah |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=21–35 |issn=2520-7334 |language=ur }}
* {{Cite journal |last=al-Azmi |first=Muhammad Ilyas |date=2025 |title=Some Academic and Educational Institutes and Libraries of India Based on Shiblī's Rare Writings |url=http://irigs.iiu.edu.pk:64447/ojs/index.php/irifikronazar/article/view/7140 |journal=Fikro-o-nazar |volume=62 |issue=3 |doi=10.52541/fn.v62i3.7140 |doi-broken-date=29 September 2025 |issn=2518-9948}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Dr Sajjad |last2=Anwar |first2=Dr Muhammad |date=2021 |title=Sirat-un-Nabi by Shibli Numani a Critical Review |url=https://hazaraislamicus.com/index.php/home/article/view/108 |journal=Hazaraislamicus |language=ur |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=99–108 |issn=2410-8065 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ar-Rahman |first1=Shafiq |last2=Rasheed |first2=Zukhraf |last3=Akhtar |first3=Sohail |date=2021 |title=Analytical Study of the Concept of the Historiography of Molana Shibli Nomani (A Historical Analysis) |url=http://arjish.com/index.php/arjish/article/view/551 |journal=Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=37–43 |doi=10.53575/e4.v5.04(21)37-43 |issn=2707-1219 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Begum |first=Sayeeda |date=2020 |title=Maulana Shibli's Historical Perspectives: A study of Al-Mamun and Imam Ghazali |url=http://shabdbooks.com/Vol-9-Issue-6-2020-1/ |journal=Mukt Shabd Journal |language=en |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=7661–7664 |issn=2347-3150 |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015170100/http://shabdbooks.com/Vol-9-Issue-6-2020-1/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Begum |first=Sayeeda |date=2020 |title=Maulana Shibli's role in Aligarh movement, foundation of new educational center at Azamgarh |url=http://shabdbooks.com/Vol-9-Issue-6-2020-1/ |journal=Mukt Shabd Journal |language=en |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=7665–7669 |issn=2347-3150 |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015170100/http://shabdbooks.com/Vol-9-Issue-6-2020-1/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bhat |first=Samee-Ullah |date=2019 |title=The Importance Of Works Of Muhammad Shibli Nomani |url=https://journal.walisongo.ac.id/index.php/JISH/article/view/2921 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=169–180 |doi=10.21580/jish.32.2921 |s2cid=198507796 |issn=2527-838X |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Çi̇ftsüren |first=Arzu |date=2018 |title=Şi̇bli̇ Numani̇'ni̇n Seyahatnamesi̇nde Ii. Abdülhami̇d Ve Gazi̇ Osman Paşa |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/doguedebiyati/issue/53775/721443 |journal=Doğu Araştırmaları |language=tr |issue=18 |pages=5–16 |issn=1307-6256 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Farooqui |first=Muhammad Hamza |date=2014 |title=Intellectual Concerns Shared by Shiblī and Sulemān Nadvī |url=https://bunyad.lums.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5f8e025f7c0f6/page#! |journal=Bunyad – A Journal of Urdu Studies |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=211–248 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gasman |first=Fejri |date=2013-06-15 |title=Shibli Nuâ€™maniâ€™s Contribution to Revitalization of â€˜Ilm al-Kala > m |url=https://ejournal.unida.gontor.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/512 |journal=At-Ta'dib |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.21111/at-tadib.v8i1.512 |issn=2503-3514}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ghaffar |first1=Abdul |last2=Ditta |first2=Allah |date=2021 |title=A Comparative Study of Shiblī' No'manī's "al-Farooq: and Ghulam Ahmad Pervaiz's "Shāhkār-e-Risālat" |url=https://alqamarjournal.net/index.php/alqamar/article/view/1177 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ur |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=633–647 |doi=10.53762/en397455 |issn=2664-4398}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ghori |first=Muhammad Ali |date=2011 |title=Maulana Shibli Nomani's trends in response to suspicions of the orientalists : An Analysis |url=http://al-idah.szic.pk/index.php/al-idah/article/view/471 |journal=Al-Idah |language=ur |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=110–138 |issn=2075-0307 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Ritesh |date=2019 |title=Muhammad Shibli Nomani (1857–1914); His Educational Thought's and Career |url=http://scientificresearchjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Social-Science-6_A-2152-2160-Full-Paper-1.pdf |journal=International Journal of Applied Social Science |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=2152–2160 |doi=10.36537/IJASS/6.8/2152-2160 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |issn=2394-1405 |language=en }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Humzah |first1=Ameer |last2=Lakhvi |first2=Muhammad Hammad |date=2022 |title=The Critical Study of the Urdu Historiography of Molana Shibli Nomani from Sub-Continent |url=https://www.xisdxjxsu.asia/viewarticle.php?aid=1324 |journal=Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University |language=En |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=639–643}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Hussaini |first1=Fareed |last2=Suleman |first2=Shumaila |date=2024 |title=A Critical Study of Shibli Nomani's "Seerat-un-Nabi (PBUH)" |url=https://ojs.makhz.org.pk/journal/article/view/211 |journal=Makhz (Research Journal) |language=ur |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=59–72 |doi=10.47205/makhz.2024(5-II)urdu-06 |doi-broken-date=24 September 2025 |issn=2709-9644}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Hussain |first1=Mubashir |last2=Owaisi |first2=Dr Muhammad Arshad |date=2020 |title=Shibli Naumani's Milli Poetry |url=http://ojs.uop.edu.pk/khayaban/article/view/527 |journal=Khayaban |language=ur |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |issn=2073-3666 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hussain |first=Muhammad Mahboob |date=2021 |title=Maulana Shibli ki 'Sher al-Ajam': Tehqeeq ke Aaine mein |url=https://matan.iub.edu.pk/website/journal/article/60db92563bb94/page |journal=Matan |language=ur |volume=2 |issue=1}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ilyas al-Azmi |first=Muhammad |date=2025 |title=Some Academic and Educational Institutes and Libraries of India Based on Shiblī's Rare Writings |url=http://irigs.iiu.edu.pk:64447/ojs/index.php/irifikronazar/article/view/7140 |journal=Fikr-o Nazar |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=183–153 |eissn=2518-9948}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Islam |first=Arshad |date=2005 |title='Allāma Shiblī Nu'mānī (1857–1914): A Monumental Islamic Scholar |url=http://nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/Pjhc%2026-1%202005/4-SHIBLI%20NU%92MANI.pdf |language=en |journal=Pakistan Journal of History & Culture |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=59–82 |issn=1012-7682 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Islam |first=Arshad |date=2013 |title=Allama Shibli and the early Muslim League: A dissenting voice |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/id/article/view/539 |journal=Intellectual Discourse |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=197–219 |issn=2289-5639 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Islam |first=Arshad |date=2019 |title=Indian Muslims' Support for Ottoman Pan-Islamism: The Case of Shibli Nu'mani |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/id/article/view/1353 |journal=Intellectual Discourse |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=197–220 |issn=2289-5639 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Islam |first=Muzaffar |date=1987 |title=Shibli : On Nationalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141710 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |language=en |volume=48 |pages=366–371 |jstor=44141710 |issn=2249-1937 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Islam |first=Rashid |date=2024 |title=The Place and Position of Molana Shibli Nomani in Urdu Historiography |url=https://ojs.makhz.org.pk/journal/article/view/292 |journal=Makhz (Research Journal)|language=ur |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=675–680 |doi=10.47205/makhz.2024(5-III)urdu-25 |issn=2709-9644}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Islam |first1=Rashid |last2=Ibn Hasan |first2=Aziz |date=2021 |title=Maulana Shibli Naumani's correspondence (research and criticism) |url=https://jahan-e-tahqeeq.com/index.php/jahan-e-tahqeeq/article/view/347 |journal=Jahan-e-Tahqeeq |language=ur |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=270–277 |issn=2709-7625 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=A N |date=1985 |title=Shibli Nomani (1857 to 1914) and his Contribution to Education |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/fe483b92a36f3529a97b4471cfbb01fa/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819375 |journal=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=259 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=khan |first=Israr Ahmad |date=2015 |title=Allamah Shibli's methods of authenticating Islamic historical facts |url=http://irep.iium.edu.my/48446/ |journal=International Journal of Islamic Thoughts |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=81–94 |issn=2306-7012 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Javed Ali |date=1990 |title=Shibli's Studies in Islamic History |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/49d59487ff102b43a15ed1cd6ef0f07d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819375 |journal=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=143–150 |language=en }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Khanum |first=Almas |date=2016 |title=Maulana Shibli Nomani ki Muhqiqana Kawishen |url=https://tahqeeqnama.gcu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5d9f27733d6e0/page |journal=Tahqeeq Nama |language=ur |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=284–295}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Akriti |date=2017 |title=Shibli Nomani And The Making Of Nadwatul'l Ulum |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906140 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |language=en |volume=78 |pages=676–682 |jstor=26906140 |issn=2249-1937 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=MostafaviSabzehvari |first=Reza |date=2010 |title=The influence of Moulana on the world thinkers especially thinkers in the Subcontinent |url=http://srb.sanad.iau.ir/en/Article/1115191 |journal=The Journal of Epicliterature |language=fa |volume=1 |issue=9 |pages=161 |issn=2322-5793}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nabeel |first=Dr Nabeel Ahmed |date=2016 |title=Discussions of Shibli Nomani civilization and culture (in the context of Shaar al-Ajam) |url=http://imtezaaj.uok.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5cfd0c5f5fd4e/page |journal=Imtezaaj |language=ur |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=166–219 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Nadia |first1=Dr |last2=Liaquat |first2=Dr Samreena |last3=Naeem |first3=Sharmeen |date=2022 |title=Religious Thoughts and Services of Allama Shibli Nomani |url=http://www.al-azhaar.org/index.php/alazhar/article/view/316 |journal=Al-Azhār |language=ur |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=21–31 |doi=10.46896/alazhr.v8i01.316 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |issn=2519-6707 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Parveen |first=Nusba |date=2011 |title=Relevance of Shiblī's educational philosophy |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/id/article/view/232 |journal=Intellectual Discourse |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |issn=2289-5639 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=Muhammad Anisur |last2=Ahmed |first2=Saeed |date=2025 |title=Approach Of Sub Continental Theologians To Miracles |url=https://assajournal.com/index.php/36/article/view/191 |journal=Advance Social Science Archive Journal |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=722–729 |issn=3006-2500}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Rasool |first1=Shahida |last2=Afshan |first2=Zeenat |last3=Farooq Baig |first3=Muhammad |date=2022 |title=Modern Intellectual Discussions and Allama Shibli Nomani |url=https://zabanoadab.gcuf.edu.pk/index.php/1/article/view/88 |journal=Zaban O Adab |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=68–80 |issn=2073-3674}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Shafi |first=Iftikhar |date=2018 |title=Shibli, English, and the Step-Mother |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3549171 |journal=Pakistan Perspectives |language=en |location=Rochester, NY |volume=23 |issue=2 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3549171 |ssrn=3549171 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Mutahir |last2=Irshad |first2=Dr Saira |last3=Bibi |first3=Brakhna |date=2021 |title=Shibli Nomani's research style in Sirat-un-Nabi (PBUH) |url=https://alduhaa.com/index.php/al-duhaa/article/view/131 |journal=Al-Duhaa |language=ur |volume=2 |issue=02 |pages=274–281 |doi=10.51665/al-duhaa.002.02.0131 |s2cid=246349758 |issn=2710-0812 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Syed |first=Baqar Hassan |date=2018 |title=Kalām in a Post-Traditional World: Shiblī Nu'mānī's Construction of Authority in 'Ilmul-Kalām and al-Kalām |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/811900 |journal=Pakistan Journal of Historical Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=43–79 |doi=10.2979/pjhs.3.2.02 |s2cid=198006035 |issn=2470-8518 |language=en |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tanveer |first=Muhammad |date=2020 |title=Letter Writing of Allama Shibli Nomani |url=http://tasdeeq.riphahfsd.edu.pk/index.php/tasdeeq/article/view/25 |journal=Tasdiq |language=ur |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=59–74 |doi=10.56276/tasdiq.v2i1.25 |s2cid=255682817 |issn=2707-6229 |doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Yeaqub |first=Md |date=2018 |title=Analytical Study Of Allamah Shibli's Persian Poetry |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Analytical_Study_Of_Allamah_Shibli%27s_Persian_Poetry.pdf |journal=Global Journal for Research Analysis |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=88–90 |issn=2277-8160 |language=en }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Yeaqub |first=Md. |date=2019 |title=Talim al-Nisa fi Nazariyat al-Allama Shibli al-Numani al-Hindi |url=http://ir.lib.seu.ac.lk/handle/123456789/3555 |journal=Sri Lankan Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=101–114 |issn=2550-3014}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Younus |first1=Muhammad |last2=Ain |first2=Ayesha Qurrat ul |date=2024 |title=Early Muslim Encounters with Darwinian Theory of Evolution in South Asia: A Study of Shibli Nomani's Response |url=http://mankindquarterly.org/archive/issue/64-4/3 |journal=Mankind Quarterly |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=623–638 |doi=10.46469/mq.2024.64.4.3 |issn=0893-4649}}
{{refend}}

== Newspapers ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite news |last=Al-Hafiz |first=Musa |date=24 May 2021 |title=Shibli Nomani and his reform |work=[[Daily Naya Diganta]] |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/opinion/583919/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8 |language=bn }}
* {{Cite news |last=Dehlvi |first=Ghulam Rasool |date=18 May 2016 |title=Recalling Maulana Shibli Nomani and His Religious Ideas Inspired By Ilm ul Kalam |work=[[New Age Islam]] |url=https://newageislam.com/islamic-ideology/recalling-maulana-shibli-nomani-his/d/107332 |language=en |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018141111/https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-ideology/recalling-maulana-shibli-nomani-his/d/107332 |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite news |last=Rabiul Haque |first=Muhammad |date=4 August 2020 |title=Historical contribution of Allama Shibli Nomani in religious education reform |work=[[Jugantor]] |url=https://www.jugantor.com/islam-life/331652/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8 |language=bn }}
* {{Cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=Maleeha Hamid |date=28 December 2014 |title=Hali and Shibli rescued Urdu poetry |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1153525 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Ubaidullah |first=Munshi Muhammad |date=7 October 2025 |title=Modern education in the thoughts of Allama Shibli Nomani |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/religion/islam/dn11hk1f30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008005044/https://www.prothomalo.com/amp/story/religion/islam/dn11hk1f30 |archive-date=8 October 2025 |work=[[Prothom Alo]]}}
* {{Cite news |date=18 November 2019 |title=Versatile Scholar Shibli Nomani remembered today |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |url=https://www.app.com.pk/national/versatile-scholar-shibli-nomani-remembered-today/# |language=en }}
{{refend}}

== Seminars ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite web |date=23 October 2021 |title=The First Teacher Of Modern Times, Allama Shibli Nomani: Sensitive Thinker, Thoughts And Reforms |url=http://www.iosworld.org/recentactivitydetails.aspx?raid=547 |website=Institute of Objective Studies and the Faculty of Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017174627/http://www.iosworld.org/recentactivitydetails.aspx?raid=547 |url-status=live |language=en}}
{{refend}}

== Websites ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite web
|last=Dariyabadi
|first=Abdul Majid
|author-link=Abdul Majid Daryabadi
|title=Maulana Shibli Nommi
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Maulana_Shibli%20Nomani_by_Maulana_Abdul_Majid_Dariyabadi
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=en
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=26 April 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426123309/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Maulana_Shibli%20Nomani_by_Maulana_Abdul_Majid_Dariyabadi
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Habibullah |first=K. M. |date=10 April 2024 |title=Allama Shibli Nomani: The Amazing Magician of Urdu Literature |url=https://jogajogbd.org/%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%b2%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%b2%e0%a7%80-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%80-%e0%a6%89%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d/ |journal=Jogajog}}
* {{Cite web |last=Engineer |first=Asghar Ali |date=2009 |title=Shibli Nu'mani And National Politics |url=http://www.insafbulletin.net/archives/610 |website=INSAF Bulletin |publisher=International South Asia Forum}}
* {{Cite web
|last=Islam
|first=Zafarul
|title=Educational Ideas of Allama Shibli and Their Relevance to Modern Period
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Allama_Shibli_Nomani_and_Educational_Ideas
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=en
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=29 April 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429025531/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Allama_Shibli_Nomani_and_Educational_Ideas
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite web
|last=Islahi
|first=Zafrul Islam
|title=Maulana Shibli Nomani aur Aligarh
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/maulana_shibli_aur_aligarh
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=ur
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=27 April 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427023248/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/maulana_shibli_aur_aligarh
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite web
|last=Islahi
|first=Zafarul Islam
|title=Allama Shibli Nomani ka Dars-e-Quran aur Maulana Mohd Ali Jauhar
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Allama_Shibli_Nomani_ka_Dars-e-Quran_aur_Maulana_Mohd_Ali_Jauhar
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=en
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=26 April 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426122346/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Allama_Shibli_Nomani_ka_Dars-e-Quran_aur_Maulana_Mohd_Ali_Jauhar
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite web
|last=Kawaja
|first=Kaleem
|title=Have We forgotten Shibli Nomani?
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Have_We_forgotten_ShibliNomani_kaleem_kawaja
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=en
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=27 April 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427163832/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Have_We_forgotten_ShibliNomani_kaleem_kawaja
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite web
|last=Kawaja
|first=Kaleem
|title=A Rememberance[sic] on Shibli Nomani's 156th birth anniversary
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Rememberance_on_Shibli_Nomani_156th_birth_anniversary
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=en
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=28 April 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428170853/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Rememberance_on_Shibli_Nomani_156th_birth_anniversary
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite web
|last=Khan
|first=Javed Ali
|title=Muslim Education, Shibli Nomani and Nadvatul Ulama, Lucknow
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Shibli_Nomani_and_Nadvatul_Ulama_Lucknow
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=en
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=17 October 2022
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017170320/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Shibli_Nomani_and_Nadvatul_Ulama_Lucknow
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rehman |first=Fahmidur |date=14 October 2022 |title=Mohammad Shibli Numani |url=https://rowyakbd.com/muhammad-shibli-nomani/ |journal=Rowyak}}
* {{Cite web
|last=Usmani
|first=Afzal
|title=Allama Muhammad Shibli Nomani
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=en
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=28 April 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428071945/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani
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* {{Cite web
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|first=Afzal
|title=Unearthed after a century: Shibli Nomani's proposal for Islamic University
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Proposal_for_an_Islamic_University_in_Mecca
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=en
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=28 April 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428115720/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Proposal_for_an_Islamic_University_in_Mecca
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite web
|last=Usmani
|first=Afzal
|title=Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy & Allama Shibli Nomani
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Allama_Shibli_Nomani_and_Shibli_Academy
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=en
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=27 April 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427072431/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Allama_Shibli_Nomani_and_Shibli_Academy
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite web
|last=Usmani
|first=Afzal
|title=Allama Shibli Nomani & Prof. Thomas W. Arnold
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Allama_Shibli_Nomani_and_Prof_Arnold
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=en
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=27 April 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427071231/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Allama_Shibli_Nomani_and_Prof_Arnold
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite web
|last=Usmani
|first=Afzal
|title=Allama Shibli Nomani and Nadwatul Uloom
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Allama_Shibli_Nomani_and_Nadwatul_Uloom
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=en
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=27 April 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427041923/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Allama_Shibli_Nomani_and_Nadwatul_Uloom
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite web
|last=Usmani
|first=Afzal
|title=Allama Shibli Nomani and Madarsa-Tul-Islah
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Allama_Shibli_Nomani_and_Madarsatul_Islah
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=en
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=28 April 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428061911/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Allama_Shibli_Nomani_and_Madarsatul_Islah
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite web
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|first=Afzal
|title=Allama Shibli Nomani by Shaikh Abdullah (Papa Mian)
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Shibli_Nomani_by_Shaikh_Abdullah
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=en
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=27 April 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427014732/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Shibli_Nomani_by_Shaikh_Abdullah
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite web
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|first=Ishtiyaq Ahmad
|title=Allama Shibli and Aligarh Movement
|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Allama_Shibli_Nomani_and_Aligarh_Movement
|access-date=17 October 2022
|language=en
|website=[[Aligarh Movement]]
|archive-date=26 April 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426122357/http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Allama_Shibli_Nomani/Allama_Shibli_Nomani_and_Aligarh_Movement
|url-status=live
}}
{{refend}}

== Other ==

=== Theses ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Afroz
|first=Nishat
|title=Development of Islamic Thought in Colonial India A Study
|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|year=2018
|location=India
|language=en
|hdl=10603/250337
|type=PhD
|pages=104–112
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Ahmed
|first=Maqsood
|title=Contribution of north India to the study of islamic history from 1870 to 1947
|publisher=Department of Persian, Arabic and Urdu, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
|year=1989
|location=India
|language=en
|hdl=10603/85304
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Ali |first=Mohsin |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4dw2f7k1 |title=Modern Islamic Historiography: A Global Perspective from South Asia |publisher=University of California |degree=PhD |year=2022 |location=USA |pages=120–205 |language=en}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Khan
|first=Faisal
|title=Concept of dawah as envisaged by promrnent Indian muslim thinkers of the Twentieth century
|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|year=2008
|location=India
|language=en
|hdl=10603/60885
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Khan
|first=Ghazanfar Ali
|title=Nadvat_al_Ulama: a centre of islamic learning
|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|year=2001
|location=India
|language=en
|hdl=10603/49833
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Mujab
|first=Muhammad
|title=Islamic sciences in india and indonesia: a comparative study
|publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|year=2001
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/58830
|type=PhD
|pages=144–149
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Uddin
|first=Nizam
|title=Darulmusannfeen Shibli academy ka aitihasik adhyayan 1914 se 1947
|publisher=Department of History, V. B. S. Purvanchal University
|year=2016
|location=India
|language=hi
|hdl=10603/182719
|type=PhD
}}
{{refend}}

=== Books ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Mostak |title=The world's best 100 Muslim thinkers |publisher=Zhinuk Publication |year=2014 |location=Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100 |pages=305 |language=bn}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bhat |first=Samee Ullah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNeJDwAAQBAJ |title=Islamic Historiography: Nature and Development |date=2019 |publisher=Educreation Publishing |isbn=978-93-88910-50-7 |location=India |pages=16–38 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mobnu |first=Syed |title=Urdu Language and Literature: Origins and Development |publisher=Chaitanya |year=2018 |isbn= |location=Bangladesh |pages=78–81 |language=bn}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rabbani |first=Gholam |title=Contribution of Eminent Scholars to Urdu Literature (1857 - 1947) |publisher=Maktabatut Taqwa |year=2014 |isbn= |location=Banglabazar, Dhaka |pages=53–63, 250–268, 291–298, 372–381 |language=bn}}
* {{Cite book |last=Siddiqui |first=Saiful Islam |title=Muslim Philosophical Thinkers and Scientists |publisher=Rahin-Rashad Publications |year=2019 |isbn=9789843442376 |edition=2nd |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |pages=423–431 |language=bn}}
* {{Cite book |last=Talukder |first=Md. Shafiqur Rahman |title=Hundreds of Muslim thinkers |publisher=Boi Bangla |year=2018 |isbn= |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |pages=287 |language=bn}}
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|www.shibliacademy.org/Allama_Shibli_Nomani|Shibli Academy}}
*[https://www.rekhta.org/authors/shibli-nomani/ebooks?ref=web&filter=book-poets Rekhta]

[[Category:Shibli Nomani]]
[[Category:Islam-related lists]]
[[Category:Bibliographies of people|Nomani, Shibli]]
[[Category:Indian biographies|Nomani, Shibli]]
[[Category:Deobandi-related bibliographies|Nomani, Shibli]]
[[Category:Bibliographies of Indian writers]]

Siddhivinayak Mahaganapati Temple

2025-11-26T20:04:20Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori:

{{Short description|Hindu Temple}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Siddhivinayak Mahaganapati Temple
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Titwala, Maharashtra 421605, India - panoramio (10).jpg
| photo2a = Siddhivinayak Mahaganapati Temple Titwala.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 240
| foot_montage =
}}
| alt =
| caption = Siddhivinayak Mahaganapati Temple, Titwala (Maharashtra, India)
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|19|18|02|N|73|13|18|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = श्री सिध्दीविनायक महागणपती मंदिर
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| location = [[Titwala]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Ganesha]]
| festivals=
| architecture = North Indian Architecture
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = original structure: Ancient (unknown) present structure: 1965–66
| creator = [[Shakuntala]] on sage [[Kanva]]’s directive
| website =
}}

The '''Siddhivinayaka Mahaganapati Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Titwala]], a small town in the [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] [[taluka]] of [[Thane district]] – near [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra, India]]. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu, elephant-headed god of wisdom, [[Ganesha]]. Titwala is believed to be the putative site of the hermitage of sage [[Kanva]], foster parent of [[Shakuntala]] who was born here. The place is steeped in ancient legend and the temple is frequented by a very large number of devotees on account of the belief that separated married couples could be united and marriages of desired people could be fixed easily if the Ganesha image installed in the temple is worshipped with devotion.This temple is frequented mostly on Tuesdays.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/and-more/find-out-which-day-of-the-week-is-dedicated-to-which-lord_1900162.html|title=Find out which day of the week is dedicated to which Lord!|date=2016-06-25|work=Zee News|access-date=2018-08-05|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g660976-d4089042-Reviews-Titwala_Ganesh_Mandir-Thane_Thane_District_Maharashtra.html|title=TITWALA GANESH MANDIR|website=TripAdvisor}}</ref>

==Legend==
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Mahabharata - Shakuntala.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Shakuntala]], with her friends. Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]

According to legend, this village was part of the [[Dandakaranya]] forest where the Katkari tribe lived (the tribal hamlets are located even now close to the town across the Kalu river, approached only by boats).<ref name = "gazz">{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Thane/places_t.html|title=Places:Titvala|publisher=Maharashtra Gazetteer|accessdate=19 August 2009}}</ref> [[Rishi|Sage]] [[Kanva]] had his hermitage here. Kanva was the author of several hymns of the scripture [[Rigveda]] and one of the Angirasas. He had adopted [[Shakuntala]], who was abandoned immediately after her birth by her parents, sage [[Vishwamitra]] and the [[Apsara|celestial damsel]] [[Menaka]]. Shakuntala’s story has been narrated in the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]] and dramatised by [[Kālidāsa]], considered the greatest poet and dramatist in [[Sanskrit]] language, in his play called the [[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]] (“The Recognition of Shakuntala").<ref name=guide>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~brians/love-in-the-arts/sakuntala.html|title=Study Guide for Kalidasa: The Recognition of Sakuntala|accessdate=14 August 2009|work=Source: Kalidasa: The Loom of Time|publisher=Penguin Books}}</ref>

King [[Dushyanta]] of the [[Gandhara Kingdom]] while on a battle campaign was passing through the forests when he and Shakuntala fell in love with each other and got married according to the [[Gandharva]] rite (exchanging garlands as a marriage vow) in the hermitage. Since Dushyanta had to leave Shakuntala after some time due to unrest in his capital city, he gave Shakuntala a royal signet (a ring) as a sign of their love, promising her that he would return for her.<ref name=guide/>

Once, while Shakuntala was in the hermitage, in a pensive dreaming mood thinking about her husband Dushyanta, she did not pay the desired reverential attention to sage [[Durvasa]] who was visiting the place. Durvasa, known for his short temper, felt offended by this slight, cursed Shakuntala saying that the person she was dreaming of would forget about her altogether. However, later, Durvasa toned down his curse to mean that the person who had forgotten Shakuntala would remember everything again if she showed him a personal token that had been given to her. As per the curse, Dushyanta refused to recognise her.<ref name=guide/>

According to local legend, sage Kanva, realising the gravity of the issue faced by his adopted daughter Shakuntala, directed her to build a shrine in honour of the god [[Ganesha]] as ''Siddhi Vinayaka''. He assured her that by her sincere prayers Siddhi Vinayaka would bless her and she would once again join her husband Dushyanta.<ref name = "gazz"/> This eventually came true after considerable effort and lapse of time and by which time Shakuntala who had conceived after marrying Dushyanta, also gave birth to a son who came to be known as [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] according to Mahabharata epic. [[Pandavas]] and [[Kauravas]] were descendants of Bharata.<ref name=guide/>

==History==
The Siddhivinayaka Mahaganapati temple built by Shakuntala with the stated legendary background was submerged under a tank. During the rule of the [[Peshwa]] [[Madhavrao I]], to resolve the drought situation in the town, the tank was de-silted to provide drinking water to the town. It was during the de-silting operations that the temple was found buried. The image of god Ganesha was found by Peshwa [[sardar]] Ramchandra Mehendale, buried in the silt. Soon thereafter, the renovation of the temple was undertaken and a stone temple was built. Peshwa Madhavrao I consecrated the ancient Ganesha image in this new temple, after the conquest of Vasai fort. Initially, the temple was very small with a wooden ''sabha mandap'' (audience hall), which was in a run-down condition. Since the Peshwa temple had also degenerated over time, in 1965–66, renovation work was initiated again and a new temple was constructed at the same location at cost of {{INRConvert|200000}}.<ref name = "gazz"/><ref name=Titvala>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kdmc.gov.in/kdmc/pattern3.jsp?leftid=34&header=-Tourist%20Places-Titvala&image=City-|title=Titvala|accessdate=15 August 2009|publisher=Kalyan Dombivali Municipal Corporation (KDMC)|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114259/http://www.kdmc.gov.in/kdmc/pattern3.jsp?leftid=34&header=-Tourist%20Places-Titvala&image=City-|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=sura>{{Cite web|url=http://www.surajinfo.com/ganesh/Temples/gmain.asp|title=Famous Temples in Greater Mumbai|work=iv) Shree Mahaganpati (Titwala)|accessdate=14 August 2009|archive-date=27 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227163938/http://www.surajinfo.com/ganesh/Temples/gmain.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Titwala">{{Cite web|url=http://www.travelmazza.com/titwala_religious_place.php|title= Titwala|accessdate=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref name=Masur/>

==Architecture and recent renovations==
The current temple is built on {{convert|3|-|5|acre|ha|0|abbr=on}} land donated by the Peshwas, which was further supplemented by {{convert|12|acre|ha}} of additional land donated by the Joshis, the hereditary priests of the temple. The existing audience hall, after renovation, measures {{convert|90|ft|m|0}}x{{convert|45|ft|m|0}} and has been provided with galleries that overlook the main hall. The raised platform on which temple has been built with stone is {{convert|3.5|ft|m}} in height. The temple hall has marble flooring. Recently, the eyes and the navel of the image have been decorated with [[ruby]] stones. On the right of the main entrance door is a shrine containing a [[Shiva]]-[[linga]]. In front of the temple, there is also an impressive lamp tower. The temple [[Sikhara|Shikhara]] (pinnacle) is decorated with sculptures of the [[Ashtavinayaka]], central images from eight revered Ganesha temples near [[Pune]], Maharashtra.<ref name = "gazz"/><ref name="Titvala"/><ref name="sura"/><ref name="Titwala"/> In the main sanctum, on the right corner padukas (foot wear) of Shri Vengaonkar Joshi, a Ganesha devotee is also seen.<ref name=sura/><ref name=Masur>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=2&contentid=2009060220090602025318685c984dc66|title=Siddhivinayak Temple at Titwala gets a makeover|accessdate=14 August 2009|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|author=Masurkar, Alpita|archive-date=23 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223141348/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=2&contentid=2009060220090602025318685c984dc66|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In May 2009, the temple trust and the [[Kalyan Dombivali Municipal Corporation]] (KDMC) had have completed renovation of the temple – initiated 5 years ago. At a cost of {{INRConvert|15|m}}, the renovation work provides regulated entry arrangements and basic facilities to cater to a very large number of devotees who visit the temple. The lake, Titwala Talav next to the temple, has also been de-silted recently and facilities created for boating.<ref name=Masur/>

==Devotees and auspicious days==
Based on the popular legend narrated, Hindus believe that by devotional worship of the Titwala Ganesha, marriage to one’s wished person will take place and marital discord will be happily resolved.<ref name=load>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/specialfeatures/special_have-loads-of-fun-in-twin-cities_1270809|title=Have loads of fun in twin cities: Titwala Mandir|accessdate=14 August 2009|work = [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]}}</ref> The temple is visited by lacs of devotees,<ref name=Masur/> particularly on Angarika Chaturthi (Angariki) – a Tuesday that follows on the fourth day of the lunar bright fortnight. Tuesday as well as the fourth day of the lunar fortnight are considered auspicious days to worship Ganesha, both of which attract a fair number of worshippers to the temple. [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] and [[Ganesh Jayanti]] is celebrated with great fervour, when more than {{formatnum:500000}} people congregate for worship in the temple. Ganesh Chaturthi or Ganeshotsav is the central festival of Ganesha that falls on the fourth day of the bright lunar fortnight in the Hindu month of Bhadrapada (August–September). Ganesha Jayanti or Maghi Ganeshotsav is the birthday of Ganesha, which falls on the fourth day of the bright lunar fortnight in the Hindu month of [[Magha (poet)|Magha]] (January–February).<ref name=Titvala/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/mumbai/excursions-from-mumbai/titwala.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906015816/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/mumbai/excursions-from-mumbai/titwala.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 September 2007| title=Titwala|accessdate=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/36702247.cms|title=Maghi Ganeshotsav celebrated with reverence|date= 7 February 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=19 August 2009}}</ref> The temple is often frequented by devotees from [[Mumbai]].

==Topography==
The Kalu river is a small river that flows close to Titwala in its upstream reaches. The Kalu River also flows close to Ambivali, a little farther from Titwala. This river after flowing westwards, in its downstream, receives the small Bhatsa River, which in turn joins the Ulhas River near [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]], an [[industrial suburb]] of Mumbai. In its further course of {{convert|45|km|mi}}, the river receives effluents from several industrial units.<ref name=Kumar>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Arvind |author2=C. P. Bohra |author3=L. K. Singh|title= Environment, pollution and management|work= Relationship of the rate of growth of plants with effect of industrial pollution at Kalu river in the content of minerals|page=547|accessdate=14 August 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAC6B_1FhL4C&q=Titwala&pg=PA548|publisher= APH Publishing|year= 2003|isbn=9788176484190}}</ref>

==Other shrines==
At this pilgrim centre, apart from the Ganesha Temple, the other famous temple is dedicated to [[Vithoba]], a local form of [[Krishna]] and his consort [[Rukmini]]. Sri Shani Temple is near Sri swamy Samarth Math, Sadguru Nivas, Titwala (E). Sri Sai Baba Temple at Titwala (E), Sri Hanuman Temple is near Titwala Station. Another renowned temple is at [[Ambarnath]], close by, which is dated to the 11th century, constructed in the [[Hemadpanthi]] style of architecture, which is named after its introducer and founder, prime minister [[Hemadpant]] in the court of [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]]. Vaishno Devi temple is nestled in Titwala 22 minutes walking distance from Titwala station east towards south direction. It is a temple of Mata Bhavtarini – Vaishno Devi. Manju Mataji takes care of this temple and organised Chowki's either on Tuesdays or Fridays every week. Big Chowki comes twice a year in Navratri on Ashtami. Manju mata (Ludhiana) and second is in Titwala (Thane). People do come in huge numbers around {{formatnum:300000}} for darshan of mata rani. Durga Puja during October is also known as Akal Bodhon or untimely invocation, Vasant Navratri, also known as Chaitra Navratras or Spring Navratri or Basant Navratri. As this Navratra coincides with Ram Navami, it also referred as Ram Navratri. Vasant Navratri (Chaitra). Lord Ram who changed the period of Durga Puja. Lord Ram wanted to get the blessings of Goddess Durga before beginning the war with Ravana. Therefore, he invoked Goddess Durga during Ashwin (October – November).Devotees are not allowed to wear any leather articles like wallet, belt and handy bag. Transport facilities are available from station.<ref name=load/><ref name=shrine>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/TouristDelight/Shrines/Shrines.aspx?strpage=Shrines_OtherShrines.html |title=Shrines around Mumbai – Titwala|accessdate=14 August 2009|publisher = Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation.|year = 2004}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Ganesha temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thane district]]

Central Provinces and Berar

2025-11-09T08:22:27Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori:

{{short description|Province of British India, and later, Dominion of India (1903–1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Central Provinces and Berar
| common_name = Central Provinces and Berar
| nation = [[British India]]
| status_text = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Province of British India]]
| era =
| year_start = 1903
| date_start =
| event_start = Merger of the [[Central Provinces]] and [[Berar Province]]
| year_end = 1950
| date_end =
| event_end = Creation of [[Madhya Bharat]] State
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 = Central Provinces
| p2 = Berar Province
| s1 = Madhya Pradesh (1956–2000)
| s2 = Maharashtra
| flag_p1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| flag_p2 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| flag_s1 = Flag of Madhya Pradesh.svg
| image_flag = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of the Central Provinces and Berar.png
| image_map = Central Provs 1909.jpg
| image_map_caption = Central Provinces and Berar in 1909, showing the districts, divisions, and princely states under the authority of the province, as well as the 1905 changes to the eastern boundary
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 = 1941
| stat_pop1 = 16,813,584
| demonym =
| capital = [[Nagpur]]
| today =
}}

The '''Central Provinces and Berar''' was a [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|province]] of [[British Raj|British India]] and later the [[Dominion of India]] which existed from 1903 to 1950. It was formed by the merger of the [[Central Provinces]] with the province of [[Berar Province|Berar]], which was territory leased by the British from the [[Hyderabad State]]. Through an agreement signed on 5 November 1902, 6th [[Nizam]] [[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI]] leased Berar permanently to the British for an annual payment of 25 lakhs rupees. [[Lord Curzon]] decided to merge Berar with the Central Provinces, and this was proclaimed on 17 September 1903.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BULDHANA/his_british%20period.html|title=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency-Buldhana district-History-British Period|publisher=Buldhana District Gazetteer website|access-date=25 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006221954/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BULDHANA/his_british%20period.html|archive-date=6 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Central Provinces]] was formed in 1861 by the merger of the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]] and [[Nagpur Province]]. Administration of the [[Berar Province|Berar]] region of the [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[princely state]] was assigned to the Chief Commissioner of the [[Central Provinces]] in 1903, and for administrative purposes, Berar was merged with the Central Provinces to form the Central Provinces and Berar on 24 October 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rulers.org/indprov.html|title=Provinces|access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref> After Indian Independence in 1947, a number of [[princely state]]s were merged into the Central Provinces and Berar, which, when the [[Constitution of India]] went into effect in 1950, became the new Indian state of [[Madhya Bharat]], merged with [[Madhya Pradesh]] in 1956, also meaning ''Central Province.''

As its name suggests, the province was situated in the center of the Indian peninsula. It comprised large portions of the broad belt of hill and plateau which interposes between the plains of the Ganges and the Deccan Plateau. The Central Provinces and Berar were bounded on the north and northeast by the [[Central India Agency]], including the [[Bundelkhand Agency|Bundelkhand]] and [[Bagelkhand Agency|Bagelkhand]] agencies, and along the northern edge of [[Sagar district|Saugor District]] by the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]]; on the west by the princely states of [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]], Gwalior & [[Indore State|Indore]] and by the [[Khandesh District]] of [[Bombay Presidency]]; on the south by [[Hyderabad State]], and on the east by [[Orissa Province|Orissa]] (till 1936, a part of [[Bihar and Orissa Province]]) and the [[Eastern States Agency]].

== History ==

=== British India ===
The Central Provinces comprised 19th-century British conquests from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] in central India, and covered much of present-day [[Chhattisgarh]] with portions of [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Maharashtra]] states. Its capital was [[Nagpur]].<ref>Hunter, Sir William Wilson, et al. (1908). ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford</ref>

After the defeat of the [[Maratha Army|Marathas]] in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], the territories north of the [[Satpura Range]] ceded in 1817 by the Maratha [[Peshwa]] (parts of Saugor and Damoh) and in 1818 by [[Appa Sahib]], were in 1820, formed into the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]] under an agent to the [[Governor-General of India|governor-general]]. In 1835 the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were included in the newly formed [[North-Western Provinces]] (which later became the United Provinces of Agra & Oudh). In 1842, in consequence of an uprising, they were again placed under the jurisdiction of an agent to the governor-general. They were restored to the North-Western Province in 1853.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=683}}

In 1818, the Maratha [[House of Bhonsle|Bhonsle]] Maharajas of [[Nagpur kingdom|Nagpur]] submitted to British sovereignty. In 1853, on the death of Raghoji III without heirs, Nagpur was annexed by the British under the [[doctrine of lapse]]. Until the formation of the Central Provinces in 1861, [[Nagpur Province]], which consisted of the Nagpur Division, [[Chhindwara]] and Chhattisgarh, was administered by a commissioner under the central colonial government.
[[Image:Central Provinces India 1903.gif|thumb|Central Provinces and Berar, 1903. Princely states are shown in yellow.]]
The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were joined with the Nagpur province to constitute the new Central Provinces in 1861. on 1 October 1903 Berar was placed under the administration of the commissioner of the Central Provinces. In October 1905, most of [[Sambalpur]] and the princely states of [[Bamra]], [[Rairakhol]], [[Sonepur, Orissa|Sonpur]], [[Patna, Odisha|Patna]], and [[Kalahandi]] were transferred from the Central Provinces and Berar to [[Bengal]], while the Hindi-speaking [[Chota Nagpur Tributary States|Chota Nagpur States]] of [[Changbhakar|Chang Bhakar]], [[Korea State|British Korea]], [[Surguja]], Udaipur, and [[Jashpur district|Jashpur]] were transferred from Bengal to the Central Provinces & Berar.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=683}}

In 1903, the Marathi-speaking [[Berar Province|Berar]] region of the [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[princely state]] was placed under the administration of the Governor of the Central Provinces, although it officially remained part of Hyderabad, leased in perpetuity by the Government of India. In 1905, most of [[Sambalpur district]] and the [[princely states]] of [[Bamra State|Bamra]], Rairakhol, [[Sonepur State|Sonpur]], [[Patna State|Patna]], and [[Kalahandi State|Kalahandi]] were transferred to [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] and the princely states of [[Changbhakar]], [[Korea State|Korea]], [[Surguja State|Surguja]], [[Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh|Udaipur]], and [[Jashpur State|Jashpur]] were transferred from Bengal to the Central Provinces.<ref>''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', (New ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908-1909. Vol. 10, Page 1.</ref>

The [[Government of India Act 1912]] permitted the creation of legislative councils for provinces under a chief commissioner, and on 8 November 1913, the Central Provinces Legislative Council was formed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/AMRAVATI/his_modern%20period.html |title=The Gazetteers Department - AMRAVATI |access-date=4 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008134014/http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/AMRAVATI/his_modern%20period.html |archive-date=8 October 2010 }}</ref> The [[Government of India Act 1919]] changed the administrator of the province from a chief commissioner to a governor, and enlarged the legislative council and expanded the voting franchise.

The first elections for the Legislative Council under the 1919 [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] were in November and December 1920. The Council consisted of 71 members - 53 elected members, 2 ex-officio members (members of Executive Council), and 16 official and non-official nominated members (Zamindar owners declared as backward, Depressed Classes, Europeans and Anglo-Indians). Out of the 53 elected members, 40 came from general constituencies (30 rural and 10 urban), 7 communal constituencies and 6 special constituencies (Central Provinces & Berar Mining Association, Central Provinces & Berar Commerce & Industry Association, Berar Commerce & Industry, and Central Provinces & Berar Landholders). The Indian National Congress had decided at its Calcutta Conference to boycott the elections as part of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation Movement]], and many prominent nationalist leaders, including [[Ravishankar Shukla]], E. Raghavendra Rao, [[B. S. Moonje]], Daulat Singh, [[Makhan Lal Chaturvedi]], and Vishnudutta Shukla, either decided not to run, or withdrew their candidacies. The legislative seats went mostly to [[Indian Liberal Party|Liberals]] and Loyalists. [[Gangadhar Rao Chitnavis]] was nominated as the President of the Council.<ref name="PLNM">{{cite book|last1=Pateriya|first1=Raghaw Raman|title=Provincial Legislatures and the National Movement|year=1991|publisher=Northern Book Centre|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-85119-58-9}}</ref>

The Montagu-Chelmsford reforms also introduced the principle of [[dyarchy]], whereby certain responsibilities such as agriculture, health, education, and local government, were transferred to elected ministers but some responsibilities such as home, finance and revenue were reserved with the Members of the Executive Council of the Governor. Some of the Indians who served as members of the Governor's Executive Council were [[Moropant Vishvanath Joshi]] (Home) and E. Raghavendra Rao.

By 1923, the nationalists had decided to participate in the legislative elections, and in the November and December 1923 election, and the [[Swaraj Party]], which advocated Indian independence, won 41 of the 54 elected seats. 4 seats went to independents who generally allied with the Swarajists, four to the Liberals, and five to independents allied with the Liberals. The Swarajists were led by B. S. Moonje from Vidarbha, E. Raghavendra Rao from Mahakoshal, and [[S. B. Tambe]] and [[Balkrishna Ganesh Khaparde|B. G. Khaparde]] of Berar. S. M. Chitnavis was leader of the Liberals. Despite winning a majority of seats, the Swarajists, consistent with the party's policy of obstruction and non-acceptance of office, refused to form a government, and Governor [[Frank Sly]] selected Chitnavis and Syed Hifazat Ali, a Muslim independent, as ministers.<ref name="PLNM"/>

In the 1926 election, the Swarajists split, with one faction continuing with the policies of obstruction and non-acceptance of office, while the [[Responsive Cooperation Party]] which chose to participate in government. After the election B. S. Moonje formed a ministry by uniting Responsive Cooperation, Independent Congress, Liberal, and independent legislators into a National Party, with 33 members.<ref name="PLNM"/>

The ministry collapsed in 1933 due to infighting among the ministers and a new ministry was formed under Raghavendra Rao with Muhammad Yusuf Shareef and V. B. Choubal as ministers. This ministry collapsed in 1934 and a new ministry was formed with [[Balkrishna Ganesh Khaparde|B. G. Khaparde]] as Chief Minister and K. S. Naidu as the other minister. This ministry remained in office till 1937.<ref name="PLNM"/>

In 1933, the princely states in Chhattisgarh Division were transferred to the [[Eastern States Agency]], and Makrai to the [[Central India Agency]]. On 24 October 1936, the Central Provinces became the Central Provinces and Berar when it was fully merged with [[Berar Division]], although it remained under the nominal sovereignty of Hyderabad.<ref name="Olson, James S 1996. P. 227">Olson, James S. and Robert Shadle, eds. ''Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Vol. 1.'' Greenwood Publishing Group, UK 1996. P. 227.</ref>

In 1935, the [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act]] was passed by the British Parliament. This act provided for the election of a provincial assembly, with an electorate made up of men with a minimum of financial resources, and excluding women and the poor. Supervisory powers over the enclaved and attached Princely States were reserved to the Governor and removed from the authority of the popular provincial governments. Elections were held in 1937, and the [[Indian National Congress]] took a majority of the seats but declined to form the government. A minority provisional government was formed under E. Raghavendra Rao.<ref>{{cite web |title=Provincial Governments (Ministers) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1937/apr/19/provincial-governments-ministers |website=Parliament.uk |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! scope=col|Minister
! scope=col|Portfolio
|-
!scope=row|[[E. Raghavendra Rao]]
|Gaol, Police, Political, Military, Judicial, and Legal
|-
!scope=row|[[Balkrishna Ganesh Khaparde]]
|Revenue, Land Records, Survey, Settlement, Forest, Excise, Stamp, and Education
|-
!scope=row|Syed Wakil Ahmed Rizvi
|Finance, Local Self-Government, Medical, Public Health, and Public Works
|-
!scope=row|Dharamrao Bhujangrao
|Agriculture, Commerce, Industry, and Registration
|}

The Congress reversed its decision and resolved to accept office in July 1937. Therefore, the Governor invited [[N. B. Khare]] to form the government in August 1937.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tomlinson|first1=B.R.|title=The Indian National Congress and the Raj, 1929–1942: The Penultimate Phase|date=18 June 1976|publisher=Macmillan Press Ltd|isbn=978-0-333-19369-3|page=91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5OuCwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Researches in social sciences|isbn = 9788173200038|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VhuAAAAMAAJ|last1 = Mishra|first1 = Jai Prakash|year = 1993| publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Baker|first1=David E. U.|title=Changing political leadership in an Indian province: the Central Provinces and Berar, 1919-1939|date=1979|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-561135-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y90BAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! scope=col|Minister
! scope=col|Portfolio
|-
!scope=row|[[N. B. Khare]]
|Premier, Home
|-
!scope=row|Yusuf Shareef
|Law and Justice
|-
!scope=row|P. B. Gole
|Revenue
|-
!scope=row|[[Ramrao Deshmukh]]
|Public Works
|-
!scope=row|[[Ravi Shankar Shukla]]
|Education
|-
!scope=row|[[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]]
|Local Self-government
|-
!scope=row|D. K. Mehta
|Finance
|}

Khare resigned in 1938, and [[Ravi Shankar Shukla]] next became Premier. In 1939, along with Congress leaders from other provinces, Shukla resigned in protest of the Governor-General's declaration of war on Germany without consulting with Indian leaders, and the Central Provinces & Berar came under [[Governor's Rule]]. Another round of elections were held in 1946, yielding another Congress majority, and Shukla again became Premier.<ref name="Olson, James S 1996. P. 227"/>

=== After Indian independence ===
India became independent on 15 August and the Central Provinces & Berar became a province of the [[Dominion of India]]. The princely states, which were under the Central Provinces before 1936, were merged into the province, and organized into new districts. When the [[Constitution of India]] went into effect in 1950, the Central Provinces & Berar was reorganized with territorial changes as the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], which name also means ''Central Province.''

On 1 November 1956, Madhya Bharat, together with the states of [[Vindhya Pradesh]] and [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal State]], was merged into Madhya Pradesh. In 1956, strong demand due to linguistic similarity from [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Irredentism|Irredentists]], the [[Berar Division|Berar]] and Nagpur divisions were transferred to [[Bombay State]]. In 1960, the Bombay State was partitioned into [[Maharashtra]] & [[Gujarat]]. In 2000, the eastern portion of Madhya Pradesh was split off to become the new state of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>Markovits, Claude (ed.) (2004). ''A History of Modern India: 1480–1950''. Anthem Press, London</ref>

==Demographics==
The 1911 census counted a population of 16,033,310 for the Central Provinces and Berar. Droughts in 1917 and 1920 caused famine in several districts, and the Central Provinces were affected by bubonic plague in 1911, 1912, 1915, 1917, and 1918, and by the [[1918 influenza pandemic]]. In the 1921 census, the population declined by 0.3% from 1911 to 15,970,660.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/census_1921.html 1921 Census of India. Accessed 16 November 2013] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208033950/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/census_1921.html |date=8 February 2013 }}</ref>

The 1931 census found a total population of 17,990,937 for the Central Provinces and Berar - 12,065,885 for the British districts, 3,441,838 for Berar, and 2,483,214 in the princely states.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/Census_1931n.html 1931 Census of India. Accessed 12 November 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112223538/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/Census_1931n.html |date=12 November 2013 }}</ref>

== Administration ==
The 1941 Census of India counted 16,813,584 persons in the province, of which 2,093,767 were urban and 14,719,817 were rural.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/TABLE_1941_1.HTM Census of India 1941, accessed 12 November 2013]</ref>

=== Districts ===
The Central provinces and Berar was made up of 22 districts, grouped into five divisions :
* [[Jubbulpore Division|Jubbulpore (Jabalpur) Division]] ({{cvt|18,950 |sqmi|disp=comma}}), which included [[Jabalpur District|Jubbulpore]], [[Sagar District|Saugor]] (Sagar), [[Damoh District|Damoh]], [[Seoni District|Seoni]], and [[Mandla District|Mandla]] districts.
* [[Nerbudda Division|Nerbudda (Narmada) Division]] ({{cvt|18,382 |sqmi|disp=comma}}), which included [[Narsinghpur]], [[Hoshangabad]], [[Nimar]], [[Betul district|Betul]], and [[Chhindwara]] districts.
* [[Nagpur Division]] ({{cvt|23,521 |sqmi|disp=comma}}), which included [[Nagpur District|Nagpur]], [[Bhandara District|Bhandara]], [[Chanda District|Chanda]], [[Wardha District|Wardha]], and [[Balaghat District|Balaghat]] districts.
* [[Chhattisgarh Division]] ({{cvt|21,240 |sqmi|disp=comma}}), which included [[Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Raipur District|Raipur]], and [[Durg District|Durg]] (created 1905) districts.
* [[Berar Division]], which included Amraoti ([[Amravati District|Amravati]]), [[Akola District|Akola]], [[Ellichpur District|Ellichpur]], [[Buldana District|Buldhana]], [[Washim|Basim]], and [[Wun District|Wun]] districts.

=== Princely States ===
The Central provinces and Berar included also 15 [[princely states]], whose native rulers enjoyed [[indirect rule]] under [[British protectorate|British protection]].

[[Salute state]]s, in order of precendence :
* [[Kalahandi State|Kalahandi]] (Karond), title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 9-guns
* [[Patna (princely state)|Patna]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 9-guns
* [[Sonepur State|Sonepur]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 9-guns

Non-salute states, alphabetically :
{{Div col}}
* [[Bamra State|Bamra]], title Raja
* [[Bastar State|Bastar]], title (Maha) Raja
* [[Chhuikhadan State|Chhuikandan]] (Kondka), title Mahant
* [[Kanker State|Kanker]], title Raja
* [[Kawardha State|Kawardha]], title Thakur
* [[Khairagarh State|Khairagarh]], title Raja
* [[Makrai State|Makrai]], title Raja (from 1899, Raja Hathiya Rai)
* [[Nandgaon State|(Raj) Nandgaon]], title Mahant
* [[Raigarh State|Raigarh]], title Raja Bahadur
* [[Rairakhol State]], title Raja
* [[Sakti State|Sakti]], title Rana
* [[Sarangarh State|Sarangarh]], title Raja
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[Central Provinces]]
* [[Berar Province]]
* [[List of governors of the Central Provinces and Berar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Central Provinces and Berar|volume=5|pages=681–683}} This contains a more-detailed account of the geography and history of the provinces up to the 19th century.

{{Presidencies and provinces of British India}}
{{Nagpur}}

{{coord|21.15|N|79.09|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Central Provinces And Berar}}
[[Category:Central Provinces and Berar| ]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of British India]]
[[Category:Provinces of British India]]
[[Category:History of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:1950 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:History of Vidarbha]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1936]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1950]]
[[Category:1936 establishments in India]]

Melli Atsing Monastery

2025-11-07T03:38:07Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: starting the data w/ sources

{{Short description|Buddhist monastery in Sikkim, northeastern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name = Melli Atsing Monastery
|image = Melli Atsing Monastery, West Sikkim 02.jpg
|image size =
|alt = Melli Atsing Monastery
|caption = Melli Atsing Monastery
|map_type = India Sikkim
|coordinates = {{coord|27|19|38|N|88|12|25|E|type:landmark_region:IN-SK|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location within India
|location_country = {{flag|India}}
|location=[[Sikkim]], [[India]]
|founded_by = Lama Dudjom Yeshey Nyingpo
|founded = {{start date and age|1740}}
|sect = [[Nyingmapa]]
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama =
|architecture =
|festivals=
|footnotes =
}}

'''Melli Atsing Monastery''' ({{aka}} '''Mallu Monastery'''){{cn|date=March 2025}} is a [[Buddhist monastery]] in [[Sikkim]], northeastern [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikkimeccl.gov.in/History/Monasteries/West/MelliAtsing.aspx |title=Melli Atsing Monastery |website=Government of Sikkim Ecclesiastical Affairs Department |access-date=8 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Buddhist monasteries in Sikkim}}

[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]

{{India-Tibetan-Buddhism-monastery-stub}}
{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Dehan dialect

2025-11-04T03:29:46Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: Creating first details first draft

{{Short description|Dialect of Assamese}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Dehan
| altname = Dewan, Dheyan, Dhiyan, Cachari dialect
| nativename = দেহান
| pronunciation = {{IPA|/dehan/}}
| ethnicity = [[Dehan people]] ([[Koch people|Koch]]-[[Rajbongshi people|Rajbongshi]]s of [[Cachar]])
| states = [[Assam]], [[India]]
| region = [[Barak Valley]]
| speakers = 5000-8000+<ref>{{harv|Singha|2017|p=2}}</ref><ref>{{harv|Goswami|2015|p=12}}</ref>
| ref =
| date =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bengali-Assamese languages|Bengali-Assamese]]
| fam6 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| script = * [[Assamese alphabet]]
| map = File: Assamese varieties.svg
| mapcaption = Distribution of Dehan dialect in {{fontcolor|#C6B839|gold}}.
| isoexception = dialect
| glotto = none
}}
{{Indo-European topics}}
'''Dehan''', '''Dewan''', '''Dheyan''', '''Dhiyan''' or '''Cachari dialect''' is a regional [[language variety|variety]] of [[Assamese language|Assamese]], spoken mainly in the [[Cachar district]] of [[Barak Valley]].<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1999|pp=55–56}}</ref><ref>"the Cachar dialect is closely related to the Kamrupi dialect and the Standard
Assamese" {{harv|Bhattacharya|2003|p=11}}</ref><ref>{{harv|Goswami|1970|p=187}}</ref> More specifically, Dehan speakers
are mainly found in ten villages in the eastern part of Barak River namely Horinagar, Japirbon, Leburbon, Gororbon, Dewan (Labok) or Dewan Bosti, Narayanpur, Larchingpar, Thaligram, Lakkhichora, and Digli. Though Dehan speakers are located in the same district, however, they are scattered in different places. Out of ten villages, Japirbon is the
biggest and the populous one.<ref>{{harv|Singha|2017|p=2}}</ref>

Other than [[Assamese language|Assamese]], Dehan shares its lexical items and linguistic features with [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] and [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]] as well, which is due to long language contact apart from being closely related. Dehan is closely related to the [[Kamrupi dialect|Kamrupi]] and Standard dialects of Assamese.<ref>{{harv|Singha|2017|p=2}}</ref><ref>{{harv|Bhattacharya|2003|p=11}}</ref>

==History==
Among the communities of Barak Valley, the Dehans are one of the early settlers as their settlement dates back to 16th century. They entered Cachar during [[Chilarai]]’s conquest of Cachar plains, but some of them didn't return to Brahmaputra Valley and made Cachar their permanent home. Chilarai campaigned through [[Maibong]], [[Manipur]], [[Jaintia kingdom|Jaintia]], [[Sylhet|Srihatta]] and [[Tripura]] and finally the plains of Cachar were annexed to the [[Koch kingdom]] as Khaspur kingdom in 1562. Later the Koch principality in Cachar was reduced to a small [[zamindari]] in and around [[Khaspur]].<ref>{{harv|Goswami|2015|p=11}}</ref>

The Koch-Rajbongshis of Barak Valley are better known as Dehans. They initially had their settlements around Khaspur but later, owing to different socio-political compulsions, they had to branch off to different villages.<ref>{{harv|Goswami|2015|pp=11–12}}</ref>

==Morphology==
=== Pronouns ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| {{table}}
|+ Personal pronouns<ref>{{harv|Singha|2017|p=270}}</ref>
! colspan="4" |
! nominative
! accusative
! genitive
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="3" | singular
| {{lang|as|moi}}
| {{lang|as|mök}}
| {{lang|as|mör}}
|-
! colspan="3" | plural
| {{lang|as|ami}}
| {{lang|as|amak}}
| {{lang|as|amar}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="3" | singular
| {{lang|as|toi}}
| {{lang|as|tök}}
| {{lang|as|tör}}
|-
! colspan="3" | plural
| {{lang|as|tumi}}
| {{lang|as|tumak}}
| {{lang|as|tumar}}
|-
! rowspan="6" | 3rd person
! rowspan="4" | sg
! rowspan="2" | prox
! m
| {{lang|as|i}}
| {{lang|as|iak}}
| {{lang|as|iar}}
|-
! f
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | dist
! m
| {{lang|as|xi}}
| {{lang|as|xiak}}
| {{lang|as|xiar}}
|-
! f
| {{lang|as|tai}}
| {{lang|as|taik}}
| {{lang|as|tair}}
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | pl
! prox
|
|
|
|-
! dist
| {{lang|as|xelök}}, {{lang|as|xilök}}
| {{lang|as|xelökok}}, {{lang|as|xilökok}}
| {{lang|as|xelökor}}, {{lang|as|xilök}}
|}
{{col-end}}

===Grammatical cases===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cases !! Suffix !! Example
|-
! [[Nominative]]
| none
| {{fs interlinear|lang=as|গছৰ পেনা ''পাতখিনি'' সৰছেই।|gosor pena patkhini-Ø xorsei.|plant-GEN from leaves-'''ABS''' fell-IMPERF.3|The leaves fell from the tree.}}
|-
! [[Ergative case|Ergative]]
| {{fs interlinear|lang=as|-এ|-e|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=as|নানা'''য়ে''' মোক চাই।|nana-'''e''' mök sa-i.|child-'''ERG''' I-ACC see-3.HAB.PRES|The child looks at me.}}
Note: The personal pronouns without a plural or other suffix are not marked.
|-
! [[Accusative case|Accusative]]
| {{fs interlinear|lang=as|-অক, -ক¹, none|-ok, -k¹, none|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=as|গোপীয়ে চৰইগোট'''ক''' চাই আছেই।|göpie soroigöt'''ok''' sai asei.|Gopi-ERG bird-DEF-'''ACC''' looking exist-3.PRES.CONT|Gopi is looking at the bird.}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=as|সি পথাৰ দেখ্ছ্লেই।|xi pothar-Ø dekhslei.|he field-'''ACC''' see-PAST-3|He saw a field.}}
|-
! [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
| {{fs interlinear|lang=as|-অৰ, -ৰ¹|-or, -r¹|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=as|তাই পাহাৰ'''ৰ''' উপৰত গ’ছেগেই।|tai pahar-'''or''' uporot gösegei.|She hill-'''GEN''' above-LOC/DAT went-3.IMPERF.PERF|She went up the hill.}}
|-
! [[Dative case|Dative]]
| {{fs interlinear|lang=as|-অক, -ক¹|-ok, k¹|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=as|সি মো'''ক''' পুথিখন দিছ্লেই।|xi mö-'''k''' puthikhon dislei.|he I-'''DAT''' book-ACC give-3.PAST|He gave me the book.}}
|-
! [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
| {{fs interlinear|lang=as|-দি|-di|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=as|নাওখনগো জুৰি'''দি'''নে বান্ধা আছেই।|naökhongö zuri-'''di'''ne bandha asei.|boat-CL-DEF rope-'''INS'''-FOC tied exist-3.PRES.HAB|The boat has been tied with the rope.}}
|-
! [[Locative case|Locative]]
| {{fs interlinear|lang=as|-অত, -ত¹|-ot, -t¹|}}
| {{fs interlinear|lang=as|সিলোক চোতাল'''ত''' উমুলবালাই লাগছেই।|xilök sötal-'''ot''' umulbalai laksei.|they yard-'''LOC''' play-INF.DAT start-IMPERF.3|They are playing in the yard.}}
|}
1 = Used after vowel-ending words.

==Sample text==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dehan !! Standard Assamese!! Translation
|-
| "Ek buri ar ek xialor kotha"<ref>{{harv|Singha|2017|p=270}}</ref> || "Burhi ezoni aru xial etar kotha" || "The story of an old woman and a jackal"
|-
| Kunö ek somoyot ekhon gaõt ek buri asile. Buri khub suza sorol doyalu asile. Burir khet-bati asile.
| Künü ek xomoyot ekhon gaõt ezoni burhi asile. Burhi khub xuza xorol doyalu asile. Burhir kheti-bati asile
| Once upon a time there was an old woman in a village. The old woman was very straight simple and kind hearted. The old woman had some assets in the land form of land.
|-
| Buri ek din kosu ruar karone godhlabela tukrit kosu loi-ne döŋor pharot göl. Kosubarit tair kosu rui thakö̃te-thakö̃te sonda höl.
| Burhi edin kosu rüar karone godhulibela pasit kosu loi(-kine) noir parot göl. Kosubarit tair kosu rui thakü̃te thakü̃te xondhia höl.
| One evening the old woman took arum in a basket and went to sow the arum in the bank of the river. While sowing the arum it got dark.
|-
| Emon somoyot ota xial ahi hene burik xudile, “Ö buri! Ö buri! , ki ruo?”
| Iman xomoyot eta xial ahi (kine) burhik xudhile, “Ö burhi! Ö burhi!, ki rüo?“
| At that time a jackal came and asked the oldwoman, “old woman! Old woman what do you sow?”
|-
| Burie bulle, “ar ki ruim, hei de kosu ruoŋ ar ki ?”
| Burhie bulile, “aru ki rum, hei de kosu rüü̃ aru ki ?”
|The oldwoman replied’ “what more I will sow, the same arum.”
|-
| Xiale bulle, “o accha toi ze kosu ruo, kosuguti uhuaso ki na?
| Xiale köle, “o baru toi ze kosu rüo, kosukeita uhuaiso ne nai?
| Jackal said, “oh, tell, you have boiled the yam or not?”
|-
| Burie bulle, “nai babai uhua nai, kõsai ruoŋ.”
| Burhie köle, “nai büpai, uhua nai, kẽsai rüü̃.“
| Oldwoman replied, “No, baba, I haven’t boiled it, I will saw it raw.”
|-
| Xiale bulle, “tede bohut din lagbe, buri ek kam kor, kosuguti kali uhaine rubi, sabi eke ratie tör kosu borbor hobe.”
| Xiale köle, “tesün bohut din lagibo, burhi ek kam kor, kosukeita kaliloi uhai(-kine) rubi, sabi eke ratie tür kosu daṅor daṅor höbo.”
|Jackal said, “then it will take many days to grow, do one thing, sow the arum after boiling, you will see that it will grow up over a night’
|-
| Burie bulle, “hoi niki?”
| Burhie köle, ”hoy neki?”
| Oldwoman said, “Does it happen?”
|-
| Xiale bulle,“o hoye de, sabitö rui sa, kali tör kosu khanbi.”
| Xiale köle, “o hoye de, sabisün rui sa, kaliloi tür kosu khandibi.”
| The jackal said, “Yes, that's true. Dig your arums tomorrow and see.”
|-
| Burie bhabile, “Zodi uhaine kosu rua zai ar ekë ratie kosu bor-bor hoi te ar porisom kori labh ki?”
| Burhie bhabile, “Zodi uhai(-kine) kosu rüa zay aru ekei ratie kosu bor-bor hoy, te aru porisrom kori labh ki?”
| The oldwoman thought, “ If arum grows more over a night time by sowing this way
then what’s the use of working so hard?”
|-
| Pisot burie bulle, “thik ase moi kali uhainei ruim.”
| Pisot burhie köle, “thik ase moi kaliloi uhaikinei rum.”
| After that oldwoman said, “ok, I will boil and sow it tomorrow.”
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Pramodchandra |year=2003 |title=Aspects of North East Indian languages|publisher=Anundoram Borooah Institute of Language, Art & Culture, Assam}}
* {{cite book |last=Singha |first=S. Sulochana |year=2017 |title=A DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR OF DHIYAN|type=PhD |publisher=Assam University |hdl=10603/367781 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/367781}}
* {{cite book |last=Baruah |first=Binita |year=1999 |title=Sibsagar dialect: A socio-linguistic study|type=PhD |publisher=Cotton college}}
* {{cite book |last=Goswami |first=Upendranath |year=1970 |title=ভাষা-বিজ্ঞান|publisher=Gauhati university|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.451730/page/n3/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last=Goswami |first=Dey |year=2015 |title=Identity formation through oral narratives: A case study of the Koch-Rajbongshis of Barak valley|publisher=Assam university}}

{{refend}}

[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese language]]

Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu and Sons

2025-10-28T16:42:10Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox publisher
| image =
| parent =
| status =
| founded = {{Start date|1854}}
| founder = [[Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu]]
| successor = Vavilla Venkateswara Sastrulu
| country = [[India]]
| headquarters = 26; Ramanuja Ayyer Veedhi, [[Chennai]]-600021, [[Tamil Nadu]]
| distribution = worldwide
| keypeople =
| publications =
| topics = [[Hinduism]], [[Sanatana Dharma]]
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| website = [http://www.vavillapress.org/ www.vavillapress.org]
| nasdaq =
| url =
}}
'''Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu and Sons''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: వావిళ్ల రామస్వామి శాస్త్రులు అండ్ సన్స్) is a 150-year-old Indian [[publishing]] house.

It was started by [[Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu]] in 1854 in [[Chennai]] in a press named Hindu Bhasha Sanjeevini. Later he established Adi Saraswathi Nilayam. During his lifetime, he published about 50 important books in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit]].

His well-educated son Vavilla Venkateswara Sastrulu led the house in 1906 and actively continued the tradition and improved it greatly. He named it "Vavilla Press". It was associated with [[Gita Press]] of [[Gorakhpur]] and Choukhamba Press of [[Varanasi]]. He published books with perfect proofreading by the experts in the field and successfully printed in Royal, Demy and Crown sizes. He was the first to get his books bound with calico cover and glittering letters.

Vavilla Press published mostly classic literature, epics, Puranas, and commentaries. They published Sanskrit text in Telugu script so that any Telugu reader person can read the ancient Sanskrit texts and study them. During his lifetime more than 900 books in Telugu, Sanskrit, Tamil and English languages were published.

==Publications==
This is partial list of some important publications:
* [[Anandamatha]] by Bankim Chandra Chatterji (1907)<ref>[https://openlibrary.org/b/OL3593344M/A%CC%84nandamat%CC%A3ha Anandamatha in Open Library.]</ref>
* Narasabhoopaaleeyam by Puranam Suryanaraya Sastrulu (1909)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/narsabhoopaaleey021681mbp Narsabhoopaaleeyamu at Internet Archives.]</ref>
* Vaijayanti Vilasamu (1909)
* [[Rādhikā-sāntvanam|Radhika Santwanamu]] by Muddu Palani (1910)
* Kavi Jeevitamulu by Gurajada Sriramamurti (1913)
* Vikramarka Charitramu by [[Jakkana]] (1913)<ref>{{cite book |title=Vikramarka Charitramu |date=1913 |publisher=Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu and Sons |location=Chennai |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.392697/mode/2up |access-date=29 July 2020 |language=te}}</ref>
* Srimath Andhra Maha Bhagavatham by Bammera Pothana (edited by Rayadurgam Narasayya Sastrulu) (1915)
* Bhadradri Rama Satakamu by [[Pavuluri Mallana]] (1916)<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Bhadradri-Rama-satakamu-Pavuluri-Mallana/dp/B0000D7EZ3 Bhadradri Rama Satakamu of Pavuluri Mallana at Amazon.com]</ref>
* Bhaskara Ramayana (1923)
* Ramarajiyamu or Narapativijayamu (1923)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.370872|title = రామరాజీయము లేక నరపతి విజయము|year = 1923}}</ref>
* Bhakthi Rasa Shatakha Samputam (1926)
* Soundarya Tilaka by Chilakamarti Lakshminarasimham (1926)
* Andhra Vangmya Caritra Sangrahamu by K. Venkatanarayana Ravu (1928)
* Kavitraya Kavitā Vimarśanamu by Gur̲r̲amu Vēṅkaṭasubbarāmayya (1933)
* Vēdamu Vēṅkaṭarāyaśāstri Saṃskr̥ti by Gur̲r̲amu Vēṅkaṭasubbarāmayya (1938)
* Vruddha Paarasharyamu by Parasharam (1940)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/vruddhapaarashar026182mbp Vruddhapaarasharyamu at Internet Archives.]</ref>
* Barthruhari Subhashitamu by T. Benarji (1949)
* Andhra Vyakaranamu by Vedam Pattabhiram Sastry (1951)
* Sreemadandra Bhagavathamu by Bhammera Potha Raju (1952)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/sreemadandrabhag015442mbp Sreemadandra Bhagavathamu at Internet Archives.]</ref>
* Sri Gopala Sahasranama stotramu (1955)
* English-Telugu Dictionary by P. Shankaranarayana (1964)
* Sri Mahabhakta Vijayamu by Sripada Subramanya Sastri (1966)
* Atukuri Molla Ramayan (1968)
* Kshetraya Padamulu by Muvva Goopaala
* Sri Lakshmee Stotra Ratnatrayamu (1999)
* Bruhatstotra Ratnakaramu (2005)
* Muhuurta Darpand-amu (2005)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/12796muhuurtadar035822mbp Muhuurtadarpanamu at Internet Archives.]</ref>
* [[Lalita sahasranama]] stotramu
* [[Haravilasa]]
* [[Śukasaptati]] (1951)
* [[Parijatapaharanamu]] (1933 and 1960)
* [[Kasikhandamu]] (1914 and 1917)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=04tDyxmNOhsC&dq=Vavilla+Ramaswamy+Sastrulu+and+Sons&pg=PA106 Vavilla press in The Great Indian patriots by P. Rajeshwar Rao.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071113042941/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/04/30/stories/2007043000240600.htm First obscenity case in Madras in the Hindu.]
* [http://yabaluri.org/TRIVENI/CDWEB/thehouseofvavillaapr56.htm The House of Vavilla, by D. Anjaneyulu.]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu And Sons}}
[[Category:Publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1854]]
[[Category:Religious tract publishing companies]]
[[Category:Hindu mass media]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:1854 establishments in India]]

{{Hindu-media-stub}}
{{Reli-publish-company-stub}}

Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas

2025-10-26T10:42:24Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: enhance content after review and added references

{{short description|Indian screenwriting duo}}
{{unreliable sources|date=December 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Screenwriters
| website =
|
| years_active = 1995 {{endash}} Present
| spouse =
}}

{{Indian name|Sibi|Thomas}}'''Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas''' is an Indian [[screenwriting]] duo known for their works in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/27441/ |title=സൂപ്പര്‍ തിരക്കഥ|trans-title=Super Screenplay|work=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219081117/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/27441/ |archive-date=19 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Most of their works are in the [[comedy]], [[action crime film]] and [[Mass film|mass genre]]. They wrote films such as ''[[Mattupetti Machan]]'' (1998), ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan]]'' (1999), ''[[Dhosth (2001 Malayalam film)|Dhosth]]'' (2001), ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]'' (2003), ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]'' (2003) ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]'' (2004), ''Kochi Rajavu'' (2005), ''[[Thuruppugulan (2006 film)|Thuruppu Gulan]]'' (2006), ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' (2008), ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' (2010),''[[Kaaryasthan]]''(2010)'',[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]'' (2011) ''[[Mayamohini]]'' (2012),''[[Mr. Marumakan]]''(2012),''[[Kammath & Kammath]]''(2013)''[[Rajadhi Raja (2014 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]''(2014) and ''[[Ivan Maryadaraman]]''(2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/gallery/events/12017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427130105/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/gallery/events/12017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2007|title=Star Talk – Sibi K Thomas And Udaya Krishna|website=IndiaGlitz|date=14 April 2007|access-date=4 March 2011}}</ref>

The duo parted in 2015. Udayakrishna continued as a scriptwriter. Udayakrishna's first script as a solo writer was ''[[Pulimurugan]]'' (2016) which became the first Malayalam film to gross over {{INR}}100-150 crore and became the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam film]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Salman Khan keen to act in 'Pulimurugan' remake|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/salman-khan-keen-act-pulimurugan-remake-62245|access-date=15 December 2017|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=18 May 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Both Udayakrishna and Sibi started their careers as assistant directors. Sibi assisted Balu Kiriyath and [[Sandhya Mohan]], while Udayakrishna assisted screenwriter A.R.Mukesha and was assistant director under Balu Kiriyath, Ali Akbar, [[K. Madhu]] and Venu B. Nair.<ref name="Writers">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article1507837.ece|title=Scripting blockbusters|date=4 March 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=4 March 2011|archive-date=29 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629134500/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article1507837.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Manoj K. Jayan]] prodded them into a partnership and agreed to star in their directorial debut.<ref name="Writers"/> However, that project did not work out. Subsequently, they wrote their first script, ''Hitler Brothers'' (1997), for [[Sandhya Mohan]], followed by ''Mayajalam'' for Balu Kiriyath. Both films failed at the box office.<ref name="Writers"/> The duo's first hit came through ''Mattuppetti Machan'' directed by Jose Thomas, followed by ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan]]''.<ref name="Writers" /> Then came ''[[Sundara Purushan (2001 film)|Sundra Purushan]],'' which was a moderate success.

It was followed by [[Rajasenan]]'s successful movies, ''[[Darling Darling (2000 film)|Darling Darling]]'' and ''[[Malayali Mamanu Vanakkam|Malayalimamanu Vanakkam]]''. ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]'', was a success. They associated with Johny Antony in most of his directorial ventures thereafter, including the commercially successful ''[[Kochi Rajavu]]'' and ''[[Thuruppugulan (2006 film)|Thuruppu Gulan]]''.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} They worked with veteran director [[Joshiy]] in ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]'', ''[[Lion (2006 film)|Lion]]'' and ''[[July 4 (film)|July 4]]'', and in the landmark Malayalam film ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]''. ''Twenty:20'' was produced by [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] in association with Dileep's Grand Productions and starred most major actors of Malayalam cinema. The film became the highest grossing Malayalam film of all time and brought appreciations for Udayakrishna and Sibi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfilmdom.com/malayalam-box-office-top-5-november-9-2008|publisher=Indian Filmdom|title=Box-office report 2008|date=9 November 2008|access-date=4 March 2011|archive-date=9 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309103702/http://www.indianfilmdom.com/malayalam-box-office-top-5-november-9-2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Twenty:20'' was followed by ''[[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham]]'', which was panned by the critics and an average grosser. In 2010, they made a comeback with ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'', which went on to become a big success and the highest-grossing film of the year.<ref name="2010 BO">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121019191015/http://www.sify.com/movies/Top-10-Malayalam-grossers-of-2010-imagegallery-malayalam-lbfk9Ueijff.html?html=5 "2010 Top 10"]. [[Sify]].com. Retrieved 4 March 2011.</ref> However, critical responses for ''Pokkiri Raja'' were mostly mixed. They scripted debutante Thomson K. Thomas's ''[[Kaaryasthan]]''. Despite negative reviews from critics, the film closely followed ''Pokkiri Raja'' in collection records of the year.<ref name="2010 BO"/> Their only film in 2011 was ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]'' with Joshiy, which became a success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaboxoffice.com/christian-brothers-box-office-collection-report/|title=Christian Brothers box office collection|publisher=Keralaboxoffice.com|access-date=6 April 2011|archive-date=3 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403040436/http://keralaboxoffice.com/christian-brothers-box-office-collection-report/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/146993/many-stars-poor-show.html|title=Many stars, poor show|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=22 March 2011|access-date=6 April 2011|archive-date=22 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322024104/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/146993/many-stars-poor-show.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/188412/ |title=സൂപ്പര്‍ ഹിറ്റ് സഹോദരന്മാരുടെ സ്രഷ്ടാക്കള്‍|trans-title=Creation of Superhit brothers |work=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219050938/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/188412/ |archive-date=19 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> They scripted two films in 2012, ''[[Mayamohini]]'' and ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]''. The former was a success and was among the highest-grossing films of the year while the latter, despite heavy criticism, became an average hit. The last release in their combination is [[Ivan Maryadaraman]].

===Udaykrishna (as solo writer)===
Later in 2016, Udaykrishna wrote script for ''[[Pulimurugan]]'' directed by [[Vysakh]] which was [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|second highest-grossing Malayalam film of all time]].Then he wrote scripts for [[Masterpiece (2017 film)|''Masterpiece'']] (2017) directed by Ajai Vasudev and ''[[Aanakkallan]]'' (2018) directed by Suresh Divakar both received mixed reviews but were commercial success. In 2019 he scripted ''[[Madhura Raja]]'' which was a sequel off to [[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]. Even though it received mixed to positive reviews, and it grossed 100 crores from box office.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammootty-madhura-raja-crosses-rs-100-crore-in-45-days-5751652/ | title=Mammootty starrer Madhura Raja crosses Rs 100 crore mark in 45 days | date=28 May 2019 }}</ref> In 2022, he wrote two scripts for [[Mohanlal]] starring films [[Aaraattu (2022 film)|''Aaraattu'']] directed by [[B. Unnikrishnan]] and [[Monster (2022 film)|''Monster'']] directed by [[Vysakh]]. Both films became [[Box office bomb|box-office flops]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/monster-box-office-collection-day-6-mohanlal-starrer-turns-out-to-be-a-disaster/articleshow/95136567.cms#:~:text=Stacked%20with%20several%20negative%20responses,office%20on%20its%20sixth%20day | title='Monster' box office collection day 6: Mohanlal starrer turns out to be a disaster | newspaper=The Times of India | date=28 October 2022 | access-date=11 November 2022 | archive-date=11 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111131813/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/monster-box-office-collection-day-6-mohanlal-starrer-turns-out-to-be-a-disaster/articleshow/95136567.cms#:~:text=Stacked%20with%20several%20negative%20responses,office%20on%20its%20sixth%20day | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, he scripted two films for [[Christopher (film)|''Christopher'']] which was directed by [[B. Unnikrishnan]] and starred [[Mammootty]] and [[Vinay Rai]] in the lead roles and [[Bandra (film)|Bandra]] which was directed by Arun Gopy and starred [[Dileep]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] in the lead role. Christopher received mixed reviews from critics and became an average hit at the box office.,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christopher Movie: ക്രിസ്റ്റഫർ കളക്ഷൻ റിപ്പോർട്ട് പുറത്ത്; കേരളത്തിൽ നേടിയത് ഇത്രയും |trans-title=Christopher Movie: Christopher Collection Report Out; Kerala has achieved this much |url=https://zeenews-india-com.translate.goog/malayalam/movies/christopher-movie-first-day-box-office-original-collection-report-126339/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=Zee Malayalam News |date=10 February 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213011003/https://zeenews-india-com.translate.goog/malayalam/movies/christopher-movie-first-day-box-office-original-collection-report-126339?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp |url-status=live }}</ref> while Bandra received negative reviews from critics and it is underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web | title='Bandra' OTT release: When and where to watch Dileep's action drama | website=The Times of India | date=27 November 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bandra-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-dileeps-action-drama/articleshow/105530909.cms?from=mdr | access-date=27 November 2023 | archive-date=28 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128034837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bandra-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-dileeps-action-drama/articleshow/105530909.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Udaykrishnan is married to Manju and has a son named Chandik. Sibi is married to Jisha and has a son and daughter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/life-style/success/34748 |title=Uday & Sibi |work=Mangalam |access-date=2013-12-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213231436/http://www.mangalam.com/life-style/success/34748 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas (as writer duo)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Notes
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Hitler Brothers]]''
| Sandhya Mohan
| Udayakrishna acts in this film as a thief.
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1998
| ''[[Meenakshi Kalyanam]]''
| [[Jose Thomas]]
|
|-
| ''Mayajalam''
| Balu Kiriyath
|
|-
| ''[[Amma Ammaayiyamma]]''
| Sandhya Mohan
|
|-
| ''[[Mattupetti Machan]]''
| rowspan="2" | Jose Thomas
| Udayakrishna acts as a driver.
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1999
| ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan]]''
| Both act as dileeps collegemate
|-
| ''[[My Dear Karadi]]''
| Sandhya Mohan
|
|-
| ''[[Tokyo Nagarathile Viseshangal]]''
| Jose Thomas
| Udayakrisha acts as TV Anchor
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Darling Darling (2000 film)|Darling Darling]]''
| [[Rajasenan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2001
| ''[[Sundara Purushan (2001 film)|Sundara Purushan]]''
| Jose Thomas
|
|-
| ''[[Dhosth (2001 Malayalam film)|Dhosth]]''
| [[Thulasidas]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2002
| ''[[Malayalimamanu Vanakkam]]''
| [[Rajasenan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Snehithan]]''
| Jose Thomas
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003
| ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]''
| [[Johny Antony]]
|
|-
| ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]''
| [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2004
| ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]''
| [[Joshiy]]
|
|-
| ''[[Vettam]]''
| [[Priyadarshan]]
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Kochi Rajavu]]''
| Johny Antony
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2006
| ''[[Lion (Malayalam film)|Lion]]''
| Joshiy
|
|-
| ''[[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]]''
| Sandhya Mohan
|
|-
| ''[[Chess (2006 film)|Chess]]''
| Raj babu
|
|-
| ''[[Thuruppugulan]]''
| rowspan="2" | Johny Antony
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007
| ''[[Inspector Garud (film)|Inspector Garud]]''
|
|-
| ''[[July 4 (film)|July 4]]''
| Joshiy
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2008
| ''[[Magic Lamp (film)|Magic Lamp]]''
| Haridas
|
|-
| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]''
| Joshiy
|
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2009
| ''[[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham]]''
| Johny Antony
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010
| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]''
| Vysakh
|
|-
| ''[[Kaaryasthan]]''
| Thomson K. Thomas
|
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2011
| ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]''
| Joshiy
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012
| ''[[Mayamohini]]''
| [[Jose Thomas]]
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]''
| Sandhya Mohan
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013
| ''[[Kammath & Kammath]]''
| Thomson K. Thomas
| Udayakrishna and Sibi K. Thomas appear in a song.
|-
|''[[Sringaravelan]]''
| [[Jose Thomas]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2014
| ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]''
| Joshiy
| Produced by Udayakrishna-Sibi K. Thomas
|-
|''[[Rajadhi Raja (2014 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]''
| Ajai Vasudev||
|-
| ''[[Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu]]''
| Benny Thomas
|
|-
|2015||''[[Ivan Maryadaraman]]''||Suresh Divakar|| the last film
|}

===Udaykrishna (as solo writer)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Notes
|-
|2016
|''[[Pulimurugan]]''||[[Vysakh]]||Debut as a solo script writer
|-
|2017||''[[Masterpiece (2017 film)|Masterpiece]]''||[[Ajai Vasudev]]||
|-
|2018||''[[Aanakkallan]]''||Suresh Divakar||
|-
|2019||''[[Madhura Raja]]''||[[Vysakh]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022||''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]]''||[[B. Unnikrishnan]]||
|-
|''[[Monster (2022 film)|Monster]]''||[[Vysakh]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023||''[[Christopher (film)|Christopher]]''||[[B. Unnikrishnan]]||
|-
|''[[Bandra (film)|Bandra]]''||Arun Gopy||
|-
|}

===Udaykrishna (as actor)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Notes
!Ref
|-<ref>https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3132</ref>
|1998
|''[[Mattupetti Machan]]''
|[[Jose Thomas]]
|Driver Kusulapi
|-
|1999
|[[Udayapuram Sulthan|''Udayapuram Sulthan'']]
|[[Jose Thomas]]
|Unnikrishnan's Friend
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=udaykrishna |url=https://m3db.com/udaykrishna}}</ref>
|-
|1999
|[[Tokyo Nagarathile Viseshangal|''Tokyo Nagarathile Viseshangal'']]
|[[Jose Thomas]]
|Media Person
|
|-
|2012|| ''[[Mallu Singh]]''|| [[Vysakh]]|| rowspan="2" | Actor Only
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Ramante Edanthottam]]''
|[[Ranjith Sankar]]
|
|-
|''[[Masterpiece (2017 film)|Masterpiece]]''|| rowspan="2" |[[Ajai Vasudev]]||Cameo appearance as himself
|
|-
|2020||''[[Shylock (2020 film)|Shylock]]''||Actor Only
|
|-
|2022||''[[Aaraattu]]''||[[B. Unnikrishnan]]||Cameo appearance as himself
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1437907|name=Udayakrishna}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1440053|name=Siby K. Thomas}}
* {{cite web|url=http://varnachitram.com/2006/07/24/interview-sibi-k-thomas-uday-krishna-part-1/|title=Interview: Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas|publisher=Varnachithram}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/gallery/events/12017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427130105/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/gallery/events/12017.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2007|title=Video interview: Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas|website=IndiaGlitz|date=14 April 2007}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriting duos]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sport in Chennai

2025-10-26T07:03:13Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
[[File:M. A. Chidambaram Stadium Challenger Trophy 2006.jpg|thumb|right|Cricket match between India Blue and India Red at the M. A. Chidambaram Cricket Stadium, Chennai, India.]]
[[Cricket]] is amongst the popular sports in [[Chennai]]. The [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] is one of the oldest cricket stadiums in India and has been the venue for many notable milestones in the history of Indian cricket. Other sports played include [[tennis]], [[field hockey]], [[association football|football]], [[motor racing]] and [[Squash (sport)|squash]]. Chennai has a rich legacy in [[chess]] and has produced many well-known chess players, the most notable of them being [[Viswanathan Anand]].

==Cricket==
[[File:IPL T20 Chennai vs Kolkata.JPG|thumb|right|An [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] match in progress at M.A. Chidambaram Cricket Stadium]]
Cricket is the most popular sport in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sporteology.com/top-10-most-popular-sports-in-india/ |title=Top 10 Most Popular Sports in India |publisher=Sporteology.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111511/https://sporteology.com/top-10-most-popular-sports-in-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] (formerly known as Madras Cricket Club ground or Chepauk Stadium) in [[Chepauk]] and popularly called the MAC, is one of the oldest cricket stadiums in India built in 1916. It seats more than 50,000 and is home to the [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] and the [[Chennai Super Kings]] IPL franchise. The stadium is famous for its list of records, including the first ever test match victory that [[India]] recorded in 1951–52 when they defeated England, the second of only two [[tied test]]s between India and Australia in 1986 and Saeed Anwar's 194 in 1999 which is the third highest ODI score by a batsman.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58008.html
| title = MA Chidambaram stadium
| publisher = Cricinfo.com
| access-date = 2007-09-13}}The [[Chemplast Cricket Ground]] in the [[IIT Madras]] campus and SSN cricket ground are other important cricket venues, which hosts first class matches.</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58005.html
| title = IIT-Chemplast stadium
| publisher = Cricinfo.com
| access-date = 2007-09-13}}</ref> Prominent cricketers from Chennai include former Test-captains [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S.&nbsp;Venkataraghavan]] and [[Kris Srikkanth|Kris&nbsp;Srikkanth]], [[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]], [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]], [[Murali Karthik]], [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]], [[Murali Vijay]], [[Ravichandran Ashwin]], [[Dinesh Karthik]], Vijay Shankar and [[Washington Sundar]] . Cricket administrators from Chennai include former [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] presidents [[M. A. Chidambaram]] and [[A. C. Muthiah]]. The internationally renowned cricket bowling academy, the [[MRF Pace Foundation]] under the directorship of famous fast bowler [[Glenn McGrath]] is based in Chennai. [[Chennai Super Kings]], a franchise based in [[Chennai]] is the most successful team in the [[Indian Premier League]]. It is also home to [[Chepauk Super Gillies]], a popular [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]] franchise.

==Tennis==
[[File:Nungambakkam SDAT Tennis Stadium floodlit match panorama.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] [[Chennai Open]] - Centre Court at the SDAT Tennis Stadium complex in Nungambakkam]]
[[Tennis]] is another popular game in Chennai. The city hosted the country's only [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] event, the now defunct [[Chennai Open]], from 1996 to 2017 at the [[SDAT Tennis Stadium]] in [[Nungambakkam]]. The stadium seats about 6,000 spectators and has five synthetic surface courts. The tournament was awarded the title of the best new event in its second year by the [[Association of Tennis Professionals]]. Indian tennis stars such as [[Ramanathan Krishnan]], [[Vijay Amritraj]], [[Ramesh Krishnan]] and [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] hail from Chennai.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.chennaiopen.org
| title = About the venue
| publisher = [[International Management Group]]
| access-date = 2007-09-13}}</ref> [[Leander Paes]] did his schooling and was trained in Chennai. One of India's top tennis training academies, the Britannia Amritraj Tennis Academy is based in Chennai.

==Basketball==
Chennai is home to [[Chennai Slam]],<ref>[http://www.indiansportsnews.com/other-sports/basketball-news/38988-uba-pro-basketball-league-delhi-capitals-chennai-slam-set-up-final-clash UBA Pro Basketball League: Delhi Capitals, Chennai Slam set up final clash] Indian Sports News, 31 March 2016. Accessed 5 May 2017.</ref> two-time national champion of India's top professional basketball division, the [[UBA Pro Basketball League]].

==Hockey==
The [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]], with a seating capacity of 4000, is the venue for [[field hockey|hockey]] matches in the city. The stadium has twice hosted the Champions Trophy, featuring the top six teams in the world, in 1996 and 2005.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102004161800.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041030191509/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102004161800.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2004-10-30
| title = Radhakrishnan stadium to have new turf
| access-date = 2007-09-13
| location=Chennai, India
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| date=2004-10-20}}</ref> Chennai is home to the [[World Series Hockey]] team [[Chennai Cheetahs]] since 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/worldserieshockey/team-profile/chennaicheetahs|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126083742/http://www.indianexpress.com/worldserieshockey/team-profile/chennaicheetahs|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-26|title=Chennai Cheetahs}}</ref> It was also the home of the defunct [[Premiere Hockey League]] team [[Chennai Veerans]]. Notable international players include [[Vasudevan Baskaran]], [[Krishnamurthy Perumal]], [[M. J. Gopalan]] and [[Mohammed Riaz]].

==Squash==
The Squash Rackets Federation of India (SRFI) is headquartered in Chennai. It has more than 20 State Associations and affiliated units. [[Dipika Pallikal]], India's top ranked women's squash player hails from Chennai.

==Racing==
===Motorsports===
[[File:Formula Rolons Podium Position 2009.JPG|thumb|[[Formula Rolon]]s at [[Madras Motor Race Track|MMSC race track]]]]
[[File:Petronas, AARC 2011, MMRC, Chennai.JPG|thumb|AARC Championship racing]]
Chennai has a long-standing and thriving [[motorsport]] culture. [[Irungattukottai Race Track|Madras Motor Racing Track, Chennai]] was one of only two permanent race ways in [[India]] along with [[Kari Motor Speedway]], [[Coimbatore]] before the construction of [[Buddh International Circuit]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Memories of Madras: From Sholavaram to Irungattukottai|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/memories-of-madras-from-sholavaram-to-irungattukottai/article2528390.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 October 2011|location=India}}</ref> [[Madras Rubber Factory]] based out of Chennai built is first [[Formula 3]] car in 1997.<ref name="MRF Racing">{{cite web|url=http://www.mrftyres.com/mrf-sports|title = MRF Sports}}</ref> MRF in collaboration with [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti]] established the [[Formula Maruti]] racing, a single-seater, open wheel class motorsport racing event for race cars made in India.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web| url = http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/mrf-ltd_mrf/reports | title = MRF Limited | publisher = NDTV | date=14 February 2015}}</ref> [[MRF Challenge]] is a [[F2000 Championship Series|Formula 2000]] open-wheel motorsport formula based series organized by [[Madras Motor Sports Club]] in association with MRF. [[Narain Karthikeyan]] and [[Karun Chandhok]], the only drivers from to represent India in [[Formula 1]] were born in Chennai. [[Motor racing]] events are held at the [[Sriperumbudur]] track for cars and the [[Sholavaram]] track for motorcycles. Races of the FISSME class, 1300 CC class and 1600 CC class are held regularly in Irungattukottai.

===Horse racing===
The [[Guindy Race Course]] for [[horse racing]] was set up in 1777.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.iroa.com/history.htm
| title = Racing in India
| publisher = International Racehorse Owners Association
| access-date = 2007-09-13}}</ref> The city also has a pigeon-racing culture that started in the 1970s and now has 11 clubs and 400 racing enthusiasts.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Frederick
| first = Prince
| title = The new pigeon-racing capital
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 14 October 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/the-new-pigeonracing-capital/article3994392.ece
| access-date = 14 Oct 2012}}</ref>

==Football==
Football is a popular sport in schools. Football matches are played at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Chennai]]. The [[Indian Super League]] team [[Chennaiyin FC]], and former [[I-League]] winning club [[Chennai City FC]] are based in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sudarshan|first1=N.|title=Chennaiyin Football gets Italian seasoning|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennaiyin-football-gets-italian-seasoning/article6436620.ece|access-date=30 November 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-03-indian-football-chennai-city-fc-owners-transfer-sporting-license|title=Chennai City FC owners transfer sporting license|date=3 March 2023|access-date=3 March 2023|website=khelnow.com|first=M|last=Sudharshan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303065613/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-03-indian-football-chennai-city-fc-owners-transfer-sporting-license|archive-date=3 March 2023}}</ref> The city is also home of another football club [[Indian Bank Recreational Club|Indian Bank RC]],<ref>{{Cite web|first=Vivek|last=Krishnan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/cfa-league-pravitto-brace-gives-indian-bank-title/articleshow/63945672.cms|title=CFA League: Pravitto brace gives Indian Bank title|date=27 April 2018|access-date=18 February 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[Times of India]]|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516082647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/cfa-league-pravitto-brace-gives-indian-bank-title/articleshow/63945672.cms|location=Chennai, Tamil Nadu|url-status=live}}</ref> that previously competed in the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]].

On the 5th of February 2019, it was reported in both the Swiss and Indian newspapers that Chennai City FC (CCFC) are all set to sell 35 per cent of the club's stake to Swiss club [[FC Basel]]. The Swiss Champions League regulars will also invest 20m euros in CCFC. FC Basel will also have a player exchange program, including first team players, with CCFC and help the club with technical know how.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/federers-home-club-basel-to-invest-20m-euros-in-ccfc/articleshow/67845353.cms|title=Federer's home club Basel to invest 20m euros in CCFC|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watson.ch/!410416603|title=Der FCB und sein Bollywood-Farmteam – Basel steigt bei Chennai City ein|website=[[Watson (newspaper)|Watson]]|language=de|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

==Athletics and aquatics==
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Chennai panorama.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]]]
[[Sports|Athletic]] competitions are held at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], which seats 40,000. The complex also houses a multipurpose indoor stadium with a [[seating capacity]] of 8,000 which hosts various competitions including [[volleyball]], [[basketball]] and [[table tennis]]. The Velachery Aquatic Complex seats 4,000 and hosts various water sports. Chennai was the venue of the [[South Asian Games|SAF Games]] in 1995.

==Chess==
Chess is a popular board game in the city. It has been called the "Mecca of Chess" in India, producing more grandmasters than any other city in India.
Most popularly, Viswanathan Anand, the five-time [[World Chess Championship|world chess champion]], is from Chennai. It is the hometown of prominent coaches [[Ramachandran Ramesh|Ramesh RB]], five-time olympiad team captain, and [[Srinath Narayanan]], three-time olympiad team captain (twice in online olympiad).
[[Manuel Aaron]], India's first International Master, and [[Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi|S.&nbsp;Vijayalakshmi]], India's first Woman Grandmaster (WGM), both hail from Chennai. It is home to super-GMs [[Krishnan Sasikiran]], [[Adhiban Baskaran]], and young talents [[R Praggnanandhaa]] and [[D Gukesh]].

Other [[Indian Chess Championship|national champions]] from Chennai are [[Aravindh Chithambaram]], [[Karthikeyan Murali]], [[S. P. Sethuraman]], and [[G. Akash]] in the open section, and [[Aarthie Ramaswamy]] in the women's section.

==Other==
Chennai is home to popular [[Table tennis]] players [[Sharath Kamal]] and Subramanian Raman, both gold medalists at the [[Commonwealth Games]] and winners of the [[Arjuna award#Arjuna Awardees in Table Tennis|Arjuna award]]. The Chennai [[Sepak Takraw League]] is a major attraction in Chennai for the sport of [[Sepak Takraw]], players from [[Tamil Nadu]] participate in four teams in this league. The Tamil Nadu men's team is one of the leading teams in India and many players from Tamil Nadu have represented India.

Chennai is home to a [[rugby union]] team called the Chennai Cheetahs and was founded in 1997 by four software professionals. It was All India Champion in 2004 and 2006 and also won the All India sevens in 2005 and the South India ten in 2007. India's only [[Arjuna award#Arjuna Awardees in Carrom|Arjuna awardee]] for [[Carrom]] and two-time world champion, [[Maria Irudayam]] and the present women's world champion Ilavazhagi are natives of Chennai.<ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/news-snippet/ilavazhagi-a-chennai-girl-is-world-carrom-champion-4646.html Ilavazhagi, a Chennai girl is World carrom champion]</ref> There is also a growing enthusiasm in [[Parkour]] & Freerunning which is fueled by the "Chennai Parkour" and "Parkour Circle" groups. The [[Madras Boat Club]], founded in 1867, hosts rowing competitions.

The city has two 18-hole [[golf]] courses: the [[Cosmopolitan Club (Chennai)|Cosmopolitan Club]] and the [[Gymkhana Club, Chennai|Gymkhana Club]] golf course, both of which were established in the late 19th century. Private golf courses include the proposed one at Hirco Palace Gardens at Oragadam, a western suburb of Chennai, which features an architectural canopy to protect the golfers from sun and rain and a combination of Par 3,4 and 5 holes each with its unique combination of bunker, water and vegetation hazards. The 50-acre course stretches out to over 2,500 meters (an 18-hole equivalent of 5000 meters/5500 yards).<ref>{{cite news
| title = Take a swing at Hirco Palace Gardens golf range
| newspaper = The Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 12 October 2012
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/article3991567.ece
| access-date = 12 Oct 2012}}</ref> Chennai was the venue for the first [[Commonwealth Junior Fencing Championships]] held in 2006.

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club !! Sport !! League !! Home stadium !! Span !! Source
|-
| [[Chennai Superstarz]]
| [[Badminton]]
| [[Premier Badminton League]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
| 2015
| <ref>{{cite news|date=25 December 2015|title=Smashers latch on to CSK identity|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/premier-badminton-league-chennai-smashers-latch-on-to-csk-identity/article8026304.ece|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chennai Slam]]
| [[Basketball]]
| [[UBA Pro Basketball League]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
| 2015–2017
| <ref name="UBA">{{cite news|url=http://www.indiansportsnews.com/other-sports/basketball-news/38988-uba-pro-basketball-league-delhi-capitals-chennai-slam-set-up-final-clash|title=UBA Pro Basketball League: Delhi Capitals, Chennai Slam set up final clash|newspaper=Indian Sports News|date=31 March 2016|access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Chennai Superstars
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Indian Cricket League]]
| [[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]]
| 2007–2009
|
|-
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Indian Premier League]]
| [[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]]
| 2008–present
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-announces-franchise-owners-333193|title=Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL|date=24 January 2008|access-date=6 June 2013|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418005531/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-announces-franchise-owners-333193|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]]
| [[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]]
| 2016–present
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/chepauk-super-gillies-1047327|title=Chepauk Super Gillies|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| Chennai Strikers
| [[Cue Sports]]
| Indian Cue Masters League
| &ndash;
| 2017
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/chennai-strikers-hyderabad-hustlers-win-in-indian-cue-masters-league/story-PWkkQ1ZPZOkRO6zlFzByqJ.html|title=Chennai Strikers, Hyderabad Hustlers win in Indian Cue Masters League|date=20 August 2017|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chennai Veerans]]
| [[Field hockey]]
| [[Premier Hockey League]]
| [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]]
| 2005–2008
|
|-
| [[Chennai Cheetahs]]
| [[Field hockey]]
| [[World Series Hockey]]
| [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]]
| 2011–2012
|
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
| [[Field hockey|Hockey]]
| [[Hockey India League]]
| [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]]
| 2024
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://hockeyindialeague.com/teams/tamil-nadu-dragons/male|title=Tamil Nadu Dragons|work=[[Hockey India League]]|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chennai City F.C.]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[I-league]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| 2016–2019
|
|-
| [[Chennaiyin FC]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[Indian Super League]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| 2013–2023
|
|-
| [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
| [[Kabaddi]]
| [[Pro Kabaddi]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
| 2017–present
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/tamil-thalaivas-profile-29/players|title=Tamil Thalaivas|access-date=8 October 2023|work=[[Pro Kabaddi]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[V Chennai Warriors]]
| [[Tennis]]
| [[Champions Tennis League]]
| [[SDAT Tennis Stadium]]
| 2015
|
|-
| [[Chennai Lions]]
| [[Table tennis]]
| [[Ultimate Table Tennis]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
| 2019–present
|
|-
| [[Chennai Spikers]]
| [[Volleyball]]
| [[Indian Volley League]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
| 2011–2012
|
|-
| [[Chennai Spartans]]
| [[Volleyball]]
| [[Pro Volleyball League]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
| 2019
|
|-
| [[Chennai Blitz]]
| [[Volleyball]]
| [[Prime Volleyball League]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
| 2021–present
|
|-
| [[Chennai Quick Guns]]
| [[Kho-kho]]
| [[Ultimate Kho Kho]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
| 2022–2024
|
|-
| [[Chennai Bulls]]
| [[Rugby sevens]]
| [[Rugby Premier League]]
| &ndash;
| 2025-present
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/rugby/rugby-7s-premier-league-franchises-players-dates-venue-live-streaming-info-all-you-need-to-know/article69413046.ece|title=Rugby 7s franchise-based league set to launch in Mumbai in June|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=7 October 2024|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sportsinfotn.com/ Tamil Nadu Sports Development Authority]
* [http://cstl.wordpress.com/ Chennai Sepak Takraw League official website]
* [http://chennaiparkour.org/ Chennai Parkour official website]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Tamil Nadu Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sport In Chennai}}
[[Category:Sport in Chennai| ]]

Nisat Alam

2025-09-22T15:24:36Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: created a details v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Pakur Assembly constituency|Pakur]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Alamgir Alam]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Nisat Alam''' is an Indian politician from Jharkhand. She is a [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nisat Alam(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PAKUR(PAKUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Jharkhand2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1123 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> representing [[Pakur Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Pakur, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Nisat Alam with 155827 defeats AJSUP's Azhar Islam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/pakur-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638422-2024-11-23 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakur Election Result 2024 LIVE: Nisat Alam of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pakur-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130241.html |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> She is the wife of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[Alamgir Alam]].

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alam, Nisat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]

{{Jharkhand-INC-politician-stub}}

Alok Shukla

2025-09-04T05:57:00Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: added new page.

{{Short description|Indian environmental activist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alok Shukla
| image = Alok Shukla bei der Verleihung des Goldman Environmental Prize 2024.jpg
| birth_place = Chhattisgarh, India
| occupation = Environmental activist
| notable_works = Campaign to protect Hasdeo Aranya forest Founder of [[Chhattisgarh Bachao Andolan]]
| awards = [[Goldman Environmental Prize]] (2024)
}}

'''Alok Shukla''' is an Indian [[Environmental movement|environmental activist]] from [[Chhattisgarh]], he is known for his contributions to [[Forest management|forest conservation]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=2024-04-30 |title=Indian forest activist Alok Shukla awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indian-forest-activist-alok-shukla-awarded-the-goldman-environmental-prize/article68124978.ece |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shukla was born in 1980, he became active in environmental advocacy after observing the detrimental effects of [[coal mining]] on local ecosystems and communities in Chhattisgarh state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alok Shukla wins prize for Hasdeo Aranya forest campaign |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyxepvdewkno |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Shukla led a decade-long campaign to protect the [[Hasdeo Arand|Hasdeo Aranya]] forests, which resulted in the cancellation of 21 proposed coal mines in 2022. This achievement protected approximately 445,000 acres of biodiversity-rich land in the area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-01 |title=Chhattisgarh activist Alok Shukla receives Goldman Environmental prize for forest conservation efforts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-activist-alok-shukla-receives-goldman-environmental-prize-for-forest-conservation-efforts/articleshow/109757746.cms |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The [[Goldman Environmental Prize|Goldman Environmental prize]] was awarded to him for his efforts in 2024, recognizing his commitment to ecological preservation and the rights of local communities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-29 |title=Chhattisgarh Bachao Andolan’s Alok Shukla to receive Goldman Environmental Prize |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-bachao-andolan-alok-shukla-receive-goldman-environmental-prize-9297462/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2024: [[Goldman Environmental Prize]]<ref name=":0" />
* 2025: [[Asian Scientist 100]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Alok}}
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:People from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Goldman Environmental Prize awardees]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Environmentalist-stub}}

Mandarbani

2025-08-15T04:40:03Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: starting new data added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mandarbani
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.702852|N|87.310299|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.87
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,592
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713381 (Nutandanga)
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0341
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Pandaveswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandaveswar]]
| website = {{URL|paschimbardhaman.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mandarbani''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Faridpur Durgapur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Durgapur subdivision]] of the [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=430| height=350| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|39|20|N|87|15|10|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and ECL Areas in the northern portion of Durgapur subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district''' MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: census town, R: rural administrative centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|23|44|4|N|87|14|22|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Kendra Khottamdi | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Kendra Khottamdi]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|36|40|N|87|16|28|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Ichhapur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Ichhapur, Paschim Bardhaman|Ichhapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|38|6|N|87|16|3|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Sarpi| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Sarpi, Paschim Bardhaman|Sarpi]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|39|49|N|87|18|0|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Nabaghanapur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Nabaghanapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|41|5|N|87|18|6|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Sirsha| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Sirsha, India|Sirsha]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|42|44|N|87|19|26|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Banagram| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Banagram, Paschim Bardhaman|Banagram]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|42|10|N|87|18|37|E}} | label-pos7=bottom|label7= Mandarbani| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=Mandarbani (CT)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black 
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|5|N|87|11|20|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Bahula| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Bahula]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|40|25|N|87|11|55|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Chhora| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Chhora]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|41|10|N|87|11|50|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Haripur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Haripur, Paschim Bardhaman|Haripur]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|40|15|N|87|14|5|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Sankarpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Sankarpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Sankarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|40|47|N|87|14|41|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nabgram| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Nabgram]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|40|40|N|87|15|53|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Konardihi| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Konardihi]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|42|35|N|87|17|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Mahal| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Mahal, Paschim Bardhaman|Mahal]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|43|12|N|87|16|42|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Baidyanathpur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Baidyanathpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Baidyanathpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|42|49|N|87|15|13|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Dalurband| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Dalurband]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|43|40|N|87|15|45|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Ramnagar| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Ramnagar, Pandaveswar|Ramnagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|43|14|N|87|14|5|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Bilpahari| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Bilpahari]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|38|35|N|87|15|40|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Chak Bankola| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Chak Bankola]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|38|29|N|87|11|22|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Parashkol| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Parashkol]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|40|0|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21=ECL Kenda |labela21= Area Office |numbered21=0| mark-title21=[[Kenda Area|ECL Kenda Area Office]] (A)| label-size21=12| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|43|39|N|87|16|20|E}} | label-pos22= right|label22=ECL Pandaveswar Area Office | numbered22=0| mark-title22=[[Pandaveswar Area|ECL Pandaveswar Area Office]] (A)|shape-color22=#AA6666| label-size22=12
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|39|49|N|87|14|13|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=ECL Bankola|labela23= Area Office | numbered23=0| mark-title23=[[Bankola Area|ECL Bankola Area Office]] (A)|shape-color23= #AA6666|label-size23=12
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|40|21|N|87|17|16|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=ECL Jhanjhra Area Office | numbered24=0| mark-title24=[[Jhanjra|ECL Jhanjhra Area Office]] (A)|shape-color24=#AA6666| label-size24=12
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|40|50|N|87|10|50|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=ECL |labela25= Sonpur Bazari|labelb25 = Area Office | numbered25=0| mark-title25=[[Sonpur Bazari|ECL Sonpur Bazari Area Office]] (A)|shape-color25=#AA6666| label-size25=12
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|34|12|N|87|16|48|E}} | label-pos26=right|label-color26=#800000| label26=Durgapur | numbered26=MC| mark-title26=[[Durgapur]] (MC)|shape-color14=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|39|25|N|87|18|27|E}} | label-pos27=right|label-color27=#C42222| label27= Laudoha | numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Laudoha]] (R)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|42|25|N|87|16|18|E}} | label-pos28=left|label-color28=#C42222| label28= Pandabeswar | numbered28=R| mark-title28=[[Pandabeswar]] (R)|shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|39|0|N|87|17|33|E}} | label-pos29=right|label-color29=#C42222| label29= Tilaboni | numbered29=R| mark-title29=[[Tilaboni]] (R)|shape-color29=#C42222
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|39|0|N|87|15|55|E}} | label-pos30=left|label-color30=#C42222| label30= Shyamsundarpur | numbered30=R| mark-title30=[[Shyamsundarpur, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|42|15|N|87|20|48|E}} | label-pos31=right|label-color31=#C42222| label31= Madhaipur | numbered31=R| mark-title31=[[Madhaipur]] (R)|shape-color31=#C42222
|mark-coord32={{coord|23.75125|87.16556}}| label32=Ajay River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=0| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none
|mark-coord33={{coord|23.554889|87.166754}}| label33=Damodar River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33=20| label-pos33=top| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none}}

===Location===
Mandarbani is located at {{coord|23.702852|N|87.310299|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB |format=dms}}.

[[Banagram, Paschim Bardhaman|Banagram]], Mandarbani, [[Sirsha, India|Sirsha]], [[Nabaghanapur]], [[Sarpi, Paschim Bardhaman|Sarpi]] and [[Ichhapur, Paschim Bardhaman|Ichhapur]] form a series of census towns along the western border of Faridpur-Durgapur CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Bardhaman, Series 20, Part XII A, Census of India 2011 | work= Map of Faridpur Durgapur CD Block, page 257| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 27 August 2018}}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
According to the 2011 census, 79.22% of the population of the Durgapur subdivision was urban and 20.78% was rural. The Durgapur subdivision has 1 municipal corporation at [[Durgapur]] and 38 (+1 partly) [[census town]]s (partly presented in the map alongside; all places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 September 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Mandarbani had a total population of 4,592, of which 2,441 (53%) were males and 2,151 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 592. The total number of literate persons in Mandabani was 2,914 (72.85% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 20 February 2017 }}</ref>

*For language details see [[Faridpur Durgapur#Language and religion]]

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mandarbani had a population of 5,497. Males constitute 57% of the population and females 43%. Mandarbani has an average literacy rate of 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 45%. In Mandarbani, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==


According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bardhaman'', Mandarbani covered an area of 3.87 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water-supply involved overhead tank, tap water from treated sources. It had 393 domestic electric connections. Among the educational facilities it had were 2 primary schools, other school facilities at Pansali 2.5 km away.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1179-1210; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 1179; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1188; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 1191; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 1196; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 1200; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 1209 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |accessdate = 14 May 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
It is in the heart of the coal mining zone.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p 666</ref> As the place is located on the south bank of [[Ajay River]] many collieries pick up sand from the river bed at Mandarbani.

According to the ECL website telephone numbers, operational collieries in the [[Pandaveswar Area]] of [[Eastern Coalfields]] in 2018 are: Dalurband Colliery, Khottadih OCP, Khottadih UG, Madhaipur Colliery, Manderbony Colliery, Pandaveswar Colliery and South Samla Colliery.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/cugtel/pandaveswar.pdf| title = Area wise Closed User Group (CUG) Telephone Numbers | work = Pandaveswar Area | publisher = Eastern Coalfields Limited | accessdate = 18 August 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
Mandarbani has three primary and one secondary schools.<ref>[http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp 7th All-India School Education Survey 2003] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042635/http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

Samla Manderboni Colliery High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1967. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has a library with 130 books and a playground.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/barddhaman/19090800803/samla-manderboni-colliery-high.html |title = Samla Manderboni Colliery High School |publisher= Schools.org.in | accessdate = 4 May 2020}}</ref>

Pansuli High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1959. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/barddhaman/19090800504/pansuli-high-school.html| title = Pansuli High School| publisher = |accessdate = 12 June 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The 750-bed Mandabani Hospital of [[Eastern Coalfields]] is located at Panthnagar.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/uploads/pdf/eastern_coldfields_limiteds_hospital.pdf | title = Eastern Coalfields Limited’s Hospitals | work = | publisher = ECL | accessdate = 23 April 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170426153142/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/uploads/pdf/eastern_coldfields_limiteds_hospital.pdf | archive-date = 26 April 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Medical facilities (dispensaries) in the Pandaveswar Area of ECL are available at Pandaveswar Area PME Centre (PO Pandaveswar), Madhaipur (PO Nutundanga), Mandarboni (PO Nutundanga), South Samla (PO Pandaveswar), Pandaveswar (PO Pandaveswar), Dalurbandh (PO Pandaveswar), Khottadih (PO Khottadih), Area Dispensary (PO Pandaveswar).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrxiDIKi8Be4hgAXS67HAx.;_ylu=X3oDMTByYmpmZjA4BGNvbG8Dc2czBHBvcwMzBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--/RV=2/RE=1589705610/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.coalindia.in%2fDesktopModules%2fDocumentList%2fdocuments%2fDetails_of_Medical_Facility_in_CIL_and_its_Subsidiaries_05032018.xlsx/RK=2/RS=G5Llg8vcadCbsl1BI.JMH0rETxA- | title = Details of medical facilities in CIL and its subsidiaries | work= ECL| publisher = CIL|accessdate = 15 May 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Paschim Bardhaman district]]

Income Tax Air Intelligence Unit

2025-07-12T06:48:07Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori:

{{short description|Law enforcement agency in India}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Income Tax Air Intelligence Unit
| nativename = आयकर एयर इंटेलीजेंस यूनिट
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = Income tax logo.png
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| federal = Yes
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody = Government of India
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name =
| chief1position = [[Deputy Director]]
| parentagency = [[Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes]]
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype = Division
| officename =
| stationtype =
| stations =
}}

The ''' Income Tax Air Intelligence Unit''' is a [[Law enforcement in India|law enforcement agency]], under the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] responsible for handling [[tax evasion]] and cross-border illegal trade in [[India]] in airports in consultation with the [[Central Board of Excise and Customs|Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs]] and the [[CISF]]. It functions under the Zonal Deputy Director (Investigation) Income Tax under the superintendence of the Principal Director of Income Tax (Investigation). The agency functions under the rules prescribed by its parent organisation to handle any intimidation in course of their new duty of checking and gathering intelligence on tax evasion in airports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-02/jaipur/31116363_1_astrologer-unaccounted-income-income-tax |title=Rs 1 crore from two passengers at airport - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103111048/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-02/jaipur/31116363_1_astrologer-unaccounted-income-income-tax |archive-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian Revenue Service]]
* [[Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation]]
* [[Directorate of Income Tax Intelligence and Criminal Investigation]]
* [[Chief Commissioner of Income Tax Central]]
* [[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence]]
* [[Central Economic Intelligence Bureau]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Income tax in India]]
[[Category:Tax evasion in India]]

Instagraamam

2025-07-01T18:38:57Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: New a article

{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=June 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = Comedy
| writer = J Ramakrishna Kulur [[Mridul Nair]]
| director = Mridul Nair
| music = Yakzan Gary Pereira Neha Nair
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 4
| producer = Dr. Leena S
| cinematography = Arun James Pavi K. Pavan Dhanesh Raveendranath
| editor = Manoj Kunnath
| company = LS Films
| network = [[Neestream]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|02|22|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|04|13|df=y}}
}}

'''''Instagraamam''''' is an Indian Malayalam television series written and directed by [[Mridul Nair]] featuring [[Deepak Parambol]], [[Balu Varghese]], [[Arjun Ashokan]] and [[Ganapathi S. Poduval|Ganapathy S. Poduval]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2020-07-23 |title=Mridul Nair promises a laugh riot in his web series 'Instagraamam' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mridul-nair-on-his-malayalam-webseries-instagraamam/article59859370.ece |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam webseries 'Instagraamam' to start streaming on NeeStream from February 22 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/02/18/malaylam-webseries-instagraamam-on-neestream.html |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2021-02-06 |title=Instagraamam to be out in second week of February |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/Feb/09/instagraamam-to-release-in-second-week-of-february-22744.html |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Deepak Parambol]] as Kaliyeduth Sukesh
*[[Balu Varghese]] as Anonymous
*[[Arjun Ashokan]]
*[[Ganapathi S. Poduval]] as Society Dutt
*[[Subeesh Sudhi|Subheesh Sudhi]] as Padmarajan Andippara
*[[Sabumon Abdusamad]] as Q Chandran
*[[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as Kaliyeduth Kannan
*Shani Shaki as Puncture Sudhi
*[[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Sanal Kumar
*[[Mafia Sasi]] as Kittunni
*[[Mridul Nair]] as Shenoy(s)
*Shivaji Guruvayoor as [[Director general of police|DGP]]
*[[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Head Constable
*Y. V. Rajesh as Shivadasan Andipara
*Babu Annur as Poduval Master
*Unni Rajan P. Dev as Unda Biju
*Jayarajan as Unda Sasi
*Hareesh Pengan as Meesha Rajan
*Kiran Nambiar as Unda Baiju
*Unni Raj Cheruvathur as Sudharshan
*P. Sivadas as Village Man
*Ranjith Poduval as Kuttan
*Sreejesh K. K. P. as Sreeju
*Rajesh Sharma as Sudhi's Father
*Arif Mushaiq as Thankal
*Sunil C. K. as Reporter
*Dijesh Kunjuttan as Comrade Khasak
*Vijayan as Varrier
*Renukan as Suresh
*Manoj K. U. as Damu
*Bastin Paul as Kaliparambu Bastin
*Sigish Mathew as Kaliparambu Sigish
*Sajeed Fort Kochi as Saji
*Maneesha K. S. as Singer
*Sreenath V. P. as [[Comrade]] (old man in Flash back)
*Sajitha Pallath as Unda Ramani
*Khais Muhammed as Theif
*Shyni Diwakar as Shyni
*Gayathri Ashok as Ayisha
*Jilu Joseph as Vanaja
*Vinod Kedamangalam as [[Food safety|Food Inspector]]
*Aparna Janardanan as Anjana
*Ambika Rao as Sujatha
*[[Kulappulli Leela|Kolapulli Leela]] as Sukesh's Grandmother
*Alasandra Johnson as Sindhu Varrier
*Anjana Appukuttan as Sukitha
*Sneha Paleri as Mini
*Sangeetha Geethi as Pinky
*Ilhan as Ilayaraja
*Nima Chandran as [[Gym]] Jalaja
*Aadya Nayak as Chandran's Wife
*[[Ramesh Pisharody]]

=== Guest appearance ===
*[[Sunny Wayne]]
*[[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Sidharth Menon]]
*[[Dain Davis]]
*[[Aditi Ravi]]
*Srinadi
*[[Saniya Iyappan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title| tt12770652}}

[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]

Article 323 of the Constitution of India

2025-06-28T07:53:44Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Constitution of India#Structure]]
[[Category:Articles of Part XIV of the Constitution of India]]

This page is a redirect page at present. If you wish to expand this '''Article '''of [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], do as follows:
* Remove the "'''REDIRECT'''" line
* Remove this message
and you may then proceed with your page.

Ojing Tasing

2025-05-27T16:14:59Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori:

{{Short description|Member of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Pangin Assembly constituency|Pangin]]
| predecessor = [[Tapang Taloh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Ojing Tasing''' is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Pangin, Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/pangin-arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546671-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Pangin Election Result 2024 Live Updates: Pangin Assembly Election 2024 Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pangin-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8912882.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=News18}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173615/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pangin Assembly Election Result 2024: Ojing Tasing of BJP wins">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Pangin Assembly Election Result 2024: Ojing Tasing of BJP wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/pangin-assembly-election-results-2024-pangin-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110633181.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527160439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/pangin-assembly-election-results-2024-pangin-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110633181.cms |archivedate=27 May 2025 |accessdate=27 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pangin">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pangin |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0235.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527160448/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0235.htm |archivedate=27 May 2025 |accessdate=27 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Pangin (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Pangin (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/pangin |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527160531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/pangin |archivedate=27 May 2025 |accessdate=27 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
He graduated from [[Jawaharlal Nehru College]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ojing Tasing(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PANGING(EAST SIANG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/arunachal2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=85 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tasing, Ojing}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-politician-stub}}

15th Rajasthan Assembly

2025-05-21T13:48:59Z

Mohammadzaidmansoori: added a article.

{{Short description|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly after 2018 elections}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox legislative term
|name = 15th Rajasthan Assembly
|body = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
|before = [[14th Rajasthan Assembly|14th Assembly]]
|after = [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th Assembly]]
|state = [[Rajasthan]]
|country = [[India]]
|election = [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]
|term = 5 years
|membership1 = 200
|government = [[Indian National Congress]]
|opposition = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|website = {{URL|https://rajassembly.nic.in|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly}}
|meeting_place =
|term_start = 15 January 2019
|term_end = 2023
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Rajasthan|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| chamber1_leader2 = Vacant
|chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|chamber1_leader3 = [[C.P. Joshi]]
|chamber1_leader4_type = Deputy Speaker
|chamber1_leader4 = Vacant
| chamber1_leader5_type = Leader of the Opposition
| chamber1_leader5 = [[Rajendra Singh Rathore]]
|chamber1_leader6_type = Deputy Leader of the Opposition
|chamber1_leader6 = [[Satish Poonia]]
|image=Emblem of India.svg}}

The 15th [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] was elected in 2018.

== History ==
On 19 September 2022 it was reported that [[Ashok Gehlot]] was interested in running for the post of Congress president in the [[2022 Indian National Congress presidential election]]. He officially confirmed on the 24th that he will be running for the post.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phukan |first=Sandeep |date=2022-09-24 |title=Congress president election {{!}} Shashi Tharoor set to file papers next week |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shashi-tharoor-gets-nomination-forms-collected-for-congress-president-poll/article65930424.ece |access-date=2022-09-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhi |first=K. S. |date=2022-09-23 |title=Ashok Gehlot announces run for Congress president, say Sonia Gandhi will pick his successor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ashok-gehlot-announces-his-candidature-for-the-post-of-congress-president/article65926573.ece |access-date=2022-09-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Post Gehlot announcing his intentions to run for the post, multiple MLA in Rajasthan expressed dissatisfaction. Concerns over the government power in Rajasthan grew within the party, with Pro-Gehlot MLA planning on submitting resignations if [[Sachin Pilot]] were to become the CM.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manoj |first=C. L. |title=Am staunch Congressman; bid to brand me a rebel motivated and ridiculous: Rajasthan CM Ashok Gehlot |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/am-staunch-congressman-bid-to-brand-me-a-rebel-motivated-and-ridiculous-rajasthan-cm-ashok-gehlot/articleshow/94517800.cms |access-date=2022-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=After Ashok Gehlot, Sachin Pilot To Meet Sonia Gandhi Later Today: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/after-ashok-gehlot-sachin-pilot-to-meet-sonia-gandhi-later-today-report-3388042 |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajasthan government crisis: Main actors in Jaipur's political theatre |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajasthan-political-crisis-main-actors-in-jaipurs-political-theatre/articleshow/94463593.cms |access-date=2022-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |title=Rajasthan Congress crisis Highlights: CM Gehlot not resigning today, will meet central leadership in Delhi this evening, says PS Khachariyawas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-congress-crisis-live-updates-ashok-gehlot-sachin-pilot-loyalist-mlas-resignation-8173057/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |title=Ashok Gehlot vs Sachin Pilot: As Fresh Trouble Brews Between Two Cong Stalwarts, A Timeline of Rajasthan Govt's Bumpy Ride |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ashok-gehlot-vs-sachin-pilot-as-fresh-trouble-brews-between-two-congress-stalwarts-a-timeline-of-rajasthan-govts-bumpy-ride-6037093.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=Pro-Sachin Pilot posters in Rajasthan CM Ashok Gehlot hometown {{!}} India News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pro-sachin-pilot-posters-in-rajasthan-cm-ashok-gehlot-hometown/articleshow/94464538.cms |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> On the 29th Gehlot met with Congress president Sonia Gandhi for an hour long meeting, post meeting Gehlot confirmed he will no longer be contesting for the post.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress President Election LIVE Updates: Will not contest election for Congress president, Ashok Gehlot announces after meeting Sonia Gandhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajasthan-political-crisis-live-updates-september-29/liveblog/94518761.cms |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=Congress President polls LIVE Updates: Ashok Gehlot says 'won't contest elections,' apologises to Sonia for Rajasthan Cong MLA's rebellion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-congress-crisis-live-updates-cm-gehlot-delhi-president-election-sonia-gandhi-digvijay-singh-8179413/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Composition ==
[[File:15th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan June 2019.svg|thumb| Rajasthan Assembly, June 2019]]
[[File:Rajasthan Legislative Assembly diagram.svg|thumb|Rajasthan Assembly May 2022]]
* In 2018 BTP supported the Congress government.<ref name="BTP withdraws" />
* [[Ramgarh, Rajasthan Assembly constituency]] became vacant after 2018 election results were cancelled.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ In 2018 <ref name="RLD Congress">{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2018-12-11 |title=RLD announces support to Congress in Rajasthan |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rld-announces-support-to-congress-in-rajasthan-118121100987_1.html |access-date=2022-06-08}}</ref><ref name="BTP withdraws" />
!colspan="2"|Party
!Seats
!Total
!Bench
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|99
| rowspan=5|121
| rowspan=5|Government
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party }}
|6
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Tribal Party}}
|2
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|13
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|73
| rowspan=3|78
| rowspan=3|Opposition
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}
|3
|-
|bgcolor={{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|2
|-
|{{Party color|Vacant}}|
|Vacant
|1
|1
|Vacant
|-
!colspan="2"|Total Seats
!colspan="2"|200
!
|}
[[File:15th-Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan.svg|thumb| Rajasthan Assembly, December 2018]]
* On 16 September 2019, all the six [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP MLAs]] joined the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], thus taking the strength of the Congress to 105 seats in the assembly.<ref name="BTP withdraws" />
* On 24 October 2019, Congress won Mandawa assembly constituency and RLP retained Khinwsar assembly constituency in the [[2019 elections in India#Rajasthan|2019 by-elections]] held on 21 October 2019 which took their tally to 107 and 3 respectively.
* In July CPM MLA Balwan Poonia pledged his support to Ashok Gehlot government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/rajasthans-lone-cpi-m-mla-balwan-poonia-pledges-support-to-ashok-gehlot-govt-2720909.html|title=Rajasthan's Lone CPI-M MLA Balwan Poonia Pledges Support to Ashok Gehlot Govt|date=17 July 2020|website=News18}}</ref>
* On 23 June 2021, 13 independent MLAs supported CM Gehlot's government.<ref name="MLA 13 support CM">{{Cite news |last1=Wadhawan |first1=Dev Ankur |title=Rajasthan: 13 Independent MLAs pass resolution to back CM Ashok Gehlot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/13-independent-mlas-pass-resolution-to-back-cm-ashok-gehlot-1818610-2021-06-23 |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=India Today |date=23 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2021, BTP withdrew support to Congress.<ref name="BTP withdraws">{{Cite news |date=2020-12-23 |title=BTP withdraws support to Congress in Rajasthan |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/btp-withdraws-support-to-congress-in-rajasthan/article33405179.ece |access-date=2022-06-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ In 2021 <ref name="MLA 13 support CM" /><ref name="BTP withdraws" />
!colspan="2"|Party
!Seats
!Total
!Bench
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|107
| rowspan=4|122
| rowspan=4|Government
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|1
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|13
|-
|bgcolor={{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72
| rowspan=4|78
| rowspan=4|Opposition
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}
|3
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Tribal Party}}
|2
|-
|bgcolor={{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|1
|-
!colspan="2"|Total Seats
!colspan="2"|200
!
|}

*On 2 November 2021, after [[2021 elections in India#Rajasthan|2021 by-elections]], Congress won Dhariawad constituency bypolls, taking tally of Congress to 108.
<section begin="Composition"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ In 2022 <ref name="MLA 13 support CM" /><ref name="Party Position">{{Cite web |title=15th House – Party Position |url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/MemberPartyPosition.aspx |website=assembly.rajasthan.gov.in |publisher=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="BTP withdraws" />
!colspan="2"|Party
!Seats
!Total
!Bench
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|108
| rowspan=3|122
| rowspan=3|Government<ref name="Legislature Party">{{Cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Sobhana K. |title=Rajasthan Congress Legislature Party meeting |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajasthan-congress-legislature-party-meeting/article65934565.ece |access-date=25 September 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=25 September 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|1
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|13
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|70
| rowspan=4|77
| rowspan=4|Opposition
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}
|3
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Tribal Party}}
|2
|-
|bgcolor={{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|2
|-
|colspan=2|Vacant
|1
|-
!colspan="2"|Total Seats
!colspan="2"|200
!
|}<section end="Composition"/>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name<ref name="Constituencies Wise Election Results of Rajasthan 2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan/constituencies-results|title=Constituencies Wise Election Results of Rajasthan 2018|last1=NDTV|date=2018|accessdate=4 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804123621/https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan/constituencies-results|archivedate=4 August 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rajasthan Election Results 2018 Complete Winners List, Party and Constituency Wise Results">{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/rajasthan-election-results-2018-complete-winners-list-party-and-constituency-wise-results-3471746/|title=Rajasthan Election Results 2018 Complete Winners List, Party and Constituency Wise Results|last1=India|date=11 December 2018|work=|accessdate=4 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804124254/https://www.india.com/news/india/rajasthan-election-results-2018-complete-winners-list-party-and-constituency-wise-results-3471746/|archivedate=4 August 2023|language=en}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
!Remarks
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar]]
|1
|[[Sadulshahar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sadulshahar]]
|[[Jagdish Chander]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|2
|[[Ganganagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ganganagar]]
|[[Raj Kumar Gaur]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|3
|[[Karanpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Karanpur]]
|Gurmeet Singh Kooner
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Suratgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Suratgarh]]
|[[Rampratap Kasniyan]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|5
|[[Raisinghnagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Raisinghnagar (SC)]]
|[[Balvir Singh Luthra|Balveer Singh Luthra]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|6
|[[Anupgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Anupgarh (SC)]]
|Santosh
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Hanumangarh district|Hanumangarh]]
|7
|[[Sangaria (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sangaria]]
|[[Gurdeep Singh Shahpini|Gurdeep Singh]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|8
|[[Hanumangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hanumangarh]]
|[[Vinod Kumar (politician)|Vinod Kumar]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|9
|[[Pilibanga (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pilibanga (SC)]]
|[[Dharmendra Kumar]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|10
|[[Nohar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nohar]]
|[[Amit Chachan]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|11
|[[Bhadra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhadra]]
|[[Balwan Poonia]]
| bgcolor="red" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Bikaner district|Bikaner]]
|12
|[[Khajuwala (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khajuwala (SC)]]
|[[Govind Ram Meghwal]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|13
|[[Bikaner West (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bikaner West]]
|[[B. D. Kalla]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|14
|[[Bikaner East (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bikaner East]]
|[[Siddhi Kumari]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|15
|[[Kolayat (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kolayat]]
|[[Bhanwar Singh Bhati]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|16
|[[Lunkaransar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lunkaransar]]
|[[Sumit Godara]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|17
|[[Dungargarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dungargarh]]
|[[Girdharilal Mahiya]]
| bgcolor="red" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|
|-
|18
|[[Nokha (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nokha]]
|[[Bihari Lal Bishnoi]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Churu district|Churu]]
|19
|[[Sadulpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sadulpur]]
|[[Krishna Poonia]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|20
|[[Taranagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Taranagar]]
|[[Narendra Budania]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |21
| rowspan="2" |[[Sardarshahar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarshahar]]
|[[Bhanwar Lal Sharma]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|Died on 9 October 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-09 |title=Bhanwarlal Sharma, seven-time Congress MLA from Rajasthan, dies at 77 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/bhanwarlal-sharma-congress-mla-rajasthan-dies-8198446/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Anil Kumar Sharma
|Won in 2022 bypoll<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeDec2022/ConstituencywiseS2021.htm?ac=21 |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|22
|[[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]]
|[[Rajendra Singh Rathore]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|23
|[[Ratangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ratangarh]]
|[[Abinash Maharshi|Abhinesh maharshi]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |24
| rowspan="2" |[[Sujangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sujangarh (SC)]]
|[[Bhanwarlal Meghwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| Died
|-
|[[Manoj Meghwal]]
|Elected in [[2021 elections in India#Rajasthan|2021 bypoll]]
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
|25
|[[Pilani (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pilani (SC)]]
|[[J. P. Chandelia]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|26
|[[Surajgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Surajgarh]]
|[[Subhash Poonia]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|27
|[[Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jhunjhunu]]
|[[Brijendra Singh Ola]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |28
| rowspan="2" |[[Mandawa (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandawa]]
|[[Narendra Kumar (politician)|Narendra Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| resigned
|-
|[[Rita Choudhary]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Elected in [[2019 elections in India#Rajasthan|2019 bypoll]]
|-
|29
|[[Nawalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nawalgarh]]
|[[Rajkumar Sharma (politician)|Rajkumar Sharma]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|30
|[[Udaipurwati (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Udaipurwati]]
|[[Rajendra Singh Gudha]]
| bgcolor="#FF6644" |
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|Switched from BSP to INC<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Iqbal |first=Mohammed |date=2019-09-17 |title=In a setback to BSP, all six MLAs join Congress in Rajasthan |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/six-rajasthan-bsp-mlas-join-congress/article61984815.ece |access-date=2022-06-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|31
|[[Khetri (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khetri]]
|Jitendra Singh
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Sikar district|Sikar]]
|32
|[[Fatehpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Fatehpur]]
|[[Hakam Ali Khan]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|33
|[[Lachhmangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lachhmangarh]]
|[[Govind Singh Dotasra]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|34
|[[Dhod (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dhod (SC)]]
|[[Parasram Mordiya]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|35
|[[Sikar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sikar]]
|[[Rajendra Pareek]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|36
|[[Danta Ramgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dantaramgarh]]
|[[Virendra Singh (Danta Ramgarh)|Virendra Singh]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|37
|[[Khandela (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khandela]]
|[[Mahadeo Singh Khandela|Mahadeo Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|38
|[[Neem Ka Thana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Neem Ka Thana]]
|[[Suresh Modi]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|39
|[[Sri Madhopur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Srimadhopur]]
|[[Deependra Singh Shekhawat]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="19" | [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
|40
|[[Kotputli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kotputli]]
|[[Rajender Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|41
|[[Viratnagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Viratnagar]]
|[[Indraj Singh Gurjar]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian national congress]]
|
|-
|42
|[[Shahpura, Jaipur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Shahpura]]
|[[Alok Beniwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|43
|[[Chomu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chomu]]
|[[Ram Lal Sharma|Ramlal Sharma]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|44
|[[Phulera (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Phulera]]
|[[Nirmal Kumawat]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|45
|[[Dudu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dudu (SC)]]
|[[Babulal Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|46
|[[Jhotwara]]
|[[Lalchand Kataria]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|47
|[[Amber (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Amber]]
|[[Satish Poonia]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|48
|[[Jamwa Ramgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jamwa Ramgarh]] (ST)
|[[Gopal Meena]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|49
|[[Hawa Mahal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hawa Mahal]]
|[[Mahesh Joshi]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|50
|[[Vidhyadhar Nagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Vidhyadhar Nagar]]
|[[Narpat Singh Rajvi]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|51
|[[Civil Lines (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Civil Lines]]
|[[Pratap Singh Khachariyawas]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|52
|[[Kishanpole (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishanpole]]
|Aminuddin Kagzi
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|53
|[[Adarsh Nagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Adarsh Nagar]]
|Rafeek Khan
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|54
|[[Malviya Nagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Malviya Nagar]]
|[[Kali Charan Saraf|Kalicharan Saraf]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|55
|[[Sanganer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sanganer]]
|[[Ashok Lahoty]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|56
|[[Bagru (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bagru]] (SC)
|Ganga Devi
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|57
|[[Bassi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bassi]] (ST)
|[[Laxman Meena]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|58
|[[Chaksu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chaksu (SC)]]
|[[Ved Prakash Solanki]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[Alwar district|Alwar]]
|59
|[[Tijara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Tijara]]
|Sandeep Yadav
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Switched from BSP to INC<ref name=":0" />
|-
|60
|[[Kishangarh Bas (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishangarh Bas]]
|Deepchand
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Switched from BSP to INC<ref name=":0" />
|-
|61
|[[Mundawar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mundawar]]
|[[Manjeet Dharampal Choudhary|Manjeet Dharmpal Choudhary]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|62
|[[Behror (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Behror]]
|[[Baljeet Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|63
|[[Bansur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bansur]]
|Shakuntala Rawat
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|64
|[[Thanagazi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Thanagazi]]
|[[Kanti Prasad Meena]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|65
|[[Alwar Rural (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Alwar Rural]] (SC)
|Tikaram Jully
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|66
|[[Alwar Urban (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Alwar Urban]]
|Sanjay Sharma
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|67
|[[Ramgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ramgarh]]
|Shafia Zubair
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|68
|[[Rajgarh Laxmangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Rajgarh Laxmangarh]] (ST)
|[[Johari Lal Meena]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|69
|[[Kathumar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kathumar]] (SC)
|Babulal
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
|70
|[[Kaman (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kaman]]
|[[Zahida Khan (Indian politician)|Zahida Khan]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|71
|[[Nagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nagar]]
|Wajib Ali
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Switched from BSP to INC<ref name=":0" />
|-
|72
|[[Deeg-Kumher (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Deeg-Kumher]]
|Vishvendra Singh
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|73
|[[Bharatpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bharatpur]]
|[[Subhash Garg]]
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|
|-
|74
|[[Nadbai (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nadbai]]
|Joginder Singh Awana
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Switched from BSP to INC<ref name=":0" />
|-
|75
|[[Weir (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Weir]] (SC)
|[[Bhajan Lal Jatav]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]]
|76
|[[Bayana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bayana]] (SC)
|Amar Singh Jatav
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|77
|[[Baseri (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Baseri]] (SC)
|Khiladi Lal Bairwa
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|78
|[[Bari (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bari]]
|Girraj Singh
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|79
|[[Dholpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dholpur]]
|Shobharani Kushwah
| bgcolor={{Party color|Independent politician}} |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Expelled from BJP<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-11 |title=BJP suspends Rajasthan MLA for cross-voting in Rajya Sabha polls |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-suspends-rajasthan-mla-for-cross-voting-in-rajya-sabha-polls/article65517245.ece |access-date=2022-06-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|80
|[[Rajakhera (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Rajakhera]]
|[[Rohit Bohra]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Karauli district|Karauli]]
|81
|[[Todabhim (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Todabhim]] (ST)
|[[Prithviraj Meena]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|82
|[[Hindaun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hindaun]] (SC)
|Bharosi Lal Jatav
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|83
|[[Karauli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Karauli]]
|[[Lakhan Singh Meena]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Switched from BSP to INC<ref name=":0" />
|-
|84
|[[Sapotra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sapotra]] (ST)
|[[Ramesh Chand Meena]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Dausa district|Dausa]]
|85
|[[Bandikui (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bandikui]]
|Gajraj Khatana
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|86
|[[Mahuwa (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mahuwa]]
|[[Omprakash Hudla]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|87
|[[Sikrai (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sikrai]] (SC)
|[[Mamta Bhupesh]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|88
|[[Dausa (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dausa]]
|[[Murari Lal Meena]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|89
|[[Lalsot (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lalsot]] (ST)
|[[Parsadi Lal Meena]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]
|90
|[[Gangapur, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Gangapur]]
|[[Ramkesh Meena]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|91
|[[Bamanwas (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bamanwas]] (ST)
|[[Indira Meena]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|92
|[[Sawai Madhopur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sawai Madhopur]]
|Danish Abrar
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|93
|[[Khandar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khandar]] (SC)
|Ashok
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Tonk district|Tonk]]
|94
|[[Malpura (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Malpura]]
|Kanhiya Lal
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|95
|[[Niwai (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Niwai]] (SC)
|Prasant Bairwa
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|96
|[[Tonk (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Tonk]]
|[[Sachin Pilot]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|97
|[[Deoli-Uniara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Deoli-Uniara]]
|[[Harish Meena]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]]
|98
|[[Kishangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishangarh]]
|[[Suresh Tak]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|99
|[[Pushkar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pushkar]]
|Suresh Singh Rawat
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|100
|[[Ajmer North (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ajmer North]]
|[[Vasudev Devnani]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|101
|[[Ajmer South (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ajmer South]] (SC)
|[[Anita Bhadel]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|102
|[[Nasirabad (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nasirabad]]
|[[Ramswaroop Lamba]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|103
|[[Beawar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Beawar]]
|[[Shankar Singh (Rajasthan politician)|Shankar Singh]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|104
|[[Masuda (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Masuda]]
|[[Rakesh Pareek]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|105
|[[Kekri (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kekri]]
|[[Raghu Sharma (politician)|Raghu Sharma]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]
|106
|[[Ladnun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ladnun]]
|Mukesh Bhakhar
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|107
|[[Deedwana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Deedwana]]
|[[Chetan Dudi|Chetan Choudhary]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|108
|[[Jayal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jayal]] (SC)
|[[Manju Meghwal]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|109
|[[Nagaur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nagaur]]
|Mohan Ram
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |110
| rowspan="2" |[[Khinwsar Assembly constituency|Khinwsar]]
| [[Hanuman Beniwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|rowspan=2}}
|resignation
|-
|[[Narayan Beniwal]]
|Elected in [[2019 elections in India#Rajasthan|2019 bypoll]]
|-
|111
|[[Merta (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Merta]] (SC)
|[[Indira Devi (politician)|Indira Devi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]
|
|-
|112
|[[Degana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Degana]]
|Vijaypal Mirdha
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|113
|[[Makrana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Makrana]]
|Roopa Ram
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|114
|[[Parbatsar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Parbatsar]]
|Ramniwas Gawdiya
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|115
|[[Nawan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nawan]]
|Mahendra Choudhary
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Pali district|Pali]]
|116
|[[Jaitaran (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jaitaran]]
|Avinash Gehlot
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|117
|[[Sojat (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sojat]] (SC)
|Shobha Chouhan
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|118
|[[Pali (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pali]]
|[[Gyanchand Parakh]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|119
|[[Marwar Junction (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Marwar Junction]]
|Khushveer Singh
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|120
|[[Bali (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bali]]
|[[Pushpendra Singh]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|121
|[[Sumerpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sumerpur]]
|[[Joraram Kumawat]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]
|122
|[[Phalodi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Phalodi]]
|Pabba Ram Bishnoi
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|123
|[[Lohawat (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lohawat]]
|Kishna Ram Bishnoi
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|124
|[[Shergarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Shergarh]]
|[[Meena Kanwar]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|125
|[[Osian (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Osian]]
|Divya Maderna
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|126
|[[Bhopalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhopalgarh]] (SC)
|Pukhraj
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]
|
|-
|127
|[[Sardarpura (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarpura]]
|[[Ashok Gehlot]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|128
|[[Jodhpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jodhpur]]
|[[Manisha Panwar]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|129
|[[Soorsagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Soorsagar]]
|Suryakanta Vyas
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|130
|[[Luni (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Luni]]
|Mahendra Bishnoi
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|131
|[[Bilara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bilara]] (SC)
|Heera Ram
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]]
|132
|[[Jaisalmer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jaisalmer]]
|[[Rooparam]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|133
|[[Pokaran (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pokaran]]
|[[Saleh Mohammad (Indian politician)|Saleh Mohammad]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Barmer district|Barmer]]
|134
|[[Sheo (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sheo]]
|Ameen Khan
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|135
|[[Barmer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Barmer]]
|Mewaram Jain
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|136
|[[Baytoo (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Baytoo]]
|[[Harish Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|137
|[[Pachpadra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pachpadra]]
|[[Madan Prajapat]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|138
|[[Siwana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Siwana]]
|[[Hameersingh Bhayal]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|139
|[[Gudamalani (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Gudamalani]]
|[[Hemaram Choudhary]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|140
|[[Chohtan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chohtan]] (SC)
|[[Padma Ram]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Jalore district|Jalore]]
|141
|[[Ahore (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ahore]]
|Chhagan Singh
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|142
|[[Jalore (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jalore]] (SC)
|Jogeshwar Garg
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|143
|[[Bhinmal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhinmal]]
|[[Poora Ram Choudhary]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|144
|[[Sanchore (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sanchore]]
|Sukhram Bishnoi
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|145
|[[Raniwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Raniwara]]
|[[Narayan Singh Dewal]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Sirohi district|Sirohi]]
|146
|[[Sirohi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sirohi]]
|Sanyam Lodha
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|147
|[[Pindwara-Abu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pindwara-Abu]] (ST)
|Samaram Garasiya
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|148
|[[Reodar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Reodar]] (SC)
|Jagasi Ram
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]]
|149
|[[Gogunda (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Gogunda]] (ST)
|[[Pratap Lal Bheel]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|150
|[[Jhadol (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jhadol]] (ST)
|Babulal Kharadi
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|151
|[[Kherwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kherwara]] (ST)
|Dayaram Parmar
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|152
|[[Udaipur Rural (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Udaipur Rural]] (ST)
|[[Phool Singh Meena]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |153
| rowspan="2" |[[Udaipur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Udaipur]]
|[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Resigned on 16 February 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=Gulab Chand Kataria resigns as MLA after being appointed as Assam governor |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/gulab-chand-kataria-resigns-as-mla-after-being-appointed-as-assam-governor.html |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=3|'''Vacant'''
|
|-
|154
|[[Mavli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mavli]]
|Dharm Narayan
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |155
| rowspan="2" |[[Vallabhnagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Vallabhnagar]]
|[[Gajendra Singh Shaktawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| Died
|-
| Preeti Shaktawat
|Elected in [[2021 elections in India#Rajasthan|2021 bypoll]]
|-
|156
|[[Salumber (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Salumber]] (ST)
|[[Amrit Lal Meena]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]]
| rowspan="2" |157
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhariawad (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dhariawad]] (ST)
|Gautam Lal Meena
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|[[Nagraj Meena]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Elected in [[2021 elections in India#Rajasthan|2021 bypoll]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Dungarpur district|Dungarpur]]
|158
|[[Dungarpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dungarpur]] (ST)
|[[Ganesh Ghogra]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|159
|[[Aspur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Aspur]] (ST)
|[[Gopi Chand Meena]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|160
|[[Sagwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sagwara]] (ST)
|Ram Prasad
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Bharatiya Tribal Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Tribal Party]]
|
|-
|161
|[[Chorasi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chorasi (ST)]]
|[[Rajkumar Roat]]
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Bharatiya Tribal Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Tribal Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Banswara district|Banswara]]
|162
|[[Ghatol (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ghatol]] (ST)
|Harendra Ninama
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|163
|[[Garhi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Garhi]] (ST)
|[[Kailash Chandra Meena]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|164
|[[Banswara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Banswara]] (ST)
|Arjun Singh Bamnia
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|165
|[[Bagidora (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bagidora]] (ST)
|Mahendra Jeet Singh Malviya
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|166
|[[Kushalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kushalgarh]] (ST)
|Ramila Khadia
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]]
|167
|[[Kapasan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kapasan]] (SC)
|Arjun Lal Jingar
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|168
|[[Begun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Begun]]
|Bidhuri Rajendra Singh
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|169
|[[Chittorgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chittorgarh]]
|[[Chandrabhan Singh Aakya|Chandrabhan SIngh Aakya]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|170
|[[Nimbahera (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nimbahera]]
|Anjana Udailal
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|171
|[[Bari Sadri (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bari Sadri]]
|Lalit Kumar
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|[[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]]
|172
|[[Pratapgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pratapgarh]] (ST)
|[[Ramlal Meena]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]]
|173
|[[Bhim (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhim]]
|Sudarshan Singh
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|174
|[[Kumbhalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kumbhalgarh]]
|Surendra Singh
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |175
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajsamand (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Rajsamand]]
|[[Kiran Maheshwari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| Died
|-
|[[Deepti Kiran Maheshwari|Deepti Maheshwari]]
|Elected in [[2021 elections in India#Rajasthan|2021 bypoll]]
|-
|176
|[[Nathdwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nathdwara]]
|[[C. P. Joshi]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]]
|177
|[[Asind (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Asind]]
|[[Jabbar Singh Sankhala]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|178
|[[Mandal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandal]]
|[[Ramlal Jat]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |179
| rowspan="2" |[[Sahara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sahara]]
|[[Kailash Chandra Trivedi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| Died
|-
|[[Gayatri Devi Trivedi]]
|Elected in [[2021 elections in India#Rajasthan|2021 bypoll]]
|-
|180
|[[Bhilwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhilwara]]
|[[Vitthal Shankar Avasthi]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|181
|[[Shahpura, Bhilwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Shahpura]]
|[[Kailash Chandra Meghwal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|182
|[[Jahazpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jahazpur]]
|[[Gopichand Meena]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|183
|[[Mandalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandalgarh]]
|Gopal Lal Sharma
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Bundi district|Bundi]]
|184
|[[Hindoli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hindoli]]
|[[Ashok Chandna]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|185
|[[Keshoraipatan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Keshoraipatan]] (SC)
|Chandrakanta Meghwal
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|186
|[[Bundi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bundi]]
|[[Ashok Dogara]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Kota district|Kota]]
|187
|[[Pipalda (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pipalda]]
|[[Ramnarayan Meena]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|188
|[[Sangod (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sangod]]
|Bharat Singh Kundanpur
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|189
|[[Kota North (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kota North]]
|[[Shanti Kumar Dhariwal]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|190
|[[Kota South (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kota South]]
|Sandeep Sharma
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|191
|[[Ladpura (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ladpura]]
|Kalpana Devi
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|192
|[[Ramganj Mandi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ramganj Mandi]] (SC)
|Madan Dilawar
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Baran district|Baran]]
|193
|[[Anta (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Anta]]
|[[Pramod Jain Bhaya]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|194
|[[Kishanganj (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishanganj]] (ST)
|[[Nirmala Sahariya]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|195
|[[Baran-Atru (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Baran-Atru]] (SC)
| [[Pana Chand Meghwal]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| Pana Chand Meghwal submitted his resignation in August 2022<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajasthan: One MLA, 12 Councillors Send Resignation Letters to Protest Atrocities Against Dalits |url=https://thewire.in/government/rajasthan-mla-decides-to-resign-over-alleged-atrocities-against-dalits |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=The Wire |date=16 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|196
|[[Chhabra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chhabra]]
|Pratap Singh
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]]
|197
|[[Dag (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dag]] (SC)
|Kaluram
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|198
|[[Jhalrapatan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jhalrapatan]]
|[[Vasundhara Raje]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|199
|[[Khanpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khanpur]]
|Narendra Nagar
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|200
|[[Manohar Thana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Manohar Thana]]
|Govind Prasad
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Third Gehlot ministry]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.loksabhaelections.in/rajasthan Rajasthan Lok Sabha Election 2019 Results Website]
* [https://rajassembly.nic.in/MemberConstituencyWise.aspx.html Rajasthan Assembly Election 2013 News, Candidates List]

{{Rajasthan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terms of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023| ]]